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Ergothioneine was discovered a century ago but ignored until recently when researchers found that we have a transporter protein in our bodies specifically designed to pull it out of our diets and into our tissues. This suggests that it plays some important physiological role, but what does it do? Well our first clue was the tissue distribution. Ergothioneine concentrates in parts of our body where there’s lots of oxidative stress—the lens of our eye and the liver, as well as sensitive areas such as bone marrow and seminal fluid. Researchers guessed that it might function as a so-called “cytoprotectant,” a cell protector, and that’s indeed what was subsequently found. Not only does ergothioneine get into the nucleus of our cells to protect our DNA, it can get into our mitochondria, the power plants of the cell. Ergothioneine appears to function as a potent intra-mitochondrial antioxidant. Why is that important? In my 5-min. video Mitochondrial Theory of Aging I quote one of the greatest biochemists of all time: “Aging is a disease. The human lifespan simply reflects the level of free radical damage that accumulates in cells. When enough damage accumulates, cells can’t survive properly anymore and they just simply give up.” First proposed in 1972, the Mitochondrial Theory of Aging suggests that it’s free radical damage to our cells’ power source that leads to a loss of cellular energy and function over time. It’s a little like charging your iPod battery over and over again; every time you charge it the capacity gets less and less. In my Stopping Cancer Before it Starts DVD, I go into detail about the quantum biology of oxidative phosphorylation, but in a nutshell the oxygen we breathe may get ahold of an electron we ate that was pumped with energy by plants (thanks to photosynthesis). The oxygen molecule is thereby transformed into what’s called superoxide, which can damage (oxidize) our delicate cellular machinery. Basically we’re rusting—that’s what rust is, the oxidation of metal. Scientifically, aging has been considered the slow oxidation of our bodies. Like those brown age spots on the back of your hands? That’s just oxidized fat under the skin. Oxidant stress is why we get wrinkles, it’s why we lose some of our memory, and it’s why our organ systems break down as we get older. How do we slow down oxidation? By eating foods containing anti-oxidants. If you want to know if a food has a lot of antioxidants in it simply slice it open, expose it to air—expose it to oxygen–and see what happens. Does it oxidize? Does it turn brown? Think about our two most popular fruits: apples and bananas. They turn brown right away; not a lot of antioxidants inside there. How do you keep your fruit salad from turning brown though? Add lemon juice, which has vitamin C in it, an antioxidant, that can keep your food from oxidizing and may do the same thing inside our bodies. For an introduction on where antioxidants can be found in our diet, see Antioxidant Content of 3,139 Foods and Antioxidant Power of Plant Foods Versus Animal Foods. Here’s the catch: many antioxidants can’t penetrate through the mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondria. They can protect the rest of the cell including our DNA, but they can’t get access into the power plants of our cells and therefore may be helpless to slow down the aging process. Ergothioneine, however, is allowed access into our mitochondria. Where is it found in the diet? Mushrooms! Check out my 3-min. video Ergothioneine: A New Vitamin?. Other examples of the magic of mushrooms can be found in: - Making Our Arteries Less Sticky - Vegetables Versus Breast Cancer - Breast Cancer Prevention: Which Mushroom Is Best? - Breast Cancer vs. Mushrooms - Why Do Asian Women Have Less Breast Cancer? Probably best to cook them though, see Toxins in Raw Mushrooms? –Michael Greger, M.D. PS: If you haven’t yet, you can subscribe to my videos for free by clicking here and watch my full 2012 – 2015 presentations Uprooting the Leading Causes of Death, More than an Apple a Day, From Table to Able, and Food as Medicine.
DatabaseQuery interface finds rows in a table in a relational style database. See Database for how to use this interface. First, set up the query with where() functions and the like. Execution is implicit when you use the Array-like interface, such as the length property or access an element with the Interface (build query) All query specification functions return the query object, making them suitable for chaining. function where(fieldName, comparison, value) Add a where clause to the query, as in SQL. This function can be called multiple times to add multiple clauses. comparison can be one of "LIKE". Note that fields taking non-primitive values, such as ref, can only use "!=" is an alias for In addition, for labelList fields, the "PERMIT READ" comparison may be used with a User value to select rows where the user is permitted to read objects labeled with the given label list. To select objects based on whether they have null values, use the "<>" operators only. The values for "LIKE" comparisons use the normal SQL wildcard characters, _ for any single character and % for zero or more characters. An exception will be thrown if value is the empty string or the first character is a wildcard. where() allows the use of the implicit You can query on values in linked tables. If you have a field of type "link", you can specify fields in the linked table in the fieldName argument using the notation "linkedField.fieldInOtherTable". Note that the first half is the name of the linked field, which is not necessarily the same name as the database table. For example, if you had a linked field called "department", and the table included a "roomNumber" field, to find all employees in room 42, you might use a where clause like Using this notation will create an join in the underlying database query, and include all the values of the linked table for efficient access. In the above example, it would behave as if you had also called include("department") on the query object. function whereMemberOfGroup(fieldName, groupId) For fields of user type only. Call to select on users who are a member of a given group, specified by group ID. Use schema This works recursively where groups are members of the specified group. Make an OR sub-clause, which matches rows matching any of its sub-clauses. fn argument is a function, that function will be called with the sub-clause as an argument, and the object will return itself for chaining. Otherwise, the sub-clause is returned from this function. or(), but creates an AND sub-clause, which matches rows matching all its sub-clauses. For fields of link type only. Call this to specify that the row from the linked table is loaded to. If you’re going to access a row from a linked table for every single row in the results, use this to avoid a database query when you access the property. This is a ‘hint’ for efficiency and will speed things up when used correctly, but makes no change to the behaviour of the API. function order(fieldName, descending) Add an order clause to the query. You can call this multiple times to specify orderings over multiple fields, as in SQL. order() allows the use of the implicit Set the order to an order which is consistent across queries, or if other order() clauses are specified, add a lowest priority ordering. Use when you don’t want a ‘random’ order, but don’t mind what the order is as long as it’s always the same. It’s faster to not specify any order at all, if you don’t mind what the order is. Limit the number of rows returned from the query. Skip the specified number of rows. Use with limit() for implementing paged results. Interface (aggregate functions) Return the number of rows the query would return if it was executed. This is equivalent to a SELECT COUNT(*) ... SQL query. This is similar to the length property, but has very different performance characteristics. Accessing the length property executes the query and loads all the results. Calling count() executes a separate SQL query. Only use the count() function if you are not going to access all the rows which would be returned by this query, otherwise you are performing unnecessary work in the database. function aggregate(functionName, fieldName, groupByFieldNames) Return the result of an aggregate function. functionName is one of "VAR_SAMP", as implemented by PostgreSQL. fieldName is one of the fields in the database table, to which the aggregate function will be applied. "id" can be used, which is useful to perform the equivalent of groupByFieldNames is optional. If present, then the values are grouped by those fields. If present it should be an array of field names, or else a single field name as a string. Returns a single value if groupByFieldNames is not specified, otherwise an groups properties. The groups property is an object with propoerties for each of the fields specified in groupByFieldNames, and a property value with the aggregated value for the group. If only one field name to group by was specified, there will also be a property group which contains the value of the column being grouped by. Using any of these properties and functions implicitly executes the query. acts as Array Array. Use the operator to read rows. The number of results from the query. Since accessing the length property will execute the query and load all the results, if you only want to know how many rows would be returned, used the The iterator function is called for each row in the result with arguments row is a index is the zero based index into this ‘ Delete all matching rows from the table. This can be called after the query has been implicitly executed. For efficiency, if deleteAll() is called without accessing any of the results, no data is loaded.
What you need to know about Sjogren's syndrome It happens when white blood cells attack saliva glands, tear glands, and other tissues, leading to decrease in tear and saliva production. This can lead to dryness in the mouth, eyes, skin, nose, upper respiratory tract, and vagina. Primary Sjogren's develops alone, but secondary Sjogren's co-occurs with another condition, such as lupus. The symptoms are similar, and both can be severe. Sjogren's is a serious condition, but timely treatment can mean that complications are less likely to develop, and tissue damage is less likely to occur. Once treated, an individual can usually manage the condition well. Sjogren's can develop at any age, but most diagnoses occur after the age of 40 years. In 90 percent of cases the patient is female, but it also affects males. It affects around 0.1 to 4 percent of people in the United States. - Sjogren's is an autoimmune disorder that affects moisture-producing glands. - The condition affects 0.1 to 4 percent of people in the U.S., and 90 percent of people with Sjogren's are women. - It causes the eyes and mouth to dry out, and can also lead to tooth decay, recurring oral thrush, and a persistent dry cough. - Sjogren's affects multiple systems and can be difficult to diagnosis. However, blood tests, ophthalmological testing, and measuring the salivary flow rate can identify the condition. - Prescribed eye drops, artificial tears, and moisture chamber spectacles can help to relieve dry eyes. - Other medications can help to stimulate the flow of saliva. Sucking on ice cubes and chewing sugar-free gum are other ways to lubricate the mouth. Sjogren's causes painful and irritating dryness of the eyes as well as other symptoms. The most common symptom associated with Sjogren's is the inability to produce moisture for the eyes and dry mouth. Females may also report vaginal dryness. Other symptoms can include: - tooth decay, and eventual loss of teeth - persistent dry cough - problems chewing and swallowing - hoarse voice - difficulty speaking - swollen salivary glands - recurring oral thrush, a fungal infection in the mouth The signs and symptoms associated with dry eyes include: - a sensation in one or both eyes similar to the irritation caused by foreign material, such as sand or gravel - tired-looking and heavy eyes - an itchy sensation - discharge of mucus from the eyes - photophobia, or sensitivity to light - stinging or burning eyes - swollen and irritated eyelids - blurred vision Smoking, air travel, overhead fans, and air-conditioned or windy environments can exacerbate symptoms. In some cases, the patient's immune system attacks other parts of the body, causing the following signs and symptoms: - general tiredness - brain fog - aching muscles - inflammation of joints, as well as stiffness and pain - peripheral neuropathy, or numbness and occasional pain in the arms or legs - lung disease - Raynaud's phenomenon, in which the hands feel painful, cold and numb - vasculitis, where the blood vessels become inflamed There is no special diet for Sjogren's, unless the doctor suggests one. Alcohol should be avoided, however. People may also wish to avoid foods that irritate the mouth, such as spicy or acidic items. Lozenges may help keep the mouth moist. To make food easier to swallow: - use sauces, olive oil, or dressings to lubricate food - have a drink alongside your food - use a drinking straw to make swallowing easier - put cucumber in a sandwich, to add moisture - increase fluid intake The best option is to choose a balanced diet that is high in fresh fruit and vegetables and low in saturated fats and sugar. Some foods are believed to trigger an inflammatory reaction, such as artificial sweeteners. These may be best avoided. Keeping a food diary may help pinpoint any specific foods that may cause a reaction or worsen symptoms. Eye drops and artificial tears are effective methods of managing dry eyes. Sjogren's treatment aims to lubricate the affected areas and prevent the onset of complications. Treatment options include: - Medications to stimulate saliva flow: These include pilocarpine and cevimeline. They have a short-term impact, limited to a few hours only, so several doses a day are usually required. - Artificial saliva: Saliva substitutes and mouth-coating gels can relieve dryness of the mouth. They are available as sprays, pre-treated swabs, and liquids. These can be important at night, as the mouth becomes dryer during sleep. - Artificial tears: Artificial tears can help to lubricate the eyes, and are available over-the-counter (OTC). Prescription options are available that reduce the need for artificial tears, such as cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion and hydroxypropyl cellulose pellets. - Prescription eye drops: These include cyclosporine and lifitegrast. - Moisture chamber spectacles: These are special glasses that keep out irritants and retain moisture. - Prescription expectorants and throat medications: In cases of respiratory dryness, drugs such as those used to stimulate saliva flow, as well as linseed extract, sorbitol, xylitol, or malic acid, can moisturize the area. - Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin, naproxen, and ibuprofen can provide relief for people with Sjogren's who are experiencing joint pain. - Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): In cases where the joint pain is accompanied by fatigue and rashes, DMARDs may relieve symptoms. Examples include hydroxychloroquine or methotrexate. If Sjogren's seems to be affecting the muscles, nerves, lungs, or kidneys, stronger DMARDs or corticosteroids may be prescribed. - Antifungal medication: If oral yeast infections are occurring, medication may be prescribed to combat the fungus. - Vaginal lubricants: For vaginal dryness, water-based vaginal lubricants can provide a solution, especially during sexual intercourse. - Punctual occlusion: When all conservative treatment options have been exhausted, this surgical option seals the tear ducts with small plugs to reduce the drainage of tears from the eye. This keeps the eye moist for longer. Temporary silicone plugs are likely to be used until the procedure is confirmed successful. - Autologous eye serum: In severe cases of eye dryness, eye drops can be made from the person's blood serum. Here are some easy ways to keep the mouth lubricated. - consuming more liquids. - sucking on ice cubes - rinsing the mouth regularly to prevent infection and soothe the area - maintaining excellent oral and dental hygiene - quitting smoking, as smoke irritates the mouth and speeds up the evaporation of saliva - chewing sugar-free gum, which stimulates the production of saliva - applying coconut oil to the dry areas, as it is both moisturizing and anti-microbial As Sjogren's signs and symptoms are similar to some other health conditions, it can sometimes be hard to diagnose. The patient may be seeing various health professionals, perhaps a dentist for dry mouth and tooth decay, a gynecologist for vaginal dryness, and an ophthalmologist for dry eyes. Some medications can also cause symptoms similar to those in Sjogren's. The criteria for a definitive diagnosis are as follows: - the need to apply eye drops containing tears more than 3 times a day - constant feeling of irritation in the eyes - persistent dry eyes and mouth for over 3 months - swelling in the salivary glands between the jaw and ears, known as the parotid glands - frequent need to drink when trying to swallow food - evidence of dry eye in ophthalmological test results - measuring salivary flow rates - SSA or SSB autoantibodies in blood - a lip biopsy showing focal lymphocytic inflammation Sjogren's presents in different ways for different people. A doctor may order some further tests, including: Blood tests: Sjogren's triggers the presence of special antibodies in the blood. As these antibodies only show up in about 60 to 70 percent of people with Sjogren's, a negative result does not mean the syndrome can be ruled out. This frequently causes confusion in initial diagnosis. Ophthalmological tests: An ophthalmologist can carry out the Rose Bengal, Lissamine green, and Schirmer eye tests. Dyes and blotting paper are used to expose dry areas on the eye. Salivary flow rate: The doctor measures the weight of saliva produced in a cup over 5 minutes. If insufficient saliva is produced, this may indicate Sjogren's. Sialogram: A dye is injected into the parotid glands. An X-ray is then taken to determine how much saliva flows into the patient's mouth. Salivary scintigraphy: A radioactive isotope is injected and tracked with imaging to measure salivary gland function. Chest X-ray or CT-scan: This determines the presence of inflammation in the lungs, which can be caused by Sjogren's. Skin biopsy with nerve fiber stain: This determines the presence of small fiber neuropathy (SFN). Urine testing: Urine is sampled and tested to determine whether the kidneys have been affected. Purpura, a type of vasculitis, may occur. People with Sjogren's may be more susceptible to a rash, especially after spending time in the sun. Skin problems that occur with the condition may present as: - xerosis, or dry, rough skin - small "blood spots" or purpura on the lower legs due to vasculitis, or inflammation of the blood vessels - vasculitic skin lesions that may appear as weals, lumps, blisters, or ulcers - red, ring-shaped lesions with a pale area in the middle, known as annular erythema Using a strong moisturizer can help prevent dry skin. If vasculitis occurs, the doctor may prescribe drugs to suppress the immune system, such as cyclophosphamide. Sjogren's comes with serious complications if left untreated, including: - an increased risk of lymphoma and multiple myeloma - oral yeast infections - dental cavities - vision problems - inflammation leading to bronchitis, pneumonia, and other lung problems - kidney function problems - autoimmune hepatitis or cirrhosis in the liver - giving birth to a baby with heart problems or lupus - peripheral neuropathy - interstitial cystitis of the bladder It is important to seek treatment for Sjogren's as early as possible to prevent these. Sjogren's is caused by white blood cells mistakenly attacking moisture-producing glands. The causes of Sjogren's remain largely unknown. Studies have indicated that a viral or bacterial infection may trigger the disease, but that the underlying cause is primarily genetic and environmental. The nervous system and the endocrine, or hormone-producing, system have also been implicated in the onset of Sjogren's. An environmental factor may change the immune system and cause immune problems later on, such as infection with hepatitis C or the Epstein-Barr virus. As the majority of people who develop Sjogren's are female, doctors still believe that estrogen, a female hormone, plays an important role. Menopause is the most common time for a diagnosis of Sjogren's to be made. Some studies theorize that estrogen protects against Sjogren's, and falling levels of the hormone may alter immune function and trigger the condition. There is no cure for Sjogren's. However, by successfully managing the dryness of the affected regions and treating any affected organs, a person with the condition can maintain a good quality of life.
Monkeys fed a severely low-calorie diet didn’t live longer than their normal-diet peers, a 23-year study showed, contradicting research that suggests living thin on greatly curtailed food intake extends lifespans. The study by researchers from the National Institute on Aging sought to address whether diet restrictions had health benefits in rhesus monkeys, long-lived primates like people, thus rendering clues about human aging. Though the thin monkeys seemed healthier by some measures, calorie restriction failed to alter either cause of death or survival, the research showed. Since the 1930s, reducing food intake has been shown to boost the lifespan of yeast, worms, rats, flies and some mice. Research published in the journal Science in 2009 from the Wisconsin National Primate Center showed that rhesus monkeys on the restricted diet lived longer and had fewer diseases than normal monkeys. “It will be valuable to continue to compare findings from ongoing monkey calorie restriction studies to dissect the mechanisms behind the improvement in health that occurred with and without significant effects on survival,” researchers wrote in the paper published today in the journal Nature. Studies on low-calorie diets have allowed scientists to explore how the aging process works. Many have hoped that caloric restrictions could extend life and improve health in people, said Steven Austad, a researcher at the University Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, in an editorial accompanying the study. The diet, comprised of 30 percent fewer calories than standard, boosted the metabolism of those monkeys who adopted it in old age. Those monkeys who adopted it at younger ages didn’t show any improvements. The conflicting results from the Wisconsin and NIA research may be due to differences in the studies’ control monkey diets, said Julie Mattison, a staff scientist at the Bethesda, Maryland-based NIA and author of today’s study, in a telephone interview. “These monkeys were healthier than really healthy control counterparts,” Mattison said. “So it’s quite possible that we’ve maximized our lifespan effect.” In the Wisconsin study, the animals were allowed to eat freely during the day, whereas the rhesus monkeys in today’s study had a more-controlled diet. The foods in each study were slightly different, said Ricki Colman, a senior scientist at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, who was involved in the 2009 research. “We have shown in the Wisconsin study, in which the control animals can eat as much as they choose during the daytime, more like a ‘normal’ human diet, that there are benefits to caloric restriction,” Colman said in an e-mail. “Perhaps these are harder to detect when compared to animals eating a diet more like an ’ideal’ human diet.” The source of calories, rather than or in addition to the quantity, may matter, Mattison said. Also, the genetic makeup of the animals may explain the differences, Colman said. Her group used Indian rhesus monkeys, while the NIA animals are mixed Indian and Chinese. All of the Wisconsin monkeys were born at the lab, which isn’t the case for the NIA monkeys, not all of whom have known birthdates. Any of these differences, alone or together, may explain the differences in findings, researchers said. The Wisconsin and NIA researchers plan to work together to compare information and understand the differences, Colman and Mattison said. Additionally, some human studies on the effects of caloric restriction are under way. The Comprehensive Assessment of Long- term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy, or Calerie, is assessing the effects of restricted-calorie diets in people over the course of two years. To contact the reporter on this story: Elizabeth Lopatto in New York at [email protected]. To contact the editor responsible for this story: Reg Gale at [email protected].
History of the Settlement of Upper Canada (Ontario) - 1869. By William Canniff (by Download). Cat No.: CA0226-DL: Subtitle: With special reference to the Bay of Quinte Here is a fascinating and informative study of the settlers in Canada. Written, in 1869, by William Canniff, a medical doctor with a passion for Canadian history, it is one of many books he wrote about history and medicine. If there were one criticism to be made about this book it is that it lacks a certain focus - if you happen to consider this a shortfall. In our view - while making the book a little hard to follow in places - Williams willingness to explore all the sidetracks and byways his research took him into more than make up for any lack of a more restrictive and confining focus. In his Preface, William admits that he started out to study just the settlement in the Bay of Quinté area but found it impossible to properly treat his subject in such narrow confines. For instance in his opening paragraphs there is an insightful study of the motivations and consequences of the American War of Independence as a source of Canadian settlers, in their desire to escape persecution for their loyalties to Britain. In fact these so called Empire Loyalists, both individually and as a group, are a major and recurring topic throughout the book forming, as they did, the early core of settlers in the undeveloped Upper Canada area. Nor are the aboriginal Indians ignored. As a group they suffered at least equal persecution in the US and so also desired new grounds where they could live and raise their families in peace and security. Upper Canada filled this need and while they didn't receive the same recognition as the white loyalists by the British, they were at least granted settlement lands. One could be forgiven for assuming that a subject such as this, when it ranges widely over geography and time, would be impersonal, and written with an eye to the grand events. William though had the insight to realize that the story is about the individual at least as much as about the Country so throughout this book you will find that every subject is examined for the impact on the individual and this impact is illustrated with countless snatches of the personal histories of early settlers and their families. It would be a truly heroic task to manually index all the individuals William manages to weave into his story so it is fortunate indeed that our computer search-ability provides complete access to all the personal histories laid out for us here. As a bonus for those whose primary interest in the book is their own ancestral connections, the last chapter is devoted to recording known facts from the family histories of many settling United Empire Loyalists. This is closely followed by an appendix supplying a complete listing of the Roll of the 2nd. Battalion King's Royal Regiment, New York, on 28th February 1784. For a complementary, and equally edifying book on the administration of Upper Canada Settlement we recommend, Land Settlement in Upper Canada 1783-1840 , our catalogue number CA0227. You can also reach the Sampler by clicking on the following link Sampler You can return to this page by closing the Sampler Page when you are ready to purchase. - Sorry, due to taxation issues, we cannot DOWNLOAD digital products to European Community (EU) Countries. Delivery of physical products (CDs) IS STILL AVAILABLE see CA0226 for the CD version of this product. No. of CDs is: 0 ; Format is: PDF ; Searchable?: YES;
Find Out More This Day in Unitarian Universalist History, by Frank Shulman (Boston: Skinner House, 2004) is packed with UU history. Another classic in UU history is Unitarian Universalism: A Narrative History, by David E. Bumbaugh (Chicago: Meadville Lombard Press, 2001). Frances Watkins Harper Many of Harper's work are available. For starters, read the Collected Works of Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (Charleston: BiblioBazaar, 2007) or see what your library may hold. There are also a few biographies of Harper. One is Discarded Legacy: Politics and Poetics in the Life of Frances E.W. Harper, 1825-1911 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1994) Read more about Maslow's theory of human motivation at Classics in the History of Psychology.
Failure of cell maturation Common age group. is 15 to 45 yrs. trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), Inherited diseases with defective DNA repair, e.g., Fanconi anemia, Bloom syndrome, ataxia telangiectasia Radiation - ionizing Chemical and other occupational exposures - Exposure to benzene, - Smoking and exposure to petroleum products, paint, herbicides, and pesticides, - Alkylating agents - Chloramphenicol, phenylbutazone, and, less commonly, chloroquine French-American-British (FAB) Classification M0: Minimally differentiated leukemia,5% M1:Myeloblastic leukemia without maturation,20% M2: Myeloblastic leukemia with maturation,30% M3: Hypergranular promyelocytic ,10% M4: Myelomonocytic leukemia, 20% M4Eo: Variant: Increase in abnormal marrow eosinophils M5: Monocytic leukemia,10% M6: Erythroleukemia (DiGuglielmo's disease), 4% M7: Megakaryoblastic leukemia,1% Consequence of anemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia or leukocyte dysfunction, or thrombocytopenia. 3 months symptoms fatigue or weakness, anorexia, weight loss, fever, Signs of abnormal hemostasis (bleeding, easy bruising) bone pain, lymphadenopathy, nonspecific cough, headache, or diaphoresis a mass lesion located in the soft tissues, breast, uterus, ovary, cranial or spinal dura, gastrointestinal tract, lung, mediastinum, prostate, bone, or other organs. The mass lesion represents a tumor of leukemic cells and is called a granulocytic sarcoma, or chloroma. Fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy, sternal tenderness, evidence of infection and hemorrhage GI bleeding, intrapulmonary hemorrhage, or intracranial hemorrhage Retinal hemorrhages, Infiltration of gingivae, skin, soft tissues, or the meninges with leukemic blasts at diagnosis is characteristic of the monocytic subtypes and those with 11q23 chromosomal abnormalities. Severe anemia : normocytic normochromic Decreased erythropoiesis often results in a reduced reticulocyte count,accelerated destruction of RBC. Active blood loss also contributes to the anemia. Leukocytosis between 10,000 to 500,000 per cmm. Leukemic cells in the blood renal precipitation of uric acid and the nephropathy renal tubular dysfunction blasts are >20% cytoplasm often contains primary (nonspecific) granules, and the nucleus shows fine, lacy chromatin with one or more nucleoli characteristic of immature cells. Abnormal rod-shaped granules called Auer rods Advancing age is associated with a poorer prognosis, Patients with t(15;17) have a very good prognosis (approximately 85% cured), with t(8;21) and inv(16) a good prognosis (approximately 50% cured Standard therapy includes a 7-day continuous infusion of cytarabine and a 3-day course of daunorubicin or idarubicin with or without 3 days of etoposide. G-CSF and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) Platelet transfusions to maintain a platelet count >20,000/L RBC transfusions to maintain hemoglobin level >8 g/dL Prophylactic antibiotics for infection contrl Oral nystatin or clotrimazole to prevent localized candidiasis, acyclovir prophylaxis Allopurinol – to prevent from tumor lysis syndrome Patients who achieve complete remission undergo postremission consolidation therapy, including sequential courses of high-dose cytarabine, stem cell transplant (SCT), prednisolone, vincristine, methotrexate and mercaptopurine Patients with APL usually receive tretinoin together with anthracycline chemotherapy for remission induction and then consolidation chemotherapy (daunorubicin) followed by maintenance tretinoin, with or without chemotherapy. Once relapse has occurred, AML is generally curable only by SCT.
Earth Science researchers require access to integrated, cross-disciplinary data in order to answer critical research questions. Partially due to these science drivers, it is common for disciplinary data systems to expand from their original scope in order to accommodate collaborative research. The result is multiple disparate databases with overlapping but incompatible data. In order to enable more complete data integration and analysis, the Observations Data Model Version 2 (ODM2) was developed to be a general information model, with one of its major goals to integrate data collected by in situ sensors with those by ex-situ analyses of field specimens. Four use cases with different science drivers and disciplines have adopted ODM2 because of benefits to their users. The disciplines behind the four cases are diverse – hydrology, rock geochemistry, soil geochemistry, and biogeochemistry. For each case, we outline the benefits, challenges, and rationale for adopting ODM2. In each case, the decision to implement ODM2 was made to increase interoperability and expand data and metadata capabilities. One of the common benefits was the ability to use the flexible handling and comprehensive description of specimens and data collection sites in ODM2’s sampling feature concept. We also summarize best practices for implementing ODM2 based on the experience of these initial adopters. The descriptions here should help other potential adopters of ODM2 implement their own instances or to modify ODM2 to suit their needs. Hsu, Leslie, Emilio Mayorga, Jeffery S. Horsburgh, Megan R. Carter, Kerstin A. Lehnert and Susan L. Brantley (2017): Enhancing Interoperability and Capabilities of Earth Science Data using the Observations Data Model 2 (ODM2). Data Science Journal, 16: 4, pp. 1–16 . DOI: 10.5334/dsj-2017-004 This Paper/Book acknowledges NSF CZO grant support.
A federal grant amounting to $32.5 million was awarded to East Penn Manufacturing, a small firm in Pennsylvania. This funding will be used for the developing and pushing for the Australian UltraBattery which is a technology that can be used for hybrid vehicles. The UltraBattery is a project of CSIRO or Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization based in Australia. The battery is capable of delivering more power with lower resistance compared to the latest known technology. This is achieved by forming a single unit using a super capacitor together with a battery made of lead acid. The company was able to simplify the process of generating and storing power by combining the lead acid fuel cell and the super capacitor which traditionally has been implemented as separate units. East Penn sees a big market in using this UltraBattery for powering hybrid vehicles which makes use of electric motors or which may utilize regenerative braking. The lifespan of the UltraBattery is also better than NIMH batteries used by some hybrid technologies. The UltraBattery is expected to reduce costs, improve cycle life, and be more environment friendly since they are easier to recycle compared to Lithium Ion and NIMH batteries. East Penn was licensed by Furukawa Battery Company to market UltraBattery in North America. The Japanese firm on the other hand got its permission from the Australian CSIRO.
We all want Australian schools to be safe, supportive and respectful teaching and learning communities that promote student wellbeing. Safe and supportive schools require planning and a focus on the principles and effective practices that promote safe and supportive school communities outlined in the Australian Student Wellbeing Framework (PDF, 27MB). Components of planning include school policy, comprehensive school audits and providing training and supporting school staff. Schools can adopt a number of strategies and approaches to create safe and supportive school communities where everyone feels safe, supported and respected. What works outlines the evidence-based approaches to countering bullying and fostering online safety. As well as the broad strategies that work to prevent bullying, schools may want to adopt additional approaches and programs for their specific needs. The STEPS decision-making tool helps schools to select the most appropriate evidence-based approach for their goals. By promoting the involvement of staff, students and families, school leaders can foster a school climate that promotes learning and wellbeing, and the capacity to work together to address issues that do arise.
TRINITY VALLEY COMMUNITY COLLEGE ASSOCIATE DEGREE NURSING ASSESSING VITAL SIGNS 1. The nurse is taking the 35-year old client’s 0800 temperature with a tympanic thermometer. Which intervention should the nurse implement? a. Have the client close the mouth and hold the thermometer with the lips. b. Ensure that the thermometer remains in contact with the axillary skin. c. Pull the client’s auricle up and back prior to taking to the temperature. d. Place the thermometer with numbers positioned to read from left to right. CORRECT ANSWER C. Tympanic temperature is taken in the ear and since this is an adult client the auricle must be pulled up and back which will straighten the ear canal and help to direct the probe toward the tympanic membrane (errors in measurement occur when it is directed toward the wall of the ear canal), a child’s auricle should be pulled down and back; (A) the nurse would not put the thermometer in the mouth; (B) this would be appropriate for the axillary (under the arm) temperature; (D) reading numbers is done with a glass thermometer. 2. The nurse took the client’s oral temperature with an electronic thermometer. The client’s temperature is 99.6 F. Which intervention should the nurse implement? a. Document the temperature on the graph sheet and take no action. b. Report this abnormal temperature to the charge nurse. c. Ask the client if they have had anything to eat in last hour. d. Retake the client’s temperature axillary to verify the temperature. CORRECT ANSWER B. A normal oral temperature is 98.6 F (37 C), rectal 99.6 F (37.5 C), and axillary 97.6 F (36.5 C) therefore the nurse should report this elevated temp to the charge nurse or health care provider; (A) this is not a normal temperature so some action should be taken; (C) eating will not effect the temperature; (D) oral temperature is an accurate route and does not need to verified by another route. 3. The nurse is taking a rectal temperature on the client. Which intervention should the nurse implement first? a. Place the client in the left Fowler’s position. b. Lubricate the bulb of the thermometer with Vaseline. c. Gently insert the thermometer about 1 inch into the rectum. d. Hold the thermometer in place for 2-4 minutes. CORRECT ANSWER A: The nurse should first place the client in the correct position which is the Left Sim’s position for easy access to anus; (B) lubricate with water-soluble jelly; (C,D) the nurse should insert the thermometer about 1 inch and should always hold the thermometer in place when putting it into the rectum to prevent damage to the rectum for at least 2-4 minutes to get an accurate reading but the first action of the nurse is to place the client in the correct position. 4. The nurse is assessing the client’s radial pulse and notes that the pulse is skipping beats. Which intervention should the nurse implement? a. Count the number of beats for 30 seconds and multiply by two (2) and b. Auscultate the pulse with the stethoscope over the client’s wrist and listen for the rhythm and strength of the pulse. c. Place the pads of middle finger on client’s wrist and count for one (1) full d. Ensure the client is in a left-lying position or forward-leaning position prior to assessing the pulse. CORRECT ANSWER C. Since the pulse is missing a beat it is irregular therefore the nurse should count for one (1) full minute, the middle fingers should be used because thumb and first finger has a pulse; (A) this would be done if the pulse was regular; (B) the radial pulse is palpated not ausculatated; (D) this would be appropriate when taking an apical pulse not a radial pulse. 5. The 55-year old client’s radial pulse is 110 beats per minute. Which intervention should the nurse implement first? a. Assess the client to determine the reason why pulse is elevated. b. Notify the charge nurse that the pulse is elevated. c. Take no action since this pulse is within normal limits. d. Attempt to calm the client and take pulse again in one hour. CORRECT ANSWER A: The nurse should always assess (check) the client prior to doing anything; if the client is upset then calm the client but nothing in the stem makes you think the client is upset (D); the nurse could then go through the chain of command which would be the charge nurse (B); normal pulse for the adult is 60-100 beats a minute. 6. The client is complaining of severe abdominal pain. The nurse needs to assess the client’s respirations. Which intervention should the nurse implement first? a. Wait for at least ten (10) minutes prior to assessing the client’s b. Place the nurse’s hand on the client’s lower thorax and palpate the chest c. Count the respirations for 30 seconds and multiply the result by two (2). d. Hold the client’s wrist after finish assessing the radial pulse and assess the CORRECT ANSWER A. The stem asks which would the nurse implement first and anxiety, discomfort, or exercise will increase the respiratory rate and result in a false reading therefore the nurse should first wait prior to taking client’s respirations; (B, C, D) are all correct interventions but the nurse should first wait until client is not so 7. When assessing a client’s respiration, the nurse should make sure the client does not realize that the respirations are being assessed. Which scientific rationale is most appropriate for this intervention? a. The client may alter the respirations or concentrate on them which may alter the natural count. b. The nurse may not obtain the correct respiratory rate if the client is observing the nurse assessing the respirations. c. The client should be relaxed and quiet therefore the nurse should make sure the client doesn’t realize the respirations are being counted. d. The nurse must be able to hear the sounds in the stethoscope therefore the client must not realize the respirations are being assessed. CORRECT ANSWER A: This is the correct scientific rationale for this intervention; (B) the nurse should always obtain the correct respiratory rate even if the client is observing the nurse; (C) the respiratory may need to be assessed even if the client is not relaxed and quiet; (D) the respiratory rate is not assessed with the stethoscope. 8. The nurse is assessing the client’s blood pressure. Which intervention is most appropriate when taking the client’s blood pressure? a. Select a cuff width that is about one-half the length of the client’s upper b. Wrap the cuff snugly around the client’s arm which allows space to place stethoscope over the radial artery. c. Wait at least 30 seconds to take the blood pressure when client is changing from a lying to a sitting position. d. Position the client’s arm so it is level with the heart, palm up, in a relaxed and comfortable position. CORRECT ANSWER D. Positioning the arm below heart will result in false high reading, arm above heart will result in a false low reading, palm up exposes the brachial artery; (A) cuff should be about two-thirds the length; (B) stethoscope is over brachial artery not radial artery; (C) the nurse should wait two (2) minutes to allow the body’s compensatory mechanisms to stabilize the blood pressure. 9. The client’s blood pressure is 130/70 mm Hg in the left arm. Which intervention should the nurse implement? a. Document the finding in the client’s chart and take no action. b. Notify the charge nurse of the abnormal reading. c. Reassess the client’s blood pressure in 15 minutes. d. Take the blood pressure in the right arm to verify the results. CORRECT ANSWER A. Normal systolic blood pressure is 100 to 140 mm Hg., normal diastolic blood pressure is 60 to 90 mm Hg therefore this is a normal blood pressure; (B, C, D) no further intervention should be taken by the nurse since blood pressure reading is within normal limits. 10. The nurse assesses vital signs on the following clients. Which vital sign should be reported to the health care provider? a. The newborn that has a pulse rate of 80. b. The preschooler that has an oral temperature of 98.2. c. The adult that has a respiratory rate of 18. d. The older adult that has a blood pressure of 140/88. CORRECT ANSWER A: The normal pulse rate for a newborn is 100-180 (mean 125) therefore 80 is very low and should be reported to the health care provider; (B) a normal oral temperature for a preschooler is 98.6; (C) the normal respiratory rate for an adult is 12-20; (D) the normal blood pressure for an older adult is no higher than J:ADN/1ststeps/1st Steps DVD/Module II Test with rationale Reviewed 04/10
“May I remind you that payment is due at the beginning of the month?” You babysit a couple's child. They are supposed to pay you at the beginning of each month, but they are always late every month. You're annoyed by it and angry at them. Now they are a week late on paying you. You say this because you want to tell them to pay while expressing your anger. May I remind you that payment is due at the beginning of the month? Want Video and Sound? Follow us on YouTube This is a forceful phrase that you use when someone isn't following the rules and you want to tell them what the rules are again. For example, teachers often use this: May I remind you that all essays are to be turned in at the beginning of class. This phrase looks very polite, but in practice people use it in speaking or writing when they are angry or annoyed by something. When you're making a rule or re-stating a rule about when someone is supposed to pay a bill, use this phrase. As an example: My car payment is due by the 15th. You can also use other words that mean something similar to "payment" in a similar way: When is the mortgage due? Her rent was due last week. This is a phrase that is often used in written documents, and in conversation as well. Remember to use "at" and "of" with this phrase whenever you want to talk about the beginning of something.
The depths of our oceans are filled with awe inspiring wonders and amazing creatures. Most of us will never have the opportunity to travel in the deep waters that cover the greater part of our planet. Fortunatelly, you don't have to be a marine explorer to experience the aquatic world first hand. Why not visit one of the world's most spectacular aquariums? Here's a list with ten amazing aquariums and oceanariums all over the world you'd love to check out. So, get ready to put some new pins on your maps! 1.Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, United States The Monterey Bay Aquarium is located on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row in Monterey, California. There are numerous exhibits here and you'll have the opportunity to admire 35,000 sea creatures belonging to approximatelly 600 different species. Sealife on exhibit includes stingrays, jellyfish, sea otters, wolf eels, whales, hammerhead sharks, bluefin and yellowfin tuna, octopi and sea sardines. In addition, this is one of the few places were you can get a glimspe of some ocean sunfish. In the Ocean's East Wing, the enormous centerpiece (water capacity:1,3 million liters (0,33 million gallons) is the home of the incredible Kelp Forest Exhibit.Visitors are able to inspect the creatures of the kelp forest at several levels in the building. In the Open Sea Galleries, there is another huge tank that features one of the world's largest single-pane windows. Fresh ocean water from the bay is supplied into the tanks non stop. The aquarium does some very important marine research and conservation projects which include white sharks, sea otters and Pacific tuna. Visitors at the aquarium can take part in animal feedings and enjoy various tours and educational programs. 2. Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, United States The Georgia explorer presents animals unique to the Georgia region, such as the rare loggerhead sea turtle and lionfish. The River Scout hosts fascinating animals from the rivers of Africa and South America. The Tropical Diver features a great variety of tropical fish from the Indo Pacific. You will also find amazing displays of penguins, dolphins and other interestinganimals. The aquarium's research and rescue projects include the rescue of the Southern Sea otters, the rehabilitation of sea turtles and research on whale sharks. There are many fun events, educational programs and videos to enjoy. 3. L'Oceanogràfic, Valencia, Spain The Oceanographic is housed at the heart of the City of Arts and Sciences, in Valencia, Spain. The building has a unique futuristic architectural style. This is the largest complex of its type in Europe, covering 110,000 square metres (1,200,000 sq ft) and having a water capacity of 42,000,000 litres (11,000,000 gallons). The Oceanographic is the home of more than 45,000 marine animals of 500 different species. Here, you have the opportunity to observe sharks, penguins, dolphins, sea lions, walruses and beluga whales, along with many other mammals, fish, birds, reptiles and invertebrates. There are five underwater towers, each seperated into two levels. All the major ecosystems of the planet are presented here: the Mediterranean habitats, the polar oceans, the islands, the tropical seas, the temperate sea and the Red Sea. There is also an amazing delphinarium, beautiful gardens with more than 80 different species of plants and an underwater auditorium where visitors can watch divers feed the animals. There are also three restaurants in the complex, the most famous one is the “Underwater Restaurant” where you can dine surrounded by a large aquarium. 4. The Deep, Hull, England This is another unique looking aquarium, a biomorphic structrure, resembling a whale rising from the ocean. The Deep in Hull, England is “the world's only submarium”. Its tanks contain thousands of sealife specimens, including seven different species of shark, rays, northern Europe's only pair of green sawfish, coral, turtles, jellyfish, frogs, penguins and insects. The exhibits are arranged in chronological order and visitors can find out a lot about the story of the world's oceans. The amazing displays include the Lagoon of Tropical Light and the Endless Oceans. The latter features Europe's deepest viewing tunnel that reaches 9 metres (30 ft). There are audiovisual presentations and hands-on interactive displays. You can even learn to operate an underwater diving vessel! The Deep is a charitable public aquarium as well as a centre for marine research. Its goal is to raise public awareness and educate people about conservation issues worldwide. 5.Turkuazoo, Instabul, Turkey Turkuazoo opened in 2009 and it is Turkey's first giant aquarium. It is located inside the Forum Istanbul Shopping Mall and it is also the centre of marine research and conservation in the area. It features an exciting 90m long underwater tunnel, the Marinescape SeaTube. There is a large number of marine creatures here (about 25,000). Among them you can find 2.5-metre-long tiger sharks, giant stingrays and groupers, piranhas and octopi. If you are the couragous type, you can also dive in and swim side by side with the sharks. There are 43 really amazing exhibits in this aquarium, the largest of which holds 4,5 million litres of water. Some of the incredible areas you can visit are the rainforest habitat, and the flooded forest, the wetland habitat and the tropical sea zones. There are dive and feeding shows thourghout the day. There are also fun activities for kids. 6.uShaka Marine World, Durban, South Africa uShaka Sea World is the biggest aquarium on the African continent. It is part of the large marine theme park called uShaka Marine World that opened its doors for visitors in 2004.The underground aquarium is designed around five shipwrecks, with its entrance through the "Phantom Ship" above ground. Its amazingly unique design earned an award for "Outstanding Achievement in thematic creative design" by the Themed Entertainment Association. There are some wonderful restaurants, including the “Cargo Hold” (it has a a wall sized shark aquarium visible from most of the dining areas) and the “Upper Deck”. This fascinating aquarium is home to species such as ragged-tooth sharks, spinner sharks, hammerhead sharks, and local catsharks. There are other local species like eagle rays, honeycomb and geometric morays, local gamefish, and large fish species including giant groupers, potato bass, kingfish, and cobia. There are fun shows with dolphins and seals, as well as ray and shark feedings. In addition, there are some more adventurous activities like snorkeling in the lagoon in the company of 1500 fish, shark cave diving and walking on the aquarium floor with an ocean diver! 7.Dubai Mall Aquarium, Dubai, U.A.E. This huge aquarium tank is the centerpiece of one of the largest shopping malls in the world. More than 33,000 marine creatures (representing about 85 different species) live in it, and, among them, there are about 400 sharks and rays! Other popular residents include enormous groupers and large schools of pelagic fish. The massive tank features one of the world's largest acrylic panels. The panel measures 8.3 by 32.88 meter (27 by 108 feet) and is 75 centimeters (30 inches) thick. It can withstand the pressure of the 10 million litres of water used in the aquarium. Moreover, the acrylic walkthrough tunnel offers visitors unique close encounter experiences with the incredible aquatic residents. In the Dubai Mall Aquarium you can walk along the Rainforest, Rocky Shore and Living Ocean environments at the Underwater Zoo. You can also go cage snorkeling, get close and personal with sharks, rays and fish (you wear a special suit for that, of course) and even take diving lessons. For those who prefer a less wild experience, there is also a glass-bottom boat ride. 8.Shanghai Ocean Aquarium, Shanghai China This is one of the largest aquariums in Asia. It includes an impressive 120-meter (390 ft) tunnel that takes visitors along an amazing aquatic journey through a coastal reef, open ocean, a kelp cave, shark cove and a coral reef. There are nine different thematic zones for the five continents and four oceans. More than 450 species are represented, including some really rare and endangered aquatic animals from the Yangtze River such as the the Yangtze alligator and the Chinese giant salamander. Other famous rarities of this aquarium are the Chinese water dragons and Antarctic penguins. The fascinating exhibits and iteractive programs provide both entertainment and education for every visitor. 9.Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Okinawa, Japan This is one of the few aquariums that keep whale sharks in captivity and it is currently trying to breed them. There are also manta rays and many species of tropical fish. There are dives and other fun activities. You can also watch two different dolphin shows close to the aquarium. The Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium has come to attract millions of visitors from all over the world. 10.Sea Life Sydney Aquarium, Sydney, Australia In the Open Oceanarium, you can walk through undrwater tunnels surrounded by large sharks and stingrays gliding over your head. You will surely be amazed when you have the chance to see The Great Barrier Reef oceanarium with its colourful reef fish. Another very interesting exhibit is the Mermaid Lagoon, the home of two dugongs. There is also the “Shark Explorer”, a glass-bottom boat that glides over the Great Barrier Reef. The best part of the ride: you get to feed the reef sharks!
Mindfulness, in my opinion, is one of the most effective things I have added to my classroom. After teaching for more than 20 years, I have been to countless PD workshops on many topics, but nothing has done more for my students than this. As a reading teacher, it has helped to get students more focused so that they can read more fluently and comprehend more. It has given my students a way to start the class that calms them, gives them a brain break, and gets everyone on the same page. Mindfulness has helped students to center before tests and quizzes so that they can access all that they have learned and show what they know. More importantly, it has given my students a tool to help them inside and out of the classroom when they are feeling anxious about all of the many things that trouble a middle school kid. However, so often I have seen the look on the faces of some of the kids, parents, or colleagues that mindfulness is very “Buddha” or Hippie-Dippie”. They envision that we sit cross-legged, mediate, and chant “om” for an entire class period. As you can imagine, this also brings up the discussion about the fact that we are doing this in a public school and isn’t that against some kind of rule or infringing on the religious practices of students? This is why doing your research about the science behind mindfulness is so important. The science behind how the human brain works is fascinating (well at least to me!). When I first started researching mindfulness, I could not get enough of all of the information that showed me why I was feeling anxious and what it was doing to my body. Early in the school year, I do a few mini lessons with the students regarding the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. We talk about how our brains were wired to protect us from sabre tooth tiger attacks, but then were meant to calm down 20 minutes later. However, due to so many factors, our amygdala often does not slow down and instead is set in panic mode. We have lost the ability to decipher between a real emergency and an every day scenario. Often our bodies are reacting the same way to not knowing what to wear in the morning that we would to being scared by a real emergency. Mindfulness is learning how to focus on the moment. It is teaching our brain to focus on what we are doing in the moment and not worrying about what just happened or what will happen. In practicing mindfulness, we train our amygdala to calm down so that the other parts of our brain (hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex) can work the way that they need to. Many of the exercises do incorporate breathing. Breathing is one of the best ways to calm the amygdala and nervous system. However, not every exercise is meditation. Knowing the science behind what you are sharing with your students is essential. First, it will help them to see the value in it. It may not be something that all of your students end up buying in to, but understanding how it can help them in their every day life will get more students on board. It is also very important to understand so that when parents want to know why you are taking time away from a subject like reading or math, you can better explain it. I have found that the little time that I have chosen to focus on mindfulness with my students have come back to me ten fold. My students are much more focused because of our study and our exercises so that they accomplish more in the time that we have. Students also do appreciate and look forward to the brain breaks and often do not want to risk not getting them. Lastly, it is always good practice to have scientific research behind anything that you are doing to build a curriculum. Below is a great video that does a great job of explaining the science of the brain and mindfulness: I would love to hear from any of you that are using mindfulness in your classroom. How did you get started? If you have any tips, tricks, or feedback on anything that I have shared, please share! My goal is to create a community of educators who are interested in mindfulness and who are actively using it in their classrooms.
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. Roman Catholic Church The authority to teach religious doctrine. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. the teaching office or authority of the Roman Catholic Church. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. In alchemy, a magistral; the philosopher's stone. - n. An authoritative statement or doctrine; a magistery. DONAHUE: The term magisterium is the actual term that is used in the Catholic Church to describe the pope in communion with the bishops as the teaching authority. He defines the term magisterium as "a domain where one form of teaching holds the appropriate tools for meaningful discourse and resolution" and the NOMA principle is "the magisterium of science covers the empirical realm: what the Universe is made of (fact) and why does it work in this way (theory). The magisterium is the anchor of the Bark of Peter. Hence, for practical purposes and in so far as the special question of infallibility is concerned, we may neglect the so called magisterium ordinarium ( "ordinary magisterium") and confine our attention to ecumenical councils and the pope. He dismisses Fitzmyer as not speaking for the magisterium, which is true enough, but when Mike asks him about how he views the Protestant doctrine, whether he still regards the Protestant view as a legal fiction, where does Sungenis go to define the Protestant view? What bothers me almost more than Martini's now open dissent from the magisterium is the offensive implications of his purple passages. Catholics believe that the magisterium is the magisterium; and evangelicals ought to believe that the plain sense of Scripture is the plain sense of Scripture, not just in one thorny place but across the whole of the New Testament, from which I glean the exaltation of woman to her just position as equal with man in dignity before God, but NOT sexual indifferentism, and not the dissolution of order within marriage and within the Church. It isn't uncommon to refer to the "magisterium" of one pope and the "magisterium" of a different Pope as a reference to what they specifically taught. In this context the word "magisterium" is ambiguous for it can mean the office and authority to teach, which is the first and proper meaning, or as an analogous meaning, the content of the teaching. None of us have a corner on truths about God--not even those with scriptures or a "magisterium".
When I was reading the New York Times the other day I came across this question and I have a slightly different opinion than the printed response. We eat and drink during the day for activity. At night we utilize the foods we consumed during the day to maintain and rebuild our bodies. While we are sleeping our bodies are cleaning, maintaining and repairing themselves and gathering physical and energetic excess to be eliminated in the morning when we rise. Most people have their morning routine which usually consists of going to the bathroom, washing, brushing our teeth, doing a body rub and stretching. All of these practices help eliminate the excess we gathered during the night. Our organs, brain and nervous system also recharge at night during sleep. Our need for sleep is determined by how efficiently our bodies can clean, repair, recharge and eliminate. The length of our sleep also determines how refreshed we feel from our sleep. We get the deepest and most refreshing sleep between midnight and 4 am. Going to sleep before midnight is important so that we can be in a deep sleep during these hours. It is hard to feel refreshed the next day when we go to sleep after midnight. A healthy person generally needs between five and eight hours of sleep per night. Stimulants like coffee or alcohol as well as eating before sleep can increase our need for sleep. Through adjusting our daily habits, diet and activity we can get the deepest, most refreshing sleep in the shortest amount of time.
The abuse of law in the very making of law may sound deeply ironical. Yet, it is surprisingly common Subversion of the law in legislation is common. Parliamentary processes are subverted by lawmakers in Parliament, occupants of high office subvert the faith reposed in them by the Constitution, Parliament is subverted by governments, and law made by Parliament is subverted by government departments and regulators while writing subordinate law. This is also correspondingly true of law-making in the states. Let’s start at the bottom. Regulators are routinely given powers by the legislature to write regulations to “carry out the provisions of” the main law. Since excessive delegation could be struck down as being arbitrary and unconstitutional, the laws also set out some process requirements for writing subordinate law. For example, the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act imposes a statutory obligation to conduct public consultation on draft amendments to a stock exchange’s bye-laws followed by the formal amendments taking effect when notified in the official gazette. However, routinely, substantive amendments to the bye-laws have been systematically implemented by the capital market regulator through “circulars”, an instrument not even recognised under the law. For form’s sake, every such circular ends with an instruction to stock exchanges to amend their bye-laws but the substantive content is given immediate effect. Often, even the formality of the actual amendment to the bye-law is not implemented but the “law” created through the circulars gets enforced. Government agencies are notoriously unmindful of the law under which they write rules. They also issue “advisories” and “guidelines”. Unless the rules, advisories or guidelines are challenged through a writ petition and the challenge is upheld, these instruments, however illegal, would operate as “law” and govern the lives of society. Usually such subversions are not challenged unless they cause material hurt. Typically, one would chicken out before the State unless a fight is inevitable. A simple recent example is the successful challenge to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s advisory imposing an obligation to get food products approved before launch. Moving up the food chain, the subversions played out in Parliament and State Legislatures are of a higher order. Members of the Rajya Sabha have been known to abuse the conduct of proceedings to stall the government’s attempts to pass legislation. To beat this abuse, the government has been merrily labelling all sorts of draft law as “money bills” (draft law governing taxation measures), which need approval of just the Lok Sabha. The principle is that the people directly vote MPs to the Lok Sabha, delegating to them the power to deal with their money. All other laws need approval of both Houses of Parliament. As a check and balance, the Constitution relies on an occupant of high office, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, to conclusively certify the draft law as a “money bill”. The Aadhaar Act, which is nothing but legislation that gives statutory status to the Unique Identification Authority of India (just like any law that would set up any other government agency like say, the insurance regulator or the Competition Commission of India) was classified by the government as a “money bill” and happily endorsed by the Speaker, enabling circumvention of the Rajya Sabha. An abuse to beat an abuse is the order of the day. While this may sound fair to some, it exonerates the first abuse that began the trading of abusive conduct, in the eyes of others. The effects can be disastrous. The Foreign Exchange Management Act, brought in with the specific objective to de-criminalise violation of exchange controls, has been made a criminal law again with an amendment that was not even taken to the Rajya Sabha since the amendment was tucked into a money bill. In other words, a law passed by both Houses of Parliament can get amended solely by the Lok Sabha. Whether the Speaker’s certification of a money bill can be called into question in the teeth of an explicit bar in the Constitution is now under litigation in the Supreme Court. Truly ironical, since the Supreme Court was party to judicial imposition of the “environment compensation charge”, a fiscal measure that ought to have been done through only a money bill. The charge, applicable on entry of vehicles into Delhi, is nothing but an “entry tax” and if not, a “cess” — something the Constitution reserves for members of law-making bodies directly elected by the people. The courts first imposed the tax and the Delhi government legislated later. Deepening the irony is the fact that a nine-judge bench heard detailed arguments on a constitutional challenge to imposition of entry tax by various states on the ground that such tax violated the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse within India. An abuse to beat an abuse in law-making has a rich history. Prior to the newly elected National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government, the United Progressive Alliance government had felt cornered by the parliamentary standing committee, which was simply sitting on its review of amendments proposed to the Sebi Act. The government used, for the third time in a row, its power to promulgate a presidential ordinance. Since it would fall foul of the analysis in a celebrated Supreme Court judgment on the use of ordinances, the government simply tucked in a single new provision in the third version, to be able to claim that the third ordinance was not a third promulgation of the same ordinance. The NDA government took the cue. Amendments to the land acquisition law were effected thrice through an ordinance. With Lokayukta (ombudsman) laws, some state legislatures have been cleverer than tax-structuring practitioners who are criticised. Where the law requires a due process to appoint or sack the ombudsman, they would repeal the law itself with a simple majority, or worse, through an ordinance. The office of the ombudsman or the provisions that govern appointments would vanish. New legislation would follow under which an incumbent of the government’s choice could get appointed. When law-making institutions violate law when making law, they set the tone for the kind of conduct that is acceptable from society. The devil does quote the scripture. This piece was published in the column titled Without Contempt in the Business Standard edition dated October 25, 2016
Surdisorex polulus is a Vulnerable species that occurs only in the East African montane moorlands. There are a number of endemic species to the montane moorlands that are associates of S. polulus.There are a number of endemic small mammals to the East African montane moorlands. One endemic mammal to the ecoregion is the Mount Kenya Mole Shrew (Surdisorex polulus), which is found only at the higher elevations of Mount Kenya; moreover, this rodent is classified as a Vulnerable species. Another endemic mammal is the Aberdare Mole Shrew (Surdisorex norae), which is known only to the higher elevations of the Aberdare Mountain Range in Kenya. The King Mole Rat (Tachyoryctes rex) is another endemic rodent that is known only to the higher elevations of Mount Kenya within the ecoregion. The Vulnerable East African Highland Shrew (Crocidura allex) is a near endemic to the ecoregion, that is also found in upper elevation portions of the adjacent East African montane forests ecoregion. Another imputed endemic mammal is Peter's Musk Shrew (Crocidura gracilipes) - See more at: http://www.eoearth.org/article/East_African_montane_moorlands?topic=49597#sthash.shCQvtJr.dpuf - C.Michael Hogan. 2013. East African montane moorlands. Encyclopedia of Earth, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC ed. M.McGinley
But many valuable resources, and the unique landscape that holds them, are rapidly disappearing. Indonesia is losing 1.17 million hectares of forest per year to unsustainable logging, mining, and the spread of oil palm and paper fiber plantations. More than ever, it’s crucial that we recognize the partnerships between environmental protection, community prosperity and sustainable economic growth. Communities that tie their livelihoods to healthy natural systems are more likely to seek to conserve those resources for the long term. Amid intense pressures from unsustainable development and deforestation, and despite a legal framework that is unclear in its protection of land rights, these villages are working collaboratively—and successfully—to protect and secure government recognition for their traditional uses of the forest.
Chinese, Qianlong reign, 1736-1795 Knife and Fork, c. 1745 steel and porcelain Gift of Richard D. Pardue, 2015.13.15-16 Prior to being used for the consumption of food, forks, or at least what is considered to be the predecessor of the table fork, were most often two-pronged and used solely for cooking and serving dishes. Popular belief amongst historians dictates that the table fork is the most recent addition to the typical set of cutlery. The earliest instance of widespread table fork usage can be traced back to the upper Yellow River region of Gansu and eastern Qinghai, China. The time period in question has been narrowed down to between 1900 and 2400 BC. The universalization of the table fork is not believed to have started until the onset of The Silk Road around the second century BC. This fork and knife set were originally manufactured in China. The handles are in a Western, Dutch shape with Kakiemon style porcelain. While the Chinese manufactured plenty of porcelain goods for sale in a Western market, the three-pronged fork indicates this could have been for Chinese usage. This is not to say that Chinese culture was not using forks at the time, as some of the oldest known forks originate from China and spoons were even often pointed at the end to create a sort of single-pronged fork. In fact, while the chopsticks are more commonly associated with the Chinese, it was only the wealthy who used them because they believed the metal affected the taste of the food. By Sofia Soto Sugar and Christian Villacres Sexton, John. “Knife and Fork Found in First Emperor’s Tomb.” Knife and Fork Found in First Emperor’s Tomb – China.org.cn, 1 Apr. 2010, http://www.china.org.cn/china/2010-04/01/content_19732414.htm. Accessed 14 Apr. 2017. Jones, Tegan. “The History of Spoons, Forks, and Knives.” Today I Found Out, 24 Dec. 2015, http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/10/history-spoons-forks-knives/. Accessed 19 Apr. 2017.
Drug information of Factor XIII Factor XIII (human) is a heat-treated, lyophilized concentrate of coagulation factor XIII, an endogenous enzyme responsible for the crosslinking of fibrin and an essential component of the coagulation cascade . For people with congenital deficiency or mutation of Factor XIII, a rare bleeding disorder, exogenous replacement of this key coagulation factor is essential for management and prevention of bleeding episodes. Also known as Fibrin Stabilizing Factor (FSF), Factor XIII is an endogenously produced coagulation factor and the final enzyme within the blood coagulation cascade. Within the body, FXIII circulates as a heterotetramer composed of 2 A-subunits and 2 B-subunits (A2B2). When activated by thrombin at the site of injury, the FXIII pro-enzyme is cleaved resulting in activation of the catalytic A-subunit and dissociation from its carrier B-subunit. As a result, the active transglutaminase from subunit A cross-links fibrin and other proteins resulting in increased mechanical strength and resistance to fibrinolysis of the fibrin clot. This contributes to enhanced platelet and clot adhesion to injured tissue, thereby improving blood coagulation and maintenance of hemostasis 1. Other drug products with similar structure and function to Factor XIII (human) include Catridecacog, which is a recombinant form of the A subunit of human coagulation factor XIII. Compared to Factor XIII (human), which is purified from pooled human plasma, Catridecacog is produced through recombinant DNA technology where the target protein is grown in yeast and then isolated . Factor XIII (Human), available as the commercially available product Corifact, is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for routine prophylactic treatment and peri-operative management of surgical bleeding in adult and pediatric patients with congenital FXIII deficiency . As the half-life of endogenous Factor XIII is long (5-11 days), prophylactic therapy with the replacement of FXIII can be given every 4-6 to maintain hemostasis - Factor XIII A-subunit, recombinant 2000-3125 IU/vial - factor XIII concentrate, human 1000-1600 units/single-use vial Mechanism of effect Temporarily replaces missing clotting factor XIII which corrects and/or prevents bleeding Factor XIII is a proenzyme activated by calcium ion, by thrombin cleavage of the A-subunit to become activated factor XIII (FXIIIa); promotes cross-linking of fibrin during coagulation and is essential to the physiological protection of the clot against fibrinolysis Factor XIII A-Subunit (recombinant) is a protransglutaminase (rFXIII [rA2] homodimer) and binds to free human FXIII B-subunit resulting in a heterotetramer [rA2B2]. rFXIII has been shown to be activated by thrombin in the presence of Ca2+. Activated rFXIII has been shown in dose-dependent manner to increase mechanical strength of fibrin clots, retard fibrinolysis, and rFXIII has been shown to enhance platelet adhesion to the site of injury. After combining with available plasma B-subunits, factor XIII A-subunit (recombinant) has been shown to have the same pharmacodynamic properties in plasma as endogenous FXIII. Half-Life: 6.6 ± 2.29 days Vd: 51.1 ± 12.61 mL/kg Peak Plasma Time: 1.7 ± 1.44 hr Clearance: 0.25 mL/hr/kg Drug indicationsreduce bleeding during surgery Initial dose: 40 international units/kg intravenously Maximum rate: 4 mL/min -Adjust dose up or down 5 international units/kg to maintain 5 to 20% trough factor XIII levels. Routine prophylaxis: administer every 28 days Perioperative management of surgical bleeding: -Individualize dose based on factor XIII activity level, type of surgery, and clinical response. -Monitor factor XIII levels during and after surgery. Initial dose: 35 international units/kg intravenously Maximum rate: 1 to 2 mL/min -Consider dose adjustment if adequate coverage is not achieved at the initial dose. -Not for use in congenital factor XIII B-subunit deficiency. Drug contraindicationsHypersensitivity to this drug , Current or history of thrombosis or thromboembolic Side effectsHeadache , chest pain , vertigo , Dyspnea , asthenia , fever , myalgia , Arthralgia , Hypersensitivity , hematoma , vascular access thrombosis , tiredness , Rash , increased lactate dehydrogenase Contraindicated in patients with known anaphylactic or severe systemic reactions to human plasma-derived products or to any components in the formulation For IV use only Development of inhibitory antibodies against factor XIII has been detected; monitor for signs and symptoms of inadequate response to treatment (ie, inadequate factor XIII levels, breakthrough bleeding) Increased risk of thromboembolic complications; assess benefits and risks of therapy in patients with hypercoagulable conditions (eg, pregnancy) Made from human blood and may carry a risk of transmitting infectious agents (eg, viruses, and theoretically Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [CJD] agent) Points of recommendation Prior to reconstitution, allow Corifact and the supplied diluent to reach room temperature Use the Mix2VialTM system as directed with provided diluent (ie, 20 mL of sterile water for injection) Do not shake the vial to reconstitute – gently swirl until the powder is completely dissolved Infuse through a separate infusion line; Y-site administration not advised Infuse at a rate not to exceed 4 mL/min Administer within 4 hr of reconstitution - Store in a refrigerator at 2-8°C (36-46°F) – stable for up to 24 months within the expiration date - Can be stored at room temperature not to exceed 25°C (77°F) for up to 6 months within the expiration date; do not return product to refrigerator after stored at room temperature (clearly mark beginning date of room temperature storage) - Do not freeze - Protect from light - Contains no preservatives - Product must be used within 4 hr after reconstitution - Do not refrigerate or freeze the reconstituted solution - Discard partially used vials Benefits and risks should be carefully assessed in pregnant women because of their hypercoagulable state and potential for increased risk of thromboembolic events
Discover your grammar weaknesses This book improves your English grammar knowledge What’s the book? The book is titled “Grammar Scan” by the world-famous authors Micheal Swan and David Baker. It is basically a test book at three levels: - Upper Intermediate How does it work? - Choose the level that you think is right for you. - Answer the questions. - Check your answers in the key at the back of the book. - If you get some answers wrong, the answer key will show you where in Practical English Usage (3rd Edition) you can find the explanations you need for each point. - Go to Practical English Usage (3rd Edition) and read the explanations. - Try the test again, preferably a few days later, and see if you can do better. Sample test from the book Which of these present tenses forms is/are correctly used? A. What are frogs usually eating? B. The kettle boils. ~ Please take it off the stove. C. Water boils at 100? Celsius. D. I’m playing tennis every Wednesday. E. Alice works for an insurance company. F. Look – it snows! A word of advice Remember: grammar is not the only part of a language that has to be learnt and practiced; it is not even the most important part. Don’t get obsessed with correctness; otherwise, you will end up just learning grammar instead of learning English. Use this book sensibly, in moderation, to help you meet your own personal needs. About the Author CEO and Co-founder of Juice Academy Looking for a complete online IELTS course with international IELTS experts?
Function of Repetitive DNA The function of repetitive DNA was illuminated by several lines of genome research showing showing that repetitive DNA is an evolutionary device to catalyze formation of new genes by suppressing gene conversion. The insertion of repetitive transposable DNA sequence, SINEs and LINEs acts to break up DNA homologies and allow new gene variations to evolve The evidence has been gathered here so that a new generation of genomic scientists may examine it in the fresh light of reason. Gene conversion links similar DNA sequences together. It can operate on genes within a multigene family or it can operate interchromosomally on gene homologues. Similar DNA sequences are the substates for gene conversion. Gene conversion is the cohesive force allowing species to clump together as a Natural Kind. The gene pool of a species consists of DNA sequences in a network linked by gene conversion events. Repetitive sequences play the role of uncoupling this network, thereby allowing new genes to evolve. The shorter Alu or SINE repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling intrachromosomal gene conversion while the longer LINE repetitive DNA are specialized for uncoupling interchromosomal gene conversion. Interspersed Repetitive DNA at Wiki For further reading on this subject please see this extract or the following list of articles: Please click here to send comments May 23, 2005
Psychology – Advanced Distance Learning Course of 28 Lessons Psychology Course Description Have you ever wondered why the happy nine-month-old baby who always used to greet you with smiles and laughs has suddenly started crying as soon as you approach? Have you ever found out why you are afraid of spiders, and what you can do to cure yourself? Have you ever despaired of the fact that there is so much prejudice and discrimination in the world and wondered what can be done about it? Have you ever watched in horror as a six-year-old watches the latest blood-thirsty “cops and robbers” programme on the television and then immediately starts thumping and shooting everybody, and wondered just what effects such violent television programmes might have on a child? Have you ever watched a week-old baby apparently studying intently the people and objects around them and wondered what on earth they make of their new world and just what thoughts, if any, might be going through their mind? If you have answered “yes” to one or more of these questions, then you’ll find this course a source of constant fascination as we examine a wide range of psychological topics and answer all of these questions. Tuition & Fees Module One: Perspectives in Psychology This is your introduction to the subject of psychology. It gives you a taste of the different approaches, some of which will be covered in more detail in later modules. Unit 1 What is Psychology? Unit 2 The Biological Approach Unit 3 Behaviourist and Cognitive Approaches Unit 4 Person-centred Approaches Unit 5 Methods and Debate in Psychology Module Two: Social Psychology This is the first major approach we will cover in detail. We are considering the ways in which we look at the behaviour of others, and ourselves. There are five topics to cover in this module. Unit 6 Attitudes Unit 7 Social Influence Unit 8 Obedience Unit 9 Social Cognition Unit 10 Applied Social Psychology Module Three: Cognitive Psychology & its Applications This is the third module of the course, and we will be looking at the way in which humans process information. Unit 11 Perception Unit 12 Attention Unit 13 Remembering Unit 14 Forgetting Unit 15 Language Unit 16 Thinking Unit 17 Problem-Solving and Artificial Intelligence Module Four: Child Development Here we will be looking at human development throughout the life span. There are five areas to be covered in this part of the course. Unit 18 Issues in Child Development Unit 19 Cognitive Development Unit 20 The Development of Language and Communication Unit 21 Social Perception Unit 22 Moral Development Module Five: The Psychology of A Typical Behaviour This module covers four main areas. Unit 23 The Definition and Diagnosis of A Typical Behaviour Unit 24 Treatments of A Typical Behaviour Unit 25 Emotional Disorders Module Six: Research Methods Research methods are required throughout the course, particularly in your project work. This section may be tackled at any point in your studies and should be used for reference purposes throughout. Unit 26 Research Methods Unit 27 Research Issues Unit 28 Data Analysis Qualification 1: Psychology – Advanced Diploma Psychology – Advanced Diploma issued by Stonebridge Associated Colleges, entitling you to use the letters SAC Dip after your name. Qualification 2: Psychology – Advanced Certificate of Completion Psychology – Advanced Counselling Certificate of Completion issued by eLearn Canada College. With this course you will have unlimited access to your own personal tutor who specialises in their field of study. It is your personal tutor’s role to ensure that you receive constructive feedback and to deal with any queries you may have. You are more than welcome to telephone, fax or email your personal tutor. You will also have access to a dedicated and friendly team of administrators and course advisors who offer sound and professional guidance and advice when you need it. This ensures that you will never feel neglected and that you will always succeed! After each lesson there will be a question paper, which needs to be completed and submitted to your personal tutor for marking. This method of continual assessment ensures that your personal tutor can consistently monitor your progress and provide you with assistance throughout the duration of the course. This course is an online course. With online study you have access to your entire course from the start of your studies. You can access your course materials, and submit all of your question papers to your personal tutor, online from anywhere in the World using your unique student account. This is only an approximate figure and is dependent upon how much time you can dedicate to your studies and how well you grasp the learning concepts in the course material. Furthermore, at the end of each lesson there is a question paper that needs to be completed and returned to your tutor. You should allow at least 1 – 2 hours of study to complete each question paper. The approximate amount of time required to complete the course is: 280 hrs. There is no experience or previous qualifications required for enrollment on this course. It is available to all students, of all academic backgrounds. On completion of this course you will be eligible to join the following Professional Associations(s): QR’s primary aim is to provide transparency to members of the public and employers. The QR is a searchable database that allows them to find a practitioner and view the relevant qualification and endorsements the practitioner holds. The member of the public is then able to make an informed decision in relation to the suitability of the practitioner. For practitioners QR helps you market your skills, endorsements and feedback transparently to a wider audience. It also gives you access to a community to help make you more able to progress and succeed in your field of expertise. Affiliation Of Ethical & Professional Therapists (AEPT) “The Affiliation of Ethical & Professional Therapists is dedicated in assisting you as a member, in the promotion and growth of your practice. Your profile will be entered onto our website and each month you will receive a free e-zine full of business tips and valuable information”.
Fracture mechanics design methods permit the use of materials that have low to intermediate hydrogen embrittlement (HE) resistance. These methods are used for pressure containing storage tanks and piping components. Fracture mechanics provides for the evaluation of crack propagation. The essential quantity in fracture mechanics is the stress-intensity factor, K. - The local tensile and shear stresses ahead of cracks are proportional to the stress-intensity factor - Crack propagation is related to the magnitude of the stress-intensity factor The objective of the fracture mechanics design approach is to calculate the number of pressure cycles, Nc, to grow crack to critical depth, ac. The calculation requires material property measurements in hydrogen gas: threshold stress-intensity factor (KTH) and fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) vs. stress-intensity factor range (ΔK). The calculation method is described in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Component Design Recommendations Austenitic stainless steels and aluminum alloys are the best candidates for hydrogen service. - Based on previous service experience and materials testing - For austenitic stainless steels, this previous service experience and materials testing applies to defined ranges of alloy composition and temperature - Do not extrapolate component service or test data - Design analysis can quantify safety margins Ferritic steels (e.g., C-Mn and low-alloy steels) are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement under wide range of conditions. - Previous service experience may be adequate, but design analysis is needed in many cases - Materials testing to support design analysis must be performed for steel characteristics and environmental conditions that apply to component under consideration - Important steel characteristics include strength and fabrication method (e.g., welding and forming) - Important environmental conditions: hydrogen pressure, temperature Nickel and titanium alloys are generally not recommended for hydrogen service. - Materials testing in hydrogen gas and design analysis are required - May require other measures such as hydrogen permeation barrier
Future-Oriented Metamaterials Technology The demand for compact, reliable and cost-effective radar devices for civil and military applications will continue to grow in future years. The utilization of metamaterials can make an important contribution to the improvement of the systems. Metamaterials (MTM) are artificial and, in most cases, periodic structures that can be created in such a way that they have properties that can not normally be found in nature. Research groups throughout the world are working to create new functionalities through the utilization of metamaterials. "Cloaking" serves as a good example here. Here, electromagnetic waves are diverted through a kind of metamaterial coating with the result that objects concealed therein appear to be invisible. The scientists at Fraunhofer FHR have already been investigating the utilization of such structures for many years, inter alia, within the framework of two studies which were commissioned by the European Defense Agency (EDA). Long-term potential of metamaterial technology In the EDA study "Forecasts in Metamaterials with Extreme Parameters for Disruptive Antennas, Radomes, and Cloaking in Radar Applications" (METAFORE), Fraunhofer FHR, in cooperation with international project partners, investigated the future development in the MTM area and the potential fields of application. Special attention was given to the military applications of MTM. The long-term forecasts in various areas such as RF Materials and Printed Technology, Transformation Optics or Graphene-based Metamaterials were used to identify a large number of promising projects for the next two decades. Despite the uncertainty of long-term forecasts, numerous potential applications were identified with the result that MTM will continue to play an important role in the area of research and development. Phase compensation lines In a further EDA project "Metamaterials for Active Electronically Scanned Arrays" (METALESA), Fraunhofer FHR developed, among other things, an MTM high-frequency feed network for phase-controlled antenna arrays. The traditional approach of a feed network, which must guarantee in-phase excitation of the antenna elements, is based on a binary tree structure. Depending on the number of antenna elements, this can require a lot of space. A serial feed network, on the other hand, only needs one distribution level but does, however - in its conventional design (e.g. due to the waveguide) – have the disadvantage that the propagation times to the antenna elements are different. MTM lines are used to realize an innovative, phase stable, serial feed network (Fig. 1). This requires the use of so-called left-handed lines. In these lines, wave propagation and power transport take place in opposite directions. In this way, the phase displacement of an arm of the feed network can be compensated with a corresponding MTM line. The result is a feed network that is clearly more compact than corresponding parallel versions. Suppression of parasitic waves Surface waves, which can cause unwanted radiation and reduce the efficiency of the system, can propagate on the surface of active antenna arrays. The change in the coupling of adjacent antenna elements was investigated (Fig. 2) in a further work package of the METALESA project and the unwanted side and rear radiation was reduced (Fig. 3). The solution realized by Fraunhofer FHR is based on a so-called electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure. This prevents the propagation of electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency band, which is determined by the geometry and dimensions of this periodic structure. For this purpose, a special EBG frame was developed, the bandgap of which includes the frequency range of the antenna. Here, the suppression of parasite waves is achieved with an arrangement that can be produced cost-effectively. This additional measure only leads to minimal increase in the overall surface of the antenna aperture. This technique can be used in the construction of new radar antennas or in the retrofitting of existing systems. Further application areas in which metamaterials can be used in future in radar or communication systems were also identified through the successful cooperation within the framework of the EDA assignments. Hence, the potential of this interesting technology is still a long way from being exploited.
Can computers cope with human races? by Les Earnest <les at cs.stanford.edu> © 1989 by the Association for Computing and Machinery Published in Communications of the ACM, February 1989. Copying without fee is permitted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage and credit to the source is given. Abstracting with credit is permitted. In trying to apply a computer to a task that humans do, we often discover that it doesn't work. One common problem is that humans are able to deal with fuzzy concepts but computers are not -- they need precise representations and it is hard to represent a fuzzy concept in a precise way. However, if we look closer at such tasks, we often discover that the weakness actually lies not in the computer but in ourselves -- we didn't understand what we were doing in the first place. When faced with a problem of this sort, some people refuse to recognize the conceptual failure. Instead of seeking a better representation for the task, they thrash away at making the fuzzy scheme work, insisting that there is nothing wrong with the conceptual base. I will illustrate one such problem with a true story. The central theme is the fuzzy concept of racial and ethnic classification, as used by the U.S. government and a horde of other bureaucracies. These organizations have been carrying out elaborate statistical computations and making major policy decisions based on this concept for many years and are still doing it, with problematical results. I begin with my first major encounter with this scheme, some 25 years ago. White faces in new places. In 1963, after living in Lexington, Massachusetts for 7 years, my family and I moved to the Washington D.C. area where I helped set up a new office for Mitre Corporation. After three days of searching, we bought a house then under construction in a pleasant new suburb called Mantua Hills, near Fairfax, Virginia. I hadn't noticed it during our search, but it soon became evident that there were nothing but white faces in that area. In fact, there were nothing but white faces for miles around. We expected to find some cultural differences and did. For example, people drove much less aggressively than in Massachusetts. The first time that I did a Boston-style bluff at a traffic circle, the other cars yielded! This took all the fun out of it and I was embarrassed into driving more conservatively. When I applied for a Virginia driver's license, I noticed that the second question on the application, just after “Name,” was “Race.” When filling out forms, I have always made it a practice to omit information that I think is irrelevant. It seemed to me that my race had nothing to do with driving a car, so I left it blank. When I handed the application to the clerk along with the fee, he just looked at me, marked “W” in the blank field and threw it on a stack. I guess that he had learned that this was the easiest way to deal with outlanders. It shortly became apparent that on all forms in Virginia, the second question was “Race,” right after “Name.” Someone informed me that as far as the Commonwealth of Virginia was concerned, there were just two races: “white” and “colored.” Included in “colored” were all dark-skinned people, including both kinds of Indians. I felt uncomfortable with this system, knowing that it was part of a scheme of legal discrimination that still pervaded the laws of many states. For example, it was still illegal in Virginia for a “white” and a “colored” person to marry. Our contractor was a bit slow in finishing the house. We knew that there was mail headed our way that was probably accumulating in the post office, so we put up the mailbox even before the house was finished. The first day we got just two letters -- from the American Civil Liberties Union and Martin Luther King's organization, SCLC. We figured that this was the postman's way of letting us know that he was on to us. Sure enough, the next day we got the rest of our accumulated mail, a large stack. When our kids brought forms home from school, I started putting a “C” after the second question, leaving it to the authorities to figure out whether that meant “Colored” or “Caucasian.” I doubt that this actually confused anyone -- the entire school was lily white. Racing clearance. About this time, my boss and I and another colleague applied for a special security clearance that we needed. There are certain clearances that can't be named in public -- it was one of those. I had held an ordinary Top Secret clearance for a number of years and had held the un-namable clearance a short time before, so I did not anticipate any problems. When I filled out my personal history form, I noticed that question #5 was “Race.” In the past I had not paid attention to this question; I just thoughtlessly wrote “Caucasian.” Having been sensitized by my new environment, I reexamined it. All of my known forebears came from Europe, mostly from Bavaria and Bohemia, with a few from England, Ireland, and Scotland. A glance in the mirror, however, indicated that there was Middle Eastern blood in my veins. I have a Semitic nose and skin that tans so easily that I am often darker than many people who pass for Black. Did I inherit this from a Hebrew, an Arab, a Gypsy or perhaps one of the Turks who periodically pillaged Central Europe? Maybe it was from a Blackfoot Indian that an imaginative aunt thinks was in our family tree. I will probably never know. As an arrogant young computer scientist, I believed that if there is any decision that you can't figure out how to program, the question is wrong. I couldn't figure out how to program racial classification, so I concluded that there isn't such a thing. I subsequently reviewed some scientific literature that confirmed this impression. “Race” is, at best, a fuzzy concept about typical physical characteristics of certain populations. At worst, of course, it provides a basis for more contemptible conduct than any concept other than religion. In answer to the race question on the security form, I decided to put “mongrel.” It would have been slightly less provocative had I said “human,” but I've always enjoyed diddling forms a bit. Shortly after I handed in the form, I received a call from a secretary in the security office of the Defense Communications Agency. She said she had noticed a typographical error in the fifth question where it said “Mongrel.” She asked if I didn't mean “Mongol.” “No thanks,” I said, “I really meant mongrel.” She ended the conversation rather quickly. A few hours later I received a call from the chief security officer of D.C.A., who I happened to know. “Hey, Les,” he said in a friendly way, “I'd like to talk to you the next time you're over here.” I agreed to see him later that week. When I got there, he tried to talk me out of answering the race question “incorrectly.” I asked him what he thought was the right answer. “You know, Caucasian,” he replied. “Oh, you mean someone from the Caucasus Mountains of the U.S.S.R.?” I asked pointedly. “No, you know, white.” “Actually, I don't know,” I said. We got into a lengthy discussion in which he informed me that as far as the Defense Department was concerned there were five races: Caucasian, Negro, Oriental, American Indian, and Pacific Islander. I asked him how he would classify someone who was, by his definition, 7/8 Caucasian and 1/8 Negro. He said he wasn't sure. I asked how he classified Egyptians and Ethiopians. He wasn't sure. I said that I wasn't sure either and that “mongrel” seemed like the best answer for me. He finally agreed to forward my form to the security authorities but warned that I was asking for trouble. A question of stability. I knew what to expect from a security background investigation: neighbors and former acquaintances let you know it is going on by asking “What are they trying to get you for?” and kidding you about what they told the investigators. Within a week after my application for the new clearance was submitted, it became apparent that the investigation was already underway and that the agents were hammering everyone they talked to about my “mental stability.” Gale, the personnel manager where I worked, was interviewed quite early and came to me saying “My God! They think you're crazy! What did you do, rape a polo pony?” He also remarked that they had asked him if he knew me socially and that he had answered “Yes, we just celebrated Guy Fawkes Day together.” When the investigator wanted to know “What is Guy Fawkes Day?” he started to explain the gun-powder plot but thought better of it. He settled for the explanation that “It's a British holiday.” An artist friend named Linda, who lived two houses away from us, told my wife that she had no trouble answering the investigator's questions about my stability. She said that she recalled our party the week before when we had formed two teams to “Walk the plank.” In this game, participants take turns walking the length of a 2 x 4 set on edge and drinking a small amount of beer. Anyone who steps off is eliminated and the team with the most total crossings after some number of rounds wins. Linda said that she remembered I was one of the more stable participants. I was glad that she had not remembered my instability at an earlier party of hers when I broke my watch and bruised my ribs in a fall off a skateboard. The embarrassing cause of the accident was that I had run over the bottom of my own toga! Meanwhile, the investigation continued full tilt everywhere I had lived. After about three months it stopped and a short time later I learned that the clearance had been granted. The other two people whose investigations were begun at the same time did not receive their clearances until several months later. In comparing notes, it appeared that the investigators did the background checks on my colleagues in a much more leisurely manner. We concluded that my application had received priority treatment. The investigators had done their best to pin something on me and, having failed, gave me the clearance. The lesson was clear: if you want a clearance in a hurry, put something on your history form that will make the investigators suspicious but that is not damning. They get so many dull backgrounds to check that they relish the possibility of actually nailing someone. By being a bit provocative, you draw priority attention and quicker service. After I received the clearance, I expected no further effects from my provocative answer. As it turned out, there was an unexpected repercussion a year later and an unexpected victory the year after that. The repercussion turned out to be an odd side effect of a new computer application. Mongrel in a star-chamber. About a year after I had been granted the supplementary security clearance, I received a certified letter directing me to report to the Air Force Office of Special Investigations at Suitland, Maryland very early in the morning on a certain day a month later. To one whose brain seldom functions before 10 AM, this was a singularly unappealing trip request. My wife somehow got me up early on the appointed day and I drove off in my TR-3 with the top down, even though it was a cold winter morning. I hoped that the air would stimulate my transition to an awakened state. When I arrived and identified myself, I was immediately ushered into a long narrow room with venetian blinds on one side turned to block the meager morning light. I was seated on one side of a table on which there were two goose-neck lamps directed into my eyes. There was no other light in the room, so I could barely see the three inquisitors who took positions on the opposite side of the table. Someone punched on a tape recorder and the trio began taking turns at poking into my past. They appeared to be trying to convince me that I was in deep trouble. While the pace and tone of their questions were clearly aimed at intimidation, they showed surprisingly little interest in my answers. I managed to stay relaxed, partly because I was not yet fully awake. They asked whether I had any association with a certain professor at San Diego State College, which I had attended for one year. I recognized his name as being one who was harassed by the House Un-American Activities Committee during the McCarthy Era. He was an alleged Communist. I answered that I did not know him but that I might have met him socially since he and my mother were on the faculty concurrently. They wanted to know with certainty whether I had taken any classes from him. I said that I had not. They next wanted to know how well I knew Linus Pauling, who they knew was a professor at Caltech when I was a student there. I acknowledged that he was my freshman chemistry professor and that I had visited his home once or twice. I did not mention that Pauling's lectures had so inspired me that I decided to become a chemist. It was not until I took a sophomore course in physical chemistry that I realized I wasn't cut out for it. I recalled that Pauling had been regularly harassed by certain government agencies during the McCarthy Era because of his leftist “peacenik” views. He was barred from overseas travel on occasion and the harassment continued even after he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry, but seemed to diminish after the second one, the Peace Prize. The inquisitors wanted to know how often I got together with one of my uncles who lived nearby. I acknowledged that we met occasionally, the last time being a short time earlier when our families dined together. It sounded as though they thought they had something on him. I knew him to be a very able person with a distinguished career in public service. He had been City Manager of Fort Lauderdale and several other cities and had held a number of positions in the State Department. It occurred to me that they might be planning to nail him for associating with a known mongrel. The questions continued in this vein for hours without a break. I kept waiting for them to bring up a Caltech acquaintance named Bernon Mitchell, who had lived in the same student house as me. Mitchell had later taken a position at the National Security Agency, working in cryptography, then defected to the Soviet Union with a fellow employee. They were apparently closet gays. In fact, the inquisitors never mentioned Mitchell. This suggested that they may not have done a very thorough investigation. A more likely explanation was that Mitchell and his boyfriend represented a serious failure of the security clearance establishment -- one that they would rather not talk about. After about three and a half hours of non-stop questioning I was beginning to wake up. I was also beginning to get riled over their seemingly endless fishing expedition. At this point there was a short pause and a rustling of papers. I sensed that they were finally getting around to the main course. “We note that on your history form you claim to be a mongrel,” said the man in the middle. “What makes you think you are a mongrel?” “That seems to be the best available answer to an ill-defined question,” I responded. We began an exchange that was very much like my earlier discussion with the security officer in the Defense Communications Agency. As before, I asked how they identified various racial groups and how they classified people who were mixtures of these “races.” The interrogators seemed to be taken aback at my asking them questions. They asked why I was trying to make trouble. I asked them why they would not answer my questions. When no answers were forthcoming, I finally pointed out that “It is clear that you do not know how to determine the race of any given person, so it is unreasonable for you to expect me to. I would now like to know what you want from me.” The interrogators began whispering among themselves. They had apparently planned to force me to admit my true race and were not prepared for an alternative outcome. Finally, the man in the center spoke up saying, “Are you willing to sign a sworn statement about your race?” “Certainly,” I said. They then turned up the lights and called for a stenographer. She appeared with notebook in hand and I dictated a statement: “I declare that to the best of my knowledge I am a mongrel.” “Don't you think you should say more than that,” said the chief interrogator. “I think that covers it,” I replied. The stenographer shrugged and went off to type the statement. With the main business out of the way, things lightened up -- literally. They opened the venetian blinds to let in some sunlight and offered me a cup of coffee, which I accepted. We had some friendly conversation, then I signed the typed statement, which was duly notarized. Punch line. My former tormentors now seemed slightly apologetic about the whole affair. I asked them what had prompted this investigation. After some glances back and forth, one of them admitted that “We were putting our clearance data base on IBM cards and found that there was no punch for `mongrel'.” I thought about this for a moment, then asked “Why didn't you add a new punch?” “We don't have any programmers here” was the answer. “We got the program from another agency.” I said, “Surely I am not the only person to give a non-standard answer. With all the civil rights activists now in government service, some of them must have at least refused to answer the race question.” The atmosphere became noticeably chillier as one of them answered, with clinched teeth, “You're the only one. The rest of those people seem to know their race.” I was surprised to learn that nearly everyone believed in the concept of racial classification. It appeared that even people who were victims of discrimination acknowledged it as part of their identity. It was clear that the security people believed I had caused this problem, but I felt that it was the result of a stupid question and the common programmer's blunder of creating a categorization that does not include “Other” as an option. They apparently found it impractical to obtain the hour or two of a programmer's time that would have been needed to fix the computer program, so they chose instead to work with their standard tools. This led to an expenditure of hundreds of man-hours of effort in gathering information to try to intimidate me into changing my answer. Some important political developments occurred during the period between my rapid security clearance and the later inquisition. Civil rights workers from all over the country worked on voter registration in the South. Three of them disappeared near Philadelphia, Mississippi on June 22, 1964, and were later found to have been murdered by local officials. A federal omnibus civil rights act happened to be signed into law one week later. It banned discrimination in voting, jobs, and public accommodations and generally removed the last vestiges of legal support for racial discrimination at the national level. I never did find out how the security investigators coped with the fact that I remained a mongrel, but in 1966 I discovered that something very good had happened: the race question had disappeared from the security clearance form. In fact, this question disappeared from nearly all government forms then. I liked to think I helped that change along. Feeling naked without chains. For a short period in the mid-'60s, just after the race question disappeared from the forms, it became socially unacceptable in certain circles to talk about a person's race, but then an odd thing happened. Those who had been discriminated against for so long began to think of their racial identity as something to be proud of and those who wished to end discrimination decided that they needed to classify people into racial groups in order to be able to statistically measure compliance with anti-discrimination laws and to actively right earlier wrongs. In support of the latter goals, government bureaucrats invented an “ethnic” classification system that identified the minorities that they felt might be discriminated against. They never bothered to define their terms because, like the earlier racists, they had only a hazy notion of where the boundaries were. Thus, the fuzzy old concept of racial classification that had been a tool of racists for so long came to be embraced by their former victims and those who believed that in order to combat discrimination, you had to classify everyone and compile statistics. Beginning in 1965, I helped John McCarthy organize the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and remained as principal bureaucrat of that organization for 15 years. My first encounter with the new classification system was in the late '60s, when I received a form that called for a matrix of numbers to be filled in for the lab, with job levels in one dimension and ethnic and sex classifications the other way. The classifications made no more sense to me than those used by the armed services earlier, but being at a place like Stanford gave me access to expert advice on a wide range of subjects, so I decided to seek help. I happened to know Joshua Lederberg, who had received a Nobel Prize for his work in genetics. This seemed to qualify him as an expert, so I asked him how he determined the ethnic classes of his staff members. Josh laughed and said, “That classification is nonsensical. I just let them choose whatever they would like to be.” This sounded like good advice, but a problem arose when I applied it. Among the listed ethnic classes were “Spanish surname” and “Black,” but one of my secretaries happened to be black and had a Spanish surname and she felt that she should be listed in both places. I did as she requested, which meant that the rows and columns of the matrix didn't add up. I left it that way just to see what would happen. I never heard a word about it. Ethnic emperor's new clothes. After a few years of having us fill out ethnic matrices, somebody in the Stanford administration figured out that they could save a lot of fuss by simply adding ethnic classifications to their personnel database, so that the computer could generate all the statistics that the government might want. Furthermore, the rows and columns of computer-synthesized matrices would always add up correctly -- truly a conceptual breakthrough! Thus was born the idea of adding individual ethnic codes to the IBM cards that contained our personal data. Sound familiar? The Stanford administration managed to avoid one mistake that the Defense Department security folks had made: they didn't ask anyone to classify themselves, thus bypassing troublemakers like me. Everyone was secretly classified by certain key administrators. These administrators must have been remarkably well trained, because they did their classifying just by looking at people -- I never found anyone who was interviewed to determine their ethnic classification. I later obtained a copy of the instructions for determining new ethnic code. Here is the full text. ETHNIC CODE Required for all employees. The codes are: 1 = Black, not of Hispanic origin 2 = Asian or Pacific Islander (persons having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, or the Pacific Islands.) 3 = American Indian or Alaskan Native. 4 = Hispanic (persons of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American or other Spanish culture or origin, regardless of race.) 5 = Non-Minority (persons having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, North Africa, or the Middle East.) I learned that this classification scheme came from the federal government. I believe that it is still in use throughout the United States today. Interestingly, there were still five categories, just as the security folks claimed in the early '60s, though the categories had shifted. I was glad to see that the problem with Hispanic blacks had been solved, but there were still some mysteries. According to the definitions, people from Spain were both Code 4 and code 5. Were we to assume that 4 takes precedence over 5? Not clear. Once again, there was no code for “mongrel” or “undefined” or “mixed” or “other.” Notice that “Non-Minority” is defined as people from certain specific parts of the world and so it does not function as the “other” category. The designers of this system obviously believed that everyone belonged to some unique ethnic category, though they didn't describe exactly how to put them there. In fact, there were no instructions given on how to classify people who are mixtures of things. For example, where would I place my three grandchildren who are half Yup'ik Eskimo and half whatever we are? They were born in Alaska, so I guess that they qualify as “Alaskan Native” (code 3). I believe that the failure of this ethnic code to deal with people of mixed origins is not accidental. It is part of a persistent conspiracy in the United States to deny that there are such people. Instead of being accurately identified, they are forced to choose membership in one of the traditional racial groups. Needless to say, there are no reliable statistics on the number of such people, but it is certainly very large and getting larger. “Black” and “White” are relative. We know that nearly all of the people in the U.S. who call themselves “black” are genetic mixtures of African and European peoples. Because our culture is predominantly European, anyone who has detectably African features is called “black,” even if they are genetically, say, 7/8 European. If we were a predominantly African country, these same people would likely be called “white” because they have detectably European features. In other words, these racial classifications seem to be made relative to the norm, which makes them intrinsically subjective and rather unreliable. I understand that South Africa, which has an African majority and a dominant European culture, distinguishes between “Black,” “White,” “Asian,” and “Colored,” the last being the catchall for mongrels. I find their racial policies abominable, but their racial classification system is slightly more logical than ours; of course, it too is senseless if you look a bit deeper. Sometime after Stanford undertook the secret ethnic classification project, I saw one of my personnel forms and discovered that I was code 5. I seriously considered protesting. After all, some of my ancestors were Huns, a fierce nomadic tribe of Asian warriors. In the 5th Century A.D., under the leadership of Attila, they swept over most of Asia and Europe as far West as Gaul, raping, pillaging, and spreading their genes everywhere. Thus I qualify as code 2. On the other hand, based on the best available anthropological evidence, we can all trace our ancestry back to Africa at an earlier time. Thus if “Black” means anyone whose ancestors came from sub-Sahara Africa, we all qualify as code 1. While it was clear that logic would be on my side if I made a fuss over my ethnic code, I had to consider the potential consequences of such an action. One possibility was that I would have another run-in with the ethnic police. I figured that I could handle that. On the other hand, I had become older and, presumably, wiser and did not wish to expend energy on hopeless crusades. Everyone else seemed to believe in this absurd scheme, so I finally decided to live with the shame of being a code 5 “Non-minority.” What are we doing here? “So what?” you may say, “Nobody takes this ethnic stuff seriously anyway.” Wrong! Ethnic codes determine eligibility for certain scholarships and which schools our children are bussed to. Large employers must exhibit ethnic statistics within certain ranges in order to avoid charges of discrimination. Under some Affirmative Action programs approved by the courts, people who are identified as members of certain ethnic groups are given hiring or promotion preferences, supposedly to rectify past discrimination. If you own a business, your ethnic code determines your eligibility for certain kinds of low interest loans and may give you preferential access to many kinds of government contracts. And so forth. I have made fun of racial and ethnic classification systems not because I disagree with the goals of those who have created these schemes (even though I do disagree in some cases) but because our society as a whole continues to treat these schemes as if they had substance, somehow ignoring the fact that they are, and have always been, nonsense. We continue to build ever more elaborate bureaucratic structures atop this rotten foundation. Suppose that we continue building, presumably because it is for a good cause. Do you think that these structures will be dismantled once the original purpose has vanished or has been forgotten? From what I know of the way bureaucracies work, I am sure that the answer is “No.” Fighting racism with “benign” racism leads to indefinite racism that will end only when another process intervenes. Something will eventually intervene, as I discuss later, but it seems silly to wait that long. Problems and alternative solutions. Great progress has been made in reducing racial discrimination in my lifetime. I grew up in a racist society that had laws prohibiting blacks in the South from eating in the same restaurants, attending the same schools, using the same restrooms, drinking from the same fountains, riding in the same part of a bus or train, sitting in the same part of theaters, or entering the same public parks as whites. I attended public high school in Louisville, Kentucky, where we were segregated three ways: white boys, white girls, and colored. Job discrimination pervaded all of the U.S., not just the South. Almost the only jobs that were available to blacks, who were then called “negro” or “colored” or something more derogatory, were as cooks, domestic servants, or bootblacks. Professional sports were closed to them and few could get jobs in the entertainment industry, though some made their living as singers, dancers, or musicians. Earlier, when I lived in San Diego, some acquaintances who happened to be members of a “dangerous” race were rounded up by the government and placed in concentration camps, though I was not aware at the time of what had happened to them -- my parents told me that they had “moved away.” Only recently have we learned of atrocities that happened in those camps, such as the elderly man who went outside the fence to retrieve a ball that had been thrown there by his grandson and was machine-gunned to death by a guard. We can take some pride in the fact that our government did not systematically murder people in our concentration camps, but then neither did the Germans in the beginning. I shudder to think what might have happened if our war in the Pacific had gone badly. U.S. Government propaganda had already convinced most citizens that Japanese were a sub-human species who bred themselves to serve the Japanese national purpose by flying kamikaze missions or otherwise serving as cannon fodder and that one of our national goals was to “Kill Japs!” Some of these prejudicial feelings seem to have resurfaced recently in response to Japanese economic success. Nevertheless, we seem to have made substantial progress in eradicating prejudice and discrimination during the last 40 years. Still, it is clear that this problem is not solved. My vision of the future is a colorblind society. I know that we will not reach it in my lifetime because old habits die hard. In fact, we will never entirely escape this problem because of a peculiarity of human nature: wherever there are distinguishable groups of people, tribal instincts can take root and turn it into an “us versus them” situation. This phenomenon is not just racially based – if you have any doubt, attend a high school basketball game and observe the fans on both sides. There was a short time in the mid-'60s when I thought we were headed in the right direction. Essentially all of the legal underpinnings of racial discrimination had been knocked out of the law books. Then certain anti-discrimination forces mobilized, claiming that it was insufficient to simply outlaw discrimination. They believed that it was also necessary to measure it statistically by classifying everyone. I disagree. I think that all the important issues can be addressed without resorting to the absurd exercise of trying to assign ethnic codes to everyone. For example, one way to homogenize school composition is to assign students in some area to schools in that area in accordance with a random number generator. This would achieve racial balance without resorting to classification foolishness. The most direct way to fight discrimination in housing or employment is to send a well-qualified minority applicant to a suspect and, if the applicant is refused, send a less well qualified majority applicant. If that person is accepted, repeat the experiment once or twice to be sure, then nail them! This scheme has been tested and it works. Back to basics. Please understand that I do not claim that the concept of race is totally meaningless. People in certain parts of the world do bear physical similarities to one another and racial terms are sometimes useful as labels for those similarities, provided that we do not pretend that these terms have well-defined meanings. Ashley Montagu and others have pointed out that most popular racial concepts are, in fact, myths. What is truly nonsensical is to turn the fuzzy concept of race around and try to classify all individuals as being members of some particular race. Also, I do not claim that there necessarily have to be logical inconsistencies in racial and ethnic codes, though all that I have seen to date do exhibit such properties. Simply including a “mixed blood” or “mongrel” category would solve a lot of problems, but for some reason that idea does not seem to occur to most people who design these codes. Though many people clearly believe that racial and ethnic classifications are somehow linked to science, I observe that their relationship to genetics is a lot like astrology's link to astronomy. The analogy is imperfect, however; very few government officials are willing to publicly admit that they plan their lives around astrology (though some apparently do), but nearly all of them publicly plan their programs around ethnic classifications. Indeed, the government pours millions of dollars each year into reaffirmation of this belief and requires that private industry join in the massive delusion. The widespread delusion about racial and ethnic classification has not been confined to the nonscientific world, unfortunately. As Lancelot Hogben remarked 56 years ago : “Geneticists believe that anthropologists have decided what a race is. Ethnologists assume that their classifications embody principles which genetic science has proved to be correct. Politicians believe that their prejudices have the sanction of genetic laws and the findings of physical anthropology to sustain them.” While there often are visible differences between people from areas that are widely separated, these differences are very small compared with the physical similarities of all humans . Genetic studies indicate that all modern humans evolved from a single population about 100,000 years ago, possibly less than half that time. On the evolutionary time scale, this is a very short period. As these people spread out, the genetic compositions of widely separated groups moved apart to some degree, but there have always been gradations and mixtures of characteristics in between them. In other words, there are no clear boundaries between groups. Europeans and certain Africans are genetically somewhat closer to each other than to their cousins in the Far East, but there are all kinds of variations in between. Some of the geographical variations in human characteristics appear to be environmental adaptations. For example, having a relatively large amount of melanin in the skin not only makes it dark but also protects against intense solar radiation, which reduces the frequency of skin cancer and other skin disorders. On the other hand, having very fair skin facilitates the absorption of sunlight and the production of vitamin D, which inhibits rickets and other diseases. Thus, the Nordic complexion is well suited to life at the higher latitudes where there is less sunlight available. Some people's skin has the ability to bleach out if it is not exposed to much sun or to become very dark if it is. This adaptation would have been useful to nomadic groups that periodically migrated from one zone to the other. Other interpretations of visible differences in people are more speculative. The Semitic nose, for example, has a larger moist interior that could be advantageous when breathing hot, arid air. The relatively small noses and other features of Far Eastern people could have been an adaptation to an extremely cold environment. Perhaps their ancestors evolved in one of the nastier parts of Siberia. Some of the visible differences in widely separated groups are certainly not environmental adaptations but are the result of “genetic drift.” For example, a small population with a chance collection of genetic characteristics may happen to grow into a very large population that then further propagates these characteristics. How do we describe people? In addition to the use of ethnic classifications as an alleged tool for fighting discrimination, ethnic terms are also used for visual identification by police and the media, though with different conventions. While police reports are usually specific, such as “Male Caucasian, 5 feet 10,” newspapers usually report only departures from the racial norm. In other words, if the person's race is not mentioned, it is presumably “white.” Almost never does either group identify people as being of mixed blood, even though a very large portion of the people they deal with actually are. While there are many people in the U.S. who visually match certain racial stereotypes, there are also a lot who do not and the proportion in the latter category is increasing year-by-year. People who don't fit any racial stereotypes can cause serious problems for those who try to identify them in racial terms. For example, I know a lady with very dark skin and bright orange-red hair. How do you suppose she should be classified? I saw some comely ladies in Amsterdam a few years ago with pale skin and bright green hair. To which racial group would you say they belong? Obviously, the police and others who use racial terms for identification have no clearer understanding of these terms than do the bureaucrats. For the most part, they seem to use racial terms as synonyms for skin color. Thus, it is reasonable to ask why they don't use a more precise vocabulary that already exists: artists' terms for skin color. The reason seems to be rooted in history; racial terms were adopted for individual identification at a time when our entire society was racist, including police and newspaper reporters. Old habits die hard. Fortunately, for those who long for a way out of the classification morass, help is on the way! Fuzzy concept made precise. Given that human genetic codes are now in the process of being unraveled, it will soon be possible to accurately classify people into racial groups. All we need do is measure the distance between a given individual's genetic code and those of various racial standards and assign that person to the nearest racial group. There are several schemes under development for measuring genetic distance . One of the more straightforward methods uses an adaptation of Hamming distance, as follows. The basic genetic material, DNA, is composed of strings of nucleotides, each of which consists of one of four bases: adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. In computer terms, then, the genetic information can be represented as a string of bytes, each having one of four values. The distance between two such codes can be taken as simply the number of corresponding positions in which the two codes differ. The word “corresponding” is a bit tricky. Considerable analysis may be needed to align elements that have the same or similar functions, given that there may be gaps or additions in one code or the other . The principal function of DNA is to control the fabrication of proteins using various kinds of RNA as intermediaries, but only about 1% of the DNA sequences represent protein formulas. Some of the remaining material apparently represents control structures, which determine when the various fabrication events happen, but there also appears to be a lot of “garbage” -- codes that do nothing. About 10% of the material is so-called satellite DNA, which consists of the same sequence concatenated over and over up to thousands of times. Another 20% consists of the same sequence repeated in many scattered places. The functions of these repeated sequences, if any, are unknown. If you consider the above scheme to be a byte-level metric, there is also a word-level distance measure that can be used. Genetic mechanisms interpret the code in three-byte words, called “codons'” by geneticists, each of which specifies one of 20 amino acids or a “stop” code. Thus, another plausible distance measure is simply a count of the number of corresponding codons in which there is a difference in the amino acid specified. Note that each word could designate one of 43 = 64 actions, but a number of codes yield the same action, leaving just 21 possibilities. The designer apparently left no undefined codes for future use. Unfortunately, it will not be practical to routinely analyze individual genetic codes in their entirety for the foreseeable future -- the current practical limit is to determine a few thousand nucleotide sequences at a time, whereas human DNA contains about 3 billion. There are plans to map the entire sequence for some individual, but that will be a major undertaking that could not be done routinely for many people any time soon. Nevertheless, it is practical to measure genetic distance based on comparisons of selected genes. In order to do this, we will need to select the set to be used and define corresponding code sequences for various racial standards, such as a standard Black, standard White, standard Chinese, etc. Of course, some people will want to carry this a step further and define a standard Texan or even a standard South Philadelphian. The process of choosing which races will be “standard” will no doubt generate a lot of heat, but suppose that we manage to do that. Then everyone can be classified as being a member of the racial group whose standard is closest to their own. With either of the two distance measures discussed above or one of the others that are under development , it will be possible to assign everyone unambiguously to a racial group except for the rare individuals who happen to be exactly equidistant from the two closest standards. To deal with these rare exceptions, we can probably devise tie-breaking rules. While this marvel of future science will yield exact and unambiguous racial classifications, such a scheme clearly will not be useful for visual identification. In fact, I can't think of anything that it would be good for, other than to provide a formalized basis for bigotry. For the purpose of identification, the individual's genetic codes will be far more useful than any racial classification derived from them. Urge to merge. Whether or not we solve the problem of racial discrimination through education, political action, and law enforcement, human biology will apparently solve it for us in the long run. If there are no more major influxes of foreign populations into the United States, distinguishable racial groups will essentially disappear in this country within a few centuries because of the “urge to merge.” In other words, the U.S. seems destined to become a nation of mongrels. This blending process has almost certainly happened in other parts of the world in the past, producing many of the “homogeneous” modern human populations seen today. In the United States, future white supremacists and black power advocates must inevitably reconcile themselves to being members of shrinking minorities. I predict that as the mongrels become dominant, new rallying cries will be heard; perhaps, “Beige is beautiful.” Before that happens, though, they must learn to identify themselves as members of the new breed rather than as members of traditional races. The U.S. government currently denies them that right. Conclusions. I have argued that all historical and present racial and ethnic classification systems for individuals are nonsensical and so are the laws, court decisions, computer applications, and bureaucratic superstructures that have been built on top of them. The attempt to use computers to assist in racial classification tasks has helped sharpen the issues because computers can't deal with fuzzy concepts. If you try to define an ethnic code that is logically complete, consistent, and determinable for every person using current technology, you find that you can't. There seems to be a silent conspiracy to deny the existence of mixed racial groups in the United States. Most such people have acquiesced to this conspiracy and don't even think of themselves in those terms. Instead, they go along with the idea that they are members of one of the races recognized by the government. In fact, they often identify with a traditional race that represents only a small fraction of their genetic heritage! It appears that rigorous racial classification will soon be possible through advances in genetics and the development of computerized racial stereotypes, though the usefulness of such schemes is suspect. Thus one answer to the title question, “Can computers cope with human races?” is: “Not yet, but soon -- but who cares?” Even if we fail to deal effectively with the racial issues, it appears that the “urge to merge” will eventually settle this problem for our descendents. It is encouraging to know that nature will handle it if we screw up. Many people have quietly resisted the persistent nonsense of racial classification by either refusing to answer such questions or by listing themselves as “human.” Over the last 25 years, I have consistently answered “mongrel.” In order to turn back the classifiers, I believe that it will be necessary to form an identifiable movement with a distinctive title. As long as we're choosing a name, why not identify with the long term winners? I propose USA Mongrels. I invite others to join in self-declassification, with the hope and expectation that the bureaucrats and politicians will eventually be forced to quit playing with this issue and will recognize that the United States of America is a nation of egalitarian mongrels. I believe that we will all be better off. So will the computers. Finally, computer scientists who encounter problems in adapting human concepts to computer use should not assume that the source of such problems necessarily lies in the limitations of computers. There is a real possibility that the concept itself may be flawed. Acknowledgement. Thanks to B. Edwin Blaisdel of the Linus Pauling Institute for guidance on the topic of genetic distance measures and to Peter Denning, CACM Editor in Chief, for suggesting that I turn some of my electronic “flames” into an article and for a number of helpful suggestions on the manuscript. Ashley Montagu, Man's Most Dangerous Myth, New York, Oxford University Press, 1974. Lancelot Hogben, “The Concept of Race” in his Genetic Principles in Medicine and Social Science, New York, Knopf, 1932. Joshua Lederberg, “The Genetics of Human Nature,” Social Research, Vol. 40, pp. 375-406, 1973. Joseph Felsenstein, “Numerical methods for inferring evolutionary trees,” Quart. Rev. Biology, Vol. 57, pp. 379-404, 1982. M.S. Waterman, “General methods of inferring sequence comparison,” Bull. Math. Biology, Vol. 46, pp. 473-500, 1984.
American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;167(9): 1108-15 Stevenson analyzed the reactions of children in the McCann (2007) study to see why not all children react to additives in the same way. He found that variation in several genes that control histamine control the variation in response to additives. QUOTE: “Histamine may mediate the effects of food additives on ADHD symptoms, and variations in genes influencing the action of histamine may explain the inconsistency between previous studies.” NOTE: When you read “histamine” you may think of an allergy and assume that an antihistamine should fix the problem; in this case, however, the histamine is released from basophils (a type of white blood cell) in a different way, not related to “true” or IgE allergies.
A pair of planetary scientists has come up with a new theory to help explain the mechanism behind the generation of the Earth's magnetic field. In their paper published in the journal Nature, Joseph O'Rourke and David Stevenson, both with the California Institute of Technology, suggest that magnesium that made its way to the core of the planet during its early history could be the key to understanding how the magnetic field was generated in the past and what drives it in the present. Bruce Buffett with the University of California offers a News & Views piece on the work done by the team in the same journal issue. For many years, scientists have believed that the Earth's magnetic field is likely generated by energy that is released as the core cools and material solidifies, and radioactive decay—causing churning, the essence of the geodynamo. But, there is a problem with that idea, scientists also believe that the core did not cool enough to form an inner core, until approximately one billion years ago—that begs the questions of what caused the magnetic field to come about before there was sufficient cooling? The research pair with this new effort suggest it has to do with magnesium—they propose that it was introduced to the core during the time when the Earth was being formed, by collisions with other protoplanets, approximately 3.4 to 4.2 billion years ago. They further suggest that magnesium could make up as much as 1 percent of the material in the core, and because magnesium is only soluble in iron at very high temperatures, they believe that it is slowly precipitating out to the boundary between the core and the mantle. That process, the team notes, would leave the iron behind denser, which would cause the release of energy, which they suggest could explain the power source behind the dynamo. Their theory would explain how it is that the magnetic field has been present for so long—it would also suggest that it continues to play at least a part in how the field is generated today—with magnesium possibly driving iron convection from the top part of the core while the release of light elements from the inner core would drive convection from the bottom side. The team used computer models in developing their theory which means experiments will have to be conducted to help bolster their ideas. Earth's global magnetic field arises from vigorous convection within the liquid outer core. Palaeomagnetic evidence reveals that the geodynamo has operated for at least 3.4 billion years, which places constraints on Earth's formation and evolution. Available power sources in standard models include compositional convection (driven by the solidifying inner core's expulsion of light elements), thermal convection (from slow cooling), and perhaps heat from the decay of radioactive isotopes. However, recent first-principles calculations and diamond-anvil cell experiments indicate that the thermal conductivity of iron is two or three times larger than typically assumed in these models. This presents a problem: a large increase in the conductive heat flux along the adiabat (due to the higher conductivity of iron) implies that the inner core is young (less than one billion years old), but thermal convection and radiogenic heating alone may not have been able to sustain the geodynamo during earlier epochs. Here we show that the precipitation of magnesium-bearing minerals from the core could have served as an alternative power source. Equilibration at high temperatures in the aftermath of giant impacts allows a small amount of magnesium (one or two weight per cent) to partition into the core while still producing the observed abundances of siderophile elements in the mantle and avoiding an excess of silicon and oxygen in the core. The transport of magnesium as oxide or silicate from the cooling core to underneath the mantle is an order of magnitude more efficient per unit mass as a source of buoyancy than inner-core growth. We therefore conclude that Earth's dynamo would survive throughout geologic time (from at least 3.4 billion years ago to the present) even if core radiogenic heating were minimal and core cooling were slow.
Can be found in large, discontinuous patches on the equatorial belt and between tropics around the world, including Indo-Malayan, Australasia and Oceania archipelagos, the Afrotropical belt, and the Neotropical area from southern México to the Amazon Basin. The Tropical and Subtropical Broadleaf Forests biome is composed of 225 ecoregions. Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forests are characterized by low variability in annual temperature and high levels of rainfall (>200cm/yr). Forest composition is dominated by evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous tree species. This biome contains the highest levels of species diversity in any terrestrial major habitat type. Generally, the biodiversity is highest in the forest canopy. Forest structure can be divided in five layers: overstory canopy with emergent crowns, medium layer of canopy, lower canopy, shrub level, and understory. Half of the world species live in these forests. A square kilometer may be home to more that 1,000 tree species and each tree can harbor thousands of species of different groups. The ecoregions that form this biome around the world contain different species communities. Some of the well known species are hornbills, toucans, harpy eagle, apes, monkeys, gorillas, deer, snakes, and big cats. All levels of the forests contain an enormous diversity of invertebrate species. KEY DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Create niche diversity along the vertical axis by varying light and wind exposure and, subsequently, humidity to promote biodiversity Leverage the highly generative yet highly degradative cycles of living matter - trade designing for permanence for for cycling in this ecosystem Consider mimicking the effect of a fallen tree opening up the canopy bringing light to the forest floor - create the conditions conducive for new growth and activity Promote corridors and ecological linkages with adjacent sites
An area of oxygen-depleted bottom- and subsurface-water (hypoxia = dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/L-1) occurs seasonally on the Louisiana Shelf near the Mississippi River. The area of hypoxia, also known as the 'dead zone', forms when spring and early summer freshwater flow from the Mississippi River supplies a large amount of nutrients to the shelf while creating a freshwater lens, or cap, above the shelf water. The excess nutrients cause phytoplankton blooms in the shallow shelf water. After the bloom ceases, the organic material sinks in the water column and uses up oxygen during decomposition. Thus, the subsurface waters become oxygen depleted. The seasonal dead zone exists until a reduction in freshwater flow, or overturning by storms, allows mixing of the water column to restore normal oxygen conditions (Rabalais and others, 1994, 1996; Rabalais, 2002). Since systematic measurement of the extent of the dead zone began in 1985, the overall pattern indicates that the area of the dead zone is increasing (Rabalais and Turner, 2001; Turner and others, 2005). Several studies have concluded that the expansion of the Louisiana Shelf dead zone is related to increased nutrients (primarily nitrogen, but possibly also phosphorous) in the Mississippi River drainage basin and is responsible for the degradation of Gulf of Mexico marine habitats (Goolsby and others, 2001). This paper presents the benthic foraminiferal data from 10 sediment cores collected from the Continental Shelf of Louisiana (table 1), obtained as part of an initiative to investigate the geographic and temporal extent of hypoxia prior to 1985 in the Gulf of Mexico. Benthic foraminifers provide a method to track the development of hypoxia prior to 1985 (Blackwelder and others, 1996; Sen Gupta and others, 1996). Previous work (Osterman, 2003) has shown statistically that the relative occurrence of three low-oxygen-tolerant species represents the modern seasonal Louisiana hypoxia zone. The cumulative percentage of these three species (% Pseudononion atlanticum + % Epistominella vitrea, + % Buliminella morgani = PEB index of hypoxia) provides a way to investigate fluctuation in paleohypoxia. Interpretation of some of these cores is provided in Osterman and others (2005), Osterman and others (2008a,b), and Swarzenski and others (2008). Our hypothesis is that the increased relative abundance of PEB species in dated sediment cores accurately tracks past seasonal low-oxygen conditions on the Louisiana Shelf. Additional Publication Details USGS Numbered Series Benthic Foraminiferal Census Data from Louisiana Continental Shelf Cores, Gulf of Mexico
When accomplished properly, gardening can be a quite satisfying exercise. Practically nothing beats the taste of a tomato you've developed your self, or the scent of your own bouquets. Whether you might be just beginning out as a gardener or you've got been expanding things your complete existence, there is certainly often something new to discover. Here are a few guidelines any gardener can use. To conserve on vitality, value, and resources, do not plant more of a crop in your garden than you are in a position to use. If you're not planning on selling your crops at a market place, planting a lot more than you can use will just finish up losing assets and area in your yard. If you have extra area, look into planting a range of crops instead. If you are acquiring quite small fruit or flower yields, make confident to check out the pH level of the soil. If the pH degree is to higher or as well reduced, it can influence the sum of vitamins and minerals that your plants can absorb. Crops want different nutrients at distinct stages of their life to be healthful, successful and to bear fruit. If your tomato vegetation have long branches that are not flowering or making fruit, go forward and pinch them off. It will not likely hurt the plant, but will in fact help. garden bridges Pruning again the branches that are not generating fruit, makes it possible for the plant to focus its vitality and nutrients on making bigger and much more flavorful fruit. Thoroughly clean your backyard instruments prior to you place them absent. It appears strange to fret about trying to keep a gardening resource clean, but it truly is really extremely essential for the health of your vegetation. Tools that are place away whilst coated in dust can harbor microbes and even bugs that can be deadly to your crops. Just take further treatment of any fragile shrubs that are identified to fall their leaves in the autumn. Shrubs in pots particularly need particular treatment in the colder weather. Fasten the tops of the canes with each other, and protect this wigwam loosely with a fabric. This will operate much better than wrapping your plant with plastic, since air can nevertheless flow into, which will aid to avoid rotting. To have the ideal flower backyard garden choose crops that bloom at various instances of the growing year. It is possible to discover kinds of crops and flowers that bloom from January right up until November depending on in which you reside. By planting plants that peak at various times of the calendar year you can guarantee that there is always color and lifestyle in your lawn. Produce a zen backyard by incorporating a drinking water feature. Drinking water functions occur in all measurements and styles. it is possible to have a very little water attribute that is appropriate for a patio or a really big pond. Many makers make kits do-it-by yourself kits that can be installed in just a handful of hrs. When beginning your organic garden, a fantastic suggestion is to figure out which veggies you should choose to plant in your garden. Some greens are greater suited for residence germination than other individuals are. Some fantastic vegetables to consider planting include broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, peppers, onions, tomatoes, basil, and far more. It is crucial to drink drinking water when gardening. You will be out in the solar and it is very simple to get dehydrated very rapidly. You can simply get a h2o bottle out to your yard with you so that you have the water on hand to sip on through the working day. Water your plants for the duration of the early morning to stay away from possessing fungal growth that usually prefers moisture and darkness. By watering your vegetation throughout the day they are best in a position to take gain of the solar, and use the suns anti-bacterial results. Some bacteria or fungi are gentle sensitive, so by watering in the course of the working day you advantage the plant by lowering the growth potential of its opponents. Collecting rainwater is the natural way to provide oneself with h2o for all your organic gardening needs. You can simply create your personal method of rain barrels or get them all set created. That way, you will not likely have to pay for water for your yard or garden routine maintenance. Warning is necessary! Addresses are recommended to reduce down on mosquitoes and other pests that can be attracted to standing drinking water. To insulate the soil and protect towards weeds, you need to contemplate distinct sorts of mulches. Use things like wooden chips, leaves, hay, and lawn clippings. Safeguarding crops with a mulch helps them in a lot of techniques, such as guarding soil from erosion. You can even appear into residing mulches, which are plants that serve the same function as a mulch. When you are digging holes in your lawn in which to plant shrubs, bushes, or trees, do not make it best. Holes with perfect sides will truly function from you by restricting plant progress. The roots can not penetrate the sheer confront made by a shovel. When watering your tomatoes in your organic backyard, you ought to always water them on the soil instead of the leaves. When you drinking water the soil, the water goes down into the roots. The roots are the parts of the plant that want drinking water and other nutrition. If you water the leaves, the drinking water will not be in a position to get into the roots. When harvesting tomatoes from your organic backyard garden, you do want to choose ripe tomatoes however, you do not want your tomatoes to be also ripe. Specified tomatoes that are way too ripe might be mealy. You need to aim to harvest tomatoes when they have their entire color and are at their greatest measurement. A wonderful idea that can support you improve your natural and organic gardening is to pull weeds the old fashioned way. If you're truly seeking to preserve your backyard as natural as possible, you ought to chorus from employing any herbicides to destroy weeds. Pulling weeds is the best way to go. As with any pastime, your gardening will benefit if you continuously educate oneself. No issue what your ability level is, you can often understand some thing new that will make you a far better gardener. Put some of these tips to operate, and quickly your backyard will prosper a lot more than it ever has.
Situated in the National West Coast Tourist Recreation Area, (NWCTRA) Henties Bay offers the nature lover an attractive but highly sensitive natural environment with diversified fauna and flora and many sites of specific interest. Lichens are organisms that are completely sustained by fog and humid air. They occur as far inland as the fog belt stretches. Vast lichen fields occur mainly on the highly sensitive gypsum plains and are vital to the ecology of the Namib, as they provide food and shelter for many forms of wildlife. Because the brittle gypsum crust is easily broken and lichens are extremely slow growing, they are often destroyed by carelessly laid vehicle tracks. The latter leave long-lasting scars that are all too clearly visible over most of the Namib’s gravel plains today. Vast lichen fields occur just north of Cape Cross and further inland on the way to the Messum Crater, where many different lichen species can be seen. It is best to view lichens early in the morning when they are still moist from the coastal fog. Later in the day, to bring out their vivid colours and make them soft and leathery to the touch, a little water can be sprinkled over them. The Messum Crater, one of the volcanoes of the Etendeka period, dates back about 133 million years, and is of enormous geological value. Geological surveys have revealed that many of the volcanic rocks found in Brazil are identical to those found in the Messum Crater, thus supporting the theory of continental drift. It is believed that due to massive explosions of Messum, the magma chamber was emptied, resulting in a large depression (caldera) in the centre of the volcano. Sediments and lavas surrounding it were dragged downwards to dip in towards the depression, which is over 20 km in diameter. Part of the massive crater can be viewed from a vantage point on top of a low hill, presenting breathtaking views of an awesome lunar landscape created by the stark contrast of the vast sandy surface of the crater bed and the dark ridges of black volcanic rock. The flora in the area is particularly interesting, a good example being the well-known Welwitschia mirabilis. Indeed, some of the best and biggest specimens in the Namib Desert grow amongst the hills of the Messum Crater. This plant is endemic to the Namib and occurs in a narrow belt from Swakop-mund northwards to Mossa-medes in Angola. Some specimens have been carbon-dated to be 1 000 to 1 500 years old, while the very large ones are thought to be as old as 2 000 years. Various euphorbia species including Euphorbia virosa and E. damarana are found amongst the hills of the Messum Crater, as well as the versatile dollar bush, Zygophyllum stapfii, and several excellent specimens of Bushman’s candle, Sarcocaulon salmoniflorum and S. mossamedense, recognised by their resin-like bark and bright pink flowers. Valuable archaeological findings were made in the area, following which an ancient Damara settlement was declared a national monument. Prehistoric rock art can also be viewed underneath the overhang of a rocky outcrop. An interesting sight is the Messum River Terraces, made up of paleo gravels that form surrealistic structures in the river walls. The area is, however, extremeley sensitive. Visitors should stay on existing tracks at all times. The Brandberg West Mountains, where the old worked-out Brandberg-West tin mine is situated, are of the most impressive examples of greywacke and mica schist. During the early separation of the continents about 900 million to 700 million years ago, an early sea was formed where the Namib Platform exists today. Over an extensive period of time, large inland river systems deposited sediments or muds in many layers deep into this ocean. These rhythmically layered deep-sea muds are called turbidites. During collision of the continents about 100 million years later, the enormous horizontal pressures caused these deep-sea muds or turbidites to become folded and compressed. The Brandberg-West Mountains are a perfect example of this compression. In these areas most of the much younger Etendeka lavas (about 133 million years old), have been gradually removed by erosion, to the extent that in some places the much older schistose rocks, such as these mountains, have been laid bare. In the so-called “Ugab Menhir” area, further to the south-west, are black turbidite rocks that also form part of the Damara sequence. They were deposited in the same way as the Brandberg-West mountains. Due to the collision of the continents, these deep-sea muds became compressed. Today they look as if they are lying on their sides. Amidst these turbidite rocks a curious megalith, referred to as the Ugab Menhir (men meaning “stone” and hir meaning “long”), stands incongruously as a solitary rock in the stark desert landscape. The Menhir is about the height of a man. Towards the Ugab River the turbidites were intruded by granite, which took on fascinating forms, due to chemical and physical weathering, resulting in toadstool and hollow ghostlike structures, referred to locally as the Petrified Ghosts. The hollows in the rocks often serve as shelters and nests for birds, such as owls, that can be spotted by the careful observer. A wide variety of game can be seen on the desert plains and in the dry watercourses running towards the Ugab River through a myriad of dark turbidite rocks. Game such as steenbok, springbok, gemsbok, Hartmann’s mountain zebra and ostrich are commonly seen here. In order to introduce these fascinating areas to tourists as well as preserve their sensitive ecological nature, the Henties Bay Tourist Association offers four 4×4 routes, negotiated with GPS-readings. This should enable tourists to find an easy way to travel through these areas while staying on the existing tracks without the risk of becoming lost and venturing across virgin land. An alternative suggestion is for people to make use of the services of qualified tour guides. All possible steps are taken to make people aware of the sensitivity of the lichen fields and the Namib Desert environment. Visitors are requested not to leave the existing tracks and venture over virgin land, or to remove any plants or rocks from the desert. People are also alerted to the negative influence litter has on the desert. Not only does it create hazards for wildlife, but has long-lasting effects on the environment in general. The peaceful, rustic town of Henties Bay is the ideal base from which these 4×4 routes can be undertaken. The GPS-readings combined with information booklets on each trail can be obtained at a nominal fee from the Tourist Officer of the Henties Bay Municipality. This article appeared in the 2001 edition of Conservation and the Environment in Namibia.
A scientist is an individual that carries out scientific research. A researcher’s key objective is to increase our expertise of the world around us. There are many factors that make an individual wish to come to be a researcher, including curiosity and the need to comprehend why the world we reside in is the means it is. Researchers are very curious concerning truth and also are driven by a passion to discover whatever they can regarding it. A scientist’s work involves observing the world and also testing concepts that have actually been developed by their inquisitiveness. These concepts are called theories, as well as they anticipate just how the globe functions. Researchers live and also take a breath science. A scientist’s job is both meaningful as well as personal. If you want to become a researcher, it is essential to discover a particular niche where you can use your abilities and interests. Researchers utilize the clinical technique to collect empirical evidence that sustains their concepts as well as negates their challengers. They begin with monitorings as well as develop a hypothesis, test their theory in a repeatable experiment, and afterwards evaluate the results. If they discover that their hypothesis is accurate, they either approve or customize it. If it is false, scientists need to do some even more screening to see to it they’re right. In this manner, they can make even more exact forecasts about the world. Scientists operate in various areas. Medical scientists, for instance, research brand-new diseases and therapies. Their job might consist of studying blood examples and societies, and conducting computations as well as computer system modeling. They work for a range of employers, including large business. Federal government companies likewise require scientists, and also universities and colleges work with researchers to educate. Some scientists even study outside of the laboratory. The primary purpose of a scientist’s work is to boost our knowledge of the physical world. Their motivation might differ from person to person, but numerous researchers are motivated by interest concerning the world around them. They are always attempting to discover how the world works, how it obtained in this way, and why it is as it is. If they can respond to these inquiries, they can work toward a much better globe for everyone. They think that everything has a natural description which they can controlling the spread of illness. A scientist can never ever get burnt out, as there are various facets to examining nature. They get to travel and examine different sorts of creatures. Moreover, a scientist has a diverse data base, enabling them to use their understanding to different scenarios. The diversity of their work makes it a wonderful occupation option. This area is a terrific fit for somebody that suches as experience. The rewards of being a researcher are countless, and there are a lot of ways to make money doing something you like. A scientist’s major responsibility is to examine the real world as well as contribute their searchings for to the larger clinical neighborhood. A researcher might specialize in one area or the other, however the best goal is to contribute to our knowledge. Depending upon their location of experience, a scientist’s job can be both hands-on as well as in a lab. One prominent scientific research education task is the “Attract a Scientist” activity. This task has actually been utilized by many researchers as well as has been revealed to boost scientific research recognition among pupils. The activity can attend to a range of issues, consisting of the perception of science in society. Additionally, it can help pupils develop their writing and speech skills by helping them aesthetically express complex ideas. The trainees can after that present these ideas in a much more accessible fashion. If students can not draw a scientist, they can draw a picture of a scientist doing the work. Scientists have to be willing to connect with the general public. Although some may see this as a distraction, many view it as an essential part of maintaining public count on. The research business has actually altered as science has actually come to be a lot more integrated into daily life, yet its core worths have stayed the very same. These worths have actually produced unequaled efficiency and also imagination. Scientific research is a requiring job, but it is additionally very satisfying. Individuals that seek it take pleasure in the fulfillment of making the globe a better place. Being a scientist is an opportunity to be a part of an elite clinical area and also make brand-new explorations. The job is tough, but it pays off when you have actually made new discoveries. So, if you’re seeking a career that will certainly maintain you hectic, take into consideration coming to be a scientist. If you’re interested in the globe of science, then ending up being a wild animals biologist may be right for you. The work permits you to take a trip to new locations and also study the creatures that live there. In addition to being able to take a trip, you’ll never feel burnt out with this profession. You’ll study a wide variety of situations, from the most ordinary to the most peculiar. Lots of researchers take pleasure in engaging with the general public. However, for others, this can be a diversion. The public’s involvement is critical for maintaining trust in the clinical area. Science has come to be more integrated right into our lives, yet its core worths continue to be unchanged. These core worths have actually led to an unprecedented level of creative thinking and performance. This is just one of the reasons that researchers must continue to be available to the public. Words scientist was first utilized in a book review by an English polymath, William Whewell. He introduced words in his anonymous evaluation in the Quarterly Testimonial. Eventually, it was made use of in many magazines and became a prominent term. Nevertheless, it did not obtain widespread approval up until the twentieth century. Inevitably, science was defined as a special brand of details. It is a crucial facet of our lives, so it is essential to stay open to new ideas. michael w deem A scientist’s task is to gather empirical evidence to support or refute a concept. To achieve this, they utilize a procedure called the scientific technique. This technique includes accumulating observational data, developing a hypothesis, and then checking the theory by doing a replicable experiment. After reviewing the results, they may accept the theory or modify it if essential.
Connectives used in essays Writing - connectives - free download as word doc (doc), pdf file (pdf), text file (txt) or read online for free. Connectives (eg, although, consequently, in contrast) are often considered the “signposts” of texts in this article we argue that connectives represent a special kind of vocabulary knowledge that students need to develop both in order to read challenging, academic texts with understanding and to produce academic writing. An essay needs to be read fluidly, and that can't be done if your paragraphs don't link up know the vocabulary to use to link your paragraphs course categories create a course corporate learning mobile lifestyle education languages lifestyle health and fitness music sports games marketing create a course corporate learning. 06-10-2009 in your essay writing you will need to use a range of connectives to link, develop and explain your ideas here are some useful connectives to use in your essay writing: for adding information and also as well as moreover too furthermore for sequencing ideas or. Word list on linking arguments :: learn english online - free exercises, explanations, games, teaching materials and plenty of information on english language. Preparing for the ielts test with holmesglen institute of tafe the writing component the ielts writing test takes one hour in this time you are required to to report writing generally and to each of the five types of report ♦ does it include connective words to make the writing cohesive within sentences and paragraphs. English subject area buscar en este sitio welcome why english calendar cambridge exams ket (a2) test for ket (a2) vocabulary pet (b1) sentence transformation writing linkers and connectors topics writing moreover / furthermore / in addition / besides / what's more used after a strong pause and separated from the. Download pdf: linking words for ielts writing task 2 listing this is often used to either put your paragraphs in order or used inside the paragraph to list your supporting points firstly secondly thirdly fourthly lastly /last but not least / finally adding information you will need to support your main points in your ielts essay these. Each of these aspects will be explored in this cohesive writing module conjunction: establishing the logical relations in writing, we present ideas which relate to each other in a logical way on page 10 there is a table of connective words which are used to establish the logical relations in a text the columns show where and how the. 23-09-2007 seaching for vgood connectives that i can use in my essay and please no firstly, secondly , etc thank youuu. 21 using appropriate words in an academic essay 312 choose speci c verbs in reporting what you have gathered from reading, you will need to use a variety of. Connectives - an extensive collection of teaching resources for ks3 english grammar, including connectives, punctuation, sentence construction and spelling with free pdfs. Using connectives as signposts lesson objectives: 1 explore the way connectives signpost readers through a text 2 be able to use connectives in our own writing. Connective words for essays - find out all you have always wanted to know about custom writing essays & researches written by high class writers instead of concerning about essay writing get the necessary help here. Updated 7-31-12 transitions & connectives words and phrases that connect and make logical transitions between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of a paper generally do so in at least eight different ways. Cohesion – conjunctions writing i conjunctions are words which link two clauses in one sentence below is a list of conjunctions, source: hugh cory, advanced writing with english in use (oxford: oup, 1999) coordinating and subordinating conjunctions some conjunctions are used simply to join or coordinate clauses, for example, and. Has your child mentioned connectives connectives are joining words, and children will be taught to use them to connect phrases together into longer sentences and improve the flow of their writing. A selection of example connectives/conjunctions arranged into categories temporal / time connectives - used to instruct, recount and sequence after a while afterwards at once at this moment at this point before that finally first (second third etc) ideal for hanging up in your classroom as a visual writing aid preview & download time. A table of persuasive writing sentence openers and connectives for primary level english tutor year 9 english year 8 english year 7 english general english resources post navigation ← previous next → persuasive writing sentence openers and connectives for primary level posted on march 21, 2013 by margaret why. Discursive writing does not argue for or against a point throughout the essay examples of conventions that could be used in a discursive essays are listed below however, you have to be careful when using them that you do not become to strongly persuasive: balanced and calm tone of voice use connectives- furthermore. In personal essays, often the best transitions are simply contextual and straightforward, especially if you’re when choosing a transition from this list, focus on providing connective tissue that moves us through time, provides example or interpretation, or advances argument self-study for more transitional words and phrases article. Pdf \| pragmatic competence in foreign language learning depends on appropriate and correct use of the target language textual competence, on the other hand, is the ability to produce coherent texts appropriate and correct use of connectives in writing reflects the extent of. Helping students organise argument essays give students a list of connectives which they could use in their essays make sure that they understand the relationships that are implied by these connectives give students a model argument essay once they have read it, ask them to draw a spider-diagram of the essay in the following. Vcop – writing vocabulary, connectives, openers and punctuation helping your child with vcop at home throughout the school students are involved in activities that help them to gain more. Sentences - connective as used in text course english grade grade 4 section grammar outcome sentences - connective as used in text activity type interactive activity activity id 22745 prev l11 – demonstrate command of the conventions of standard english grammar and usage when writing or speaking l11g – use. These connective devices are for giving examples in your answers free pdf download: linking words for ielts speaking examples of linking words in speaking look at the following questions and answers for ielts writing, you must use a range of formal linking words in your essay to get a high score this is applicable to. Time connectives defined for primary-school parents, including examples and ideas of how teachers encourage children to use time connectives in their writing. Talk 4 writing twenty-one tunnels connectives beyond the simple sentence is the compound sentence and the complex sentence the complex sentence relies on a range of openers and subordinate clauses many of the connectives used below could also be used as openers to give examples: such as in the case of for example as. Write my useful connectives for essays - useful connectives for essays, public service writing. The purpose of this study is to investigate how advanced swedish efl learners use connectives in argumentative essays in comparison to how american university students use them in their writing the data were taken from the international corpus of learner english learners is that connective usage has been shown to be closely.
Stories We Like: Novels For Language Lovers c.1300, Breteyne, from Old French Bretaigne, from Latin Britannia, earlier Brittania, from Brittani "the Britons" (see Briton). The Old English place-name Brytenlond meant "Wales." If there was a Celtic name for the island, it has not been recorded. Officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, located on the British Isles off the western coast of the mainland (continent) of Europe. It comprises England, Wales, and Scotland on the island of Great Britain, and Northern Ireland on the island of Ireland. Its capital and largest city is London. Note: Britain declared war on Germany in 1939. Allied with the United States and the Soviet Union, the British, under the leadership of Winston Churchill, played an important role in defeating Germany. Note: Most of the settlers of the American colonies were British. The colonies remained under the British crown until the American Revolutionary War. Note: It is one of the world's leading industrialized nations. Note: A constitutional monarchy, Britain's government calls for the hereditary king or queen to perform mostly ceremonial functions. Parliament governs the country. Note: At the height of its imperial power in the late nineteenth century, Britain boasted colonies and possessions around the globe. (See British Empire.)
Rush Hour, New York is arguably the most important of Max Weber’s early modernist works that capture early 20th-century New York City's ultramodern urban spirit. The painting achieves a remarkably vivid sense of the city's frenetic pace through the artist’s adaptation of both the shallow, fragmented spaces of cubism and the rapid-fire, repeating forms of Italian futurism. Weber was inspired by New York’s elevated railways and underground subways—mass transit systems that were among the most visible manifestations of the new urban age. These conveyances made it possible for hundreds of thousands of people to travel to and from work every morning and evening. Weber represented rush hour as what Alfred Barr, the scholar and first director of the Museum of Modern Art, called “a kinetograph of the flickering shutters of speed through subways and under skyscrapers.” Here the mundane annoyances and frustrations of commuting give way to the vast abstractions of space and time.
Gene Mutation for Cystic Fibrosis in Newborns (Blood) Does this test have other names? Genetic test for cystic fibrosis What is this test? This is a blood test that screens newborn babies for cystic fibrosis (CF), one of the most common genetic diseases in the U.S. Most cases of CF are diagnosed in babies before their first birthday, and often in the newborn period if there is an abnormal newborn screen. CF is a potentially life-threatening condition in which your glands secrete abnormally thick mucus that harms different systems in your body, including the airways and pancreas. People with CF tend to develop chronic lung disease and lung infections. They may also have persistent coughing, wheezing, and sinus infections. In people with CF, digestive enzymes from the pancreas also have trouble reaching the small intestine. For this reason, people with CF often have trouble digesting food and absorbing nutrients properly. Symptoms in children can also include a swollen belly, bad-smelling stools, poor growth, and salty-tasting skin. Why does my child need this test? This test is often part of routine newborn screening, although the exact tests vary by state. Talk to your doctor to see if you need prior authorization before getting certain genetic tests. What other tests might my child have along with this test? In newborns, this test is often done along with other tests for possible endocrine, hematologic, or metabolic conditions. What do my child's test results mean? Test results may vary depending on your child's age, gender, health history, the method used for the test, and other things. Your child's test results may not mean your child has a problem. Ask your healthcare provider what the test results mean for your child. For CF to happen, a child must inherit one abnormal copy of the CF gene from each parent. That is, he or she must have two copies of the defective gene. Some people may have just one abnormal copy of the CF gene, making them carriers without having the disease. Most states now screen all newborns for CF, among other diseases. Different states check for different mutations in children if the newborn screening raises a concern. These genetic tests can look for as many as 70 mutations responsible for more than 90% of CF cases. How is this test done? This test needs a blood sample. In a newborn, this is done by pricking the child's heel to obtain a few drops of blood. What might affect my child's test results? Because the test looks at genetic material, your child's actions don't affect the results of this test. How does my child get ready for this test? Your child doesn't need to prepare for this test. Be sure your healthcare provider knows about all medicines, herbs, vitamins, and supplements your child is taking.
Sometimes, scientists already know the age of the fossil because fossils of the same species have been found elsewhere and it has been possible to establish accurately from those when the dinosaur lived. Geologists call this the principle of lateral continuity. Scientists find out the age of a dinosaur fossil by dating not only the rocks in which it lies, but those below and above it. PALEONTOLOGY, AND in particular the study of dinosaurs, is an exciting topic to people of all ages. Although most attention in today's world focuses on dinosaurs and why they became extinct, the world of paleontology includes many other interesting organisms which tell us about Earth's past history. The Age of Dinosaurs was so many millions of years ago that it is very difficult to date exactly. Scientists use two kinds of dating techniques to work out the age of rocks and fossils. This considers the positions of the different rocks in sequence (in relation to each other) and the different types of fossil that are found in them. The study of fossils and the exploration of what they tell scientists about past climates and environments on Earth can be an interesting study for students of all ages. Teaching about Earth's history is a challenge for all teachers. Sequencing the rock layers will show students how paleontologists use fossils to give relative dates to rock strata. Once students begin to grasp "relative" dating, they can extend their knowledge of geologic time by exploring radiometric dating and developing a timeline of Earth's history. A few days ago, I wrote a post about the basins of the Moon -- a result of a trip down a rabbit hole of book research. Here's the next step in that journey: the Geologic Time Scales of Earth and the Moon.
Moldavite is a forest green, olive green or blue greenish vitreous silica projectile rock formed by a meteorite impact in southern Germany that occurred about 15 million years ago. It is a type of tektite. Buy natural gemstones in our shop Moldavite was introduced to the scientific public for the first time in 1786 as chrysolites from Tyn nad Vltavou in a lecture by Josef Mayer of Prague University, read at a meeting of the Bohemian Scientific Society, Mayer 1788. Zippe, in 1836, first used the term “Moldavite”, derived from the Moldau river in Bohemia, the Czech Republic, from where the first described pieces came. The chemical formula is SiO2(+Al2O3). Its properties are similar to those of other types of glass, and reported Mohs hardness varies from 5.5 to 7. It can be transparent or translucent with a mossy green color, with swirls and bubbles accentuating its mossy appearance. The gemstone can be distinguished from green glass imitations by observing their worm-like inclusions of lechatelierite. The total amount of stones scattered around the world is estimated at 275 tons. There are three grades of this gemstone: high quality, often referred to as museum grade, medium quality and regular grade. All three grades can be told apart by their appearance. The regular grade pieces are usually darker and more saturated in their green colour, and the surface is seen as closely spaced pitting or weathering. This type sometimes appears to have been broken apart from a larger chunk. The museum grade has a distinct fern-like pattern and is much more translucent than the regular grade. There is usually a fairly big difference in the price between the two. High-quality stones are often used for hand-crafted jewellery. There is a moldavite museum, Muzeum Vltavinu, in Cesky Krumlov, Czech Republic. The Moldavite Association was established in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 2014. The association researches, exhibits and promotes stones around the world and has member geologists from more than 30 countries worldwide.
Google‘s self-driving automobile became the first officially-licensed self-driving car in Nevada this week, likely paving the way for other auto manufacturers and researchers to use the state for road tests – or for other states to adopt similar rules. Nevada lawmakers have enacted legislation in the past year that legalizes and regulates the testing of self-driving vehicles on public roads, which made the state the first to do so. Autonomous cars, like Google’s, will be marked with red license plates and subject to scrutiny before being allowed into the program. “I felt using the infinity symbol was the best way to represent the ‘car of the future,’” said Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles director Bruce Breslow, in a statement. “The unique red plate will be easily recognized by the public and law enforcement and will be used only for licensed autonomous test vehicles. When there comes a time that vehicle manufactures market autonomous vehicles to the public, that infinity symbol will appear on a green license plate.” Under the new rules, developers are required to submit proof that the vehicle has driven at least 10,000 miles on private roads, and detailed information about the artificial intelligence and safety plan for the car. Officials reserve the right to restrict certain autonomous vehicles to specific terrain types, after reviewing the capabilities of the project. It is required that two human beings be located in the car, one of them ready to take the controls, at any time that an autonomous vehicle is driving on a state highway. Some of the new rules charmingly mix familiar requirements with unusual ones. Licensing an autonomous car, for example, costs $100.00 plus $13.00 for each set of plates required – in addition to a Surety Bond of $1 million dollars. Amusingly, an existing Nevada administrative code requires applicants for experimental self-driving cars to verify that they are not the subject of a court order for the support of a child. The Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles, for its part, may have been seduced by the “coolness factor” of autonomous vehicles. Under the application information, they embedded a number of YouTube videos on self-driving cars by Google, General Motors, and BMW. According to the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles, other auto manufacturers have expressed interest in testing self-driving cars in the state. Image: Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles
You might be wondering how to describe the difference between rhetoric writing and creative writing. Well, the short answer is that they are not as different as you think. While it’s true that they have distinct differences, they also have a lot in common. So it’s important to understand the differences and similarities in order to write effectively. Let’s explore them. Rhetoric writing is a form of argumentative writing that focuses on presenting a position on an issue and supporting it with compelling writing. This type of writing can be found in speeches, political forums, and other formal compositions. It often employs the use of logical reasoning and language that is clear and compelling. It was originally developed as a teaching tool in schools, but it has since found its way into the professional world. Think of the great orators like Edward R. Murrow or Winston Churchill. They were both masters of rhetoric and knew how to use it to the fullest extent. As you might suspect, rhetoric writing is about presenting your case persuasively and logically, using language that is easy to understand. The defining feature of this type of writing is that it is goal-oriented—that is, it has a specific purpose. This purpose might be to persuade the reader to believe you, think of you, or do something specific. It can also be used to describe or analyze an issue, person, or phenomenon. For example, you might use rhetorical questions to make your point. The classic question in this form is: “What is the difference between the three questions that begin each paragraph of James Joyce’s Ulysses?” The first question poses the problem. The second question provides the answer. And the third question provides a clear example of how the answer plays out in practice. On the opposite end of the spectrum, you have creative writing—the type of writing you would not expect to find in a typical argumentative essay. This is the kind of writing that allows you to explore a topic from a different perspective, or that finds unique ways to express yourself. It can also be used to question societal norms and assumptions, or it can simply be a way for you to let your imagination run wild. You might consider creative writing to be free-form prose—that is, the kind of writing that doesn’t necessarily follow a structured pattern. This type of writing can be found in everything from short stories to diary entries, and it often incorporates an element of the unexpected. The term “creative” is often used to describe writers and artists who use their talents to defy conventions and create something new. While it can be challenging to pin point specific differences between rhetoric writing and creative writing, the general differences are fairly clear. Rhetoric writing is logical and straightforward, while creative writing is more subjective and allows for more imagination. Rhetoric writing tends to be more objective, while creative writing can be more subjective. Objective vs. Subjective As noted, the difference between these two types of writing is fairly clear. Let’s take a quick look at how each one relates to Logic. When you are writing in an objective manner, you are trying to remove any emotion or bias from your writing and present the facts as they are. On the other hand, when you are writing subjectively, you are allowing your emotions to influence your writing. You might consider this approach to be more creative, but it can also be more erratic and uninformed. If you are not sure which direction to take your writing in, start with an objective analysis of the situation and then add in your subjective analysis as needed. If you are finding it difficult to write objectively, take a step back and look at the issue from a different perspective. Use your creative energies to pull apart the problems you are facing and find solutions that make sense in your situation. In other words, be both creative and logical. In some ways, creative writing can be seen as a combination of the two. It incorporates aspects of both forms, and it often presents a unique perspective on a familiar topic. However, even in these cases, the writing is still heavily structured and relies on a logical approach in order to make its point. So while there is certainly room for creativity in writing, there is still a place for structure. More Than Meets The Eye Although it might not seem like it at first, the differences between rhetoric writing and creative writing are not as distinct as you would think. Often times, writers will blend these two types of writing together—that is, they will write something that is considered to be both logical and creative. This is especially common in diaries and journals, where you might find an entry that is both structured and objective as well as another that is thoroughly subjective. In these cases, the writer will typically employ some type of hybrid word order, which can be difficult to determine. Sometimes, you will even encounter a piece of creative writing that is accompanied by a relevant citation. In these cases, the writer is presenting an argument while also demonstrating that they have done some research on the topic. So while they might not always appear to be using the traditional forms of these two types of writing, a lot of the time, they are. If you are writing in an academic context, it is important to keep in mind that both of these types of writing require you to follow a certain form. For instance, you have to end each piece on a logical note, or you will not be able to follow the general guidelines for a persuasive piece. So while it might seem like a creative writing degree would be all about letting your imagination run wild, there is still a lot of structure that goes into this type of writing. Finally, it is important to note that even in cases where there is no clear division between the two types of writing, you will find that they still have a unique way of speaking and presenting information. This is because, for the most part, they were not intended to be used in a vacuum. Instead, a lot of times these types of writings are used in specific contexts. So even in cases where you might not be able to pinpoint a clear division between the two, you will still find that they have something special to offer. In a nutshell, while it might seem like these two types of writing are opposites, they are not as distinct as you would initially believe. Instead, they have a lot in common and can be used in a variety of situations. So while you might not always need to write creatively in order to write logically, you certainly do not always need to use logical arguments in order to write creatively. The key is to know which one to use based on the situation at hand.
Each year, Cultural Vistas’ interns and trainees visit New York public schools to speak to U.S. students about their home culture and customs. This event provides young Americans with an opportunity to interact with and learn about other cultures, while giving our international interns a chance to learn more about the educational system in the United States. Participants from Argentina, Germany, Japan, Spain, and South Korea have discussed topics ranging from “Gangnam Style” to the street art of Berlin, to Japan’s recovery efforts following the tsunami in schools in Brooklyn, Queens, and White Plains, NY. This event first started as a way for our participants to celebrate International Educational Week and has since expanded to presentations being held outside of this annual event. It gives participants the opportunity to engage with their local communities in a meaningful way. It is a unique opportunity for them to share their unique global perspectives beyond the bounds of their internships, and for young Americans to broaden their knowledge of the world around them. This dialogue between American students and our international participants paves the way for increased understanding and respect between the people of the United States and nations abroad. One participant from Argentina, Javier Unani, reflected: “I learned that although teaching might be hard work to do every day, these kinds of special classes help children to become enthusiastic about any culture and that in this way their understanding of the world increases.”
Payment cards (e.g., credit and debit cards) are the most frequent form of payment in use today. A payment card transaction entails many verification information exchanges between the cardholder, merchant, issuing bank, a merchant bank, and third-party payment card processors. Today, a record of the payment transaction often records to multiple ledgers. Merchant’s incur fees for both accepting and processing payment cards. The payment card industry is in dire need of technology which removes the need for third-party verification and records transaction details to a single tamper-resistant digital ledger. The private blockchain is that technology. Private blockchain provides a linked list built with hash pointers used to record encrypted transactions in a structured manner. It is a decentralized and distributed and available to all participants involved in the transaction. Private blockchain removes the need for third-party validators, thereby reducing fees and increasing the Merchant’s overall transaction value. Godfrey-Welch, Darlene; Lagrois, Remy; Law, Jared; Anderwald, Russell Scott; and Engels, Daniel W. "Blockchain in Payment Card Systems," SMU Data Science Review: Vol. 1: 1, Article 3. Available at: https://scholar.smu.edu/datasciencereview/vol1/iss1/3 Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 License
Controversy Behind Iconic American Photo Wide-Open...AGAIN The 'V-J Day' photo in Time Square, simply known as 'The Kiss' is up for debate...again. For 67 years, the identity of the two kissers remained a complete mystery. But then in 2012, a book titled "The Kissing Sailor: The Mystery Behind the Photo that Ended World War II" identified the sailor as George Mendonsa and the nurse as Greta Friedman. Mendonsa and Friedman's story of how the iconic kiss happened seemed to check out and was announced to the world. At long last, the decades-long controversy was finally put to Here we go again. Three scientists pointed out a flaw in Mendonsa and Friedman's story. The scientists say the 'The Kiss' couldn't have happened at the time of day when Mendonsa and Friedman said it did. By analyzing various shadows of people and buildings in the photo to get an accurate idea of the time of day, and even using scale models of some of the buildings in Time Square back in 1945, and eventually (this is the clincher), a shadow generated by a sign above the clock in the photo, the scientists determined the time of day was 5:51 p.m. Mendonsa and Friedmanís story place their kiss at around 2:00 p.m. Are the two kissers just misremembering the moment, or were they seeking their 15 minutes of fame for a moment that wasn't theirs? But if it's not them, then who? The mystery may be one that will never be solved. What are your thoughts? Share on Facebook: Leave a comment.
Keep warm this winter As the mercury drops on the thermometer, remember to stay warm both indoors and outdoors for your health. This is particularly true for older adults as they tend to lose body heat faster than younger adults. Not staying warm enough can lead to hypothermia. This condition occurs when your body temperature drops too low. For older adults, that number is around 95 degrees F. Hypothermia can lead to many other health problems including heart attack, kidney problems and liver damage. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than half of all hypothermia-related deaths are in adults 65 years and older. You may not notice early signs of hypothermia. They include cold hands and feet, a puffy or swollen face, pale skin, confusion, anger and sleepiness. Later signs of hypothermia include trouble walking or clumsiness; stiff, jerky arm and leg movements; slow heartbeat; slow, shallow breaths and blacking out. Shivering can be an early sign of hypothermia but is not a guarantee. In fact, some people experiencing hypothermia do not shiver at all. Being outside during cold weather or even inside a chilly house can cause hypothermia. Try to stay inside on chilly days, especially those that are also windy and damp. If you cannot stay in, remember to dress in loose fitting layers to keep yourself warm and wear a hat and scarf as you tend to lose a lot of body heat from your head and neck. Keep your thermostat set at 68 degrees F or higher to make sure you stay warm enough inside during the winter. Remember to also wear warm clothes while inside and use blankets for additional warmth. If you are worried about heating costs, close off doors and vents in unused rooms. Keep the basement door closed at all times, and put rolled up towels by doors to block drafts. Medical conditions including thyroid disease, diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, memory loss and arthritis can make it harder for you to stay warm. Some prescription and over-the-counter medications can also affect body heat. Talk to your doctor about ways to stay warm if you have these conditions and before you start or stop any medication. If you think yourself or a loved one is experiencing hypothermia, seek immediate medical attention. For more information on weather-related issues or healthy aging, visit your Union County Extension office. Source: Amy Kostelic, UK extension specialist in family life education Educational programs of the Cooperative Extension Service serve all people regardless of economic or social status and will not discriminate on the basis of race, color, ethnic origin, national origin, creed, religion, political belief, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expressions, pregnancy, marital status, genetic information, age, veteran status, or physical or mental disability.
Pink Floyd – One of These Days /1971 Pink Floyd were an English rock band formed in London. They achieved international acclaim with their progressive and psychedelic music. Distinguished by their use of philosophical lyrics, sonic experimentation, extended compositions and elaborate live shows, they are one of the most commercially successful and musically influential groups in the history of popular music. Pink Floyd was founded in 1965 by students Syd Barrett, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Richard Wright. They gained popularity performing in London’s underground music scene during the late 1960s and under Barrett’s leadership released two charting singles and a successful debut album, The Piper at the Gates of Dawn (1967). David Gilmour joined as a fifth member in December 1967; Barrett left the band in April 1968 due to deteriorating mental health exacerbated by drug use. Waters became the band’s primary lyricist and, by the mid-1970s, their dominant songwriter, devising the concepts behind their critically and commercially successful albums The Dark Side of the Moon (1973), Wish You Were Here (1975), Animals (1977), The Wall (1979) and The Final Cut (1983). Wright left Pink Floyd in 1979, followed by Waters in 1985, declaring it a “spent force”. Gilmour and Mason continued as Pink Floyd; Wright rejoined them as a session musician and, later, a band member. The three produced two more albums, A Momentary Lapse of Reason (1987) and The Division Bell (1994), and toured until 1994. After nearly two decades of acrimony, Pink Floyd reunited with Waters in 2005 for a performance at the global awareness event Live 8, but Gilmour and Waters have since stated they have no plans to reunite as a band again. Pages: 1 2
What is Frozen Shoulder? Frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) is stiffness, pain, and limited range of movement in your shoulder. It may happen after an injury or overuse or from a disease such as diabetes or a stroke. The tissues around the joint stiffen, scar tissue forms, and shoulder movements become difficult and painful. What causes frozen shoulder? Frozen shoulder can develop when you stop using the joint normally because of pain, injury, or a chronic health condition, such as diabetes or a stroke. Any shoulder problem can lead to frozen shoulder if you do not work to keep full range of motion. Frozen shoulder occurs: - After surgery or injury. - Most often in people 40 to 70 years old. - More often in women (especially in postmenopausal women) than in men. - Most often in people with chronic diseases. How is frozen shoulder diagnosed? Your doctor may suspect frozen shoulder if a physical exam reveals limited shoulder movement. An X-ray may be done to see whether symptoms are from another condition such as arthritis or a broken bone. How is it treated? Treatment for frozen shoulder usually starts with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and application of heat to the affected area, followed by gentle stretching. Ice and medicines (including corticosteroid injections) may also be used to reduce pain and swelling. And physical therapy can help increase your range of motion. A frozen shoulder can take a year or more to get better. ESWT Shockwave Therapy has evolved as a leading method of treating frozen shoulder. The mechanism of action is related to the regeneration of new collagen replacing the stiffened tissues caused by the cellular effects of shockwave therapy. ESWT therapy has been shown to dramatically reduce recovery times of frozen shoulder Surgery is sometimes done as a final option to loosen some of the tight tissues around the shoulder. Two surgeries are often done. In one surgery, called manipulation under anesthesia, you are put to sleep and then your arm is moved into positions that stretch the tight tissue. The other surgery uses an arthroscope to cut through tight tissues and scar tissue.
As vaping grows in popularity, we have many important questions to answer about its impact on the oral and overall health of users. Preliminary research seems to suggest that vaping might have less impact on oral health than tobacco. But we also know it’s not entirely harmless. But what about the cosmetic impact? New research suggests that vaping doesn’t stain teeth the way that smoking does. Although this makes sense, and the research seems good, we have to be mindful that this study was conducted by a producer of vaping products and hasn’t undergone scientific review yet. Extracting Staining Compounds There are many potential ways to test staining related to vaping. One would be to just look at the teeth of regular vapers. If their teeth show staining, we know that vaping causes stains. But it’s sometimes hard (not to mention expensive) to get together a group of people for long-term studies of this nature. So it’s normal to set up a condition of simulated vaping in a lab to see what the potential impact might be. That’s what this study did. They used a puffing robot (no joke) to produce smoke and vapour. This was then collected onto a filter pad. The filter pads were then treated with a solvent to remove the staining compounds. The staining compounds removed from the pads were then introduced to cows’ teeth prepared to simulate human teeth. These teeth were polished to mimic human teeth, soaked in saliva, and exposed to the extracts for 14 days. At the end of 14 days, the teeth exposed to the material from tobaccos smoke were clearly stained, but the teeth exposed to vaping compounds were barely discolored if at all. Why We Need to Be Skeptical The results of the study seem impressive at first. Looking at the tooth samples, the cigarette smoke clearly causes stains, but the vaping compounds don’t. However, there are many reasons to be dubious of these results. First, there are many steps that could introduce uncertainty. Would the staining on teeth be the same as the staining collected by the filter pads? Is the solvent used adequate to take the stains from the pad and then transmit them to the teeth? Were the cows’ teeth properly prepared and handled to simulate human teeth? We don’t know the answers to those questions because of the second reason to be dubious: the study hasn’t been reviewed by independent scientists.The study was presented at an academic conference, which is intentionally open to allow many people to bring preliminary research. There is a very low bar for research to qualify for these conferences. Peer review is not required. When the research is reviewed by independent sciences for publication in a scientific journal, we’ll have a better idea of its validity. Finally, the study was conducted not in an independent lab, but by the R & D division at British American Tobacco. It included the British American Tobacco product glo, a “tobacco heating product,” or THP. These devices heat special tobacco sticks to around 240 degrees Celsius (over 450 degrees Fahrenheit), creating an aerosol that contains tobacco flavor and nicotine. The boilerplate for the press release notes that British American Tobacco has invested more than $2.5 billion over the past six years in developing products like glo, and hope to have revenue of over $7 billion by 2022. So they obviously have a stake in making the product look good. Make Smart Choices Holistic dentistry teaches that everything we do has the potential to impact our oral health. Habits like smoking, vaping, and oral tobacco use channel potentially harmful compounds through our mouth on their way to the lungs, blood vessels, and brain. This means that whatever else their impact, the mouth may experience the worst consequences. Overall, research suggests that vaping might be better than smoking, but it’s not harmless. Instead, it can harm your gums and teeth in ways we don’t fully understand. It’s best to avoid habits like this to keep your teeth healthy.
Scotland has outlined a strategy to tackle its 'Obesity Time Bomb'. The country, which has one of the world's highest rates of heart disease, has put forward plans on how to treat obesity across the nation. Options, such as ways of increasing the amount of exercise people do, were put forward in a joint strategy from the Scottish government and COSLA, which represents Scottish local authorities. The publication described ways of working with schools and businesses to encourage pupils and employees to eat healthily and be more active in their daily lives. Public health minister Shona Robinson commented: "We cannot expect people to be able to change their behaviour alone as the environment we live in today means that for most people weight gain becomes almost inevitable. "Excellent work is already underway but we have to go further and make serious changes that will transform our entire living environment." Other plans to tackle the epidemic included the expansion of healthy food choices available in shops and restaurants and the provision of safe walking and cycling routes for children to get to school.
The Report of the National Commission on Space Part 1: Civilian Space Goals for 21st-Century America Through consecutive evolutionary steps tending over billions of years the Universe is now able to contemplate itself. We humans stand in awe at the majesty of creation surrounding us. Can there be a grander perspective than the long evolution of intelligent life from the violent flash of the Big Bang? Can there be a greater challenge than using our access to space to understand the Universe and humanity’s place within it? With faith in our Nation’s ability to meet this challenge, we propose that the United States, through a vigorous program of space science, undertake a unified and comprehensive effort to understand the origin and evolution of the cosmos by integrating the findings of many diverse disciplines. This can lead to great new discoveries while increasing our ability to forecast future phenomena, including most importantly those that affect or ate affected by human activities. Our current knowledge is summarized in the sidebars The Evolution of the Universe and Life: Earth and the Universe, but much remains to be done. Essential to our planning of future space science endeavors is an assessment of the most pressing fundamental questions now facing scientists—questions that if answered would lead to dramatic advances in our comprehension of the Universe around us. What follows is a condensed version of a list of such questions provided to us by the Space Science Board (SSB) of the National Academy of Sciences: - What laws of nature govern the Universe? More specifically, what laws governed the birth and growth of the Universe and now govern large-scale phenomena like the formation of galaxies, neutron stars, and black holes that cannot be duplicated in laboratories on Earth? - How do stars and planets form? How did the Sun, planets, satellites, and small bodies of the Solar System form; how have they evolved? Why are the giant planets so different from the terrestrial planets? - How does energy flow from the interior of the Sun through its outer layers and into interplanetary space? How does it interact with the planets? How does the solar output vary? Does this cause Ice Ages and other changes in Earth’s climate? - What are the composition, structure, and dynamics of the interior and crust of Earth, and how did these layers form and evolve? What is the source of Earth’s magnetic field? - What are the structure, dynamics, and chemistry of the oceans, atmosphere, and polar ice caps, and how do these components interact with the solid Earth? Why are the atmospheres of Mars, Earth, and Venus so different, and how did they evolve? - What is the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the Universe? Are we alone? What processes and environmental interactions spawned and now sustain life on Earth? - What effect is life, and particularly human activity, having on the composition, dynamics, and evolution of the oceans, atmosphere, and crust of Earth? - What is the importance of gravity in physical, chemical, and biological processes? No one can predict the dramatic scientific advances that will come in the next 20 to 50 years, but imagine what headlines might appear in the papers of the future as we expand our scientific activities in space (See sidebar Some Potential Space Science Headlines). To answer all of our questions will take the efforts of generations of scientists in the United States and throughout the world, but current rapid progress in space science encourages the befief that one day the answers will be known. We believe that a well-planned, long-term program of space science along these fines will be a noble legacy for our descendants. New combinations of scientific disciplines, from theoretical physics to experimental biology, are needed to answer these complex questions. Coordination of these efforts across such a broad front may require new arrangements both in academia and in the Government. (See Conducting an Effective Science Program in Part III for a description of the activities needed to realize our goals.) Future Science in Space The space science program of the United States has been guided since its inception by the Space Science Board. Their work, as cited in the bibliography, has laid out an excellent program for the next decade. We have built upon their recommendations and those of other National Academy of Sciences committees. The SSB is currently preparing a study called Major Directions for Space Sciences: 1995-2015 whose preliminary findings and recommendations were extremely helpful in plotting our course beyond the year 1995. The study delineates exciting new possibilities for fundamental research in every area of space science, using future space technology of the type described elsewhere in this report. This supports our recommendation that: The United States launch a vigorous space science program aimed at (1) understanding the evolutionary processes in the Universe that led to its present characteristics (including those leading to the emergence and survival of life), and (2) using our new understanding to forecast future phenomena quantitatively, particularly those that affect or am affected by human activity. A Global Study of Planet Earth For the first time in history we can observe the entire Earth as we would another planet, from its core to its outer atmosphere, both as it is now and as it has been over the eons. Advances in the technology of observing systems and computers promise to revolutionize terrestrial science. Moreover, advances in theoretical understanding and the availability of the supercomputer are providing detailed models that can be tested experimentally. We propose that a long-range global study of planet Earth be undertaken. It is essential that studies of Earth be carried out in parallel with studies of other planets, for insights into the evolution of any planet throw fight on the evolution of all. This study should be carried out with major international collaboration from 1995 to 2015 through a global satellite-based observing system, complementary measuring devices and surveys on Earth, computational facilities for modeling, and a system for archiving and disseminating data, all to be coordinated at the national level by the Federal agencies involved. Dynamic phenomena should be investigated over a wide range of time scales, with particular attention to processes that affect, or are affected by, human activities. Examples include continental drift, volcanic activity, earthquakes, ocean currents, events like El Niño, the response of the upper atmosphere to changes in radiation from the Sun, and potentially critical changes in the amounts of important gases such as carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere. This global study of planet Earth will be based upon a strategy of observation, data handling, and research markedly different from that prevailing today, owing to new opportunities for an integrated approach and for increasing use of artificial intelligence techniques. Many, but not all, relevant measurements are best done from satellites. Simultaneous global coverage is essential to many observations, and the observing system must produce continuous and consistent records over long periods of time. This with require a number of geostationary satellites carrying a wide variety of instruments for long-term measurements. These satellites will be large high-powered spacecraft carrying unproved versions of refurbishable or replaceable instruments currently in use or being developed. Polar orbiting satellites will also be required to provide coverage of high latitudes and platforms for instruments that must operate at lower altitudes. Spacecraft now under development will increase our understanding of the “middle atmosphere,” including the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. These layers are just above the lower atmosphere, or troposphere, in which our weather is produced. Chemical changes like the production and destruction of ozone take place in this middle atmosphere, with considerable consequences for living things on Earth. Other spacecraft in polar orbits will provide information on the differences between the northern and southern hemispheres and their responses to solar-terrestrial events. Starting in the 1990s, the Space Station and its co-orbiting and polar-orbiting platforms will provide even greater opportunities for probing the upper atmosphere. A tether system mounted on the Space Station will allow measurements at altitudes as low as 72 miles—a region only intermittently probed now by sounding rockets. Occasional special purpose missions will require other orbits to test instruments and ideas for incorporation into the satellites described previously and to provide key one-time measurements. For example, “current buoys”—small satellites in selected orbits—wil1 measure electrical currents with sufficient coverage to enable the construction of a global map of the currents that carry the ebb and flow of energy in Earth’s magnetic field. This global study of planet Earth is geared toward greater understanding of the physical and biological processes on our planet and their interactions. A vigorous and systematic study of the structure, dynamics, and evolution of the biosphere (i.e., living organisms and their interaction with the solid Earth, oceans, atmosphere, and polar ice caps) from the Space Station complex in low Earth orbit will be an essential component of the project. There is particular interest in the quantities that are changing rapidly, perhaps because of human activity, such as concentrations of ozone, methane, and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. To understand the early evolution of life on Earth requires the continued search for the oldest microfossils. This ground-based work should be supported by continued laboratory studies of the synthesis of key biological molecules under conditions approximating primitive Earth, as well as by further studies of meteorites and by the components of the space program that are concerned with studies of chemical processes on planets, asteroids, comets, and satellites. In view of the evidence that collisions with asteroids and/or comets have severe effects on Earth’s biosphere, astronomical studies of such objects and continued geological studies of their effects are crucial. The environment near Earth must also be studied carefully as part of the global attack. This requires not only major missions of the type described earlier, but also smaller-scale activities, including satellites, balloons, and sounding rockets. Ground-based measurements will be a crucial part of the global study of Earth, since some effects cannot be detected by remote sensing from space. Ground-based surveys can provide high spatial resolution over limited areas and critically important calibrations, or “ground truth,” for observations from space. Continuing studies of Earth’s geological record are important to clarify long-term trends in geological processes, geochemical abundances, and climatic factors. From the global study of planet Earth, a rich harvest of knowledge will result, laying the groundwork for an increasing capability to observe and predict our terrestrial environment. Human Biology in Space The study of the response of organisms to conditions in space is vitally important if we are to undertake long-duration space flights by astronauts in Earth orbit and on missions to other bodies in the Solar System. The environment for living things in space differs from that on the ground, especially in the strength of gravitational fields, compositions and pressures of atmospheres, and radiation fluxes. Our knowledge of the effects of these factors is still primitive, owing to the paucity of experimental opportunities in the post Apollo era. Substantial time and laboratory space must be made available for such experiments on the Space Station. For the most effective experimentation, it is possible to simulate gravity from less than a hundred-thousandth to greater than one Earth gravity by using centrifugal force in a rotating system or by a gravity-gradient fixed tether. The atmospheric pressure should be variable from essentially zero to several times the pressure at sea level on Earth. We recommend a new administrative entity, the National Space Laboratory as described on Conducting an Effective Science Program in Part III and the development of a Variable-g Research Facility as discussed in Part II. Unshielded radiation fluxes pose potential problems both to the survival of organisms in space and to the interpretation of data. One concern requiring further study in this area is the high-energy high-charge component of the cosmic ray flux, which can damage non-dividing cells, including those of the central nervous system. Current practices regarding measurement of radiation doses should be reviewed, especially in view of the large range of particle energies encountered in space. Of paramount practical importance are human safety and performance. Long-duration flights on the Space Station will increase our understanding of the effects of the space environment on people and other living systems. Problems of bone demineralization and loss of muscle mass persist, and effective empirical solutions are unlikely to be found soon. The impact of this problem becomes clear if we envision the response of a weakened skeletal structure to increased gravity when, for example, humans emerge on a planetary surface after a prolonged period of weightless flight. It is imperative that basic research on this problem continue, both on the ground and in space. As opportunities for longer flights become available, new research should be undertaken with careful monitoring and evaluation of subjects. This will require more detailed monitoring of the environment than in the past, including gravity, radiation exposure, environmental toxicology, nutrition as it affects performance, microbial environment, epidemiology, functioning of the body’s defense mechanisms, and dynamics of interpersonal interactions in a closed environment. Remote health-care delivery in space must be developed as well. This will be a major issue as plans are made to send astronauts to the planets, since a rapid return to Earth will be virtually impossible. Little is known of the dynamics of drugs administered in a space environment, and the evaluation of even a small “space pharmacopoeia” will be a major undertaking; similar considerations apply to surgery under microgravity conditions. The importance of the latter is highlighted by recent estimates that one of a crew of seven astronauts selected from the general population for a Mars expedition would probably experience a medical problem normally requiring surgery. The selection process for astronauts must mitigate, but cannot completely eliminate, this problem. The permanently occupied Space Station will, for the first time, permit relatively long—term laboratory experiments to be performed in the nearly weightless environment, or microgravity, of space and in controlled artificial gravity at levels between zero and one g (See sidebar Physics, Chemistry, and Biology in Space). A wide array of biological problems that have little direct bearing on human performance or safety can also be addressed by research in space. The vestibular system, for example, which is the part of the central nervous system concerned with bodily orientation, evolved over billions of years under Earth-gravity conditions. Studying its response in detail to microgravity should yield valuable new information about the central nervous system. This will require mammals (including primates) and facilities for their long-term care in space, as well as a centrifuge and, if possible, a sled to produce variable accelerations. Valuable experiments can also be undertaken on the long-term sensitivity of both plants and animals to gravity. To accomplish the goals of life science research in space will require Space Station facilities for growing plants, animal care and husbandry, for chemical and other types of analysis, and for neurobiological research focused initially upon the vestibular function. Since the Space Station’s available volume, weight, and power will be limited, it is important that equipment be utilized for multiple purposes wherever possible, and that faclitities essential for health-care delivery be adapted for basic biological research as well. Fundamental Biology, Physics, and Chemistry in Earth Orbit On Earth, the effects of gravitational forces on complex living systems are profound. We know this because of the so-called space sickness that strikes more than half the people who venture into space, apparently as a result of weightlessness. Experiments in space will allow us to identify and quantify the effects of gravity on the development, adaptation, and functions of plant and animal biological systems as well, on the biology of cells, and on the chemistry of complex biological molecules. In the physical sciences, studies of the laws of gravitation are especially significant. For most purposes, the laws discovered by Newton are sufficiently accurate, but Einstein’s more precise theory of general relativity predicts more subtle effects, including new states of matter, black holes, and a new form of energy called gravitational radiation. Although the general theory of relativity has passed all the experimental tests to which it has been subjected so far, more sensitive tests should now be carried out (See sidebar Was Einstein Right?). We recommend that: Flexible and rapid access be provided to a microgravity facility for researchers who will continue to devote the bulk of their effort to ground-based research in normal gravity; and new tests of general relativity be carried out wherever possible using facilities in space. Solar and Space Physics Our Sun is the only star that is near enough for detailed study. It is a complex and highly variable object whose variations cause changes on Earth. We need to understand how solar activity is produced, how this activity is linked to changes on Earth, especially to the changes that impact our environment. Space technology allows us to study the Sun and its effects on the rest of the Solar System, especially solar effects on Earth. Pluto, the most distant planet in the Solar System, orbits the Sun at a distance of about 3.5 billion miles, but the region affected by the Sun, called the heliosphere, may extend as far as 10 billion miles from the Sun. It is filled with an electrical plasma called the solar wind that flows from the Sun at about 300 miles per second. A plasma, as the term is used here, consists of electrically charged particles, atomic nuclei and electrons, in electromagnetic fields. Nearly all of the matter found in the Universe exists as plasma in one or another state. Consequently, the study of plasmas has a number of branches, of which space physics is one. By using rockets and spacecraft, space physicists have learned that Earth’s magnetic field extends far beyond our atmosphere, permeating a region of space referred to as Earth’s magnetosphere. This region is filled with a complex mixture of space plasmas. Understanding near-Earth space and the effects of solar activity is vital not only to the understanding of our weather and climate, but also to the safety of People in space. The effective operations of space-based facilities, especially electronic units and power systems, can also be adversely affected by the behavior of plasmas in their vicinity. Protecting humans from radiation outside the protective shield of the lower-altitude region of the magnetosphere requires that we develop sufficient understanding of the Sun and its effects to permit us to predict conditions in this region of space. Our recommendations for pursuing this area of space research are described in the sidebar Solar and Space Physics. Magnetospheres similar in many respects to those enveloping Earth and some of the other planets appear to exist in many other places in the Universe, from neutron stars to exploding galaxies. Consequently, studies of phenomena within our Solar System also increase our understanding of universal processes. A program for solar and space physics from now until the mid-1990s has been developed in a number of studies under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences and NASA. Beyond the initial operation of the Space Station, we recommend a program with four major components: (1) Spaceborne instruments to obtain observations from sets of orbits that are both closer to the Sun and global in their coverage; (2) Remote sensing of the plasmas in Earth’s magnetosphere and the heliosphere using large—scale detectors in Earth orbit, at libration points, and on the surface of the Moon, in combination with directed energy sources as appropriate, and complemented by spacecraft to obtain direct measurements of the plasmas; (3) Active experiments designed to take advantage of the near vacuum of space in the study of the behavior of plasmas in the absence of confining walls that are required in the laboratory; and (4) A long-life, high-velocity spacecraft to be sent out of the Solar System on a trajectory to the nearest star. Study of the Solar System The Solar System is of great interest not only because it is our extended home, but also because it represents a system, so far as we know unique, in which small solid bodies—the planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids—orbit a central star that interacts vigorously with them. In pursuing the question of the origin and evolution of the Sun and planets, we hope to discover other such systems and, by comparative studies, learn more about both. Space techniques make it possible to make measurements throughout the Solar System using automated spacecraft. The overarching goal of planetary exploration enunciated by the Space Science Board is to determine the origin, evolution, and present state of the Solar System. Two additional goals are to understand Earth better through comparative studies with the other planets and to understand the relationship between the chemical and physical evolution of the Solar System on the one hand, and the origin and evolution of life on the other. The SSB has developed a systematic strategy for this in which a program of reconnaissance of various types of objects in the Solar System is first carried out by telescopic observation and spacecraft which “fly by” the object. This is followed by more detailed exploration, for example by orbiters and landers. Finally, intensive studies are undertaken involving the return of a sample for analysis, and exploration by astronauts. NASA’s Solar System Exploration Committee (SSEC) has developed a plan to implement part of the strategy articulated by the SSB. The SSEC recommendations include an initial sequence of four missions: To Venus, to Mars, to a comet and an asteroid, and to Saturn’s moon, Titan. Later missions include a Mercury orbiter, additional probes to Mars, a probe into the atmosphere of Venus, a lunar orbiter, a mission to obtain a sample of debris from a comet, an asteroid mission, and missions to Saturn, Uranus, and their moons. The missions mentioned here, like others in NASA’s planetary exploration program, will provide measurements focused on critical questions about each target. For example, the Titan mission will focus on Titan’s atmosphere, which is known to contain organic molecules of the type biologists believe played key roles in the origin of life on Earth. Measurements will be designed to tell us whether Titan’s atmosphere has evolved so that primitive life is possible there, or whether lower temperatures or other factors on Titan have prevented the formation of life. The attainment of many of the goals of the SSB will require new technology. Some of these requirements are discussed in Building the Technology Base in Part II. A highest-priority initiative is the returning of samples from various bodies in our Solar System, as described in the sidebar Returning Samples from Solar System Bodies. Mars is of particularly great scientific interest for a variety of reasons. It has experienced a complete range of geological and atmospheric processes, including vulcanism, the formation of canyons, dust storms, regional flooding, glaciation, and sedimentary deposition. Although some of these are similar to their Earth counterparts, there are important differences that can teach us much about our own planet. In contrast to Venus, which is highly inhospitable to life as we know it, we believe that Mars is an alternative home for humanity. In keeping with our program and the recommendations of the Space Science Board for the study of Mars, a Mars sample return mission should be carried out early in the first decade of the 21st century. It is conceivable that Mars samples would include fossil evidence showing that life once existed on the planet; one can hardly imagine a more exciting discovery. In addition to their great scientific value, these samples can provide the basis for our initial steps in the development of Martian resources. Asteroids and comets are of particular interest in our quest for knowledge about the origin of the planets. Because they may contain primitive materials that have been held in a deep freeze since the origin of the Solar System, they are accorded high priority for scientific investigation. These investigations will begin with flybys, and culminate with a sample return (See the sidebar Returning Samples from Solar System Bodies). The outer planets and their satellites, especially Uranus and Neptune, are difficult to explore because of their large distances from Earth. They are, nevertheless, of great scientific interest (See sidebar Exploration of the Outer Planets). A long-term strategy for scientific study of the outer Solar System will depend upon the findings from missions to the outer planets in the Solar System Exploration Committee’s core program, and upon technology developments recommended in this report (See Building the Technology Base in Part II). Astronomy and Astrophysics Astronomy is based upon the collection of faint electromagnetic radiation from distant objects in the Universe, using sensitive telescopes operating at various wavelengths; cosmic-ray particles also yield important information. Answering the fundamental questions posed in this chapter requires the study of objects ranging from interstellar dust clouds, for which radio and infrared techniques are most appropriate, to extremely hot gas orbiting black holes in exploding galaxies, for which x-ray and gamma-ray telescopes are required. Instruments must be launched into space to observe the complete spectrum of infrared sources, and ultraviolet, x-ray, and gamma-ray radiation from celestial sources, since these wavelengths do not penetrate Earth’s atmosphere. Although optical and radio astronomy can be done from the ground, these disciplines also gain from space observations—optical astronomy by eliminating atmospheric blurring of the image that plagues ground-based observations and radio astronomy by providing extremely long baselines for ultra-high angular resolution. Astronomical instruments in space can be located in low Earth orbit, geostationary orbit, solar orbit, or on the surface of the Moon. With a few notable exceptions, most of them have so far been in low Earth orbit, and in the near future will continue to be located there because of lower cost and direct support from the Space Station. As a lunar base is developed, astronomers will take advantage of the ability to build rigid telescope mounts, of the freedom from contamination by propellants, of the longer and colder nights, and of the shielding from Earth light and radio interference which are available on the far side of the Moon. If gravitational radiation is detected (See sidebar Was Einstein Right?), they wil1 want to study the feasibility of locating gravitational radiation detectors on the Moon, where seismic noise is far lower than on Earth. Virtually the whole electromagnetic spectrum his now been explored to some degree. Major new facilities, covering the gamma-ray, optical, ultraviolet, x-ray, andinfrared bands of the spectrum, will permit exciting studies of faint and distant objects at wavelengths across the entire radiation spectrum. Orbiting astronomical observatories will remain in space for extended periods, with maintenance and refurbishment by astronauts on the space shuttle and Space Station. A program of “great observatories,” which responds to the 1982 recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences, will address virtually all of the major questions now challenging astronomers and astrophysicists, with even more capable observatories now on the horizon (See sidebar Future Great Space Observatories). The stage is set for several decades of extraordinary accomplishments in space science. Using advanced, technology, it will be possible to address the fundamental question of the origin of the Universe, the evolutionary steps which led to the galaxies, stars, planets, and fife on Earth. We should be able to discover whether there is life elsewhere in the Universe. To bring about these accomplishments will require the dedicated effort of the world scientific community, continuing teamwork among university, industry, and government researchers, and leadership at every level. The result will be a prize worthy of the ages—one which integrates the findings of many diverse disciplines of science into a comprehensive understanding of the cosmos which will provide humankind with a new perspective on our place in the Universe (See sidebar Life: Earth and the Universe). Our drive to explore comes first from our human curiosity, a central attribute of intelligence. Closely following that urge to know, to understand, to see and touch with our own senses, there comes the practical desire to make use of what we learn. Exploration, settlement, and enterprise are closely connected actions. Throughout the history of all three activities on Earth, we have explored both to search for scientific truth and to find valuable resources. We settled new territories not just to “be there,” but to extend our presence on a permanent basis, generally to work at productive enterprises. In exploring and settling the inner Solar System, we expect the same close connections to prevail, because they make as much sense in space as they continue to do on Earth. In the next section, Space Enterprise, we discuss commercial activities in space and the productive benefits of using the energy and material resources of space. This section focuses on discovery and exploration. We must keep in mind that space resources are already benefiting exploration and will do so even more in the future. Solar energy is a full-time resource everywhere in space except in the shadows of planets. Supplemented by nuclear generators when necessary, it powers the sensors, the computers, and the radio transmitters of the robotic spacecraft that we have sent ahead of us as our scouts to examine the planets and moons of our Solar System. Future research outposts, like today’s major observatories in remote regions of Earth, will use local resources wherever possible to minimize costs. Once again by analogy to Earth’s history, most of the people who pioneer the inner Solar System in the 21st century will do so to work at jobs based on the resources of space. We must therefore transform the way that we operate in space both for science and for industry. The few short forays of humans beyond low Earth orbit repeated in method and spirit the early polar expeditions. Each was a quick dash, lasting only a few days, supported entirely by stores of food, water, air, and fuel lifted from the home base. As we move out farther, stay longer, and establish first outposts, then bases, then long—term settlements, some for scientific goals and others for production based upon space resources, we must “live off the land” for both energy and materials in order to reduce our costs of operation. In testimony before the Commission, there was remarkable unanimity on the need to develop indigenous resources to sustain the flow of settlement and enterprise stemming from initial periods of exploration. As phrased in one presentation to the Commission: The umbilical to Earth must be severed, or at least severely nicked. . . . This is best accomplished by the [on-site] utilization of extraterrestrial resources…. [We must] plot a future space strategy that “bootstraps” itself through the Solar System by the utilization of the resources found along the way. For exploration and settlement, cutting the apron string to Mother Earth is necessary because we must otherwise support operations at the end of an increasingly long supply line. The logistics problem in space has its analog in the challenge of climbing Earth’s highest mountains. Here on Earth, we five at the bottom of one of the deepest gravitational wells of the inner Solar System. Everything we hoist into space from Earth must be lifted out of a gravitational well 4,000 miles deep. By contrast, lifting materials from the Moon requires climbing a well only 180 miles deep. In recent years asteroids have been discovered which can be reached with even less cost in energy than traveling to the Moon. Finding them confirmed that the inner Solar System is a treasure trove of materials, available to support pioneers on the space frontier, Lunar, asteroidal, and planetary materials are valuable where they are found, and valuable also in “free space” which is the modem analog to the high seas (See sidebar Earth’s Gravity Well). Exploration and settlement have an additional close connection because the distances we must traverse to reach all objects in space beyond our Moon are so great, and the times required to reach them are so long, that humans can best travel to them in ships that are much like movable settlements. What we learn about long—term fife support in space will therefore be of value to us not only to support our exploration of the Solar System, but also for building the settlements necessary to support the space industrial activities of the 21st century. Explorers throughout Earth’s history could see only short distances ahead. The unknown, and with it often unknown dangers, lay just beyond the next headland or over the next mountain range. For that reason the charts of our nearly spherical Earth were built up only slowly and painfully over centuries, until flight wits achieved. In space exploration we are already past that stage, because we can look outward in any direction through the transparent medium of space itself. There will be many surprises in detail, but we know in general which bodies are of potential interest. From the smallest to the largest, with some overlap of size, they are cornets, asteroids, moons, and planets. The Exploration of the Moon To obtain a great value in knowledge from a small investment, we should send robotic explorer probes to the Moon equipped with sophisticated sensors. It is a first priority to search the permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles, where ices containing carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen may be found. We therefore recommend: A robotic lunar polar prospector to examine the entire surface of the Moon from low orbit. The prospector spacecraft should be equipped with remote sensors to examine the polar craters. We also recommend: Probe missions to drive penetrators into the lunar surface, for on-site analysis at particularly interesting or valuable locales and missions to return samples for analysis from regions selected from prospector and probe date. It win then be time for people to return. Only 24 individuals have traveled as far from Earth as our nearest neighbor in space, and only 12 have landed upon it; The total time spent by humans on the lunar surface was less than two weeks, all of it in the Apollo years from 1969 to 1972. In those brief journeys a remarkable amount was learned: more than 800 pounds of soil and rock were returned to be analyzed on Earth; equipment was set up to measure heat flow from the Moon’s interior, and to report Moonquakes, and meteorite impacts. Laser reflectors were set up, which have allowed us to measure changes in the Earth-Moon distance to a few inches. Metal foils were stretched like sails to catch the wind of protons and heavier elements streaming from the Sun. And with electric roving vehicles, astronauts explored outward from their landing sites. But the 12 men who trod the lunar surface in the course of six Apollo missions could not venture more than five miles from their landed spacecraft. Quite literally, they could do no more than scratch the surface of the Moon. We therefore recommend that: We return to the Moon, not only for brief expeditions, but for longer, systematic explorations; eventually, we should come to stay. As in the exploration of Earth, our exploration of the Moon can best proceed by a combination of visits to specific points, and the establishment of permanent outposts at locations of continuing interest. Separation of sites by purpose is more likely than the concentration of all activities at one “lunar base.” Seismologists will need locations remote from mining, to achieve seismic quiet. Prospectors will need to make a series of land traverses, as is customary in resource exploration, and the promise of the lunar poles may draw prospectors at an early stage of lunar exploration. The first expeditions will make use of transfer vehicles as temporary camps on the Moon, just as the shuttle serves on each flight as a temporary space station. As more is learned and we find reasons to zero in on specific points, the temporary camps will be enlarged. Caches of food, fuel, water, and oxygen will be left there between visits and, finally, explorers will “overnight” at outposts through the lunar darkness that lasts 15 Earth days. We will return to the Moon for diverse reasons. As the first stage of the return to the Moon, we recommend: Establishing human-tended lunar surface outposts, primarily for a variety of scientific studies. As revisits to the Moon become more frequent, the need will certainly grow for larger permanent “base camps,” to serve as supply centers, local research laboratories, and medical centers for explorers taken ill or injured. One important facility will be located in lunar polar orbit. This will give excellent access to operations, particularly near the lunar poles or on the far side of the Moon, and good access to solar energy. Both before and after such facilities are established, we will have reason to visit specific points on the Moon for their scientific or resource interest. Volcanic features have been observed from Earth, and may yield vital information on the Moon’s interior. The far side of the Moon offers locations for radio astronomy, shielded from the noise of earthly radio interference by 2,000 miles of rock. In the development of technology for more distant travels, the Moon will serve as a laboratory. Because of its very slow rotation and consequent long nighttime, nuclear plants are likely to be necessary for power to provide life support on the lunar surface. They will be tested there before similar plants are sent as far as Mars. The movable space settlements which are likely to be used for journeys to Mars and the asteroids will be put through their proving voyages by trips around the Moon. All that we learn about long-term life support and medical service to astronauts in the relatively nearby environments of lunar orbit and the lunar surface will be put to good use when we venture farther into space. A special group of asteroids, almost unknown until the past decade, is particularly promising for exploration and resource utilization: the “Earth-crossing” group, whose orbits bring them closer to the Sun than Earth itself. About 40 such asteroids are now known, and we propose an intensive search for more members of what is believed to be a large family of these potentially valuable celestial bodies. The Earth-crossers are of more than academic interest—about five miles across, may have been responsible for our existence. About 65 million years ago that body, traveling perhaps 20 times faster than a bullet, is believed to have drilled through Earth’s atmosphere and buried itself deep in Earth’s surface. The resulting splash of material spread throughout the atmosphere in the form of finely powdered dust, cutting off sunlight to such a degree that, it is thought, plants died and the dominant fauna, the dinosaurs, were wiped out by starvation. That astronomical event allowed a tiny creature, the ancestral mammal, to grow, differentiate, and fill vacated ecological niches, giving rise eventually to homo sapiens. A small number of the Earth-crossing asteroids have orbits that so nearly match Earth’s that they can be reached more easily, in energy terms, than the lunar surface. Others are of interest for enterprise and settlement because they appear to contain the life-giving elements carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. We have seen and tracked some of the Earth-crossers, but another group of asteroids, whose existence is still unproven, could be of even greater importance. Orbital theory suggests that asteroids may be trapped at other locations in Earth’s own orbit, 600 million miles in circumference, around the Sun. Because of the unfavorable viewing angles from Earth, these “Earth-Trojan” asteroids are exceedingly difficult to spot. None has been seen. If they exist, material from them could be returned to the Earth-Moon system with almost no expenditure of energy. We therefore recommend: Expanded Earth-based and space-based searches for readily accessible asteroids; continued telescopic characterization of their surfaces; and robotic prospector missions to particularly promising asteroids. The Exploration of Mars and Its Moons After the accessible asteroids, the next easiest objects to reach in our Solar System are our neighboring planets Venus and Mars. Several decades of science fiction picturing Venus as a wet, steamy jungle planet were laid to rest when astronomical observations and Pioneer, Mariner, and Soviet Venera spacecraft confirmed that Venus has a poisonous atmosphere, a crushing pressure at the surface, and a temperature hot enough to melt lead. It is no place for humans. But Mars, our other nearest neighbor, is far more hospitable. Even more celebrated in science fiction than Venus, Mars turns out to be rich in surprises, mysteries, and promise. The distance from Earth to Mars, averaging about 1,000 times as far as to our Moon, is great enough that we are more likely to visit the planet for exploration than for enterprise. The exploration of Mars therefore offers an excellent potential for cooperation between nations. Discussions have occurred looking toward cooperative U.S. soviet mars missions. In voyages to Mars orbit and to Mars itself, we can make good use of two techniques already proven in both piloted and unpiloted space travel: gravitational assists and aerobraking. A simple form of aerobraking was used for the safe return of Apollo astronauts, and the technique is also applied to reduce the orbital speed of shuttles before landing. Gravitational assists, in which the dose passages of spacecraft around planets provide a “slingshot” effect to change directions and speeds, were used in the Apollo journeys and have been essential in the Voyager encounters with the outer planets. Mars has sufficient atmosphere to provide aerobraking, and the red planet is massive enough to provide useful gravitational assists. Comparisons of the energy required to reach the Martian moons with that required to reach the surface suggest that Phobos and Deimos, the moons of Mars, should be investigated and some of their materials used before crews descend to the planetary surface. The Soviet Union plans to launch an international robotic prospector mission to Phobos and Deimos in 1988. Phobos, the larger moon, circles Mars at a distance of only 6,000 miles, closer than New York is to Australia. The period of time taken for one orbit of Mars by Phobos is correspondingly short, less than eight hours. Deimos orbits about three times as far away, with a period of 30 hours. Phobos is so dose that it can become a natural space station, a potential location for an early base camp. Its color is very dark, suggesting that it may be a captured asteroid rich in carbon. Similar meteoritic material indicates that nitrogen and hydrogen are found with the carbon. If that is true in the case of Phobos, it could become an ideal refueling depot for descents to the planetary surface and for the return of spacecraft to the Earth-Moon system. Both moons are tiny, just 12.5 and 7 miles across; their gravities are weak and their shapes are lumpy and irregular. By contrast, Earth’s Moon is about 250 times bigger than Phobos, with more than 15 million times its mass. A weak gravity can be an advantage: one need not “land” on Phobos or Deimos, but rather “dock” with them, as with an asteroid. Mars has remarkable similarities to Earth, but in other respects is more like our Moon or Mercury. The Martian day is just over 24 hours long. Mars has polar caps of carbon dioxide (dry ice) and water ice which advance and retreat with the seasons, and its gravity is about one-third of Earth’s, intermediate between our own and our Moon’s. The U. S. Viking landers that set down on Mars in 1976 transmitted television images showing a pinkish sky, rolling hills covered by a reddish-gray soil, and a foreground scattered with numerous rocks. One could find in desert regions of the American Southwest, Australia, or North Africa, landscapes reminiscent of Mars. The red planet retains a thin atmosphere with less than one percent of the density at Earth’s surface. The atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide, with traces of argon and nitrogen. Thin as it is, the Martian atmosphere supports winds powerful enough to carry dust and sand, and there are years when dust storms persist for months over much of the planet. Clouds, fog, and frost have been seen, and wisps of clouds frequently trail from the top of the highest Martian peak, giant Olympus Mons. Surface temperatures on the planet range from + 68 degrees Fahrenheit in winter at the poles, to a summer record high of + 68 degrees in an oasis” near the equator, but at most places Martian temperatures are perpetually far below freezing. Mars has impact craters, but it is also a world of immense canyons, volcanoes, sand dunes, and polar caps of water ice and dry ice. Television images from robot spacecraft orbiting Mars found vast erosional features, quite possibly formed by the swift flow of liquid water. If so, Mars must once have been far warmer and wetter than it is now. Its carbon dioxide atmosphere may have been much thicker in its early history, trapping the Sun’s heat by “the greenhouse effect.” There is evidence for the existence of. permafrost and of liquid water about a mile below the surface at high latitudes, and water ice appears to underlie the northern dry ice polar cap. The two Viking landers carried out chemical and biological experiments which detected no organic compounds. Although this tended to deny that life as we know it exists at those landing sites, the chemical reactions of the Martian soils resembled those which, it is now believed, may have been the precursors to life on Earth. As we learn more about Mars, we are likely to gain further insights to an important question: Is the origin of life commonplace in the Universe, and does it occur under a wide range of conditions? Or is it an extraordinarily rare event, which takes place only when everything about a planet is just right for it? The distance of Mars, its gravity and atmosphere, and its tiny moons suggest a relatively complex Plan for its exploration. The beginnings of that program have already been carried out by spacecraft in the 1960s and 1970s. A major step forward wi1l be taken in 1989 when the Soviet space probe approaches Phobos and Deimos, firing laser beams at them to blast off tiny Puffs of vapor for chemical analyses. Someday in the future, a new generation of robotic spacecraft, aerobraking in the Martian atmosphere to circularize their orbits, can return to Earth extremely detailed television images of the surface. Later, robotic hard landers can be targeted to potential Mars landing sites to carry out more detailed analyses of surface and subsurface soils in a search for water and other materials to support human habitation. It will be necessary to follow up these remote sensing missions by returning samples from Mars and its moons. One of the most revealing exploration opportunities on Mars would be a journey by an automated rover vehicle down the length of one of the sinuous, water-carved channels that abound on the planet. Visual examination of the strata on the channel walls, or, even better, chemical examination, would yield information of a richness and complexity paralleling the data from an oil well drill core or the record of tree rings on Earth. This would be a Particularly rich area in which to renew the search for evidence of life on Mars. Sometime in the early decades of the 21st century we will establish permanent base camps either on the Martian surface or in orbit, possibly on Phobos. Exploratory journeys from Earth will then become routine, and will involve a series of cargo and crew transfers between vehicles considerably more complex than the maneuvers carried out for each Apollo mission. The people chosen for a mission will ride to an Earth-orbiting space station. From the space station they will move to a Libration Point Spaceport and then into a transfer vehicle capable of matching orbits with a cycling spaceship, repeatedly shuttling between the Earth and Mars systems. On the “cycler” they will experience a rotational gravity somewhere between that of Earth and Mars, possibly starting at an Earth-normal gravity and shifting to that of Mars in the List weeks before the cycler reaches its dose encounter with the red planet. Nearing Mars after a half-year voyage, the expedition will move into another transfer vehicle to make the transition to an orbiting spaceport or a base camp. There, after meeting and exchanging information with a crew that can provide current advice on Martian conditions, the expedition will transfer to a lander. The short trip to the surface will have as its destination either a major base camp or an outpost with a cache of supplies and equipment. Once on the surface, the expedition members may separate to carry out individual missions: geological, with instruments newly brought from Earth; exploratory, using roving vehicles permanently left on Mars; or atmospheric and geographical, using remotely piloted or passenger-carrying aircraft capable of much closer passes over the terrain than would be prudent for machines guided only by computers. Nearly all of the spacecraft and habitation modules needed for Martian expeditions and for eventual permanent human settlements on Mars will have been proven out in the much closer environment of the Earth-Moon system. Enclosures containing an atmosphere like Earth’s and covered over by soil as protection against solar flares, will satisfy the same needs on Mars as on the Moon (See sidebar on Biospherics). Greenhouse biospheres for growing food will have been tested on the Moon or in Earth orbit, where a failure will mean only the call for a resupply mission, taking just a few days. Nuclear reactors, which are appropriate sources of energy during planetary nighttimes, will have been checked out both on the Moon and in orbit. Transfer vehicles are likely to be identical at both ends of the Earth-Mars transportation link, and even landers for the Moon and for Mars may differ only in minor details. Mars has been for centuries a magnet to our curiosity and our imagination. Within the next few decades it will become a relatively familiar outpost of human civilization, comparable perhaps to the Antarctic settlements now maintained permanently by several countries. The permanent settlement of Mars, even if by a relatively small number of people, win be a later milestone, though not the last, in the human settlement of the inner Solar System. In that sense it will be, in Winston Churchill’s phrase, “the End of the Beginning.” Settlement in Space In the early years of pioneering the space frontier, people will go to specific sites of action for specific assignments. The choice of carrying out assignments by tele-operation, by autonomous robots, or by human crew members is likely to be governed both by economics and by subjective and national pressures, as in the past. By the terms of treaties which the United States has signed, no claims of national sovereignty are to be made on the planets, moons, or asteroids, so “Planting the flag” does not have the same symbolism in space as on Earth. When the enabling technologies are in place for the private sector to begin substantial operations in space, political motives for the choices among piloted, robotic, or remotely controlled methods of carrying out operations are likely to become less important, and economy and efficiency are likely to dictate to a greater degree how things are done. For survival and good health, humans who must work in space or on planetary surfaces for long periods of time will have five material requirements: air, water, food, gravity, and protection from cosmic and solar radiation. The water cycle has been partially closed already on Soviet space stations, and they have made progress toward recycling air. For long-duration voyages of at least several months, it will be economic to grow rather than carry food. The equivalent of Earth gravity, in which our bodies have evolved and probably work best, can be provided relatively easily in free space, but not on the surfaces of any of the moons or planets accessible to humans in the inner Solar System. In space, gravity’s equivalent can be provided by connecting a spacecraft or habitat to a tether cable and counterweight, and rotating one about the other (See sidebar Tethers in Space). Once set rotating, the dual-mass system requires no further energy to maintain its rotation. We recommend that: Relatively simple experiments in space be performed soon to find the effects of various rotation rates and levels of artificial gravity on people so we can establish practical design parameters. The fifth and last requirement for human survival and safety is protection from damaging radiation. Large amounts of shielding are needed to reduce radiation to the levels common on Earth. Fortunately, any material whatever is suitable as a shield. The surface material from any moon, asteroid, or planet will do. The slag from industrial processing activities is equally usable. For the short trip to the Moon, it was common practice in the Apollo years, and will be again, to rely on solar flare forecasting rather than shielding. For the half-year voyages to Mars or the asteroids, astronauts will retreat to shielded “storm shelters” in their spacecraft when solar flares occur. The need for heavy shielding on long voyages is one of the reasons for using “cycling spaceships” on what may come to be called the “Mars Run.” On or near an asteroid, and on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars, there should be no difficulty in providing ample shielding using the local surface material. In orbital space, the same level of shielding can be provided economically when material transporters with very low operating costs and high capacities are available. The electromagnetic “mass-driver,” described in sidebar Electromagnetic Accelerators, is one candidate for that service. It seems likely that settlements in space itself, built to house the workforce needed to control industrial activities, will be shielded by the slag from industrial operations. With such shielding orbital settlements can be made as safe from cosmic and solar radiation as the surface of Earth. There will be a need for long-term human settlements in orbit and, at some point, on the surfaces of the Moon and Mars. The five requirements for human health can be provided at any of those locations, with the one caveat that Earth-normal gravity can be provided easily in space, but not on the Moon or Mars. We have focused on the “mechanistic” questions of air, water, food, gravity, and protection from radiation. For the space frontier to become attractive to human pioneers it will be necessary to bad settlements with additional Earth-like characteristics: Normal intensities of sunshine and gravity, a normal day/night cycle, the same area and volume per Person that are normal in comfortable urban environments, and plenty of area and volume for growing flowers, grass, and trees. Conceptual engineering studies confirm that attractive settlements of this kind can be built in orbital space, where full-time solar energy is available for power and where the day/night cycle of sunshine can be provided by shading incoming sunlight on a regular schedule. Settlements in orbit will not be locked into planetary rotations, and will therefore be able to “point” toward the Sun at all times. When all the questions of health, safety, economy, and comfort are considered, the optimal shape for settlements in orbit appears to be spherical, with a pressure shell rotating within a non-contacting outer spherical shell of shielding. Such habitats could accommodate thousands of people. As we look forward to pioneering the space frontier, we can speculate on the far-reaching human consequences, which many people see as loftier than the economic and scientific Payback from all space missions. This is the extension of life itself beyond the precious and fragile planet where it was born, to the far reaches of the inner Solar System. As in all previous pioneering, only the adventurous will choose to leave the familiar territory of home and strike out for the frontier. Historians have written that many of the characteristics we are proudest to call “American” were shaped by the frontier environment of our ancestors. Many children and young people today expect and anticipate that they will five and work in space. We can be confident that they will be fully as capable of taming that new frontier environment as were our ancestors who built America. The space frontier will be viewed by the financial and business communities in the same way that other investment opportunities are viewed. For any space products or services similar questions will be raised: How big are the markets? Are they stable and predictable, or vulnerable to arbitrary decisions by our own or other governments? What is the competition? Is that competition bound by the same rules that bind U.S. business, or will American companies be playing against a stacked deck? What are the technical and financial risks? What are the investments required? How much will delayed returns be devalued? What incentives can be provided to reduce investment risks in the event that potential financial backers perceive them as too high? Is the payback great enough to provide, as venture capital sources may require, a five-fold return on investment when returns are three or four years away? These are all difficult questions. None can be answered by NASA or other Government agencies; they fall within the province of the entrepreneur. Government agencies are well suited to the development of enabling technologies, however. As the history of the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) in the 1930s showed, participation by industry can help Government select productive technologies. Although the Government continues to be the primary source of funding for space technology advances, a small but growing and cost-effective infusion of private investment will be attracted if new financial mechanisms are established to overcome the high barriers of risk and delay that are endemic to space enterprises. The payoff for the United States from the development of such financial mechanisms is potentially very great, because the private sector has a keen “nose” for cost effectiveness, and the United States must maintain, for economic, social,. and political reasons, its leadership in the commercial application of space science and technology. It is worth recalling that the “joint stock company,” now the basis for most world commerce, was originally invented four centuries ago during the Age of Discovery to solve similar problems of high risks and delayed returns that were characteristic of early attempts to obtain value from the resources of the East Indies and the New World of the Americas. The Hudson Bay Company is still operating on the Canadian frontier. Some of the largest corporations in the United States are involved in private satellite communications activities, exploiting a mature space technology with well-defined risks. Start-up firms are beginning to invest in developing their own space transportation, remote sensing, and microgravity materials processing systems. If current trends continue, the potential will exist for a wide array of privately financed space activities by the late 1990s. The United States should encourage these trends by maintaining an aggressive science and technology program to bolster U.S. competitiveness, by developing creative partnerships with the private sector that emphasize joint research programs and timely procurement practices, by ensuring that domestic and international regulatory approvals and other essential governmental decisions are processed rapidly, by transferring Government activities to the private sector wherever possible, and by striving to open international markets to U.S. space goods and services. As the U.S. space program advances from Earth orbit to the Moon and then on to the planets, opportunities for the private sector will increase markedly. Like the early settlers who took advantage of wilderness forts to open the American West, we believe the private sector can make productive use of space infrastructure established by the Government. At present, private space activities are limited to four general categories: satellite communications, space transportation, remote sensing, and microgravity materials processing. As we look forward to the 21st century, a broader definition of space enterprise will emerge. In the world of 2035, three categories of space enterprise will exist: supporting industries on Earth, space industries with markets on Earth, and space industries with markets in space. Supporting Industries on Earth In coming decades, privately owned and operated space vehicles may be departing on frequent flights from each of several terrestrial launch facilities to orbiting space stations and factories. The Earth launch facility will become a hub of private sector activity similar to that at today’s major international airports. A full range of commercial services will be available to support launch operations. As a result of the operational rather than research nature of future space vehicles, only small crews of specialized technicians will be required to support their launch and in-orbit operations. These services, along with vehicle maintenance and repair, may be performed by the companies that operate them. Other services and products like propellants, communications, and tracking may be provided by supporting industries. The same companies that operate and supply the “Orient Express” intercontinental aerospace plane may be the companies that operate and supply Earth-to-orbit transportation using these vehicles. Educational and recreational visits to space are likely to develop as an offshoot of the space transportation industry. The need to work in space by scientists, educators, private commercial developers, and their technicians will make the public aware of the accessibility of space, just as the early barnstormers made flight available to the public. This, and greatly reduced costs, will open the way for a full-fledged Earth-to-orbit passenger travel industry based on vehicles with higher passenger volumes, a range of amenities, and mature safety features. The number of such trips over the next 50 years is difficult to project, but the public displays a high degree of interest in space travel. Early visits will involve transportation to and from space stations or orbital trips of a few hours for observation of Earth and the heavens, eventually leading to the construction of educational, recreational, and resort facilities by private industry. In addition to large industries based on space technologies, it is important to consider more diverse individual endeavors. Many people from non-aerospace fields are turning to space as a career. In the 21st century, young professionals will view space as a new arena in which to develop their careers. Space doctors and medical researchers will be challenged by the Physiological effects of prolonged weightlessness on the human body. Researchers in the interactive human sciences will study human adaptation to alien worlds and environments. Space architects, environmental engineers, and human factors engineers will join together to design remote living and working quarters. Virtually every trade and discipline will be involved in space endeavors, from obstetrics to insurance. Launch insurance is an extremely serious problem now. U.S. launch service companies using current vehicles may have to compete with foreign launch services that offer Government-backed launch insurance. In the long run, we feel that the best solution to this problem lies ‘in developing launch vehicles to a high degree of reliability. Space Industries with Markets on Earth As the viewpoint for observation or radio transmission moves farther away from Earth, more of the planet’s surface can be covered. For those Earth businesses such as television broadcasting, which must reach a large audience, a viewpoint in space has important advantages. The first space enterprise to reach economic viability was satellite communications. Most communication satellites are in geostationary orbit, the position where their orbital rotation equals the rotation rate of Earth. In that orbit they seem to lock into position over one equatorial spot from which they can relay electronic messages from one point on Earth to another, including telephone calls, electronic mail, and television broadcasts. Future developments in space-based communications and information systems will continue to revolutionize our daily lives at home and at work. The large backyard communications dishes of the 1980s will give way to small unobtrusive antennas. Space communications and direct broadcast equipment, which we already take for granted in the 1980s, will be augmented by electronic mail and miniature navigational terminals relatively soon. Within the next few years it will become possible to equip a car, boat, or airplane with a receiver and a display to pinpoint its exact location by satellite, allowing the provision of navigation, collision warning, fleet dispatch, emergency location, and two-way communications via satellite. These services can even be provided to small hand-held terminals powered by penlight batteries. In addition to using generally available communication, information, and entertainment services, 21st-century companies will be important consumers of specialized products and services. Product researchers in corporate laboratories on Earth will be in constant contact with their colleagues in space as they jointly develop new products and manufacturing techniques. Companies will own specialized terminals to control the behavior of remote factories and experiments hundreds of miles overhead. Businesses will use advanced video and teleconferencing equipment in their offices to conduct video meetings with employees or customers on Earth and in space. Another space industry currently in the early stages of development is remote sensing from Earth-orbiting satellites. These satellites produce images of Earth as seen from orbit with state-of-the-art cameras, radars, and other special sensors. From the vantage point of space, they facilitate the observation and management of crops, mineral resources, demographic patterns, forests, fisheries, pollution, water resources, and other terrestrial activities. The United States is not alone in realizing the potential of remote sensing. International competition in the business of selling specially-tailored remotely sensed data to customers is developing rapidly. The major contender is now the French SPOT program. In the future, remote sensing technologies will enhance our ability to produce specialized maps, manage forest reserves, fight pollution, manage natural resources, forecast potentially destructive natural phenomena, and prospect for minerals. In doing so, new industries will be created to manage, process, market, and distribute products yielded from satellite remote sensing. Because of the exciting benefits already demonstrated but not yet fully realized from this technique, the Commission believes that the cognizant Federal agencies must assume the responsibility of maintaining a U.S. civilian remote sensing satellite system by public or private means, or some combination thereof it is essential that the U.S. scientific and business communities have access to the data base of such a system and not be dependent upon foreign remote sensing operations. The Commission therefore recommends that: The United States maintain and improve this country’s civilian Landsat remote sensing system (See sidebar Remote Sensing and the Private Sector). The Commission is impressed with the power of a close partnership among Government, academia, and industry. In the case of remote sensing, the EOSAT Corporation represents a new private enterprise approach to managing the Nation’s civilian remote sensing operation. We strongly believe, however, that America’s success in this competitive arena will require continuing Government and academic support. We therefore recommend, that NASA and NOAA continue a strong research and development program in the field of remote sensing and that their budgets include funds for establishing five university centers to promote and support academic research in this critical field. This support should encompass providing modem image analysis systems to develop new software, funding research projects to improve remote sensing systems, and establishing fellowships to encourage graduate students to enter the field. Other Potential Industries A third potential civilian growth industry, space-based navigation, will develop in the late 1980s and 1990s. In our highly mobile society, space-based navigation could be utilized by millions of travelers. It is possible that the growth rate of this industry will be limited only by price, product planning, and competition. The concept is a departure from the model of Government-funded technology and demonstrations preceding and leading to “commercialization.” Today, while the Department of Defense is developing the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System of navigation satellites, commercial efforts are proceeding with entirely different system concepts, although the underlying principles are similar. These early industries will be aided by advances in space transportation technology and on-orbit servicing, which will provide new options for advanced, more cost-effective designs for space hardware. It is difficult to determine today the direction that future orbital facility design may take. It is widely believed, however, that the ultimate configuration win consist of large platforms in orbit, of modular design to simplify maintenance, and with increased power to reduce the size of ground terminals. In addition to communication, information, and navigation, which are virtual certainties for commercial growth, space may offer advantages for manufacturing unique new products. For example, some alloys cannot be produced on Earth because one metal is heavier than the other and gravity causes separation into two layers. These alloys could be manufactured in space, however, because the effects of gravity are reduced there a millionfold. Controlled gas bubbles could be dispersed throughout a heavy metal to produce a new or fight weight material, or other new techniques developed. The future products of microgravity manufacturing are still difficult to visualize, but many ideas exist. High transportation costs may limit the opportunities to low volume, low weight, high value products initially, like drugs and pharmaceutical products, high-performance electronic chips, new composites and specialty alloys, and similar products. A strong interest exists in the materials community for research and development using microgravity, but little space research has been focused on the development of commercial products. As a result, there is only a small data base of research results available to private companies. This will change as large corporations intensify their space research investment programs and as NASA and the private sector work together to make the space station effective as a research site. The ideal space enterprise would have a stable, predictable, very large market on Earth, a potential for export sales, and once established, would not be dependent on Earth-to-orbit transportation costs to generate continuing revenues. The commercial satellite communications industry satisfies all those conditions except the first; its potential market size of several billion dollars per year is not large enough to make a substantial impact on the U.S. Gross National Product. One highly speculative space enterprise would, if technically and economically feasible, satisfy all of the ideal conditions, including large market size. This enterprise would provide electric energy for Earth from satellites intercepting solar energy in geostationary orbit. The total market for electricity, at the prices now common for coal or nuclear power plants, is on the order of $400 billion per year worldwide. Capturing such a market would make a substantial impact on the U.S. GNP and balance of payments. The basic concept of solar power satellites was studied in the 1970s. Space technologies that will become available within the next 20 years offer the potential to make these systems less difficult to achieve in the 2lst century. These include improved space transportation systems, the use of lunar materials from the top of Earth’s gravity well, and advanced robotics and tele-operation. There would, of course, be competition; the largest conference so far held on solar power satellites was held in Japan. The Soviet Union has announced the goal of building the first solar power satellite to supply energy to Earth in the 1990s. We feel that the United States would have sufficient technological skills and leadership to be able to dominate such a market if it develops, provided that U.S. research efforts continue. From an environmental viewpoint, we suspect that the continued dumping of fossil fuel emissions into the atmosphere (particularly carbon dioxide) may have significant effects on Earth’s biosphere. If so, nuclear power and solar power satellites would become economic competitors. It is far too early to predict that solar power satellites can undersell nuclear power, but the possibility is significant enough that we endorse a strong continuing program of research. Space Business with Markets in Space Sometime in the next decades, space business will begin cutting its umbilical cord with Earth. The process may begin on a small scale, for example, with the production of lunar derived oxygen to reduce the costs of operating chemical rockets beyond low Earth orbit. It win come to fruition when the first self-sustaining economy is established free of dependence on Earth for agricultural or principal industrial products. The transmission of information and entertainment, and the sale of small, complex high-value products, will link Earth to the space economies long beyond that time. As we have noted, the Solar System is rich in raw materials, and we anticipate the eventual practicability of mining the Moon, asteroids, and the moons of Mars. This can provide future profitable opportunities for private enterprise. Non—terrestrial materials are attractive for use in space because on Earth we stand at the bottom of a gravity well 4,000 miles deep (See sidebar Earth’s Gravity Well). If historical precedents for mining and materials purification are followed, the easiest and closest resources will be developed first, and the more sophisticated processing and distant sources developed later. The historical analog is terrestrial mining, in which minerals near the surface of the ground were used first, then deeper mines were dug. There is also a natural progression from simple processing of materials to more complex operations. In using materials found in space, at each stage of sophistication there will have to be a direct economic payback, if “enterprise” is to have real meaning. In addition to these natural resources, there is a potentially valuable artificial space resource that is now going to waste: the shuttle’s external tanks. At present, with each successful flight of a shuttle, an empty tank with mass greater than the full payload of the shuttle itself is brought to 99 percent of orbital speed and then discarded to bum up in the atmosphere. The shuttle fleet’s flight schedule suggests that over a 10—year period about 10,000 tons of that tankage will be brought almost to orbit and then discarded. At standard shuttle rates, it would cost about $35 billion to lift that mass to orbit. There are reasonable arguments, involving potential hazards and the costs of maintaining tanks in orbit over time, against saving this resource, but we feel that so great a resource cannot be ignored, and Propose that a new look be taken. We cannot set limits now on what uses could be made of shuttle tanks in orbit; ingenuity and the profit motive might produce useful ideas. One obvious use is as shielding against radiation; another possibility is mass for tether anchoring. We therefore recommend that: The potential value, risks, and costs of stockpiling shuttle external tanks in orbit be reviewed again in light of increased orbital activities to determine whether preserving a large tonnage of fabricated aluminum, steel, and other materials is desirable in the next 10 to 15 years. Thanks to the priceless legacy of Apollo, we already know a great deal about the nearest source of materials on the “high ground” beyond Earth. The Moon is our partner in gravitational lock. To reach it we need no “launch opportunities”—it is always there waiting for us. Here, in rough order from the simplest and earliest to the most distant and complex, is one possible progression in our use of the lunar resources: first raw lunar soil, for shielding against radiation and as propellant for mass-driver engines in space; then oxygen for rocket propellant, as the main constituent of water and our “breath of life”; next raw lunar glasses, treated physically and thermally to become strong composites for structures; next iron, to be sintered (compressed in molds and heated) into precision products; and then Silicon, for solar cell power arrays. Hydrogen is in low concentration on the Apollo sites, but its relatively higher concentration in the fine-grained lunar soils may allow its extraction. If so, it will be used both as rocket fuel and as a constituent of water. Finally there will be the separation of lunar soils into the full range of elements useful for industrial manufacturing and construction. Apollo astronauts were the first prospectors of another world, All of the common elements they found on the Moon turn out to be useful. Oxygen is about 40 percent by weight in the lunar soils. Some have called the Moon a “tank farm in space” for that reason. Lunar oxygen solves 6/7ths of the problem of getting propellants from the top rather than the bottom of Earth’s gravity well; our best rocket engines bum six pounds of oxygen for each pound of hydrogen they consume. When lunar oxygen is available for transfer vehicles operating to the Moon, the situation will be much like that of 19th-century railroad locomotives and steamships—”transfer vehicles” which refueled with local wood and water. Next after oxygen, in order of richness in the lunar soils, is silicon, the “power element” useful for building solar energy ways. The lunar surface soils are 20 percent silicon. Fortunately, techniques have now been developed on Earth for producing large solar arrays at low cost by the automated manufacture of thin films of amorphous silicon. Ranking behind silicon in abundance on the Moon are calcium and a number of metals. The ratios between various metals depend on the site (Mare, Highland, or other), but typical values are 14 percent aluminum and 4 percent iron, with smaller percentages of titanium, manganese, magnesium, and chromium. Iron is abundant at every Apollo landing site. Much of it is in the form of fine powder deposited by meteorite bombardment over millions of years. Relatively pure metallic iron can, therefore, be readily recovered by simple magnetic separation of fine-grained lunar soils passing on a conveyor belt. The technology of powdered-iron metallurgy is wen developed on Earth, where it is used regularly to manufacture strong, high-precision machinery parts such as gears. It lends itself well to automated manufacturing. Hydrogen is in very low concentration in the bulk lunar soils, but as noted earlier, it is in higher concentration in the lunar “fines” (the portion of the bulk soil that passes through small-mesh sieves). The higher concentration of hydrogen was deposited in the lunar fines by millions of years of bombardment by the solar wind. Physical separation to concentrate the fines requires very little energy; heating the fines then releases small but usable amounts of hydrogen. For higher concentrations of hydrogen, and for carbon and nitrogen, we need to discover the lunar equivalent of Earth’s concentrated ore deposits, if they exist. As noted previously, such deposits are most likely to be found in frigid craters, never exposed to sunlight, near the lunar North and South Poles. The elements found on the Moon and on other bodies in space are familiar, but relatively little of our industrial experience on Earth is applicable to separating them from the lunar minerals in which they are found. To extract oxygen, several processes, both electrolytic and chemical, have been studied in the laboratory. The early results are promising enough to suggest that even a modest program of development would lead to satisfactory processes for oxygen extraction. We therefore recommend: A continuing program to test, optimize, and demonstrate chemical engineering methods for separating materials found in space into pure elements suitable as raw materials for propellants and for manufacturing. Studies should also be carried out to allow choices to be made of the most cost-effective power sources for these processes at various locations in space and on selected bodies of the inner Solar System. The surface soils of the Moon and of many asteroids are mainly glass. Recent research indicates that those materials can be processed into structural composites—fibers in a softer matrix, analogous to fiberglass—without the need for chemical separation. Such processing would require far less energy than chemical separation processes for aluminum, titanium, or magnesium. We therefore also recommend: Research to pioneer the use, in construction and manufacturing, of space materials that do not require chemical separation, for example, lunar glasses and metallic iron concentrated in the lunar fines. The Moon is not the only attractive site for extraterrestrial mining. Of all the material that could be found in space, the easiest to recover would be asteroids trapped in Earth’s orbit around the Sun as discussed previously, but we do not yet know whether they, exist. The next most accessible mineral lodes in space are probably the Earth-crossing asteroids. We know far less about the composition of those asteroids than we do about the soils of the Moon’s equatorial region, but their reflected sunlight at different wavelengths leads us to suspect that many are stony or metallic. The most valuable would be the few thought to contain large amounts of carbon and hydrogen. Phobos and Deimos are potential material resources of particular interest to resupply missions to Mars. orbit or to the planetary surface. Tantalizing glimpses of the Martian moons were transtnitted back to us from NASA’s Viking spacecraft. The two moons seem to be quite different in composition, and Phobos, the larger, appears to be rich in water, carbon, and nitrogen. If so, there is an orbiting fuel depot just 6,000 miles above the red planet to top off the hydrogen and oxygen tanks of visiting spacecraft. Main belt asteroids, in orbits between Mars and Jupiter, contain a rich variety of material, much of it carbonaceous. The largest asteroid, Ceres, appears to be abundant in life supporting elements as judged by reflection spectra. A total of 3,200 main belt asteroids have been catalogued so far. In the long run, the abundance of material in the main asteroid belt is enough to support a civilization many thousands of times larger than Earth’s population. Those resources are so distant in miles and in energy that we have no economic drive to begin using them within the next few decades—but it is good to know that they are there waiting for our descendants in future centuries. The best locations for processing materials into useful end products to be used in space will be dictated not by our present imperfect guesses, but by the hard economic facts of resource locations, transport costs, energy sources, and points of utilization. Some processing might be done better in high orbit than on planetary surfaces. One reason is that solar energy for processing is at best only a half-time resource on any moon or planet because of the day/night cycle. By contrast, solar energy is abundant and available full-time in high orbit. Another reason is that the energy required to lift materials into orbit from a body even as massive as the Moon is less than the energy required to process most materials. Since planetary surfaces are resource rich, but energy poor, low-energy processes like making composites out of indigenous glass, or extracting powdered iron magnetically, are particularly suitable for end products to be used there. Exponential Growth of Industry In successful frontier nations like the United States, Canada, and Australia, both industry and agriculture began from imported “seeds.” They grew exponentially in a “culture medium” rich in energy and materials, guided by the hard work and creative intelligence of the pioneers. Space is a similarly rich culture medium. That suggests an economical way to develop large-scale industry in space without lifting massive quantities of equipment from Earth; we call it “bootstrapping.” Robotic factories, so advanced as to operate for one or two shifts out of three without human attendance, have been in successful operation on Earth for more than five years. One of the earliest was a Japanese factory located near Mt. Fuji. Significantly, the factory produces components for the robots that “man” the factory. That profitable plant requires a human workforce to carry out maintenance on one shift, but except for that it comes dose to realizing John von Neumann’s dream of self-replicating industrial systems (See sidebar Self-Replicating Factories in Space). Other factories with the same degree of autonomous operation are now operating, most of them in Japan or the United States. For exponential growth from an industrial seed in space, we believe that three basic principles will apply: (1) Replicate the same designs, as in mass production, rather than developing a complex machine and then only building a few; (2) Don’t try for 100 percent self-replication; it is enough to use local materials for the heavy, simple, repetitive components of production machinery. Small, complex, labor-intensive items like computers and precision machine tool components weigh very little. Transport costs for them do not add significantly to the total budget because those components represent only a small percentage of the total mass required; and (3) Wherever practical, use tele-operation from Earth to control and guide production, maintenance, and transport. Because of signal travel times, tele-operation is practical in the Earth-Moon system, but not far beyond. Several basic components are needed for industrial growth in space; a “transporting machine,” a “processing machine” to convert raw materials into useful form, and a “job shop” capable of building heavy, simple, repetitive components of more “transporting machines,” ” processing machines,” and “job shops.” In the highly competitive world of the 1990s and beyond, when no single nation will retain any monopoly on access to space, the winning opportunities will be those that can be developed most rapidly at lowest cost. Bootstrapping is almost surely a way to keep competitive. Private industry is driven by its needs for return on investment to find opportunities for the fastest return. In a new business venture perceived by the financial community to be of high investment risk, future returns may be devalued by 50 percent or more for each year of interval between investment and returns. A venture which required five years from investment to returns must, in those conditions, be able to demonstrate future returns more than seven times the needed investment capital to get started at all. That financial reality means that in practice, new business ventures can best achieve success by assembling technological building blocks industrially available at that time in novel ways rather than by investing in wholly new technologies. Such new ventures must carefully protect their proprietary rights, usually including patent protection. If protection for their contributions cannot be obtained, their financing sources will dry up. Making productive use of cast-off shuttle tankage in orbit or supplying lunar oxygen, hydrogen, or shielding materials could Provide future opportunities for entrepreneurial companies or for entrepreneurial divisions within large companies. They can do so only when the basic elements of space transportation to low orbit, and beyond to the Moon, have been developed to a reliable level under Government sponsorship. The financial scale of new ventures has severe limits. Today a start-up requiring $10 million is large, a venture requiring $25 million is very large, and a new venture requiring over $50 million is so nearly impossible that there have been only two successful examples during the past 15 years. Yet, entrepreneurial drive tends to be found in just the small companies that face these odds and must work within such comparatively tiny resources. These realistic limitations give us a useful insight into the new business ventures that are likely to succeed in space. They will probably make heavy use of existing robotic technology. They are almost certain to use tele-operation to reduce costs and liability. They will depend, if they are to be successful, on ingenious new short-cuts to reach their goals. They will, if they happen at all, happen quickly. And if they are successful, they will grow rapidly, draw imitators, serve as models for later ventures, and provide material for 21st-century business school textbooks. Every success will make it easier for future ventures to obtain financing; failures will reduce the chances for subsequent ventures. To reduce the risks to a level that will allow new ventures to attract investors, the Government could serve as a “pump-primer” as it did in the days of the early air mail contracts. NASA would gain substantially by reducing its costs for space operations, if through contracts for lunar materials or space services it drew in the talents of companies with entrepreneurial talents. NASA has developed, and is now providing, a financial mechanism called the Modified Launch Services Agreement, which is effective in assisting the start-up of new space ventures without becoming a drain on Federal funds. In this Agreement, launch services are provided to the leading entrant in new commercial space services, and payments are deferred to a period following launch. We recommend that: The NASA Modified Launch Services Agreement be extended, as space operations grow, to include interorbit transport services, base camp support services, and other services as appropriate.
Trees play an important role in any community. They provide shade, generate oxygen, stabilize the soil and provide a habitat for birds and wildlife. They're also aesthetically pleasing, providing a welcome green and living element as well as seasonal displays of blossoms or colorful foliage. Unfortunately, trees require regular maintenance and occasionally removal as they grow, sicken and eventually die. That maintenance is the work of arborists, also referred to as tree trimmers or tree surgeons. There is no formal licensing requirement for arborists, but several organizations offer training or certification. Maintaining trees in a safe and healthy condition is one of the arborist's chief duties. Trees frequently need trimming because their branches threaten phone lines or pose a danger to houses or pedestrians. In landscaping situations, they're also trimmed for aesthetic purposes. Many arborists are trained to diagnose illnesses, fungal infections or insect pests, and to treat them. When a tree can't be saved, the arborist plans and executes its safe removal. Some arborists offer consulting services to landscapers or private citizens, helping select and position appropriate trees for a given property. The International Society of Arboriculture (ISA) administers a respected certification program for arborists. The ISA Certified Arborist credential is available to candidates with at least three years of full-time experience in the field; an associate's degree in arboriculture and two years of experience; or a bachelor's degree and one year of experience. Candidates must pass a certification exam. A certified arborist can qualify as a Board-Certified Master Arborist through several combinations of university education, work experience and accredited continuing education, and then passing a certification exam. The ISA also offers specialized certifications including tree climbing, aerial lifts and utilities-related tree trimming. The American Society of Consulting Arborists (ASCA) administers the Registered Consulting Arborist credential, for arborists whose ambitions go beyond simple tree trimming. Consulting arborists offer a variety of services, including landscape planning, tree preservation, damage assessment and expert-witness testimony in civil or criminal lawsuits that involve trees. Candidates must be members of the ASCA and attend the organization's intensive four-day ASCA Consulting Academy training program. To be eligible for the Registered Consulting Arborist credential, candidates are required to earn 420 education credits through any combination of university degrees, ASCA-approved continuing-education activities or ISA certifications. Qualified applicants will be sent a test in the form of a consulting scenario. They complete a report and return it to the ASCA for evaluation. Tree Care Industry Association The Tree Care Industry Association (TCIA) provides a range of training and educational materials to its members. Tree Care Academy is a series of training materials for arborist companies to utilize in their in-house training. After completing the full series, new employees will have the knowledge necessary to work safely in their new profession. The TCIA also offers specialized training programs in tree care safety, electrical hazards, aerial rescue and the ANSI 300 standards for tree care. - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: Occupational Outlook Handbook -- Grounds Maintenance Workers - International Society of Arboriculture: Taking an ISA Certification Exam - International Society of Arboriculture: ISA Certified Arborist Handbook/Application - International Society of Arboriculture: ISA Board Certified Master Arborist Handbook/Application - American Society of Consulting Arborists: Registered Consulting Arborist - American Society of Consulting Arborists: Registered Consulting Arborist Application - Tree Care Industry Association: Training - Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images News/Getty Images
\|> Other English exercises on the same topics: Adjectives \| Speaking \| Pronouns [Change theme]\| \|> Similar tests: - Vocabulary: greeting people - Comparative of superiority - Order of adjectives - Adjective and preposition - Superlative + and adjective - Adjectives-ing and ed - On the phone - Interacting with someone\| \|> Double-click on words you don't understand\| Other - The others - Another 1) OTHER: when it is an adjective, it is placed in front of a noun, and, of course, (like all other adjectives !)it is never in the plural. ex: No thank you ! I don’t want this book; I’d like the other book, the red one! ex: In no other place than here could you express such a shocking statement! - When it is an adjective, other is placed before numbers: ex: The first day after the operation was quite difficult, the other two were a little less painful. 2) THE OTHER: is preceded by the definite article : it's a pronoun which is treated like a noun. You must put an – s in the plural. - in the singular : ex: The One ... The other ex: She has two kids: one is a dentist, the other is a surgeon. - in the plural : ex: Some ... (the) other/s ex: During the party, some were talking, others were dancing. 3) ANOTHER: (=* AN+OTHER)=> always written in a single word (and ... never preceded by‘an’… …) - is often followed by an uncountable in the singular. ‘another + the singular = '*an other' ... ex: Would you like another piece of cake? - Another is sometimes followed by a noun in the plural preceded by a number or by ‘few’. ex: I’d like to stay another few weeks… Choose the right answers in the exercise. English exercise "Other - The others - Another" created by here4u with The test builder Click here to see the current stats of this English test Please log in to save your progress. End of the free exercise to learn English: Other - The others - Another A free English exercise to learn English. Other English exercises on the same topics : Adjectives \| Speaking \| Pronouns \| All our lessons and exercises
With cyber-attacks increasing across the world, so does the demand for cyber-security jobs. In an uncertain world, hackers are outpacing government and corporate defences, and one of the main reasons is poor cybersecurity. The global cybersecurity skills shortage has left many companies and nations vulnerable to attacks. A reported 86% of global business and IT professionals believe there is a shortage of cybersecurity professionals. These are the conclusions of the 2015 Global Cybersecurity Status Report by the ISACA. The global shortage has created an immediate risk to corporations and governments, many of whom are vulnerable to hacking because of their inadequate defences. Unsurprisingly, hackers are deliberately targeting organisations who don’t have the cyber professionals to keep them safe. Cyber skills shortage From Singapore to San Francisco, there are currently not enough candidates with the cyber skills to keep our economies safe from hackers. An Intel Security report revealed that 82% of eight major economies have complained of a cybersecurity skills shortage. In response to the cyber skills crisis, there is a growing demand for candidates who can oversee intrusion detection, secure software development, and attack mitigation. With the current skills shortage unlikely to be reversed anytime soon, the demand for cybersecurity professionals is expected to grow by 53% by 2018. The global financial sector has been looking to increase their cybersecurity apparatus for years now, with banks three times more likely to be targeted by hackers than non-financial institutions. According to Intel Security, five banks alone have spent more than $1.5 billion on cybersecurity. The financial sector spends more on cybersecurity products and services than any other private sector industry, and this boom will only increase the demand for more security engineers and analysts. Peter Kelly, Senior Principal at Computer Futures: Cybersecurity is obviously an immediate threat to all businesses, of all shapes and sizes. This immediacy to act before it is too late has seen an increased demand for security professionals with our customers and is growing on a weekly basis across the globe, where Computer Futures has expanded its cyberSecurity offering to supply Europe, America, Japan and Singapore. The main issue we are finding is that there is a lack of experienced cybersecurity professionals on the market to fill pivotal roles and current students studying the necessary qualifications will not get the relevant experience to be qualified and considered for such roles, for a few more years. This is why we are working with educational and professional bodies to help alleviate the skills shortages in these business critical roles. According to Peninsula Press analysis of the US Bureau of Labor statistics, more than 209,000 cybersecurity jobs in the United States are currently vacant, and job adverts have risen by 74% in the past five years. In short, the cybersecurity market job market is booming, and recruiters have a lucrative opportunity to place candidates, if they can find them. The growing demand for cyber experts is ensuring that information security is one of the best paid jobs in the US. Cybersecurity jobs in the United States pay an average of $6,500 more than other IT professions. The premium for technical skills in this field is currently valued higher than management and communication ability. Recruiters who can successfully place candidates in this field will be handsomely rewarded. In the United States, the highest paying cybersecurity job for a lead software engineer is $233k per year. This is nearly $8,000 more annually than a chief information security officer (CISO) salary, which has traditionally been a role with far greater managerial responsibilities. With the low number of cybersecurity candidates, the top five average salaries in the US currently ranges from $178k to $233k and demand is expected to grow well into the 2020s. Such is the cybersecurity skills scarcity, the value of salaries in Western economies has grown by at least 2.7 times the average wage. Will demand drop in future? There is no evidence to suggest the cybersecurity market will slow down anytime soon. Cyberattacks are becoming more prevalent and harmful, and no organisation will ever be immune to attacks. With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), the potential for hackers to infiltrate and disrupt organisations will only further increase the demand for cybersecurity. Recruiters therefore have a huge opportunity to search and place candidates in cybersecurity roles. Cybersecurity recruitment is going to be the first line of defence, and to prevent attacks, you need a robust recruitment strategy – and for that, you need a specialist cybersecurity agency. Modis and Stott and May are two recruitment agencies specialising in this area. With experienced candidates in short supply, it will take a gifted recruiter to prize away a leading candidate from a big company. In response to the cyber skills shortage, Stott and May have their own in-house ‘Centre of Excellence’, where every consultant receives specialist training in cybersecurity. This centre helps ensure their staff can place highly skilled candidates that companies and organisations desperately need. Adam Hawkins, Managing Director, Modis; 2016 saw a shift within cybersecurity hiring. Traditional contract roles, such as Analysts & Penetration Testers, were still high on the demand scale but we saw a considerable increase in Corporate organisations moving away from hiring solely on a contract basis. Our clients are recognising the need for a consistent, long term security strategy; with many CROs and CIOs ensuring cybersecurity is a focused division within their organisations. This has resulted in a large increase in the demand of permanent cyber professionals from Analyst to Architect level. With permanent candidates demanding salaries of over 25% more than other skilled ICT professions due to the increasing skill shortage and the historic desire for cyber professionals to work on a contract basis. In 2017, the war for talent will be fierce; we only envisage the skills gap widening and the upward demand trend of permanent cyber roles continuing. Cybersecurity candidates can be found in IT departments, startups or even the military. For recruiters to place cybersecurity staff, they will need to develop a comprehensive network of contacts and resources to succeed. The United States in particular will have to fill 100,000s of cybersecurity roles over the next decade. To meet the demand, the recruitment options include cross-training existing IT staff and getting undergraduates into cybersecurity training courses, or importing candidates from other countries. With more universities, colleges and companies investing in this field, there has never been a more lucrative time for recruiters to source a cybersecurity candidate. Whatever solution recruiters embrace, there is no doubt that cybersecurity is a key battleground for all major companies, and reducing the skills gap will be a matter of critical importance in the months and years ahead.
After 365 days, the longest mission in project history, and amidst a throng of media from around the world, six crewmembers exited from their Mars simulation habitat on slopes of Mauna Loa on the Big Island on Aug. 28, as reported by the University of Hawai‘i. The crew lived in isolation in a geodesic dome set in a Mars-like environment at approximately 8,200 feet above sea level as part of UH Mānoa’s fourth Hawaiʻi Space Eploration Analog and Simulation, or HI-SEAS, project. “HI-SEAS is an example of international collaborative research hosted and run by the University of Hawaiʻi,” said UH Mānoa Professor Kim Binsted, HI-SEAS’ principal investigator. “Its really exciting to be able to welcome the crew back to Earth and back to Hawaiʻi after a year on Mars.” Like the previous two missions, research over the past year focused on crewmember cohesion and performance. “The UH research going on up here is just super vital when it comes to picking crews, figuring out how people are going to actually work on different kinds of missions, and sort of the human factors element of space travel, colonization, whatever it is you are actually looking at,” said Tristan Bassingthwaighte, a doctor of architecture candidate at UH Mānoa. Bassingthwaighte served as the crew’s architect. “We’re proud to be helping NASA reduce or remove the barriers to long-duration space exploration,” said Binsted. Much of the media interest was generated by the foreign HI-SEAS crew members. “I can give you my personal impression which is that a mission to Mars in the close future is realistic. I think the techonological and psychological obstacles can be overcome,” said Cyprien Verseux, a French HI-SEAS crewmember. “Showing that it works, you can actually get water from the ground that is seemingly dry. It would work on Mars and the implication is that you would be able to get water on Mars from this little greenhouse construct,” said Christiane Heinicke, a German HI-SEAS crewmember. In 2015, NASA awarded HI-SEAS a third grant to keep the research project and its missions funded though 2019. These types of studies are essential for NASA to understand how teams of astronauts will perform on long-duration space exploration missions, such as those required for human travel to Mars. The studies will also allow researchers to recommend strategies for crew composition for such missions, and to determine how best to support such crews while they are working in space. UH’s Binsted is already recruiting for the next two missions scheduled to begin in 2017 and 2018 respectively.
How do you persuade teenagers and young adults to practice safe sex? Surprisingly, part of the answer may be found in the exact same place that many parents blame for sending irresponsible messages. Researchers at Ohio State University and the University of California, Santa Barbara, write in the most recent issue of the journal Human Communication Research that women between 18 and 25 are more likely to use birth control after watching a fictional TV drama than after watching a news report. The study was of 353 college undergraduates, half of whom were shown a public-service news program developed by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy and intended for forums like high-school health classes. It profiled actual teenage parents who discussed how difficult an unplanned pregnancy makes life as a young adult. The other half were shown an episode of “The OC,” in which the teenage characters Ryan and Theresa face those same consequences. Following up with the students two weeks later, the researchers found that young women “felt more vulnerable two weeks after watching the show, and this led to more support for using birth control.” “However,” they continued, “those who watched a news program detailing the difficulties caused by teen pregnancies were unmoved and had no change in their intentions to use birth control.” The young men, in contrast, appeared to have learned a different message from the same videos. “The news-format program had no effect on men’s safe-sex intentions two weeks later,” the authors reported, while “ two weeks after watching ‘The OC,’ men said they were actually less likely to follow birth-control practices than they did before they viewed the program.” Why the differences? The researchers theorize that women were more likely to enjoy shows like “The OC” and identify with the characters more than men were. Do you think a Jack Bauer-has-safe-sex story line might work?
Comet McNaught, one of the brightest comets in last few decades recently swept past the Sun, providing a beautiful show. Unfortunately, the comet was so low to the horizon that only viewers in the Southern hemisphere were able to see its brightest point. This low horizon view was a problem for Earth-based observatories as well. Many aren’t able to look down towards the horizon, which is murky anyway from atmospheric turbulence. The European Southern Observatory’s New Technology Telescope does have the ability to point down to the horizon, and was able to deliver this image of Comet McNaught’s nucleus. The photograph shows three spiral jets of material are pouring off the comet as it rotates. Astronomers were able to analyze the chemicals in these jets and determine which were present in the comet’s atmosphere. Remove All Ads on Universe Today Join our Patreon for as little as $3! Get the ad-free experience for life Original Source: ESO News Release
By Silke Klein at November 11 2018 15:36:20 However, get back to your child afterward to find out how far it has gone - math can be very frustrating, especially if the child lacks a strong foundation in the topic it is working on. Monitoring Comprehension - It is imperative that students learn to recognize when they are not obtaining meaning from a selected text. Students may read the selection fluently but gain no understanding from it. Students must learn what steps to take when reading for comprehension produces no results. These assignments are known to help people in their mathematical problems. They cater to people with problems right from the basic addition or subtraction to the complex algebra lessons and trigonometry problems. Especially, students are known to benefit tremendously from these online materials. Find the mistake: These activities are terrible for young kids. An example might be, cross out the word that doesn't begin with the right letter, or correct the misspelled word. I know, seems like common sense, but I've seen some teachers try to teach young children using these kind of word sheets which are just ridiculously confusing for young learners. As you can imagine, this can be a lot of fun, and before you know it students can forget they are learning math! What is more, teachers can also easily vary the game play, for example, by using different types of math problems, or perhaps even by asking members of the class to solve each problem before moving on to the next bingo call. The data you include in an Excel file can be formatted and manipulated in a variety of ways. Once you have read this article, you will have a better understanding of the structure of an Excel file and the most common types of data you can use. What do you mean by that? How will you know if you've arrived? A better goal statement is "I am going to lose 10 pounds, be able to do 50 push-ups without a break, and run 3 miles in under 25 minutes by my next birthday." No wiggle room there! You will know if you've succeeded or failed. And, assuming the targets are also appropriately challenging or significant, you will have a strong goal statement. Why do I want to achieve this goal? What are the benefits I'm seeking. This could be a very long list. Referring back to the fitness goal, you may want to look better at the beach, beat a friend in a race, improve your heart health or any number of other possibilities. The purpose of this step is to identify your deepest motivations, get them on paper, and refer to them as you progress towards your goal. Working in Groups : Group projects are tons of fun for students. It allows them to talk and discuss their answers with peers. If there is a worksheet assignment, for example, let the students work in groups of 3 or 4. Not only will they enjoy the change of pace, but they will also learn from each other. Group learning kills two birds with one stone. School Day Variety : No school day is fun if the routine is the same day in and day out. Change the schedule and add variety to your class. Students love to try new things. Have them complete worksheets one day, and the next day have an outdoor study session. Videos also make for wonderful variety. They allow students to take a break from the traditional school day. There is nothing like a little fun to get a child to learn. Incorporating fun into the school day not only makes you a great teacher, but also encourages knowledge comprehension. Teacher Printable Worksheets - A teacher and homeschooling resource for Kindergarten through Grade 6. Realize that children who are having difficulty with math dread math worksheets, which is reason why they procrastinate and do their homework at the last minute or after several reminds. Generating Questions - Students need to be aware of their own background schema and how it relates to the current reading selection. Students determine what they already know about the topic, what they need to know, then what they learned. By developing their own questions, students increase their active processing of text which results in increased comprehension.
Pronunciation: (i-fish'unt), [key] 1. performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort; having and using requisite knowledge, skill, and industry; competent; capable: a reliable, efficient secretary. 2. satisfactory and economical to use: Our new air conditioner is more efficient than our old one. 3. producing an effect, as a cause; causative. 4. utilizing a particular commodity or product with maximum efficiency (usually used in combination): a fuel-efficient engine. Random House Unabridged Dictionary, Copyright © 1997, by Random House, Inc., on Infoplease.
In order to more fully comprehend the complexities of Earth's interior, humanity has to dig deep--literally. To date, scientists have been able to bore a little over 12 kilometres deep, or about half the average depth of the Earth's crust. Why would researchers need to peer into deeper depths? Both to better understand how the earth formed and how the interior might have an effect on our life on the surface of the Earth today, such as by the magnitude and reversals of the Earth's magnetic field. However, experiments investigating materials at conditions deep in the Earth are challenging, meaning that to continue gaining insights into these phenomena, experimentalists must turn to modeling and simulation to support and complement their efforts. To that end, researchers at the University of Cologne's Institute for Geology and Mineralogy have turned to computing resources at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) to help better comprehend how materials behave in the extreme conditions below the surface of the Earth. The team, led by University of Cologne's Prof. Dr. Sandro Jahn and Dr. Clemens Prescher, has been using JSC's JUQUEEN supercomputer to simulate the structure of melts by studying silicate glasses as a model system for melts under ultra-high pressures. The team recently published its initial findings in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "Understanding properties of silicate melts and glasses at ultra-high pressure is crucial to understand how the Earth has formed in its infancy, where impacts of large asteroids led to a completely molten Earth," said Prescher. "In fact, all of the internal layered structure we know today was formed in such events." It's a glass When most people think of the word glass, they think of windows or bottles. Glass, however, is a term describing a wide range of non-crystal solids. Atoms in a solid can organize themselves in a variety of ways, and materials considered glasses have some of the more "chaotic" atomic structures possible in solids. A glass can also be seen as a frozen melt. Thus by understanding the properties of glasses at ultra-high pressures, researchers can gain insights into the melts' properties in the deep Earth's interior, providing a clearer view into the physical processes which made the Earth and might be still occurring today. Using a variety of geophysics measurements and laboratory experiments, researchers are capable of gaining some degree of insight into material properties under certain pressure conditions without actually being able to make direct observations. Enter supercomputing. As computing power has gotten stronger, geophysics researchers are able to complement and expand their studies of these inner-Earth processes through the use of numerical models. In the case of the University of Cologne researchers, they wanted to get a more detailed insight into the structure of the silicate glass than their experimental efforts were able to provide. The team utilized ab initio calculations of atoms' electronic structures and put these calculations in motion using molecular dynamics simulations. Ab initio calculations mean that researchers start with no assumptions in their mathematical models, making a simulation more computationally expensive but also more accurate. Due to having many calculations for each atom's structure and computationally demanding molecular dynamics calculations, the team keeps its simulations relatively small in scale--the team's largest runs typically have between 200-250 atoms in the simulation. This size allows the team to run simulations under a variety of different pressure and temperature combinations, ultimately allowing it to calculate a small but representative sample of material interactions under a variety of conditions. To test its model and lay the foundation for modeling increasingly complex material interactions, the team decided to simulate silicon dioxide (SiO2), a common, well-studied material, most well-known as the compound that forms quartz. Among silicate materials, SiO2 is a good candidate on which to base computational models--researchers already understand how its atomic structure patterns and material properties change under a variety of pressure conditions. The team chose to focus on a relatively simple, well-known material in order to expand the range of pressure it could simulate and attempt to validate the model with experimental data. Using JUQUEEN, the team was able to extend its investigation well beyond the experimentally achieved 172 Gigapascals, corresponding to 1.72 million times the Earth's atmospheric pressure, or roughly the amount of pressure the Eiffel Tower would apply by pressing down on the tip of a person's finger. The researchers also found that at high pressures, oxygen atoms are much more compressible than silicon atoms. The varying size ratio between the two leads to hugely different glass structures of SiO2 at low and at high pressures. By validating its model, the team feels confident that it can move on to more complex materials and interactions. Specifically, the team hopes to expand its investigations deeper into the realm of melts. Think of lava as a melt--molten rock erupts from below the earth's surface, rapidly cools when it reaches the surface, and may form obsidian, a glassy rock. In order to do more advanced simulations of melts, the team would like to be able to expand its simulations to account for a wider range of chemical processes as well as expand the number of atoms in a typical run. As JSC and the other two Gauss Centre for Supercomputing (GCS) facilities--the High-Performance Computing Center Stuttgart and the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre in Garching--install next-generation supercomputers, the team is confident that they will be able to gain even greater insight into the wide range of complex material interactions happening many kilometres below the surface. "A faster machine will enable us to simulate more complex melts and glasses, which is crucial to go from model systems, such as SiO2 glass in this study, to the real-world compositions we expect in the Earth's interior," Prescher said. Prescher also noted that JSC support staff helped the team work more efficiently by assisting with implementing the team's code. This type of support represents GCS' plans for the future. With the promise and opportunity connected to next-generation computing architectures, GCS centre leadership realizes that closer collaboration with users and application co-design will be a key component for ensuring researchers can efficiently solve bigger, more complex scientific problems. Whether studying deep in space among the stars or deep below the surface of the Earth, the collaboration between supercomputing centres and researchers will play an increasingly important role in solving the world's toughest scientific challenges. This research used Gauss Centre for Supercomputing resources based at the Jülich Supercomputing Centre.
Three hundred years ago, the British government had a major problem. The country had survived near bankruptcy under the Tudors but had found fortune on the high seas as it expanded its empire. But the risk of its ships, often through navigational mistakes, being lost remained painfully high. More than 1,500 sailors died when their vessels ran aground in the Scilly disaster of 1707. For centuries, navigators knew how to find their latitude from the position of the sun in the sky. But longitude was much more difficult because they had no way to tell the time accurately. The success of British commerce relied on an engineering breakthrough. But the solutions that came from established scientists were impractical and occasionally bizarre. Two renowned mathematicians proposed launching rockets from ships anchored across the ocean so passing vessels could estimate their distance from the explosions by comparing the flashes and the sound. Shortly afterwards, in 1714, Parliament decided it needed to seek help from further afield and set up the Longitude Prize: offering £20,000 to anyone who could design a more practical system. That meant designing a chronometer that could keep time on a ship being tossed around by ocean waves. The work took years but John Harrison, who had followed in his father’s footsteps as a carpenter used his long-time interest in clocks to come up with a design that could work reliably on board a ship. Though he never collected the full reward from the Longitude Board, by the start of the 19th Century, mariners came to depend on Harrison’s approach to timekeeping. And songs told of Britain ruling the waves. It is a testament to the way in which engineering ideas that change history can come from anywhere and why it is so important to encourage people to keep making things. Without Harrison’s practical curiosity in disassembling and then designing his own clocks, the longitude puzzle could have taken much longer to solve. Ideas can come from anywhere and can take just as long to become accepted as Harrison’s struggles with both manufacturing and the British government. Two centuries later, Hedy Lamarr worked as an actress. But in her spare time she was a keen inventor. She had no formal training but had been able to meet many scientists and technologists as she became famous for her roles in movies, initially in her native Austria and Europe and then Hollywood. During World War II she heard the enemy had quickly found a way to jam the steering commands sent to the radio-controlled torpedoes the US Navy had introduced. She worked out that the best way to deal with the jamming signal was to make the original signal much less predictable. George Antheil, a composer friend helped Lamarr develop a device that would let the signal hop across different frequencies, using a player-piano mechanism to provide the coding. Each mark on the piano roll moved to a new frequency, making it possible to encode the hopping in a way that would be very difficult for the enemy to predict and, as a result, jam. The invention gained a patent in 1942 but the US Navy refused to work with it. The organisation cited technical difficulties but was known for preferring to use only inventions from its own engineers. Half a century later, Lamarr’s idea of frequency hopping finally found a mainstream application as part of the Bluetooth standard. The protocol for personal area networks uses the concept of frequency hopping to avoid being inadvertently jammed by other competing signals in the heavily used unlicensed spectrum around 2.4GHz. Her work also influenced the direct-sequenced form of spread spectrum that is used in WiFi as well as the signals sent by Global Positioning Systems satellites – which need to avoid being jammed, like the torpedo commands, by hostile forces. So many years had passed since the original patent appeared that it took some time for Lamarr’s contribution to be recognised widely. But her reputation as a pioneering inventor is now secure. In contrast to Lamarr, Grace Murray Hopper had formal training in mathematics and the advantage of working for the US Navy when she developed a way to make computing much more efficient. But she worked in a part of the computing industry that its architects had deemed unimportant: software. British computer scientist and developer of the EDSAC Maurice Wilkes, later recalled how he had been surprised when trying to develop for the machine he had built in 1949: “It had not occurred to me that there was going to be any difficulty about getting programs working.” A century earlier, Ada Lovelace, another outsider with a keen interest in engineering, had seen the potential in programming a machine such as Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine. But it would take a revolution of ideas much later for her ideas to be recognised. To the first computing hardware engineers, a computer was human: someone who computed the answers to a difficult problem but who could turn to an automated system as one would today to a pocket calculator. So, the first programmers of electronic calculating machines were primarily women who were skilled mathematicians who could analyse each intermediate result and work on the next step. The idea of a stored-program computer formed quite slowly and it was the wife of computer architect John von Neumann, Klára Dán who developed the first software for it. But one of her fellow programmers, Betty Holberton, had to work hard to convince John von Neumann to give the machine a much-needed stop instruction. Hopper, through experience, was keenly aware of the problems that faced those writing software and saw the need to make programs easier to write and debug. But it took three years to convince the management of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, where she worked in the early 1950s, of the importance of creating a high-level language that used English words rather than obscure alphanumeric instruction codes. Eventually, she gained the opportunity to put the idea into practice but even then management thought compilers could only cope with simple arithmetic and not more complex concepts. She persevered and ultimately was able to pull together the team that would create Cobol, the first widely accepted high-level language. By the time Hopper became director of the US Navy’s Programming Languages Group in the late 1960s, software engineering had become the driving force of computing. And mainframes running programs written for another language, Fortran, were on the way to putting men on the Moon. Poised as we are at the beginning of the fourth industrial revolution, the role of the outsider in influencing the direction of the future of engineering is as important as it was when John Harrison was working before the start of the first industrial revolution, or when people such as Lamarr and Hopper worked on the concepts that ultimately drove the IT-powered third revolution. Inventors and makers provide vital input to the way technology is moving and that is one of the reasons why RS has put together History Makers – a series of light-hearted podcasts that bring the inventors of yesterday face to face with technology of today, from WiFi to 3D printing in a blast of jokes, facts, sketches and songs and which highlight how engineering has changed our lives. The History Makers podcasts are available to download from www.designspark.com, www.designspark.podbean.com and the iOS Podcast app by searching for
Autoimmune Disease Treatment Sydney Autoimmune diseases are a disorder where the immune system is in a constant hyperactive state, perceiving body tissues or organs as the undesirable enemy. Immune systems in such hyperactive state would pick on a body organ or tissue and try to destroy it. Express Healing naturally treats disorders with the immune system. Contact Express Healing to learn more about Autoimmune Disease Treatment Sydney wide. Examples of autoimmune disorders or diseases with an autoimmune component are: Crohn’s, Lupus, Diabetes, Endometriosis, Psoriasis, Ulcerative colitis, Myxodema, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson’s, Scleroderma, Fibromyalgia, Hashimotos, Grave’s, Allergies. Traditional naturopathic concept relates disease processes to poor immunity, diet, intestinal dysbiosis with absorption of toxins from the bowel, chronic infections, long standing low grade anxiety, poor liver function, and ‘lymphatic congestion’. Autoimmune disease framework treatment includes identification of causative factors in an individual patient, as much as is reasonably possible using: The case history – particularly looking for indications of problems in apparently unrelated systems or organs. Childhood illnesses, especially serious or atypical ones are relevant, as are previous surgery or accidents, recurrent or chronic illnesses especially respiratory tract, urinary tract and bowel problems or weaknesses. Diet is important because of 3 factors: - a bad diet contributes to intestinal dysbiosis - allergies and intolerances - imbalanced diets can contribute to autoimmunity e.g. high sugar, fat or protein. The cause of any given autoimmune disease will vary from patient to patient, so individualisation of the case is critical. The primary lesion and the sources of immune dysregulation should be identified as much as possible, a pursuit according to the defects identified. Your Autoimmune Disease Treatment Sydney Many doctors will prescribe prescription drugs, but alternative lupus treatments can also help fight symptoms of this debilitating disease. There are several natural treatment methods that may be helpful. Studies have found that fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids help aid in the improvement of some lupus symptoms such as inflammation. They can be taken in the form of supplements or obtained by eating certain foods. Some of the foods that contain fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids include flaxseed, salmon, tuna, halibut, sardines, mackerel, herring and walnuts. Fish oils help boost the immune system, protect the heart, decrease high blood pressure and help improve kidney function. The heart, blood pressure and kidneys are often affected by lupus. Vitamin A and E are very useful alternative lupus treatments because they are powerful antioxidants that attack free radicals and help prevent damage to the body’s cells. Also, vitamin E may help ease inflammation. Garlic supplements may help prevent high levels of cholesterol. B complex can be used to help eliminate stress, depression, anemia and heart disease. Calcium is another alternative lupus treatment that helps strengthen the bones and the functioning of the heart. Vitamin D helps absorb calcium in the body and boosts the immune system. In addition, vitamin D helps keep the bones healthy and strong and lowers the risk of osteoporosis which is common in those who have lupus. Several minerals can be effective alternative lupus treatments. The mineral selenium helps lessen inflammation, bolster the immune system and helps combat other lupus symptoms. Many lupus patients suffer from rashes and other skin irritations, and zinc helps promote healthy skin. Magnesium aids in the prevention of osteoporosis and is used to help patients feel relaxed. Green tea has a high level of antioxidants which helps to detoxify the system. To help reduce inflammation and joint pain, it is best for patients to drink two or three cups of organic green tea a day. Call Express healing for Autoimmune Disease Treatment Sydney today. In addition to vitamin, herbal and mineral supplements, acupuncture should be considered as an alternative treatment option. Many patients with this disease have found that acupuncture helps reduce stress and ease joint pain. Also, acupuncture helps circulate the blood. Regular exercise is also very beneficial for alleviating stress that is associated with this disease. Yoga is an excellent exercise for reducing stress. Before undergoing any of these alternative lupus treatments, it is highly recommended that a doctor or health care professional be consulted. Seek help now through our naturopath phone consultation service. In order to commence your autoimmune treatment Sydney, Contact Naturopath Alex Strand today for all allergies treatment Sydney wide! You can also talk to Naturopath Alex Strand via phone : more details here – Sydney and Melbourne.
Economics of Pricing October 28 - December 8, 2013 What drives costs? How do customers react to prices? What impacts do subsidies have? The course Economics of Pricing is designed to introduce engineers, lawyers, and other professionals to the conceptual framework for designing price structures in infrastructure industries. When implemented, these rate designs can promote efficiency and financial sustainability. In addition, the course will show how to minimize the efficiency impacts of cross-subsidies when several customers in separated markets are purchasing one or more products from a network. This foundational material will help decision-makers develop rate structures that promote financial sustainability, while encouraging efficiency and fairness. Participants built their foundation for difficult utility pricing decisions with our new online course Economics of Pricing. They learned from experts and exchanged experiences and best practices with peers through the latest in internet technology. At the conclusion of the course, participants were able to: Outline the principles of microeconomics as they apply to the pricing of infrastructure services Explain the economic foundations for prices that promote efficiency, as reflected in consumer valuations and producer opportunity costs Contrast pricing in competitive and monopolized markets Describe pricing techniques utilized in infrastructure industries, including price discrimination, multi-part pricing, peak-load pricing, and multi-product pricing Compare the strengths and limitations of different costing methodologies Evaluate the effectiveness of rate structures in achieving corporate and regulatory objectives
Taking care of your health can feel like a full-time job; trust me, I get it. Doctor’s appointments, medications, exercise, eating well and so forth. However, with all of this time and energy being put into your wellbeing, you are also investing into your brain’s future. Brain Health is a crucial piece of your everyday physical and mental health. We use our brain to problem-solve, make decisions, remember, communicate and more. The brain even controls things we don’t even know we think about, like breathing and walking. Unfortunately, the older we get, the harder the brain has to work to do these simple tasks, leaving us susceptible to life-altering conditions like Dementia and Alzheimer’s. Being that it is one of the most valuable organs in the human body, you’d think we would keep up with its health too! Since your brain controls your whole body, anything that benefits your physical health will then, in turn, benefit your brain. According to the World Federation of Neurology (WFN), there are 5 major areas that increasingly help your brain health as you get older. Some of them you may even be participating in already! Sleep: as you lay in bed, your brain is constantly working to consolidate information of the day. It stores memories, disposes of metabolic waste, and rejuvenates itself for the next day. The more uninterrupted sleep your get, the better your brain can work while you rest up. On average, 6 to 7 hours a night of restful sleep is what The WFN recommends. Environment: some things in your everyday life can also tremendously affecting your brain health. This can include toxins in food, water, and air, or even head trauma from extreme contact sports or repetitive injury. The environment around us can cause a harmful setting to our ever-growing brain cells, which can lead to neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental disorders, or even a stroke, according to the WFN. Diet: A well-balanced diet can do wonders for your brain, just as much as it can for your body. An unbalanced diet can cause stress on your brain, leading to oxidation of brain cells, according to healthybrains.org. “Food rich in antioxidants can help fend off the harmful effects of oxidation in your brain.” Access to Care: Keeping yourself in the loop and informed on your body can be extremely beneficial for your brain. Consistently going to your primary doctor, receiving care, and being exposed to preventative treatments will catch issues early and allow for proper treatment. Finally, the last key aspect to keeping your brain healthy is Exercise. I don’t just mean going to the gym and lifting weights. Of course, physical exercise is extremely beneficial to your brain, just as much as it is to your body. Consistent and regular exercise has proven to slow down age-related brain deterioration and maintain different cognitive abilities that normally decrease with age. It lowers your risk of vascular disease, high blood pressure, and even a stroke. Increasing blood flow to your brain provides additional nourishment and reduces potential dementia risk factors, according to the Alzheimer’s Association. Brain Training, or “working out” your brain, is also a highly beneficial way to positively influence your brain health. Friendly competition of different stimulating games can help you stay mentally and socially active. The WFN recommends crossword puzzles, Sudoku, and chess as logic-strengthening games that allow for mental exercise; and that can be done every day. Longer, and more mentally challenging activities such as learning something new, can be an effective way of “working out” your brain. According to the Alzheimer’s Association, “learning a new skill, adopting a new hobby, or engaging in formal education, may have short and long-term benefits for your brain. To keep your mind active, it is important to participate in activities that expose your mind to new topics.” Research on brain training and its direct effects in lowering the risks of cognitive deterioration are limited, but studies are ongoing. Be careful while researching brain training, as many commercial training packages and apps are available and claim to have results that are not proven yet. According to the Alzheimer’s Society, “People should be cautious if they find commercial packages that claim they can prevent or delay cognitive decline as the evidence for this is currently lacking.” Though it is unknown if some of these commercial brain training games have the effects they may say, many are still fun and do no harm.
WRITING GUIDELINES LESSON PLAN - One copy per student of the lesson Effective Business Writing: Guidelines to Follow (see below for printable lesson and worksheet) Teachers may either print out the lesson and have students read it themselves, and/or use the lesson for your own business skills lesson. Once you have properly prepared to start a writing project by thinking in more detail about the goals of your project and the audience your message is expected to reach, you are ready to write. Here are some guidelines to keep in mind throughout the writing process: 1. Be professional at all times. Lack of professionalism is one of the biggest mistakes people make in their business writing. Remember that your reputation depends on the effective delivery of your message. When you are writing, everything you say is documented, so make sure you are accurate and prepared to back-up what you say. Many employers track their employees’ communications, so maintaining professional communications at all times is imperative. Lesson Printable Materials - Print out the following pages for use with this lesson:
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. — The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory has been awarded nearly $3 million to build a novel kind of superconducting magnet that will break records for magnetic field strength, make possible new types of science and save vast amounts of energy and money. The magnet, funded by a National Science Foundation grant of $2 million and a matching award from The Florida State University of $1 million, is projected to generate a magnetic field of 32 tesla. (Tesla is the scientific unit of measure of magnetic field strength.) That is more than 3,000 times stronger than a typical refrigerator magnet, and about 45 percent more powerful than the strongest superconducting magnets available today. As impressive as that sounds, it is just the tip of the scientific iceberg. The material that will be used for this magnet, a type of high-temperature superconductor called yttrium barium copper oxide, or YBCO, promises to revolutionize research in high magnetic fields. Superconducting magnets have been powering hospital MRI machines for decades (at about 1 to 3 tesla) and are commonly used in high-field research. They are valuable in part because they are made with special superconducting materials that conduct electricity without any friction, and therefore use very little electricity. Non-superconducting electromagnets, called resistive magnets, consume massive amounts of electricity. At the magnet lab, the average cost to run a resistive magnet is $774 per hour – 40 times more than a 20-tesla superconducting magnet. One of the downsides to superconducting magnets is that the materials they are built with work only at temperatures so low that expensive cryogens, such as liquid helium, are needed to operate them. Also, traditional superconducting materials stop working inside a magnetic field above about 23 tesla, so resistive magnets have always been able to outperform them. But YBCO oversteps both these hurdles. It belongs to a class known as high-temperature superconductors. These materials perform at much higher temperatures than their "low-temperature" cousins, making them more practical and cheaper to operate – and they continue to operate beyond the point at which low-temperature superconductors cease working. Another huge benefit: Superconducting magnets create more stable magnetic fields than resistive magnets, which produce better data for scientists. All of this means the 32-tesla project will be the first of a whole new generation of powerful, low-cost superconducting magnets. William Denis Markiewicz, principal investigator on the project, foresees the day when the lab's existing lineup of resistive magnets becomes obsolete. "The objective is to develop and demonstrate the technology that can be used in magnets that will eventually replace the resistive magnets in our facility," said Markiewicz, a veteran engineer at the lab whose design achievements include the lab's world-record 900 megahertz, ultra-wide-bore superconducting magnet. "The advantages that will follow include lower operating costs and quieter field conditions for the scientist." To have 32 tesla, at such high quality, for such a bargain price will be nothing less than a boon for physics, said Stephen Julian, a University of Toronto physicist who sits on the magnet lab's External Advisory Board and is a co-principal investigator on the grant. "This magnet opens up new possibilities for measurements that we have previously only dreamed of," Julian said. "With these new magnets, researchers will be able to stay at these very high magnetic fields for as long as they like. This will dramatically increase the quality of data for many measurements. We can look forward to breakthroughs in biomedical magnetic resonance imaging, studies of protein structure, semiconductor physics and the physics of metals." Perhaps most fittingly, this new magnet will advance research on the high-temperature superconductors themselves, a primary interest of David Larbalestier, chief materials scientist at the lab and the other co-principal investigator on the grant. "We're going to be using high temperature superconductors to understand high temperature superconductors, and that seems quite fun," Julian said.
- 1 Who was Napoleon’s favorite painter? - 2 Why did Jacques Louis David paint Napoleon crossing the Alps? - 3 What historical period is Napoleon crossing the Alps? - 4 How does David portray Napoleon in this painting? - 5 Is Napoleon crossing the Alps neoclassical? - 6 How much is Napoleon crossing the Alps worth? - 7 What does Napoleon crossing the Alps represent? - 8 Who painted Napoleon crossing the Alps? - 9 What country did Napoleon conquer in 1812? - 10 What did Napoleon do during the French Revolution? - 11 What style is Napoleon crossing the Alps? - 12 What is going on in Napoleon’s life in 1802? Who was Napoleon’s favorite painter? Jacques-Louis David (French: [ʒaklwi david ]; 30 August 1748 – 29 December 1825) was a French painter in the Neoclassical style, considered to be the preeminent painter of the era. Why did Jacques Louis David paint Napoleon crossing the Alps? Hannibal was a Carthaginian military commander who led his forces across the Alps to conquer Italy. Acutely aware of the power of the image, Napoleon commissioned David to paint him as a successor to the great empire-builders of history. What historical period is Napoleon crossing the Alps? The work was inspired by Jacques-Louis David’s series of five Napoleon Crossing the Alps paintings (1801–1805). \|Bonaparte Crossing the Alps\| \|Medium\|\|Oil on canvas\| \|Dimensions\|\|289 cm × 222 cm (114 in × 87 in)\| \|Location\|\|Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, England\| How does David portray Napoleon in this painting? A: David portrays Napoleon as being calm and mounted on a fiery steed. I think Napoleon wanted artists to produce portraits like this one because the painting was a representation of his character rather than his physical appearance. Is Napoleon crossing the Alps neoclassical? The famous image of French leader Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the Alps during his campaign against Austria in the early 19th century is one of the most popular neoclassical paintings created. David created the painting to commemorate Napoleon’s victory over Austria earlier in the year. How much is Napoleon crossing the Alps worth? Napoleon Bonaparte’s trademark bicorn hat sold at auction near Paris on Sunday for roughly $2.4 million, according to news reports. What does Napoleon crossing the Alps represent? In the spring of 1800, Napoleon’s forces trekked through the Alps by way of the Great St. Bernard Pass for a surprise attack on Austrian armies in what is now northern Italy. Painted over four months in 1800 and 1801, Napoleon Crossing The Alps was intended to illustrate this important victory. Who painted Napoleon crossing the Alps? Napoleon Crossing the Alps (also known as Napoleon at the Saint-Bernard Pass or Bonaparte Crossing the Alps; listed as Le Premier Consul franchissant les Alpes au col du Grand Saint-Bernard) is a series of five oil on canvas equestrian portraits of Napoleon Bonaparte painted by the French artist Jacques-Louis David What country did Napoleon conquer in 1812? On June 24, 1812, the Grande Armée, led by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, crossed the Neman River, invading Russia from present-day Poland. The result was a disaster for the French. The Russian army refused to engage with Napoleon’s Grande Armée of more than 500,000 European troops. What did Napoleon do during the French Revolution? The French Revolution began in 1789, and within three years revolutionaries had overthrown the monarchy and proclaimed a French republic. In 1795, Napoleon helped suppress a royalist insurrection against the revolutionary government in Paris and was promoted to major general. What style is Napoleon crossing the Alps? Description. Like many equestrian portraits, a genre favored by royalty, Napoleon Crossing the Alps is a portrait of authority. Napoleon is pictured astride a rearing Arabian stallion. What is going on in Napoleon’s life in 1802? 25 March – Treaty of Amiens, temporarily ended hostilities between France and the United Kingdom during the French Revolutionary Wars. 20 May – Napoleon Bonaparte reinstates slavery in the French colonies, which had been abolished during the French Revolution.
Products that teach kids to code abound. From videogames to board games to robots to throwable smartballs, pretty much every notable new toy is all about tricking kids into inducting themselves into the basics of computer science. But then what? Where do kids go from there? Sam Labs, creators of the “Ultimate Internet Connected Electronics Kit,” has long been about teaching people to code with Lego-like intuitiveness. But none of its products were necessarily kid-friendly, let alone kid-first. Its new Curious line aims to address that starting with Curious Cars, a kid-friendly boxset of different sensors and parts perfect for putting together remote-controlled robot cars. And unlike a lot of “koding 4 kidz” products, it has a fleshed-out ecosystem to graduate into. Curious Cars is a set of Sam blocks, arranged around the theme of remote-controlled cars. Like Sam’s larger product line, each of the six blocks included in a Curious Cars set is essentially an internet of things-connected sensor or button: two motors, an accelerometer, a light sensor, an on-off switch, and a slider. When strung together through the Curious Cars companion app, you can program these blocks to work in different configurations–a drag racer, for example, versus a truck or a bulldozer. And since most of what makes a car cool is its chassis, you can customize your vehicle with one of Sam’s DIY papercraft shells, or go the extra mile and build one out of Lego, which Sam’s IoT blocks nestle into nicely. (Eventually allowing for elaborate machines like this one to be constructed, although only if you graduate to the full Sam toolkit). When Sam already sells a full-featured Lego set for the internet of things, what is the point of the more streamlined Curious Cars set, which focuses on purely vehicular mayhem? Part of it is to give kids an entry point. With the broader Sam kit, says Sam Labs founder Joachim Horn, “I felt that we were forcing users down a creative path without teaching them how the tools we were providing could be used in a really fun manner.” With Sam’s Curious Cars, kids who start programming their own RC cars can easily segue into a broader ecosystem of IoT building blocks. But the greater goal, says Horn, is to just get kids interested in things like machine logic to begin with. “Studies have shown that what kids are playing with at five, or eight, correlate to their career choices, especially in STEM,” he says. “The thing we’re trying to figure out is how do we make play experiences into transformative experiences, that down the line benefit users and society as a whole? We think that’s to stay as much in the realm of play as possible, and focus not so much on turning kids into inventors, but having fun, and trusting the rest will happen organically.” That’s a broad goal, of which Curious Cars is just the beginning for Sam. “We have more planned in 2017, so keep your eye out for Curious,” says Horn. For right now, though, Curious Cars can be purchased in time for Christmas for $199, and when they want to grow into designing not cars, but their own internet-controlled gadgets? The rest of Sam’s toolkit will be there. [All Photos: Sam Lab]
Leonard Cohen (born 21.9.1934) Leonard Cohen is a highly revered Canadian songwriter, musician and poet. Childhood: Leonard Cohen was born to his Jewish parents in Montreal, Quebec and it was here that his father owned a clothing store, though he died when Leonard was just nine years old. Leonard attended Herzliah High School, along with the poet Irving Layton. Cohen learned to play the guitar as a teenager and formed a folk-country group named the Buckskin Boys. When his father died, he was left with enough money in a trust fund to allow him to pursue his interests in the arts. A Life in the Arts: As a poet, Leonard Cohen was influenced by the likes of Walt Whitman, Federico Garcia Lorca and Henry Miller. Cohen's own poetry was published for the first time in the volume entitled Let Us Compare Mythologies, whilst he was still a student. His 1961 collection The Spice-Box of Earth raised his profile in literary circles, especially in Canada. He went on to publish further volumes of poetry, as well as works of fiction (such as the Favourite Game) whilst living on the Greek island, Hydra. Leonard Cohen then moved to the United States in 1967, in order to develop his career as a folk musician. He became involved in Andy Warhol's New York art scene, mingling with notorious figures such as Nico and the Velvet Underground. Cohen's song 'Suzanne' became a hit for the folk singer Judy Collins and his own performances soon became a focus of attention for Columbia Records. Leonard Cohen's debut album, Songs of Leonard Cohen was released in 1969 and became a cult hit, especially in the UK. The follow-up albums from Leonard Cohen were equally popular: Songs From a Room (1969), Songs of Love and Hate (1971) and Live Songs (1973) and New Skin For the Old Ceremony (1974). This prolific output was also punctuated by an inclusion of Cohen's music on the soundtrack to the Robert Altman film McCabe & Mrs. Miller. Whilst these early albums were being promoted, Leonard Cohen also toured the US, Canada and Europe, with Jennifer Warnes as backing singer and with the pianist and arranger John Lissauer contributing to the live set-up. Death of a Ladies' Man was released in 1977, with Phil Spector on production duties. It has been reported that Phil Spector (well-known for his volatile behaviour) threatened Cohen with a crossbow. Artists such as The Beatles and The Ramones have also worked with Spector and made similar comments regarding his behaviour. Deciding to return to a more traditional sound, Leonard Cohen made Recent Songs, which he co produced with Joni Mitchell's sound engineer, Henry Lewy. The 1980s saw Leonard Cohen release albums such as Dance Me To The End of Love and I'm Your Man. The former included the song 'Hallelujah', which has famously been covered by Jeff Buckley, John Cale, KD Lang and the UK X Factor winner Alexandra Burke. The latter included one of Cohen's most popular songs, 'First We Take Manhattan'. 'Everybody Knows' has been included on two film soundtracks: 1990's Pump Up The Volume and 1994's Exotica. Three tracks from Leonard Cohen's album The Future were featured in the controversial film Natural Born Killers. In 1994, Leonard Cohen retreated from public life and joined the Mt. Baldy Zen Centre, where he remained and became ordained as a Buddhist monk. Ten New Songs was Leonard Cohen's first release since joining the centre and was released in 2001. This was followed three years later with Dear Heather, which was mainly a collaboration with his partner of the time, Ajani Thomas, though it also saw a return to working with the composer Sharon Robinson. Anjani and Leonard then went on to co-write another album, Blue Alert. In 2006, Leonard Cohen published a book of drawings and poetry, entitled Book of Longing. Cohen's first public appearance in 13 years came at an in-store event at a Toronto bookstore. He was accompanied by Ron Sexsmith and Barenaked Ladies. An eagerly-awaited tour then followed in 2008, including a much-lauded performance at that year's Glastonbury Festival. When Leonard Cohen was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007, he was introduced by Lou Reed. The highly influential and respected songwriter passed away at his home in Los Angeles earlier this week. Critically adored singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen, famous for his lyrical inventiveness and dark humour, has passed away at the age of 82. Tributes to the Canadian cult icon, who influenced hundreds of subsequent songwriters, flooded in after his death was announced via the singer’s official Facebook page on Thursday evening (November 10th). “It is with profound sorrow we report that legendary poet, songwriter and artist, Leonard Cohen has passed away,” the statement read. “We have lost one of music’s most revered and prolific visionaries.” Continue reading: Legendary Singer-Songwriter Leonard Cohen Dies Aged 82 Singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen seen leaving Madigans Bar on O'Connell Street with an unidentified woman. Cohen is due to perform at The O2 on 11th - 12th September. - Dublin, Ireland - Monday 9th September 2013 Marianne inspired songs including ‘Bird on a Wire’ and ‘So Long, Marianne’. Leonard Cohen penned one final letter to his muse Marianne Ihlen before her death on July 29th at the age of 81, her friend has revealed. Ihlen and Cohen had been lovers in the 1960s and she served as the inspiration for some of his most famous songs, including ‘Bird on a Wire’ and ‘So Long, Marianne’. Leonard Cohen wrote one final letter to his muse Marianne Ihlen before her death Speaking to CBC radio, her close friend Jan Christian Mollestad said he had written to Cohen after he found out Ihlen was dying of leukaemia. Two hours after sending the letter to Cohen he received a letter in return, which he brought to the hospital to read to Ihlen the next day. Continue reading: Leonard Cohen Writes Heartbreaking Final Letter To Muse Marianne Morrissey's 'List of the Lost' may have made him a figure of fun right now, but here's some examples of rock stars writing books and succeeding. Eagle-eyed indie fans will have seen the hilarious news that Morrissey has been nominated for the ‘Bad Sex Award’ by The Literary Review this week. His first fictional work ‘List of the Lost’, arriving two years after 2013’s notorious ‘Autobiography’, received wildly mixed reviews from most critics. The nominated passage of ‘erotic’ prose contains the memorable phrase ‘bulbous salutation’. He may be lauded as the lead singer of The Smiths and as a solo artist, but it’s unlikely that his fiction will be remembered in quite the same way, if this is anything to go by. However, success on the stage doesn’t necessarily preclude a rock star from enjoying successful pursuits as writers. Here are some other, more accomplished examples of rock stars writing prose instead of lyrics. Continue reading: Five Examples Of Pop Stars Becoming Authors Leonard Cohen - Singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen seen leaving Madigans Bar on O'Connell Street with an unidentified woman. Cohen is due to perform at The O2 on 11th - 12th September. - Dublin, Ireland - Monday 9th September 2013 The singer/writer is putting Judaism first Leonard Cohen has rescheduled a date on his tour due to his religious faith. The gig, originally penned in for September 14th, will now take place a day later on the 15th, and AEG have apologized for any inconvenience caused. The promoter was forced to release a statement saying that when Cohen “learned that two of his UK concerts were scheduled on days of solemn religious observance, he respectfully asked AEG to move the dates”. It continued: “We at AEG, and Leonard, apologise deeply for the inconvenience this will cause,” adding they hoped the fans would understand." Continue reading: Leonard Cohen’s Jewish Faith Leads To Rearranged Dates Leonard Cohen's 12th studio album in 45 years is an understated, spiritual reflection on the virtues of old age. Unlike latter day returns to form for Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash, Old Ideas isn't meant to reclaim a reputation; instead it's more a summation of a career. However similarly to his contemporaries the 77 year old mines a rich vein of religion, love and death to create some of the most compelling songs of his career. Continue reading: Leonard Cohen, Old Ideas Album Review Here's a prime example of what happens when fascinating subject matter falls prey to inept filmmaking. Lian Lunson's Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man is a frustrating mess, redeemed intermittently by a few solid musical performances and by the towering, erudite presence of Cohen himself. Much of Lunson's tribute to the legendary songsmith is taken up by a 2005 concert featuring a lineup of international folk and pop artists honoring Cohen's music. I don't claim a close familiarity with Cohen's music, but it doesn't take an aficionado of it to figure out that several of the performances are overwrought, shrill, or just plain boring. Rufus Wainwright's nasally crooning and vamping reduce the wry humor of "Everybody Knows" and "Chelsea Hotel #2" into fey cabaret numbers. Elsewhere, Nick Cave's version of "I'm Your Man" by way of a Vegas lounge act deadens the senses, and Jarvis Cocker's stiffly delivered "Death Of a Ladies' Man" is god-awful. Aside from the default pleasure taken in knowing that you're hearing one of Cohen's songs, this is disposable material. All of it, that is, with the exception of Teddy Thompson's version of "Tonight Will Be Fine," Antony Hegarty's "If It Be Your Will," and Martha Wainwright's "The Traitor": Three performances that achieve the grace and soulful resonance of Cohen's music, so devoid in the rest of Lunson's documentary. Continue reading: Leonard Cohen: I'm Your Man Review Date of birth 21st September, 1934 Leonard CohenI'm your manTrailer StreamSongwriter. Poet. Counter-culture icon. Consummate ladies' man. Since bursting onto...
A new report looks at the most cost-effective options for managing polluted runoff and protecting clean water, and finds that green infrastructure solutions save taxpayer money and provide community benefits by managing stormwater where it falls. Released by the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), American Rivers, the Water Environment Federation (WEF), and ECONorthwest, Banking on Green: How Green Infrastructure Saves Municipalities Money and Provides Economic Benefits Community-wide, is a response to the need to further quantify the economic benefits of green infrastructure. “For many decades, landscape architects have been helping communities large and small manage their stormwater with innovative green infrastructure solutions such as green roofs, rain gardens, bioswales, and pervious pavements,” said Nancy Somerville, Executive Vice President of the American Society of Landscape Architects. “The case studies and the cost analysis in this white paper clearly demonstrate that green infrastructure techniques are proven and cost effective at managing stormwater, preventing flooding, improving water quality, and promoting public health. Landscape architects will continue to implement these projects in more and more neighborhoods across the country.” The report’s top findings: - Not only does green infrastructure cost less, but these practices can further reduce costs of treating large amounts of polluted runoff. - Green infrastructure can help municipalities reduce energy expenses. - Green infrastructure can reduce flooding and related flood damage. - Green infrastructure improves public health — it reduces bacteria and pollution in rivers and streams, preventing gastrointestinal illnesses in swimmers and boaters. The report features case studies from cities saving money and enjoying the other benefits of green infrastructure. For example, New York City’s plan to reduce combined sewage overflows will save an estimated $1.5 billion over 20 years by incorporating green infrastructure rather than relying solely on traditional gray infrastructure like massive pipes. In Louisiana, a high school in Baton Rouge spent $110,000 on bioswales and a rain garden to reduce flooding rather than the $500,000 it would have cost to re-pipe the site. Image credit: American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), American Rivers, the Water Environment Federation (WEF), and ECONorthwest
The conundrum has centred on DNA sequences that do not encode proteins, and yet remain identical across a broad range of animals. By deleting some of these ‘ultraconserved elements’, researchers have found that these sequences guide brain development by fine-tuning the expression of protein-coding genes. Bejerano and his colleagues originally noticed ultraconserved elements when they compared the human genome to those of mice, rats and chickens, and found 481 stretches of DNA that were incredibly similar across the species. In mice, they deleted four ultraconserved elements – individually and in various combinations – that lie within regions of DNA that also contain genes important in brain development. Mice lacking certain sequences had abnormally low numbers of brain cells that have been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Variations in these ultraconserved regions would not spread through a population, because afflicted individuals would be less successful at reproducing than those who were unaffected. Although the functions of many other ultraconserved sequences remain unknown, Bejerano feels confident that they, too, will prove essential.
PediatricsTo make an appointment please call 22 658 04 56 or 783 959 687 What is pediatrics? Pediatrics is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of internal diseases occurring in childhood. It a very broad discipline of medicine, which includes many specialties as subspecialties (ie. cardiology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, hepatology, etc.). Depending on the complexity of the health problem on which the patient complains, the pediatrician conducts diagnosis and treatment of the child in cooperation with other physicians specialized in a narrower filed of pediatrics. Similarly to the GP, patients visit the pediatrician’s office because of all kinds of diseases. Great progress in medicine and rapidly growing medical knowledge imposes specialization of physicians in more and more narrow areas of medicine. An experienced pediatrician skillfully employs the expertise of individual specialists still leading the overall treatment process of his or her patients.
As you know, several weeks ago, our students began their journey through the writing process as they wrote their narratives on wordless picture books. During this process, they were introduced to the various “Editor’s Marks” that are intended to be used to make corrections during the Revising and Editing Stages of the writing process. As a way to practice utilizing these marks, our “writers” participate in a daily proofreading exercise. For each day of the school week, students work independently on an assigned proofreading exercise. Once all students complete the exercise, a student is then chosen to be the “teacher.” As the “teacher,” the student leads the class in reviewing the exercise on the SMARTboard. Check out Colin below as he reviews an exercise with 5B!
Thinking Skills Assessment Students are assessed to see the competence teaching and learning that they have undergone. Assessments are also used to determine whether the students are ready to go through advanced learning programs. It is why three UK-based institutions - the University of Cambridge, University College London and University of Oxford use Thinking Skills Assessment (TSA)for their admissions and selection process. The University of Oxford requires TSA for the courses Economics and Management; Experimental Psychology; Geography; Philosophy and Linguistics; Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE); Psychology and Linguistics; and Psychology and Philosophy. The administrators of the respective universities check the students' analytical skills, thinking ability, and language accuracy. TSA is a two-hour exam. It consists of: - Thinking skills assessment: this section is made up of spatial, numerical reasoning. Students need to understand, analyse and reason. They are given 90 minutes to solve the questions which are in the multiple choice format. - Writing task: this section tests the students' written skills. The students have to express, interpret and make arguments through writing. They are given 30 minutes to write the essay. Students have a choice of selecting one from the three questions. Students will enjoy taking TSA as it increases their proficiency. Plus, they can prepare by themselves at their own pace. Students need to have good grammatical and analytical skills. They need to think freely and make their arguments make sense. Students can go through past year assessments to get a feel of what is expected of them. Overall, TSA is a pre-interview test. It's part of the admissions and selection process. Difficulties Students Experience Many students struggle, and experience a tough time as they don't have the required skills. They didn't prepare well. Some students struggle with the writing part and getting essays done is not their cup of tea. They are not able to think properly due to the pressure and stress. And even if they do a bit of thinking, they are unable to get the right flow of ideas. Students feel that assessments and tests put unnecessary pressure. But then they shouldn't be having difficulties because of them are straight out of high school, and the knowledge and skills are still fresh. Many students don't bother to go through sample papers because they don't have the time. They should seek assistance from academic councillors and talk out the problems. It will prove to be very helpful. Tips to Crack TSA TSA has its share of positive points for students. According to expertsmind.com, it gears students for the job market. In the professional environment, employers applaud strong analytical thinking skills. Through such abilities, they are able to find solutions, reach out to their clients and make good profits. Students need to develop and work to gain critical thinking skills as this will get them go places. Here are some ways, they can crack TSA: - Aim for a successful career: by doing so, students will automatically develop and improve their thinking skills. They should learn to interpret and analyse, and these two core competencies can also be developed easily through assessments and tests. - Read: by actively reading; a person lets their imagination take over. Students can read and analyse novels, magazines or newspapers. It has the same impact. The only difference is that via novels they can apply creative thinking; and via newspapers, they can relay what has already been stated by the reporter. - Problem-Solving: students can develop their problem-solving skills by doing mathematic problems in algebra and calculus etc. They can also go through word problems to interpret and analyse. - Observe: by seeing and noticing everything around; a person becomes aware. Students should often go for walks in parks or around the locality. It will refresh their minds and sharpen their skills. - Explain: students should try to get an explanation for everything. They can ask the teachers to explain if they don't understand a theory or a concept. The students should concentrate the way the teacher gives the explanation. - Reflect: students should give themselves time to process and examine the information. It can only happen through proper channelling that is concentration. By doing so, they are looking at alternatives, weighing things out and trying to make out the consequences. It is also a much-needed skill. TSA should be regarded as a guide and not a test. By doing so, students will not feel pressured or stressed out. They will take out time to prepare for it and give it their best shot. TSA is not just for getting into any particular program. It's a stepping stone towards a career.
NFC is being used more and more often in smart phones and as a result, it is suddenly becoming more widely known. NFC is an abbreviation of Near Field Communication, in practice up to a distance of about 10 cm. It is a method that enables wireless data transfer over short distances. The NFC tag can be fed by the reader as we know it from RFID techniques. NFC is therefore compatible with a number of RFID standards. It is important that not only information can be read from the NFC tag (for identification purposes, for example), but also that information can be written into it. This makes the technique suitable for recording transactions, institutions, logistic routes, checking off checks or operations, etc. A carrier of 13.56 MHz is used. The tags can be very small, the size of the antenna determines the maximum read/write distance. This antenna can also be mounted on a PCB in the form of a printed coil. Some examples of tags:
Big-game fishing targets big fish, such as tuna and marlin, for their sporting qualities. It is carried out from ports in tropical and temperate coasts throughout the world. The boat is normally motor-powered due to the strength of the fish. The fish are lured by bait and once they are properly hooked on a line, it is up to the fisherman to reel them in. The fisherman requires a certain amount of strength to catch the fish successfully as they try to break the line. Angling is the art of fishing with various lines and waiting patiently for a fish to take a bite. It is used to catch pelagic fish such as salmon and mackerel. You may angle from a boat or a fixed point on land. It is a more recreational than commercial form of fishing. Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing. Basically, you have to catch the fish with a spear. It is a difficult task! Today it may be done using free-diving, snorkeling or scuba-diving techniques. It is considered an ecologically sustainable form of fishing as you catch a small amount of fish during a long period of time. For further information regarding fishing techniques please browse our many fishing schools.
The use of wearable technology is exploding in popularity across construction sites. Step into the future and take your construction project to the next level with these wearables: The possibility of technology serving humankind to rekindle the lost shine of our older buildings is a budding promise. 3D laser scanning is offering a remote means of logging friable historical structures in the form of 3D modules. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of citizens who are 60 years and older are expected to reach 2 billion by 2050. In 2015, this number was 900 million. Today, 125 million people are aged 80 years or older. Heritage sites are emblems of a civilization's aspirations. Losing them means losing a part of our collective memory. In 2001, laser scans were performed by late art historian and Vassar College professor, Andrew Tallon. Innovate. Build. Change. Repeat. It can no longer be denied that we inhabit a 2-planet home world. Earth is unique among planets of planetary system as it is the only habitual planet that has dual gravity.
Radio is a powerful medium for celebrating humanity in all its diversity. For Indigenous Peoples in many countries, radio is the most accessible platform to have their say in the languages that they speak and understand. Radio therefore is a fundamental means of communication for Indigenous Peoples to maintain their languages and to exercise and defend their rights. Moreover, radio is a means of ensuring the right to information in all sectors of society. For Indigenous Peoples, however unless we have access and ownership of the radio station, and means of production of information in our languages, radio is pointless. Furthermore, it is imperative to support Indigenous Peoples to fully realize their rights in establishing their own media in their own languages and help them access all forms of media without discrimination, as stated in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), 2007. - Dev Kumar Sunuwar - Ram Nath Bhatt, president of AMARC-Asia Pacific. For more visit: https://rights.culturalsurvival.org/
We live in a visually dominant culture resulting in a relative lack of auditory descriptive words and concepts. We will gain initial clarity through the use of visual analogy; with the use of language related to the visual domain in application to auditory phenomena and experience. As a metalanguage, in analogy to metaphysics, music lies in an intuitive as well as cognitive realm beyond concrete, absolute or definitive linear expression. As well, there is an overriding aspect which lies beyond mere technical execution. In the attempt to express creative, intuitive and metaphysical ideas in conventional language, analogy and metaphor can provide an indirect essence of the subject. Understood through intuition and creative gestalt integrations, metaphor and analogy are important tools of language, transiently engaged in an exploration/description of creative ideas which lie beyond the limitations of discursive language. To ‘see’ through the eyes of an artist entails the perceptual development of increased color and spatial discrimination: Visual Perceptual Elements Hue (discrete colors r,o,y,g,b,i,v,m) Chroma (intracolor variation) Luminosity (bright/dark gradation) Texture (surface quality) Saturation (color intensity) Spatial visual dimensions Temporal dimensions (dynamic process → static representation) Analogous Aural (auditory) Perceptual Elements Quantized pitch differentiation Continuous pitch variation Timbre dynamic harmonic spectral dimensions Volume sound intensity Spatial aural dimensions Temporal dimensions (dynamic process → dynamic, transient representation) MonoChromatic pitch can be re-conceptualized as shades of PolyChromatic PitchColor. The traditional written musical language can easily expand from a black and white, two dimensional system, to a multidimensional color based notation system, enabling an intuitive visual designation of myriad ‘shades’ of pitch color. This development would easily convey increased pitch-resolution melodic, harmonic (overtones and polyphony) musical pitch-color possibilities within the pitch continuum. An intuitive and unifying polychromatic notation system would constitute a 21st century evolution from monochromatic music systems (combinations and contrasts of black and white notes), to polychromatic music systems (encompassing exponentially higher pitch-resolution ‘aural color’ gradations of pitch), along with seemingly infinite expanded pitch-color combinations and contrasts. Timbre or ‘tone color’ can be abstractly referential to an artistic medium (oil, watercolor, pastel, clay, bronze…) with textural qualities described as brilliant, harsh, soft, warm, etc. Beyond noticing which instrument is producing a given pitch, timbre can be conceptualized and developed into an unending complexity of gestalt perceptions (i.e. interactive harmonics). Optimally, the visual artist is able to creatively imagine and express through subtle hues of color, texture and dimension, an integrated perceptual resonance that can expand and deepen collective conscious awareness. Visionary musicians can likewise refine auditory perception and expressively bring into collective aural awareness an evolution of sound spectra, encompassing emotional pitch/harmonic color and tonal/sound color (timbre) combinations beyond anything yet known or experienced.
The 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake (Distribution of hypocenters determined by 3 dimensional velocity structure) * The main shock and the aftershocks occurred near the boundary between the low velocity region in the east and the high velocity region in the west. * By using the 3 dimensional velocity structure with surface station corrections, re-determined hypocenters become about 4 km shallower. * The seismic activity is high mainly in the region with P wave velocity being smaller than 7.5 km/s and earthquakes occur within the crust. National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience [Evaluation of the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake (October 12, 2018)]
Laser processing technology is a technology that USES the characteristics of the interaction between laser beam and material to cut, weld, surface treat, punch, micro-process materials (including metal and non-metal), as a light source, identify objects, etc. The largest field of traditional application is laser processing technology. Laser processing system: Laser, light guide system, machine tools, control system and detection system. Laser processing technolog Including cutting, welding, surface treatment, drilling, marking, marking, fine tuning and other processing technology. Automobile body thickness plate, automobile parts, lithium battery, pacemaker, sealed relay and other sealed devices, and all kinds of devices that do not allow welding pollution and deformation. Automotive industry, computer, electrical cabinet, wood die cutter, cutting various metal parts, and special materials, circular saw blades, the force that press a gram, spring washers, electronic parts under 2 mm with some metal plates, steel pipes, tin-coated copper plate, plate, lead plate, phosphor bronze plating, electricity boards, thin aluminium alloy, quartz glass, silicon rubber, below 1 mm alumina ceramic pieces, aerospace industry use of titanium alloy and so on. Laser drilling is mainly used in aerospace, automotive manufacturing, electronic instruments, chemical and other industries. Laser heat treatment: Widely used in the automotive industry, such as cylinder liner, crankshaft, piston ring, commutator, gear and other parts of the heat treatment, but also widely used in aerospace, machine tool industry and other machinery industry. Laser rapid prototyping: Laser processing technology, computer numerical control technology and flexible manufacturing technology combined and formed, mostly used in mold and model industry. Widely used in aerospace, die and mechanical and electrical industries. ● Buy a better 5 axis cnc router machine for your shop ● The applicable scope of laser cutting machine ● Application and selection of laser cutting machine ● Principle and technology of laser cutting glass ● How to choose a cnc router ● How to deal with soot in laser cutting and the application field of laser cutting ● Acctek exhibition footprint ● ATC CNC Router with a horizontal spindle ● Polish customer purchased AKM1530 high quality CNC engraving machine ● High quality AKJ1530 CO2 laser cutting machine Get a Free Quote Now!
However, what isn't mentioned is the fact that what the ancients called "wine" was actually wine mixed with a large amount of water. Therefore, to say that Jesus in John 2 turned water into wine is not the same thing as saying that Jesus turned water into something like Pinot Grigio. Consider: "We call a mixture 'wine' although the larger part of the component parts is water"(Plutarch, Advice to Bride and Groom 20 in Moralia 140f). The literature of the ancient world is filled with specific examples of mixing many parts water with a few parts wine. For example, in the Odyssey, Homer mentions a ratio of 20 parts water to 1 part wine (see 9.208f). Pliny the Elder speaks of an 8 to 1 mixture (Natural History, 14.6.54). Most writers have it a little stronger, but still very diluted. For example, in The Nurse, Athanaeus of Naucratis has the following conversation: "A: Look, here is wine. Shall I pour a Triton [three parts water to one part wine]? B. No, it's much better as one and four. A. Too watery, that! However, drink it up and tell me the news; let's have some conversation while we drink" (see Deipnosophists 10.426c). Because "wine" really meant "wine mixed with water," if a writer wanted to refer to undiluted wine, he was required to use some such adjective. For example: "If the headache only came to us before we drink to intoxication, no one would ever indulge himself in wine immoderately. But as it is, foreseeing not that punishment for drunkenness will come, we readily give ourselves over to drinking unmixed cups" (Alexis, The Phrygian, in Deipnosophists, 10.429e, emphasis mine). As in the previous quote, many writers warned against drinking unmixed wine: "In daily intercourse, to those who drink it moderately, it gives good cheer; but if you overstep the bounds, it brings violence. Mix it half and half, and you get madness; unmixed, bodily collapse" (Athenaeus quoting Mnesitheus of Athens in Deipnosophists 2. 36a,b). Quotes like these from the ancient world can be multiplied many times over. I cite these ones only to show that what we call wine and what the ancients called wine are two different things. No, I'm not prepared to make the argument that the Bible demands total abstinence. What I am saying is that it is a category mistake for modern-day Christians to cite the biblical references to wine and then compare them to the products of Reunite and Beringer. The fact is, the average person in the New Testament era considered the drinking of unmixed wine a barbaric practice. That, I think, should give us caution. For Further Reading: Ferguson, Everett. "Wine as a Table-Drink in the Ancient World," in Restoration Quarterly 13 (Third Quarter 1970): pages 141-153. Like all of what Ferguson writes, this is a fine piece of work. The quotations in my post here are taken from this scholarly article. Stein, Robert H. "Wine-Drinking in New Testament Times," in Christianity Today 19 (June 20, 1975): pages 9-11. Stein is another first-rate scholar. His article is written at the popular level, shorter and easier to get through than the one by Ferguson.
Halibut mitochondrial genomes contain extensive heteroplasmic tandem repeat arrays involved in DNA recombination - Kenneth A Mjelle†1, - Bård O Karlsen†1, - Tor E Jørgensen1, - Truls Moum1 and - Steinar D Johansen1, 2Email author © Mjelle et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2008 Received: 06 July 2007 Accepted: 11 January 2008 Published: 11 January 2008 Halibuts are commercially important flatfish species confined to the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of four specimens each of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), and assessed the nucleotide variability within and between species. About 100 variable positions were identified within the four specimens in each halibut species, with the control regions as the most variable parts of the genomes (10 times that of the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA). Due to tandem repeat arrays, the control regions have unusually large sizes compared to most vertebrate mtDNAs. The arrays are highly heteroplasmic in size and consist mainly of different variants of a 61-bp motif. Halibut mitochondrial genomes lacking arrays were also detected. The complexity, distribution, and biological role of the heteroplasmic tandem repeat arrays in halibut mitochondrial control regions are discussed. We conclude that the most plausible explanation for array maintenance includes both the slipped-strand mispairing and DNA recombination mechanisms. Halibuts (family Pleuronectidae) represent the largest of the flatfish species. Whereas Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) are endemic species confined to the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans, respectively, the Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) has an Arctic-boreal distribution in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. All three species are commercially important flatfishes with extensive annual catch volumes, and the Atlantic halibut has further become increasingly popular in North European aquaculture . Phylogenetic analysis based on partial mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences supports a sister taxa affiliation of the Hippoglossus and Reinhardtius halibuts among the Pleuronectidae . Genetic markers have been developed to investigate and assess genetic issues within e.g. taxonomy, systematics, conservation biology, population structuring, or breeding programs. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has become one of the most popular genetic markers [3, 4] due to its small size and stable organization, its simple inheritance pattern (maternal without apparent DNA recombination), high copy number, and elevated mutation rate compared to single-copy nuclear DNA. Vertebrate mtDNA is usually less than 17 kb in size with a plasmid-like organization, encoding only 37 gene products (13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes) as well as a main control region (CR) containing transcriptional promoters, at least one of the replication origins as well as the displacement loop (D-loop) . Mitogenomics has been developed to increase the resolution of mtDNA markers by including the complete mitochondrial genome sequence in the analyses. Recently, several genetic issues in bony fishes have been successfully investigated and resolved by mitogenomic analyses, e.g. higher-order taxonomy [6, 7], within-family taxonomy [8, 9], within-genus taxonomy [10, 11], and intraspecific variability among geographically separated populations [11, 12]. However, vertebrate mtDNA has some limitations and possible shortcomings as a molecular marker that are important to be aware of, and to further investigate [13, 14]. Occasional biparental inheritance has been reported, which challenges the clonal maternal nature of vertebrate mtDNA, and some of the best-known examples are found in human and mice [15, 16]. Mitochondrial DNA recombination, sometimes recognizable as a consequence of biparental inheritance, appears more frequently than originally assumed but is still a rare event in vertebrates . Here, heteroplasmic tandem repeat (HTR) arrays in the CR may change due to DNA recombination, with some notable examples reported from bony fishes [18–20]. Finally, mtDNA is not always a strictly neutral marker, and both direct and indirect selection has been noted . ATPase6 gene variation in humans and the inherited bacterial symbionts in arthropods represent fascinating examples of mtDNA selection. In the present study we have assessed the nucleotide variability in halibut mitochondrial genomes within and between species. The complete mitochondrial genome sequences from four individuals each of the Atlantic-, Pacific-, and Greenland halibuts were determined and analysed. A complex organized HTR array in the mitochondrial CR was discovered and investigated in further detail. These composite arrays provide new evidence of DNA recombination in vertebrate mitochondria. Gene content and organization of halibut mitochondrial genomes Key features of halibut specimens and complete mtDNA sequences Hippoglossus hippoglossus (Atlantic halibut) Northern Norway, hatchery (Bodø) Northern Norway, hatchery (Bodø) Northern Norway, wild (Bodø) Southern Norway, aquarium (Risør) H. stenolepis (Pacific halibut) Alaska, wild (Cook Inlet) Canada, wild (Hecate Strait) Canada, wild (Hecate Strait) Canada, wild (Hecate Strait) Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (Greenland halibut) Northern Norway, wild (Røst) Northern Norway, wild (Røst) Northern Norway, wild (Røst) Northern Norway, wild (Røst) Verasper variegatus (Spotted halibut) V. moseri (Barfin flounder) The mitochondrial control regions contain heteroplasmic tandem repeat arrays Intergenic regions are practically lacking in halibut mtDNAs, except for the short spacer between the tRNA-Asn and tRNA-Cys genes that contains the origin of light-strand (oriL) replication, and the major CR (contains the D-loop) located between the tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe genes (Figure 1). Whereas the former region is completely conserved in sequence between the 12 analysed halibut specimens, the latter is more variable and contains control elements like the origin of heavy-strand (oriH) replication and the transcriptional promoters. Distribution of sequence variation within the halibut mitochondrial genomes Estimates of gene specific variation related to the mitochondrial ribosomal DNA gene region Halibuts; within-species 2 Halibuts; between-species 3 Theragra; within-species 4 SSU + LSU We have sequenced and compared the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of 4 individuals each of the flatfish species Atlantic halibut, Pacific halibut, and Greenland halibut, all related members of the family Pleuronectidae. The mitochondrial genomes were similar to most other bony fish species, except for an unusual large and complex CR located between the tRNA-Pro and tRNA-Phe genes. Halibut CR contains a HTR array of a 61-bp motif, most frequently present in 15–20 copies of each individual. The within-species variation in mtDNA includes only about 20–100 sequence positions between the individuals. These numbers correlates well with those observed among 12 individuals of Theragra pollocks [11, 12]. The variable sites are not equally distributed along the mitochondrial genome sequence, with the structural RNA genes as the most conserved sequence regions (Table 2). The latter observation is best explained by the complex structural constrains of their corresponding tRNA and rRNAs due to secondary and tertiary RNA:RNA interactions, as well as RNA:protein interactions. Interestingly, the structure determination of the vertebrate mitochondrial ribosome explains some of the dramatic reduction in size of the mitochondrial rRNAs, which leaves almost exclusively the highly conserved regions involved in ribosome function and ribosomal protein binding . The elevated within-species sequence variation in CR observed in all three halibut species (Table 2) appears unique compared to other investigated fish mtDNA genomes. The only fish species were complete mtDNA sequences have been recovered from multiple specimens (12 individuals) is the Theragra pollocks [11, 12]. Intraspecific sequence variability estimates were similar to that of the halibut species, but with a notable exception of the CR. The Theragra CR showed variability similar to that of the protein coding genes, an observation significantly different from that of halibuts (Table 2). The variable sites in halibuts are almost exclusively located in the extended termination associated sequence (ETAS) and CSB regions located at the 5' end and 3' end of the CR, respectively. What molecular processes that causes this elevated sequence variability is currently not known, but DNA recombination events at HTR arrays (see below) are likely to be involved. HTRs in mitochondrial CR are widespread, but scattered among vertebrates . Five different locations within the mitochondrial CR have been noted to harbour HTRs . Whereas the RS1 and RS2 sites are located at the CR 5' end in proximity to the termination association sequence, RS3 to RS5 are located close to the oriH replication at the 3' end of the CR. Thus, the presence of HTR in CR is probably associated with the DNA replication processes in vertebrate mtDNA . The complexity of HTR motifs vary greatly among different vertebrates, from simple di- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellites to motifs more than 150 bp in length and at high copy numbers [26–28]. The halibut 61-bp motif HTR array is located at site RS5 between CSB-3 and the 3' end of CR (Figure 2A), and differs from the RS1 HTR arrays seen in e.g. Atlantic cod and Asian arowana that consist of only 2–6 copies of approximately 40-bp motifs [28–30]. The RS5 HTR is a conserved feature among the Pleuronectidae where a ca 60-bp motif array is present in e.g. Spotted halibut (Verasper variegatus; DQ403797), Barfin flounder (V. moseri; EF025506), Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), and American plaice (Hippologlossoides platessoides) , in addition to the three halibut species investigated in this study. Interestingly, RS5 direct repeats are also noted in Soleidae, but these appear unrelated in sequence to the Pleuronectidae HTRs and do not create heteroplasmy in mtDNA . Partial sequencing of the mitochondrial CR in European flounder (Platichthys flesus) identified a different repeat motif at RS1 [19, 33]. This 19-bp motif was involved in extensive heteroplasmy identified in a study including 168 individuals . Interestingly, two different types of repeat motifs were noted among the 18 individuals studied in more detail, and one of these contains a compound array consisting of both motif types. Our finding of multiple types of HTR motifs in Atlantic-, Pacific-, and Greenland halibuts represents an extended support of the observation in European flounder. Errors during mtDNA replication (e.g. slipped strand mispairing) cannot fully explain the halibut length heteroplasmy since repeat motifs in arrays of most individuals are not identical (Figure 2). Furthermore, technically generated mutations in the sequences, as well as the possibility that an ancestral sequence variant that contained all motif variants, are both highly unlikely explanations since the same type of motifs appear in more than one species and that eight different types were present among the four individuals of Atlantic halibut. Thus, we strongly favour DNA recombination as the most plausible mechanism, a conclusion supporting the findings of Hoarau and co-workers in European flounder mtDNA . Is there a biological role of the mitochondrial HTR arrays in halibuts? The facts that repeat motifs are highly conserved in sequence both between individuals and between Pleuronectidae species (Figure 2) indicate a functional role in the mitochondria. However, mitochondrial genomes lacking the motif, or with only a single copy present (Figure 3), favour no essential role of the array or the motif sequences. The deletion variant (fragment d in Figure 3C) may represent a dead-end of array heteroplasmy unless the HTR motif is reintroduced by DNA recombination. Interestingly, the deleted region is flanked by identical copies of the 11-bp motif and thus probably is generated by a slipped strand mispairing-like process , similar to that reported in mitochondria associated with some human diseases . The HTR arrays in halibuts are located between the putative promoter region (3' end of CR) and oriH, and HTRs in RS5 have been functionally linked to the initiation of mtDNA replication . A role of stable secondary structures of nucleotide repeats nucleotides has been suggested. Such putative structures might act at the RNA or DNA levels , but at present no experimental biochemical evidence has been provided to support this notion in mitochondria. To further elucidate the molecular evolution and biological roles of HTR arrays in halibut mitochondrial genomes, investigations of the distribution and variation of arrays among different tissues and at different developmental stages should be performed. Studying array variability of mother and progeny would be of particular interest in order to identify possible DNA recombination events. The well studied example of similar RS5 arrays in mitochondria of European rabbits provides an interesting model system for such analyses [27, 37–39]. Unusual molecular features of halibut mitochondrial genomes are located in the control region. Extensive size heteroplasmy was detected in Atlantic-, Pacific-, and Greenland halibut mitochondrial control regions. Heteroplasmic tandem repeat arrays contain different variants of a 61-bp motif in compound organization. We conclude that the most plausible explanation for array maintenance includes both slipped-strand mispairing and DNA recombination mechanisms. Fish samples and DNA extraction Key-features of fish samples and mitochondrial DNA sequences used in this study are listed in Table 1. Of the 30 additional Atlantic halibut specimens obtained from a halibut hatchery at Bodø University College, 15 were wild caught (Northern Norway) and 15 were farmed progenies from the hatchery. DNA was extracted from muscle tissue and fin clip by using the High Pure PCR Template Preparation Kit (Roche). PCR amplification, cloning, DNA sequencing, and data analysis Specific primer sets consisting of one heavy (H) and one light (L) strand primer (Additional file 1) were used to amplify the complete halibut mitochondrial genomes in five overlapping fragments (L466/H3978, L3851/H7461, L7109/H10004, L9620/H13706, and L12991/H530). In general, the PCR reactions were performed with the following cycling parameters: 94°C initial denaturation for 3 min, 15 cycles with 94°C denaturation for 60 sec, 48°C annealing for 60 sec, 72°C elongation for 4 min. Then, 15 cycles with 94°C denaturation for 60 sec, 53°C annealing for 60 sec, 72°C elongation for 4 min and finally 72°C for 10 min. Products were run on agarose gels containing ethidium bromide, and bands were excised and purified essentially as previously described . When appropriate, PCR products were inserted into the pCR4-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) and transformed in E. coli competent cells. PCR products were sequenced on both strands by using the BigDye version 3.1 kit (Applied Biosystems) with the same primers as in the PCR and internal primers (Additional file 1). The sequencing products were analysed on an ABI genetic analyser (Applied Biosystems). In general, computer analyses of DNA sequences were performed using software package programs from DNASTAR Inc. We thank Dag H. Coucheron for valuable discussions, Anita Ursvik for technical advices, Arild Eeg (Risør Aquarium, Norway) for providing the Hh-4 specimen of Atlantic halibut, and Michael E. Cobb (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washingthon, USA) and Ruth Withler (Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, Canada) for providing the Pacific halibut samples Hs-1 and Hs-2/Hs-3/Hs-4, respectively. This work was supported by grants from Bodø University College and University of Tromsø. - Gibson RN: Flatfishes. Biology and Exploitation. 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Children’s Hearing Test Our paediatric audiologist has extensive experience of working with young children. Hearing in children The importance of good hearing during childhood is key to language development, social development, and progress at school. Thankfully, most permanent hearing loss that is present when babies are born, is detected with the new-born hearing screening programme. There are, however, a high proportion of children who develop intermittent, often fluctuating hearing loss, often known as ‘glue ear’. This can usually be detected with a children’s hearing test. What is glue ear? Glue ear is essentially when the small middle ear space (usually filled with air), which contains the three tiny middle ear bones, gets filled with a sticky, mucus type fluid. This restricts the movement of the eardrum and the middle ear bones and effectively reduces the amount of sound which is transmitted to the cochlea in the inner ear. This can give rise to a hearing loss of between 0 and 40 dB (decibels) which can have a huge impact on a child’s ability to hear. Some common things to look out for with your child if they are experiencing glue ear are: - They do not respond to their name - Their behaviour deteriorates - They say ‘what’ or ‘pardon’ more frequently - They appear more tired and unsettled than usual - Their speech becomes unclear - They often appear that they are not listening - They struggle to hear the TV or turn it up/sit close - Their teacher notices they are struggling with following instructions - They don’t hear well at a distance Read more in our blog Glue ear – what you need to know Treatment for glue ear Glue ear is common and is not something to be unduly concerned about if it is short lived. If, however, it persists for more than 3 months, it can become problematic. If it persists, there are several strategies which can help. Our private paediatric audiologist has years of experience working with children with glue ear. Often working with Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) colleagues, or simply monitoring hearing levels and providing support with hearing devices when required, you will be given the most appropriate advice for your child. At THE HEARING SPACE, our specialist paediatric audiologist can assess your child’s hearing, determining if ‘glue ear’ is present and if so, what impact it is having on your child’s hearing. Advice will be provided depending on your child’s needs. With many years experience of working with children with additional needs and neurodivergent populations, you can be assured of an age and developmentally appropriate assessment. As well as using play audiometry and pure tone audiometry, we also can test cochlear function using a similar technique to that used when babies are born. This test is called an Oto-acoustic emission (OAE) test and does not require any co-operation from an infant. If you would like the space to discuss your child’s hearing, our paediatric audiologist has a wealth of experience to support you. Please contact us for further information. Contact T: 0113 8730444
Shoulder Pain and Problems The shoulder is made up of several layers, including the following: Click Image to Enlarge - Bones. The collarbone (clavicle), the shoulder blade (scapula), and the upper arm bone (humerus). - Joints. Facilitate movement, including the following: - Sternoclavicular joint (where the clavicle meets the sternum) - Acromioclavicular (AC) joint (where the clavicle meets the acromion) - Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint). A ball-and-socket joint that facilitates forward, circular, and backward movement of the shoulder. - Ligaments. A white, shiny, flexible band of fibrous tissue that binds joints together and connects various bones and cartilage, including the following: - Joint capsule. A group of ligaments that connect the humerus to the socket of the shoulder joint on the scapula to stabilize the shoulder and keep it from dislocating. - Ligaments that attach the clavicle to the acromion - Ligaments that connect the clavicle to the scapula by attaching to the coracoid process - Acromion. The roof (highest point) of the shoulder that is formed by a part of the scapula. - Tendons. The tough cords of tissue that connect muscles to bones. The rotator cuff tendons are a group of tendons that connect the deepest layer of muscles to the humerus. - Muscles (to help support and rotate the shoulder in many directions) - Bursa. A closed space between two moving surfaces that has a small amount of lubricating fluid inside; located between the rotator cuff muscle layer and the outer layer of large, bulky muscles. - Rotator cuff. Composed of tendons, the rotator cuff (and associated muscles) holds the ball of the glenohumeral joint at the top of the upper arm bone (humerus). Shoulder pain may be localized in a specific area or may spread to areas around the shoulder or down the arm. Common shoulder problems include the following: - Dislocation. The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint of the body--often caused by a significant force that separates the shoulder joint's ball (the top rounded portion of the upper arm bone, or humerus) away from the joint's socket (glenoid). - Separation. The AC joint becomes separated when the ligaments attached to the collarbone (clavicle) are torn, or partially torn, away from the shoulder blade (scapula). Shoulder separation may be caused by a sudden, forceful blow to the shoulder, or as a result of a fall. - Bursitis. Bursitis often occurs when tendonitis and impingement syndrome cause inflammation of the bursa sacs that protect the shoulder. - Impingement syndrome. Impingement syndrome is caused by the excessive squeezing or rubbing of the rotator cuff and shoulder blade. The pain associated with the syndrome is a result of an inflamed bursa (lubricating sac) over the rotator cuff, and/or inflammation of the rotator cuff tendons, and/or calcium deposits in tendons due to wear and tear. Shoulder impingement syndrome can lead to a torn rotator cuff. - Tendinosis. Tendinosis of the shoulder is caused when the rotator cuff and/or biceps tendon become worn out and occasionally inflamed, usually as a result of being pinched by surrounding structures. The injury may vary from mild inflammation to involvement of most of the rotator cuff. When the rotator cuff tendon becomes inflamed and thickened, it may become trapped under the acromion. - Rotator cuff tear. A rotator cuff tear involves one or more rotator cuff tendons becoming inflamed from overuse, aging, a fall on an outstretched hand, or a collision. - Adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder). Frozen shoulder is a severely restrictive condition frequently caused by injury that, in turn, leads to lack of use due to pain. Intermittent periods of use may cause inflammation and adhesions to grow between the joint surfaces, thus restricting motion. There is also a lack of synovial fluid to lubricate the gap between the arm bone and socket that normally helps the shoulder joint to move. This restricted space between the capsule and ball of the humerus distinguishes adhesive capsulitis from the less complicated condition known as stiff shoulder. - Fracture. A fracture is a partial or total crack or break through a bone that usually occurs due to a impact injury. Although the shoulder is the most movable joint in the body, it is also an unstable joint because of its range-of-motion. Because the ball of the upper arm is larger than the socket of the shoulder, it is susceptible to injury. The shoulder joint must also be supported by soft tissues--muscles, tendons, and ligaments--which are also subject to injury, overuse, and under use. Degenerative conditions and other diseases in the body may also contribute to shoulder problems, or generate pain that travels along nerves to the shoulder. In addition to a complete medical history and physical examination (to determine range-of-motion, location of pain, and level of joint instability/stability), diagnostic procedures for shoulder problems may include the following: - X-ray. A diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A diagnostic procedure that uses a combination of large magnets, radiofrequencies, and a computer to produce detailed images of organs and structures within the body; can often determine damage or disease in a surrounding ligament or muscle. - Computed tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan). A diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce horizontal and vertical cross-sectional images (often called slices) of the body. A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. CT scans are more detailed than general X-rays. - Electromyogram (EMG). A test to evaluate nerve and muscle function. - Ultrasound. A diagnostic technique which uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs. - Laboratory tests (to determine if other problems may be the cause) - Arthroscopy. A minimally-invasive diagnostic and treatment procedure used for conditions of a joint. This procedure uses a small, lighted, optic tube (arthroscope) which is inserted into the joint through a small incision in the joint. Images of the inside of the joint are projected onto a screen; used to evaluate any degenerative and/or arthritic changes in the joint; to detect bone diseases and tumors; to determine the cause of bone pain and inflammation. Specific treatment of shoulder problems will be determined by your doctor based on: - Your age, overall health, and medical history - Extent of the condition - Your tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies - Expectations for the course of the condition - Your opinion or preference Treatment may include: - Activity modification - Physical therapy Click here to view the Online Resources of Orthopaedic Surgery
Whether you love them boiled, fried, poached, over easy or scrambled, eggs are officially back the daily menu—though they never left for many of us—thanks to the new U.S. Dietary Guidelines released in January, which no longer include a cholesterol restriction on specific foods. Updated every five years, the new guidelines state the relationship between dietary cholesterol (found only in animal foods) and blood cholesterol levels is inconclusive, and more research is needed. The guidelines recommend to continue limiting dietary cholesterol with the exception of cholesterol from eggs and shellfish. Eggs have gotten a bum rap since the 1960s when they were thought to be linked to heart disease and stroke due to a high saturated fat and cholesterol content. A large egg contains 186 mg cholesterol, which means having two for breakfast would have put you over the U.S. Dietary Guidelines’ recommended daily cholesterol restriction of 300 mg—up until now. The research associating dietary cholesterol with heart disease has been labeled as hazy by members of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, who point out how dietary guidelines in Europe, Asia, and Canada don’t have a restriction on cholesterol intake. “It is now evident that dietary cholesterol does not increase blood cholesterol as much, or if at all, as thought in the past,” says Tara Collingwood, R.D.N., a sports nutritionist in Orlando, Florida, official nutritionist for runDisney, and member of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (though she did not advise on the actual dietary guidelines). The new guidelines also recommend a limit of 10 percent of calories from saturated fat. The saturated fat from one egg equals 1.6 g, or 1 percent of calories in a 1,500-calorie daily diet. “We need to worry more about saturated fat and not so much about dietary cholesterol,” says Miriam Nelson, Ph.D., a nutrition professor at Tufts University who is also a member of the Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. So where does this leave you in terms of egg consumption? Can you have as many as you’d like, or should you continue to eat them in moderation? Read on to find out more, before you order that three-egg omelet. Why Eggs Are Good for Your Health First, you should know exactly what eggs bring to the plate. Eggs are one of the best sources of macronutrients and micronutrients. A large one provides 6 grams of protein, which adds up to 13 percent of your daily recommended amount. Eggs are also one of the most easily absorbed protein-rich foods. Your body is able to more effectively use egg protein than the kind you get from milk, fish, beef, tofu, or beans. Egg yolks contain vitamin A (good for eyes and skin), vitamin D (helpful for bones), and B vitamins (important in the body’s protein-building process). Eggs also have important minerals, such as iron and zinc. They’re also one of the few dietary sources of choline, good for the brain. The fat in eggs can be beneficial for health. When volunteers ate eggs with raw salad, absorption of the carotenoids in the vegetables significantly increased, according to a 2015 study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition by guidelines committee member Wayne W. Campbell, Ph.D., and his Purdue University colleagues. Carotenoids are good for eyesight and help lower risk of certain cancers. Additionally, eggs may help lower incident of type 2 diabetes. In one Finnish study, also published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2015, researchers found that people who ate more eggs (about three and a half weekly) had a lower risk of diabetes, versus subjects eating one egg a week. In the study, egg eaters were more likely to have a healthier diet and were less likely to smoke. The Incredible Edible Egg Debate So how many eggs can you have? “An egg or two a day is fine,” says Nelson. “As long as they are prepared in a healthy way, there is no need to restrict them.” Campbell, a nutrition professor at Purdue University, has similar thoughts. “Based on the cholesterol issue alone, there is no need to restrict egg intake,” he says. “But all things in moderation still holds.” If you’re eating a lot of foods rich in saturated fat—like butter, cheese, cream, or high-fat meats—you should probably limit your egg intake. Should anyone else limit egg intake? Yes, says Collingwood. People with heart disease or a high risk of it, or those with uncontrolled high blood pressure should consider restricting intake to one egg daily, or choose egg whites only. What About Egg Whites? Are these diet standbys sidelined now? Nope. They can remain an important part of the diet, especially for people watching their total calories or saturated fat intake. “There is no need to pit egg whites, egg substitutes, and whole eggs against each other,” says Campbell. “If consuming egg whites and egg substitutes is helping you attain a heart-healthy diet, then stick with them.” One more thing to keep in mind about eggs: They can be incubators for harmful bacteria. In other words, disease-causing bacteria grows especially well in them, so refrigerate them as soon as possible after buying. Also, cook egg dishes until their internal temperature rises to 160° F, which will instantly kill almost any bacteria. What does this look like? That’s when the white part has coagulated completely (it’s solid, but tender), meaning there’s no watery liquid within the shell.
Have you ever wondered how an outboard engine really works? Modern outboards, similar to engines found in other products such as cars or motorcycles, use internal fuel combustion to move pistons, which in turn rotate a drive shaft. All engines of this type require three elements to work together for combustion and propulsion— The engine has systems in place to determine the amount of each and when they need to be applied. In the case of an outboard, the combustion creates rotational force on the crank shaft that in turn is used to spin a propeller. There are two primary technologies used in outboard engines to create power using combustion. Each has similarities and differences to achieve the same goal – turning the propeller to create propulsion. One type of outboard is called a 4-stroke and the other is called 2-stroke. The reason they are named this way comes from the way the engine is set up to time the necessary functions to effect combustion. A “stroke” is when a single piston moves from one end of the cylinder to the other. One type of engine used in outboards requires four strokes for every combustion, so it is called a 4-stroke engine. Another requires just two strokes for each combustion, so it is called a 2-stroke engine. A 4-stroke engine goes through four steps to effect combustion, and each involves the piston moving the length of the cylinder, or making a “stroke.” 1. First the piston moves down in the cylinder, creating a vacuum. As this happens, a valve, located at the top of the cylinder opens, letting in a mixture of air and fuel. This is called the intake stroke. The valve is held shut by a spring mechanism and is opened by a cam (a raised bump on a camshaft) that pushes the valve and compresses the spring. Once the cam passes the valve, the spring closes the valve again. 2. The piston then moves back up to compress the mixture of air and fuel in the combustion chamber. This is called the compression stroke. When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, the air-fuel mixture is compressed. 3. With the piston at the top of the cylinder, a spark plug ignites the mixture, creating an explosion that drives the piston down. This is when the piston makes its third transit of the cylinder. This is the combustion stroke, or “power” stroke. 4. The fourth stroke is when the piston comes up again, the exhaust valve opens, and the spent gas is pushed out into the exhaust manifold. It is called the exhaust stroke. A 2-stroke engine goes through two steps to effect combustion, and each involves the piston moving the length of the cylinder, or making a “stroke.” 1. As the piston begins to move up, it compresses the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder and closes off both the intake and exhaust valves. On a 2-stroke engine, the valves are holes in the cylinder wall, rather than near the top of the cylinder in the combustion chamber, as they are on a 4-stroke. So, the first stroke in a conventional carbureted 2-stroke engine completes both the intake and the compression function. 2. When the piston is at the top of the cylinder, the spark plug ignites the fuel-air mixture, and an explosion occurs, pushing the piston down at the beginning of its second stroke. As it passes down the cylinder, the piston uncovers the exhaust valve and the spent gasses exit the chamber. In this way, this engine accomplishes both the power stroke and the exhaust function in one stroke. At the same time, the bottom of the piston compresses the air in the crankcase, pushing the air/fuel mix -- through the recently opened intake valve -- into the cylinder. And, the process is repeated. All of this means that the natural mechanics of a 2-stroke combustion engine generates twice as many power strokes for every revolution of the crankshaft. As we’ve seen, a 4-stroke outboard has its piston make two additional transits of the cylinder, one to push exhaust gases out, and another to draw in the air/fuel mixture. On a 2-stroke, the intake and exhaust stages are managed by the piston’s downward pressure on the crankcase air, which pushes into the piston as the cylinder-sidewall valve opens. To look at it another way: At 2000 rpm, each cylinder in a 2-stroke engine is firing – and creating energy – 2,000 times. It doesn’t matter how many cylinders there are. Whether there’s one piston turning the crankshaft on a 2-stroke outboard, or four, or six, or eight, they all do the complete up-down cycle each time the crankshaft turns. In a 4-stroke engine operating at the same 2000 rpm, each cylinder is firing – and creating energy – 1,000 times, exactly half as often. The piston of the 4-stroke must make two more transits of the cylinder with no appreciable addition of power. There are many other differences between 2-stroke and 4- stroke engines, but a core difference is the number of strokes necessary for combustion.
\|Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute\|\|Home\| Strategy for Introducing the Unit Taking a Stand in “Everyday Use” by Alice Walker Minding Everybody’s Business in “The Watcher” by J. California Cooper Tormented by Choices in “I Stand Here Ironing” by Tillie Olson Making Cultural Adjustments in “Daughter of Invention” by Julia Alvarez Defying Cultural Stereotypes in “Seventeen Syllables” by Hiyase Yamamoto Rules to live by in “Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid Lesson Plan I Lesson Plan II Lesson Plan III - Lesson Plan IV The lesson plans in this curriculum are designed to serve at-risk high school students who have had little or no success in getting their credit in a large urban high school. Often these students are not skillful readers; their reading vocabulary is wanting, and their writing skills are largely undeveloped. The absence of academic success has caused them to believe they will not do well in school. - first, to give students the opportunity to explore the development of women characters as mothers, specifically of daughters, and how they protect, support, neglect, inspire, and even alienate their daughters through their attitudes and actions; - second, to give students the opportunity to look at mothers as women who for better or for worse have dreams and lives, independent of their motherhood; - third, to create an opportunity for students to take a closer look at their own mothers and grandmothers, not only as women who raise children, but also as women who may have dreams and heartaches and lives as well; - fourth, to create an opportunity for students who are themselves mothers and in some cases fathers to consider how they relate to their children and what dreams and desires they may have independent of motherhood and fatherhood; and - finally, through lesson plans, to integrate throughout the curriculum skills such as the writing process, reading comprehension, gathering information and communicating findings to the class. At the Wilbur Cross Annex where I teach English, we spend a minimum of fifty percent of each day engaged in team teaching with teachers of other disciplines such as math or science or social studies. It is also possible to collaborate with a teacher of our own discipline during the day. One English teacher can teach the unit that I have designed or it can be taught with another teacher in conjunction with the unit titled “Daughters Come of Age in Women’s Fiction” by Dianne Marlowe. Because Dianne and I are both English teachers at the Annex, we are planning to collaborate to teach our units. We have found that with our at-risk students, both collaboration and team teaching bring extra energy and inspiration to our classrooms. The fiction in the unit is multi-cultural; among the selections is literature by Japanese, West Indian, African American, and Puerto Rican women. The issues they write about, while they may be specific to their cultures, are at the same time universal. Students will have the opportunity for exposure to other cultures through literature and to women writers from other cultural backgrounds. They will find that mothers with daughters develop in ways that are unique to their culture but at the same time develop and live their lives like women everywhere. While the film is a story about these women, the men and how the men treat their women can be a topic for a lively discussion. One of the men rationalizes that because he is an artist he cannot help but be attracted to women other than his wife. His wife must deal with this. Another man has the opportunity to seduce a woman, admitting up front that he is married. One woman finds out that her husband and her sister slept together and she must deal with this: what were the circumstances; were they totally wrong? Most women had children, but not all; some were by choice and some were by chance. One young, unmarried, black woman has a child by a young white man. What are her choices and circumstances? As this unit explores the lives of women created by women writers, this film reminds us that grown women, most with grown children and grandchildren, were once young women who chose their destinies and who experienced, and, in some instances, are still experiencing, the joy and pain of these choices. Just as these women develop and gain depth of character in the film, the authors of the stories develop their women and give them depth of character. To sharpen this awareness it would be useful to assign certain students to track specific women in the film, sharing with the rest of the class what they learn about these women as the film progresses and in giving their judgment as to whether these women made good choices. Since a few of the men play significant roles in the film, students could also be assigned to track them, sharing their profiles of these men and critiquing their decisions and actions. The granddaughter who is making up her mind whether or not to marry the young man who has proposed to her is a foil that makes the telling of the women’s stories seem very natural. The granddaughter is spending the summer in the home of the woman who hosts the annual quilting bee. Thus while the women regale her with the stories of their marriages, she weighs the pros and cons of her own. Following viewing and discussing the film, the students can engage in an art activity in which each student makes his/her own quilt square that represents the past/present/future of his/her life. This could be achieved with paper or scraps of fabric glued on fabric or paper. When finished, the squares would be joined as a class quilt and hung on a wall to represent the make up of the class. Dianne Marlowe is also suggesting this activity in her unit, because these two units can be taught together by two teachers, and each unit commences with the viewing of this same film. A variation of this quilting activity would be an effective activity at the conclusion of each story. Following the reading, discussion and writing activities for each story, students will create a story-quilt square for the main character in the story, representing memorable images about the main character in the story. At the end of the unit, or as the unit progresses, each student can assemble his/her squares into a mini-quilt that will be an artistic expression of the unit. Ideally, students will be able to use these squares to recall the most significant aspects of each main character. The narrator, Mama, leads us into her own character by staging, in her imagination, a reunion on a TV show, where a successful young woman is surprised by a reunion with her parents; and everyone is hugging and shows how much they have all loved one another all these years. Mama goes on to say that of course the young woman is proud of her parents. Mama then shares a “real life” description of herself as something of a Sojourner Truth in physical strength and fortitude. In real life I am a large, big boned woman with rough, man-working hands.In the imaginary TV show Mama says, “I am the way my daughter wants me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin is like uncooked barley pancake. My hair glistens in the hot bright lights(3).” It is very clear that there is a wide disparity not only between sisters Maggie and Dee but also between Mama and her daughter Dee. In the winter I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in In fact, this story is about disparity; it is about the pain we inflict upon one another, often unwittingly, about a mother who has no misconceptions as to who she is, and who her daughters are. Although Mama has raised Dee, Dee is really a stranger to both her mother and her sister, Maggie. It is about denying and rejecting one’s roots. It is about taking a stand, sometimes against one’s own children. Obviously there is a wealth of possibilities here for lessons and learning. The vehicle in which these issues are couched is a visit Dee makes with her boyfriend back to Mama and Maggie in their humble, rural dwelling that has no real windows, just some holes cut in the sides. One interesting exercise for students working independently or in groups of two or three is to cull through the story in search of incidents in which Mama, and Maggie as well, suffer psychological pain inflicted by Dee, sometimes mindlessly, and sometimes intentionally, sometimes indirectly as is the case when Mama describes how she thinks Dee would like her to look for the TV appearance, and sometimes directly, as in this account Mama gives of being read to by Dee. (Gathering these incidents also can be a natural first step in what would become a five- paragraph essay assignment.) She used to read to us without pity, forcing words, lies, other folks’ habits,An instance of Dee mindlessly inflicting pain, and there are many instances, manifests itself in the scene where Dee is determined to take the quilts handmade by Grandma Dee and Big Dee that are promised to Maggie when she marries. Dee bursts out with, “Maggie can’t appreciate these quilts! … She’d probably be backward enough to put them to everyday use (5).” whole lives upon us two, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice. She washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of know- ledge we didn’t necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away just at the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand.(4) Once students have compiled a list of these incidents, a discussion should ensue from making on the board, two lists from the students’ findings: one titled “Mama and/or Maggie suffer pain consciously inflicted by Dee.” And the other titled “Mama and/ or Maggie suffer pain unconsciously inflicted by Dee.” The students’ lists will vary and they will very likely not agree on some incidents as to which list to put their findings on. Of course the obvious question is, “Why does Dee do either of these?” Mama makes one telling reference to “all her [Dee’s] faultfinding power.” Apparently Mama and her life style including the house they live in and Maggie have all been subjected to this power by Dee. And when Dee shows up with her boyfriend for her afternoon visit, her character is every bit as offensive as the reader has anticipated. Items and implements of everyday use in Mama’s and Maggie’s life such as the butter churn top and the dasher and hand sewn quilts are seen by Dee now as collector’s items to be displayed in her apartment. Speaking of suffering psychological pain at the hands of Dee, it is as if she has come to pilfer her own family’s belongings right before their eyes. However, as Dee stands stubbornly clutching the quilts she has come to claim, quilts she refused to take to college because they were, in her estimation, old fashioned, Mama says, I did something I had never done before: hugged Maggie to me, then draggedSometimes mothers must take a stand against their own children, or on behalf of their own children, and sometimes both, as in the case of Mama, Dee and Maggie. Arriving at this insight about the characters in the story, an obvious discussion topic and perhaps a writing assignment might be to think about times when mothers do have to take a stand against a child or on behalf of a child, to step in when she witnesses an injustice or in defense of her child. her on into the room, snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangero’s hands and dumped them into Maggie’s lap. Maggie just sat there on my bed with her mouth open. (6) Mama does something she has never done before: she validates Maggie with her resounding “No!” to Dee: She “hugged” Maggie to her and furthermore brought her into the room as a witness as she “snatched” the quilts out of “Miss Wangero’s hands” and “dumped them into Maggie’s lap.” And Mama admits that this coup d’etat was almost divinely inspired. Mama simply knew she was the instrument to right the injustice Maggie had suffered, silently, all her life, at the hands of her sister. It is an epiphany for Mama when she moves on Wangero; it is a stand long overdue, not only affirming Maggie but herself as well. Dee has “cowed” them both for years. One has only to go back and reread Mama’s description of what Dee would like Mama to look like and what Mama says she looks like in reality. One is suspicious of her from the outset when in sentence two she says it is part of her community duty and her duty to God to “always, always” try to do right and help people. From her moral declaration, the narrator complains that while she takes time to do for others, she gets no thanks for it. This woman who claims to fear God and white folks reveals her level of intelligence by confiding to us that she “hollers” at white people on television talk shows and tells them what they need to know but “they don’t listen to nobody (7)!” Having established the character of the narrator, Cooper reveals how the narrator “helps people” by sticking her nose into their personal lives, on the lookout for sin, to the degree that she destroys people’s reputations and even their marriages, and they end up moving away. In one case, a husband shoots his wife because of the unfounded information the narrator tells him about her. The narrator is so obsessed with what she calls doing her “religious duty” that she engages her own husband to help her keep an eye on the single woman across the street at night while the narrator sleeps because she suspects her of sinning with some man. The husband keeps an eye on her all right and ends up divorcing the narrator and marrying the single woman across the street. While the narrator is doing her “religious duty” looking for sin in everyone in the neighborhood and even in a nearby parking lot at night, her own daughter is trying to abort a fetus in her bedroom at home, where she also got pregnant. Her son, who she says keeps to himself, overdoses on heroin and dies right in his own bedroom at home. But the mother’s rationale for all this is, “You can’t see everything (8).” Instead of taking her daughter’s pregnancy and attempted abortion, or her son’s death from a drug overdose, or her husband’s leaving her for the woman across the street as a wake up call, she further entrenches herself in what I will call her block watch. Her parting lines convey her mind set, “I’m watching the minister too! There is a sin there somewhere (9)!” Cooper is masterful at winding the reader in with one scenario after another in which the narrator finds sin in the neighborhood, starting with a woman who used to live across the street, while in her own house she has neglected her own children and husband. While the mother in “The Watcher” appears to the reader totally culpable in her gross negligence of her daughter and son, the mother in this story struggles to examine and, at the same time, resists sifting, weighing, estimating, and totaling the consequences surrounding the choices she made about raising her daughter, and the unavoidable circumstances that swept them both into an eddy from which there seemed to be no escape. The poignancy of the story lies in: (1) the narrator’s developing awareness that the accumulation of her choices involving Emily had a devastating effect on Emily’s character, and (2) the relevancy it bears to many of our lives and choices made, combined with circumstances endured, by the women who raised us. This relevancy would be as true for the students in my classes and should be a means of raising questions about choices and circumstances with their own mothers, grandmothers or women who raised and/or are raising them. There are many opportunities for meeting oneself as either a mother or a daughter in Tillie Olson’s story. Beginning her reflections chronologically, the mother describes her daughter, Emily, as “a beautiful baby,” and Emily’s need later to be told by her mother how beautiful she had been as a baby and would be; “…and was now to the seeing eye.” And then the mother abruptly halts the flow of the prose, admitting, “But seeing eyes were few or nonexistent. Including mine (11).” At eight months the mother had to leave this baby who “was a miracle to me,” with a woman in the building, to look for work and for Emily’s father who had left them. The mother explains that it was the worst years of the Great Depression. After she leaves her with the woman downstairs, it doesn’t get better; it gets worse. She has to bring her baby to the family of her husband and leave her there. And then it was nursery school “…parking places for children.” Emily hated going but her pleadings were indirect, and her mother knew the teacher was evil, but she had no alternative. “It was the only way we could be together, the only way I could hold a job (12).” The narrator adds that Emily had to get used to a new daddy. And they left her alone nights, “telling themselves she was old enough.” “Can’t you go some other time Mommy, like tomorrow?” Emily would ask. “Will it be just a little while you’ll be gone? Do you promise?” The mother remembers that one time when they came back, Emily was “rigid awake (13).” Her mother remembers being persuaded by the clinic to send Emily away to a convalescent home when she was not recovering her health after having red measles. What her mother painfully recalls is that the home would not allow Emily to keep the letters that her mother had written to her; a seven-year-old was not allowed to keep her mother’s letters. Emily got frailer at this home. After this episode in the convalescent home, her mother recalls that Emily would push away when she tried to hold her. At least twice in her narration, Emily’s mother refers to it being “too late!” Emily’s mother confides to the reader that she will never total it all. But it is apparent from the account she has so painfully rendered that Emily’s mother made many choices about raising Emily that, in retrospect, she does not consider to be good ones. These choices, often informed by circumstances, had a profound effect on the young woman that Emily has become. Emily’s mother admits, “My wisdom came too late… Only help her to know --help make it so there is cause for her to know -- that she is more than this dress on the ironing board, helpless before the iron (14).” The profound regrets of Emily’s mother concerning both her choices and the circumstances surrounding those choices in raising her daughter are palpable. There is much, no doubt, that many mothers whose “wisdom came too late” would like to convey to their grown children. There is an opportunity after reading and discussing this story to explore options for single parents today that might help prevent situations like this one. Teachers need to be aware that it may be too painful for a student to relate his/her own experiences to Emily’s, or for him/ her to have a dialogue with the women who have raised or are raising him/her to learn what circumstances informed the choices they made when the student was growing up. Laura Garcia is not only a wife and mother; she is a role model for her daughters, a curious, imaginative woman who clearly has a passion for life manifested in her zeal to invent something. The author, twice, describes her reading the New York Times, implying that while she may falter somewhat speaking English, she is highly literate and wants to be an informed woman. Mr. Garcia is a medical doctor whose practice is successful, and the family is financially comfortable. Among the stories I have chosen for my unit, this family is the only one that is portrayed as a whole functioning family. From the minute the reader meets the mother, Laura, she is trying to be an inventor. She is passionate about inventing gadgets. This drive sometimes consumes her, and her daughters complain that they cannot even “engage” their mother when they need to talk to her. But Laura is a wily woman who does not fuss over or coddle her girls, sometimes even when they seem to need her comfort. She seems to know how to maintain a healthy balance between nurturing her daughters and forcing them to be independent; she responds when their needs are genuine. When the eldest daughter, Yoyo, insists “We’re not going to that school anymore” because “Those kids were throwing stones today,” their mother comes back with, “What did you do to provoke them? It takes two to tangle, you know (15).” In essence, she is letting her daughters know that they must learn to cope. The story culminates in a crisis brought about when Yoyo, in the ninth grade, is chosen to deliver the Teachers’ Day address at her school. As someone who experiments with writing poetry, she is looking through a book of poems by Walt Whitman and is “shocked and thrilled” by his the somewhat irreverent, unconventional poetry which includes the line, “He most honors my style who learns under it to destroy the teacher (16).” Her creativity inspired, Yoyo found her voice as she wrote a five-page speech, which she promptly read to her mother who recognized its brilliance. But when Laura practices her speech before her father, he reacts violently to the rebellious tone in the speech, recalling his fear of rebellion and why he fled the dictator in the Dominican Republic. He knows all too well what happens to people who dissent and rebel against their leaders. He grabs the speech and rips it into shreds while Laura and her mother try desperately to rescue the bits and pieces. This is not the computer age and Yoyo has only the one copy, which is now shredded, the night before the assembly. The family has the great fortune of having a woman of profound understanding. When Yoyo genuinely needs her mother, she helps her concoct a speech for the next day’s assembly. It is her mother who types it up for her once it is drafted. While it is not the speech inspired by Whitman, it is well received, and Yoyo gains recognition throughout the school. Yoyo’s father makes peace with Yoyo and buys her her own electric typewriter because both her mother and her father recognize that she has a gift for writing. Through her writing, she will create inventions of her own. \|As Yoyo’s speech gains her school-wide recognition, and she begins to come into her own, her mother gives up trying to invent things. Perhaps it is the passion for invention that Laura modeled for her daughters. Yoyo is the eldest, and she is developing her passion.\| So Rosie and her father lived for a while with two women, her motherBut, the first line of this quote and two lines on this same page in the story fore- shadow the life span of this woman’s newly found voice. “So Rosie and her father lived for a while. . .” “The new interest had some repercussions on the household routine.” “But Ume Hanazono’s life span, even for a poet’s, was very brief ---perhaps three months at most (18).” It is the all too familiar story of a woman trying to liberate herself from her cultural bondage. While high school students may read this story today and think that women no longer experience this kind of resistance to their autonomy, it would be illuminating for them to look into women’s rights in the world in the present. and Ume Hanazono. Her mother (Tome Hayashi by name) kept house, cooked, washed, and, along with her husband and the Carrascos, the Mexican family hired for the harvest, did her ample share of picking tomatoes out in the sweltering fields and boxing them in tidy strata in the cool packing shed. Ume Hanazono, who came to life after the dinner dishes were done, was an earnest, muttering stranger who often neglected speaking when spoken to and stayed busy at the parlor table as late as midnight scribbling with pencil on scratch paper or carefully copying characters on good paper with her fat, pale green Parker. (17) In this story the woman who is a wife and mother is developing an identity outside of both of these roles. There are signals all along the way that her husband in discontented with this second identity. As Ume Hanazono comes more and more to life, the husband becomes gradually more and more frustrated, jealous, threatened and angry. An interesting question to raise is, could she have given him more attention, recognizing that he was growing more and more frustrated? Or are the circumstances surrounding her marriage that we learn near the end of the story simply too much for her. It would be interesting to look at the rather horrifying scene in which the husband runs into the house and seems to throw out the magazine editor of haiku who has brought an award to Rosie’s mother. He then takes the award, a delicately framed painting, and chops it up and burns it. This scene is followed by the poignant conversation between Rosie and her mother, culminating in this desperate plea. “Suddenly, her mother knelt on the floor and took her by the wrists. ‘Rosie,’ she said urgently, ‘Promise me you will never marry (19).’” Some students may stick up for the husband, defending his reaction given his cultural mindset. This would give the teacher an opportunity to look with the students at the Japanese culture on the topic of women’s roles. This story was written in l949, although the role of women in the household may not have changed very much. “Seventeen Syllables” also lends itself to an essay discussing whether it has the basic elements of good literature which is one of the lesson plans in this unit. Because this requirement to recognize good literature is one of the tasks on the CAPT, I try to make my students aware of it every time we read a story. I have developed with my students three criteria for determining whether a story is good literature: There must be a conflict that reaches some kind of resolution, not necessarily a positive resolution; a character must develop beyond what he/she is when we first meet him/her, and the story must contain some kind of universal theme or lesson for the reader. Another CAPT question which often shows up in the Language Arts part of the test is what effect the characters have on one another. Clearly, there is much to say and write about the effect Rosie’s mother and her father have on one another. It would be an engaging activity to ask the students, after looking at some of the specific advice, just what kind of woman the mother or elder woman wants the young woman to be. The advice ranges from the highly practical and literal, regarding the washing of clothes, to the rather abstract, how to love a man, and when to give up on loving a man. Of course from reading the letter, the reader learns a great deal about the hierarchy of values held by the mother or elder woman writing the letter. One way to manage the density of the rules is to have the students, working in small groups, first make lists of rules and then to try to put them in categories. Once they have completed this process, categories could be listed on the black board and each group could recommend which rules go into which categories. This should make for a lively discussion, as, no doubt, there will be some differences. Once they have read and discussed the letter that makes up “Girl,” students could write a letter, now that they are no longer children, that they think their mothers or women, (or their fathers for that matter), who have raised them would write to them with its set of rules. Students who have children of their own could actually write a letter to their young children with rules by which to grow up, or, pretending that these children are grown and are about go out into the world, write a letter to them containing important advice for life.. rules to live by. Students who don’t have children could imagine themselves as parents and write rules to an imaginary child of their own. These activities are developed into Lesson Plan III. A pair of the questions typically asked on the Language Arts CAPT (Connecticut Academic Performance Test) following the reading of the story is: “How do the characters affect one another?” and “How do you know?” This story offers an excellent opportunity for students: The Graphic Organizer that is included on the following page is a very effective tool for helping students organize and use material. - to observe the effect these two characters have upon each other, - to practice recording, on a Graphic Organizer, their observations from the story, - to practice gathering evidence, on a Graphic Organizer, from the story to support their observations. - to use the information on the Graphic Organizer to write a paragraph discussing how Rosie’s mother’s actions, as Ume Hanazono the haiku writer, affected Rosie’s father. The discussion will include observations and evidence from the story for support. Prior to reading the story, introduce the pair of questions as the task students will be working on either individually or in small groups. The students at the Cross Annex like to read stories out loud. Therefore, once the task has been introduced, have the students read the story aloud, listening and watching for how and why Rosie’s mother, as Ume Hanazono the haiku writer, has an effect on her father, how he reacts, and ultimately, how her mother is affected by his reaction. Encourage students to hi-light sentences and dialogue that seem significant. Explain that hi-lighting and jotting notes regarding the task will make it unnecessary to reread the entire story. Once students have finished reading the story, ask them to fill in the columns of the Graphic Organizer, following. If students plan to show how Rosie’s mother, the emerging haiku writer, affected Rosie’s father, students must observe what they are like, initially, so they can make a comparison as to how they change, as the story progresses. After the class has had time to complete this task, ask students to write a paragraph sharing their observations on how Rosie’s mother, the emerging haiku writer, affected her father, using evidence from their Graphic Organizers to support their observations. Once they have written their paragraphs, students will share and compare their findings, which can lead to a discussion about how the two characters affected each other and whether Rosie’s father was right to react so violently when her mother received the haiku award, or whether Rosie’s mother was right to pursue writing haiku in the first place. There is also the question, “Is Rosie’s mother right to make Rosie promise her that she would never marry? And, given Rosie’s romantic interest with the young man, is she likely to keep the promise? Graphic Organizer # 1 - A Character Study of “Seventeen Syllables” Write down your observations, and evidence that supports these observations, indicating how the actions of Rosie’s mother as Ume Hanazono the haiku writer affect Rosie’s father, from the beginning to the end of the story. Tell in your own words what Rosie’s mother, Ume Hanazono the haiku writer, does that causes Rosie’s father to react? (action) Tell in your own words how Rosie’s father reacts to the actions of Rosie’s mother, Ume Hanazono the haiku writer (reaction) Record evidence from the story to support your observations. Copy these quotes directly from the story. Include page #’s (evidence) Working with our at-risk high school students at the Cross Annex, we have come up with a basic definition of good literature which, in combination with the Graphic Organizer, students can use to assess most stories. This definition is: a story that is considered good literature must have: Lesson Plan I addresses the second part of this definition, having to do with characters changing or developing in some way. Students will learn to identify the conflict in stories and to identify the universal theme or lesson, making observations and gathering evidence on Graphic Organizers. - a conflict that gets resolved (not always to the satisfaction of the reader), - a character who develops or changes in some way, and - a universal theme or lesson As for the issue of conflict, it is easy to make a Graphic Organizer that allows students to identify what they see as the conflict. On the left side of the Organizer students would write, in their own words, their observations of how the conflict they have identified unfolds as the story progresses, and on the right side of the Organizer they would copy evidence from the story to support their observations. ____ This same system can be used once students have identified the universal theme or lesson. On the left side of the Organizer students would write, in their own words, how the story conveys the universal theme or lesson, and on the right side of the Organizer they would copy evidence from the story to support their observations. ____ From the observations and evidence on these Organizers, students can write a five-paragraph essay discussing whether the story they have read is good literature: - Paragraph one would contain their thesis and one sentence for each criterion. - Paragraphs two, three, and four would discuss the three criteria. - Paragraph five would contain the conclusion. Ideally, literature turns us upon ourselves and invites us to reflect upon our own humanity, growth, struggles, pain, choices, etc. “Girl” is such a story, inviting students to: Introduce the story “Girl” by asking students how many of them have been told by a parent or an elder, “Now that you are man, or now that you are a woman, you must behave as an adult, and there are responsibilities that come with being grown?” Ask what some of the rules or expectations are that parents or elders or teachers, for that matter, have articulated to the students. Write some of these rules and expectations on the board to raise consciousness and to spark interest. - examine the rules by which the young woman is asked, by her mother, to live, - become aware of the rules by which they themselves are asked to live and perhaps discuss whether they are reasonable, and - role play that they are mothers or fathers, writing an imaginary letter of rules to their own children who are about to go out into the world. Then explain that parents all over the world seem to follow this general tradition. Explain that the letter they are about to read was written by a mother in the West Indies to her daughter who is about to leave home. Read aloud the letter that comprises “Girl,” and then ask students in small groups to come up with a list of rules from the letter and to try to put them into categories such as: rules regarding daily cleanliness, rules regarding social behavior, rules regarding matters of the heart, etc. Once groups have had time to come up with a list and categories, ask each group to share the categories. Write these on the board. Then ask each group, to report what from their lists they would put in each category. This should generate a discussion as to which rules fit into which categories and may necessitate adding categories. It will also generate a discussion regarding what the rules are and to what extent they are specific or non-specific to the West Indies culture. Next, using these categories, ask each student to brainstorm the rules and expectations by which he or she is asked to live, now that he or she is growing up. A Graphic Organizer can be used for this prewriting activity. Completing the Graphic Organizer can lead to the students writing a letter they might expect to receive from their parent or the elder who has raised them. They can use “Girl” as their model; however, their letters may vary from the model. Finally, students will consider the rules and expectations they would put in a letter to a young adult if they themselves were parents. This could be done as a group brainstorm or individual activity. Some students may have young children of their own. They could pretend that these young children are young adults and write their letter to them. Using as a model, the story quilt in the film, How to Make an American Quilt, students will create their own story quilt. The students’ squares will be combined and the quilt displayed in the room as a representation of the class during the unit. Students will then create a story quilt square for the mother in each story throughout the unit. Each student will make one square for each main character in the six stories. These connected squares may serve as a final project at the end of the unit. They can be used to generate a writing activity or an oral presentation, or both. This art project is another expression of what the students have learned from the film and the literature. In this case, using as a model the story quilt in the film, students will begin with their own lives and then transfer the process to the characters in the stories they read. After watching the film, ask the students to create a story quilt square that represents their lives: past, present and future, or a variation of this. Students can use any medium available including: magic markers, colored pencils, pieces of fabric, construction paper, cut outs from magazines, water colors etc. Squares representing students’ lives should be uniform in size so that when completed they can be combined into a story quilt that can be displayed in the classroom. Following this activity, after reading each story, ask the students to do a story quilt square that represents the life or characteristics of each of the mothers. Each student can combine his or her own squares as they are completed or wait until all six squares have been completed and then combine them. Using the squares representing the lives of the mothers, students should be able to tell or write the story of, or compare, any of these characters. The art activity and the writing activity make an effective final exam project. - Cooper, 97. Alvarez 4 ñ 5. being a wife and mother but also serving as the cultural interpreter for her four daughters and her husband, as they make the transition from living in the Dominican Republic to the United States. Cooper, J. California. “The Watcher.” Homemade Love. New York: St. Martin’s Press, l986. 93-98. A woman, in the name of God and community, is so obsessed with minding the business of her neighbors that she, not only ruins many of their lives and drives them away, but she grossly neglects her own children and drives her own husband away. Olsen, Tillie. “I Stand Here Ironing.” Fictions. 2nd ed. Ed. Joseph F. Trimmer and C. Wade Jennings. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1989. 978-984. A mother literally stands ironing, while she struggles to examine, with considerable guilt, the consequences for her teen-age daughter, resulting from decisions and choices she, a single mother, had to make regarding raising her, from the time her daughter was born. Walker, Alice. “Everyday Use.” Fictions. 2nd ed. Ed. Joseph F. Trimmer and C. Wade Jennings. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, l989. A poor, Southern, rural, black woman narrates the story of the spiritual pain she and her daughter, Maggie, suffer resulting from the disparity between her two daughters, Maggie, a homely, reclusive, illiterate, young woman who lives with her mother, and Dee, the daughter who pushed her way out, went to college, and has, for all intents and purposes, left her mother and sister behind, spiritually and geographically. Yamaoto, Hisaye. “Seventeen Syllables.” Seventeen Syllables and Other Stories. Latham, New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1998. 8-19. The mother and wife of a very traditional Japanese man finds another identity in writing and publishing haiku. But to her horror, her traditional husband gradually is driven to rage by her commitment to her new career. How to Make an American Quilt, dir. Jocelyn Moorhouse, with, Universal City Studios, l995. A group of women come together for their annual quilting bee to sew a wedding quilt for the granddaughter of one of the women. As they create the squares for the quilt, they tell, in flashbacks, their stories of how, as young women, they met and married their husbands, and how their marriages evolved. Contents of 1999 Volume I \| Directory of Volumes \| Index \| Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute
Organ of Corti \|This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\| \|Organ of Corti\| A cross section of the cochlea illustrating the organ of Corti. The organ of Corti, or spiral organ, is the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses' action potential. Transduction occurs through vibrations of structures in the inner ear causing displacement of cochlear fluid and movement of hair cells at the organ of Corti to produce electrochemical signals. The organ of Corti is located in the cochlea of the inner ear between the vestibular duct and the tympanic duct and is composed of mechanosensory cells, known as hair cells. Strategically positioned on the basilar membrane of the organ of Corti are three rows of outer hair cells (OHCs) and one row of inner hair cells (IHCs). Separating these hair cells are supporting cells: Deiters cells, also called phalangeal cells, which separate and support both the OHCs and the IHCs. Projecting from the tops of the hair cells are tiny finger like projections called stereocilia, which are arranged in a graduated fashion with the shortest stereocilia on the outer rows and the longest in the center. This gradation is thought to be the most important anatomic feature of the organ of Corti because this allows the sensory cells superior tuning capability. If the cochlea were uncoiled it would roll out to be about 33 mm long in women and 34mm in men, with about 2.28 mm of standard deviation for the population. The cochlea is also tonotopically organized, meaning that different frequencies of sound waves interact with different locations on the structure. The base of the cochlea, closest to the outer ear, is the most stiff and narrow and is where the high frequency sounds are transduced. The apex, or top, of the cochlea is wider and much more flexible and loose and functions as the transduction site for low frequency sounds. The function of the organ of Corti is to transduce auditory signals and maximize the hair cells’ extraction of sound energy. It is the auricle and middle ear that act as mechanical transformers and amplifiers so that the sound waves end up with amplitudes 22 times greater than when they entered the ear. In normal hearing subjects, the majority of the auditory signals that reach the organ of Corti in the first place come from the outer ear. Sound waves enter through the auditory canal and vibrate the tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, which vibrates three small bones called the ossicles. As a result, the attached oval window moves and causes movement of the round window, which leads to displacement of the cochlear fluid. However, the stimulation can happen also via direct vibration of the cochlea from the skull. The latter is referred to as Bone Conduction (or BC) hearing, as complementary to the first one described, which is instead called Air Conduction (or AC) hearing. Both AC and BC stimulate the basilar membrane in the same way (Békésy, G.v., Experiments in Hearing. 1960). The basilar membrane on the tympanic duct presses against the hair cells of the organ as perilymphatic pressure waves pass. The stereocilia atop the IHCs move with this fluid displacement and in response their cation, or positive ion selective, channels are pulled open by cadherin structures called tip links that connect adjacent stereocilia. The organ of Corti, surrounded in potassium rich fluid endolymph, lies on the basilar membrane at the base of the scala media. Under the organ of Corti is the scala tympani and above it, the scala vestibuli. Both structures exist in a low potassium fluid called perilymph. Because those stereocilia are in the midst of a high concentration of potassium, once their cation channels are pulled open, potassium ions as well as calcium ions flow into the top of the hair cell. With this influx of positive ions the IHC becomes depolarized, opening voltage-gated calcium channels at the basolateral region of the hair cells and triggering the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate. An electrical signal is then sent through the auditory nerve and into the auditory cortex of the brain as a neural message. The organ of Corti is also capable of modulating the auditory signal. The OHCs can amplify the signal through a process called electromotility where they increase movement of the basilar membrane and therefore increase deflection of stereocilia in the IHCs. Through its association with the tectorial membrane, motion of the basilar membrane can enhance vibrations in the cochlea. A crucial piece to this cochlear amplification is the motor protein prestin, which changes shape based on the voltage potential inside of the hair cell. When the cell is depolarized prestin shortens, and because it is located on the membrane of OHCs it then pulls on the basilar membrane and increasing how much the membrane is deflected, creating a more intense effect on the IHCs. When the cell hyperpolarizes prestin lengthens and eases tension on the IHCs, which decreases the neural impulses to the brain. In this way, the hair cell itself is able to modify the auditory signal before it even reaches the brain. The organ of Corti, in between the scala tympani and the scala media, develops after the formation and growth of the cochlear duct. The inner and outer hair cells then differentiate into their appropriate positions and are followed by the organization of the supporting cells. The topology of the supporting cells lends itself to the actual mechanical properties that are needed for the highly specialized sound-induced movements within the organ of Corti. Development and growth of the organ of Corti relies on specific genes, many of which have been identified in previous research (SOX2, GATA3, EYA1, FOXG1, BMP4, RAC1 and more), to undergo such differentiation. Specifically, the cochlear duct growth and the formation of hair cells within the organ of Corti. Mutations in the genes expressed in or near the organ of Corti before the differentiation of hair cells will result in a disruption in the differentiation, and potential malfunction of, the organ of Corti. The organ of Corti can be damaged by excessive sound levels, leading to noise-induced impairment. The most common kind of hearing impairment, sensorineural hearing loss, includes as one major cause the reduction of function in the organ of Corti. Specifically, the active amplification function of the outer hair cells is very sensitive to damage from exposure to trauma from overly-loud sounds or to certain ototoxic drugs. Once outer hair cells are damaged, they do not regenerate, and the result is a loss of sensitivity and an abnormally large growth of loudness (known as recruitment) in the part of the spectrum that the damaged cells serve. While hearing loss has always been considered irreversible in mammals, fish and birds routinely repair such damage. A 2013 study has shown that the use of particular drugs may reactivate genes normally expressed only during hair cell development. The research was carried out at Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the Keio University School of Medicine in Japan. - Hudspeth, A (2014). "Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 15: 600–614. doi:10.1038/nrn3786. PMID 25096182. - The Ear Pujol,R., Irving, S., 2013 - Betlejewski, S (2008). "Science and life – the history of Marquis Alfonso Corti". Otolaryngologia Polska. 62 (3): 344–347. doi:10.1016/S0030-6657(08)70268-3. PMID 18652163. - Malgrange, B; Van de Water,T.R; Nguyen,L; Moonen,G; Lefebvre,P.P (2002). "Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters' cells in the cultured organ of Corti". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 59 (10): 1744–1757. doi:10.1007/pl00012502. PMID 12475185. - Lim, D (1986). "Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review". Hearing Research. 22: 117–146. doi:10.1016/0378-5955(86)90089-4. PMID 3525482. - Miller, J. D. (2007). "Sex differences in the length of the organ of Corti in humans". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (4): EL151–5. doi:10.1121/1.2710746. PMID 17471760. - Fritzsch, B; Jahan, I; Pan,N; Kers,J; Duncan,J; Kopecky,B (2012). "Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development: where are we now?". Hearing Research. 276 (1-2): 16–26. doi:10.1016/j.heares.2011.01.007. PMID 21256948. - Nichols, J.G; Martin, A.R.; Fuchs, P.A; Brown, D.A; Diamond, M.E; Weisblat, D.A (2012). From Neuron to Brain, 5th Edition. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 456–459. ISBN 978-0-87893-609-0. - Robert A. Dobie (2001). Medical-Legal Evaluation of Hearing Loss. Thomson Delmar Learning. ISBN 0-7693-0052-9. - "Cochlear hair cells - Beyond the Dish". wordpress.com. - Corti, A. (1851). Recherches sur l’organe de l'ouïe des mammiferes. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie, 3, 106–169. - Fritzsch, B., Jahan, I., Pan, N., Kersigo, J., Duncan, J., & Kopecky, B. (2012). Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development: where are we now? Hearing Research, 276(1-2), 16–26. - Hudspeth, A. (2014). Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15, 600–614. - Lim, D. (1986). Functional structure of the organ of Corti: a review. Hearing Research, 22, 117–146. - Malgrange, B., Thiry, M., Van de Water, T. R., Nguyen, L., Moonen, G., & Lefebvre, P. P. (2002). Epithelial supporting cells can differentiate into outer hair cells and Deiters’ cells in the cultured organ of Corti. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 59(10), 1744–1757. doi:10.1007/PL00012502 - Nicholls, J. G., Martin, A. R., Fuchs, P. A., Brown, D. A., Diamond, M. E., & Weisblat, D. A. (2012). From Neuron to Brain (5th ed., pp. 456–459). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, Inc. - Pritchard U. "On the organ of Corti in mammals". 2 March 1876, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, volume 24, pp. 346–52 OCLC 1778190 - Pujol, R., & Irving, S. (2013). The Ear. \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Organ of Corti.\| - Dissecting the molecular basis of organ of Corti development - Organ of Corti 3D animation - http://lobe.ibme.utoronto.ca/presentations/OHC_Electromotility/sld005.htm Diagram at University of Toronto - http://mayoresearch.mayo.edu/mayo/research/ent_research/images/image02.gif Diagram at Mayo - http://www.iurc.montp.inserm.fr/cric51/audition/english/corti/fcorti.htm at University of Montpellier 1
We have all experienced stress at some point in our lives. And some styles deal with it better than others. Stress is a very broad and complex issue, and a detailed examination of all its aspects lies beyond the means of the DISC profiling system. Nonetheless, by closely examining an individual's profile, and especially the variations between their External and Internal Profile graphs, it is possible to glean some information about the amount of stress a person is currently experiencing, and their likely reactions. Before continuing, we should define what is meant by 'stress'. In terms of the DISC system, this term has a meaning different from, but related to, 'pressure'. Where pressure results from a short-term problem, stress is considered to be related to the longer term, persisting over weeks, months or even years. Examples of sources of stress might be a conflict in the workplace, difficulties with home life, or ongoing financial concerns. Where an individual is experiencing great stress, it is not unusual for one or more of their DISC graphs to become 'Compressed'. If this is the case, the techniques described in this section are not applicable - the stress is simply too great to be measured by these means. While DISC can be used to provide an approximation of stress in a profile series, the preferred approach is to assess the 'Profile Tension' between the person's Internal and External Profile graphs. This gives us a measurement of the extent to which they are adapting themselves to their work or home conditions - the greater the adaptation; the more likely stress is being experienced. The degree to which this applies to an individual is dependent on their innate adaptability. By definition, more adaptable styles are better able to adapt themselves to different conditions and situations. All types will find this kind of tension debilitating if it reaches sufficient proportions, but some types are able to deal better with it, and actually find small amounts relatively invigorating. Specifically, the lower the Steadiness score in a candidate's profile, the more adaptable that candidate will be. Click her to gain an understanding of the four primary styles. Each person has an Adaptability threshold: the point above which Profile Tension will be likely to show a negative effect on an individual's performance. Dominant types typically have a high Threshold. By examining which of the DISC factors shows the strongest adaptation between the two Profile graphs, and the direction of that adaptation, it is possible to estimate the most likely source of that adaptation, at least in general terms. For example, if we find that a person shows very low Dominance in their Internal Profile, and much higher Dominance in their External Profile, it is clear that they feel the need to present a more assertive, dynamic and efficient approach. Why not take a DISC Assessment Report to see what style you are and to see where and if you are adapting. CLICK HERE Carol and Sandra are passionate about supporting others to be the best they can be through sharing their stories and experiences they have gained along the way...
What are the quantum mechanisms behind the emission and absorption of thermal radiation at and below room temperature? If the relevant quantum state transitions are molecular (stretching, flexing and spin changes) how come the thermal spectrum is continuous? What about substances (such as noble gases) which don't form molecules, how do they emit or absorb thermal radiation? Is there a semi-classical mechanism (with the EM field treated classically) and also a deeper explanation using the full apparatus of QFT? The thermal radiation associated with some object is typically described in terms of the "black-body" spectrum for a given temperature, given by the Planck formula. This formula is based on an idealization of an object that absorbs all frequencies of radiation equally, but it works fairly well provided that the object whose thermal spectrum you're interested in studying doesn't have any transitions with resonant frequencies in the range of interest. As the typical energy scale of atomic and molecular transitions is somewhere around an eV, while the characteristic energy scale for "room temperature" is in the neighborhood of 1/40 eV, this generally isn't all that bad an assumption-- if you look in the vicinity of the peak of the blackbody spectrum for an object at room temperature, you generally find that the spectrum looks very much like a black-body spectrum. How does this arise from the interaction between light of whatever frequency and a gas of atoms or molecules having discrete internal states? The thing to remember is that internal states of atoms and molecules aren't the only degree of freedom available to the systems-- there's also the center-of-mass motion of the atoms themselves, or the collective motion of groups of atoms. The central idea involved with thermal radiation is that if you take a gas of atoms and confine it to a region of space containing some radiation field with some characteristic temperature, the atoms and the radiation will eventually come to some equilibrium in which the kinetic energy distribution of the atoms and the frequency spectrum of the radiation will have the same characteristic temperature. (The internal state distribution of the atoms will also have the same temperature, but if you're talking about room-temperature systems, there's too little thermal energy to make much difference in the thermal state distribution, so we'll ignore that.) This will come about through interactions between the atoms and the light, and most of these interactions will be non-resonant in nature. In terms of microscopic quantum processes, you would think of these as being Raman scattering events, where some of the photon energy goes into changing the motional state of the atom-- if you have cold atoms and hot photons, you'll get more scattering events that increase the atom's kinetic energy than ones that decrease it, so the average atomic KE will increase, and the average photon energy will decrease. (Or, in more fully quantum terms, the population of atoms will be moved up to higher-energy quantum states within the box, while the population of higher-energy photon modes will decrease.) For thermal radiation in the room temperature regime, of course, the transitions in question are so far off-resonance that a Raman scattering for any individual atom with any particular photon will be phenomenally unlikely. Atoms are plentiful, though, and photons are even cheaper, so the total number of interactions for the sample as a whole can be quite large, and can bring both the atomic gas and the thermal radiation bath to equilibrium in time. I've never seen a full QFT treatment of the subject, but that doesn't mean much. The basic idea of the equilibration of atoms with thermal radiation comes from Einstein in 1917, and there was a really good Physics Today article (PDF) by Dan Kleppner a few years back, talking about just how much is in those papers. Addressing only the question of how a continuous spectrum arises from what appears to be a set of discrete spectra associated with individual modes of interaction with a solid pahse material... You can get a hint one of the things that is going on here by considering the Mössbauer effect. Individual photons are not required to interact with individual atoms, they can (and therefore sometimes will) interact with larger units of matter. IN the case of the Mössbauer effect they exchange momentum with a large unit of crystalline lattice rather than just the nucleus they interact with. You use the adjective "coherent" to distinguish these interactions. The result is that a otherwise neat cluster of allowed energies is smeared out by the recoil associated with many different masses. Nigel asks among other things if there is a semi-classical mechanism. This is an interesting point which has not been addressed so I am going to give it a try. The classical equilibrium between the electromagnetic field and a harmonic oscillator occurs when the energy per mode of the field is equal to the energy per mode of the oscillator. This is true classically and it is also true quantum mechanically. The real problem is that in a classical system of balls connected by springs, every mode gets the same energy no matter its frequency. This is true from the equipartition theorem which is based on maximizing entropy, and it is also true from a strictly mechanical argument of tracking collisions. This is the source of the ultraviolet catastrophe. One can evade the ultraviolet catstrophe in an ad hoc manner by restricting the mode energies of the higher frequency e-m field components. Planck's formula is usually explained this way. But a reading of Planck's paper shows that he really solved the problem by redefining the way entropy is calculated for an oscillator. Applying this entropy calculation directly to the electromagnetic field gives the desired results. But one could just as well apply the entropy calculation to the purely mechanical system. If one does, it turns out that the higher frequency oscillators are not excited to the extent one would expect from analyzing them as classical billiard balls connected by springs. The very high frequency oscillations are suppressed. If one then allows the oscillators to carry a small amount of charge, and calculates the resulting radiation according to the classical laws of antenna theory, it turns out you get the correct black-body spectrum. The system breaks down if you allow two or three high-frequency oscillators with the properties of a classical billiard ball on a spring to be added to the system. They will quickly equilibrate with the rest of the gas in terms of x,y and z velocities; and once the do this, they will share this energy with their oscillatory mode as well. It is the laws of quantum mechanics that forbid the existence of such oscillators, thereby preserving the thermal equilibrium. EDIT: I've posted a series of calculations starting here showing how you get the correct thermal radiation by looking at the moving charges in a quantum-mechanical system and calculating the radiation classically using the Larmor formula.
Cross-cultural psychology takes into consideration an individual's culture, including values and beliefs, when considering behavior and what is considered normal and abnormal. Cultural considerations should also be taken into consideration when creating standardized assessments and when treating a client. With a career in cross-cultural psychology, individuals are often involved in research or academic settings. Some research may focus on how people are similar or different in certain areas, such as personality and reasoning, while other research may be focused on determining if disorders are more or less prevalent in some cultures over others. In some ways, cross-cultural psychology encompasses many other fields of psychology. For instance, it involves cognitive psychology through exploring how reasoning, motivation, language, learning, and choice are different for people in different cultures. Social psychology is included in topics like how people from different cultures behave socially, such as the idea that people in collectivist cultures like South Korea and Japan value family and dependence, while those in individualistic cultures like the United States value independence from the group. The study of abnormal psychology within cross-cultural psychology is also greatly important in areas of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. For example, many standardized assessments like the Beck Depression Inventory are based off of test results using a sample of the predominant culture. Therefore, the test may not be generalizable to different populations, and people from other cultures may answer in very different ways, which could mask an actual diagnosis of depression or result in a diagnosis of depression when the person doesn't actually have depression. Methods of treatment must also take into consideration the client's culture, because some cultures may be more against drug therapy while others could be more resistant to certain types of psychotherapy. Therefore, cross-cultural psychology is an extremely important area of study. Culture not only comes into play when considering the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, but also when studying aspects of individual behavior as well. Image Credit: rajkumar1220 / flickr
Friday, August 04, 2006 Batesville Casket Company Julia Blankenburg :what does it maen for a figure to be symmetric Jodi Ann Paterson :When you draw a line down the middle... both sides of that line are mirror images of eachother Amy Adams :Mirror image or the same on both sides. For example, if you cut a heart out of a doubled sheet of paper with scissors and opened it up... it would be symmetric. Laurence Treil :\Johnny Eugenia Yuan :That means that each side of what ever you are talking about is equal. Isabelle Stoffel :Each side is the same or similiar if cut in half. Bigi Fischer :Since symmetry is defined as "Exact correspondence of form and constituent configuration on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane or about a center or an axis" then a symmetric figure is one where, if you drew a line straight down the middle, the left side would be a mirror image of the right side. Yancy Butler :Think about this: human beings are symmetrical figures. Lisa Barbuscia :all sides are the same Nadia Capone :Draw an imaginary line from the middle of the head all the way down to the person's soles. If they are symmetrical, both sides of the body's features would be identical in size and shape. Daniella Evangelista :it means that if you can cut it or fold it in half and it looks the same on both sides it is symmetric. Wendy Fowler :divide the figure into half and each side is equal to the other, like your face - divide right down the nose ...each side has an eye, an ear, half of a nose and mouth. Johanna Nemeth :Asymetrical would be if the halves were not equal. Like if your hair style was longer on one side and you did the division like I described earlier Nikki Schieler Ziering :A graph is symmetric to the y axis if (x,y) and (-x,y) are both points on the graph. If you were to fold it in half the long way (along the y axis), both halves of the graph would lie on top of eachother, and you would only see 1/2 of it. Bik Wing Chung :It is symmetric to the x axis if (x,y) and (x,-y) are both points. If you folded it the short way (along the x axis) you'd only see 1/2 the graph. Lee Ji-hyun :A graph can also be symmetric to the origin. This is when (x,y) and (-x,-y) are both on the graph. A good example of this, if you have a graphing calculator is f(x) = x^3. If you fold this in half one way or the other it is not symmetrical. You'd have to fold it the long AND the short way to make it line up with itself. Aislin McGuckin :Another definition of a symmetric figure: "A pattern is symmetric if there is at least one symmetry (rotation, translation, reflection, glide reflection) that leaves the pattern unchanged." (ref.). (Here, "symmetry" is used, apparently, in the sense of a process that tests for symmetry.) Stacia Zhivago :The referenced web page lists 4 plane "symmetries": rotation, translation (simple movement without rotation), reflection and "glide reflection", the latter a combination of reflection and translation. To me it seems strange to refer to translation symmetry; by its definition an infinite repetition of any figure has this symmetry. Twila Wolfe :The letters of the alphabet, capitalized and in block lettering, provide examples. In the list below "A" means asymmetrical, "H" means reflection-symmetric about a horizontal line, "V" about a vertical line, and "R" rotation-symmetric: Nadine Reimers :A: FGJLPQR Melina Petriela :H only: BCDEK Yue Tanigawa :V only: AMTUVWY Sukie Smith :R only: NSZ Hilary Tindall :V&H&R: HOIX Marla Sucharetza :Another example of R symmetry is the typical crossword puzzle; the distribution of white and black squares is the same after a 180 degree rotation. Michele Mercier :In addition to plane (2-D) symmetries there are 3-D symmetries. Now the line that is the reference for 2-D reflection becomes a plane. Slice an airplane down the middle, using a vertical cut, and you expose its plane of symmetry (no pun intended). Of course a single-engine plane can't be perfectly symmetrical; its engine turns in one direction so its prop or turbine is pitched asymmetrically. Multi-engine planes may use counterrotation to null the disturbance torque this causes. By the same logic a screw thread is asymmetrical. Stereoscopic vision and a mirror provide a test for 3-D symmetry. Renate Blume :It is useful to distinguish between the line or plane of reflection used in such a test (which would be away from the object being tested) and the object's own internal line or plane of symmetry. The two lines or planes are parallel but displaced. Laila Robins :Symmetry often provides engineers a means of reducing the amount of analysis needed to characterize a process such as fluid flow or combustion that involves a symmetrical body or chamber. If an assumption that the flow is also symmetrical can be justified, only half of the system needs to be modeled. Vcd Player Download Cachou :do you feel that peer to peer downloading of music (illegal downloading) is wrong Mews Small :Yes. Anne Jousset :nope, they got enough freakin' money already, screw em. Emmanuelle Escourrou :No because how else am I supposed to make the most awesome mix CD ever? Kennia De Seinne :Even to people who occasinaly download a song I think it is wrong. Instead of getting a candybar at the store you could buy a song at iTunes for 99 cents. No credit card? They offer methods such as prepaid cards, and college discount programs. It's stealing peroid. For one drama class we had to make a CD of music that would be in a play. For mine I had two copyright songs on it and now regret the illegal sharing of it. Angel Cassidy :Of course the music comapnies are at fault to. They charge way to much money for music/movies. They shut down P2P services that also distrubute legal media. And to protect there own work they install software - with out your knowledge - that damages your computer. Both pirater and music comapny should take a step back and reanlize the situation. Shiri Appleby :It depends. When you're downloading one or two songs from an artist, because you really only like those one or two songs, then it's alright. But if you're downloading the entire CD just because you're lazy or don't have the money for it at the time, that's just stupid. Most people have friends who either have the CD, or know someone who does, and it's not hard to get a burned copy off of them - and then, the police won't be knocking on your door all night! Linda Dona :Hell no, do you have ANY idea how rich those artists are? they have a few pennies to share here and there I'm sure Yolanda Signorelli :Is stealing wrong? Yes. How many bands out there ever really make the big money? Not many. So when you are stealing music, typically you are stealing from some average Joe who is trying to make a living as an artist. Just because you can't see the person you are stealing from doesn't make it right. Caroline Munro :I have so been waiting for this question. Rosalba Neri :The music companies developed CD?s with "planned obsolescence" (they?re designed to break and scratch). Didn?t we learn anything from vinyl records? I bought one of the first CD players for my computer 20 years ago and it came with cartridges that the CD went into. Sort of like a 3.5? floppy except the cartridge opened up and you could put different CD?s in it. It looked like a slim line CD case except it had a spring-loaded door on one end like a floppy. Why don?t we have those today? Because you wouldn?t have to buy another one when it scratched. Loredana Bontempi :Do you know how much it costs to burn a new CD for the music companies? I?ll bet it?s under a dollar. Where does the rest of the $15.99 go? Tanya Reid :It burns me that they target some poor college kid to prosecute and splatter it all over news. The kid probably doesn?t even have a job but they?ve decided to make an example of him for the publicity. Ivana Bozilovic :Digital file sharing is an evolution in technology that the record companies never saw coming and we?d still be in the dark ages being force fed their crappy CD?s if it wasn?t for the innovators at Napster. Delaina Mitchell :Go cry me a river. Rona De Ricci :"Go cry me a river." Patsy Kensit :Justin Timberlake (if I am not mistaken)? Karen Austin :Did you buy the CD or did you object to it not being encased with a , "spring-loaded door on one end like a floppy"? Maya Maron :JUST yoshing with ya dude! :D Lori Brown :More seriously now... pay attention: Sharon Kane :Some record executives have proudly boasted that they are in the record selling busines NOT the music business. This makes it very clear how little respect they have for the content of their produce. Jenny Strovas :I await the day when we will all realise that record distributors are unecessary - stop being fooled by hype & flesh & just connect with song makers directly. All the technology is in place. Alejandra Marin :I think we should not be restricted in how we get at works after all we are giving our time to sample the work artists & creators should be honoured that we give them our time in this way. We should remember to be equally thankful that there is this plethora of good works to choose from & that if these people do not earn a living then the music we like stops. Hedy Burress :I think you should pay to ensure that the artist is able to continue with the kind of work you wish him to make. Cut out the A&R, PR & publishers & give all the emphasis back to the artists. It is they that need the money to live off to continue to make the music you love. Lara Belmont :At present both P2P for free & record labels make a mockery of the funding of talent. Hope Davis :So downloading without financially acknowledging the artist is certainly wrong. Not going via a publisher or other pay to download service however is right. Catherine Wilkening :Give your money direct to the artist. Most of the cost of the CD goes to fund people who have nothing to do with what you want to get - THE MUSIC! Serria Tawan :F*** the rest of them they have little to nothing to do with what you want. Flexible Manufacturing System April Shepherd :green day or good charlotte Alexandra Wentworth :both! THEY ROCK! Nina Weniger :Niether. Nina Ferrari :Both! But overall I'd say GREEN DAY! Michelle Goldsmith :Green Day Verna Bloom :to good Charlotte,"now be a good charlotte and go away" Jessica Drake :green day! :) Jill Hennessy :Good Charlotte. They are a lot less angry at the world. Francesca Neri :green day defo.they are mint! and hot haha Patricia Fulton :Green Day's the ultimate!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Crystal Chappell :Good Charlotte, not too into the punk scene but I like Good Charlotte, they focus more on the Dysfunctional family and all Green Day worries about is Politics. Dinah Manoff :green day Katie Wolf :OK I won't bother, if i absolutely had to choose i would say green day international superhits and earlier. American idiot ruined them Leslie Leah :Green Day all the way Jacqueline Pearce :neither Snowy Sinclair :green day. billy joe is an awesome songwriter. Maria Richwine :They both rock, but def Green Day. Cynthia Lamontagne :green day defenitly Angela Down :hey they are both great! Green Day and Good Charlotte i love them both you can't make me choose that's hard! Ximena Ayala :Good Charlotte are good, Green Day are awesome! Lisbet Lundquist :green day Jane Paterson :GREEN DAY all the way Nicolette Scorsese :good charlotte are very gothy (if that is even a word) and not my cup of bleech Christine Boisson :They both rock, but I prefer Green Day. Dawnya Welsh :good charlotte Moe Ishikawa :green day all the way! Amanda De Cadenet :Green Day ...Good Charlotte is a seeeriously lame band Fulham Football Club Nora Tschirner :what concerts have you been to which ones did you like the best Lisa Grossmann :I've been to see The Eagles, Curtis Stigers and Barry Manilow..... Ya Parulava :They were all superb... Bibi Andersen :i've been to many concerts, but the matisyahu concert in chicago last saturday was the best by far! Norma Duval :I've seen Motley Crue, Poison twice, Whitesnake, Metallica!!!, Suicidal Tendencies, the guys that sing "Mother," its totally slipped my mind! DUH. Serena Scott Thomas :I think the best was the very first ones, Crue.. cause I'd never been to a concert before, and they rocked!!!! Carol Zurlango :Aerosmith,Foghat,Rush,Scorpions,Heart, Judas Priest,Sammy Hagar,Genesis,Molly Hatchet, Cheap Trick,Kenny Chesney,Sara Evans,Tim McGraw,Montgomery Gentry,Rascal Flatts, Chris Cagle,Bruce Springsteen,Phil Vasser,The Pretenders,Crowded House,Material Issue,Hanson,New Kids on the block,Pat Traverse,Fleetwood Mac,Ben Folds, Styx,The Boyzz, Angel,Carolyn Dawn johnson, Big and Rich, Brooks and Dunn,Theres plenty more I cant think of off hand ,I have a ticket for Zepplin in chicago but they canceled.They were al;l pretty good but Genesis was one of the best shows ive seen.Also Springsteen ,I didnt even like him,me and a buddy went just for something to do and his show was awesome. Rachel Leskovac :Shawn Cassidy, Rick Springfield, Van Halen, Motley Crue (3 or 4 times), Guns 'N Roses (twice), Aerosmith (4 or 5 times), Kiss, AC/DC, Def Leppard, Skid Row, Poison, ZZ Top, Joan Jett, Bon Jovi, Ratt, The Bangles, The Cutting Crew, Whitesnake, Cinderella, U2, Big Bad VooDoo Daddy, N'Sync, Tim McGraw and I have tickets to go see Tim Mcgraw & Faith Hill in 2 months. I'm sure there are others that I have forgotten.. but gosh, the 80's and hair bands were soooo long ago! Gillian Ferrabee :Best one I've ever been too...... hmmmmmm .. That's a hard one. I guess I would have to say Motley Crue... just because they were always my favorite band when I was a teen. And not to sound geeky or anything (heaven forbid), but I took my kids to see N'Sync several years ago and that was a really good show... they put on one hell of a performance. Marie-Josee Croze :Tull, Boston, Aerosmith, Pink Floyd, Zeppelin, Frampton, ELO, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Springsteen, Rod Stewart, Cheap Trick, YES, Elton John, and a bunch more from the 70's I cant remember,lol. Ive seen U2 3 times and cant wait to see them again, Bono rocks....Pink Floyd's "The Wall" was amazing too. Queen was outstanding also. Christian Gospel Music Theresa Berlage :What are the lyrics to the song Bongo Bong lol Mika Tard :Manu Chao--- Bongo Bong Daisy McCrackin :Mama was queen of the mambo Anna Palk :Papa was king of the Congo Carla Camurati :Deep down in the jungle Ann Adams :I started bangin' my first bongo Anja Franke :Every monkey'd like to be Bibi Andersen :In my place instead of me Janina Gavankar :Cause I'm the king of bongo, baby Mitsou Gelinas :I'm the king of bongo bong Natascha Hockwin :I went to the big town Angie Milliken :Where there is a lot of sound Amelia Curtis :From the jungle to the city Miriam Hopkins :Looking for a bigger crown Irene Contogiorgis :So I play my boogie Vida Taylor :For the people of big city Toni Kalem :But they don't go crazy Sandrine Thoquet :When I'm bangin' in my boogie Dee Dee Levitt :I'm the "king of the bongo, king of the bongo bong" Shannon Sharpe :Hear me when I come Lisa Arturo :King of the bongo, king of the bongo bong Lisa Dergan :They say that I'm a clown Corinne Dacla :Making too much dirty sound Jenny Tamburi :They say there is no place for little monkey in this town Roxanna Michaels :Nobody'd like to be in my place instead of me Rose McGowan :Cause nobody go crazy when I'm bangin' on my boogie Paula Marshall :I'm the king of the bongo, king of the bongo bong Jacqueline Lorians :Hear me when I come " Bik Wing Chung :King of the bongo, king of the bongo bong" Marcela Borghes :Bangin' on my bongo all that swing belongs to me Maria Probosz :I'm so happy there's nobody in my place instead of me Sandra Ceccarelli :I'm a king without a crown hanging loose in a big town Alexandra Wentworth :But I'm the king of bongo baby I'm the king of bongo bong Magguy :King of the bongo, king of the bongo bong Pui Fan Lee :Hear me when I come, baby, king of the bongo, king of the bongo bong... New Line Cinema Laurina Hanson :Classic Rock Marisa Dugas :off the beaten path...She's a Dancer, by Crack The Sky. Juliette Jeffers :Anything by the Kinks is AWESOME! I just recently got into them. My dad turned me on to them, actually. He likes the White Stripes too and he told me that if I liked the WS then I'd like the Kinks. And I do! :) Lavinia Wilson :Bachman Turner Overdrive with You Ain't Seen Nothin Yet. Diana Glenn :Rolling Stones* Lynard Skynard* Bad Company* Led ZepplinPink Floyd Famke Janssen :satisfaction by the stones Labina Mitevska :light my fire by the doors Pamela Gilbert :TNT by ac/dc Sarah Polley :poison by Alice cooper Mary Jane Bostic :schools out by Alice cooper Linda Scruggs :blinded by the light Sondra Currie :500 miles by the proclaimers Hirano Yumi :nothings gonna tear us apart by inxs Jan Anderson :round and round by ratt Samantha Ivers :slip of the lip by ratt Lezley Zen :dagger by inxs Marina Malfatti :pour some sugar on me by def leopard Mary Tamm :make love like a man by def leopard Penny Brahms :her are a few i like hope they help! Bo Zena :Blinded by the Light by Manfred Mann(I think) Victoria Rowell :Bohemian Rhapsody by Queen Sandra Pepa Denton :Do You Feel Like We Do by Peter Frampton Marie Matheron :Freebird by Lynnard Skynnard Roberta Vasquez :Hold on Loosely by 38 Special Kristin Kreuk :Wow, classic rock. Depends on what era you are looking for. Virginia Mataix :Some 70s great hits are-Stairway to Heaven-by Led Zepplin; Freebird-Lynard Skynnard; Journey-Don't Stop Believing; The Wall-Pink Floyd; We Will ROck you (and others)-Queen; I had a bunch more too but the stupid thing erased them all....but some other groups are, Toto, Foreigner,REO Speedwagon, Rush, Ozzy Ozbourne, Metallica (they're more metal than rock); Whitesnake, Great White (they're middle 80s). and don't forget the classic Beatles hits!:) Denise Perrier :All Grateful Dead Ann Marie :All Beatles from 1966-1970 Shelly Laurenti :All Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young Deborah Goodrich :All Credence Clearwater Ai Mei Wong :and... Black Betty by Ram Jam Savannah Haske :Few fav Classic Rock Songs: (in the 70s) Julie Austin :1.) One of These Nights, Hotel California - Eagles Clarissa Mercado :2.) Day after Day, No Matter What etc. - Badfinger Daphne Duplaix :3.) Rhiannon, (and songs off Rumour album)- Fleetwood Mac Nia Long :4.) Kashmir, Stairway to Heaven, much more - Led Zeppelin Karen Black :5.) Free Bird, Saturday Night Special - Lynyrd Skynyrd Irma Lozano :5.) London Calling --- The Clash Lavinia Wilson :there are so many. try the dead, they have a lot of good music, but they are much better live than on their albums. try the american beauty and workingman's dead albums. everything by the dead is good though, but those albums are a start. Corinne Dacla :also try: Susan Byun :shooting star- bad company Lauren German :tales of brave ulysses- cream Karimah Westbrook :manic depression- hendrix Hilde Van Mieghem :the wind cries mary- hendrix Whitney Dylan :the bomber- james gang Sheila Young :tie your mother down- queen Valerie van Nitsen :maybe i'm amazed- paul mccartney April Adams :in the light- led zeppelin Gloria Reuben :custard pie- led zeppelin Linda Gildersleeve :the ocean- led zeppelin Shawn Weatherly :over the hills and far away- led zeppelin Emma-Jane Mezher :tangerine- led zeppelin Lynn Wolf :apostrophe- frank zappa Katherine Kendall :spoonful- cream Cornelia Groschel :blue sky- allman bros Kim Director :southbound- allman bros Deborah Carpio :simple man- lynyrd skynyrd Gabrielle Carmouche :the ballad of curtis loew- lynyrd skynyrd Michelle Behennah :workin for mca- lynyrd skynyrd Jessica Stockmann :hey joe- hendrix Julie Michaels :if 6 was 9- hendrix Elisa Matilla :voodoo chile- hendrix Bonnie Bedelia :pearl, the whole album- janis joplin Christina Lindberg :la woman- doors Jennifer Podemski :when the music's over- doors Nicola Tiggeler :roadhouse blues- doors Mayte Garcia :the core- eric clapton Eva Loebau :motherless children- eric clapton DJ Anderson :bell bottom blues- derek and the dominos Lucy Punch :little wing- derek and the dominos, and hendrix Julie Strain :on the road again- canned heat Becky LeBeau :helpless- crosby, stills, nash, & young Elina Bellbrook :helplessy hoping- csny Leigh Harris :teach your children- csny, with jerry garcia on steel guitar Eleonora Brigliadori :carry on/questions- csny Alice Davis :sugar mountain- neil young Julie Condliff :down by the river- neil young Maggy Maxwell :harvest, the whole album- neil young Daniella Farinacci :ohio- csny Mary Kapper :that's all i can think of off the top of my head, but it's a good start. Cathy Verney :Sweet Home Alabama, Freebird...Lynyrd Skynyrd Jennifer Bransford :Anything by The Cars! Let The Good Times Roll............. Nicole Scherzinger :"Baba O'Riley" by The Who Ai Mei Wong :Yes Go to WTUE.Com's website and hook into their live stream. Once connected you will get links to other classic rock stations. Some really good stuff and you can hear a wide variety of music for free. Equipment For Sale Paula Mitchell :IS IT POSSIBLE TO FIND OUT WHEN A SONG WAS COPYWRITTEN ON THE Internet Jeanie Moore :If your friend did not get a copyright on the music when it was firt written there is not much you can do. Sorry Andrea Albani :That sounds like a tough one. If I'm not mistaken, Vanilla Ice was sued for using the bassline from Under Pressure. I don't know what to tell you because if your friend's "music" is the same as the guy's suing, and his album came out first, then his case COULD stand in a court of law. I guess you could run a search on Yahoo or Google under "Copyright " then type in the name of the song or artist you want to find. I don't think it'll work but I mean...it's worth a shot. Andrea Rau :http://musicians.about.com/library/weekly/copyrights/blcopyrights1.htm Charlene Francique :This might provide a little bit of information on the topic. But it sounds like the internet isn't going to help your friend deal with a copyright lawsuit. I would contact a copyright lawyer (ASAP!) and explain the situation. good luck. Joanne Choo :A quick update: Yes, copyrights are techinically 'secured' when the work is created, but that doesn't mean that she is in the clear.. especially if she has not registered the copyright. Again, she really needs to talk to a lawyer. Sadie Leblanc :You don't apply for copyright - it exists from the moment a work is created, and in the eyes of the law when music is concerned this means when it is first recorded. So it all depends on who has the first recorded version of the song in evidence, be it a demo tape or the finished article. So to answer your question there's no site that lists when copyright is issued, and it would be a matter for your lawyers and the courts to establish exactly when it was created in each of these two instances. Here's a couple of links that will help explain more Musical Greeting Card Marilyn Ghigliotti :Why does lil jon wear glasses in all his videos Flower Edwards :b/c he's cross eyed. Sheila Redgate :So we can't see that he is 'high' on something!! Keyla Wood :because he has really sensitive eyes Lavinia Wilson :They don't make full face glasses dude look like a ugly lady Tia Texada :because he's stoned..lol. Constanze Probster :dunno but he looks good Malinda Williams :I dunno, maybe because he has some crazy looking eyes; or he has come to the realization that he has the perfect face for Big, Dark, weird looking Sunglasses. Jule Bowe :because he's not the most attractive guy out there ? Christine Boisson :yahhhhhhhhhhhhhh Susan Backlinie :With all the money he has,he can wear anything he wants.Besides as long as he keeps making music and videos that have a cool ass beats,who really cares that he stays drunk & high, and that he wears those glasses to cover blood shot eyes and protect them from the light.Who really cares?lol Claire Rolland :because hes all the time high with the weed that i give um Sharon Ullrick :those are his real eye! he is just that drunk lol Barbara Windsor :lazy eye Julie Strain :Obviously you've never seen him without them! He looks like that crazy Jamaican Muppet. Antonella Ponziani :thats like asking y does usher wear his chain in all his videos. No Doubt Mp3 Alice Poon :what if your usb port for you mp3 player is not reading it when you stick it in what do you do Marion Michael :try another usb port Patricia Llaca :Had the same problem. Some computers aren't adaptable to some mp3 players. Try a different computer or look to see if you can download the necessary software Susan Derakhchani :download drivers from the company's website, try unplug and then plug it back in, make sure it's on after you plug it in. Pamela Salem :Keep sticking it in and out until the computer erupts into a frenzy of electronic signals. Sandra Hess :Stick it out, load the software for your mp3 player, do a restart, then stick it back in. It should work. Oh, yeah, stick in some batteries into your mp3 player before you try to connect it (stick it in) to the computer. Cheers! Emmanuelle Beart :get a new one? Daniela Sauleac :First of all, make sure you've installed it properly - run the cd that came with it. If you've done that, try this - right click on my computer, go to Manage, click on disk management, then find your mp3 player, right click on it, change drive letter and path and change it to a letter which is not in use on your computer. Like z or something like that. This is assuming you have windows xp. Cecile Pallas :get a new one Lynn Borden :try a different computer if it doesn't work there its yuor mp3 player or the cablethat is the problem. Veronica Miriel :go to control panel, then system, then click on the hardware tab, then click device manager. scroll through the devices and look for your mp3 player with an ! or a ? next to it and then right click and enable it. the same thing happened to me, and this worked for me, but I don't know exactly how you installed it in the first place. hope this helps! New York City Government Josie Bissett :In your opinion, what is the greatest love song ever written Catya Sassoon :love you to death by type o negative. Jessica Tandy :Marianne,by The Human League. Carolyn Marz :I really like a few songs: Joyce Mandel :Sexual Healing and Let's Get It On by Marvin Gaye Eileen Davidson :Beautiful in My Eyes by Joshua Kadison Alexandra Pic :Last Worthless Evening, For My Wedding, Taking You Home all by Don Henley Jennifer Tilly :Raining on Monday by Keith Urban Cyndi Pass :She is So Beautiful, How Long Will I Love You, A Man is In Love, all by the Waterboys Lauren German :You are So Beautiful by Joe Cocker (the cheesiest song I can stomach) Patsy Kensit :Your Nature by Hothouse Flowers Amy Irving :You're in My Heart by Rod Stewart Andrea Menard :You Can Close Your Eyes by James Taylor Stephany Schwartz :I think it has to be Always by Bon Jovi or Bed of roses Siwan Morris :"the girls dont like the job" by Kool Keith Fabiola Barrios :Irish by goo goo dolls Eva Derrek :Can you feel the love tonight- Elton John Emmanuelle Beart :You sang to me- Marc Anthony Natalie Bassingthwaighte :Hello-lionel ritchie Ai Mei Wong :Don't, Can't Help Falling In Love, Loving You all by Elvis Leslie Leah :Something by The Beatles Keyla Wood :To Make You Feel My Love by Bob Dylan Chelsey Hampshire :your song by elton john Virginie Ledoyen :but it is loads better when ewan mcgregor sings it Kathy Williams :right now, i am listening to LADY. so LADY be it Debbie Reynolds :Handyman, James Taylor Wanda Arab :Grow Old With Me, John Lennon Julie Dray :I Melt, Rascall Flats Keiko Matsuzaka :Don't wanna miss a thing by Aerosmith. It always gives me the chills... Potty Training Doll Alexandra Woodward :people who had to die young Can you imagine Jim Morrison singing in Las vegas at age 62 Like her madly Patricia Rivera :lol LaToya Jackson :Believe me, if Jim Morrison was alive today he would not be singing in Vegas unless he truly wanted to, the man was a genius, he would still be kicking out the hits, baby. Kathryn Witt :Mr. Enzyme, I have to tell you.....for some reason this is one of your finest among a repertoire of excellent reading. Judith Krant :Anyway that is part of my answer, not chatting by any means for Almighty forbid that is not allowed. The mental image Greta Dolan :of Jim Morrison performing in Vegas is a strange but yet interesting idea. Would he share a stage with Wayne Newton, Monika Steffens :Englebert Humperdink (too lazy now to check the sp), or Tom Jones? Interesting question my friend. Daniela Nane :__________________________________________________________ Laura Harris :Well I'll tell you a story of whiskey and mystics and men Moe Ishikawa :And about the believers, and how the whole thing began Yse Marguerite Tran :First there were women and children obeying the moon Jenny McCrindle :Then daylight brought wisdom and fever and sickness too soon Anne Guinou :You can try to remind me instead of the other you can Michelle McClatchy :You can help to insure that we all insecure our command Clara Rainbow :If you don't give a listen I won't try to tell your new hand Julie Christie :This is it can't you see that we all have our end in the band Suzanne Mari :And if all of the teachers and preachers of wealth were arraigned Mona Kristensen :We could see quite a future for me in the literal sands Cammy Choi :And if all of the people could claim to inspect such regret Shanna Moakler :Well we'd have no forgiveness forgetfulness faithful remorse JoAnna Cameron :So I tell you I tell you I tell you we must send away Pui Fan Lee :We must try to find a new answer instead of a way Virginia State Map Susan May Pratt :Guess what band I am listening to right now for 10 points Melissa Carlton :pink floyd Yasmina Filali :You should start out with a clue.... Christina World :System of a down Alejandra Marin :Green Day Keyla Wood :twang the elastic band Paula Vazquez :music Melinda Armstrong :Muse? Heike Makatsch :U2 Nicole Arnold :TI PAIN Isabelle Willer :Beatles Louise Robey :Fall Out Boy Marlene Jobert :GREEN DAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Marilyn Gamboa :^^ BEST BAND IN THE WORLD!! Helen Coker :Nickelback Gennie Nevinson :a band that u usually listen to. Rosemary Dexter :Dixie Chicks Helene de Fougerolles :Fat Albert and the Junk Yard band. Charlotte Lewis :panic! at the disco Elsa Montes :coldplay Sabine Karsenti :the Beatles Joanne Boland :muse? delirium? Lynda Boyd :bob marley Masami Sanada :Tchaikovsky Shelby Fenner :NICKELBACK! Susie Hall :coldplay Isabel Lopez :Panic! at the disco??? Eva Derrek :Six Day Suicide? Edwige Fenech :Fall Out Boy Lorie Griffin :It has been over 5 minutes now where is my clue? Nikki Schieler Ziering :some whack ass white band,who cares,not me' Patricia Charbonneau :the Guess Who Darlene Vogel :Wouldn't the band change every five min..or do you plan to listen to them till someone get's it right...you should have started off with a clue. Thaimi Alvarino :White Stripes?? come on.. tell us! Angela Penny :Metallica!!!!!!!!!!!! Yan Nam :rolling stones Virginia Mataix :Hootie and the Blowfish Elizabeth MacRae :jackson 5 lol Moe Ishikawa :Weezer. Linda Cordova :Cake? Annelie Alexandersson :Second guess... Deacon Blue? Kathrine Baumann :The Coldstream Guards? Ai Mei Wong :James Blunt Emma de Caunes :knowing you it will be boy georges band, or some other faggot band !!!! Laura Benson :uh...you're NOT listening to music! I Win!!! 10pts. please Lisa Grant :Collective Soul Bonita Thomas :yellowcard Samantha Janus :the monkees Maureen Larrazabal :Coheed and Cambria? Cake? Josy Bernard :The Who??? Emma Lung :Id give the 10 points to the girl who said Bob Marley lol Sharqui Sanders :Black Sabbath? Rossy de Palma :red hot chili peppers? Brigitte Lahaie :White Stripes? Louise Franklin :White Zombie? Sylwia Juszczak :Black Flag? Lou Doillon :CHOOSE ME!!! Meg Wynn Owen :PLEASE!!! Yvonne Dany :Elwood Blues? Ann Catrin Sudhoff :Choose me at least I got the letters right! Amanda Seyfried :The Blue Man Group Lisa Lyon :Green Day Suzanna Love :Clint Black? Barry White? Iris Bohm :Eddie Brown? Trisha Todd :Al Green Alice Arno :Evans Blue Dagmar Lassander :I answered Evans Blue! I PROMISE I answered before you posted the answer!!! Could I get the points since I was the only one to answer correctly? Please? Female Head Shaving Stacey Dash :I don't understand why Argentina player Rodriquez was given yellow card Christine Boisson :i do not know Lynda Carter :but he seems to be Eleonore Weisgerber :nah he deserved that Stephanie Miller :No, it's not like that. It's part of the game. I like Argentina. I love the way they play. But I also know, Argentina is the king of taking dives in matches. Did you see any yeterday? I saw a few. It's part of the game. Helena Bergstrom :Because the german ....................referees are......selled Tawnya Richardson :I do not think that the referee was fearing the fans... he tought he had "dived" to get a penalty shot. Amy Adams :But as it showed later on, that was an actual foul on the goal area that should have been a penalty... Lucia Gailova :do not forget that the stupid referee is the one that gave a "free penalty kick" to Italy in the previous match against Ghana, making them win... instead of being punished, he is put again to referee maybe the most important game in the tournament so far... Johanna Quintero :AND the germans dare to say it was not unfair refereeing!!! Wiebke Inn :I hope they loose soon. Daniela Pestova :To the ref's eyes, Its seems to be he's faking the fall but when you see from a different angle, He didn't faking it. I think the ref is Bias. Why dont Fifa take ref from Asia or Africa instead??? Arghhhhh!!!!! Carice van Houten :well i say that the referee was paid to make germany win because all his decisions were wrong. he just would not give germany any fouls. there were so many fouls which were not fouls and given to argentina. so i think the referees have done a terrible job in this world cup Kate Loustau :Yeah, that was ridiculous, it should have been a penalty for Argentina....but, the ref was totally sold. Argentina was the better team and GERMANY ARE CHEATERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Contrat De Qualification Sylvia Baker :Can you live without music! Tina Barrett :No.No.No. Olga Karlatos :Me neither--without it I'd be out of a job... Leanne McCulloch :techniquely, yes. but would i want to? no. would i be miserable and turn into a recluse? yes Linda Hardy :NO WAY i love music Elizabeth Sneider :i like music but i guess if it came down to it i could live without it. Tatjana Clasing :no. image how boring tv shows would be. Hilde Dalik :nah uH! i have to have something entering my ears! it's so dead and like UGH when there is no music.... Music definatelly makes a place worth being in... (it depends what kind) Jane Stowe :No! Music is essential to the human spirit! Dominique Barnes :i dont believe so Suzie MacKenzie :Well no i couldn't, because that's what i'm going to do for a living. Claudia Mehnert :I would be able to live but my life would be dull and of course without music Myndy Crist :Definitely not! Just by thinking about it I feel like I am dying. If music should ever be taken out of this world, I am going with it, trust me!!!! I LOOOOVVVE Muzic. Morganna :i'd die without music. i can't imagine life without green day!!!!! Belle Avery :R u kidding?!?!?! I could'nt function without it!!! Wioletta Michalczuk :can you live without sound? Pop Mail Server Val Penny :okay,in the brad paisley song "ain't nothin like",in the chours he says, Linda Carol :Chorus 1 Camille Roxas :Ain't nothin' like watchin' a bunch of young'ns Anette Hellwig :Run screamin' through the sprinkler in their little bare feet Amy Adams :And ain't nothin' like finding twenty dollars Kate Mundt :In the pocket of the britches that you wore last week Nina Hoger :2nd Chorus Karen Stone :Ain't nothin' like throwing a hula popper Danitza Kingsley :Draggin' it across a spot a big 'un oughta be Emmanuelle Beart :And ain't nothin' like having him for supper Petronella :With some good hush puppies and some sweet iced tea Kim Lewid :3rd Chorus Bojana Golenac :Ain't nothin' like finding that woman Paras Alexandria :That you know you're gonna love for the rest of your life Katherine Barrese :And ain't nothin' like knowing the Lord's a comin' Gloria Maley :Back one day to make you want to do it right Monika Baumgartner :BRAD PAISLEY LYRICS Sakura Shiratori :"Ain't Nothin' Like" Suzanne von Borsody :I like kickin' back on the sofa Sarah Deakins :Flippin' through the channels just to see what's on Youki Kudoh :I enjoy eatin' eggs over easy Karen Lancaume :Soppin' up with a biscuit 'til the yellow's gone Ilah Davis :[Chorus] Candace McKenzie :Ain't nothin' like watchin' a bunch of young'ns Marie Angel :Run screamin' through the sprinkler in their little bare feet Sunny Johnson :And ain't nothin' like finding twenty dollars Joanna Cassidy :In the pocket of the britches that you wore last week Amanda Cleveland :I get into getting out on my mower Stefanie Friedland :In the early mornin' hours 'fore the sun gets hot Cathy Rosier :And I like goin' down to the Kroger Paola Montenero :When the carnival comes to the parkin' lot June Ritchie :[2nd Chorus] Janine Turner :Ain't nothin' like throwing a hula popper Micheline Martineau :Draggin' it across a spot a big 'un oughta be Marion Game :And ain't nothin' like having him for supper Jill Halfpenny :With some good hush puppies and some sweet iced tea Sandy Evans :[Bridge] Tiffany Bolton :This old world is full of simple pleasures Alice Davis :They're all good but some are better Julie Jezequel :[3rd Chorus] Dani :Ain't nothin' like finding that woman Alison Lohman :That you know you're gonna love for the rest of your life Susan Stewart :And ain't nothin' like knowing the Lord's a comin' Cyndi Pass :Back one day to make you want to do right Julie Strain :[Repeat 1st chorus] Amanda Prentice :[Repeat 2nd chorus] Mara Modair :Hula popper is a fishing bait. He is trying to catch a big fish to fix for dinner Bible Online Free Sarah Buxton :can anyone tell me where i can find the lyrics to the song two hearts one love by kimaya & monte' seward Mercedes Sampietro :did u try to google it? well thats the most obvious site! or lyricsondemand.com Giovanna Mezzogiorno :www.angelfire.com/on/Mystic54/thol.html Joyce Jillson :there Carole Kirkham :http://store.weddingsongsandmore.com/syowetomu.html Emmanuelle Beart :Scroll down til you see the song and then click on see lyrics. Jaclyn Mendoza :TWO HEARTS, ONE LOVE Robyn Hilton :They say that love is blind Vicki Michelle :You must have read my mind Anna Blomeier :`Cause you`re the only who`s ever seen Angelica Torn :The part of me I`ve only dreamed Elise Perrier :Together feels so right Audrey Landers :The two of us are so alike Colette Emmanuelle :This must be destiny Keyla Wood :You and I are meant to be Valentine Vidal :Two hearts, one love Alison Bruce :A love that`s deeper than the night Lavinia Wilson :A love forever burning bright Hui-Dan Hui :Two hearts, one dream Diane Winter :A dream that`s coming true for us Manuia Taie :`Cause baby here we are Ana Maria Popa :Now you`re part of me Cynthia Lamontagne :We`re in one love with these two hearts Bim Warne :Though you`ve been loved before Kristy McNichol :I promise even more Jessica Sobel :And as the years go by Freya Stafford :We`ll find the way Tessa Peake-Jones :To reach forever day by day Asia Vieira :I didn`t know til now Corinne Dacla :You`re the one thing I can`t do without Anmar Strand :In your arms the whole night through Mieko Kaji :I can`t help lose myself in you Rachel Ryan :Repeat chorus Katharina Beissel :I know that heaven was listening JC Parker :`Cause I was only existing Hetty Baynes :Til I saw forever in your eyes Trina Parks :And now we`ll be for all our lives Missy Peregrym :Repeat chorus Bik Wing Chung :TWO HEARTS, ONE LOVE Lorraine De Selle :They say that love is blind Jennifer Decker :You must have read my mind Veronica Gamba :`Cause you`re the only who`s ever seen Muriel Brenner :The part of me I`ve only dreamed Katja Studt :Together feels so right Ann Atmar :The two of us are so alike Cristina Silva :This must be destiny Claire Benito :You and I are meant to be Katrin Lippisch :Two hearts, one love Nicole Jamet :A love that`s deeper than the night Bonnie Mak :A love forever burning bright Rei Amami :Two hearts, one dream Tanya Celaya :A dream that`s coming true for us Frederique :`Cause baby here we are Yvette Le Grand :Now you`re part of me Miriam von Versen :We`re in one love with these two hearts Bik Wing Chung :Though you`ve been loved before Daniela Heidner-Krueger :I promise even more Cecile Tonizzo :And as the years go by Nicole de Boer :We`ll find the way Lala Sloatman :To reach forever day by day Traci Lind :I didn`t know til now Heidi Schanz :You`re the one thing I can`t do without Inger Ebeltoft :In your arms the whole night through Nicole Oliver :I can`t help lose myself in you Stephanie McMahon :Repeat chorus Alexandra Wentworth :I know that heaven was listening Rossy de Palma :`Cause I was only existing Lisa Barbuscia :Til I saw forever in your eyes Tiffany Mulheron :And now we`ll be for all our lives Judy Pace :Repeat chorus Pam And Tommy Catrin Striebeck :Is the group HIM the teeny-boppers "New kids on the block" Sueanne Seamens :Not realy but i do think they look realy gay Rosalind Miles :Do you know who H.I.M is? And who cares who likes it I love H.I.M and I'm 20. Miwako Ichikawa :I think Bam has to take some reponsibility for this outrageous mess of teeny boppers loving H.I.M! Patricia Reed :No, teenyboppers love Hawthorne Heights and Panic at the Disco and other Emo groups. Only the intelligent and sensitive folks with musical taste can listen to H.I.M. Sure, the lead singer, Ville, is pretty but he is not the only member of the band. Listen to him do a cover of "Wicked Game" or "Don't Fear the Reaper" and then tell me they are "New Kids on the Block." Pullllllleeeze! Barra Grant :I am 59 years old and my daughter sat me down to listen to them. They are talented musicians. I can understand them and respect what they are doing. Glad somebody out there is doing music now. Juliet Anderson :No. We've got all these people that are only into them for and because of Bam and Ville. I'm 13 and I'm a real fan. I didn't even know who Bam was when I got into them, nor did I know what any of them looked like until at least 2 weeks later. I love them and their music! Free Credit Score Marina Anna Eich :Am i hot sticky sweet Emmanuelle Beart :If you have to ask, then no. Ziggy Zanger :Dumb question. Denise Richards :from your head to your feet? Julie Strain :i don't know Teri Weigel :from my head, to my feet yeah! Daria Nicolodi :Pour some sugar on me....Def Leppard Mia Zifkin :From your head right to your feet? Fiorella Faltoyano :Good song. Pour some sugar on yourself! Gwenaelle Simon :nah Sabrina Scharf :Look at the mirror and answer it with ur self Jennifer Welles :Mary like a bomb. Pia Hierzegger :sitting on pastry in the sauna Anna Mottram :Pour some sugar on me! C'mon fire me up! Laurence Lerel :holy crap i cant contain myself from staring at your sexy ass Moe Ishikawa :Is that rice krispy square. Maria Mc Erlane :Of course! Nadja Petri :Ewwwwww! I hope not? Sounds uncomfortable at best! Kim Onasch :I am happy to tell u , NO , about sticky I don't know . Angela Lilo Sandritter :i don't know about today but last night you were .....i still dread the calories....smiles Alejandra Marin :I don't think so, but it is more about attitude. So, if you have to ask then no for sure. Sophie von Kessel :From your head, to your feet, yeah! That song is awesome to blare in the summer with the windows down and the t-tops out..... Albane Laloy :As for pouring sugar, save that for at home.... Mariangela Giordano :that is a sticky question. Lisbeth Hummel :You don't look like any of the Def Leppard members I've seen! Kelly Ripa :Yes , you are . Georgia Slowe :good song! takes me back to my younger years! (god i am old) Claudia Malkovich :oh yeah! can I pour some sugar on you??? I promise I wont make toooo big of a mess... Cathy Murphy :Hot and sweet, definitely, I'm not to sure about the sticky part, but hopefully you are!! Anna Schudt :Pour Some Sugar On Me---Def Leppard Mimi Miyagi :just my two points plz ! nothing else Sara Martins :depends, can i lick you? Strategic Planning Process Tatiana Abracos :wich way does the earth turn Victoria Hamilton :I forget Amy Adams :my right Daniella Tobar :Clockwise I suppose and that's why clocks go that way too, I dunno really. Arroyn Lloyd :Clockwise Lila Baumann :If you faced the north poll and weren't exactly on the north poll then the earth moves from your left to right. That's why time zones are they way they are. We pass 5:00 and then an hour later another time zone passes that same invisible spot and now they are at 5:00 Lisa Orgolini :the opposite of the way it doesn't turn... Gundula Koster :East to west Jane Russell :Well using the time zones as a reference, the earth turns in what would be referred to as a counter clockwise direction. Margot Mahler :California is 3 hours behind New York, so California rotates towards New York. In the morning New York receives the sunlight first and then follows through the time zones to otehr citys. Holly Hollingsworth :From west to east. If you look down at the north pole from the top - counterclockwise. Annelise Hesme :If you are watching from top of North Pole, anti-clock wise. If you are watching from top of South Pole, clock wise. Where are you watching from? Delphine Serina :usually it turns to the right i.e. east to west Jackie Stevens :it also makes a difference on how much pot you took in lmao Elizabeth Katz :The earth spins anticlockwise on a clockwise rotation of the sun. I think. Lavinia Wilson :It is west to east Kristin Kreuk :The Earth is a sphere. Half of the Earth is illuminated by the sun at any given time. The earth spins (rotates) on its axis in a counter-clockwise direction once every 24 hours. This causes us to experience day and night because the half of the earth that is receiving sunlight is constantly changing. This also causes us to observe the sun rising in the east and setting in the west. Montse Guallar :RED KOOL-AID MAKES THE WORLD GO ROUND Bik Wing Chung :i thought the world was flat?! Alona Alegre :From the North Pole, counterclockwise. Bernadette Wilkes :Depends on which of the Poles you are standing........at the artic it spins to your left..... at the antartic it spins to your right.. Kennia De Seinne :AND As we normally relate to it...... to the left! Laurie Senit :Using the "right hand rule" in physics we describe the north pole as being the top. Claudia Vega :This is done for any spinning object by holding your right hand like a fist. The thumb points out and is the "top." The direction that your fingers curl/go is the direction of spin. Alexandra Powers :You'll notice "clockwise" and "ant-clockwise" can change depending from which side you look at the face. Good Food Guide Amanda Abbington :Whats a track phone Alejandra Marin :pre paid Luci Van Org :It is a type of cell phone that you have to prepay for your time. Tsugumi :it's a pre paid rip off device. The time that you buy isn't even measured in real time it's units. Every 15 secs= 1unit. Cathy Podewell :As far as prepaids go, the only true value I know is from boost mobil. With them, a $30 card = 300 minutes. Plus w/ the bleep (walkie-talkie) feature at about $1.50 it's a great deal -Well atleast if everyone else in your calling circle also has a bleep number,too (even non Boost customers). Brenda Strong :Their basic phone runs about $50 and the smaller flip phone about $ 80. Suzanna Leigh :You can check out Boost's web site for more info on the phone. Sheryl Lee :They're available locally at Target and Walmart. ( at least in my area-Central NJ) Sara Thurstan :if you want to compare this to the Trac fone check out their site and compare for urself. Clara Rainbow :Tracfone is a prepaid phone company.Unlike other prepay companies they offer more minutes for a cheaper price.Tracfone kits and cards can be bought at: Wal-Mart,Target,K-Mart,and other retail stores. Lily McLachlen :Visit Tracfone at: Jenna West :http://www.tracfone.com Jude Kuring :prepaid phone Red Oak Texas Miho Nomoto :what song lyrics are stuck in your head(good ones bad ones} Corinne Dacla :The Kill Bill whistle song Rosette :The theme song from the wiggles, thanks to my two year old. Daisy Rojas :black eyed peas my hump Rosanna Yanni :Needled 24/7 by Children of Bodom Kim Sun-Yong :Oops I did it again, Britney Spears... Andrea Allan :I lied and told my children that was the song I performed on American Idol. Vanity :Mac the knife, even tho I don't know all the words! Amanda Royle :Right now I have Kelly Clarkson's song Because of You stuck in my head. It's the last song I heard on the radio when I was driving home. I usually like the song, but with it being on "repeat" in my head I'm getting tired of hearing it. Angelica Chain :Jeepers Creepers ......goes jeepers creepers where'd ya get those peepers , jeepers creepers where'd ya get those eyes , gosh all git up how'd ya get so lit up so on ......and on Bianca Guaccero :the lyrics to the metal band cradle of filth is stuck on my mine because it talks about witches, wolves, and about someone named elisabeth. the song ``my happy ending'' by avril lavigne is stuck on my friend's head. Nina Hoss :my chemical romance cemetery drive Jean Seberg :i love that song! Gina Dick :an old blues song by sunhouse a preacher and acomplished muscician "ai'nt no hevend now aint no burnin hell(repeat),where i'm goin when i die cant nobody tell" and the acompanying verses,the song grabs you when you hear it,heres a guy thats seen it all,telling it like it is,you dont get that kind of honesty in music anymore.anyway it's stuck there everytime i try to whistle i hear it. Tanya Dempsey :Yea, there are a couple. Lucy Gutteridge :Blue Eyes Cryin' in the Rain by Willie Nelson Natacha Noel :Honka-Tonk Ba-donk-a-donk (I probably spelled that one wrong) by Toby Keith I had to alter the title on this one a little where yahoo would let it through the real word is H---y. Wendy Kaye :Sometimes Yellow Submarine by the Beatles. Nicole Jamet :Right now, "It's Been Awhile" by Staind Ana De Sade :Don't Ya (Wish Your Boyfriend Was Hott Like Me...) Heather Tindell :Yeah, yeah, I changed one litle word--SHEEH!! so flog me, will already!! Just call me Mr. Lonely & go have yourself a gob of Chateau Lafitte... Judith DAleazzo :and i said hey, hey, i said hey, what goin' on? Patrice Flora Praxo :i don't know the title of the song. all i know is a woman sang it and it's more than a decade old. sorry. Jessica Jordan :boris the spider - the who Masami Sanada :Look, he's crawling up my wall Filippa Franzen :Black and hairy, very small Maye Tongco :Now he's up above my head Sheila Sullivan :Hanging by a little thread Vanessa Shaw :Boris the spider Karen Elkin :Boris the spider Marlene Marlow :Now he's dropped on to the floor Anna Chancellor :Heading for the bedroom door Amy de Lucia :Maybe he's as scared as me Melinda Songer :Where's he gone now, I can't see Catherine Holman :Boris the spider Janet Taylor :Boris the spider Ana Capri :Creepy, crawly Annette Badland :Creepy, crawly Serra Ellison :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Magdalena Rentenberger :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Eva Dawn Nemeth :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Julie McNiven :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Mary Charlotte Wilcox :There he is wrapped in a ball Stacey Green :Doesn't seem to move at all Donnamarie Recco :Perhaps he's dead, I'll just make sure Ivana Novak :Pick this book up off the floor Elizabeth Barondes :Boris the spider Linda Sue Murphy :Boris the spider Muriel Combeau :Creepy, crawly Cynthia Nixon :Creepy, crawly Doria Valenzuela :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Hetty Baynes :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Leah Lail :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Corinne Dacla :Creepy, creepy, crawly, crawly Isabel Schosnig :He's come to a sticky end Julia Hummer :Don't think he will ever mend Haviland Morris :Never more will he crawl 'round Alexandra Vandernoot :He's embedded in the ground Marilina Ross :Boris the spider Hilde De Baerdemaeker :Boris the spider Online Virus Scanner Bijou Phillips :Whose the best BAND EVER Hye-yeong Jo :coldplay Lou Gish :PEARL JAM. Charo Lopez :rush ,alice in chains Rosangela Balbo :rock..thin lizzy Grace Park :The Beatles. Kimberly Taylor :Nirvana.... Marianne Denicourt :Aside from Spinal Tap? Colleen Morris :I would go with Courtney Gears Agnieszka Wagner :duh... the beatles Lauren Tom :U2 Amparo Rivelles :GREEN DAY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Setsuko Karasuma :(AND THE KAISER CHEFS,mY CHEMICAL ROMANCE,H.I.M,SILBERMOND,RED HOT CHILLI PEPPERS). Suzanne Cryer :U2!!! Janet Kidder :Metallica, Black Sabbath, Led Zeppelin, Alice in Chains, Judas Priest. Death to Green Day!!!! Lavinia Wilson :Beatles are probably the most famous band, but the best for me is Van-Halen Lisa Faulkner :the beatles, for sure Barbara McNair :the Doors Jill Rao :THE BEST BAND EVER IS CREED. NO MATTER WHAT. Camilla Filippi :Fleetwood Mac...in my opinion. Valerie Quennessen :My Chemical Romance Adrienne Larussa :LED ZEPPELIN! Maria Satsuki :the beatles definitely. Janet Margolin :GREENDAY Anne Ramsay :THATS TERRIBLE....NO ONES MENTIONED THE BIGGEST BAND OF OUR GENERATION.... OASIS !!!!!!!!!!!11 Andrea Del Rosario :Maroon 5 (as far as new artists) and Def Leppard (as far as classics go). But that's only my opinion... Judy Thompson :Queen. Belinda Carroll :Placebo. Polly Niles :FALL OUT BOY AND PANIC AT THE DISCO DUHHHhh Sherry Steiner :oh yeah and THE ALL AMERICAN REJECTS Kim Wall :SMASHING PUMPKINS Sarah Miles :So So Many White White Tigers Tuesday Knight :Nirvana. Lauren Pope :Metallica, Slipknot, Simple Plan, Mudvayne, Simple Plan Alejandra Marin :Most definatley Black Eyed Peas! That Band Rocks Out Loud! Wing Lim Cho :Lynard Skynard Audrey Hamm :U2!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Etsuko Shihomi :No question -- U2. Rockin' since 78 or 79 and still going strong! Anapola Mushkadiz :aerosmith Sarah Badel :the eagles of course I think they are great. Susanne Luning :Are you talking about record sales, money made, longevity, popularity? Clara Rainbow :my choices Sara Stephens :1. beattles Ann Gibbs :2 KISS Heather Gottlieb :3 AC/DC Simona Cavallari :there are too many to actually choose one though Jennifer MacDonald :Zepplin...even though Pearl Jam is my fav Sharolyn Sparrow :1. The Beatles Carmen Di Pietro :2. Led Zeppelin April Bowlby :3. The Doors Susana Gibb :Green Day, 3 Doors Down and my favorite THE BACKSTREET BOYS Audra Ricketts :id have to say the beatles but second would have to be Pearl Jam for sure i cant get enough pj Leslie Ann Phillips :korn tool slipknot mudvayne msi marilyn manson doors hendrix pink floyd white zombie alice n chains nirvania misfits motley crue just name a few but theres many more i really think its the mood you are in at the time Ai Mei Wong :nirvana Viktoria Chapman :The Beatles, but Led Zeppelin and The Grateful Dead are popular too Cheryl Campbell :are you kidding !! AC/DC Lavinia Wilson :PHISH Cynthia Myers :the beatles Barbara Crampton :The Beatles and U2 Terri Treas :HIM Us Post Office Corinne Wahl :brief history of statictic Jill Kelly :Simple forms of statistics have been used since the beginning of civilization, when pictorial representations or other symbols were used to record numbers of people, animals, and inanimate objects on skins, slabs, sticks of wood, or the walls of caves. Before 3000 bc the Babylonians used small clay tablets to record tabulations of agricultural yields and of commodities bartered or sold. The Egyptians analysed the population and material wealth of their country before beginning to build the pyramids in the 31st century bc. The biblical books of Numbers and 1 Chronicles are, in small parts, statistical works, the former containing two separate censuses of the Israelites and the latter describing the material wealth of various Jewish tribes. Similar numerical records existed in China before 2000 bc. The ancient Greeks held censuses to be used as bases for taxation as early as 594 bc. Missy Browning :The Roman Empire was the first government to gather extensive data about the population, area, and wealth of the territories that it controlled. During the Middle Ages in Europe few comprehensive censuses were made. The Carolingian kings Pepin the Short and Charlemagne ordered surveys of ecclesiastical holdings: Pepin in 758 and Charlemagne in 762. Following the Norman Conquest of England in 1066, William I, King of England, ordered a census to be taken; the information gathered in this census, conducted in 1086, was recorded in the Domesday Book. Registration of deaths and births was begun in England in the early 16th century, and in 1662 the first noteworthy statistical study of population, Observations on the London Bills of Mortality, was written. A similar study of mortality made in Breslau, Germany, in 1691, was used by the English astronomer Edmond Halley as a basis for the earliest mortality table. In the 19th century, with the application of the scientific method to all phenomena in the natural and social sciences, investigators recognized the need to reduce information to numerical values to avoid the ambiguity of verbal description. Tracey Kelly :At present, statistics is a reliable means of describing accurately the values of economic, political, social, psychological, biological, and physical data and serves as a tool to correlate and analyse such data. The work of the statistician is no longer confined to gathering and tabulating data, but is chiefly a process of interpreting the information. The development of the theory of probability increased the scope of statistical applications. Much data can be approximated accurately by certain probability distributions, and the results of probability distributions can be used in analysing statistical data. Probability can be used to test the reliability of statistical inferences and to indicate the kind and amount of data required for a particular problem. Bre Blair :It appears that the question period has expired. If you have received an answer that meets your needs, please choose a 'best answer.' Giulia Siegel :Regards. Child Tax Rebate TJ Myers :am i the only one or does anybody else like My Chemical Romance Effie Schou :yes Donatella Damiani :at my chool Natalie Sutherland :really Krista Stadler :yes Nina Blackwood :serious Paula Bacon :yes Cecile Pallas :wow Sandra Huller :yes Tracy Turner :how cool is that Anne Coesens :yes Marie Vernalde :yes Veronica Cartwright :it sucks Bianca Lawson :I love them. Can't get enough of them! Beth Robert :yea, they are ok. I only like about two of there songs, but they are alright. Samantha Ivers :Yep, I love them too, but I haven't really listened to their cd in a while- I love the lead singer's eyes and how they're like red with makeup. Afifi Alaouie :No I dont I'm not into that kind of music Christiane Kruger :I love them...great band Fleur Klijnsma :i have not heard their music, but i know my tween niece loves them. Katja Danowski :Of course not. Im sure there's lots of fans of MCR out there and that including me. Love them crazy! My favourite song- Helena Karina Aktouf :they are great! i like them. Corinne Touzet :i love their music video as well. Alexandra Sydow :i love MCR!!!! they rock!! i heard they are puttin out another album!! i sure hope its true!!i reely like Three Cheers for Sweet Revenge!! they are a great band!! Anne Carlisle :if you like them, you shod also try green day, evanescence, acdc, and blink 182. also coool bands. ROCK ON!!!! Annie Shizuka Inoh :MCR= GREATEST BAND IN THE ENTIRE WORLD Leda Matsaggou :I love them sooo soo much Myriam Moraly :My chemical romance rocks..\m/ Bik Wing Chung :i think they r ok Cathy Murphy :but omg all the chicks at my school are addicted to them Gudrun Landgrebe :They're good! Linda Evans :I do like them and I also know 3 girls at my school that are crazy about them or just like them, but I really love all their songs and the dvd. 3d Digital Camera Ines Nobili :Is it gay to play putt putt golf with a friend and watch his but when he tees off -Eminem Athena Demos :yes! Wendy Gazelle :only if you are gay-duh Leslie Taylor :yeah kinda bro. dont answer any of my questions. Stephanie Morgenstern :If you listen closely to the background of the song during that part, Dr. Dre says "yes". Trust EVERYTHING Dr. Dre says.... Monika Kramlik :... no! ... silly goose! ... Peggy McIntaggart :maybe, but it's also pretty funny. Does he really have to clench that hard? it's just putt putt, man... Teresa Mak :its not gay to play putt putt w/ your friend, but why are you watching his butt???? only you can answer that question............. Deborah McGuire :In football the quarter back yells out hut hut while he reaches in another grown mans ass gabs on his nuts but just what if it was never ment it was just an accident Jennifer Elise Cox :NO ITS NOT I PLAY PUTT PUTT GOLF AND I'M NOT GAY Ann Bell :say bro that's nasty i really hope u don't do that if u do mann that's gay Maureen Dor :Yes... dude it is Cynthia Stevenson :yes Ami Dolenz :but,but i aint dun yet in football a quarter back yells hut-hut grabs on his nuts but just what if it was never meant it was just an accident Paula Garces :but he tripped, fell slipped and his penis went in Monica Vitti :....eminem rain man Wheel Chair Ramp Angela Bassett :Which "rock music festival" is the best Amy Adams :The Fuji Rock Festival Isabelle Willer :I went to the Beale Street Music Festival a few weeks ago and I had a blast, wouldn't really know about the rest. But the line up was great! Corinne Debonniere :depends who is playing really doesnt it?ive found that at some festivals you can be having the worst of times due to any number of reasons and then suddenly you see some band or other and they provide you with a show or a song that stays with you forever-im not really into him but i saw ray davies out of the kinks play a solo set and the way the crowd just helped him and lifted him made that the best memory ive ever had from a festival-i think the best festivals are also ones that you can get to see a lot of different acts with different styles because however much you may think you know or love your music-there will always be something new out there to inspire or disgust you!!its all in the eye of the beholder really and 2 guys sat next to each other watchin the same band may come away with totally different memories. Lynsey Baxter :i had a pretty decent time at the first lollapalooza...and i have some vague memories of the first US festival too. Martine Flety :(not on van halen day)
Dubnov (History/Stanford Univ.) debuts with a biography of Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997), the world-renowned Jewish historian and philosopher. The author provides insight into both Berlin and the English culture and society to which his family fled to escape anti-Semitic pogroms and revolution. Dubnov claims that the mature Berlin's ideas of freedom and “value pluralism” were rooted in his experiences defining and maintaining a Jewish identity during the 1920s and ’30s, while also assimilating into Oxford academic culture. Berlin's participation in the philosophical disputes of the day took place against the background of the British elite's appeasement of Hitler and Nazism and the Peel Commission's adoption of partition for Palestine. Such conflicts were foreshadowed in encounters with the anti-Semitic Christian “Englishness” of G.K. Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc, and later with the views of retired imperial officials at All Souls College, Oxford. They were echoed during the time of Berlin's service in the United States during World War II, when it became increasingly obvious that Churchill's government was not going to support the establishment of Israel, and America's Zionists began to follow their own path. This was also the time when Berlin first made the acquaintance of Chaim Weizmann and became a Zionist, and the author compares what he calls Berlin's postwar “diaspora Zionism” with his becoming a political thinker of freedom. An inspiring account of the relationship between the struggle to defend pragmatic liberalism and the dilemmas and conflicts of politics.
Sunday, June 12, 2016 Chap. XV The Scholars II. THE SCHOLARLY REVELATION European acquaintance with alien faiths and institutions was a powerful factor in weakening Christian theology. The news from Persia, India, Egypt, China, and America led to an endless series of embarrassing questions. How, asked Montesquieu, could one choose the true religion out of two thousand different faiths? How, asked a hundred others, could the world have been created in 4004 B.C. when in 4ooo B.C. China already had a developed civilization? Why had China no record or tradition of Noah's Flood, which, according to the Bible, had covered the whole earth? Why had God confined his Scriptural revelation to a small nation in western Asia if he had intended it for mankind? How could anyone believe that outside the Church there would be no salvation?-were all those billions who had lived in India, China, and Japan now roasting in hell? The theologians struggled to answer these and similar questions with a mountain of distinctions and explanations, but the structure of dogma nevertheless showed new cracks day by day, often as the result of missionary reports; sometimes it seemed that the Jesuits in China had been converted to Confucius instead of converting the Chinese to Christ. And was it not by the science they brought, rather than by the theology they taught, that those cultured Jesuits had won so many friends among the Chinese?
Linux is a multi-user operating system. We have the ability to switch between users easily and it be useful to know who you are and what processes you're running and when you last logged in. - [Instructor] It's nice to have an idea who you are,…and on the command line we have tools for this.…When we first login,…our prompt changes to affect our username.…To see this, let's open a Terminal…by going into Applications, Favorites, Terminal.…I'm going to make my terminal full screen…and bump my font size.…Looking at my prompt,…it has my username, at, the host name of this computer,…space, tilde,…and then the last character is a dollar sign.…The tilde signifies the directory I'm currently in.…My current directory isn't named tilde,…but rather the tilde is a shortcut to my home directory,…which we'll cover later in this course.… The last character is a dollar sign,…showing that I'm a normal user.…If the last character were a hash symbol…it would mean that I'm a super user.…Another way of telling who we are…is to use a who am I command.…Type in whoami and hit enter.…Whoami very simply prints out which user I'm logged in as.…We have another command called log name…which at first glance looks identical.…Type in logname and hit enter.… - Learning Linux command syntax - Getting help on the CLI and GUI - Finding help online - Using basic commands - Navigating file systems - Editing text Skill Level Intermediate Linux: Bash Shell and Scriptswith Kevin Dankwardt2h 46m Intermediate Setting up a Red Hat Enterprise Linux Serverwith Sandra Toner2h 46m Intermediate 1. Getting Help 2. Using Basic Commands 3. Navigating File Systems 4. Editing Text - Mark as unwatched - Mark all as unwatched Are you sure you want to mark all the videos in this course as unwatched? This will not affect your course history, your reports, or your certificates of completion for this course.Cancel Take notes with your new membership! Type in the entry box, then click Enter to save your note. 1:30Press on any video thumbnail to jump immediately to the timecode shown. Notes are saved with you account but can also be exported as plain text, MS Word, PDF, Google Doc, or Evernote.
Bringing together different perspectives for climate change planning for the Parque Nacional Canaima September 13, 2016 This project aims to engage government authorities, scientists and Indigenous leaders to integrate community owned solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change in the Parque Nacional Canaima, Venezuela As a post Paris agreement, the UK set the objective to support the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC’s), which are put into practice through mitigation and adaptation plans. The role of science research in each country in modelling these plans is vital, as is supporting Venezuela’s lead science institution, namely Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), in its task as advisor of climate change plans, as well as in fulfilling its responsibilities to the United Nations IPCC. As much as 17-34% of the global greenhouse gas cuts required by 2030 could be achieved by halting and reversing tropical deforestation. Indigenous lands are increasingly recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme and global climate change scientists, to significantly contribute to maintaining carbon stocks and enhancing biodiversity. Although national programs in Venezuela have promoted research on Indigenous traditional knowledge, there still exists a gap between policy and practical integrated plans. This is primarily as a result of a lack of cultural understandings and modes of communication between Indigenous and non-Indigenous perspectives. In this context, we aim to engage Venezuelan government authorities, scientists and Indigenous leaders to integrate community owned solutions for mitigating and adapting to climate change in the Parque Nacional Canaima into national plans. The Parque Nacional Canaima is located in the Caroní Basin, and is critical as it produces 80% of Venezuela’s electricity and contains the majority of standing forest. We will explore how different climate change scenarios will affect current community owned solutions, consider how existing national policies could support resilient strategies, and develop integrated action plans for local level climate change mitigation and adaptation. This project is funded by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office through the British Embassy in Caracas and builds on previous collaboration between Universidad Simón Bolívar (Venezuela), Royal Holloway University of London and the Cobra Collective (UK).
Formative assessment in adult literacy, language and numeracy - Jay Derrick, Kathryn Ecclestone and Judith Gawn. - Leicester [England] : NIACE, c2009. - Physical description - iv, 73 p. ; 24 cm. Education Library (Cubberley) \|LC149.7 .D418 2009\|\|Unknown\| - Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-71). - Introduction What formative assessment is Two practical aspects of formative assessment The aims of this booklet Section 1 What formative assessment is not Students examining and discussing learning goals and success criteria Talk and tasks for learning Planning and managing effective classroom discussions, questions and tasks that produce evidence of learning Providing constructive feedback Collaborative learning activities based on real-life problems and situations relevant to all the students Developing learner autonomy, motivation and confidence through peer and self-assessment activities Section 2 Introduction Scenario 1: Adult Literacy Scenario 2: Adult Numeracy Scenario 3: Language Section 3 Formative approaches to Continuing Professional Development Section 4 Summing up Resources and more information References Appendix 1: Principles that guide teaching (from Mathematics Matters). - (source: Nielsen Book Data)9781862014381 20160527 - Publisher's Summary - This book provides practical ideas for teachers of adult literacy, language and numeracy in their day to day work of lesson preparation, teaching and assessment. Relevant for all levels and contexts, it focuses on basic principles of student-centred learning, teaching and assessment that put the goal of student autonomy at the heart of the process. This book supports teachers to implement this student centred approach, often called 'formative assessment'. (source: Nielsen Book Data)9781862014381 20160527 - Publication date - 9781862014381 (paper) - 1862014388 (paper) Browse related items Start at call number:
Quick academic help Don't let the stress of school get you down! Have your essay written by a professional writer before the deadline arrives. Efficient-market hypothesis - Wikipedia The Queen of England famously asked her economic advisers why none of them had seen “it” (the global financial crisis) coming. Obviously, the answer is complex, but it must include reference to the evolution of macroeconomic theory over the postwar period—from the “Age of Keynes,” through the Friedmanian era and the return of Neoclassical economics in a particularly extreme form, and, finally, on to the New Monetary Consensus, with a new version of fine-tuning. The story cannot leave out the parallel developments in finance theory—with its efficient markets hypothesis—and in approaches to regulation and supervision of financial institutions. We hope to model financial fragility and money in a way that captures much of what is crucial in Hyman Minsky’s financial fragility hypothesis. This approach to modeling Minsky may be unique in the formal Minskyan literature. Namely, we adopt a model in which a psychological variable we call financial prudence () declines over time following a financial crash, driving a cyclical buildup of leverage in household balance sheets. High leverage or a low safe-asset ratio in turn induces high financial fragility (). In turn, the pathways of and capacity utilization () determine the probabilistic risk of a crash in any time interval. When they occur, these crashes entail discrete downward jumps in stock prices and financial sector assets and liabilities. To the endogenous government liabilities in Hannsgen (2014), we add common stock and bank loans and deposits. In two alternative versions of the wage-price module in the model (wage–Phillips curve and chartalist, respectively), the rate of wage inflation depends on either unemployment or the wage-setting policies of the government sector. At any given time , goods prices also depend on endogenous markup and labor productivity variables. Goods inflation affects aggregate demand through its impact on the value of assets and debts. Bank rates depend on an endogenous markup of their own. Furthermore, in light of the limited carbon budget of humankind over a 50-year horizon, goods production in this model consumes fossil fuels and generates greenhouse gases. CFA Level 1 - The Efficient Market Hypothesis Two factors contributed to the surprising success of behavioral finance. First, financial economics in general, and the efficient market hypothesis (see ) in particular, generated sharp, testable predictions about observable phenomena. Second, high-quality data are readily available to test these sharp predictions. The second principle of the efficient market hypothesis is unpredictability. In an efficient market, it is not possible to predict future stock price movements based on publicly available information. Many early violations of this principle had no explicit link to behavior. Thus it was reported that small firms and “value firms” (firms with low price-to-earnings ratios) earned higher returns than other stocks with the same risk. Also, stocks in general, but especially stocks of small companies, have done well in January and on Fridays (but poorly on Mondays). Efficient Markets Hypothesis: History The 2007–8 global financial crisis has shown the failure of private finance to efficiently allocate capital to finance real capital development. The resilience and stability of Brazil’s financial system has received attention, since it navigated relatively smoothly through the Great Recession and the collapse of the shadow banking system. This raises the question of whether it is possible that the alternative approaches followed by some developing countries might provide an indication of more stable regulatory approaches generally. There has been much discussion about how to support private long-term finance in order to meet Brazil’s growing infrastructure and investment needs. One of the essential functions of the financial system is to provide the long-term funding needed for long-lived and expensive capital assets. However, one of the main difficulties of the current private financial system is its failure to provide long-term financing, as the short-termism in Brazil’s financial market is a major obstacle to financing long-term assets. In its current form, the National Economic and Social Development Bank (BNDES) is the main source of long-term funding in the country. However, BNDES has been subject to a range of criticisms, such as crowding out private sector bank lending, and it is said to be hampering the development of the local capital market. This paper argues that, rather than following the traditional approach to justify the existence of public banks—and BNDES in particular, based on market failures—finding an effective answer to this question requires a theory of financial instability. Wage: The payment for the service of a unit of labor, per unit time. In trade theory, it is the only payment to labor, usually unskilled labor. In empirical work, wage data may exclude other compensation, which must be added to get the total cost of employment. Wage-rental ratio: The ratio of the wage of labor to the rental price of either capital or land, whichever is the other factor in a two-factor Heckscher-Ohlin model. The ratio plays a critical role in this model since it determines the ratios of factors employed in both industries. Waiver: An authorized deviation from the terms of a previously negotiated and legally binding agreement. Many countries have sought and obtained waivers from particular obligations of the GATT and WTO. Walras' Law: The property of a general equilibrium that if all but one of the markets are in equilibrium, then the remaining market is also in equilibrium, automatically. This follows from the budget constraints of the market participants, and it implies that any one market-clearing condition is redundant and can be ignored. Walrasian adjustment: A market adjustment mechanism in which price rises when there is excess demand and falls when there is excess supply. Strictly speaking, these excess supplies and demands are those that would obtain without any history of disequilibrium, as with a Walrasian auctioneer. Walrasian auctioneer: A hypothetical entity that facilitates market adjustment in disequilibrium by announcing prices and collecting information about supply and demand at those prices without any disequilibrium transactions actually taking place. Warehouse receipt: A receipt issued by a warehouse listing the goods received. Warehouse-to-warehouse: An insurance policy that covers goods over the entire journey from the seller's to the buyer's premises. Warrant: An option issued by a company that allows the holder to purchase equity from the company at a predetermined price prior to an expiration date. Warrants are frequently attached to Eurobonds. A relatively long-term option to purchase common stock at a specified exercise price over a specified period of time. Water in the tariff: The extent to which a tariff that is higher than necessary to be prohibitive. Weak form efficient market:A market in which prices fully reflect the information in past prices. Wealth: The total value of the accumulated assets owned by an individual, household, community, or country. Weight note: Document issued by either the exporter or a third party declaring the weight of goods in a consignment Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): The required return on the funds supplied by investors. It is a weighted average of the costs of the individual component debt and equity funds. A discount rate that reflects the after-tax required returns on debt and equity capital. Welfare criterion: A basis, usually quantitative, for judging whether one state of the world or of an economy is better than another, for use in welfare economics and in evaluation of policies. Welfare economics: The branch of economic thought that deals with economic welfare, including especially various propositions relating competitive general equilibrium to the efficiency and desirability of an allocation. Welfare proposition: In trade theory, this usually refers to any of several gains from trade theorems. Welfare state: A set of government programs that attempts to provide economic security for the population by providing for people when they are unemployed, ill, or elderly. Welfare triangle: In a partial equilibrium market diagram, a triangle representing the net welfare benefit or loss from a policy or other change. In trade theory it often means the triangle or triangles representing the deadweight loss due to a tariff. Welfare: Refers to the economic well being of an individual, group, or economy. For individuals, it is conceptualized by a utility function. For groups, including countries and the world, it is a tricky philosophical concept, since individuals fare differently. In trade theory, an improvement in welfare is often inferred from an increase in real national income. Wharfage charge: A charge assessed by a pier or dock owner for handling incoming or outgoing cargo. White knight: A friendly acquirer who, at the invitation of a target company, purchases shares from the hostile bidder(s) or launches a friendly counter bid in order to frustrate the initial, unfriendly bidder(s). Willingness to pay: The largest amount of money that an individual or group could pay, along with a change in policy, without being made worse off. It is therefore a monetary measure of the benefit to them of the policy change. If negative, it measures its cost. Wire transfer: A generic term for electronic funds transfer using a two-way communications system, like Fedwire. Withholding tax: A tax on income that is levied at the source, thus diverted to the government before the recipient of the income ever sees it. Used in international tax treaties to assist tax collection. A tax on dividend or interest income that is withheld for payment of taxes in a host country. Payment is typically withheld by the financial institution distributing the payment. Working capital management: The administration of the firm's current assets and the financing needed to support current assets. Working capital: An accounting term that indicates the difference between current assets and current liabilities. The combination of current assets and current liabilities. World Bank: A group of five closely associated international institutions providing loans and other development assistance to developing countries. The five institutions are IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA, and ICSID. As of July 2000, the largest of these, IBRD, had 181 member countries. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. An international organization created at Breton Woods in 1944 to help in the reconstruction and development of its member nations. Its goal is to improve the quality of life for people in the poorer regions of the world by promoting sustainable economic development. See also International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. World Fact Book: An excellent source of information about the countries of the world, including basic economic data. World price: The price of a good on the world market, meaning the price outside of any country's borders and therefore exclusive of any trade taxes or subsidies that might apply crossing a border into a country but inclusive of any that might apply crossing out of a country. World Trade Organization (WTO): The WTO is a multilateral organization that promotes free and fair trade among the nations of the world. It was created in 1995 by 121 nations at the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is responsible for implementation and administration of the trade agreement. A global international organization that specifies and enforces rules for the conduct of international trade policies and serves as a forum for negotiations to reduce barriers to trade. Formed in 1995 as the successor to the GATT, it had 136 member countries as of April 2000. Worldwide tax system: A tax system that taxes worldwide income as it is repatriated to the parent company. 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Free hypothesis Essays and Papers - 123HelpMe If economists had been asked in the mid-1980s to name a discipline within economics to which bounded rationality was least likely to apply, finance would probably have been the one most often named. One leading economist called the efficient markets hypothesis (see definition below), which follows from traditional economic thinking, the best-established fact in economics. Yet finance is perhaps the branch of economics where behavioral economics has made the greatest contributions. How has this happened? Advisors: Practice Management, Investing .. Unbiased expectations hypothesis: The hypothesis that forward exchange rates are unbiased predictors of future spot rates. (See forward parity.) Unbiased Nature of the Forward Rate (UFR): States that the forward rate should reflect the expected future spot rate on the date of settlement of the forward contract. Uncertainty avoidance: The extent to which a society tolerates uncertainty and ambiguity. Uncertainty: Lack of information. Failure to know anything that may be relevant for an economic decision, such as future variables, details of a technology, or sales. In models, uncertainty usually appears as a random variable and corresponding probability density function. But in practice, most international models, especially of trade, assume certainty. Uncovered interest parity: Equality of expected returns on otherwise comparable financial assets denominated in two currencies, without any cover against exchange risk. Uncovered interest parity requires approximately that i = i* + a where i is the domestic interest rate, i* the foreign interest rate and the expected appreciation of foreign currency at an annualized percentage rate. Underemployment: The employment of workers for fewer hours or in less desirable jobs than they would prefer and are qualified for. Under-invoicing: The provision of an invoice that states price as less than is actually being paid. This might be done on an import in order to reduce the amount that will be collected by an ad valorem tariff. Or it might be done on an export to reduce apparent profit and thus taxes. Under-valued currency: The situation of a currency whose value on the exchange market is lower than is believed to be sustainable. This may be due to a pegged or managed rate that is below the market-clearing rate, or, under a floating rate, it may be due to speculative capital outflows. It contrasts with over-valued currency. Underwriting syndicate: A temporary combination of investment banking firms formed to sell a new security issue. Underwriting: Bearing the risk of not being able to sell a security at the established price by virtue of purchasing the security for resale to the public; also known as firm commitment underwriting. The act by investment bankers of purchasing securities from issuers for resale to the public. Unemployment Rate: The ratio of the total number of unemployed persons to the total number of persons in the labor force. The ratio of unemployment to the labor force of a country. Unequal exchange: Trade in which the labor used to produce a country's exports is more than the labor used to produce its imports, as in the exchange between low-wage developing countries and high-wage developed countries. 1. Under the GATT this refers only to exports that are subsidized or dumped 2. Under U.S. law, this also includes various actions that interfere with U.S. exports. 3. Also used to refer to any almost any trade that the speaker objects to, sometimes including that based on low wages or weak regulations. Uniform Commercial Code: The model state legislation related to many aspects of commercial transactions that went into effect in Pennsylvania in 1954. It has been adopted with limited changes by most state legislatures. Unit contribution margin: The amount of money available from each unit of sales to cover fixed operating costs and provide operating profits. Unit elastic: Having an elasticity equal to one. For a price elasticity of demand, this means that expenditure remains constant as price changes. For income elasticity it means that expenditure share is constant. Homothetic preferences imply unit income elasticities. It contrasts with elastic and inelastic. Unit isocost line: An isocost line along which cost is equal to one unit of the numeraire, such as one dollar. Unit isoquant: The isoquant for a quantity equal to one unit of a good. The unit isoquant is useful for relating the price of a good to the prices of factors employed in its production. Unit labor requirement: The amount of labor used per unit of output in an industry; the ratio of labor to output. In a Heckscher-Ohlin Model this varies along an isoquant as different techniques are chosen in response to different factor prices. But in a Ricardian model, these are the constant building blocks for defining comparative advantage and determining behavior. Unit of account: A basic function of money, providing a unit of measurement for defining, recording, and comparing value. I.e., one dollar signifies not only a one dollar bill, but also a dollar's worth of money in other forms (deposits), of wealth in other forms than money, and of any good or service with a market value. United Currency Options Market (UCOM): Market set up by the Philadelphia Stock Exchange in which to trade currencies. United Nations Organizations: The complex and extensive system of organizations that exist under the umbrella of the United Nations. Several of these, like the WTO and the IMF, play critical roles in the international economy. Unit-value isoquant: The isoquant for a quantity of a good worth one unit of value. This is meaningful only if the nominal price of the good is given, for some specified currency or numeraire. Unit-value isoquants are central to the Lerner diagram for analyzing the Heckscher-Ohlin Model. Universal Banking: Bank practice, especially in Germany, whereby commercial banks perform not only investment banking activities equity positions in companies. Unlevered beta (systematic business risk): The beta (or systematic risk) of a project as if it were financed with 100 percent equity. Unlevered cost of equity: The discount rate appropriate for an investment assuming it is financed with 100 percent equity. Unnatural trading bloc: A trading bloc among countries that are not natural trading partners. Unsecured loans: A form of debt for money borrowed that is not backed by the pledge of specific assets. Unskilled labor: Labor with a low level of skill or human capital. Identified empirically as labor earning a low wage, with a low level of education, or in an occupational category associated with these; sometimes crudely proxied as production workers. Unsterilized Intervention: Foreign exchange market intervention in which the monetary authorities have not insulated their domestic money supplies from the foreign exchange transactions. Unsustainable debt: A financial condition in which a country is unable to service its foreign (external) debt without decimating its economy. Unsystematic (Diversifiable) Risk: Risks that are specific to a given firm, such as a strike. Risk that is specific to a particular security or country and that can be eliminated through diversification. Unsystematic risk: The variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market movements. It is avoidable through diversification. Up-and-In Option: An option that comes into existence if and only if the currency strengthens enough to cross a preset barrier. Up-and-Out Option: An option that is canceled if the underlying currency strengthens beyond the outstrike. Upstream subsidization: Export of a good one of whose inputs has been subsidized. Usury: The practice of charging or paying exorbitant interest on a loan or other transaction. Note: in Islamic societies, charging or receiving any amount of interest is considered usury. Utility function: A function that specifies the utility (usefulness, well being) of a consumer for all combinations goods consumed (and sometimes other considerations). It represents both their welfare and their risk preferences. Utility possibility frontier: In a diagram with levels of individual utility on the axes, a curve showing the maximum attainable levels of utility in a given situation, such as free trade or autarky. 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Sales Contract Basics for the Real Estate License Exam Real estate sales contracts indicate a buyer’s and a seller’s agreement to exchange property for (usually) money. The Real Estate License Exam will ask questions about the elements necessary to make a sales agreement valid and enforceable. A sales contract is a bilateral (two people exchanging promises) express (each party states what they’re agreeing to) agreement. How to make a valid sales contract (and knowing who prepares it) For a real estate sales contract to be valid, it must comply with the laws of the state where the property is located. Although they may vary slightly by state, the following elements generally are the minimum requirements: Legally competent parties. A contract that must be in writing. A legal description of the property. Words of mutual agreement to buy and sell the property. Consideration, or what is being paid or exchanged and any other financial terms. Signatures of both (or all) parties. The signing of a contract for the sale of a property gives the buyer equitable title, which isn’t yet ownership and which can be conveyed only by a deed. Instead, it’s a contract right that essentially gives the buyer the right to demand title (ownership) to the property when the agreed-upon price is paid. Lawful object. This requirement’s usually pretty easy to meet because the object of the real estate sales contract is to sell the real estate. For exam purposes, you should remember what the elements for a valid contract are and what each of them means. Extras on sales contracts Many sales contracts contain information about the type of deed that will be delivered to the buyer, encumbrances on the title, any money being deposited as part of the agreement, a statement of what constitutes evidence of good title, a date and place of closing, what happens in the event of destruction of the property before the closing, and other terms and conditions of the sale. You need to check out what, if any, laws exist in your state with respect to the consequences of destruction of the property. One element that typically appears in a sales contract is a contingency clause, or a statement that requires that a specified condition must be met for the contract to be completed. Typical conditions in a real estate sales contract are a mortgage or financing contingency and an inspection contingency. A mortgage contingency allows for the possibility that the buyer may not be able to afford to buy the house. Upon agreeing to purchase a house for $200,000 and coughing up $25,000 in cash for a down payment, the buyer plans to borrow the rest through a mortgage loan. Because the sale can’t go through unless the buyer can borrow the full $175,000, the buyer puts a clause in the contract that enables him or her the option of getting out of the deal if the lender refuses to approve an adequate mortgage loan amount. Without the mortgage contingency in the contract of sale, the buyer can lose the down payment, if the purchase doesn’t go through as planned. An inspection contingency, on the other hand, is an agreement that requires an inspection of the house by a home inspector. The house must pass the inspection. If this contingency clause is included in the contract, the buyer can get out of the deal if the inspector finds something wrong with the house and the seller refuses to repair it. A third contingency that you may see is one in which the buyer must be permitted to sell his current home before being forced to buy the new home. This contingency protects the buyer from owning and having to pay mortgages on two homes at the same time. Going back and forth with offer and acceptance Generally this process of negotiation follows the pattern of the seller listing the house for sale, the buyer making an offer to buy the house, the seller coming back with a counteroffer for the buyer, the buyer making a counteroffer to the seller’s counteroffer, and acceptance by the seller with as many counteroffers as needed for the two parties to come to a meeting of the minds, or mutual assent. An exam question on the offer and acceptance process may present a case of buyer and seller going back and forth and ask you if a particular offer is binding. Remember that as soon as a seller counteroffers to a buyer’s offer, the buyer’s offer no longer exists. A binder, or offer to purchase, may be the first step toward solidifying a deal in some parts of the country, in different parts of the same state, and, in recent years, among different brokers in the same market area. A binder is used for residential real estate. A similar agreement, called a letter of intent, is used in commercial real estate transactions. A binder is used primarily to signify that a deal has been made and an agreement has been reached to go forward with more formal contract negotiations. At the point at which there’s an accepted offer, the binder is signed by both buyer and seller. A binder often is accompanied by an earnest money deposit or down payment to signal the buyer’s seriousness in going forward with the purchase.

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