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First settled in 1852, Pioneer Square encompasses the birthplace of modern Seattle and its first downtown. Most of the Square's buildings were erected within a decade of the disastrous Great Fire of June 6, 1889. The district began a slow decline during World War I and became better known as a derelict "Skid Road." Preservationists rallied in the 1960s to save the area's exquisite ensemble of Victorian and Edwardian Era architecture from "urban renewal." Pioneer Square was protected by a 30-acre Historic District in 1969, followed by a slightly larger Special Review District. The core of the neighborhood lies between Cherry Street on the north, 2nd Avenue on the east, Alaskan Way on the west, and S. King Street on the south.
Just Passing Through
Suquamish and Duwamish Indians occupied at least 17 villages in the general area of today's Pioneer Square. They named the vicinity Zechalalitch, "the place to pass over," because it offered a convenient route between the mouth of the Duwamps (Duwamish) River and Lake Washington on the east.
British explorer Capt. George Vancouver observed but did not note the Elliott Bay shoreline in 1792, and the area was not surveyed until a U.S. Navy expedition under the command of Charles Wilkes arrived in 1841. He named Elliott Bay for a member of his crew and sketched a shoreline of steep wooded slopes descending toward a level peninsula, Piner's Point, nearly surrounded by shallow tide flats.
King County's first permanent white settlers arrived in mid-September 1851 and staked Donation Claims to the fertile delta and shores of the Duwamish. Soon after, three scouts arrived from a party of settlers waiting in Portland. They staked a claim on West Seattle's Alki Beach, and a total of 24 men, women, and children led by Arthur A. Denny (1822-1903) assembled there on November 13, 1851. They were soon joined by David S. "Doc" Maynard, a physician and merchant who was urged to relocate north by Chief Seattle.
Deciding to Stay
Although Charles Terry (1830-1867) established a "New York" store at Alki and found San Francisco customers for the area's timber, most of the Denny Party decided to relocate. After sounding Elliott Bay, Arthur Denny, Carson Boren (1824-1912), and William Bell (1817-1887) decided it was better suited as a harbor for a future city. They filed claims on its narrow beach and ridges on February 14, 1852, while Maynard claimed Piner's Point and the mud flats to the south and east.
Carson Boren's younger sister Louisa (1827-1918) is credited with starting construction of the future town's first cabin at 2nd Avenue and Cherry Street in the spring of 1852. Doc Maynard built a second cabin at S Main Street and 1st Avenue S and established a general store, "The Seattle Exchange." Maynard also convinced his neighbors to rename their settlement, then called Duwamps, to honor Chief Seattle, and he used his political influence to have the Oregon Territorial Legislature name Seattle the seat of a new King County in December 1852.
Seattle's early success was guaranteed in 1852 when Henry Yesler (1810-1892) chose the village as the site of Puget Sound's first steam-powered lumber mill (in exchange for generous chunks of the settler's claims). He built his mill on a pier at the foot of today's Yesler Way, first called Mill Street and later nicknamed "Skid Road." Henry and Sarah Yesler built their first home at 2nd Avenue and James Street, and he erected a crude aqueduct system of elevated log troughs to transport water from ridge-top springs to the growing village below.
The mill's cook house and a later Yesler's Pavilion at 1st Avenue and Cherry Street served as Seattle's first social center. Captain Felker's home -- which served as a hotel, restaurant, and bordello near 1st Avenue and Jackson Street -- was also a popular gathering place under the management of a tart-tongued Irishwoman named Mary Conklin but better known as "Mother (later Madame) Damnable."
The First Gridlock
In the spring of 1853, Arthur Denny, Carson Boren, and Doc Maynard drew up plats for their claims, which abutted along Yesler Way. Understandably, Denny and Boren believed that streets should generally conform to the hilly topography of their holdings. Maynard, whose claim was mostly flat (when not submerged), insisted that the street grid be oriented strictly north-south and east-west.
Denny later grumbled that Maynard, "stimulated with liquor," had decided he was "not only monarch of all he surveyed, but of what Boren and I surveyed, too." So the pioneers filed conflicting plats for "The Town of Seattle" on May 23, 1853, and their spat survives in the tangled intersections still found along Yesler Way.
Raids, Rails, and Riots
The town had grown to about 300 residents by late 1855, when some local Indians began rebelling against relocation required by new tribal treaties with the U.S. Government. A large party attacked Seattle proper on January 26, 1856, forcing settlers to retreat to blockhouses and a stockade. After a daylong battle, in which two settlers and an unknown number of Indians died, the raiders were repelled by Marines and cannon fire from the U.S.S. Decatur anchored in Elliott Bay.
The attack so discouraged Doc Maynard that he exchanged his Pioneer Square claim for Charles Terry's New York Alki tract (Maynard later returned and his wife Catherine became a prominent civic leader). This was probably the most imprudent land swap in local history, for Seattle soon prospered while Alki languished.
The early economy was fueled in large part by San Francisco's demand for the area's timber, milled lumber, salted salmon, and, later, abundant soft coal. So many ships dumped their ballast in and around Yesler's Wharf that they created an artificial island near the foot of S Washington Street.
Seattle's development accelerated with construction of its first railroads in the 1870s and coal mines in south King County. Much of the city's first infrastructure was built by imported Chinese workers, who clustered in an informal Chinatown centered around 2nd Avenue S and S Washington Street. Initially welcomed, these immigrants became the target of white resentment during the economic downturn of the mid-1880s. Some 300 Chinese were forcibly expelled from Seattle during labor riots in February 1886.
An Urban Phoenix
Despite such disturbances, Seattle ranked as the state's largest city with 40,000 residents by the end of the 1880s. Then, on June 6, 1889, an untended glue pot in a cabinet shop near the corner of 1st Avenue and Madison Street overheated and ignited a blaze that consumed 29 downtown blocks within hours.
The city quickly rebuilt -- with brick and stone -- and most of these buildings survive in Pioneer Square. Architects such as Elmer Fisher (1840-1905) had a field day designing a spectacular ensemble of new office buildings. Meanwhile, city engineers took the opportunity to solve Pioneer Square's chronic drainage problems by elevating its street level a full story. This isolated some of the new buildings' original ground floor businesses in subterranean sidewalk spaces. These catacombs were ultimately sealed up and forgotten until the early 1960s.
The Golden Fleece
Seattle's growth hit a brick wall in 1893, when a national economic "panic" plunged the region into a four-year depression. Then, on July 17, 1897, the steamship Portland docked at present-day Waterfront Park with "more than a ton of gold" and 68 suddenly rich prospectors fresh from the Klondike River. Seattle business leaders and boosters scrambled to establish Seattle as the "Gateway to Alaska" as thousands of naive "sourdoughs" passed through its port, enriching Seattle's merchants if not themselves in the process.
Klondike gold and prospectors' wallets funded a surge in population and industry. Civic leaders turned the little triangle formed by 1st Avenue and Yesler Way into a park and named it Pioneer Place. A group of businessmen later stole a handsome Tlingit totem pole from an Alaskan village and installed there in 1899 (a successor pole now occupies the spot). A decade later, the city installed underground "comfort stations" and an ornate Pergola to serve tourists and transit riders during Seattle's first world's fair, the 1909 Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition.
Zenith and Nadir
Meanwhile, the revolutionary technology of steel-frame construction allowed new buildings such as the Alaska (built 1903-1904), Frye Hotel (1906-1911), and Hoge (completed in 1911) to reach unprecedented heights -- culminating in typewriter magnate L. C. Smith's gleaming namesake Tower, which reigned as the tallest west of the Mississippi until 1962.
By the time the Smith Tower opened on July 4, 1914, Pioneer Square's prominence as Seattle's economic center was already beginning to slip. Extensive street regrades and a burgeoning system of electric streetcars and cable railways had opened areas beyond Pioneer Square to new office and retail development, and downtown was already marching north along 2nd and 3rd avenues.
Meanwhile, social reformers and prohibitionists gained power and attacked Pioneer Square as a symbol of the long-standing civic policy that tolerated saloons, brothels, and gambling south of Yesler Way. Anti-vice crusaders such as First Presbyterian Church pastor Mark Matthews denounced "Skid Road" as the path to sin and ruin.
All of Seattle suffered with the great Depression, but no area worse than Pioneer Square. Its grand hotels became flophouses; pawnbrokers occupied its once-elegant storefronts. Hundreds of unemployed men converted an abandoned shipyard south of the Square into a sprawling "Hooverville" shantytown.
A Second Rebirth
Pioneer Square's older buildings were badly shaken by a major earthquake in 1949, but man posed a greater threat than nature. By the early 1960s, Seattle's business establishment had targeted the area for "urban renewal" into a complex of parking garages to serve the downtown. The 1962 demolition of the venerable Hotel Seattle, which had occupied the salient formed by Yesler Way and James Street since the Great Fire, and its replacement with a hideous "sinking ship" garage rang alarm bells for the city's nascent historic preservation movement.
Pioneer Square's architectural treasures were already being rediscovered largely through efforts of architect Ralph Anderson (d. 2010) and art gallery owner Richard White. Journalist and historical author Bill Speidel attracted new publicity in 1964 when he began conducting the first "underground tours" of Pioneer Square's abandoned sidewalk areaways.
The election of a new generation of reform-minded city officials such as Mayor Wes Uhlman and Council members John Miller and Phyllis Lamphere gave preservationists new clout, which they applied to win approval of a 30-acre Pioneer Square Historic District in 1969.
Wealth and Poverty
Pioneer Square became a magnet for Seattle's burgeoning cohort of young urban professionals, as entrepreneurs converted decrepit buildings into stylish taverns, music clubs, offices, and loft apartments. Despite sympathetic social policies and numerous missions, this redevelopment put pressure on the area's low-income residents, but their displacement was chiefly caused by strict new fire codes following the 1970 Ozark Hotel fire, which closed scores of single-room-occupancy hotels in Seattle.
Private developers financed most of Pioneer Square's redevelopment. One long-time property owner, Sam Israel (1899-1994), declined to gentrify his numerous buildings and thereby helped to preserve the Square's funky character. Since his death in 1994, a successor Samis Foundation has pursued a more aggressive policy with his estate.
Public improvements to the Square included addition of a 1st Avenue planter strip and Occidental Park in the early 1970s. The Annie E. Casey Foundation funded rehabilitation of the Pioneer Place park and Pergola in 1973, and the Committee of 33 salvaged the former Seattle Harbormaster station at the foot of S Washington Street. Service on the nearby Waterfront Streetcar began in 1982 and was extended through the Square to the International District in 1990. That same year, Metro Transit opened a Pioneer Square Station for its new downtown transit tunnel.
From Dome to Doom?
The most significant if debatable improvement, however, was construction of the Kingdome south of King Street S in 1976. Anticipation of its economic and traffic impacts led to creation of an expanded Special Review area two years prior, but the Dome's real effect was to flood the Square with waves of sports fans, alienating retail customers and residents. The Dome was imploded in March 2000, and a new Safeco Field and Seahawk's Stadium, which may prove to be better neighbors, now serve its functions.
Pioneer Square was rocked by three traumas in early 2001. First, a wayward truck toppled its beloved Pergola on January 15 (it was repaired and restored in August 2002); Then in late February, gangs of young thugs attacked the crowds attending the area's "Fat Tuesday" festivities, a local version of Mardi Gras launched in 1977, injuring scores and killing one bystander.
Finally, a major earthquake rattled the district and damaged several buildings on February 28, 2001. Fortunately, most of the Square's structures had already undergone seismic retrofitting and suffered little harm.
As its history demonstrates, accidents, riots, and earthquakes are nothing new to Pioneer Square, which should endure as long as the city whose infancy it cradled.
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PATRICK EDWARD Dove was a Scotchman born
at Lasswade, near Edinburgh, July 31, 1815. His father was a Lieutenant
Dove of the royal navy. The families of both parents had been for generations
rich and prominent.
Patrick Edward received
a good education in his own country and in France. From the French Academy
he was expelled in disgrace for leading his fellow-students in an open
insurrection against the tutors. On leaving school he had the intention
of going into the navy, but he yielded to his father's wish that he should
a gentleman farmer, and went up to Scotland to learn something og husbandry.
He led practically, however, the life of a gentleman of leisure, reading
and traveling, making several tours on the continent and residing for
some years in France.
In 1840 he came into his property and the
next year took the estate called "The Craig!"
He was said to be the most popular landlord
in Scotland. But this landlord did not believe in landlords. He maintained
that the soil of a nation was the inheritance of all its people. He
was never weary of repeating that rent should go to the State for the
benefit of all.
Also, he did not believe in the game laws.
He had no keeper on his great estate and no poacher was ever interfered
with. Another peculiarity was his friendship for Ireland. He stood up
stoutly for the Irish peasantry and denounced Britain's treatment of it.
For seven years he lived thus happily on
his estate, but in 1848 an imprudent investment swept away his fortune.
Soon after that he married, his bride being penniless like himself. The
newly-wedded couple went to live in Darmstadt, where the husband studied
and lectured and wrote. They were never unprosperous.
The Theory of Human Progression was
the first fruit of this toil. The work appeared anonymously. A limited
edition was published in 1850, both in London and Edinburgh.
In brief, the book is the single-tax theory
elucidated a generation in advance of Henry George. What Dove did for
scholars, George achieved for the masses.
He died April 28, 1873. (so he lived to see the abolition of
slavery in the United States)
George made reference to Dove in A Perplexed
Philosopher, Part I, Chapter VI:
A similar fate to that which "Social
Statics" met in England befell a very similar book, covering much the
same ground—"The Theory of Human Progression," by Patrick Edward Dove,
published a little before "Social Statics," but in the same year, and
also asserting the equal right to the use of land. While Dove is not so
elaborate as Spencer, he is clearer in distinctly disclaiming the idea
of compensation, and in proposing to take ground-rent for public purposes
by taxation, abolishing all other taxes. His book must have done some good
work on the minds it reached, but it passed out of print and was practically
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The Lost Treasure of the Aztecs
By James K. Langhammer
1999 revision of 1976 article that appeared in the Spring 1981 American Currents
(This is an article originally written in 1976 and published in TROPIC TANK TALK of the Greater Detroit Aquarium Society and in LIVEBEARERS of
ALA. It was revised in 1982, and again in 1999. It is the first part of
a series by the same title. The author gave NANFA permission to reprint it)
History books tell us that in the early 1500s the Spanish Conquistadors destroyed, as a
political entity at least, the great nation of the Aztecs in the central highlands of
Mexico. In their relentless search for gold and other treasures, the Spaniards pillaged
the American cultures until one by one most of them fell beneath Spanish domination. Yet
history also alludes to the fact that the New World's ultimate treasures as envisioned by
the Spaniards were never found. Why? Where were they hidden - and by whom?
Perhaps, the real treasures of the Aztec empire were hidden to the
Europeans by their own inconsummate greed, and have continued so to this day! Gold and
gem-stone ornaments were probably more beautiful than valuable to the Aztec people whose
artifacts reflect the great majesty of the natural world around them.
Part of the beautiful baubles of the everyday world of the Aztecs still
shimmer in the hot sun of the Tropic of Cancer, vicariously reflecting the Sun-god's
radiance off their animate flanks in a brilliant blend of opalescence and pigmentation,
and STILL are unknown and unappreciated by the modern world! - the Goodeids, a fascinating
family of livebearing fishes.
The family Goodeidae is restricted to the ancient Aztec domain of
west-central Mexico. Using the state capitals of Durango, Colima, Morelia, Mexico City,
Queretaro, and San Luis Potosi as boundary references, the total range of the family which
consists of approximately 36 species in 17 genera can be roughly circumscribed.
Goodeids are wonderfully interesting fishes, I don't believe any amount of paraphrasing on
my part could improve on what John Michael Fitzsimons (1972) says about the family:
||"The Goodeidae comprises a wholly Mexican family of viviparous
freshwater fishes represented by 35 or more species largely restricted to the highlands of
Mesa Central. Its focus of abundance is in the Rio Lerma basin where it is the dominant
family of fishes (Miller and Fitzsimons, 1971 ).
are generally small; members of two genera, Alloophorus Hubbs and Turner and
Goodea Jordan, attain a length of 200 mm, but most grow no larger than 100 mm.
They live in a variety of habitats, ranging from deep spring-fed pools to shallow riffles.
Some are lake dwellers: others abound in irrigation ditches that may have only a few
inches of water. Their body form often reflects habitat type. Certain river and stream
species, such as the Ilyodon Eigenmann, are swift swimmers with slim, streamlined
bodies and large caudal fins. In ponds, lakes, or quiet stream pools, deep-bodied forms,
such as Skiffia Meek, are slow moving and maneuver easily in dense vegetation,
sculling with the pectoral fins in a manner reminiscent of many resident coral-reef
fishes. Members of the genus Allodontichthys Hubbs and Turner look and behave like North
American darters (Etheostomatinae), are long-bodied bottom dwellers, and are found only
among the rocks and boulders in shallow riffles. Goodeids include all consumer types:
carnivores with conic teeth and a short gut, Alloophorus; herbivores with generalized
bifid teeth and a long coiled gut, Ameca Miller and Fitzsimons; or omnivores with
variable teeth and gut form, Xenotoca Hubbs and Turner, the feeding habits of
which range from nearly completely carnivorous to completely herbivorous at different
"The unifying features of the
family are related to mode of reproduction - internal fertilization and live birth. The
distinctive modification of the male anal fin, presence of an internal muscular organ of
apparent reproductive function in the male, structure of the ovary, and the development of
trophotaenia in embryos distinguish the Goodeidae from all other cyprinodontoid fishes.
The first six or seven rays of the male anal fin are crowded, shortened, and often
separated from the rest of the fin by a distinct notch; they probably aid in insemination.
The anterior anal rays of the male have been described as a "gonopodium"
(Turner, Mendoza, and Reiter, 1962), a term first applied to the elongate male anal fin of
the poeciliids, but this term may be a misnomer for goodeids since the role of the anal
fin in sperm intromission has not been demonstrated (Miller and Fitzsimons, 1971). Goodeid
males also have a short, highly muscular tube connecting the sperm ducts to the genital
opening; this structure has been termed a "pseudophallus" (Mohsen, 1961, 1965).
It is said to expel semen forcibly or to become everted and applied to or placed into the
female's genital opening, but, as with the "gonopodium", its function has only
been surmised and not demonstrated. Females have a single median ovary formed from the
union of lateral organ rudiments, the fused internal walls of which form the median
septum. Yolk is resorbed early in embryogeny and its nutritive function is assumed by
placenta-like trophotaeniae, rosette or ribbon-like growths which extend from the anal
region of developing embryos in all but one species (Turner, 1933, 1937)" - end
of Fitzsimons quote.
Since 1972 when Fitzsimons wrote the above, one major systematic
change affecting his words was Parenti's 1981 revision of the family Goodeidae to include
two egg-laying genera within a new subgenus Empetrichthyinae. Currently I believe
all taxonomists accept Parenti's conclusion that the egg-laying genera Empetrichthys
and Crenichthys are indeed similar to what primitive goodeids must have been like
and that by including them into the family its range is now extended north of Mexico's
My primary purpose in writing this account is to introduce to aquarists
several species of the live-bearing goodeids and my impression as to their value as
The first species I'd like to mention is my unquestioned favorite - the
Rainbow Goodeid, Characodon lateralis. I know of few fish with more color in wild
stock than the Rainbow Goodeid; with judicious selection I believe this species can afford
aquarists with at least as many colorful strains as have the platies and swordtails. Males
are primarily red with yellow, green, black, and brown markings. It is true of all
goodeids and many fishes generally that body pigmentation may be enhanced by iridescence
reflected from light sources back to the viewer - resulting in visual splendor not seen if
the fish are viewed in poorly lighted situations. Rainbows are peaceful with other fishes
-although as with all goodeids some fin-nipping of other fishes seems to occur if the
goodeids are not regularly fed well. Generally goodeids do not cannibalize their own young
unless the parents are inadequately fed and maintained; thus multiple generations are
easily exhibited together. Goodeid species should be housed separately, however, since
some interspecific hybridization has been documented (Fitzsimons, 1972).
Rainbows can grow to 60 mm total length. Like all goodeids, they are
not fussy eaters; although morphological details indicate many goodeids are adapted to
herbivorous diets, my experience has been that they all relish and even prefer living
The Rainbows are the most northern known viviparous goodeid and occur in springfed streams
near Durango. Perhaps, their occurrence in the clean artesian waters explains their
extreme inability to tolerate "old" water - they MUST have frequent water
changes to offset the acidifying, polluting effect of metabolic wastes. In my Detroit
water with pH of about 7.2 and 120 ppm of carbonate, a downward shift in pH can quickly
become fatal to goodeids. I imagine hard, alkaline waters are much more to their
My partiality to the Rainbow fortunately, doesn't diminish my opinion
that the best of all aquarium goodeids is the Butterfly Goodeid, Ameca splendens.
Like a giant Nothobranchius, the Butterfly's beautiful colors and frenetic
activity will endear it to most hobbyists. The female Butterfly is basically a black and
brown variegated version of the male, which displays true elegance. The males have
iridescent green flanks which are flashed like a spinning prism as the fish darts around
the aquarium. The caudal fin is widespread at all times, providing magnificent contrast
between the broad black submarginal band and its wide border of canary yellow.
Butterfly Goodeids are large fish growing to 100 mm, with some of the
largest newborn babies I've seen among bony fishes - 20 to 24 mm at birth! They are
peaceful and seem more tolerant of old water than most goodeids are.
The Blue-tailed Goodeid, Ataeniobius toweri, has little to
recommend it in my opinion. It is a slender fish growing to 100 mm. On the flanks are two
parallel, horizontal stripes and in the male the caudal fin is a beautiful pastel blue by
reflected light. The Blue-tailed Goodeid is sensitive to water quality. It is the most
easterly of all goodeids and it alone lacks the well- developed trophotaeniae so
characteristic of goodeids; for that reason it was once considered the most primitive
member of the family. Recent research suggests instead that the trophotaeniae were lost as
Ataeniobius evolved from the genus Goodea. It is one of the few species
in which I cannot see sexual dimorphism at birth; visible anal-fin modification in males
seems to occur at about 30 mm.
The Green Goodeid, Xenoophorus captivus, is another
that will never be popular. It was my first goodeid and I have maintained stock for over
thirty years and freely distributed the fish, but I know of few other hobby stocks at
present. This is too bad because it is a desert species and due to local irrigation uses,
its spring habitats are rapidly being destroyed. It simply will not tolerate old acidic
water and dies quickly if neglected. The males have iridescent green bodies and a rather
unremarkable cream border on the otherwise transparent caudal fin. One population from
Jesus Maria has better color over all and was only introduced into the hobby in 1998. The
species seems to be large at 60 mm.
A colorful species is the Picotee Goodeid, which has a scientific name
that is truly longer than its 40 mm adult size - Zoogoneticus quitzeoensis. This
is an elegant species, very much like the Merry Widow, Phallichthys amates
(Poeciliidae), in body shape and pattern. The dorsal and anal fins of males are picoted
(or bordered) in orange which can be deepened to blood-red if enough carotenoids are fed
to the fish; the caudal is colorless. The body of both sexes is boldly marked by large
blotches. Behavior is spritely but peaceful. A more recent introduction and equally
handsome is the Crescent Goodeid - Zoogoneticus tequila. It is slightly more
robust but differs in fin coloration - its dorsal and anal fins are bordered by creamy
bands and it is the caudal fin which is bordered by red-orange!
Just as the Mozambique mouthbrooder gave all Tilapia (sensu lato) a
"black eye" or undesirable status for most aquarists , so also I'm afraid the
Red-tailed Goodeid, formerly Xenotoca eiseni (now placed into the genus Xenotichthys
by Webb 1998) has adversely affected the attitude of aquarists towards the other Goodeids.
The Red-tail is a pugnacious, astonishingly fecund, hardy, and robust species which grows
to 80 mm. and seems to quickly wear out it's welcome for most aquarists. Please, however,
keep in mind that this fish is a rogue species and not at all typical of the family.
By contrast, the beautiful Jeweled Goodeid, Xenotoca variata,
is highly desirable although I am afraid it is destined to be overshadowed by the very
similar Butterfly Goodeid, Ameca splendens. The male Jeweled Goodeid has a
"crazy quilt" effect of opalescence on its sides - pinks, greens, blues - which
can only be appreciated by light reflected to the viewer. The creamy yellow tail border
loses effect by not having a contrasting submarginal band. Like the Red-tail, it grows to
80 mm. but seems to be a much gentler and acceptable community fish.
With these not-so-brief and yet extremely superficial comments, I hope
I have given you some insight to a relatively ignored and fascinating family of
livebearers. For additional reading I refer you to the bibliography below.
1. Fitzsimons, J. M. 1972. A revision of two genera of Goodeid fishes
from the Mexican plateau. Copeia 1972 (4):728-756
2. Hubbs C. L. and C. L. Turner. 1939. Studies of the fishes of the
order Cyprinodontes. XVI. A revision of the Goodeidae. Miscellaneous Publications No. 42,
Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan: pp. 1-80.
3. Miller, R. R. and J. M. Fitzsimons. 1971. Ameca splendens, a new
genus and species of Goodeid fish from western Mexico, with remarks on the classification
of the Goodeidae. Copeia 1971 (1): pp. 1-13
4. Norton, J. N. 1981. Goodeids - Mexican livebearers. FAMA: October and November, 1981.
5. Parenti, L. R.. 1981. Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of Cyprinodontiform
fishes (Teleostei, Atherinomorpha). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History,
Vol. 168: Article 4, pp. 1-557.
6. Turner, C. L. 1946. A contribution to the taxonomy and zoogeography of the Goodeid
fishes. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology No. 495, University of Michigan. pp.
7. Webb, S. A. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Goodeidae. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,
Univ. of Michigan.
Used with permission. Article copyright retained by author.
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The Black crowned crane is covered with plumage that is black or nearly black. The wings have white and gold sections, and there are red and white patches of skin on the face behind the eye. Under the head is a small gular pouch which can produce booming noises when inflated. On top of the head is a golden crown. The bird's eyes are brown and its legs and feet are black. The young bird is greyish-brown with a brown nape and crown. Its crest is smaller in size than the adult's. The upper parts have rufous-edged feathers. It is a stately, elegant bird.
The Black crowned crane makes it home in the savannah area of sub-Saharan Africa, from Sudan and Ethiopia in the east, over to the west coast including Senegal and Gambia. It lives in shallow wetlands and mixed grasslands, and often frequents flooded wetlands, wet croplands, rice fields and upland fields in West Africa. In East Africa the crane prefers wet areas, such as wet meadows, large marshes, ponds, lakes, and rivers.
The species generally lives in a defined area, but will fly on a daily and seasonal basis as far as several dozen kilometers. In the dry season (non-breeding time) large flocks of as many as several hundred birds are formed. During the breeding season, a single pair nests within territories of 0.5-1 square kilometers. Mostly diurnal, they sleep at night while standing on one or other leg, preferably in water. Black crowned cranes usually feed in the mornings and afternoons, with plenty of time for other activities. They spend much time preening, as do all birds. These cranes look for food either singly, in pairs or with a small group. They peck on the surface rather than digging into the soil. During drier spells they tend to feed near livestock, where invertebrates are in abundance.
Black crowned cranes are omnivores and will eat anything small enough that they can catch, including snails, insects, crabs, lizards, amphibians and snakes. They also eat seeds and fruit.
These cranes are monogamous and form a bond with their mate for life. During the mating season, the birds perform beautiful courtship displays with accompanying calls, starting with mutual repeated bowing. They then spread their wings to hop, run and jump up into the air, their legs dangling. They may preen each other. The breeding season lasts from July until October, in accordance with the rains. The female lays 2-3 eggs. The parents take turns incubating the eggs for about 28-31 days, with the female's turn being mainly during the night, while both parents have turns during the day. Soon after hatching the chicks go with their parents to feed nearby. They are able to fly 60 to 100 days later.
The biggest threat to Black crowned cranes is degradation and loss of their wetland habitats due to drainage of wetlands and conversion for agriculture, excessive grazing, drought, fire, agricultural and industrial pollution, oil exploration and dam construction. This crane is also threatened by the illegal hunting by locals and pet trade.
According to IUCN Red list as of 2004, the total population of Black crowned crane was estimated to be between 43,000 and 70,000 birds. The western sub-population was estimated to number c.15,000 individuals and the eastern sub-population estimated at 28,000-55,000 individuals. They are classified as Vulnerable with decreasing population trend.
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Slowdown in access to education in Africa
Progress towards providing access to education for all has stalled, according to new data from UNESCO’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) which shows 61 million primary-age children out-of-school in 2010, the same figure as for 2008.
The number of out-of-school children had been in steady decline over the past 15 years. Girls, who represented 58% of out-of-school children in 2000 and 53% in 2010, benefited most from the efforts to improve access to education. But progress has now stopped and the number of children out of school has stagnated. The complete data on these trends is now accessible in an online atlas published by the UIS.
Most of this stagnation can be attributed to the situation in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has the most out-of school children. Almost one school-age child in four (23%) has never been to school, or dropped out of school before finishing the primary cycle in this region, where the absolute number of children denied access to school has climbed from 29 million in 2008 to 31 million in 2010. Nigeria accounts for 10.5 million out-of-school children, and Ethiopia, 2.4 million.
“Three years away from the target date to achieve universal primary education, this trend is cause for serious concern. Access to education is not only a human right. It is an escape from poverty that unlocks a whole range of lifelong development benefits. The lessons from this evidence are clear: we need much stronger global commitment and national policies that put the priority on reaching the most marginalized children and ensuring that they learn," UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova said.
On the other hand, South and West Asia have made significant progress, with the number of children out-of-school falling from 39 to 13 million between 1990 and 2010. The remaining regions have significantly fewer children out-of-school, with five million in the Arab States ; 2.7 million in Latin America and the Caribbean ; 1.3million in North America and Western Europe ; 0.9 million in Central and Eastern Europe and 0.3 million in Central Asia.
Of the 61 million children who don’t attend school around the world, the UIS estimates that only 27% will eventually have access. A further 26% will start but not finish, while 47% will never have the opportunity. Lack of access to education is most often due to the marginalization of children. Typically, it is the poor, remote rural populations, those affected by conflict, or those belonging to ethnic, racial and linguistic minorities that are most often left out of education.
While making sure every child can go to school is an imperative in itself, achieving universal primary education would also bring about far-reaching development benefits. In low-income countries, an additional year of education adds about 10% to a person’s average income. Education can also boost economic growth. A study of 50 countries between 1960 and 2000 found that an additional year of schooling lifted GDP by 0.37% annually.
Education also benefits health and well-being. It has clearly been proven that maternal education reduces infant mortality. Each additional year of education can reduce the risk of child death by 7% to 9%. Educated mothers are also more likely to give birth in safe conditions. In Burkina Faso, for example, mothers with secondary education are twice as likely to give birth in health facilities as those with no education. They are also far more likely to immunize their children. In Indonesia, child vaccination rates are 19% when mothers have no education and 68 % when mothers have at least secondary school education.
Although education alone cannot eliminate HIV and AIDS, it can help limit the spread of the virus. According to data from the Education for All Global Monitoring report, published by UNESCO, only 59% of mothers with no formal education in 16 Sub-Saharan African nations knew that condoms could help reduce the spread of HIV.
<- Back to: Education
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Geospatial Educators Opportunities for Partnership Outreach Research and Training is a program where professional geospatial educators will travel to communities around the world for extended periods to work hand-in-hand with community members and use and apply geospatial technologies to solve local issues and investigate community resources.
Bridging the Continents While Spanning the Geospatial Divide
The first project location of Bahia Ballena-Uvita, Costa Rica, fits perfectly the mission and vision of Geoporter. This project will build capacity to transition the community from farming and fishing to tourism to manage its own sustainable growth. Bahia Ballena-Uvita is a southern Pacific coastal town of approximately 1000 people just north of the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica. The main economy has historically been farming and fishing but over the past 20 years, the community is transitioning to marine based tourism. The Bahia Ballena shoreline is the eastern (coastal) boundary of Marino Ballena National Park, the first marine park and second most visited national park of Costa Rica. It is the nexus for both the northern AND southern whale migrations, creating both a tremendous tourism economic potential while creating stress on the community and environment if not properly managed. Not only does Costa Rica bridge two continents, but this project is helping to bridge people’s understanding of the Bahia Ballena community through the use of geospatial technologies.
Why Bahia Ballena, Costa Rica?
Upon suggestion of a colleague involved in educational travel, GISetc traveled to Bahia Ballena-Uvita to meet community members Geinier Guzman from La Cusinga EcoLodge and Travis Bays from Bodhi Surf and GRUPO Surf. These two community visionaries connected us with multiple groups and schools in the area to expose them to geospatial technologies. Over the past three years, GISetc has made a dozen trips to Bahia Ballena to work with the community to understand the uses of geospatial technologies as they navigate the waters of sustainable tourism. In this rural area, community members have an intimate understanding of the environment in which they live. They are quickly aware of migrational changes of land and sea animals, but limited in knowing regional, national or global factors that may bring on these changes. The introduction of geospatial technologies over the past three years has begun to clarify external and internal factors in this communities development. In March of 2012, the community requested assistance solidifying its geospatial methodologies to carry out two self-identified projects: trash mapping and whale monitoring.
In August 2012, Geoporter sent Amy Work, our first geospatial educator, to Bahia Ballena-Uvita for a sustained eight week period. She provided education and assistance to school teachers and youth, boat tour operators, and community members at large in refining their use of geospatial technologies in their projects.
Following the initial 2 months, it was collectivly decided by all parties to move forward with Geoporter and continue to assist educators, organizations, and community members to use and apply geospatial techologies to existing projects and new project. The Geoporter resides in Bahia Ballena with GISetc staff return periodiocally to Bahia Ballena-Uvita to follow up with the community members to ensure the progress of Geoporter and the community projects. The Bahia Ballena project is monitored quarterly and has periods of the year where the geospatial educator leaves, allowing evaluation of the progress of Geoporter and the implementation of geopsatial technologies into new projects. In addition to Bahia Ballena, Geoporter is supporting other communities around the world integrate geospatial technologies. Please contact us if you wish to learn more about Geoporter in your community.
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Can Salt Water Produce Electricity?
Objective: Build a mini circuit and test the circuit in both salt and fresh water
Materials: All Materials involved with the exception of Water & Salt are available at www.kidder.ca! Click on the Catalog numbers beside each material.
- 1. Masking Tape - Cat# 83-1712-00
- 2. 9-volt battery - Cat# 70-3209-00
- 3. Buzzer - Cat# 80-3536-00
- 4. 2 craft sticks - Cat# 83-1600-00
- 5. Aluminum foil - Cat# 80-3501-AL
- 6. Water - TAP!
- 7. Salt - Kitchen Cupboard!
- 8. Two plastic cups - Cat# 34-1010
- 9. Alligator Clips with leads - Cat# 80-3504-RB
Can also be done with a low voltage light bulb! See below
- 1. Cover both craft sticks with aluminum foil.
- 2. Take the buzzer and tape the red wire to the positive end of the battery
- 3. Tape one foil-covered craft stick to the black wire. Tape the other one to the negative side of the battery.
- 4. Test your buzzer by touching the two sticks together. You should be able to produce a buzzer sound. If this does not work, check all of your connections.
- 5. Does salt water conduct electricity? As a matter of fact, it does! In this science experiment, your student will build a mini circuit and test it in both salt water and fresh water. It's a simple experiment, but it will show how salt water acts as a conductor to electrical currents while reinforcing important lessons about conductivity and electricity.
- 6. Put the two sticks into a cup of salt water about 5 cm apart. Do not touch the sticks together.
- 7. Try the experiment with fresh water.
- 1. Why can you produce electricity without the two sticks touching? (The salt “ions” water acts like a wire and completes the circuit to enable the buzzer to go off.)
- 2. Why does the buzzer not go off when the two sticks are put in the fresh water? (There is no conductor.)
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Younger Friedreich’s ataxia patients have an abnormal assembly of heart structures called intercalated discs (ICD) which prevent proper transmission of signals between heart muscle cells and contribute to heart disease.
The study, “The significance of intercalated discs in the pathogenesis of Friedreich cardiomyopathy,” published in the Journal of the Neurological Sciences, suggests that frataxin replacement therapy could possibly mend the structures to re-establish sufficient communication and connections between heart muscle cells.
Cardiomyopathy, or diseased heart muscles, is the most frequent cause of death in Friedreich’s ataxia patients. This abnormality, as well as those seen in skeletal muscle, is caused by the lack of frataxin, and researchers have studied the anatomic, cellular, and molecular changes in great detail.
But one structure — the intercalated disc — has received relatively little attention. Intercalated discs connect individual heart muscle cells with each other, so that when a signal to contract reaches one cell, it rapidly spreads, allowing all the cells to contract in a synchronized fashion. The discs hold molecular structures that allow ions to pass while tightly connecting the cells.
To take a closer look at the role intercalated discs may play in Friedreich’s ataxia heart disease, researchers at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Albany and Albany Medical College in New York analyzed heart tissue from 18 deceased patients and 12 controls that had died of unrelated causes.
The age at death ranged from 10 to 87 years for patients and similar ages in controls.
Researchers found that in patients with juvenile-onset Friedreich’s ataxia, the intercalated discs were larger than normal and had an irregular appearance. Instead of the normal shape of a slightly curved line, analyses showed discs that had a more zig-zag-like appearance, with some discs not fully formed and others duplicated.
Proteins making up desmosomes and gap junctions — the molecular complexes keeping cells attached and communicating — were also abnormally distributed. One of the proteins was commonly found in the plasma membrane lining the cells in addition to the irregular presence in the intercalated disc.
In contrast, two patients with late-disease onset who survived for a long time had neither heart disease nor an abnormal appearance of the intercalated discs.
“The specific mechanism by which frataxin deficiency causes the mismatch of ICD and hypertrophic heart fibers in [Friedreich’s ataxia] is unknown,” the authors wrote. “Frataxin replacement therapy may re-establish sufficient communication across gap junctions and restore normal end-to-end mechanical adhesion of heart fibers.”
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In the United States, the judicial and business systems are set up in such a way that an individual who is accused of wrongdoing may defend himself against allegations. The American system also permits individuals to express their opinions on legal or business matters and to have some degree of power over what happens in any case. Lawyers and businesspeople use an Affidavit of Opposition for these purposes.
An Affidavit of Opposition, according to Data Segment, is a written document (affidavit) that a person files in protest to another document that has already been filed. It also is called a Counter Affidavit because it counters previous documentation.
Where It Is Used
People typically use an Affidavit of Opposition formally within the court system. However, individuals also may file an informal Affidavit of Opposition with administrative members of organizations.
An Affidavit of Opposition has the basic function of demonstrating to court officials or administrators that you disagree with an accusation or action that someone has taken. Court officials and administrators use these affidavits in preliminary hearings in order to determine how to proceed. For example, a defendant may give evidence in his Affidavit of Opposition that clearly shows why charges are false, in which case the judge may find that there is no grounds for continuing prosecution.
A typical Affidavit of Opposition states where the affidavit will be used (i.e., it names the jurisdiction in which it is filed). It names the issue (i.e., original affidavit) that is being opposed or protested, along with the name of the party who filed the original affidavit. It also lists the name of the party who is opposing the original affidavit. The rest of the affidavit gives evidence or rationales as to why the original affidavit is false. At the end of the Affidavit of Opposition, there usually is a statement that indicates that the information in the affidavit is correct, and underneath this, there is a place for signatures and a date.
In the court system, an Affidavit of Opposition has to go through the notary or clerk of the court in order to be valid. The notary/clerk signs the Affidavit, provides the filer with a notarized copy and then files a second notarized copy with the court. Those filing the affidavit must sign the affidavit in order for the court to consider it active.
People may create an informal Affidavit of Opposition before an issue is taken to court. For example, a customer service representative may write a letter in response to a written complaint from a client in order to explain why the complaint is unfounded. In these cases, the affidavit doesn't need to be notarized, since it is used outside the court, but it still should have a signature, as this verifies who produced the affidavit. Informal affidavits typically go to the leaders of particular departments or board members.
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African Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa. They are the largest living terrestrial animals, male African elephants can reach a height of 4 m and weigh 7,000 kg. These animals have several distinctive features, including a long proboscis or trunk used for many purposes, particularly for grasping objects. Their incisors grow into tusks, which serve as tools for moving objects and digging and as weapons for fighting. The elephant's large ear flaps help to control the temperature of its body. African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs. Elephants are herbivorous and can be found in different habitats including savannahs, forests, deserts and marshes. They prefer to stay near water. They are considered to be keystone species due to their impact on their environments. The African elephant is facing the greatest crisis in decades. Reports of mass elephant killings in the media vividly illustrate the situation across many African elephant range States. Read "Elephants in the Dust" (see link below)!.
From album: African Biodiversity
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By: Vernon R. Padgett, Ph.D.
Many people reject the evidence that thousands of
the South's 3,880,000 blacks, both free men and slaves,
labored and fought, willingly, for the Southern
Why do they not believe, given the many accounts in
the Official Records, contemporary
newspaper reports, photographs, pension application
records, and recollections of black Southerners? Here
are 11 explanations.
1. It may force us to change what we
believe. Changing our beliefs is troublesome
and effortful. Most of us have always believed that
both the Confederate and Union armies were all white,
just like they are shown in the 1994 film Gettysburg.
2. It is not what most others believe.
The leading guideline for adult behavior in
questionable moral areas, according to the classic work
of psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg is “What would
people think?” (i.e., “what are other people
doing”). We base our behavior—and ideas—on what
others are doing, so that we appear “normal.” Since
few others believe in black Confederates, we will not
either, in order to fit in with the majority.
3. It might contradict a prejudice.
Are we ready to accept that a black man could be every
bit as brave, and every bit as dedicated, as a white
man in combat? Rejecting the claim that blacks fought
is consistent with a prejudice against blacks. Perhaps
those who reject out of hand the idea of black
Confederates are expressing their own prejudice against
4. It complicates our simple stereotype of
blacks vs. whites as separate groups. But in
truth, are these groups more alike than different?
Maybe seeing them as different groups allows us to
perceive differences that are not really there? A more
complex perception is of one larger group with many
diverse individuals, not of two groups of similar
individuals. The simpler perception that fits a black
versus white stereotype is consistent with the view
that there were no black Confederates.
5. How do we now teach Civil War history in
10 minutes? How do we summarize the reasons
for the war in a few sentences, if in fact thousands of
black Southerners fired in anger at the Northern troops
coming "to free them"? At least one Northern
soldier put his frustration at that incident into the
Official Record of the War of the Rebellion: "Here
I had come South and was fighting to free this
man," the disgusted U.S. major wrote in his diary;
"If I had made one false move on my horse, he
would have shot my head off" (Barrow et al., 2001,
6. It complicates the simple portrayal of
the North as Good, driving out the “Wicked
Southern Slave master.” How can Northern soldiers
serve in the role as Angels of Mercy, if black
Confederates shot at them?
7. It weakens support for the claim that the
War was About Slavery
We like simplicity. "The War was About
Slavery" is simple, as simple as a Pepsi
commercial. For a society raised on Pepsi commercials,
the One Factor Theory (slavery) has enormous appeal. If
many blacks chose to fight for the South, how could the
War have been exclusively concerned with slavery? Maybe
there were other issues. Now we might have to examine
economic factors (No—not that!).
We also have to consider why individual black
Southerners fought. Some were slave owners themselves,
and/or occupied respected positions in their
communities as Free Men of Color (especially Louisiana
and Virginia) or Free Women of Color (as in Charleston,
with its 6000 free blacks, mostly women).
Suggesting the slavery was not the only factor
brings up a number of annoying truths about slavery,
emancipate the slaves until about half way through the
Lincoln fired two
generals who did free slaves in 1861 and 1862;
emancipate any slaves under his actual control;
(imagine the President today stating that the minimum
wage is henceforth and forever going to be $25 an
hour-- in Mexico and Canada).
The under ground
railroad didn't stop at the Mason/Dixon line. It
reached all the way to Canada because such states as
Illinois (the land of Lincoln) had laws that a black
could be whipped if found within the state for more
than three days.
There were 5 slave
states among the Northern states;
Slavery was legal in
these Northern states after the
"emancipation" of slaves that were not under
Lincoln's idea of how
to deal with emancipated slaves was to send them to
Africa, and a new African country was created for this
Slavery was legal in
the north even after the fall of the Confederacy.
The flag that flew
over slave ships was the United States' Stars and
Stripes, never a Confederate flag.
Do we want to bring up these facts about slavery?:
That Africans were captured by other Africans to be
sold into slavery? That Africans sold other Africans to
Yankee, not to Southern, slave dealers, for transport
in Yankee slave ships? That blacks as well as whites
Do we want to recognize that slavery had never been
safer than in 1860: Lincoln personally supported a new
constitutional amendment protecting slavery forever,
which he signed, and Illinois had already ratified it
when war broke out.
"The institution of slavery had never been more
secure for the slave owners, with the Supreme Court in
their back pocket, with the Constitution itself
expressly protecting slavery, and mandating the return
of fugitive slaves everywhere-- a mandate Lincoln said
he would enforce; with Lincoln also declaring he had no
right to interfere with slavery and no personal
inclination to do so; with Lincoln personally
supporting a new constitutional amendment protecting
slavery forever . . . There is nothing the South could
have asked for, for the protection of slavery, that
wouldn't have been gladly provided, just as long as the
South remained in the Union" (Adams, 2000).
We don’t believe in black Confederates because
when we question that the war was "about
slavery," we eventually get around to the
question: “What Was The War About?” and “Why were
360,000 Northern boys and men killed?”
Slavery had died out everywhere in the world except
Brazil, and was on its way out in the Southern American
States. Slavery had ended almost everywhere in the
world without war. Was the death of
600,000 Americans worth ending slavery 10 or 15 years
sooner?—or than ending it as it had been ended
peacefully everywhere else in the world, by compensated
8. Many whites disbelieve that there were
black Confederates because of "White Guilt."
Many white Americans feel undeserving of their wealth.
Certainly, many are undeserving. Some give a small part
of their wealth to the poor, and this seems to make
them feel better. Others hire the poor to work for
them—and then bask in their role as benefactors.
Massachusetts writer—and abolitionist-- Henry Thoreau
saw through this chimera 20 years before the War. He
wrote concerning charity towards the poor at the end of
the chapter “Economy,” in his masterpiece Walden.
Regarding his wealthy friends who “helped” the
poor, by paying them to work in their kitchens, Thoreau
wrote: "Let them work in their own kitchens."
One target for giving wealth has traditionally been
black causes. A major recipient has been the NAACP,
which endorses a movement to shift massive wealth to
former slaves. Establishing that some of these slaves
supported the Southern States, and that some blacks
today, descendants of those slaves, still support the
ideals of the Confederacy (and there were other ideals
besides slavery), is inconsistent with the fundamental
causes of White Guilt.
9. It is inconsistent with the culture of
Victimhood. If blacks chose to fight for the
South, how can blacks be passive, helpless, unwilling
victims? One black liberal dismissed evidence that
blacks fought for the Southern Confederacy by
referencing the "abused wife syndrome": An
accusation that these poor helpless blacks were victims
and unable to act with volition and control over their
environment. But what do we say of the blacks captured
by Yankees who escaped and returned to their units?—
Or of the more than 40 blacks attending the 1890 UCV
Reunion, pictured in another essay? One has to believe
an “abused wife syndrome” that is powerful indeed,
to explain the activities of these black Confederates.
10. It brings up the annoying question: Why
did blacks fight? If the reasons blacks fought
for the South include the same reasons whites fought
for the South, or any of the same reasons that anyone
fights for any cause in any war, then we have to look
at those fighting black Confederates as deliberative,
volitional, reasoning, diverse, individuals, just like
the whites we talk about, when we talk about why whites
fought for the South. This topic is dealt with as a
11. It brings up another annoying question:
Why did anyone fight for the North? No one
really knows why men go to war to fight. Once they get
there, they don't fight for their flag, or their
country, or God. They fight for their comrades. Some of
the issues involved in the discussion of why men fight
are presented in another essay in this series, “Why
Did Blacks Fight for the Confederate States of
The literature documenting why men fight is rich:
Some of the writers who have tried to explain why men
fight include Erich Maria Remarque, Hans Helmut Kirst,
Heinrich Böll; William Broyles, and McPherson;
Ambrose, etc. Southerners fought because the North
invaded the South.
But why did Northerners fight? We do not want to ask
that question, and discussing why blacks fought for the
South leads us ultimately to the question: Why did
anyone fight for the North?
What would you say to a boy from Iowa, bleeding to
death in front of a wall near Fredericksburg in
December 1862 (note the date: Before the
“Emancipation”)-- "Your life was lost to help
force Arkansas back into a Union she does not wish to
be part of"? Or how about: “You gave your life
to help force Florida back into a Union that she does
not wish to be part of”?
Why did anyone fight for the North? We know why 1 of
5 of them fought-- they were literally off the boat
from Ireland or Germany. These immigrants arrived at
Ellis Island, and stepped from their ship into a New
York Infantry Regiment. They fought in order to get
citizenship. But what about the other 4 of 5
Northerners who served in the Union forces? It is
indeed a difficult question to answer.
12. We Want to Believe the War Was About
Accepting that thousands of blacks fought for the
Confederate States of America forces us to rethink the
common assumption that the War was “about slavery.”
Surely no one would dismiss slavery as an important
factor. But to most modern Americans, slavery was the
factor, perhaps the only factor. Again, to the extent
that we believe that thousands of black Confederates
fought for their country, our belief in slavery as the
cause of the War is threatened. This need for cognitive
balance is examined at length in another essay. To
summarize that essay: We ask, “what balances the
deaths of 600,000 Americans during the years 1861 to
1865?” We need some reason to balance that great
tragedy. What is it?
Getting even for Fort Sumter? No. Settling States
Rights issues? No-- That answer never seems to explain
why so many Americans died. Settling Tariff issues?
No-- Same shortcoming, plus, few modern Americans can
stay awake during any discussion of tariff issues. How
about, to Preserve our Great Experiment in Democracy!
No-- it is hard to sell this idea to modern Americans
as the reason that more than half a million Americans
died. The argument typically holds that had the
Confederacy established itself, then there would have
been more secessions, until ultimately we would have
had a separate country, or two, in everyone’s back
Finally, the End of slavery: Yes: Now there’s a
reason we can celebrate: Slavery is bad; The South had
slavery; therefore the South was bad and the Good North
fought against the South, and slavery ended. Any child
can grasp this argument; try explaining tariff issues
to that person. Try explaining States Rights to that
person—try explaining the issue of free trade and
Northern versus Southern import and export
economies—try explaining the diverging cultural bases
of the North and the South. You will get a big yawn.
Consider Ken Burns’s popular and acclaimed The Civil
War—the most popular PBS series in history. To his
great credit, Mr. Burns shows the appalling tragedy of
600,000 thousand dead Americans. And running throughout
this 11 hour drama is the theme that ending slavery was
the reason for these deaths. At one point a black woman
historian makes that point explicit: The Union lifted
the War to a higher plane, she explains. Clearly, Burns
has accepted the idea that the War was “over
slavery”—if only to give some sense to the TV
audience who might wonder why America fought itself,
and to do it in the TV schedule he had to work with.
Ultimately we believe the War was about the Ending
of Slavery because that is the only cause that provides
the cognitive balance we need.
The great evil of more than 600,000 deaths
“balances” in our minds against the great evil of
Many of us will never believe that Lee Oswald acted
alone in killing President John Kennedy (no
“balance”)—many of us will believe that the U.S.
entering World War I was a great victory—we will not
believe that 160,000 more lives were wasted, and that
our tipping the balance against Germany and Austria in
1918 lead directly to Hitler, and to WWII with another
100,000,000 dead, and to 40 years of Cold War.
“Ending Slavery” provides that cognitive balance
for the War of 1861-- Never mind that slavery ended
everywhere else in the world without bloodshed. Never
mind that other factors explain that the North and
South became different countries long before 1860.
Slavery provides that simple cognitive explanation.
Any evidence that blacks fought for the South is
inconsistent with the notion that the War was only
Adams, Charles. (2000). When in the Course
of Human Events: Arguing the Case for Southern
Secession. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman &
Barrow, C. K., Segars, J. H., & R.B. Rosenburg,
R.B. (Eds.) (2001). Black Confederates,
Pelican Publishing Company, Gretna.
Originally published at http://www.rebelgray.com/
For a series of essays by Dr. Padaett
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As Australia grapples with water shortages and waste and sustainability crises, councils are exploring new, smarter ways of managing their parks and sports grounds.
As Australia’s waste load continues to grow and water levels in some regions drop to record lows, a number of councils are taking a lead on water usage and waste generation, including experiment with recycled materials and sustainable water management at their sports fields and public parks.
With most synthetic turf made up of plastics – 91 per cent of which end up in landfill – a number of countries from across the globe are leading the way in the use of sustainable materials in urban design to reduce landfill.
In the European Union, for example, authorities are rolling out restrictions on the use of rubbers in synthetic turf pitches both to allay health concerns and curb waste, with the Netherlands leading the charge.
Now, a number of Australian councils are following the lead and experimenting with the use of recycled artificial turf and sustainable storm water systems to minimise the environmental footprint of projects.
It also comes as local councils face mounting pressure over population growth, with some Sydney councils set to see population growth outpace supply of sports grounds by 20 per cent.
Willoughby Council has recently completed a makeover of Northbridge Oval by recycling existing materials.
The 10,000 metre square field is one of the first publicly available synthetic turf sports grounds of its size in Sydney.
The field uses synthetic turf filled with washed silica sand and recycled crumb rubber sourced from more than 25,000 car tires, saving the equivalent of 69 tonnes from going to landfill.
This method has saved council thousands of dollars, a representative from Willoughby Council told Government News.
“Northbridge Oval was resurfaced in January 2019 with 69 tonnes of rubber infill granule reused from the existing surface, saving Willoughby City Council $43,000.
“The granule is an essential synthetic field component and provides impact cushioning for players. This was a positive outcome as it reduced the cost of the field resurfacing and saved the granule from going to landfill.
“It was the first time Willoughby City Council had recycled rubber infill from a synthetic field and as it was a success, it will be considered for similar projects,” they said.
The oval also uses cutting-edge water harvesting methods, equipped with a vertical draining base made of concrete which collects rainfall for storage in dams.
The water collection system saves council more than 5 million litres of water each year and collects more than 7 million litres each year.
Meanwhile, Stonnington City Council in Victoria used synthetic turf for Gardiner Park AFL field, providing a quality, all-weather field that can be used around the year.
Gore Hill Park
Another park in the Willoughby area, Gore Hill Park, is also experimenting with sustainable ways to manage water.
The park in 2017 underwent a $10.5 million redevelopment which saw council fit out the park with an underground water retention tank.
As well as being fitted with an underground water tank aimed at collecting storm water, the park features bike racks, a playground, picnic tables, a function room, kiosk and accessible change rooms.
The project, which opened in March this year, was recognised at the Parks and Leisure Awards for innovative design, receiving a high commendation.
Sydney Park’s water reuse project
In central Sydney, one of the area’s biggest parks recently underwent a massive redevelopment which has seen it transformed into a sustainable water catchment.
The 44-hectare multi-award-winning parkland is the city’s largest environmental project to date, and uses local water capture methods for reuse in the park.
Sydney Park in Erksineville is part of the city’s bid to achieve 10 per cent of water demand through local water capture as part of its Sustainable Sydney 2030 plan.
The eco-hub uses water sensitive urban design to capture rainwater and use it to irrigate the park, capturing an incredible 850 million litres each year.
The park features a series of interconnected wetlands, cascades and spillways with sculptures and other interactive elements.
The park’s sustainable design has seen it take out a swag of awards, including at the Good Design and Civic Trust Awards.
Councils under pressure
The shift towards sustainable design comes as councils come under pressure to keep up with demand for sporting grounds.
Earlier this year a report from the Alliance of Northern Sydney Councils (NSROC) warned that many councils will, by 2039, be unable to accommodate population growth with their current capacity of sports grounds.
NSROC in March last year released the report warning of a major shortfall in the supply and capacity of sports grounds.
The report found many facilities are already over capacity – forecasting that within 20 years an additional supply of 40 per cent would be required to support the needs of the region’s projected population.
With a population slated to grow 36.4 per cent to 752,600 by 2036, an additional supply of 26 per cent would be needed by the year 2026 and an additional supply of 40 per cent by 2036, the report says.
The report calls for the creation of new or upgraded community infrastructure to keep pace with the growth.
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Can You Have a Heart Attack and Not Even Know It?
If you haven’t experienced a heart attack firsthand, you’re probably aware of at least a few of its telltale symptoms — such as chest pain, sweating, or shortness of breath.
The problem is, not all heart attacks look alike — neither from the outside nor on the inside. While many people rush to the emergency room thinking they’re having a heart attack when they aren’t, many also fail to get help because they don’t think their symptoms look or feel like a heart attack “should.”
Is it possible to have a heart attack and completely miss it? Here’s how many people’s bodies react to heart trouble, and what you might be able to do to prevent it.
Do all heart attacks have symptoms?
In the United States, it’s estimated that a heart attack occurs every 40 seconds.
Not all men or women who have a heart attack experience classic signs or symptoms. In fact, it’s actually possible to have a heart attack without even knowing you’ve had one.
Some heart attacks — called silent heart attacks — happen so quickly or with such mild symptoms that people don’t even realize their hearts are in trouble. Many visit their doctors weeks or even months later for symptoms such as fatigue. Only after an EKG do they learn what their bodies have been through.
According to Harvard Health, almost half of all heart attacks are believed to be something less serious. This could put you at an even greater risk of severe health issues — or worse.
How to prevent a heart attack
Certain heart attack risk factors, such as age, can’t be controlled. That does not mean there’s nothing you can do to decrease your chances of having a heart attack — or prevent one altogether.
- Quit smoking.
- Exercise frequently.
- Monitor your intake of saturated fat, sodium, and added sugar.
- Eat plenty of plant-based foods and consume a variety of foods throughout the week.
- Adopt healthy stress-management techniques.
If you’ve already had a heart attack, you’re not immune to additional heart trouble. But you’re not totally helpless in that regard, either.
Heart attack recovery: What comes next?
Recovering from a heart attack can be a long process. But the things you do now could prevent further health problems in the future.
Give your body the rest it needs. Things do have to change — but that can’t happen in a day. Your body does need time to recover and prepare for the road ahead.
Do what your doctor tells you. If they recommend a cardiac rehab program, use it. If they suggest cutting certain foods from your diet, stop eating them. Whether they refer you to a specialist or walk you through how to alter your lifestyle on your own, take their recommendations seriously.
Understand that you’re more likely to have a heart attack now than you were before. Having one heart attack increases your risk of experiencing another. The time to make lifestyle changes is now — not next week or six months from now.
The same habits that prevent heart attacks can still work even if you’ve already had one. Diet, exercise, and other healthy habits are meant to make your heart stronger and keep it strong. Your heart is just one organ, but it’s connected to other systems that also need care. Give your full body the treatment it deserves.
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The release of the film “The Blood Diamond” starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Jennifer Connelly has sparked a renewed interest and confusion among consumers about the subject of conflict diamonds. e-Weddingbands feels it is important that every customer can trust the source of each and every one of the diamonds we sell. Rest assured that none of the diamonds we offer are tainted in this manner.
What are “Blood” or “Conflict” Diamonds? Diamonds which are illegally traded to fund warfare in Africa may be called “conflict” or “blood” diamonds. During the late 1990’s, it was estimated that a small fraction – perhaps 4% of the world’s rough diamond production – was stolen by rebels to fund violence against legitimate African governments. The diamond industry has been working for years with organizations like Amnesty International, the United Nations and the governments of 68 countries to stop this tragic situation. They created the legally binding UN-mandated Kimberley Process to regulate the flow of rough diamonds across international borders and within producer countries. The Kimberley Process in concert with the System of Warranties, the US Clean Diamonds Act and the Patriot Act has been highly effective in stamping out conflict diamonds. The task is almost done. Today, an estimated 99.8% of global diamonds are guaranteed conflict-free, but the industry will not rest until every conflict diamond is eradicated.
Diamond mining literally provides the strongest economic hope for Africa, as many human rights leaders have said. Diamonds are the lifeline for African countries, stimulating economic development, improved health care, better education and job creation. Millions of people – many of them in the third world – support their families via jobs in the diamond industry.
You can buy our jewelry with confidence because we donít sell blood diamonds. We only buy from suppliers who comply with the Kimberley Process, so we can trace every diamond we carry. The Kimberley Process guarantees only legally-sourced diamonds can be made into jewelry. The System of Warranties ensures documentation at every step from mines to stores. The US Patriot Act of 2001 and Clean Diamond Act of 2003, both enforced by US government further protect our supply of diamonds.
We know every diamond we sell helps diamond-mining countries build stable societies. Diamonds create hope for the developing world. They provide livelihood for millions of people worldwide and are especially crucial to the survival of many countries in Africa.
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In moral philosophy, deontological ethics or deontology is the normative ethical theory that the morality of an action should be based on whether that action itself is right or kant then argues that those things that are usually thought to be good, such as intelligence, perseverance and pleasure, fail to be either intrinsically. Morality speaks of a system of behavior in regards to standards of right or wrong behavior common synonyms include ethics, principles, virtue, and goodness individuals (2) to help make us good people in order to have a good society. It is in gay's essay that some of the questions that concerned hume on the nature of virtue are addressed is morally good or ill, admirable or blameable, right or wrongwe hutcheson, in an inquiry concerning moral good and evil, fairly is best, which procures the greatest happiness for the greatest. Great end of life, and to do good while they live a book was a boy, i met with a book, entitled ' essays to do good,' which i porioustruth ofthe gospel, that the moral law menhave obtained riches without right, or have heaped up .
By applying the common standards of critical thinking to our reasoning about ethical ethical judgments typically state that some action is good or bad, or right or could serve as the thesis of a position paper on the death penalty debate. Through the ages, there have emerged multiple common moral theories and or obligations, and claim that certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, that is, the parents, in some great benefit (increased financial savings, for example. In its common form, moral subjectivism amounts to the denial of moral principles not imply hedonism or that we ought to aim for at least some 'higher' goods ( eg, is something right (or wrong) because the gods command it, or do the gods. You consider purchasing a research paper from an online service, and you how do we determine which choice in a moral situation is right or wrong, just moral courage: edward is a person i know who possesses great moral courage.
Sam harris argues that morality can be rooted in science carroll's essay is worth reading on its own, but in the hopes of making the (statements about the contents of the great library of alexandria are perfectly clearly, any claims we make about the contents of this library will be right or wrong, and. Whether in its crude or sophisticated version, or something in between, religion does provide an answer to one of the great questions of ethics: why should i do. Utilitarianism: the greatest good for the greatest number an act would be moral if it brings the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain the situation does not determine what is right or wrong. But for purposes of this essay, it will not matter whether someone's moral while society has a legitimate right to enforce morality in preventing great harm ( or the law is in conformity with what is morally right (or if it is a procedural law, they.
One common type of moral choices people face – those that involve tension between moral principles and one's income to charity is a morally good action) third, judging that something is morally right or wrong carries an inherent moti . Of course, good people can make bad judgments it's often not easy to know indeed, the implicit message is that there are no right or wrong values an important resource is the “reservoir of moral wisdom” that can be found in “great stories includes essays written from conservative and liberal positions, and the texts. What we will first discuss is the distinctive nature of ethics for public officials the ten commandments, for many people, define what is morally right or wrong led societies to develop beliefs about what is of value for the common good.
As we are placed in a great world, sur|rounded with beings and things, some mr hutchison, in his essay upon beauty and virtue †, founds the morality of acti| ons but fitness or unfit|ness of actions, as importing right or wrong, as denoting. Stance that can effect what is right or wrong without as i write this paper about whether fusion has occured only what is good, right, or just in relation to this to the critic's moral framework, like hitler was a great evil and the critic can. Both propose to base morality on a single first principle (for kant the categorical sense that they reason from a fundamental principle about what is morally right or wrong focus of evaluation, individual agent, collective consequences conception of the good, the good will (end is happiness plus deserving happiness). It is now common to refer to ethical judgments or to ethical principles where it once of right or wrong that are independent of the likes and dislikes of the gods an answer to one of the great questions of ethics: “why should i be moral. This paper will attempt to explain how and why kantian moral theory and of the greatest number, it argues that acts should be judged as right or wrong.
Philosophy: ethics the stoic philosopher epictetus posited that the greatest good was contentment, serenity and is affirmative action right or wrong. If the difference in the consequences of alternative acts is not great, some utilitarians according to mill, acts should be classified as morally right or wrong only if the mill's essay “utilitarianism,” published in fraser's magazine (1861), is an. Most people would condemn lying except when there's a good reason for it sissela bok, lying: moral choice in public and private life, 1978 an act is therefore either a right or a wrong act, regardless of whether it produces good or bad.
Utilitarianism is one of the best known and most influential moral theories core idea is that whether actions are morally right or wrong depends on their effects j s mill and utilitarian moral theory critics of utilitarianism collections of essays utility,” ie that action or policy that produces the largest amount of good. By the end of this unit, students will analyze eight texts that share a common theme analyzing the impact of word choice on tone and meaning writing a thematic essay writing fluid explanations we evaluate what's right or wrong by questioning whether children are old what makes good people do bad things. Instructors should take great license in using these materials as they see fit i would “ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong” “ethics . Bill gates, infamous for giving us the microsoft dancing paper clip the greatest good for the greatest number, the two dilemmas are morally equivalent atheism and one-parent families from the right, or racial imbalances,.
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The Coming Age of Enhancement
IF a brain implant were safe and available and allowed you to operate your iPad or car using only thought, would you want one? What about an embedded device that gently bathed your brain in electrons and boosted memory and attention? Would you order one for your children?
In a future presidential election, would you vote for a candidate who had neural implants that helped optimize his or her alertness and functionality during a crisis, or in a candidates’ debate? Would you vote for a commander in chief who wasn’t equipped with such a device?
If these seem like tinfoil-on-the-head questions, consider the case of Cathy Hutchinson. Paralyzed by a stroke, she recently drank a canister of coffee by using a prosthetic arm controlled by thought. She was helped by a device called Braingate, a tiny bed of electrons surgically implanted on her motor cortex and connected by a wire to a computer.
Working with a team of neuroscientists at Brown University, Ms. Hutchinson, then 58, was asked to imagine that she was moving her own arm. As her neurons fired, Braingate interpreted the mental commands and moved the artificial arm and humanlike hand to deliver the first coffee Ms. Hutchinson had raised to her own lips in 15 years.
Braingate has barely worked on just a handful of people, and it is years away from actually being useful. Yet it’s an example of nascent technologies that in the next two to three decades may transform life not only for the impaired, but also for the healthy.
Other medical technologies that might break through the enhancement barrier range from genetic modifications and stem-cell therapies that might make people cognitively more efficient to nano-bots that could one day repair and optimize molecular structures in cells.
Many researchers, including the Brown neuroscientist John Donoghue, leader of the Braingate team, adamantly oppose the use of their technologies for augmenting the nonimpaired. Yet some healthy Americans are already availing themselves of medical technologies. For years millions of college students and professionals have been popping powerful stimulants like Adderall and Provigil to take exams and to pull all-nighters. These drugs can be highly addictive and may not work for everyone. While more research is needed, so far no evidence has emerged that legions of users have been harmed. The same may be true for a modest use of steroids for athletes.
Which leads us to the crucial question: How far would you go to modify yourself using the latest medical technology?
Fascinating: Read more . . .
The Latest Streaming News: Human enhancement updated minute-by-minute
Bookmark this page and come back often
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Risk is the chance that something harmful or unwanted may happen as a result of something. This could be a procedure, test or treatment. Or it may be the result of not doing anything.
Life experiences may affect our view of risk, the decisions we make and the action we take. Our views of risk are likely to change at different times in our lives depending on our circumstances.
For example, if you know someone who has had lots of side effects from having chemotherapy, your view about the risks of chemotherapy is likely to be different from someone who doesn’t know anyone who’s had it. These experiences can influence your behaviour and may make you less likely to have chemotherapy.
In this example, it’s important to remember that there are lots of different chemotherapy drugs and that not all of them cause lots of side effects. There are also some very good drugs to help prevent or reduce side effects.
Risk can be described in different ways. Healthcare professionals often describe situations as low risk or high risk. These words can mean different things to different people. Using numbers can sometimes be clearer.
Numbers can be shown in different ways. A doctor may describe risk using percentages (%), fractions or likelihood.
For example, 25 out of 100 can be described as:
Types of risk
When describing risk, research papers and doctors sometimes talk about absolute risk and relative risk.
Absolute risk is the likelihood of something happening to a person. For example, the risk of developing a certain illness in your lifetime may be 1 in 10. This can also be described as a 10% risk.
Relative risk compares risk in two different groups of people. An example would be the risk of developing lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers.
The following example may help explain absolute risk and relative risk. This is just an example and does not refer to any real medicine or research.
The doctor tells you that:
- You have a 6 in 100 (or 6%) risk of developing disease A at some point in your life.
- Research shows that if you take drug X, your risk changes from 6 in 100 to 3 in 100 (or 3%).
The reduction in risk can be described in two ways:
The absolute risk of developing the disease without drug X is 6%, but with drug X it is 3%. So the absolute risk reduction is 3%.
In this example, the risk has been reduced by half (from 6 to 3). A half can also be described as 50%, so the risk has been reduced by 50%. This is the relative risk reduction.
Relative risk reduction often sounds more dramatic than the absolute risk reduction and is used more often to describe how effective a treatment is.
We can see from this example how the way that risk is shown may influence decision making. Risk and how it relates to you can sometimes be difficult to understand. Ask your healthcare team to explain things in more detail if you’re not sure.
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What is the central theme of "The Fly"?
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For a man who is credited with finding a nation’s soul, the great Mexican painter Diego Rivera was no moral giant. For a start, he lied about almost everything – the date, time and circumstances of his birth, his name, his family history, his early life, his achievements and his intentions. He was born on 8 December 1886, or possibly 13 December, in the Mexico of the Porfiriato. His birth, and that of his twin brother, nearly killed his mother, but Diego (to whose list of moral failings must be added an almost pathological lack of filial affection) appropriated this maternal near-death for his own biography. He was christened Diego Maria Rivera, but by the time he was thirty-four, having added a name for each interviewer who happened by, he called himself Diego Maria de La Concepcion Juan Nepomuceno Estanislao de Rivera y Barriento Acosta y Rodriguez.
Diego’s twin brother died in infancy, and his mother was never to be consoled. Perhaps Diego’s penchant for dramatic additions to his life story is connected to both these facts. But, although it must have made life difficult for those around him, the creative imagination that he misapplied to the
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Yoga has such broad health benefits that almost everyone can take advantage of it:
- Stress management: 12 out of 17 studies (n =1070) showed improvements in physical or psychological measures related to stress
- Mental health: 10 out of 14 studies (n=1084) demonstrated improvements in resilience or general mental well-being. Studies have also shown regular yoga practice increases brain GABA levels and can improve mood and anxiety as much as jogging or walking
- Healthy habits: A recent survey of young adults (n=1820) showed eating and physical activity habits, put down to improved mindfulness, motivation and the influence of health-minded friends during interview of study participants
- Sleep: Yoga has been shown to help sleep in older adults, individuals with arthritis, pregnant women, and women with menopause symptoms
- Balance: 11 out of 15 studies (n=688) showed improved balance
- Cancer patients: Yoga can decrease depression, insomnia, pain, and fatigue and increase anxiety control
- Heart health: Yoga can reduce high blood pressure, improve symptoms of heart failure, enhance cardiac rehabilitation, and lower cardiovascular risk factors
- Other benefits: improves self-perception, breathing, mental alertness, cellular ageing and dealing with chronic pain.
Learn more about yoga at our free classes in Cremorne and Narrabeen clinics.
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Making a Vinegar and Baking Soda Rocket Facts for Kids Video
Enjoy seeing the finest unique and very easy to understand Making a Vinegar and Baking Soda Rocket science for kids video:
Making a Vinegar and Baking Soda Rocket
Making a vinegar and baking soda rocket is one of the most popular science projects for kids. You must try this experiment in an open area.
- Duct tape
- 3 pencils or sturdy sticks
- An empty plastic bottle
- Paper towel
- 1 tbsp Baking soda
- The pencils you have are going to be the legs of the rocket. Place each pencil onto the bottle so that it extends beyond the opening of the bottle.
- Secure the pencils by using the duct tape making sure the rocket is stable.
- Turn the bottle right side up and pour some vinegar in it until is half-full by using the funnel.
- Take a paper towel and put 1 tbsp of baking soda on it.
- Fold and wrap the paper towel to make a snug bundle of baking soda.
- Push the bundle of baking soda into the bottle and give it a quick, hard shake.
- Put the bottle upright on the pencils and stand back.
- You will be amazed to see your rocket shooting pretty high.
When you mix vinegar with baking soda, carbon dioxide gas is released because an acid/base reaction is taking place. Vinegar is acetic acid and baking soda is a base, known as sodium bicarbonate.
Cite This Page
You may cut-and-paste the below MLA and APA citation examples:
MLA Style Citation
Declan, Tobin. " Facts for Kids about Making a Vinegar and Baking Soda Rocket ." Easy Science for Kids, Nov 2019. Web. 14 Nov 2019. < https://easyscienceforkids.com/making-a-vinegar-and-baking-soda-rocket-facts-for-kids-video/ >.
APA Style Citation
Tobin, Declan. (2019). Facts for Kids about Making a Vinegar and Baking Soda Rocket. Easy Science for Kids. Retrieved from https://easyscienceforkids.com/making-a-vinegar-and-baking-soda-rocket-facts-for-kids-video/
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The influence of temperature and salinity on Acartia (Copepoda: Calanoida) nauplii survival
Chinnery, F. and Williams, J.A. (2004) The influence of temperature and salinity on Acartia (Copepoda: Calanoida) nauplii survival. Marine Biology, 145, (4), 733-738. (doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1354-2).
Full text not available from this repository.
Adult Acartia congeners, A. bifilosa, A. clausi, A. discaudata and A. tonsa, have distinct seasonal and spatial distribution patterns in Southampton Water (UK), reflecting patterns of temperature and salinity, respectively. The effect of these factors on other life stages, hatch success and naupliar survival was investigated by exposing the congeners to a range of salinity (15.5–33.3) and of temperature (5–20°C). A. clausi is known to prefer more saline waters, and showed highest hatch success at 33.3 salinity. A. tonsa is most tolerant to dilution, and at 15.5 salinity it had the highest hatch success of all the congeners. Hatch success in both A. bifilosa and A. discaudata was similar over the range of salinities investigated, confirming that they are intermediate species in terms of spatial distribution. The nauplii of all species survived well at the higher salinities and best at 33.3, which allows for differential transport of the poorly swimming nauplii to the mouth of the estuary until size and swimming ability increase, after which they can then return to regions of preferred salinity. The summer species, A. clausi and A. tonsa showed higher hatch success at 20°C, whereas A. discaudata, which is present in the water column all year round, showed no significant temperature-related differences in hatch success. A. bifilosa, which diapauses over summer, showed significantly higher hatch success at 10°C than at 20°C. The physiological relationship between temperature and development time was clear; naupliar survival of all species was highest at 20°C and all congeners reached the first copepodite stage (CI) significantly faster at 20°C. However, no consistent pattern was seen for salinity. It would appear that the adult Acartidae in Southampton Water remain in regions of their preferred salinity and lay eggs there which hatch well. However, because the nauplii are not good swimmers, they are swept towards the mouth of the estuary and into areas of higher salinity, where they remain and develop into more advanced stages before moving back up the estuary to take up their adult distribution pattern.
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1354-2|
|Subjects:||Q Science > QH Natural history > QH301 Biology
G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation > GC Oceanography
|Divisions:||University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Ocean & Earth Science (SOC/SOES)
|Date Deposited:||09 Dec 2004|
|Last Modified:||31 Mar 2016 11:25|
|RDF:||RDF+N-Triples, RDF+N3, RDF+XML, Browse.|
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IS YOUR VOCABULARY AS STRONG AS A HIGH SCHOOL STUDENT? TRY THIS QUIZ TO SEE!
Origin of malaria
OTHER WORDS FROM malaria
Words nearby malaria
Example sentences from the Web for malaria
Kids suffering from malaria or extreme diarrhea are now too often left without medical care.
She says the nurses have done some tests and say her daughter has malaria.
Malaria, which is spread my mosquitoes, has also been on the rise since the camp was flooded.
With less than a dozen toilets in the entire community, poor sanitation fuels high rates of malaria and lethal cases of diarrhea.
A shocking statistic among many is that, on average, one person dies of malaria there every 30 seconds.What’s Worse Than Ebola in West Africa? Almost Everything|Barbie Latza Nadeau|October 23, 2014|DAILY BEAST
I found it was of a rheumatic nature (caused from malaria) and made worse by Quinine and external applications.
He suffered from the effects of malaria even yet, and from the evil results of the poison in his system.The Quiver, 1/1900|Anonymous
There were four cases in the village where I, lived, and fever and ague, malaria and grippe did their parts.The Woman Who Toils|Mrs. John Van Vorst and Marie Van Vorst
An ailing countryman, whether seized with malaria or suffering from an injury, found ready and efficient attention.The Spinner's Book of Fiction|Various
What do we know about the connection between mosquitoes and malaria?A Handbook of Health|Woods Hutchinson
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Summary and Analysis
The police investigation into the attack on Mrs. Joe is a comedy of errors and false accusations. The investigators leave without solving the crime. The only things known for sure are that the candle in the room was blown out and she was hit on the back of the head with a rusted convict's leg iron while she faced the fireplace. Joe and Pip have alibis, and Orlick seems to. She has survived but now requires constant care. Biddy, whose grandmother has died, comes to take care of her and it is Biddy who learns to understand the woman's signals, particularly the letter "T" she keeps writing. Biddy determines it is really a hammer and Mrs. Joe is asking for Orlick, who Mrs. Joe now seems very anxious to please.
Pip has become vain as his self-education progresses. He observes that Biddy is common and not very beautiful, though she is pleasant, wholesome, and sweet-tempered. In his arrogance about his own progress he manages to insult hers; even his attempts to compliment her are patronizing and condescending. He tells her he wants to become a gentleman to win Estella. Biddy tries to point out that given Estella's treatment of him, she may not be worth having. He agrees, but further insults Biddy by telling her that he wonders why he cannot love her instead. She quickly understands where things stand and responds that a relationship between she and Pip would not work. Orlick, who has been following them as they talk, has been making advances to Biddy that she fears and does not want. Pip is jealous and judgmental, and does his best to frustrate Orlick's overtures.
Ambition, snobbery, obsession, secrecy, guilt, and shame are undercurrents here. Like Dickens, who taught himself with books from the library, Pip tries desperately to become educated and less coarse by teaching himself. Yet there is no escape from his prison, the forge, and Pip feels guilty that he hates the forge so much. Ambition can be a good force unless the motive is only to please another — Pip knows in his heart that pursuing Estella is wrong but he cannot let go. Biddy tries to get Pip to understand that striving to please a woman who despises you is a mistake, but she astutely sees it is a lesson that the "student" cannot learn.
Pip has become a snob, so wrapped up in himself and Estella that he fails to see the wonderful person Biddy is. For all his book-learning, he is ignorant in human relationships. He repeatedly puts Biddy down such as when he is surprised at her level of knowledge. Biddy gracefully stands up for herself, yet she is hurt and quickly knows the score. She remains kind but tells Pip they will never be together, something that annoys him. Pip wants everything. He wants Estella, but wishes he could love Biddy. He does not care about Biddy, but does not want her to reject him. He is jealous of the attention Orlick pays her, so he tells her he would not think much of her if she encouraged him. And he is not smart enough to realize he has no right to judge or dictate anything to her. Pip is a mess. He does, however, have moments of insight, such as when he comments that he "felt vaguely convinced that I was very much ill used by somebody, or by everybody." He is being used, even if at a distance, by Miss Havisham, Estella, Mrs. Joe, and Pumblechook. His true self realizes that something is wrong, but he just cannot see it yet.
When he discovers that the weapon his sister was attacked with is probably the same leg iron his convict filed off years ago, he feels much guilt. Old secrets and sins seem to multiply the evil they do and those sins, along with the taint of criminal associations, continue to haunt him. Joe continues to show his fineness when he looks on his wounded wife with moist eyes and comments that she was a "fine figure of a woman." Orlick's guilt is implied by the hammer Mrs. Joe draws and by her desire to please him; however no one makes the connection.
the Bow-street men from London; extinct red waistcoated police there were two groups—the Bow Street Runners and the Bow Street Patrol. The latter wore red uniforms, worked as patrols in London, and were often confused with the former. The Runners were plainclothes detectives in London who often went out into the provinces to investigate serious crimes.
stile a step or set of steps used in climbing over a fence or wall. Another definition is a turnstile or post with revolving horizontal bars, placed in an entrance to allow the passage of persons but not of horses, cattle, and so on. Pip and Biddy are walking on the marshes near the sluice-gate, which is a gate that controls the flow of water onto the marshes. Either definition—a turnstile or a wall with steps climbing over the wall—works here because either one may be used to prevent animals and unaware persons from getting hurt near the sluice-gate.
supposititious case hypothetical case.
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Self-driving cars are still prone to making mistakes, in part because the AI training can only account for so many situations. Microsoft and MIT might just fill in those gaps in knowledge -- they've developed a model that can catch these virtual "blind spots," as MIT describes them. The approach has the AI compare a human's actions in a given situation to what it would have done, and alters its behavior based on how closely it matches the response. If an autonomous car doesn't know how to pull over when an ambulance is racing down the road, it could learn by watching a flesh-and-bone driver moving to the side of the road.
The model would also work with real-time corrections. If the AI stepped out of line, a human driver could take over and indicate that something went wrong.
Researchers even have a way to prevent the driverless vehicle from becoming overconfident and marking all instances of a given response as safe. A machine learning algorithm not only identifies acceptable and unacceptable responses, but uses probability calculations to spot patterns and determine whether something is truly safe or still leaves the potential for problems. Even if an action is right 90 percent of the time, it might still see a weakness that it needs to address.
This technology isn't ready for the field yet. Scientists have only tested their model with video games, where there are limited parameters and relatively ideal conditions. Microsoft and MIT still need to test with real cars. If this works, though, it could go a long way toward making self-driving cars practical. Early vehicles still have problems dealing with things as simple as snow, let alone fast-paced traffic where a mistake can lead to a crash. This could help them take on tricky situations without requiring carefully-crafted custom solutions or putting passengers at risk.
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Happy Black History Month! In honor of this special month, our quote of the week is actually a short poem by Langston Hughes (February 1, 1902 – May 22, 1967). What better person to kick off such a wonderful month; especially that it coincides with what would have been Mr. Hughes 110th birthday (February 1st)! DREAMS by Langston Hughes Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow. Mr. Hughes was an American poet, social activist, novelist, playwright, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the then-new literary art form jazz poetry. Mr.Hughes is best known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. For more information on Black History Month, visit our website section HERE. For more information on celebrating African American culture and traditions, click HERE.
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Meet the Wildlife Ambassadors
WildCare’s courtyard is home to 18 non-releasable wild animals. All of our Wildlife Ambassadors have shown themselves adaptable to the demands and stresses of living near humans, and each of them provides an invaluable opportunity for the public to view native animals up close.
Many of our animals come out of their enclosures “on the glove” to meet school groups, scout troops and the general public. Visitors love the opportunity to meet the animals and learn about their natural history. This is an educational experience for all.
Note: WildCare's Courtyard is currently closed to the public due to avian influenza. Learn more here...
Learn About Native Wildlife
The way people think about captive animals is changing. No longer do we accept just seeing a captive animal in a cage. We want a richer experience that includes an understanding of the animal’s habitat, physiology and natural history. And who is better able to teach us than the animals themselves?
WildCare’s Wildlife Ambassador Program is a unique collaboration between animals and their human handlers designed to provide an enriched experience of animals on display.
Through courtyard signage and interactions with our docents, visitors are introduced to each Wildlife Ambassador and to learn the animal's personal story. Visitors learn fascinating facts about the species as well as information about the environmental issues faced by wild animals today.
Note that WildCare's Courtyard and Museum are currently closed to the public due to the risk of avian influenza (HPAI) to our Wildlife Ambassador birds and our avian patients. Learn more about HPAI here...
Natural Behaviors and Enrichment Techniques
In their courtyard poolside enclosure, our pelicans splash into the water to scoop fish into their throat pouches and our gull shows off her beautiful red beak. Members of the public can visit to learn about and watch our pool birds’ adaptations to their watery environment.
Routines and training give captive animals activity and challenges. Behavior-enriching activities such as finding hidden food or eating food frozen like a popsicle are stimulating events that keep animals mentally and physically healthy. Maintaining the mental health of our Ambassador animals is an important component of being a Wildlife Ambassador volunteer.
There is nothing more memorable for your students than having live wild animals visit your classroom!
Your group will have the opportunity to meet three of WildCare’s rescued non-releasable wild animals during this unforgettable presentation.
By sharing their rescue stories, these animals act as ambassadors for their species in order to increase awareness of their plight in the wild.
Due to the detection of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in our region, we are currently only able to offer reptile and opossum adaptations programs. Classroom visitors can include a Virginia Opossum, Desert Tortoise, California Kingsnake, Rosy Boa, or a Western Pond Turtle.
We do not know how long HPAI will last, but we look forward to resuming our regular programing as soon as this threat to our birds has passed.
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Consider this more as a longer comment but as an answer:
Let my try to analyze the differences between weights and resistance bands from a "physical" point of view in two steps: free weights vs Cables and Cables vs Resistance bands:
Free weights vs Cables
The main difference in force production is that gravitation always points down to the earth, whereas the force produced by the cables always points into the direction of the cable.
Consider for example a standing biceps curl. Using a weight the force you have to overcome always points to the ground.
If you use a cable to do this, the angle of the cable to an vertical axis changes during the motion and such the direction of the force you have to overcome changes. This depends also on where the cable is attached to the next deflection roller.
Note that in this and almost every other exercise you have to keep in mind that the lever arm changes during the motion and such the produced torque, which seems to be more relevant when thinking about what has the muscle to work.
Then one might try to capture so called strength curves (one axis: torque, other axis angle) which gives experts some information about how good a exercise stimulates a muscle.
Another difference between free weights and cables is that with free weight you can perform explosive movements where you also have to use forces to overcome the intertia of the free weight.
Free weights and resistance bands have in common that they produce a constant force along the line of action.
Cables vs. Resistance bands
Additionally to the differences discussed above resistance bands do not produce a constant force, but the force increases when the band is stretched. Not that this relationship is not even linear.
The key factor here is the relative and not the absolute elongation. I.e. if a resistance band is stretched by x percent of the original length it produces a particular force F(x) which does not depend on the original length.
So using a resistance band the force increases during the range of motion of the exercise. However using resistance bands you can get similar strength curves as with free weights so in some cases the muscle stimulation seems to be comparable to free weights.
Other comments and Conclusion
When training with resistance bands you should keep in mind the same points as when training with weights:
- get a proper nutrition such that your body has the building blocks to repair and build new muscle (protein, carbs, etc).
- get a proper recovery time
- have a large enough training volume per muscle group
- choose the right amount of resistance such that you can just do 8-12 reps per set
- increase the resistance in small steps over the time to keep the rep range above
For the last point it is important to have a resistance band set wich allows you to change and combine bands easily, such as the systems by bodylastics, lifeline-usa or gorilla-strength-gear.
For certain exercises you want to decreas the effect of increasing resistance with elongation in resistance bands. For this instead of taking the band shorter you should take the band as long as possible (or even two bands in series) and choose a heavier band instead or even better use several lighter bands in parallel to get the right resistance for you. This is because the increase in resistance depends on the relative and not on the absolute elongation as stated above.
For example when doing squats, you can do squats with the bands at your sides, armes hanging down. Then you have a strong increase of resistance force on the way up. Contrary doing overhead squats will give you a more constant resistance because the relative elongation is smaller (though the absolute elongation will be the same).
This can also be done by a sheave construction such as in the follwing patent: https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US20130035220.pdf
Another important factor in using resistance bands is where to anchor the band to get the correct strength curve for optimal muscle stimulation. See this paper: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757393 and this blog article for a summary: http://www.hygenicblog.com/2013/03/20/quantifying-torque-in-elastic-resistance-exercises-part-i/
You can even think about using some sheaves to get a proper line of action of force for your exercise.
I think it should be able to build mass with resistance bands alone perhaps complemented with body-weight exercises. However it seems to be more complicated since you have to control more variables and there is not much literature about it with form pointers and guides to follow.
I am planning to buy a bodylastics set and try if it is possible to gain mass just with this and bodyweight exercises.
Since I also have a strong interest in this question and since this topic is not good documented in the web I give a bounty to this question to get a more in sophisticaded and more in depth answer.
I will add further references and diagrams later.
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Inpatient sleep study
What is a sleep study?
This is an overnight investigation of your breathing, heart rate, oxygenation and movements during sleep. It may also involve monitoring the stages of your sleep if necessary (polysomnography).
To carry out this study it is necessary to attach to you various pieces of recording equipment. A specially trained nurse will explain the procedure and attach the recording equipment.
Where does the study take place?
You sleep in a side ward of Ward 9, which is a medical ward. The study is overnight only – you can go home during the day, anytime after 6am.
It may involve one or two nights in hospital. You should wear ordinary night clothes, although you may be asked to wear a hospital gown. All equipment will be attached over clothes, on your finger, leg or face and head as necessary. You will be monitored on video.
What information is recorded?
- Pulse rate via a probe attached to your finger which also measures oxygen levels in your blood via pulse oximetry.
- Chest and abdominal movements during breathing via stretch bands around your chest and abdomen. This shows if your breathing is obstructed or if there are pauses in your breathing during your sleep.
- Airflow and snoring via a nasal cannula
- Leg movement – via a sensor attached to your legs.
- Body position – and overall movements via a video camera and/or position monitor.
- Sleep staging – via electrodes attached to your face and scalp. (This is not always necessary).
What happens to the information recorded?
All information is downloaded onto a computer to which the monitors are attached. This is then analysed later. The recordings generate a considerable amount of data which can take several days to analyse.
You will be given an outpatient appointment to discuss your results once they have been analysed. This will be sent to you in due course.
If you have any problems or questions during the study do not hesitate to call for assistance.
Sometimes the consultant may ask for a Tosca monitor to be undertaken. This is a recording of carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The test consists of an electrode being placed on the earlobe and is always carried out overnight as an inpatient. The information is downloaded the following morning for analysis.
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The ratification of previously agreed and adopted international legal instruments for shipping is important because without sufficient national ratifications the legal instruments will not enter into force and become effective, and because a State cannot vote on the amendment of an instrument to improve its effectiveness unless it has ratified and become a Party to that legal instrument.
MARPOL Annex VI and the EEDI
The latter issue has become particularly important in recent months because the first global measure to tackle GHG emissions from ships (the Energy Efficiency Design Index) is being proposed as an amendment to Annex VI (air pollution) of MARPOL 73/78. Globally opinion is split about the virtue of the measure and about the method that has been chosen for its adoption and, unusually for the IMO, it will be put to the vote (at MEPC62 in July 2011). EU countries are supportive but not all are Parties to MARPOL Annex VI. The six that have not ratified are the Czech Republic, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Malta and Monaco. Iceland is another regional non-ratifier. Seas At Risk, working with partners in the Clean Shipping Coalition are lobbying the six to ratify before the vote in July 2011.
Entry into Force of IMO Conventions
A global negotiating forum including “flags of convenience” (with very large fleets) often results in entry-into-force provisions that require not just a certain number of national ratifications but that contracting parties represent a sizeable proportion of the world fleet. This has dramatically slowed down the entry-into-force of IMO conventions. Fortunately the European Union now contains a number of substantial flag-States, and this puts it in a position to speed up the entry-into-force of some IMO conventions. In the case of both the HNS Convention (1996) and the Ballast Water Management Convention (2004) entry-into-force appears to be within the control of EU states (see below).
HNS Convention 1996
The Hazardous & Noxious Substances (HNS) Convention will make it possible for compensation to be paid out to the victims of accidents involving HNS, such as chemicals. The HNS Convention was adopted in 1996 and will enter into force 18 months after ratification by 12 states, four of which must have fleets of at least two million gross tonnes (gt), representing individuals receiving at least 40 million tonnes of HNS-type cargo. As of 28th February 2011 fourteen states had ratified with three meeting the 2 million gt qualification. The fourteen states include just four from the EU: Cyprus, Hungary, Lithuania and Slovenia. Ratification by just one of the larger EU flag-States would allow the number of states and vessel tonnage requirements to be met. Data on the quantities of HNS cargo received is not available (this should be provided by contracting parties), but it seems likely that ratification by a single EU state would allow this requirement to be met and the convention to enter into force. More information is available from the IMO's HNS Convention web page (click below).
HNS Convention web page |
Ballast Water Management Convention 2004
The Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention is designed to protect the marine environment from the introduction via ships ballast water of non-native (alien) species. The introduction of non-native species is one of the top five threats to biological diversity. The BWM Convention was adopted in 2004 and will enter into force 12 months after ratification by 30 states, representing at least 35% of world merchant shipping tonnage. As of 28th February 2011 twenty seven states representing 25.32% of world tonnage had ratified. The 27 states include just four from the EU: Spain, France, The Netherlands and Sweden, although Norway has also ratified. Ratification by the remaining EU states with the largest fleets would result in both the number of states and tonnage requirements being met and this instrument entering into force. More information can be found on the IMO's BWM Convention web page (click below).
BWM Convention web page |
Up-to-date information on the status of ratification of conventions
Summary of convention ratifications showing total tonnage (updated monthly).
Summary of conventions |
Full details of convention ratification status (updated monthly).
Convention status by country |
Status of ratification of all IMO instruments on 28-2-11 (pdf)
All conventions at 28-2-11 |
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Outdoor (Forest Schools) L2 Food Safety
Learners gaining this qualification will know that food safety is the responsibility of everyone involved in the storage, preparation, cooking service and handling of food. Its topics are regarded by the Foods Standards Agency as being important to maintaining good practice in the production of safe food. This course can be delivered at your place of business or a venue of your choosing for groups of up to 12 delegates
Who is this qualification for?
The Level 2 Award in Food Safety in Catering (RQF) is a qualification aimed at caterers and other food handlers. The qualification is intended for learners already working in catering and those who are preparing to work in the industry.
Where and When?
The course can be delivered at your venue on a date suitable to your needs. We could source a suitable venue on your behalf and run several open courses at our own venues.
This qualification is assessed by a multiple-choice examination.
Blended Level 2 Outdoor Food Safety
The course meets all requirements of the standard L2 award with the additional content and certification in order to comply with the outdoors environment.
The syllabus satisfies the requirements of many outdoor organisations including Forest Schools, Duke of Edinburghs’ Scheme, Scouts, Guides and other youth groups as well as any food handler.
The course includes the following topic areas:
How individuals can take personal responsibility for food safety in the outdoors, including safe procedures, handling and reporting of incidents and your legal responsibilities.
The importance of food handlers keeping themselves clean and hygienic, including personal and general hygiene, reducing the risk of contamination and appropriate food handling practices.
The importance of keeping work areas clean and hygienic, including how to relate to the outdoor environment, the safe use of appropriate chemicals, cleaning and storage methods.
Identifying the importance of keeping food products safe, including identifying and analysing threats from all types of hazards found outdoors including microbiological and physical, temperature control, storage and preparation.
The course involves the preparation, cooking and hopefully consumption of a simple campfire meal.
We will also discuss any specific individual organisational requirements around bespoke outdoor cooking policy and Risk Assessments.
There are two ways of delivery for this course:
Part 1 (£24.99 pp)
This is approx 3 hours prior learning by means of e-learning modules. These can be completed at any time prior to attendance on the next part of the course. This is a standalone but unregulated Food Safety certificate in itself. See our standard Level 2 Food Safety courses for details on converting this to a Regulated Qualification.
There are no restrictions on the amount of delegates for Part 1.
Part 2 (£40 pp)
This is a 3 hour tutor led course within the Forest environment. It covers all aspects of Food Safety specific to the outdoor environment, directly links to your elearning and will be delivered whilst preparing lunch at the campfire. Therefore a vegetarian lunch is included in the price.
Part 2 can be attended by anyone currently holding a Level 2 Food Safety in Catering Qualification but needs to upgrade the certificate to cover the outdoor environment.
Successful completion of a multichoice exam results in a Highfield Regulated (RQF) Level 2 Food Safety in catering qualification, alongside an East of England Outdoor Food Safety Certificate.
In order to run an in house course, we would need a minimum of 6 learners, and a maximum of 12.
The tutor led course involves a 6 hour direct delivery by a tutor during which all the points at part 1 and 2 above are covered followed by the multi choice exam.
There needs to be a minimum of 6 delegates and a maximum of 12 in order for a closed course to be run and the price per delegate is £70.00.
Please contact us for details of our next open course.
East of England Training prides itself in delivering a true outdoor training experience. The course is fully interactive with minimal use of presentation aids and where possible is delivered completely outdoors in your outdoor environment (Extreme wet weather program can be introduced).
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Learn CBSE Forum
In a game of tug of war, two opposing terms are pulling the rope with equal (in magnitude) but opposite force of 1000 kg wt. at each end of the rope. What is the tension in the rope if a condition of equilibrium exists?
CBSE Class 11
CBSE Class 11 Physics
August 18, 2016, 1:52am
1000 kg wt is the tension in the rope if a condition of equilibrium exists
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Run QBASIC on Android
QBASIC is a simple programming language. It was made and launched in 1964 by John G. Kemenny and Thomas E. Kurtz. QBASIC is now owned by Microsoft. QBASIC stands for Quick Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. It has simple commands like CLS, Input, Print, Let, GOTO, IF…THEN etc. QBASIC has Characterized User Interface (CUI). It is similar to MS-DOS. Almost all the Microsoft OS can run QBASIC.
Android is a Linux-based Mobile Operating System. It is found in many Samsung phones like Samsung Galaxy Series. Nearly all the PC Tabs use Android OS. Android users enjoy many advanced features that are not found in PCs. What if they could create small programs in their phones? Yes, they can by using QBASIC.
But, there is no QBASIC application on Google Play. How will they create programs? It’s simple with aDOSBox. It is an Android DOS Emulator.
Let’s start programming!
- The first thing you will have to do is download aDOSBox (Android DOSbox) to your Android Device. Here is the URL: https://apkpure.com/adosbox/org.hystudio.android.dosbox
- After it is installed, you can open it and explore the app. The font maybe too small, but it is readable. Some phones have small screen, so there might be a problem understanding the texts.
- Now, the final thing you need is the QBASIC application. This is a Windows application, not Android. You might have the QB.EXE or qbasic.exe file on your computer.
- Copy it to your SD Card. Make a folder called “QBASIC” and move the QBASIC application to it.
- Open aDOSbox.
- Type the command ‘CLS’ and press enter.
You’ll be seeing this:
- Then, type the following:
mount d /sdcard/qbasic
- Note that there is a space between d and /
- After that, /sdcard/qbasic will be mounted as local directory.
- Type d:
- You will be taken to D: directory i.e. SD Card. C: is Phone Memory and D: is the SD Card.
- Type the name of the QBASIC application present inside the QBASIC folder. If it’s QB.exe, then type QB.exe and press enter
- After a second or two, the QBASIC screen appears!
You will have to learn how to move mouse pointer yourself. It’s not that difficult. You first need to enable Mouse Emulation feature. When you slide your finger to right, the mouse pointer moves right. Take it to the desired place and press anywhere on the screen to click on the menu or area. My phone screen is small, so the font size is small and the graphics are not clear. However, QBASIC works the same way on your phone as in the computer. You can save programs, run them, change background color, create subs etc. If you want to exit QBASIC, then click on File and then Exit. The experience is amazing in a Tablet.
Check out some screenshots:
Check out some QBASIC programs here: http://ronny2005.hubpages.com/hub/QBASIC-Programs
Share your experiences on comment. Thank you. Have fun!
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Valentine's Day is a great time to let your child know how much you love him (her). You can also help them make something special for the people who are important to them. Here are some easy Valentine's Day projects you and your child can do together:
- Make your own valentines out of construction paper and doilies. Cut out hearts from red or pink construction paper and glue them onto paper doilies. You can decorate them with stickers, buttons, or glitter. Help your child write a message.
- Make an "I Love" book. Have your child fold four pieces of construction paper in half. To make hearth-shaped pages, trace a large heart on each piece, with the left side of the heart along the fold. Cut the hearts out so that they open like a book, then line the pages up and punch a hole through them on the left side. Tie them together with a piece of yarn. Let your child draw or cut out pictures of her favourite things to glue on each heart.
- Make a special box for your child’s mementos, such a family photos or letters and cards from Grandma. Your child can decorate her memory box with a collage of pictures from magazines, felt and sequins, and their own drawings.
- Make heart-shaped cookies with your child, using their favourite cookie recipe. Let them make the hearts with the cookie cutter and put them on the cookie sheet to bake.
- Make Valentine’s Day placemats. Draw a heart and have your child cut it out from a large piece of construction paper. Let her paste a paper, lace doily on each heart. Have her put them on the table for your Valentine’s Day dinner.
- Make heart flowers. Cut out little red hearts from construction paper. Have your child glue them on pipe cleaners to make heart flowers. Put them in a small vase for a Valentine’s Day centrepiece
- Let your child invite her favourite friend over to make valentines together.
- Make your child’s favourite meal. Tint some of the food pink or red. Or your child could help you cook another family member’s favourite meal. Make red Jell-O in the shape of a heart. Decorate with whipped cream and cinnamon hearts.
- Bring home heart-shaped cupcakes with your child’s name on them. To make your own heart-shaped cake, use on eight-inch square layer on one eight-inch round layer. Turn the square layer so that it makes a diamond shape on the platter. Cut the round layer in half. Then place the halves on the top two side of the square to make a heart. Put pink frosting on it!
Dr. Bettye M. Caldwell Ph.D. Professor of Pediatrics in Child Development and Education
Our parenting advice is given as suggestions only. We recommend you also consult your healthcare provider, and urge you to contact them immediately if your question is urgent or about a medical condition.
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The Adirondacks are home to the largest known contiguous tract of unlogged forest in the Northeast. Located in the Southern part of Five Ponds Wilderness Area (Herkimer and Hamilton Counties), estimates of this patch of ancient forest range from 42,000 to 50,000 acres.
According to researcher Mary Byrd Davis, “The state bought the tract to settle a claim for damages brought by a land owner who charged that construction of a dam had prevented his shipping and therefore selling the timber on his land.”
The results of that purchase are dramatic, with enormous upland conifer stands dominated by White Pine, “some of which are huge and form a super-canopy,” according to another researcher. Among the most notable stands are those on Pine Ridge, south of High Falls, and along the Five Ponds and Cranberry.
Fire and storms have impact this enormous tract of old growth, as have outbreaks of spruce budworm and beech scale. Some 10,000 acres were seriously impacted by the 1995 microburst, but many old-growth stands survived.
Only in the last 25 years have researchers (notably Michael Kudish, Robert Leverett, and Barbara McMartin) begun to catalog these stands. Despite the fact that New York State may have more old growth forests than any state east of the Mississippi, state officials have not sought out or classified old growth reserves. Luckily, the majority of the old growth stands in the Adirondacks are located on protected state land (mostly on Wild Forest and Wilderness designated lands). Large stands are also located in Silver Lake Wilderness, parts of the West Canada Lake and Siamese Ponds wilderness areas, and in the Ferris Lake and Wilcox Lake wild forests.
“Many people are curious to see what Adirondack forests looked like several hundred years ago before the effects of Europeans on the landscape,” Long-time Paul Smith’s College professor Michael Kudish says. While there are still many original forests, Kudish says even today no one person knows where they all are, and how much exists.
In 1994, Barbara McMartin reported that “unequivocally at least 200,000 acres [in the Adirondack Park] have never been logged,” adding “I feel confident now that the physical record will confirm the existence of at least a half million acres of old-growth forest in the Adirondacks”. In 2002, Bruce Kershner put the actual acreage at about 150,000 acres.
One of the problems is determining what qualifies as old growth. McMartin used unlogged, first growth stands for her 200,000 number, and second growth forests (which included areas logged so long ago as to appear to be old growth) for her larger figure. Jerry Jenkins in The Adirondack Atlas puts the amount of land in the Adirondack Park that has never been logged, or seriously affected by storms or fire, at 9.6% (about 586,000 acres).
The public has an opportunity to ask questions about these numbers and the issues they raise on Wednesday, April 25, at 7 p.m. in the auditorium of the Freer Science Building at Paul Smith’s college during a lecture by Michael Kudish entitled “Adirondack First Growth Forests: How to Recognize and Map Them.” The lecture is free and open to the public.
Kudish, a professor emeritus at Paul Smith’s who retired in 2005, will offer techniques on recognizing and mapping first-growth forests, and estimates on their extent.
The event is sponsored by the college’s School of Natural Resource Management and Ecology and the student chapter of the Society of American Foresters.
More information on where old growth forests are located in the Adirondacks can be found online [pdf].
Photo: Old-growth eastern hemlock and eastern white pine at the Pack Demonstration Forest, Warrensburg, NY. Photo courtesy Neil Pederson.
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PRELIMINARY PUBLIC HEALTH ASSESSMENT
U.S. SMELTER AND LEAD REFINERY, INC.
(a/k/a USS LEAD REFINERY INC.)
EAST CHICAGO, LAKE COUNTY, INDIANA
The U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc. (USS Lead), in East Chicago, Indiana, has been operating as a primary and secondary smelting facility since 1906. Since 1920, the primary product of USS Lead has been lead. Wastes which were produced during smelting operations are calcium sulfate sludge, blast furnace flue-dust, baghouse bags, rubber and plastic battery casings, and waste slag. Much of these wastes was stored on-site for recycling or disposal. All of the wastes, as well as on-site surface soils are heavily contaminated with lead and other metals. The plant ceased operations in 1985. Clean-up efforts were overseen by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management. The site was proposed to the National Priorities List in February 1992, when USS Lead's parent company, Sharon Steel, filed for bankruptcy.
Limited sampling information is available, and indicates that on-site soils and wastes are contaminated with lead and other metals. Additional sampling of off-site surface soils indicate that the contamination has spread off-site as far as one-half mile from the site. High lead levels have been found in surface soils at E.C. DuPont, which is adjacent to USS Lead. Ambient air monitoring, available for 1985 through 1989, indicates that elevated levels of lead were present in ambient air, both on- and off-site in 1985, when the smelter was in operation. Surface water and sediment on-site has also become contaminated with lead and other metals, as well as waste oil. Adverse health effects which could result from exposure to lead include impaired learning and behavioral tasks, altered motor activity, and mild changes in blood heme synthesis. Based on the completed exposure pathways to lead through soil ingestion and dust inhalation, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry concludes that contamination from the USS Lead site is a public health hazard. Recommendations to reduce exposure include the use of dust-control methods during site remediation, and community education regarding the health effects of lead exposure and methods to lessen potential exposure.
The U.S. Smelter and Lead Refinery, Inc. (USS Lead) formerly operated on a 79-acre tract of property at 5300 Kennedy Avenue in East Chicago, Lake County, Indiana. The Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad is to the north of the site, the east-west toll road, and the east branch of the Grand Calumet River to the south, Kennedy Avenue to the east, and Indiana Harbor Canal to the west. It lies within the flood plain of the Grand Calumet River.
From about 1906 to 1920 a copper smelter operated on the property. Most of the buildings remaining on-site are part of the original facility and include the Tank House (baghouse dust), Store Building, Club Building, Main Office and Laboratory Building, Sulfuric Acid Building (renamed the Battery Breaker Building), Tellurium Building, and the Byproducts Building. There was also an Old Silver Refinery Building, which was demolished in the late 1960s; however, the concrete foundation of this building still remains. Starting in 1920, among other activities, USS Lead operated a primary lead smelter on 25 acres of the property. In 1973, USS Lead converted to secondary smelting, recovering lead from scrap metal and old automobile batteries. Batteries were dismantled on-site, littering the area with rubber and plastic battery casings, and contaminating area soils with battery acids. Acid crystals have been seen in on-site soils . Two waste materials were generated during smelting. The blast furnace slag was piled up south of the plant building. The pile was leveled off once a year into what was originally a nearby 21-acre wetland, according to the Army Corps of Engineers. Tests conducted in 1986 by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) detected elevated levels of lead in the slag. The second waste material, lead-containing flue-dust emitted by the blast furnace stack was originally trapped in bag filters and stockpiled on-site for possible recycling or sale. A larger blast furnace installed in 1973 was intended to recycle both new and stockpiled dust. Dust awaiting recycling covered a three- to five-acre area. In 1982, the dust was brought under cover in the Tank House building to prevent dispersion by wind and rain. The dust was removed from the site in June 1992. An additional facility to produce arsenic may have existed on-site .
In 1975, USS lead received a permit under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination system (NPDES) to discharge furnace cooling water and storm water runoff collected from the site to the Grand Calumet River. A second permit was issued in April 1985. Over the years, the permit levels for lead, cadmium, copper, arsenic, and zinc were frequently exceeded according to IDEM. In the 1980s, several state and federal enforcement actions were taken against USS Lead for permit violations. These violations, plus the dumping of slag water into the wetland, have contributed to contamination of surface water in the area .
USS Lead ceased operation in December 1985. The site was proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) to the National Priorities List (NPL) in February 1992, after USS Lead's parent company, Sharon Steel Corp, filed for bankruptcy. USS Lead's current parent company, the Mining Remedial Recovery Company (MMRC), has since agreed to financially support the clean-up activities at the site.
Dr. Dana Abouelnasr and Ms. Manna Muroya of ATSDR, and Ms. Dollis Wright and Mr. Garry Mills of the Indiana State Department of Health conducted a site visit of USS Lead on January 19, 1993. Also present were representatives from the US EPA, the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, and the Lake County Health Department. Representatives were present from USS Lead and from Birchett Environmental Management, a contractor to MMRC. Evidence of damage from vandals was present throughout the site. A fence was installed around the facility in late 1991, restricting access to the area. Several buildings are on-site, and have become unsafe through lack of upkeep and by acts of vandals. A large portion of the area is wetlands, much of which have been filled with primary and secondary slag. A canal drains stormwater runoff from the area, and flows directly into the Grand Calumet River. Runoff from the southern portion of the site flows through a ditch to a marsh. The marsh drains into the Grand Calumet River. Large oil storage tanks were located near the canal. They have been removed from their pads and temporarily placed nearby. Groundwater seeping out of the banks reportedly contained floating fuel products. A black oily layer was observed floating on the canal water. A fuel odor was evident in the area. Battery casings littered much of the site. Old drums were also scattered throughout the site. Several piles of lead-contaminated baghouse bags were in one area. The building in which the baghouse dust had been stored prior to removal contained some dust, which the Birchett representative indicated would be cleaned. During the visit, Birchett Environmental Management employees were sorting chemicals from a chemical laboratory and storage room for disposal. They reported also finding asbestos pipe wrap which had been removed from scrap pipes by vandals.
The immediate vicinity surrounding the site was inspected. Several schools, one day care, and a nursing home (E.C. Rehab Center, now Lake County Rehabilitation Center) were observed within one mile of the site. Although the site is surrounded by industrial areas, residential areas are less than one-quarter mile away. Residences in the area are relatively small, and constructed on small lots. No evidence of vegetable gardens was observed. The population in the area appears to be in the lower income group.
The U.S. Census Bureau reported in 1990 the East Chicago population at 33,892, down from 39,786 in 1980. Approximately 7,500 people work or attend school within 2 miles of the site. A total of 71 people were employed at USS Lead while in operation.
Land use in the immediate area is predominantly industrial; a DuPont Plant is located to the west, across Kennedy Avenue, and a tank farm is to the south, across the Grand Calumet River. Much of the southern part of the site adjacent to the Grand Calumet River is swamp. The nearest residences are within one-quarter mile north of the site.
Natural Resource Use
All water for drinking, commercial, and industrial uses is obtained from Lake Michigan. No private wells are in use near the site. A total of 4.1 million people obtain drinking water from intakes primarily into Lake Michigan within 15 miles downstream of where hazardous waste substances from the site enter into surface water. Lake Michigan, 3 miles south of the site, is used for fishing. The Grand Calumet River and Indiana Harbor, into which the river drains, are not fished. Hammond Beach Marina, which is used for recreation, is 4 miles west from where the canal enters Lake Michigan. Wabala Beach and several other major recreation areas are within 15 miles of the site.
The Indiana State Board of Health conducted blood lead screening for children in East Chicago . This screening was performed in response to ambient air monitoring results for lead in Lake County. The study included children aged six months to six years, and was performed over a two day period in June, 1985. USS Lead was still in operation at the time of the study.
No community health concerns were identified through questioning of representatives of the Lake County Health Department, the US EPA, and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management.
The ISDH released this public health assessment for public comment on May 20, 1993. The public comment period lasted until June 21, 1993. No comments were received by the ISDH in this period. Additional comments and new information on the site will be considered by ISDH and ATSDR for future assessments of, or consultations on, the site.
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Strength Training for Youth Basketball Players
Youth athletics are more competitive than ever. This leads parents and coaches to look for any possible advantage to give their youth basketball players and team, priming them for success. When it comes to strength training, this subject can be a bit controversial. There are some coaches who actively keep their young players away from the weights for fear of injury. Still other coaches and parents push their kids to train hard regardless of the long term impact. So what is the truth?
As with most things with extreme perspectives, the truth lies somewhere in the middle. Youth basketball players can often participate in safe, beneficial strength training programs to help their game. Here’s how.
When Should a Youth Basketball Player Start Strength Training?
According to St. Louis Children’s Hospital in St. Louis, it is safe for many children as young as seven (7) years old to begin lifting weights. Of course, nothing is ever so simple. A seven-year-old who is physically matured may be ready to begin weight training while a ten-year-old may still lack the coordination to safely perform weight training exercises.
The important message here is that each individual athlete should begin strength training when he or she is ready physically and mentally. A youth athlete will grow stronger with nutrition and sports activity. It is not absolutely necessary to begin strength training before a child is ready.
When a youth basketball player is ready to begin getting stronger in the gym, form should be priority number one. Allow youth athlete players to learn the movements with low or zero weights over time. It is important to de-emphasize the weights being lifted and emphasize safety and proper form. It is much easier to teach a young basketball player to perform an exercise correctly than it is to correct poor form down the road.
Youth Basketball Strength Training Without the Weights
Despite research showing that young athletes can handle strength training, many coaches and parents are hesitant to let players hit the weights. This is an understandable decision. Thankfully, weights are not required to get into great shape. The following is an extremely simple, full body workout that is safe for most youth basketball players to perform:
Bodyweight Lunges or squats - 10+ reps.
Push Ups - 10+ reps.
Pull Ups - 5+ reps
Repeat these exercises for five (5) rounds
This example workout can be done with anywhere between 0-60 seconds of rest between each exercise. At the end of a full round, athletes should take a full minute rest. The goal should be for youth athletes to progress by either A) doing more repetitions, B) performing more sets/rounds, or C) reducing rest time. As long as one or more of these factors is improving, the athlete has improved their strength and/or conditioning.
Off-Season Strength Training for Basketball Players
Let’s assume your young athlete is physically mature enough to lift weights and strength train within reason. The offseason is where the heavy lifting (pun most certainly intended) can be performed. Strength and conditioning should be a part of a player’s training year round, but without games and practices, overall strength can be given a greater priority in the summer months.
Each individual’s strength training goals will be different. Some youth basketball players may be looking to add overall strength and mass while others will focus more on explosion. Shaquille O'neal probably used a different strength training program than Russell Westbrook.
However, some principals hold true regardless of the minutiae. Athletes should focus on proper form, steady progress, and intensity. With this in mind, let’s examine some typical strength training routines that can be used by any basketball player to improve their strength on the hardwood.
Weight Training Routines for Basketball
There is a ton to consider when developing a strength program. There are thousands of online resources, but there is no replacement for working with a qualified and experienced coach or personal trainer. Here are some high level concepts to keep in mind when building a basketball weight training routine:
Workout Splits: “splits” are the term for what body parts will be exercised on which days. For example, a traditional bodybuilding split might entail legs, back, chest, shoulders, and arms all on different days. We are not bodybuilders. Basketball strength training is extremely effective when performed as total body routines, or “upper-lower” splits, where the upper body is worked on day one and the lower body is worked on day two.
Exercise Selection: working out seven days a week doesn’t do any good if the athlete chooses ineffective exercises. Accessories are great, but weight training programs should be centered around meat and potato lifts like barbell squats, deadlifts, overhead presses, barbell rows, bench presses, pull-ups, and dips.
Nutrition: youth athletes eat a ton. Weight training will push the quantities of food into the stratosphere. Any individual starting a strength training routine should be sure to get plenty of calories from high quality protein, fats, and carbohydrates in their diet.
Rest and Recovery: last but certainly not least comes rest and recovery. Body parts should be given a minimum of 48-72 hours between direct strength training sessions. This is particularly true for beginners and youth athletes.
Improve your Basketball Strength and Conditioning with Hustle Training
Pittsburgh-based Hustle Training is a growing startup created for the sports-driven players and coaches out there looking to up their game and maximize performance potential. Their website coupled with the mobile app makes it easy for players to improve their fundamentals and move on to master advanced techniques by providing crafted workouts and drills created by college coaches, professional players, and expert trainers.
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An alternative to Sitchen is the work of Oxford scholar N.K. Sandars who gives a lengthy, explanatory and detailed introduction to her version of The
Epic of Gilgamesh, relying on Kramer's 1956 English translation of Sumerian texts. Her book was published by Penguin Books in 1960 (my copy is a
Penguin Classics paperback, 1972).
The earlier interpretations and translations of Sumerian tablets refer to the gods as a mythological pantheon in the same way that we think of Greek
gods (like Zeus) as mythological. There was also the concept of the mythic "underworld" which I suppose is the only thing in common with the Mayans
--- the concept of the underworld as a sort of spiritual purgatory.
Here is an interesting excerpt from the introduction by Sandars:
"The gods alone inhabit heaven in the Sumerian and Babylonian universe. Among mortals only one was translated to live forever 'in the distance at the
mouth of the rivers', and he, like Enoch who 'walked with God, and he was not, for God took him', lived in the dim past before the flood. Ordinary
mortals must go to 'The house where they sit in darkness, where dust is their food and clay their meat, they are clothed like birds with wings for
garments, over bolt and door lie dust and silence.' It is a depressing vision of heavy, moping voiceless birds with draggled feathers crouching in the
dirt. In this underworld, there also lived the Anunnaki, the nameless 'Great Ones' who once, like Ereshkigal, lived above with the host of heaven, but
who through some misdeed were banished to be judges of the underworld, much as Zeus banished the Titans, or like the fallen Lucifer. In Babylonia, the
soul of a dead man was exorcized with the incantation: 'Let him go to the setting sun, let him be entrusted to Nedu, the chief gatekeeper of the
underworld, that Nedu may keep strong watch over him, may his key close the lock.'"
Another passage from the introduction:
"Enlil, whose city was Nippur (Nibiru?), was the storm and wind, breath and 'the word' of Anu; for according to the hymns in his praise, 'The spirit
of the word is Enlil, the spirit of the heart of Anu.' This Enlil is power in action, where Anu is power in being. He is 'the word which stilleth the
heaven above', but he is also 'a rushing deluge that troubles the faces of men, a torrent that destroys the bulwarks'. In the Gilgamesh Epic he
(Enlil) appears oftenist in his destructive aspect; and beside him Anu is a remote being who lives far away in the firmament, beyond the gate of
heaven. In one text, he seems to encourage the journey to the Cedar Mountain, but it is also he who rebukes Gilgamesh and Enkidu for killing its
So anyway, these earlier scholars didn't have the ET take on the material like Sitchen did. Instead, they treated mentions of the 'gods' as mythic
fabrications, which was how the ancient Egyptian gods and Greek gods were thought of --- symbolic of spiritual aspects of the universe, not as
literal, real beings. But these interpretations were pre-Van Danikan, so the scholars were not tempted with any ancient aliens theories.
Just throwing this into the discussion so as to point out that Sitchen was not the only scholar to look at, interpret, and translate the Sumerian
texts. The first English translations of Sumerian texts date back to Campbell Thompson's of 1928.
I'm not convinced that Sitchen got it right, especially the angle that the ET Anunnaki used DNA manipulation to invent humans. It makes a cool story,
but I'm not convinced.
So far, I have seen no scientific evidence of the existence of a planet Nibiru or a brown dwarf Wormwood, or Nemesis. I think there would be at least
a few renegade university trained astronomers speaking up if such a dramatic discovery could be made. Someone would want a Nobel Prize for finding and
confirming it, wouldn't they?
The conspiracy nut side of me is still very intrigued about this subject because I think it has been indicated in crop circles and I'm a sucker for
the most complex crop circles. I don't see how the best crop circles could be manmade overnight without some very advanced technology. Nope, guys with
planks on ropes stamping down the crops overnight could not have done it on the ones that are extremely complex and large with perfect symmetry of
hundreds of shapes.
So I will stay tuned.
edit on 29-6-2012 by switching yard because: add
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A food processor is a versatile kitchen appliance that can chop, slice, dice, blend, grind, and puree different types of foods in a very short time. It makes most food preparations much faster and more efficient.
If you are new to using a food processor, you might wonder how it works and what blades and components, attachments, types, and sizes are suitable for your needs.
This guide provides an overview of everything you need to know about how a food processor works and how to make it work properly. Let's take a closer look at the inner workings of this appliance.
A food processor's basic components are a motor, a work bowl, and a lid.
The motor powers the blade or disks and is located at the base of the machine.
The work bowl is where you put the ingredients that you want to process.
The lid has a feed chute or tube, which enables you to add ingredients while the machine is running.
The Basic Components
A food processor consists of three main components: a motor, a bowl, and a lid.
1. The Motor
- The motor is located at the bottom of the appliance.
- It powers the blade or disks of the machine.
- The motor is usually a powerful motor that can process food quickly and efficiently.
- It usually has 2 or 3 speeds to control the speed of the blades.
2. The Bowl
- The food processor bowl is where all the ingredients are placed before being processed.
- It is usually made of plastic, glass, or stainless steel.
- Food processors come in different sizes and with various attachments such as slicing discs, chopping blades, a whisk and dough hook. Some come with a blender attachment.
3. The Lid
- Food processor lids are used to secure the bowl in place during food processing.
- It usually contains a feed tube, enabling you to add ingredients.
- The lid protects you from debris and ensures that the food does not spill out.
- It usually has safety features that will stop the motor if it gets lifted off the base while the appliance is running.
How Does A Food Processor Work?
- When you turn on a food processor, the motor rotates the food processor blades or discs.
- This motion creates a vortex that pulls ingredients away from the walls of the bowl and down to the blades.
- The ingredients are then chopped, diced, blended, minced, grated or pureed depending on what you are making.
- The speed of the motor determines how finely your ingredients are processed.
- The type of the blade or attachment and the processing time determine the texture of the result.
- High speeds will produce more puree-like consistencies, while lower speeds will produce chunkier textures.
- When you are done processing your ingredients, the motor stops and the blade or discs come to a halt.
- Turn off the machine and remove the lid to access your finished product.
- The food processor is then ready for cleaning and storage. Don't postpone: cleaning it right away takes much less time, as after some time, food residu tends to stick to the attachments.
Different Blades and Attachments
Food processors come with interchangeable blades and disks that allow you to customize your recipes. Each serves different purposes.
- The standard S-shaped blade: is a multipurpose blade that is used for chopping, blending, and pureeing.
- The slicing disc: is perfect for making thin slices of vegetables like tomatoes, cucumbers, and bell peppers.
- The chopping disc: can be used to make coarse pieces and rough cuts.
- The shredding disc: create fine, uniform strands that are great for cheese, carrots, salads and slaws.
- The grating discs: are perfect for cheese and nuts.
- The dough blade: is used for kneading bread and pizza dough. Most food processors come with a dough hook attachment.
- The French fry cutter blades: some food processors help you make perfect fries in a fraction of the time!
- Other attachments may include a blender, a citrus juicer, an emulsifying disk, and a spatula.
Each attachment provides a different function, allowing you to create unique dishes every time, while saving you lots of work.
Different Sizes Of Food Processors
Food processors come with different bowl sizes, depending on your needs. You can find appliances with bowl sizes ranging from 2 to 16 cups.
- Mini food processors are usually 2-4 cups in capacity and are suitable for smaller tasks, like a sauce or baby food.
- The medium-sized food processors have a work bowl capacity of 4-8 cups and work well for everyday food preparation.
- Full-size food processors are suitable for larger tasks and have bowl sizes ranging from 8-16 cups.
- If you have a large family or like to entertain guests, a full-size food processor might be more suitable for your needs.
Different Types Of Food Processors
There are many food processors. However, they come in various types, each with its own unique features and functions.
- This type of mini food processor operates with a hand crank.
- This type are that it is relatively quiet and easy to use.
- It is perfect for small food prep tasks, such as chopping garlic, onions, or mincing herbs.
- This type runs on electricity and is more powerful than a manual chopper.
- It also has many features such as adjustable speeds, and pulse settings.
- Electric food choppers are available in different bowl designs: a glass bowl food processor and a stainless steel food processor.
- This type of food processor usually comes with more powerful motor and interchangeable blades.
- It can be used for chopping, slicing, grinding, shredding, mincing, blending, mixing, and pureeing foods.
- The larger sizes are meant for for bigger tasks such as making dough, and grinding nuts.
- If you’re looking for a multi-functional kitchen appliance, you can opt for a blender-food processor combo that can both process solids and liquids.
- As a combo, which gives you the flexibility of two appliances in one, preparing soups, smoothies.
- These full-sized food processors are the most versatile and can handle a wide range of kitchen tasks.
- This type, also called an immersion blender, is perfect for making small batches of smoothies, sauces, purees, cream and baby food.
- It is also great for making soups since it can blend ingredients right in the pot without transferring them to a bowl.
Food Processors FAQs
Here are some of the frequently asked questions about food processors.
Why use a food processor instead of blender?
A food processor is more suitable for tasks such as slicing, chopping, shredding, and kneading. A blender is better suited for blending and pureeing ingredients.
Blenders also have powerful motors that allow them to create smooth textures much faster than a food processor can. They also crush ice and nuts.
If you are looking for an appliance to help you with making smoothies, milk shakes, soups or crushing ice, then a blender is the way to go. However, if you are looking for an appliance that can handle more complex tasks like kneading, slicing, and dicing then a food processor is a better choice.
The key is to determine what type of tasks you will need your kitchen appliance to do before deciding which one to buy. Read more details in our guide: Food Processor vs Blender.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of food processor?
- Food processors are much more versatile than blenders, as they can handle a greater variety of kitchen tasks.
- They are usually quieter than blenders and process food quickly.
- They are versatile and efficient, making them ideal for busy cooks who prepare a more elaborate menu, and don’t have time to dice or chop by hand.
- Food processors can be more expensive than blenders.
- They require multiple attachments in order to do all the tasks they are capable of, which can add to their cost, but also to operational complexity.
- It may take some time for you to become familiar with all the features and functions of a food processor.
- It may also take longer to assemble a food processor than a blender since it usually requires several attachments.
- Food processors are not easy to clean as there are multi parts and blades that can be difficult to clean properly.
- To make citrus and vegetable juice, you will need a dedicated juicer.
What is the difference between a food grinder and a food processor?
A food grinder is designed specifically for grinding nuts or meats into small pieces. It has a metal or stone cutting blade that moves in circular motions to chop the ingredients.
A food processor, on the other hand, is multifunctional as it can do much more than just grind. With its sharp blades, it can also slice, shred carrots and other vegetables, chop food of many kinds, kneading bread dough and mixing many kinds of ingredients.
It has interchangeable blades and discs which allow you to customize the texture of your food, making it the right kitchen tool set for many recipes. Food processor bowls are usually large enough to serve any recipe's purpose.
Overall, a food processor is more powerful and versatile than a grinder and can do much more than just grinding. Read more details in our guide: Food Processor vs Food Grinder.
What can I make in my food processor?
You can use it to chop vegetables, puree fruits for sauces and smoothies, knead doughs for bread and pizza crusts, and grind spices.
You can also make nut butters, homemade hummus, guacamole, dressings and dips, shredded cheese or nuts, and even frozen desserts like ice cream and sorbets.
The sky is the limit when it comes to what you can make in your food processor; all you need is some creativity and a good recipe! Check out our related article: what is a food processor used for to get more inspiration!
How often should I clean my food processor?
- It is recommended to clean your food processor right after each use. Food residue can build up in the bowl and on the blades, so it’s important to keep them clean to prevent contamination.
- To clean your machine, you can use a damp cloth or sponge, dish soap, and warm water to wipe down the bowl and blades. You can also put them in the dishwasher for an easier clean-up.
Tips & Tricks
- To prevent clogs in the blades, try not to overload the bowl with too much food at once, and cut the ingredients to smaller pieces if necessary.
- To prevent ingredients from sticking to the sides of the bowl, use a rubber spatula or spoon to scrape down the sides as you process the food.
- Always unplug your machine before cleaning or changing blades and attachments.
- Always wear protective gloves when cleaning your food processor as the blades are sharp.
- If you’re using a food processor for the first time, it is best to refer to your user manual and always follow safety instructions when using it. Then, always keep it somewhere you can find it easily. Why? Food processors need instructions for each attachment.
- In addition to the manual, watch online tutorials for tips on how to use it properly. This will help ensure that you are familiar with all of its features and settings.
- It is important to keep all parts and accessories clean and dry when not in use.
- If you notice anything unusual with the machine, such as smoke or strange noises, turn it off immediately. Contact a professional for assistance.
Understanding how a food processor works, its basic components, as well as the different types and sizes, blades and other attachments can help you choose the right one for your needs.
A commercial-grade food processor is an excellent kitchen investment that can make your food preparation more comfortable and more efficient.
By investing in the right food processor, you can produce healthier and fresher meals with less effort and enjoy the process of cooking more.
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Doing calculations only seems difficult. If you break it into small steps you will find that none of the steps requires anything difficult.
Here is a step-by-step guide to evaluation of the relationship for the period of a simple pendulum, as used in lab 5.
When performing any multi-step calculation, write down the appropriate expression at each and every step with the calculated values substituted. It may seem like extra work, but it will keep your thoughts organized. It is easier to enter the numbers into the calculator when they are written down!.
Suppose your length is L = 48.291 cm. Then your relationship would look like this:
For L = 48.291 cm. it would look like this: .
It would look like this:
The number should already be on the calculator display. If it is, simply press the key on the calculator.
If the number has been erased from the calculator display, reenter it, then press the key.
is a number that appears in calculations from time to time. It is the ratio of circumference to diameter of a circle, but it 'pops up' in unexpected places.
There is a key on most calculators. Press the key when you want to enter . If there is not a key, enter the value, 3.14 for .
With the number 0.2219831 still on the calculator display, press the X key, the key, the X key again, then 2, then = .
The result is 1.3947614, which rounds to 1.3948. The unit is seconds.
The calculated result was rounded to the same number of significant figures as the measurement of L. (There are 5 significant figures in 48.291 cm.)
T = 1.3948 sec. when L = 48.291 cm
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If you are not sure how to get your team to buy into your vision, here is an activity that may help. It is also great professional development for everyone involved.
Achieving a vision has to be a collaborative process. What better way to refine, reshape and motivate others around your vision than involving them in developing it?
This activity will help your team to buy into a vision and help you refine it. While it is a straightforward activity, it will require the support of senior staff and colleagues. At simplest, it is a team activity, led by yourself, taking a minimum of half a day, plus preparation and follow up time.
The purpose of the activity is not only to identify the vision of those who walk but to analyse what is helping the team succeed and where there are barriers to improvement. It is a risk analysis with bells and whistles.
A vision walk is a self-evaluation prior to making an action plan for improvement. Therefore, the task of each team member as they walk is to record answers to three simple questions:
- What do we see we like and want to keep?
- What do we see we would like to lose?
- What don’t we see we would like to see?
To make this process simpler, there is a vision walk activity sheet at the end of this article, which each participant can use to record their responses. They should be encouraged to note what people are saying and doing as well as the physical environment, displays, furniture, etc.
After the walk, or even during, the team should coordinate and analyse results. It is important to prioritise actions to strengthen the ‘what we likes’ and ‘what we would like to sees’ (within the team’s control) and remove the ‘like to lose’ or barriers to progress. Those of you who use iAbacus® will recognise this as the ‘helping and hindering’ section.
A first outcome should be feedback, especially of the positives, maybe in a report to all who were involved. Feedback can be a great motivator. The second outcome should be a draft action plan to offer colleagues as a tangible way to realise their vision.
The power of the vision walk is that all aspects of environment, activity and behaviour are subject to scrutiny. Most importantly it checks reality against the vision. Are we actually doing what we claim to be doing? It should also provide new ideas that can be incorporated into your developing vision statement and School Improvement Plan.
I have used this activity often and successfully over many years. It works with leadership groups, teachers, governors, parents and pupils. It will help your vision to be realistic, achievable, and focused on the things that matter most. It will ensure that your vision leads the way for your team, whomever that is.
John Pearce is a former headteacher, school improvement advisor, author and co-creator of the iAbacus. You can find a more indepth version of this article in the UKEdChat magazine, edition 53 (January 2019). See page 18 of the UKEdChat magazine.
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What is DD Mon RR format?
RR is an “input” format. it means if you enter to_date( ’01-jan-40′, ‘dd-mon-rr’ ) Oracle will slide around the date based on the current year. In 1999 and 2001 — that would be the year 2040. As opposed to yy — where the century is based on the current date. meaning.
What is the date format in Oracle?
Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format representing the century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds. The default date format is DD-MON-YY.
What is RR in NLS date format?
The RR datetime format element is similar to the YY datetime format element, but it provides additional flexibility for storing date values in other centuries. The RR datetime format element lets you store 20th century dates in the 21st century by specifying only the last two digits of the year.
What is Oracle default date format?
Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format representing the century, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds. The default date format is DD-MON-YY. SYSDATE is a function returning date and time.
What is the format of date datatype in Oracle?
The default date format for an Oracle date value is derived from the NLS_DATE_FORMAT and NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE initialization parameters. The date format in the example includes a two-digit number for the day of the month, an abbreviation of the month name, the last two digits of the year, and a 24-hour time designation.
What is the data type of date in Oracle?
The DATE data type stores the year (which includes the century), the month, the day, the hours, the minutes, and the seconds. It has a range from January 1, 4712 BCE through December 31, 9999 CE (Common Era, or ‘AD’). By default, Oracle uses CE date entries if BCE is not used explicitly.
What is the Oracle date format?
Oracle date format The standard date format for input and output is DD-MON-YY e.g., 01-JAN-17 which is controlled by the value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT parameter. The following statement returns the current date with the standard date format by using the SYSDATE function.
What is Oracle Sysdate format?
SYSDATE returns the current date and time set for the operating system on which the database resides. The datatype of the returned value is DATE , and the format returned depends on the value of the NLS_DATE_FORMAT initialization parameter. The function requires no arguments.
What is To_char and TO_DATE in Oracle?
To_char formats a DATE into a string using the given format mask. To_date converts a STRING into a date using the format mask. Your client then displays that date using a format mask (set at session/instance level).
How is Oracle date stored?
For each DATE value, Oracle Database stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second. You can specify a date value by: Specifying the date value as a literal. Converting a character or numeric value to a date value with the TO_DATE function.
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BOGOR, Indonesia (27 February, 2012)_A global network of remote cameras placed in the tropical forests of seven countries has the potential to discover unexpected land-dwelling mammals and species that are thought to be extinct, according to the results of a study by a consortium of researchers.
“There has never been this kind of monitoring across the globe,” said Douglas Sheil, Senior Associate with the Center for International Forestry Research and director of the Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation.
“In the long term, this network has the potential to surprise us – in our forest, there are a couple of species which we haven’t seen for some time, such as forest hogs and otters – and who knows, we may see a couple of species that are thought to be locally extinct,”
Using a network of cameras in 17 different sites in tropical forests across seven countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the Tropical Ecology Assessment & Monitoring Network captured almost 52,000 images of 105 mammal species between 2008 and 2010, including giant anteaters, buffalo, tapirs, jaguars, mountain gorillas, southern pig-tailed macaques, chimpanzees, elephants, and opossum.
While there have been various small scale studies in the past there are often difficult to compare as different researchers use different methods. Key to having a more objective global overview is the adoption of standard methods that produce standard data. Developing and implementing such standard approaches is no simple task but it has been achieved. This paper, Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: data from a global camera trap network, is the first major output.
Apart from being able to use the images to generate fancy statistics, we can show people actual pictures – I can show local people photographs of animals they never see, and say ‘this is in your forest’.
Published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, the study was primarily organised and sponsored by Conservation International, with contributions from the Center for International Forestry Research, the Wildlife Conservation Society, the Smithsonian and other institutes worldwide — a truly global effort. Projects of this scale and connectivity are now crucial for ecological research in order to address issues of a global magnitude, such as climate change, which is expected to put 60 per cent of tropical forests worldwide at risk over the next decade.
Just as astronomers collaborate in analysing information gathered with instruments such as the Hubble, ecologists need to collectively gather and share data in order to understand how factors such as over-exploitation, hunting, climate change and water scarcity affect different regions worldwide, and thus identify priority areas for conservation.
“In the future, a study structure like this will allow us to see changes in the populations of animals over time, and determine which patterns are local and which are global,” says Sheil, a co-author of the study who, like his colleagues, describes the Tropical Ecology Assessment & Monitoring Network as an “early warning system for biodiversity”.
The presence of large mammal species in a forest is a valuable indicator of ecosystem health: large areas of productive forest with a rich diversity of plant and other animal species are necessary to support larger animals, from buffalo to elephant. Predators such as the jaguar are sensitive to declines in their prey species.
Moreover, larger animals not only rely on large areas of forest for their existence, they also provide key ecosystem services; herbivores and omnivores spread the seeds of trees and plants throughout the forest in their droppings. Predators regulate herbivore numbers preventing vegetation from being overly consumed and thus increasing plant biodiversity. It has even been suggested that the presence of large animals in a forest can help increase the capacity of the forest to store carbon.
Sheil concedes that this study did not throw up any surprising findings – countless papers have demonstrated the reliably consistent pattern that fragmented forests have lower levels of biodiversity than single continuous forest blocks of equivalent size.
“The real value of this paper was to show the validity of the approach and its potential for the future” says Dr Sheil.
The team now wishes to expand the network to more than 20 sites, which would lead to costs of around a million dollars a year, he says.
“It’s expensive, so the value needs to be demonstrated.”
One of the most beneficial outcomes of the network is the psychological impact it is having on people worldwide,
“Apart from being able to use the images to generate fancy statistics, we can show people actual pictures – I can show local people photographs of animals they never see, and say ‘this is in your forest’,” says Sheil.
When Conservation International first posted the images with a press release in August 2011, the story was picked up by more than 100 websites and blogs, including National Geographic, Wired and the International Business Times.
“These images allow us to actually engage with people by creating those conservation stories – for a general audience pictures are so much more attractive than statistics,” Sheil said.
Among the many challenges the study had to withstand: a chimpanzee in Uganda was especially curious — despite teeth marks the camera survived with a complete set of pictures of the assault.
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How Drones Will Revolutionize The Farming Industry
From manually checking plants for signs of infestation to integrating crop-based sensors, there is no denying that farming methods have dramatically evolved over the past few decades. But despite the important role technology plays in terms of increasing productivity, some agricultural data cannot simply be seen by the naked eye.
Factors like nitrogen deficiency and bacterial or fungal infection cannot be easily traced even by experienced farmers, making it necessary for the agricultural industry to find tangible ways to gather real-time data and find solutions for problems relating to crop production. The good news is, advancements in drone technology offer the agricultural sector a chance for a bigger and a brighter future.
Thanks to unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, problems with farm crops can be detected at an early phase. While drones may be most popularly used for military purposes in the earlier years, companies are now creating new operating models in response to the ever-changing needs of industries, including agriculture.
Let’s Take a Look at the Statistics
According to data, the global population is expected to grow to up to 9.1 billion by the year 2050. Consequently, food production should increase by around 70% during the same timeframe. Otherwise, problems with food shortage can grow bigger in both developed and developing nations.
As a response, world leaders and governments are working in collaboration with the agricultural industry to increase farming efficiency, and the use of drones for agricultural purposes is a part of the equation.
In fact, last year, changes have been made to the federal rules and regulations governing the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Aside from this, special permits were granted to some agricultural operators.
Once the use of drones is embraced by the agricultural industry, not only will the economy benefit, but the individual farmers as well. Based on American Farm Bureau Federation’s estimation, the return on investment for farmers can reach up to 2-3 USD per an acre of wheat and soybeans and 12 USD per an acre of corn.
You may also want to read: Trends in Farming Automation Technology
The Potential Use of Drones in Agriculture
Contrary to popular belief, the use of UAV does not stop at sprinkling fertilizers
over food crops. In fact, drone technology can revolutionize farming methods, especially since UAVs can help gather real-time data. As a guide, below are some of the most important uses of drones during crop production:
- Soil Analysis: Soil and field analysis is crucial in planning patterns for planting seeds. By evaluating the overall condition of the soil, farmers can increase productivity and profitability. Fortunately, some drone models are capable of generating 3D maps of fields, enabling farmers to create the best seed planting pattern. Plus, drones can also show data for irrigation, along with nitrogen level management.
- Seed Planting: Drones can also be helpful in planting seeds on agricultural fields. According to a study, drone technology can lessen planting expenditures by 85%. Basically, a drone shoots pods that don’t only contain seeds, but nutrients as well. Needless to say, as the pods are planted into the field, they are also provided with all the nutrients they need to survive and grow.
- Spraying: Drones also facilitate efficiency as they don’t only spray liquid chemicals on the ground; they scan, evaluate and regulate distance for a wider, even coverage—a feature that conventional machinery Plus, drones are capable of modulating altitude depending on factors such as geography and topography. As chemical fertilizers are sprayed evenly throughout the ground, farmers can save up from chemicals and expect higher crop production. Not to mention, spraying crops with the use of drones is proven to be faster by five-folds as compared to traditional crop spraying methods.
- Health Monitoring: Infestation can happen in a snap of a finger, making it crucial for farm operators to consistently check and evaluate the overall health of their crops. By looking for signs of bacterial or fungal crop infection on trees, farmers can find early remedies and prevent infections from spreading. Drone technology can help in this regard as UAVs can act as carriers of near-infrared light, which helps track and reflect NIR light and green light. By producing multi-spectral images, drones can help farmers fully evaluate the condition of their crops. The faster they act upon problems, the higher their chances of saving their crops. If, on the other hand, they fail to save their crops, they can accurately identify their losses for insurance claims.
- Crop Management: Crop management and monitoring is a laborious task. Aside from the overall condition of the soil, ever-changing weather patterns can also affect crop productivity. Once crop management becomes inefficient, farmers may not be able to find a viable solution to problems that may lead to a lower crop produce.
Back in the previous years, satellite imagery was the most innovative form of imaging. However, it is not only expensive, but it also produces inaccurate images. Add to that, satellite imagery can only be performed once a day. This means that farm operators cannot obtain real-time data by the use of a satellite.
As drone technology emerges, farm operators are given the opportunity to see precise images and data regarding crop production. This enables farmers to spot problems at an early phase, which in turn aids in crop management.
- Irrigation: Drone models built with thermal sensors are capable of identifying parts of agricultural lands that need irrigation. As drylands are supplied with enough water, crops become healthier. In addition to that, some drones can also calculate the plant’s vegetation index, which enables farmers to determine the overall health of their crops. By measuring the amount of heat a plant produces, farmers can determine whether they need more water or not.
Indeed, unmanned aerial vehicles can help the agricultural industry attain its goals for the next few decades. With better and more precise imagery, drones can help increase productivity and profitability. Most importantly, drone technology can be the answer to one of the most significant problems affecting small and large-scale societies: Food shortage.
Jack is a true drone passionate and he focused his education on this amazing field. Thus, he graduated the Drone/UAV Pilot Training Certificate program and now he’s a member of the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International. His main purpose right now is to find and develop new features and help others discover the wonderful experience of flying a drone. For this, he is the main editor and content creator at MyDroneLab where you can find everything you want to know about drones.
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Foreword. Preface. PLI - A Quick Tour. Fundamentals of Verilog PLI. Utility Routines in PLI 1.0. Access Routines in PLI 1.0. Putting PLI to Work. Writing Bus Functional Model. Verilog Procedural Interface (PL1 2.0). Library Functions in VPI. Index.
Principles of Verilog PLI is a `how to do' text on Verilog Programming Language Interface. The primary focus of the book is on how to use PLI for problem solving. Both PLI 1.0 and PLI 2.0 are covered. Particular emphasis has been put on adopting a generic step-by-step approach to create a fully functional PLI code. Numerous examples were carefully selected so that a variety of problems can be solved through ther use. A separate chapter on Bus Functional Model (BFM), one of the most widely used commercial applications of PLI, is included.
Principles of Verilog PLI is written for the professional engineer who uses Verilog for ASIC design and verification.
Principles of Verilog PLI will be also of interest to students who are learning Verilog.
Springer Book Archives
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Over one million New Yorkers between the ages of 21 and 64 are officially disabled, based on the classifications established by the Americans With Disabilities Act.
According to recent Census reports, about a quarter of all New Yorkers within that wide age group living on their own say that a physical, mental or emotional condition lasting six months or more has made it difficult for them to:
Learn, remember or concentrate
Dress, bathe or get around inside the home
Get outside the home alone to shop or visit a doctor’s office
Or, work at a job or business
The most common impairments concern something that affects the ability to work or to go outside the home.
New York City residents who live on their own are more likely to report disabilities than do those who live in the rest of the United States. Plainly those who have difficulties caring for themselves in their own homes also are likely to have difficulties in working and in going out of their houses.
It is the objective of those who provide services and aid to the disabled to make it easier for them to live a full life. For this reason, providing disabled New Yorkers with transportation becomes very important. Though bus-riders in wheelchairs have become a common sight, there is no other mode of transportation in the city that is as accommodating; as a result, too many disabled New Yorkers feel as if they are trapped in their homes.
The areas with the highest rates of disability include the Bronx and Washington Heights, Elmhurst, Bellerose, Brighton, Borough Park, Long Island City and East New York. These areas have high concentrations of minority and poor residents, and some have a high concentration of immigrants.
The disabled are less likely to be white and more likely to be black than the rest of the population. A higher proportion of the disabled are born abroad and do not speak English as their first language. They are less educated: Only 17.3 percent spent four years in college compared to 33.4 percent for the rest of the population at large. They earn less money -- $23,500 median versus $30,000 for the rest, and are more likely to be in poverty.
Is The Boom Over Or Not?
There have been three recent demographic reports that together do not make very much sense.
1. Sam Roberts of the New York Times recently reported that the Census Bureau “ officially listed the city's population at 8,168,338, another record high.” He attributed this to the expert “sleuthing” of city officials.
2. The Pew Hispanic Center study found that the “inflow of newcomers peaked between 1990 and 1995, gradually declined as other states were peaking, and fell again after 2001, to about 90,000 annually, down from 168,000 in 1990. The vast majority of immigration to the state is concentrated in New York City.”
3. A study done I did showed that the top fifth of the population in Manhattan had average incomes over 50 times that of the bottom fifth.
So is the city booming or is the boom over?
During the 1990s, it is plain that high income and the availability of jobs coupled with better counting did lead to the population growth found in New York City. Immigration fueled this growth. Immigrants also tend to accept lower wages and incomes for the same work, so New York City has what some call an hour glass economy -- with a large top and bottom and little in the middle. There are the Wall Street workers, and the people who deliver their food to them. The cooks and the deliverers are immigrants; their customers are very wealthy.
But the Pew study indicates that immigration growth may have ended in the 1990s. So, how can New York City’s population still be growing? The simple answer is that maybe it isn’t – maybe simply the census bureau is doing a better job of counting the population.
Next year, however, we will have the benefit of the first full-blown large scale on-going survey from the bureau. If all goes according to plan, we will know how large is NYC’s population, and how much money New Yorkers are making – whether, in other words, New York is still booming.Andrew A. Beveridge has taught sociology at Queens College since 1981, done demographic analyses for the New York Times since 1993, and been in charge of Gotham Gazette's demographics topic page since 2000. The opinions expressed are his alone.Â
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