zacbrld/MNLP_M3_rag_documents_45 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 6 4.81k	source stringlengths 10 123	tokens int64 5 60
Most tasks in natural language processing can be cast into question answering (QA) problems over language input. We introduce the dynamic memory network (DMN), a neural network architecture which processes input sequences and questions, forms episodic memories, and generates relevant answers.	Semantic Scholar - Ask Me Anything: Dynamic Memory Networks for Natur... (2015, 1176 cit.)	41
The mantle is mainly composed of silicates, and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with phase transitions. The mantle acts as a solid for seismic waves, but under high pressures and temperatures, it deforms so that over millions of years it acts like a liquid. This makes plate tectonics possible.	Wikipedia - Geophysics	53
Circular cross sections do not experience such a mode of buckling.	Wikipedia - Buckling	11
As of 2007, the consensus in the AGI research community seemed to be that the timeline discussed by Ray Kurzweil in 2005 in The Singularity is Near (i.e. between 2015 and 2045) was plausible. Mainstream AI researchers have given a wide range of opinions on whether progress will be this rapid.	Wikipedia - Artificial general intelligence	51
The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free to rotate and therefore lacking bending moments) at both ends; the ends can only react to the shear loads. Other beams can have both ends fixed (known as encastre beam); therefore each end support has both bending moments and shear reaction loads.	Wikipedia - Bending moment	52
Assuming the bar has a mass m {\displaystyle m} , when the switch is closed and current begins to flow through the bar in the magnetic field, a force will be induced. However, F i n d {\displaystyle F_{ind}} will now be opposed by the force from the weight of m {\displaystyle m} from gravity g {\displaystyle g} .	Wikipedia - Electric machine	59
Issues that have not been fully treated in existing texts, such as stability analysis, systematic design, and performance analysis, are crucial to the validity and applicability of fuzzy control methodology.	Semantic Scholar - Fuzzy Control Systems Design and Analysis: A Linea... (2008, 3720 cit.)	30
MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications	Semantic Scholar - MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Network... (2017, 20730 cit.)	9
The day after tomorrow, I will do 40 + 5 = 45 squats.	MetaMathQA	15
In the second round, there are 128 players, so we need 64 games to determine the winners.	MetaMathQA	20
will be". In the Hellenistic world the art of alchemy first proliferated, mingling magic and occultism into the study of natural substances with the ultimate goal of transmuting elements into gold and discovering the elixir of eternal life.	Wikipedia - Chemistry	38
The opposite process is performed by kinases. phosphate Any chemical species or functional group derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4) by the removal of one or more protons (H+); the completely ionized form, [PO4]3−, consists of a single, central phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms via three single bonds and one double bond.	Wikipedia - Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)	54
The cost to rent a sailboat for 6 hours is $60 x 6 = $360.	MetaMathQA	19
Recent research has focused on the challenges and opportunities regarding grid congestion, energy storage, sector coupling, electrification of transport and industry implying power-to-X and hydrogen-to-X, and the inclusion of natural and technical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches.	Semantic Scholar - On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy... (2022, 250 cit.)	37
Arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of s- and p-block elements. It has been shown to work well for hypervalent compounds.	Wikipedia - Arrow pushing	27
We are given that the determinant of the matrix is 0.	MetaMathQA	13
Then Hugo spent $75 on an online game.	MetaMathQA	10
Simplifying the left side, we get: 18 + 3x - 4 = 26.	MetaMathQA	19
Other methods includes deep visual proteomics that profile protein expression in single cells by laser capture microdissection and mass spectroscopy. The term "spatial medicine" is recently coined by Eric Topol to refer to a study that used deep visual proteomics to find a therapeutic treatment for patients with a rare skin condition.	Wikipedia - Spatial biology	52
Ryan got a total of 2100 pages in 5 books, so on average, each book had 2100/5 = 420 pages.	MetaMathQA	25
Emerging models are beginning to incorporate six key biological mechanisms that can improve predictions of biological responses to climate change.	Semantic Scholar - Improving the forecast for biodiversity under clim... (2016, 963 cit.)	20
Elevation: the angular height of an object above the horizon; alternatively: zenith distance equal to 90 degrees minus elevation. Local topocentric coordinates: azimuth (direction angle within the plane of the horizon), elevation angle (or zenith angle), distance. North celestial pole: the extension of Earth's (precessing and nutating) instantaneous spin axis extended northward to intersect the celestial sphere.	Wikipedia - Geodesy	57
Bionics is a medical engineering field and a branch of biorobotics consisting of electrical and mechanical systems that imitate biological systems, such as prosthetics and hearing aids. It's a portmanteau that combines biology and electronics.	Wikipedia - Biorobotics	35
International Machine Learning Society mloss is an academic database of open-source machine learning software.	Wikipedia - Machine learning	14
As a review paper, it synthesizes existing literature, reports, and case studies to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current cybersecurity landscape in Nigerian banks.	Semantic Scholar - CYBERSECURITY DYNAMICS IN NIGERIAN BANKING: TRENDS... (2024, 29 cit.)	25
Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the application of acoustics. Acoustical engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration. These engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise.	Wikipedia - Mechanical engineering	48
) τ ¯ z r ( k r , 0 , ω ) ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {K}}\cdot {\binom {{\bar {u_{r}}}(k_{r},0),\omega )}{{\bar {u_{z}}}(k_{r},0,\omega )}}={\binom {{\bar {\sigma }}_{zz}(k_{r},0,\omega )}{{\bar {\tau }}_{zr}(k_{r},0,\omega )}}} Herein, K {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {K}}} represents the stiffness matrix of the whole model.	Wikipedia - Critical embankment velocity	43
Alloying elements are added to a base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation by hammering, bending, extruding, et cetera, and are permanent unless the metal is recrystallized.	Wikipedia - Alloy	53
The addition of spins in quantum-mechanical terms can be read directly from this approach as spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of total angular momentum and projection thereof onto an axis, and the integrals correspond to the Hilbert space inner product. From the formal definition of angular momentum, recursion relations for the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients can be found.	Wikipedia - Clebsch–Gordan coefficients	55
There are 96 campers in total.	MetaMathQA	8
John's Hospital and IIIT-B are focusing on using computer vision for early detection of autism.	Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence in India	15
In total, they broke 2 + 8 = 10 glasses.	MetaMathQA	12
The club sold 53 small children tickets, and each child will eat half an omelet, so they will need 53 * 0.5 = 26.5 omelets for small children.	MetaMathQA	39
This paper argues that this conception of music is at odds both with recent Western musical scholarship and with ethnomusicological models, and that it presents a partial and culture-specific representation of what may be a generic human capacity.	Semantic Scholar - Cognitive Science and the Cultural Nature of Music... (2012, 38 cit.)	38
This is what happens when a person stands on an empty aluminum can and then taps the sides briefly, causing it to then become instantly crushed (the vertical sides of the can may be understood as an infinite series of extremely thin columns).	Wikipedia - Buckling	43
Ernst, Carl H. Evelyn M. Ernst. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, 2003. ISBN 1588340198. Halliday, Tim and Kraig Alder. The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File, 1986. Rossi, John, Roxanne Rossi. Snakes of the United States and Canada: Natural history and care in captivity. Krieger, 2003. ISBN 1575240319. Smith, Hobart Muir.	Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology	57
If the pan of brownies is cut into 16 pieces, each piece represents 1/16 of the whole pan.	MetaMathQA	23
In a set of three experiments we show that this paradigm provides a reliable and valid signature of SL performance, and it offers important insights for understanding how statistical regularities are perceived and assimilated in the visual modality.	Semantic Scholar - Redefining "Learning" in Statistical Learning: Wha... (2018, 87 cit.)	38
This highlighted ongoing challenges in ensuring the reliability and safety of AI-generated content, prompting further revisions to the tool's capabilities. == References ==	Wikipedia - AI Overviews	23
Aldrich rented a ski boat for 3 hours a day, so for two days, he rented it for a total of 3 hours/day x 2 days = 6 hours.	MetaMathQA	36
The IRL problem can be defined as: Given 1) measurements of an agent's behaviour over time, in a variety of circumstances; 2) measurements of the sensory inputs to that agent; 3) a model of the physical environment (including the agent's body): Determine the reward function that the agent is optimizing. IRL researcher Stuart J.	Wikipedia - Apprenticeship learning	54
During the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed Calculus, the mathematical basis of physics.	Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering	31
An application of long term observations is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which show a steady rise in the concentration of carbon dioxide (see also ongoing measurements of atmospheric CO2).	Wikipedia - Atmospheric chemistry	37
This text is concerned with exposing these regularities through unified geometric principles that can be applied throughout a wide spectrum of applications.	Semantic Scholar - Geometric Deep Learning: Grids, Groups, Graphs, Ge... (2021, 1139 cit.)	22
The hydrosphere proper contains all the liquid water on Earth, with most of it contained in the world's oceans. The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface to an average depth of nearly 4 kilometres (2.5 miles), and ocean heat content is much larger than the heat held by the atmosphere.	Wikipedia - Climate system	50
= r\left(\frac{29}{30}\right)	MetaMathQA	13
Artificial intelligence in hiring confers many benefits, but it also has some challenges which have concerned experts. AI is only as good as the data it is using. Biases can inadvertently be baked into the data used in AI. Often companies will use data from their employees to decide what people to recruit or hire.	Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence in hiring	55
The grey dog weighs 2 pounds less than the black dog, so its weight is (x + 1) -	MetaMathQA	22
The remaining 4 students paid only half, which means they paid $50/2 = $25 each.	MetaMathQA	21
First, we place the shortest two leopards at the ends of the row.	MetaMathQA	17
Offline reinforcement learning (RL) defines the task of learning from a fixed batch of data. Due to errors in value estimation from out-of-distribution actions, most offline RL algorithms take the approach of constraining or regularizing the policy with the actions contained in the dataset.	Semantic Scholar - A Minimalist Approach to Offline Reinforcement Lea... (2021, 806 cit.)	44
Adding 13 to both sides, we get: 8x = 40.	MetaMathQA	14
The concept of “Industry 4.0” is expected to bring a multitude of benefits for industrial value creation. However, the associated risks hamper its implementation and lack a comprehensive overview.	Semantic Scholar - Development of a Risk Framework for Industry 4.0 i... (2019, 320 cit.)	29
That would not be possible when writing using the financial characters 參拾 (30) and 伍仟 (5000). They are also referred to as "banker's numerals" or "anti-fraud numerals". For the same reason, rod numerals were never used in commercial records. 1. ^ Wugniu is a pan-Wu romanization scheme, but the exact romanization depends on the variety.	Wikipedia - Chinese numerals	55
Dividing both sides by 2000, we get: x = $110.	MetaMathQA	16
7 Ma: First hominins appear 3.9 Ma: First Australopithecus, direct ancestor to modern Homo sapiens, appear 200 ka (kiloannum: thousand years ago): First modern Homo sapiens appear in East Africa	Wikipedia - Geology	30
Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for instance, have been used in such diverse applications as spacecraft and fishing rods.	Wikipedia - Mechanical engineering	18
By swapping eigenstates we are able to demonstrate a technique for reading out and initializing the state of a double quantum dot without shuttling charges through the quantum dot.	Semantic Scholar - Coherent transfer of quantum information in a sili... (2019, 95 cit.)	29
{\displaystyle \|\psi _{k}\rangle \sim \|\psi _{l}\rangle \;\;\Leftrightarrow \;\;\|\psi _{k}\rangle =e^{i\alpha }\|\psi _{l}\rangle ,\quad \ \alpha \in \mathbb {R} .} As such, a quantum state is an element of a projective Hilbert space, conventionally termed a "ray".	Wikipedia - Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics	36
A collection of ten items (most often ten years) is called a decade.	Wikipedia - 10	13
Dividing both sides by 60, we get: x = $75.	MetaMathQA	16
Clagett, Marshall (1999). Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book, Vol. III: Ancient Egyptian Mathematics. Memoirs of the APS, Vol. 232. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-232-0. Lepsius, Karl Richard (1865). Die Alt-Aegyptische Elle und Ihre Eintheilung (in German). Berlin: Dümmler.	Wikipedia - Egyptian geometry	40
If he gives 3/4 of the marbles to his sister, he gives away 3/4 * 100 = 75 marbles.	MetaMathQA	27
The 100-meter breaststroke is 2 seconds slower than the butterfly, so it takes David 55 + 2 = 57 seconds to swim the breaststroke.	MetaMathQA	30
Construction engineering, also known as construction operations, is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. Construction engineers learn some of the design aspects similar to civil engineers as well as project management aspects.	Wikipedia - Construction engineering	58
The connection between mathematics and material reality has led to philosophical debates since at least the time of Pythagoras. The ancient philosopher Plato argued that abstractions that reflect material reality have themselves a reality that exists outside space and time.	Wikipedia - Mathematics	40
Navigli has worked in multilingual NLP, including the creation of BabelNet, and led the Minerva project.	Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence industry in Italy	16
Joyce's previous property was 2 acres.	MetaMathQA	9
He stands as the recognised innovator and authority in his subject, while remaining disarmingly direct and enthusiastic." His work, in the words of Sir David Cox (FRS), "links two fascinating fields, nonlinear time series and deterministic dynamical systems." He is the father of the threshold time series models, which have extensive applications in ecology, economics, epidemiology and finance.	Wikipedia - Howell Tong	58
Legally required brain scans arguably violate “the guarantee against self-incrimination” because they differ from acceptable forms of bodily evidence, such as fingerprints or blood samples, in an important way: they are not simply physical, hard evidence, but evidence that is intimately linked to the defendant's mind.	Wikipedia - Augmented cognition	46
Several methods have been proposed for achieving this. In one of these, two graphs are constructed, one representing the currents in the circuit and the other representing the voltages. Passive components will have identical branches in both trees but active components may not. The method relies on identifying spanning trees that are common to both graphs.	Wikipedia - Circuit topology (electrical)	56
are 16 line segments (semicircles and radii) with magic number 69, more than a 6 order magic square with only 12 magic numbers.	Wikipedia - Magic circle (mathematics)	23
This tool, which plays a central role in the analysis and the numerical solution of convex optimization problems, has recently been introduced in the arena of inverse problems and, especially, in signal processing, where it has become increasingly important.	Semantic Scholar - Proximal Splitting Methods in Signal Processing... (2009, 2641 cit.)	39
The BCF is a measure of the extent of chemical sharing between an organism and the surrounding environment. In surface water, the BCF is the ratio of a chemical's concentration in an organism to the chemical's aqueous concentration.	Wikipedia - Bioconcentration	38
We also highlight current advances in the design and synthesis of amyloid-based biological and functional materials and identify new potential fields in which amyloid-based structures promise new breakthroughs.	Semantic Scholar - Self-assembling peptide and protein amyloids: from... (2017, 502 cit.)	28
She has 10 days to collect these items, so she needs to collect 50 items / 10 days = 5 items per day.	MetaMathQA	25
If her father is 60 years old, and her mother is 2 years younger than her father, then her mother is 60 - 2 = 58 years old.	MetaMathQA	31
Dividing both sides by 1000, we get: x = 3.	MetaMathQA	15
This paper investigates deep recurrent neural networks, which combine the multiple levels of representation that have proved so effective in deep networks with the flexible use of long range context that empowers RNNs.	Semantic Scholar - Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural netw... (2013, 8501 cit.)	33
To find the total time it took Chelsea to make the cupcakes, we need to add the time for baking and icing for each batch.	MetaMathQA	28
Each gate takes 2 minutes to pass through, which is equal to 2 * 60 = 120 seconds.	MetaMathQA	20
Chris got sick for one week, so Cathy had to work for her during that week, which means Cathy worked an extra 20 hours that week.	MetaMathQA	29
Stuart Freedman in 1972. Aspect later shared the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics with Clauser and Anton Zeilinger "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".	Wikipedia - Timeline of quantum mechanics	34
The communication from such devices can be secured by a mean of lightweight cryptography, a lighter version of cryptography.	Semantic Scholar - Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms for Resource-C... (2021, 209 cit.)	19
Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a cell because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions. Sugar in the form of glucose is the main nutrient used by animal and plant cells in respiration.	Wikipedia - Biology	51
It features all the benefits of the single unit DBB valve, with the added benefit of a bespoke face-to-face dimension if required.	Wikipedia - Block and bleed manifold	22
So the total cost of the hair color is x * $3 = $3x.	MetaMathQA	18
Python uses duck typing, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type.	Wikipedia - Python (programming language)	41
In digital numeral systems, the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers in a positional numeral system.	Wikipedia - Glossary of computer science	22
Nicolai has 4 times as many guppies as Charliz, so he has 6 x 4 = 24 guppies.	MetaMathQA	27
Algorithms have been criticized as a method for obscuring racial prejudices in decision-making.: 158 Because of how certain races and ethnic groups were treated in the past, data can often contain hidden biases. For example, black people are likely to receive longer sentences than white people who committed the same crime.	Wikipedia - Algorithmic bias	51
The humans are free to have heroic adventures, but also to commit torture, rape or murder; and the hosts are normally designed not to harm humans. In Greg Egan's short story Learning to be me, a small jewel is implanted in people's heads during infancy. The jewel contains a neural network that learns to faithfully imitate the brain.	Wikipedia - Artificial consciousness	58
, B V ) = A Attention ( Q , K , V ) {\displaystyle {\text{Attention}}(\mathbf {A} \mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {B} \mathbf {K} ,\mathbf {B} \mathbf {V} )=\mathbf {A} \,{\text{Attention}}(\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {K} ,\mathbf {V} )} which shows that QKV attention is equivariant with respect to re-ordering the queries (rows of Q {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} } ); and invariant to	Wikipedia - Attention (machine learning)	60
Our work demonstrates that backdoor poisoning attacks pose real threats to a learning system, and thus highlights the importance of further investigation and proposing defense strategies against them.	Semantic Scholar - Targeted Backdoor Attacks on Deep Learning Systems... (2017, 1824 cit.)	28
By August 25, 2021, some members arrived in Mexico. Saghar, a team member who evacuated to Mexico, said, "We wanted to continue the path that we started to continue to go for our achievements and to go for having our dreams through reality.	Wikipedia - Afghan Girls Robotics Team	43
She also needs to put down a deposit of $500.	MetaMathQA	12
The variation is less if the number of anomalistic months is near a whole number, and if the number of anomalistic years is near a whole number. (See graphs lower down of semester and Hipparchic cycle.) Any eclipse cycle, and indeed the interval between any two eclipses, can be expressed as a combination of saros (s) and inex (i) intervals.	Wikipedia - Eclipse cycle	60
Design/methodology/approach The graph theory is used to model the MANET communication diagram on the highway and propose a new reliable routing method for internet of vehicles based on graph theory.	Semantic Scholar - Novel reliable routing method for engineering of i... (2018, 72 cit.)	30
In ergodic many-body quantum systems, locally encoded quantum information becomes, in the course of time evolution, inaccessible to local measurements. This concept of "scrambling" is currently of intense research interest, entailing a deep understanding of many-body dynamics such as the processes of chaos and thermalization.	Semantic Scholar - Quantum Information Scrambling in a Trapped-Ion Qu... (2020, 110 cit.)	45
Interstellar astrophysics – study of the interstellar medium, intergalactic medium and dust. Extragalactic astronomy – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our Galaxy, including galaxy formation and evolution. Stellar astronomy – concerned with Star formation, physical properties, main sequence life span, variability, stellar evolution and extinction. Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space.	Wikipedia - Outline of astronomy	56

Most tasks in natural language processing can be cast into question answering (QA) problems over language input. We introduce the dynamic memory network (DMN), a neural network architecture which processes input sequences and questions, forms episodic memories, and generates relevant answers.

Semantic Scholar - Ask Me Anything: Dynamic Memory Networks for Natur... (2015, 1176 cit.)

41

The mantle is mainly composed of silicates, and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with phase transitions. The mantle acts as a solid for seismic waves, but under high pressures and temperatures, it deforms so that over millions of years it acts like a liquid. This makes plate tectonics possible.

Wikipedia - Geophysics

53

Circular cross sections do not experience such a mode of buckling.

Wikipedia - Buckling

11

As of 2007, the consensus in the AGI research community seemed to be that the timeline discussed by Ray Kurzweil in 2005 in The Singularity is Near (i.e. between 2015 and 2045) was plausible. Mainstream AI researchers have given a wide range of opinions on whether progress will be this rapid.

Wikipedia - Artificial general intelligence

51

The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free to rotate and therefore lacking bending moments) at both ends; the ends can only react to the shear loads. Other beams can have both ends fixed (known as encastre beam); therefore each end support has both bending moments and shear reaction loads.

Wikipedia - Bending moment

52

Assuming the bar has a mass m {\displaystyle m} , when the switch is closed and current begins to flow through the bar in the magnetic field, a force will be induced. However, F i n d {\displaystyle F_{ind}} will now be opposed by the force from the weight of m {\displaystyle m} from gravity g {\displaystyle g} .

Wikipedia - Electric machine

59

Issues that have not been fully treated in existing texts, such as stability analysis, systematic design, and performance analysis, are crucial to the validity and applicability of fuzzy control methodology.

Semantic Scholar - Fuzzy Control Systems Design and Analysis: A Linea... (2008, 3720 cit.)

30

MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications

Semantic Scholar - MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Network... (2017, 20730 cit.)

9

The day after tomorrow, I will do 40 + 5 = 45 squats.

MetaMathQA

15

In the second round, there are 128 players, so we need 64 games to determine the winners.

MetaMathQA

20

will be". In the Hellenistic world the art of alchemy first proliferated, mingling magic and occultism into the study of natural substances with the ultimate goal of transmuting elements into gold and discovering the elixir of eternal life.

Wikipedia - Chemistry

38

The opposite process is performed by kinases. phosphate Any chemical species or functional group derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4) by the removal of one or more protons (H+); the completely ionized form, [PO4]3−, consists of a single, central phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms via three single bonds and one double bond.

Wikipedia - Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)

54

The cost to rent a sailboat for 6 hours is $60 x 6 = $360.

MetaMathQA

19

Recent research has focused on the challenges and opportunities regarding grid congestion, energy storage, sector coupling, electrification of transport and industry implying power-to-X and hydrogen-to-X, and the inclusion of natural and technical carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches.

Semantic Scholar - On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy... (2022, 250 cit.)

37

Arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of s- and p-block elements. It has been shown to work well for hypervalent compounds.

Wikipedia - Arrow pushing

27

We are given that the determinant of the matrix is 0.

MetaMathQA

13

Then Hugo spent $75 on an online game.

MetaMathQA

10

Simplifying the left side, we get: 18 + 3x - 4 = 26.

MetaMathQA

19

Other methods includes deep visual proteomics that profile protein expression in single cells by laser capture microdissection and mass spectroscopy. The term "spatial medicine" is recently coined by Eric Topol to refer to a study that used deep visual proteomics to find a therapeutic treatment for patients with a rare skin condition.

Wikipedia - Spatial biology

52

Ryan got a total of 2100 pages in 5 books, so on average, each book had 2100/5 = 420 pages.

MetaMathQA

25

Emerging models are beginning to incorporate six key biological mechanisms that can improve predictions of biological responses to climate change.

Semantic Scholar - Improving the forecast for biodiversity under clim... (2016, 963 cit.)

20

Elevation: the angular height of an object above the horizon; alternatively: zenith distance equal to 90 degrees minus elevation. Local topocentric coordinates: azimuth (direction angle within the plane of the horizon), elevation angle (or zenith angle), distance. North celestial pole: the extension of Earth's (precessing and nutating) instantaneous spin axis extended northward to intersect the celestial sphere.

Wikipedia - Geodesy

57

Bionics is a medical engineering field and a branch of biorobotics consisting of electrical and mechanical systems that imitate biological systems, such as prosthetics and hearing aids. It's a portmanteau that combines biology and electronics.

Wikipedia - Biorobotics

35

International Machine Learning Society mloss is an academic database of open-source machine learning software.

Wikipedia - Machine learning

14

As a review paper, it synthesizes existing literature, reports, and case studies to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current cybersecurity landscape in Nigerian banks.

Semantic Scholar - CYBERSECURITY DYNAMICS IN NIGERIAN BANKING: TRENDS... (2024, 29 cit.)

25

Acoustical engineering is one of many other sub-disciplines of mechanical engineering and is the application of acoustics. Acoustical engineering is the study of Sound and Vibration. These engineers work effectively to reduce noise pollution in mechanical devices and in buildings by soundproofing or removing sources of unwanted noise.

Wikipedia - Mechanical engineering

48

) τ ¯ z r ( k r , 0 , ω ) ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {K}}\cdot {\binom {{\bar {u_{r}}}(k_{r},0),\omega )}{{\bar {u_{z}}}(k_{r},0,\omega )}}={\binom {{\bar {\sigma }}_{zz}(k_{r},0,\omega )}{{\bar {\tau }}_{zr}(k_{r},0,\omega )}}} Herein, K {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {K}}} represents the stiffness matrix of the whole model.

Wikipedia - Critical embankment velocity

43

Alloying elements are added to a base metal, to induce hardness, toughness, ductility, or other desired properties. Most metals and alloys can be work hardened by creating defects in their crystal structure. These defects are created during plastic deformation by hammering, bending, extruding, et cetera, and are permanent unless the metal is recrystallized.

Wikipedia - Alloy

53

The addition of spins in quantum-mechanical terms can be read directly from this approach as spherical harmonics are eigenfunctions of total angular momentum and projection thereof onto an axis, and the integrals correspond to the Hilbert space inner product. From the formal definition of angular momentum, recursion relations for the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients can be found.

Wikipedia - Clebsch–Gordan coefficients

55

There are 96 campers in total.

MetaMathQA

8

John's Hospital and IIIT-B are focusing on using computer vision for early detection of autism.

Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence in India

15

In total, they broke 2 + 8 = 10 glasses.

MetaMathQA

12

The club sold 53 small children tickets, and each child will eat half an omelet, so they will need 53 * 0.5 = 26.5 omelets for small children.

MetaMathQA

39

This paper argues that this conception of music is at odds both with recent Western musical scholarship and with ethnomusicological models, and that it presents a partial and culture-specific representation of what may be a generic human capacity.

Semantic Scholar - Cognitive Science and the Cultural Nature of Music... (2012, 38 cit.)

38

This is what happens when a person stands on an empty aluminum can and then taps the sides briefly, causing it to then become instantly crushed (the vertical sides of the can may be understood as an infinite series of extremely thin columns).

Wikipedia - Buckling

43

Ernst, Carl H. Evelyn M. Ernst. Snakes of the United States and Canada. Smithsonian Books, 2003. ISBN 1588340198. Halliday, Tim and Kraig Alder. The Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Facts on File, 1986. Rossi, John, Roxanne Rossi. Snakes of the United States and Canada: Natural history and care in captivity. Krieger, 2003. ISBN 1575240319. Smith, Hobart Muir.

Wikipedia - Bibliography of encyclopedias: biology

57

If the pan of brownies is cut into 16 pieces, each piece represents 1/16 of the whole pan.

MetaMathQA

23

In a set of three experiments we show that this paradigm provides a reliable and valid signature of SL performance, and it offers important insights for understanding how statistical regularities are perceived and assimilated in the visual modality.

Semantic Scholar - Redefining "Learning" in Statistical Learning: Wha... (2018, 87 cit.)

38

This highlighted ongoing challenges in ensuring the reliability and safety of AI-generated content, prompting further revisions to the tool's capabilities. == References ==

Wikipedia - AI Overviews

23

Aldrich rented a ski boat for 3 hours a day, so for two days, he rented it for a total of 3 hours/day x 2 days = 6 hours.

MetaMathQA

36

The IRL problem can be defined as: Given 1) measurements of an agent's behaviour over time, in a variety of circumstances; 2) measurements of the sensory inputs to that agent; 3) a model of the physical environment (including the agent's body): Determine the reward function that the agent is optimizing. IRL researcher Stuart J.

Wikipedia - Apprenticeship learning

54

During the 17th century, important breakthroughs in the foundations of mechanical engineering occurred in England. Sir Isaac Newton formulated Newton's Laws of Motion and developed Calculus, the mathematical basis of physics.

Wikipedia - History of mechanical engineering

31

An application of long term observations is the Keeling Curve - a series of measurements from 1958 to today which show a steady rise in the concentration of carbon dioxide (see also ongoing measurements of atmospheric CO2).

Wikipedia - Atmospheric chemistry

37

This text is concerned with exposing these regularities through unified geometric principles that can be applied throughout a wide spectrum of applications.

Semantic Scholar - Geometric Deep Learning: Grids, Groups, Graphs, Ge... (2021, 1139 cit.)

22

The hydrosphere proper contains all the liquid water on Earth, with most of it contained in the world's oceans. The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface to an average depth of nearly 4 kilometres (2.5 miles), and ocean heat content is much larger than the heat held by the atmosphere.

Wikipedia - Climate system

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= r\left(\frac{29}{30}\right)

MetaMathQA

13

Artificial intelligence in hiring confers many benefits, but it also has some challenges which have concerned experts. AI is only as good as the data it is using. Biases can inadvertently be baked into the data used in AI. Often companies will use data from their employees to decide what people to recruit or hire.

Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence in hiring

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The grey dog weighs 2 pounds less than the black dog, so its weight is (x + 1) -

MetaMathQA

22

The remaining 4 students paid only half, which means they paid $50/2 = $25 each.

MetaMathQA

21

First, we place the shortest two leopards at the ends of the row.

MetaMathQA

17

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) defines the task of learning from a fixed batch of data. Due to errors in value estimation from out-of-distribution actions, most offline RL algorithms take the approach of constraining or regularizing the policy with the actions contained in the dataset.

Semantic Scholar - A Minimalist Approach to Offline Reinforcement Lea... (2021, 806 cit.)

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Adding 13 to both sides, we get: 8x = 40.

MetaMathQA

14

The concept of “Industry 4.0” is expected to bring a multitude of benefits for industrial value creation. However, the associated risks hamper its implementation and lack a comprehensive overview.

Semantic Scholar - Development of a Risk Framework for Industry 4.0 i... (2019, 320 cit.)

29

That would not be possible when writing using the financial characters 參拾 (30) and 伍仟 (5000). They are also referred to as "banker's numerals" or "anti-fraud numerals". For the same reason, rod numerals were never used in commercial records. 1. ^ Wugniu is a pan-Wu romanization scheme, but the exact romanization depends on the variety.

Wikipedia - Chinese numerals

55

Dividing both sides by 2000, we get: x = $110.

MetaMathQA

16

7 Ma: First hominins appear 3.9 Ma: First Australopithecus, direct ancestor to modern Homo sapiens, appear 200 ka (kiloannum: thousand years ago): First modern Homo sapiens appear in East Africa

Wikipedia - Geology

30

Carbon fiber reinforced composites, for instance, have been used in such diverse applications as spacecraft and fishing rods.

Wikipedia - Mechanical engineering

18

By swapping eigenstates we are able to demonstrate a technique for reading out and initializing the state of a double quantum dot without shuttling charges through the quantum dot.

Semantic Scholar - Coherent transfer of quantum information in a sili... (2019, 95 cit.)

29

{\displaystyle |\psi _{k}\rangle \sim |\psi _{l}\rangle \;\;\Leftrightarrow \;\;|\psi _{k}\rangle =e^{i\alpha }|\psi _{l}\rangle ,\quad \ \alpha \in \mathbb {R} .} As such, a quantum state is an element of a projective Hilbert space, conventionally termed a "ray".

Wikipedia - Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics

36

A collection of ten items (most often ten years) is called a decade.

Wikipedia - 10

13

Dividing both sides by 60, we get: x = $75.

MetaMathQA

16

Clagett, Marshall (1999). Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book, Vol. III: Ancient Egyptian Mathematics. Memoirs of the APS, Vol. 232. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-232-0. Lepsius, Karl Richard (1865). Die Alt-Aegyptische Elle und Ihre Eintheilung (in German). Berlin: Dümmler.

Wikipedia - Egyptian geometry

40

If he gives 3/4 of the marbles to his sister, he gives away 3/4 * 100 = 75 marbles.

MetaMathQA

27

The 100-meter breaststroke is 2 seconds slower than the butterfly, so it takes David 55 + 2 = 57 seconds to swim the breaststroke.

MetaMathQA

30

Construction engineering, also known as construction operations, is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. Construction engineers learn some of the design aspects similar to civil engineers as well as project management aspects.

Wikipedia - Construction engineering

58

The connection between mathematics and material reality has led to philosophical debates since at least the time of Pythagoras. The ancient philosopher Plato argued that abstractions that reflect material reality have themselves a reality that exists outside space and time.

Wikipedia - Mathematics

40

Navigli has worked in multilingual NLP, including the creation of BabelNet, and led the Minerva project.

Wikipedia - Artificial intelligence industry in Italy

16

Joyce's previous property was 2 acres.

MetaMathQA

9

He stands as the recognised innovator and authority in his subject, while remaining disarmingly direct and enthusiastic." His work, in the words of Sir David Cox (FRS), "links two fascinating fields, nonlinear time series and deterministic dynamical systems." He is the father of the threshold time series models, which have extensive applications in ecology, economics, epidemiology and finance.

Wikipedia - Howell Tong

58

Legally required brain scans arguably violate “the guarantee against self-incrimination” because they differ from acceptable forms of bodily evidence, such as fingerprints or blood samples, in an important way: they are not simply physical, hard evidence, but evidence that is intimately linked to the defendant's mind.

Wikipedia - Augmented cognition

46

Several methods have been proposed for achieving this. In one of these, two graphs are constructed, one representing the currents in the circuit and the other representing the voltages. Passive components will have identical branches in both trees but active components may not. The method relies on identifying spanning trees that are common to both graphs.

Wikipedia - Circuit topology (electrical)

56

are 16 line segments (semicircles and radii) with magic number 69, more than a 6 order magic square with only 12 magic numbers.

Wikipedia - Magic circle (mathematics)

23

This tool, which plays a central role in the analysis and the numerical solution of convex optimization problems, has recently been introduced in the arena of inverse problems and, especially, in signal processing, where it has become increasingly important.

Semantic Scholar - Proximal Splitting Methods in Signal Processing... (2009, 2641 cit.)

39

The BCF is a measure of the extent of chemical sharing between an organism and the surrounding environment. In surface water, the BCF is the ratio of a chemical's concentration in an organism to the chemical's aqueous concentration.

Wikipedia - Bioconcentration

38

We also highlight current advances in the design and synthesis of amyloid-based biological and functional materials and identify new potential fields in which amyloid-based structures promise new breakthroughs.

Semantic Scholar - Self-assembling peptide and protein amyloids: from... (2017, 502 cit.)

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She has 10 days to collect these items, so she needs to collect 50 items / 10 days = 5 items per day.

MetaMathQA

25

If her father is 60 years old, and her mother is 2 years younger than her father, then her mother is 60 - 2 = 58 years old.

MetaMathQA

31

Dividing both sides by 1000, we get: x = 3.

MetaMathQA

15

This paper investigates deep recurrent neural networks, which combine the multiple levels of representation that have proved so effective in deep networks with the flexible use of long range context that empowers RNNs.

Semantic Scholar - Speech recognition with deep recurrent neural netw... (2013, 8501 cit.)

33

To find the total time it took Chelsea to make the cupcakes, we need to add the time for baking and icing for each batch.

MetaMathQA

28

Each gate takes 2 minutes to pass through, which is equal to 2 * 60 = 120 seconds.

MetaMathQA

20

Chris got sick for one week, so Cathy had to work for her during that week, which means Cathy worked an extra 20 hours that week.

MetaMathQA

29

Stuart Freedman in 1972. Aspect later shared the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics with Clauser and Anton Zeilinger "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science".

Wikipedia - Timeline of quantum mechanics

34

The communication from such devices can be secured by a mean of lightweight cryptography, a lighter version of cryptography.

Semantic Scholar - Lightweight Cryptography Algorithms for Resource-C... (2021, 209 cit.)

19

Although cellular respiration is technically a combustion reaction, it clearly does not resemble one when it occurs in a cell because of the slow, controlled release of energy from the series of reactions. Sugar in the form of glucose is the main nutrient used by animal and plant cells in respiration.

Wikipedia - Biology

51

It features all the benefits of the single unit DBB valve, with the added benefit of a bespoke face-to-face dimension if required.

Wikipedia - Block and bleed manifold

22

So the total cost of the hair color is x * $3 = $3x.

MetaMathQA

18

Python uses duck typing, and it has typed objects but untyped variable names. Type constraints are not checked at definition time; rather, operations on an object may fail at usage time, indicating that the object is not of an appropriate type.

Wikipedia - Python (programming language)

41

In digital numeral systems, the number of unique digits, including the digit zero, used to represent numbers in a positional numeral system.

Wikipedia - Glossary of computer science

22

Nicolai has 4 times as many guppies as Charliz, so he has 6 x 4 = 24 guppies.

MetaMathQA

27

Algorithms have been criticized as a method for obscuring racial prejudices in decision-making.: 158 Because of how certain races and ethnic groups were treated in the past, data can often contain hidden biases. For example, black people are likely to receive longer sentences than white people who committed the same crime.

Wikipedia - Algorithmic bias

51

The humans are free to have heroic adventures, but also to commit torture, rape or murder; and the hosts are normally designed not to harm humans. In Greg Egan's short story Learning to be me, a small jewel is implanted in people's heads during infancy. The jewel contains a neural network that learns to faithfully imitate the brain.

Wikipedia - Artificial consciousness

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, B V ) = A Attention ( Q , K , V ) {\displaystyle {\text{Attention}}(\mathbf {A} \mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {B} \mathbf {K} ,\mathbf {B} \mathbf {V} )=\mathbf {A} \,{\text{Attention}}(\mathbf {Q} ,\mathbf {K} ,\mathbf {V} )} which shows that QKV attention is equivariant with respect to re-ordering the queries (rows of Q {\displaystyle \mathbf {Q} } ); and invariant to

Wikipedia - Attention (machine learning)

60

Our work demonstrates that backdoor poisoning attacks pose real threats to a learning system, and thus highlights the importance of further investigation and proposing defense strategies against them.

Semantic Scholar - Targeted Backdoor Attacks on Deep Learning Systems... (2017, 1824 cit.)

28

By August 25, 2021, some members arrived in Mexico. Saghar, a team member who evacuated to Mexico, said, "We wanted to continue the path that we started to continue to go for our achievements and to go for having our dreams through reality.

Wikipedia - Afghan Girls Robotics Team

43

She also needs to put down a deposit of $500.

MetaMathQA

12

The variation is less if the number of anomalistic months is near a whole number, and if the number of anomalistic years is near a whole number. (See graphs lower down of semester and Hipparchic cycle.) Any eclipse cycle, and indeed the interval between any two eclipses, can be expressed as a combination of saros (s) and inex (i) intervals.

Wikipedia - Eclipse cycle

60

Design/methodology/approach The graph theory is used to model the MANET communication diagram on the highway and propose a new reliable routing method for internet of vehicles based on graph theory.

Semantic Scholar - Novel reliable routing method for engineering of i... (2018, 72 cit.)

30

In ergodic many-body quantum systems, locally encoded quantum information becomes, in the course of time evolution, inaccessible to local measurements. This concept of "scrambling" is currently of intense research interest, entailing a deep understanding of many-body dynamics such as the processes of chaos and thermalization.

Semantic Scholar - Quantum Information Scrambling in a Trapped-Ion Qu... (2020, 110 cit.)

45

Interstellar astrophysics – study of the interstellar medium, intergalactic medium and dust. Extragalactic astronomy – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our Galaxy, including galaxy formation and evolution. Stellar astronomy – concerned with Star formation, physical properties, main sequence life span, variability, stellar evolution and extinction. Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of plasma in outer space.

Wikipedia - Outline of astronomy

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