Seed42Lab/en-ud-test · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 11 758	label class label 2 classes
Personal experiences of discrimination and bias have been the focus of much social science research. [1 - 3]	1clean
Sociologists have explored the adverse consequences of discrimination [3 – 5];	1clean
psychologists have examined the mental processes that underpin conscious and unconscious biases [6];	1clean
neuroscientists have examined the neurobiological underpinnings of discrimination [7 – 9];	1clean
and evolutionary theorists have explored the various ways that in-group / out-group biases emerged across the history of our species. [10]	1clean
In many respects, researchers already possess a wealth of knowledge concerning the origins and consequences of discrimination and bias. [11]	1clean
At least one prior study by Kessler and colleagues [15], however, using measures of perceived discrimination in a large American sample, reported that approximately 33% of respondents reported some form of discrimination (see also, Gibbons et al. [4]).	1clean
The current study seeks to build on this research by estimating the prevalence of discrimination experiences among a large, nationally representative sample of adults from the United States.	1clean
Additionally, because this question was only asked of respondents who reported prior discrimination experiences, the built-in skip pattern resulted in a large number of cases scored as missing (legitimate skip).	1clean
Because a race variable is not available from the Wave 4 interviews, we use the racial category reported by the respondent during the Wave 1 interview.	1clean
The logic is that (nearly) all Wave 4 respondents appeared in the Wave 1 sample, but not all would have been interviewed at Wave 3 due to differential patterns of temporary attrition.	1clean
Our exploratory study included three basic steps.	1clean
Second, we examined the relative proportions of the two discrimination experience measures across each racial category.	1clean
Finally, we assessed the distribution of reported reasons for discrimination across the racial categories.	1clean
This final step also included an examination of the relative distribution of racial categories across the various reported reasons for discrimination.	1clean
This section briefly presents the Gújjolaay Eegimaa (Eegimaa for short; Ethnologue code: ISO 639-3: bqj), its speakers and its varieties.	1clean
We also discuss aspects of the contact situation of the Eegimaa language.	1clean
The map in Figure 1, taken from Ethnologue, presents the languages of Senegal.	1clean
The arrow on the map points to the Eegimaa speaking area (Bandial is the name used by Ethnologue for Eegimaa).	1clean
In the south, the river known as Kamobeul Bolon separates Mof-Ávvi from the Bayot speaking area, while the west side of Mof-Ávvi coincides with the homeland of the Jóola Kaasa Húluf and Jóola Kaasa Ésuulaaluʔ.	1clean
The map in Figure 2 below, adapted from Palmeri and Gazio (1995), shows a very approximate location of Mof-Ávvi in relation to other neighbouring speech communities.	1clean
Jóola language varieties which are closely related to Eegimaa include Kujireray/Kuluunaay (from the village of Brin with 76% lexical similarity) and Gufiñamay (from the village of Afiniam with 74% lexical similarity (based on Lewis et al., 2014 eds.)).	1clean
There are also small migrant Eegimaa communities in villages like Djifanghor (east of Ziguinchor) and in Bourofaye (south of Ziguinchor), where they cohabit with speakers of Baïnounk languages.	1clean
Nowadays most Eegimaa speakers from Mof-Ávvi live outside their homeland, generally in urban areas like Ziguinchor and Dakar.	1clean
Speakers of Eegimaa use the term Gújjolaay (meaning Jóola) to refer to their language when they speak to each other, but Eegimaa to distinguish their Jóola variety from that of other Jóola peoples.	1clean
Following Smetana's nationalist example, Dvořák frequently employed aspects, specifically rhythms, of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia.	1clean
Dvořák's own style has been described as "the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them". [1]	1clean
Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age, being an apt violin student from age six.	1clean
Seeking recognition beyond the Prague area, he submitted a score of his First Symphony to a prize competition in Germany, but did not win, and the unreturned manuscript was lost until rediscovered many decades later.	1clean
In 1874 he made a submission to the Austrian State Prize for Composition, including scores of two further symphonies and other works.	1clean
Brahms recommended Dvořák to his publisher, Simrock, who soon afterward commissioned what became the Slavonic Dances, Op. 46.	1clean
In his career, Dvořák made nine invited visits to England, often conducting performances of his own works.	1clean
Visiting Russia in March 1890, he conducted concerts of his own music in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. [3]	1clean
In 1890 – 91, he wrote his Dumky Trio, one of his most successful chamber music pieces.	1clean
In 1892, Dvořák moved to the United States and became the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America in New York City.	1clean
While in the United States, Dvořák wrote his two most successful orchestral works: the Symphony From the New World, which spread his reputation worldwide, [4] and his Cello Concerto, one of the most highly regarded of all cello concerti.	1clean
He also wrote his most appreciated piece of chamber music, the American String Quartet, during this time.	1clean
But shortfalls in payment of his salary, along with increasing recognition in Europe and an onset of homesickness, led him to leave the United States and return to Bohemia in 1895.	1clean
He has been described as "arguably the most versatile... composer of his time". [5]	1clean
He entered the University of Copenhagen in 1877 when he was 17, initially studying law but not forgetting his language studies.	1clean
In 1881 he shifted his focus completely to languages, and in 1887 earned his master's degree in French, with English and Latin as his secondary languages.	1clean
He supported himself during his studies through part-time work as a schoolteacher and as a shorthand reporter in the Danish parliament.	1clean
In 1887 – 1888, he traveled to England, Germany and France, meeting linguists like Henry Sweet and Paul Passy and attending lectures at institutions like Oxford University.	1clean
Following the advice of his mentor Vilhelm Thomsen, he returned to Copenhagen in August 1888 and began work on his doctoral dissertation on the English case system.	1clean
He successfully defended his dissertation in 1891.	1clean
His early work focused primarily on language teaching reform and on phonetics, but he is best known for his later work on syntax and on language development.	1clean
He advanced the theories of Rank and Nexus in Danish in two papers: Sprogets logik (1913) and De to hovedarter af grammatiske forbindelser (1921).	1clean
Jespersen in this theory of ranks removes the parts of speech from the syntax, and differentiates between primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries; e.g. in "well honed phrase," "phrase" is a primary, this being defined by a secondary, "honed", which again is defined by a tertiary "well".	1clean
Junction and nexus proved valuable in bringing the concept of context to the forefront of the attention of the world of linguistics.	1clean
Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (1909 – 1949), concentrated on morphology and syntax, and Growth and Structure of the English Language (1905) is a comprehensive view of English by someone with another native language, and still in print, over 70 years after his death and more than 100 years after publication.	1clean
Late in his life he published Analytic Syntax (1937), in which he presents his views on syntactic structure using an idiosyncratic shorthand notation.	1clean
In The Philosophy of Grammar (1924) he challenged the accepted views of common concepts in Grammar and proposed corrections to the basic definitions of grammatical case, pronoun, object, voice etc., and developed further his notions of Rank and Nexus.	1clean
Jespersen visited the United States twice:	1clean
he lectured at the Congress of Arts and Sciences in St. Louis in 1904, and in 1909 – 1910 he visited both the University of California and Columbia University.	1clean
While in the U.S., he took occasion to study the country's educational system.	1clean
“Is there really much more logic in the opposite extreme which denies any kind of sound symbolism (apart from the small class of evident echoisms and ‘onomatopoeia’) and sees in our words only a collection of accidental and irrational associations of sound and meaning?...	1clean
There is no denying that there are words which we feel instinctively to be adequate to express the ideas they stand for.”	1clean
After his retirement in 1925, Jespersen remained active in the international linguistic community.	1clean
In addition to continuing to write, he convened and chaired the first International Meeting on Linguistic Research in Geneva in 1930, and acted as president of the Fourth International Congress of Linguists in Copenhagen in 1936.	1clean
He also worked with the International Auxiliary Language Association.	1clean
Jespersen received honorary degrees from Columbia University in New York (1910), St. Andrews University in Scotland (1925), and the Sorbonne in Paris (1927).	1clean
Are you — do they still teach at Bahia on Sunday?	1clean
Well I finally found some people there I can dance with.	1clean
So that helps.	1clean
Do you need a partner?	1clean
I swear it.	1clean
Well I don't necessarily mean, in a bad way, even though I'm sure there are a few there, I'm not dancing with guys.	1clean
But, but I remember, like I went there with this person, it's kind of funny.	1clean
Th- this person did not want to dance.	1clean
So she's just gon na watch.	1clean
I'm thinking, God these guys don't waste any time.	1clean
I mean, you turn your back and there's somebody moving in.	1clean
I mean I don't know if they —	1clean
Well I don't know if I told you, told you that story about that woman, who uh, went after that guy there?	1clean
I told you that story, right?	1clean
Uh, after the class is over w- over with, I'm sitting down at a table, there's a woman from — who was in the class, and two men, sitting to my right, is a table with two women there.	1clean
They had apparently just come from Oba Oba.	1clean
Oh I think you told me.	1clean
Anyway, there was this guy in his fifties, out there dancing, by himself.	1clean
And the woman was just looking at him, making eyes, then she went out there, got on her knees, in front of him, in this skirt that's this short, takes her hands, and goes along his toes, and then up, and is just doing like that.	1clean
I figured, oh, they must know each other.	1clean
And, they did that for the whole dance, and I mean, she was d- all kind of suggestive stuff, and touching him and everything, people would like cheering, and clapping, "go for it".	1clean
The – the song ended, the guy set down, at another table.	1clean
And she set down —	1clean
They never danced again the rest of the evening.	1clean
This is like — so I was thinking, this woman's sitting about as far away from me as Jamie is.	1clean
And I was thinking, hm, this is interesting.	1clean
I wonder how long it was gon na take the guys in this club to move in on her.	1clean
Well I was still trying to figure out, surely they must know each other, I mean, why wasn't he sitting at her table?	1clean
Anyway, this guy, I mean he comes over there, immediately afterwards —	1clean
He was sitting there, there were two guys sitting at a table right where you are.	1clean
And then these two women are sitting here.	1clean
So uh, he comes over there, and is talking with that woman I don't know about what, but then like ten minutes later, she and her friend are over at their table.	1clean
And I was thinking, it looks like these people aren't going home alone tonight.	1clean
But I just thought that —	1clean
Sam has been, has taken such an interest in this retirement bit that it — it really surprises me.	1clean
Well she's begun to listen.	1clean
Uh, she used to go over and read a book or something.	1clean
Well, he came over to you all smiles, I noticed.	1clean
Well, we've known each other for thirty-some years, why wouldn't he?	1clean

Personal experiences of discrimination and bias have been the focus of much social science research. [1 - 3]

1clean

Sociologists have explored the adverse consequences of discrimination [3 – 5];

1clean

psychologists have examined the mental processes that underpin conscious and unconscious biases [6];

1clean

neuroscientists have examined the neurobiological underpinnings of discrimination [7 – 9];

1clean

and evolutionary theorists have explored the various ways that in-group / out-group biases emerged across the history of our species. [10]

1clean

In many respects, researchers already possess a wealth of knowledge concerning the origins and consequences of discrimination and bias. [11]

1clean

At least one prior study by Kessler and colleagues [15], however, using measures of perceived discrimination in a large American sample, reported that approximately 33% of respondents reported some form of discrimination (see also, Gibbons et al. [4]).

1clean

The current study seeks to build on this research by estimating the prevalence of discrimination experiences among a large, nationally representative sample of adults from the United States.

1clean

Additionally, because this question was only asked of respondents who reported prior discrimination experiences, the built-in skip pattern resulted in a large number of cases scored as missing (legitimate skip).

1clean

Because a race variable is not available from the Wave 4 interviews, we use the racial category reported by the respondent during the Wave 1 interview.

1clean

The logic is that (nearly) all Wave 4 respondents appeared in the Wave 1 sample, but not all would have been interviewed at Wave 3 due to differential patterns of temporary attrition.

1clean

Our exploratory study included three basic steps.

1clean

Second, we examined the relative proportions of the two discrimination experience measures across each racial category.

1clean

Finally, we assessed the distribution of reported reasons for discrimination across the racial categories.

1clean

This final step also included an examination of the relative distribution of racial categories across the various reported reasons for discrimination.

1clean

This section briefly presents the Gújjolaay Eegimaa (Eegimaa for short; Ethnologue code: ISO 639-3: bqj), its speakers and its varieties.

1clean

We also discuss aspects of the contact situation of the Eegimaa language.

1clean

The map in Figure 1, taken from Ethnologue, presents the languages of Senegal.

1clean

The arrow on the map points to the Eegimaa speaking area (Bandial is the name used by Ethnologue for Eegimaa).

1clean

In the south, the river known as Kamobeul Bolon separates Mof-Ávvi from the Bayot speaking area, while the west side of Mof-Ávvi coincides with the homeland of the Jóola Kaasa Húluf and Jóola Kaasa Ésuulaaluʔ.

1clean

The map in Figure 2 below, adapted from Palmeri and Gazio (1995), shows a very approximate location of Mof-Ávvi in relation to other neighbouring speech communities.

1clean

Jóola language varieties which are closely related to Eegimaa include Kujireray/Kuluunaay (from the village of Brin with 76% lexical similarity) and Gufiñamay (from the village of Afiniam with 74% lexical similarity (based on Lewis et al., 2014 eds.)).

1clean

There are also small migrant Eegimaa communities in villages like Djifanghor (east of Ziguinchor) and in Bourofaye (south of Ziguinchor), where they cohabit with speakers of Baïnounk languages.

1clean

Nowadays most Eegimaa speakers from Mof-Ávvi live outside their homeland, generally in urban areas like Ziguinchor and Dakar.

1clean

Speakers of Eegimaa use the term Gújjolaay (meaning Jóola) to refer to their language when they speak to each other, but Eegimaa to distinguish their Jóola variety from that of other Jóola peoples.

1clean

Following Smetana's nationalist example, Dvořák frequently employed aspects, specifically rhythms, of the folk music of Moravia and his native Bohemia.

1clean

Dvořák's own style has been described as "the fullest recreation of a national idiom with that of the symphonic tradition, absorbing folk influences and finding effective ways of using them". [1]

1clean

Dvořák displayed his musical gifts at an early age, being an apt violin student from age six.

1clean

Seeking recognition beyond the Prague area, he submitted a score of his First Symphony to a prize competition in Germany, but did not win, and the unreturned manuscript was lost until rediscovered many decades later.

1clean

In 1874 he made a submission to the Austrian State Prize for Composition, including scores of two further symphonies and other works.

1clean

Brahms recommended Dvořák to his publisher, Simrock, who soon afterward commissioned what became the Slavonic Dances, Op. 46.

1clean

In his career, Dvořák made nine invited visits to England, often conducting performances of his own works.

1clean

Visiting Russia in March 1890, he conducted concerts of his own music in Moscow and Saint Petersburg. [3]

1clean

In 1890 – 91, he wrote his Dumky Trio, one of his most successful chamber music pieces.

1clean

In 1892, Dvořák moved to the United States and became the director of the National Conservatory of Music of America in New York City.

1clean

While in the United States, Dvořák wrote his two most successful orchestral works: the Symphony From the New World, which spread his reputation worldwide, [4] and his Cello Concerto, one of the most highly regarded of all cello concerti.

1clean

He also wrote his most appreciated piece of chamber music, the American String Quartet, during this time.

1clean

But shortfalls in payment of his salary, along with increasing recognition in Europe and an onset of homesickness, led him to leave the United States and return to Bohemia in 1895.

1clean

He has been described as "arguably the most versatile... composer of his time". [5]

1clean

He entered the University of Copenhagen in 1877 when he was 17, initially studying law but not forgetting his language studies.

1clean

In 1881 he shifted his focus completely to languages, and in 1887 earned his master's degree in French, with English and Latin as his secondary languages.

1clean

He supported himself during his studies through part-time work as a schoolteacher and as a shorthand reporter in the Danish parliament.

1clean

In 1887 – 1888, he traveled to England, Germany and France, meeting linguists like Henry Sweet and Paul Passy and attending lectures at institutions like Oxford University.

1clean

Following the advice of his mentor Vilhelm Thomsen, he returned to Copenhagen in August 1888 and began work on his doctoral dissertation on the English case system.

1clean

He successfully defended his dissertation in 1891.

1clean

His early work focused primarily on language teaching reform and on phonetics, but he is best known for his later work on syntax and on language development.

1clean

He advanced the theories of Rank and Nexus in Danish in two papers: Sprogets logik (1913) and De to hovedarter af grammatiske forbindelser (1921).

1clean

Jespersen in this theory of ranks removes the parts of speech from the syntax, and differentiates between primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries; e.g. in "well honed phrase," "phrase" is a primary, this being defined by a secondary, "honed", which again is defined by a tertiary "well".

1clean

Junction and nexus proved valuable in bringing the concept of context to the forefront of the attention of the world of linguistics.

1clean

Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (1909 – 1949), concentrated on morphology and syntax, and Growth and Structure of the English Language (1905) is a comprehensive view of English by someone with another native language, and still in print, over 70 years after his death and more than 100 years after publication.

1clean

Late in his life he published Analytic Syntax (1937), in which he presents his views on syntactic structure using an idiosyncratic shorthand notation.

1clean

In The Philosophy of Grammar (1924) he challenged the accepted views of common concepts in Grammar and proposed corrections to the basic definitions of grammatical case, pronoun, object, voice etc., and developed further his notions of Rank and Nexus.

1clean

Jespersen visited the United States twice:

1clean

he lectured at the Congress of Arts and Sciences in St. Louis in 1904, and in 1909 – 1910 he visited both the University of California and Columbia University.

1clean

While in the U.S., he took occasion to study the country's educational system.

1clean

“Is there really much more logic in the opposite extreme which denies any kind of sound symbolism (apart from the small class of evident echoisms and ‘onomatopoeia’) and sees in our words only a collection of accidental and irrational associations of sound and meaning?...

1clean

There is no denying that there are words which we feel instinctively to be adequate to express the ideas they stand for.”

1clean

After his retirement in 1925, Jespersen remained active in the international linguistic community.

1clean

In addition to continuing to write, he convened and chaired the first International Meeting on Linguistic Research in Geneva in 1930, and acted as president of the Fourth International Congress of Linguists in Copenhagen in 1936.

1clean

He also worked with the International Auxiliary Language Association.

1clean

Jespersen received honorary degrees from Columbia University in New York (1910), St. Andrews University in Scotland (1925), and the Sorbonne in Paris (1927).

1clean

Are you — do they still teach at Bahia on Sunday?

1clean

Well I finally found some people there I can dance with.

1clean

So that helps.

1clean

Do you need a partner?

1clean

I swear it.

1clean

Well I don't necessarily mean, in a bad way, even though I'm sure there are a few there, I'm not dancing with guys.

1clean

But, but I remember, like I went there with this person, it's kind of funny.

1clean

Th- this person did not want to dance.

1clean

So she's just gon na watch.

1clean

I'm thinking, God these guys don't waste any time.

1clean

I mean, you turn your back and there's somebody moving in.

1clean

I mean I don't know if they —

1clean

Well I don't know if I told you, told you that story about that woman, who uh, went after that guy there?

1clean

I told you that story, right?

1clean

Uh, after the class is over w- over with, I'm sitting down at a table, there's a woman from — who was in the class, and two men, sitting to my right, is a table with two women there.

1clean

They had apparently just come from Oba Oba.

1clean

Oh I think you told me.

1clean

Anyway, there was this guy in his fifties, out there dancing, by himself.

1clean

And the woman was just looking at him, making eyes, then she went out there, got on her knees, in front of him, in this skirt that's this short, takes her hands, and goes along his toes, and then up, and is just doing like that.

1clean

I figured, oh, they must know each other.

1clean

And, they did that for the whole dance, and I mean, she was d- all kind of suggestive stuff, and touching him and everything, people would like cheering, and clapping, "go for it".

1clean

The – the song ended, the guy set down, at another table.

1clean

And she set down —

1clean

They never danced again the rest of the evening.

1clean

This is like — so I was thinking, this woman's sitting about as far away from me as Jamie is.

1clean

And I was thinking, hm, this is interesting.

1clean

I wonder how long it was gon na take the guys in this club to move in on her.

1clean

Well I was still trying to figure out, surely they must know each other, I mean, why wasn't he sitting at her table?

1clean

Anyway, this guy, I mean he comes over there, immediately afterwards —

1clean

He was sitting there, there were two guys sitting at a table right where you are.

1clean

And then these two women are sitting here.

1clean

So uh, he comes over there, and is talking with that woman I don't know about what, but then like ten minutes later, she and her friend are over at their table.

1clean

And I was thinking, it looks like these people aren't going home alone tonight.

1clean

But I just thought that —

1clean

Sam has been, has taken such an interest in this retirement bit that it — it really surprises me.

1clean

Well she's begun to listen.

1clean

Uh, she used to go over and read a book or something.

1clean

Well, he came over to you all smiles, I noticed.

1clean

Well, we've known each other for thirty-some years, why wouldn't he?

1clean