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c_krhjeus2aw6h | Metal matrix composite | Summary | Metal_matrix_composites | There is some overlap between MMCs and cermets, with the latter typically consisting of less than 20% metal by volume. When at least three materials are present, it is called a hybrid composite. MMCs can have much higher strength-to-weight ratios, stiffness, and ductility than traditional materials, so they are often u... |
c_u4b317ftg0t7 | Partial dislocation | Summary | Partial_dislocation | In materials science, a partial dislocation is a decomposed form of dislocation that occurs within a crystalline material. An extended dislocation is a dislocation that has dissociated into a pair of partial dislocations. The vector sum of the Burgers vectors of the partial dislocations is the Burgers vector of the ext... |
c_8f4d6ebfddup | Polymer blend | Summary | Polymer_blend | In materials science, a polymer blend, or polymer mixture, is a member of a class of materials analogous to metal alloys, in which at least two polymers are blended together to create a new material with different physical properties. |
c_96r1cilho69z | Polymer matrix composite | Summary | Polymer_matrix_composite | In materials science, a polymer matrix composite (PMC) is a composite material composed of a variety of short or continuous fibers bound together by a matrix of organic polymers. PMCs are designed to transfer loads between fibers of a matrix. Some of the advantages with PMCs include their light weight, high resistance ... |
c_51tu1z1subgt | Porous media | Summary | Porous_medium | In materials science, a porous medium or a porous material is a material containing pores (voids). The skeletal portion of the material is often called the "matrix" or "frame". The pores are typically filled with a fluid (liquid or gas). The skeletal material is usually a solid, but structures like foams are often also... |
c_m2zhsq2mnhzg | Porous media | Summary | Porous_medium | A porous medium is most often characterised by its porosity. Other properties of the medium (e.g. permeability, tensile strength, electrical conductivity, tortuosity) can sometimes be derived from the respective properties of its constituents (solid matrix and fluid) and the media porosity and pores structure, but such... |
c_67edvxsqqrst | Porous media | Summary | Porous_medium | Often both the solid matrix and the pore network (also known as the pore space) are continuous, so as to form two interpenetrating continua such as in a sponge. However, there is also a concept of closed porosity and effective porosity, i.e. the pore space accessible to flow. Many natural substances such as rocks and s... |
c_bnzgykpfx0aj | Porous media | Summary | Porous_medium | Many of their important properties can only be rationalized by considering them to be porous media. The concept of porous media is used in many areas of applied science and engineering: filtration, mechanics (acoustics, geomechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics), engineering (petroleum engineering, bioremediation, c... |
c_wcdee2ycfq4n | Precipitate-free zone | Summary | Precipitate-free_zone | In materials science, a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) refers to microscopic localized regions around grain boundaries that are free of precipitates (solid impurities forced outwards from the grain during crystallization). It is a common phenomenon that arises in polycrystalline materials (crystalline materials with stoch... |
c_ad0i48efsjl5 | Refractory lining | Summary | Refractory_materials | In materials science, a refractory (or refractory material) is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are polycrystalline, polyphase, inorganic, non-metallic, porous, and heterogeneous. They are typically comp... |
c_zm9739l85qt3 | Sandwich structured composite | Summary | Sandwich-structured_composite | In materials science, a sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite materials that is fabricated by attaching two thin-but-stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally low strength, but its higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with high bending stiffness with ... |
c_19mfejse664o | Sandwich structured composite | Summary | Sandwich-structured_composite | Sometimes, the honeycomb structure is filled with other foams for added strength. Open- and closed-cell metal foam can also be used as core materials. Laminates of glass or carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics or mainly thermoset polymers (unsaturated polyesters, epoxies...) are widely used as skin materials. Sheet m... |
c_ak2uum6tzn69 | Mono-crystalline silicon | Summary | Single_Crystal | In materials science, a single crystal (or single-crystal solid or monocrystalline solid) is a material in which the crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken to the edges of the sample, with no grain boundaries. The absence of the defects associated with grain boundaries can give monocrystals uni... |
c_kno4t2ajqon0 | Mono-crystalline silicon | Summary | Single_Crystal | On the other hand, imperfect single crystals can reach enormous sizes in nature: several mineral species such as beryl, gypsum and feldspars are known to have produced crystals several meters across.The opposite of a single crystal is an amorphous structure where the atomic position is limited to short-range order only... |
c_bp5pvzggkfjr | Thermosetting polymer | Summary | Thermosetting_polymers | In materials science, a thermosetting polymer, often called a thermoset, is a polymer that is obtained by irreversibly hardening ("curing") a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer (resin). Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure, or mixing with a catalyst. Heat is not nece... |
c_tu6kv0zgzhx7 | Thermosetting polymer | Summary | Thermosetting_polymers | The starting material for making thermosets is usually malleable or liquid prior to curing, and is often designed to be molded into the final shape. It may also be used as an adhesive. Once hardened, a thermoset cannot be melted for reshaping, in contrast to thermoplastic polymers which are commonly produced and distri... |
c_40u7zaxd657w | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | Summary | Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) | In materials science, advanced composite materials (ACMs) are materials that are generally characterized by unusually high strength fibres with unusually high stiffness, or modulus of elasticity characteristics, compared to other materials, while bound together by weaker matrices. These are termed "advanced composite m... |
c_w5sfv8mxe48t | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | Summary | Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) | Advanced composites exhibit desirable physical and chemical properties that include light weight coupled with high stiffness (elasticity), and strength along the direction of the reinforcing fiber, dimensional stability, temperature and chemical resistance, flex performance, and relatively easy processing. Advanced com... |
c_drx3y18rtp2d | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | Summary | Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) | These classifications are polymer matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and metal matrix composites (MMCs). Also, materials within these categories are often called "advanced" if they combine the properties of high (axial, longitudinal) strength values and high (axial, longitudinal) stiffness valu... |
c_d4dkcgh99e9c | Advanced composite materials (engineering) | Summary | Advanced_composite_materials_(engineering) | Even more specifically ACMs are very attractive for aircraft and aerospace structural parts. ACMs have been developing for NASA's Advanced Space Transportation Program, armor protection for Army aviation and the Federal Aviation Administration of the USA, and high-temperature shafting for the Comanche helicopter. Addit... |
c_rtib2ea2o48d | Interstitial defect | Summary | Interstitial_element | In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect. Alternatively, small ... |
c_e0xd77hfutfu | Intrinsic properties | Applications in science and engineering | Intrinsic_property > Applications in science and engineering | In materials science, an intrinsic property is independent of how much of a material is present and is independent of the form of the material, e.g., one large piece or a collection of small particles. Intrinsic properties are dependent mainly on the fundamental chemical composition and structure of the material. Extri... |
c_a3x6tnikqad8 | Torsion tensor | The torsion of a filament | Torsion_form > Characterizations and interpretations > The torsion of a filament | In materials science, and especially elasticity theory, ideas of torsion also play an important role. One problem models the growth of vines, focusing on the question of how vines manage to twist around objects. The vine itself is modeled as a pair of elastic filaments twisted around one another. In its energy-minimizi... |
c_hsygco26v77z | Asperity (material science) | Summary | Asperity_(materials_science) | In materials science, asperity, defined as "unevenness of surface, roughness, ruggedness" (from the Latin asper—"rough"), has implications (for example) in physics and seismology. Smooth surfaces, even those polished to a mirror finish, are not truly smooth on a microscopic scale. They are rough, with sharp, rough or r... |
c_pwvq8jf3f6kh | Asperity (material science) | Summary | Asperity_(materials_science) | The fractal dimension of these structures has been correlated with the contact mechanics exhibited at an interface in terms of friction and contact stiffness. When two macroscopically smooth surfaces come into contact, initially they only touch at a few of these asperity points. These cover only a very small portion of... |
c_k4dx0rdl37kb | Asperity (material science) | Summary | Asperity_(materials_science) | Friction and wear originate at these points, and thus understanding their behavior becomes important when studying materials in contact. When the surfaces are subjected to a compressive load, the asperities deform through elastic and plastic modes, increasing the contact area between the two surfaces until the contact ... |
c_a75gn71w5f7c | Bulk density | Summary | Bulk_density | In materials science, bulk density, also called apparent density or volumetric density, is a property of powders, granules, and other "divided" solids, especially used in reference to mineral components (soil, gravel), chemical substances, pharmaceutical ingredients, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or par... |
c_x5joemf2iwp0 | Ceramic Matrix Composite | Summary | Ceramic_Matrix_Composite | In materials science, ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist of any ceramic material, whereby carbon and carbon fibers can also be regarded as a ceramic mat... |
c_2ig0bptrnigt | Friction force microscopy | Summary | Friction_force_microscopy | In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and samp... |
c_9548qs1o7og2 | Friction force microscopy | Summary | Friction_force_microscopy | CFM enables the ability to determine the chemical nature of surfaces, irrespective of their specific morphology, and facilitates studies of basic chemical bonding enthalpy and surface energy. Typically, CFM is limited by thermal vibrations within the cantilever holding the probe. This limits force measurement resolutio... |
c_18weafanflo7 | Creep (deformation) | Summary | Creep_(deformation) | In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material. Creep is more severe ... |
c_kt76n7irlh6w | Creep (deformation) | Summary | Creep_(deformation) | Depending on the magnitude of the applied stress and its duration, the deformation may become so large that a component can no longer perform its function – for example creep of a turbine blade could cause the blade to contact the casing, resulting in the failure of the blade. Creep is usually of concern to engineers a... |
c_2jjfflxqkd4j | Creep (deformation) | Summary | Creep_(deformation) | For example, moderate creep in concrete is sometimes welcomed because it relieves tensile stresses that might otherwise lead to cracking. Unlike brittle fracture, creep deformation does not occur suddenly upon the application of stress. Instead, strain accumulates as a result of long-term stress. Therefore, creep is a ... |
c_tiiyrzhekdxb | Critical resolved shear stress | Summary | Critical_resolved_shear_stress | In materials science, critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) is the component of shear stress, resolved in the direction of slip, necessary to initiate slip in a grain. Resolved shear stress (RSS) is the shear component of an applied tensile or compressive stress resolved along a slip plane that is other than perpendicu... |
c_tn7tya2blsct | Critical resolved shear stress | Summary | Critical_resolved_shear_stress | The CRSS is the value of resolved shear stress at which yielding of the grain occurs, marking the onset of plastic deformation. CRSS, therefore, is a material property and is not dependent on the applied load or grain orientation. The CRSS is related to the observed yield strength of the material by the maximum value o... |
c_v02rdfkm7o3s | Cross Slip | Summary | Cross_Slip | In materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb. Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is par... |
c_slmiaaswt38y | Cross Slip | Summary | Cross_Slip | Therefore, a screw dislocation can glide or slip along any plane that contains its Burgers vector. During cross slip, the screw dislocation switches from gliding along one slip plane to gliding along a different slip plane, called the cross-slip plane. The cross slip of moving dislocations can be seen by transmission e... |
c_9sr92sq41td5 | Euler angle | Crystallographic texture | Euler_Angles > Applications > Crystallographic texture | In materials science, crystallographic texture (or preferred orientation) can be described using Euler angles. In texture analysis, the Euler angles provide a mathematical depiction of the orientation of individual crystallites within a polycrystalline material, allowing for the quantitative description of the macrosco... |
c_p1o2ryiyc8y5 | Direct laser interference patterning | Summary | Direct_laser_interference_patterning | In materials science, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) is a laser-based technology that uses the physical principle of interference of high-intensity coherent laser beams to produce functional periodic microstructures. In order to obtain interference, the beam is divided by a beam splitter, special prisms, o... |
c_ddo3ilxk88dc | Direct laser interference patterning | Summary | Direct_laser_interference_patterning | Sufficiently high power of the laser beam can thus result in the removal of material at the interference maximums thanks to ablation phenomenon, leaving the material intact at the minimums. In this way, a repeatable pattern can be permanently fixed on the surface of a given material. DLIP can be applied to almost any m... |
c_rw1nir3lr1lz | Disappearing polymorphs | Summary | Disappearing_polymorphs | In materials science, disappearing polymorphs (or perverse polymorphism) describes a phenomenon in which a seemingly stable crystal structure is suddenly unable to be produced, instead transforming into a polymorph, or differing crystal structure with the same chemical composition, during nucleation. Sometimes the resu... |
c_vfqjxuoxrnu3 | Disappearing polymorphs | Summary | Disappearing_polymorphs | This is of concern to both the pharmaceutical and computer hardware industry, where disappearing polymorphs can ruin the effectiveness of their products, and make it impossible to manufacture the original product if there is any contamination. There have been cases of laboratories growing crystals of a particular struc... |
c_8mzqrloj58wc | Disappearing polymorphs | Summary | Disappearing_polymorphs | The drug paroxetine was subject to a lawsuit that hinged on such a pair of polymorphs, and multiple life-saving drugs, such as ritonavir, have been recalled due to unexpected polymorphism. Although it may seem like a so-called disappearing polymorph has disappeared for good, it is believed that it is always possible in... |
c_5c1eqay1lkk8 | Dispersion (materials science) | Summary | Dispersion_(materials_science) | In materials science, dispersion is the fraction of atoms of a material exposed to the surface. In general, D = NS/N, where D is the dispersion, NS is the number of surface atoms and NT is the total number of atoms of the material. It is an important concept in heterogeneous catalysis, since only atoms exposed to the s... |
c_ox85u72ul6l2 | Effective medium | Summary | Effective_permittivity_and_permeability | In materials science, effective medium approximations (EMA) or effective medium theory (EMT) pertain to analytical or theoretical modeling that describes the macroscopic properties of composite materials. EMAs or EMTs are developed from averaging the multiple values of the constituents that directly make up the composi... |
c_77jiew9ogxh5 | Effective medium | Summary | Effective_permittivity_and_permeability | However, theories have been developed that can produce acceptable approximations which in turn describe useful parameters including the effective permittivity and permeability of the materials as a whole. In this sense, effective medium approximations are descriptions of a medium (composite material) based on the prope... |
c_70r19t2lkv6b | Effective medium | Summary | Effective_permittivity_and_permeability | They both were derived in quasi-static approximation when the electric field inside a mixture particle may be considered as homogeneous. So, these formulae can not describe the particle size effect. Many attempts were undertaken to improve these formulae. |
c_n4sk1ke7unhq | Environmental stress fracture | Summary | Environmental_stress_fracture | In materials science, environmental stress fracture or environment assisted fracture is the generic name given to premature failure under the influence of tensile stresses and harmful environments of materials such as metals and alloys, composites, plastics and ceramics. Metals and alloys exhibit phenomena such as stre... |
c_zk1x7139hoas | Environmental stress fracture | Summary | Environmental_stress_fracture | Plastics and plastic-based composites may suffer swelling, debonding and loss of strength when exposed to organic fluids and other corrosive environments, such as acids and alkalies. Under the influence of stress and environment, many structural materials, particularly the high-specific strength ones become brittle and... |
c_jig27zojm8he | Environmental stress fracture | Summary | Environmental_stress_fracture | While their fracture toughness remains unaltered, their threshold stress intensity factor for crack propagation may be considerably lowered. Consequently, they become prone to premature fracture because of sub-critical crack growth. This article aims to give a brief overview of the various degradation processes mention... |
c_ft528bu363si | Fast ion conductor | Summary | Solid_electrolytes | In materials science, fast ion conductors are solid conductors with highly mobile ions. These materials are important in the area of solid state ionics, and are also known as solid electrolytes and superionic conductors. These materials are useful in batteries and various sensors. |
c_vd0mxahbkk3a | Fast ion conductor | Summary | Solid_electrolytes | Fast ion conductors are used primarily in solid oxide fuel cells. As solid electrolytes they allow the movement of ions without the need for a liquid or soft membrane separating the electrodes. The phenomenon relies on the hopping of ions through an otherwise rigid crystal structure. |
c_6sbp4o73ob4y | Material fatigue | Summary | Metal_fatigue | In materials science, fatigue is the initiation and propagation of cracks in a material due to cyclic loading. Once a fatigue crack has initiated, it grows a small amount with each loading cycle, typically producing striations on some parts of the fracture surface. The crack will continue to grow until it reaches a cri... |
c_14tg3eovj75z | Material fatigue | Summary | Metal_fatigue | In the nineteenth century, the sudden failing of metal railway axles was thought to be caused by the metal crystallising because of the brittle appearance of the fracture surface, but this has since been disproved. Most materials, such as composites, plastics and ceramics, seem to experience some sort of fatigue-relate... |
c_psnbvg67hmor | Material fatigue | Summary | Metal_fatigue | However, there are also a number of special cases that need to be considered where the rate of crack growth is significantly different compared to that obtained from constant amplitude testing. Such as the reduced rate of growth that occurs for small loads near the threshold or after the application of an overload; and... |
c_momczbpchs2l | Fracture toughening mechanisms | Summary | Fracture_toughness | In materials science, fracture toughness is the critical stress intensity factor of a sharp crack where propagation of the crack suddenly becomes rapid and unlimited. A component's thickness affects the constraint conditions at the tip of a crack with thin components having plane stress conditions and thick components ... |
c_t4gk9poohonf | Fracture toughening mechanisms | Summary | Fracture_toughness | When a test fails to meet the thickness and other test requirements that are in place to ensure plane strain conditions, the fracture toughness value produced is given the designation K c {\displaystyle K_{\text{c}}} . Fracture toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a material's resistance to crack propagation a... |
c_7rjtdrk6q0ge | Fragile matter | Summary | Fragile_matter | In materials science, fragile matter is a granular material that is jammed solid. Everyday examples include beans getting stuck in a hopper in a whole food shop, or milk powder getting jammed in an upside-down bottle. The term was coined by physicist Michael Cates, who asserts that such circumstances warrant a new clas... |
c_80xr6iu2vzom | Fragile matter | Summary | Fragile_matter | The jamming thus described can be unjammed by mechanical means, such as tapping or shaking the container, or poking it with a stick. Cates proposed that such jammed systems differ from ordinary solids in that if the direction of the applied stress changes, the jam will break up. Sometimes the change of direction requir... |
c_q8gf01z9z1th | Fragile matter | Summary | Fragile_matter | Perhaps the simplest example is a pile of sand, which is solid in the sense that the pile sustains its shape despite the force of gravity. Slight tilting or vibration is enough to enable the grains to shift, collapsing the pile. Not all jammed systems are fragile, i.e. foam. |
c_neh0jm46anyr | Fragile matter | Summary | Fragile_matter | Shaving foam is jammed because the bubbles are tightly packed together under the isotropic stress imposed by atmospheric pressure. If it were a fragile solid, it would respond plastically to shear stress, however small. But because bubbles deform, foam actually responds elastically provided that the stress is below a t... |
c_ycig73mvowdi | Friability | Summary | Friability | In materials science, friability ( FRY-ə-BIL-ə-tee), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate. Substances that are designated hazardous, such as asbestos or crystalline sil... |
c_fergsvt73ubp | Friability | Summary | Friability | However, such substances are not generally considered friable because of the degree of difficulty involved in breaking the substance's chemical bonds through mechanical means. Some substances, such as polyurethane foams, show an increase in friability with exposure to ultraviolet radiation, as in sunlight. Friable is s... |
c_b9nwx65gpusa | Galfenol | Summary | Galfenol | In materials science, galfenol is the general term for an alloy of iron and gallium. The name was first given to iron-gallium alloys by United States Navy researchers in 1998 when they discovered that adding gallium to iron could amplify iron's magnetostrictive effect up to tenfold. Galfenol is of interest to sonar res... |
c_k9pycyecblu0 | Galfenol | Summary | Galfenol | Galfenol is machinable and can be produced in sheet and wire form.In 2009, scientists from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) used neutron beams to determine the structure of galfenol. They determined that the addition of gallium changes the la... |
c_h5yjetldfh17 | Galfenol | Summary | Galfenol | These clumps have been described by Peter Gehring of the NIST Center for Neutron Research as "something like raisins within a cake". It has also been proposed that there is an intrinsic mechanism generating this enhanced magnetostriction, which has its origins in the electronic structure of the material as described by... |
c_2nyerch6v99f | Grain growth | Summary | Grain_growth | In materials science, grain growth is the increase in size of grains (crystallites) in a material at high temperature. This occurs when recovery and recrystallisation are complete and further reduction in the internal energy can only be achieved by reducing the total area of grain boundary. The term is commonly used in... |
c_3kedh42o455y | Grain refining | Summary | Grain_refining | In materials science, grain-boundary strengthening (or Hall–Petch strengthening) is a method of strengthening materials by changing their average crystallite (grain) size. It is based on the observation that grain boundaries are insurmountable borders for dislocations and that the number of dislocations within a grain ... |
c_5narggnme3rm | Hardness tester | Summary | Hardness_tests | In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to localized plastic deformation induced by either mechanical indentation or abrasion. In general, different materials differ in their hardness; for example hard metals such as titanium and beryllium are harder than soft metals such as so... |
c_vxrgt43ar50j | Intergranular corrosion | Summary | Sensitization_effect | In materials science, intergranular corrosion (IGC), also known as intergranular attack (IGA), is a form of corrosion where the boundaries of crystallites of the material are more susceptible to corrosion than their insides. (Cf. transgranular corrosion.) |
c_wqrogawhvaqf | Lamellar structure | Summary | Lamellar_structure | In materials science, lamellar structures or microstructures are composed of fine, alternating layers of different materials in the form of lamellae. They are often observed in cases where a phase transition front moves quickly, leaving behind two solid products, as in rapid cooling of eutectic (such as solder) or eute... |
c_1eypuuoslx94 | Lamellar structure | Summary | Lamellar_structure | A deeper eutectic or more rapid cooling will result in finer lamellae; as the size of an individual lamellum approaches zero, the system will instead retain its high-temperature structure. Two common cases of this include cooling a liquid to form an amorphous solid, and cooling eutectoid austenite to form martensite. I... |
c_fj6jqqd3rg0t | Liquefaction | Summary | Liquefaction | In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction ... |
c_v4i4u87rzmfb | Material failure theory | Material failure | Material_failure_theory > Material failure | In materials science, material failure is the loss of load carrying capacity of a material unit. This definition introduces to the fact that material failure can be examined in different scales, from microscopic, to macroscopic. In structural problems, where the structural response may be beyond the initiation of nonli... |
c_jb1lnwf3ce1p | Metallic elements | Refractory metal | Metal_manufacturing > Categories > Refractory metal | In materials science, metallurgy, and engineering, a refractory metal is a metal that is extraordinarily resistant to heat and wear. Which metals belong to this category varies; the most common definition includes niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium. They all have melting points above 2000 °C, and a hi... |
c_2qodeogupy2i | Misorientation | Summary | Misorientation | In materials science, misorientation is the difference in crystallographic orientation between two crystallites in a polycrystalline material. In crystalline materials, the orientation of a crystallite is defined by a transformation from a sample reference frame (i.e. defined by the direction of a rolling or extrusion ... |
c_y9wyv63v8ney | Misorientation | Summary | Misorientation | If the orientations are specified in terms of matrices of direction cosines gA and gB, then the misorientation operator ∆gAB going from A to B can be defined as follows: g B = Δ g A B g A Δ g A B = g B g A − 1 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&g_{B}=\Delta g_{AB}g_{A}\\&\Delta g_{AB}=g_{B}g_{A}^{-1}\end{aligned}}} where ... |
c_bok4fwdvuqfk | Paracrystallinity | Summary | Paracrystallinity | In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction. |
c_qhk1n9anhal8 | Permeance | Materials science | Permeance > Materials science | In materials science, permeance is the degree to which a material transmits another substance. |
c_5zetk9bdmk95 | Polymorphism (crystallography) | Summary | Polymorph_(mineralogy) | In materials science, polymorphism describes the existence of a solid material in more than one form or crystal structure. Polymorphism is a form of isomerism. Any crystalline material can exhibit the phenomenon. Allotropy refers to polymorphism for chemical elements. |
c_f2f2ygp7iivd | Polymorphism (crystallography) | Summary | Polymorph_(mineralogy) | Polymorphism is of practical relevance to pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyestuffs, foods, and explosives. According to IUPAC, a polymorphic transition is "A reversible transition of a solid crystalline phase at a certain temperature and pressure (the inversion point) to another phase of the same chemical co... |
c_wnim5sel61tm | Quenching | Summary | Quenching | In materials science, quenching is the rapid cooling of a workpiece in water, oil, polymer, air, or other fluids to obtain certain material properties. A type of heat treating, quenching prevents undesired low-temperature processes, such as phase transformations, from occurring. It does this by reducing the window of t... |
c_k1r0et3uz9rr | Quenching | Summary | Quenching | In steel alloyed with metals such as nickel and manganese, the eutectoid temperature becomes much lower, but the kinetic barriers to phase transformation remain the same. This allows quenching to start at a lower temperature, making the process much easier. High-speed steel also has added tungsten, which serves to rais... |
c_lncffwrhxz5n | Radar absorbent material | Summary | Radar-absorbent_material | In materials science, radiation-absorbent material (RAM) is a material which has been specially designed and shaped to absorb incident RF radiation (also known as non-ionising radiation), as effectively as possible, from as many incident directions as possible. The more effective the RAM, the lower the resulting level ... |
c_1e9o61ruheje | Recrystallization temperature | Summary | Recrystallization_temperature | In materials science, recrystallization is a process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of defect-free grains that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed. Recrystallization is usually accompanied by a reduction in the strength and hardness of a material and a simultaneou... |
c_srcjs3hhf1cr | Reinforcement (composite) | Summary | Reinforcement_(composite) | In materials science, reinforcement is a constituent of a composite material which increases the composite's stiffness and tensile strength. |
c_18idd1opcosu | Segregation in materials | Summary | Segregation_in_materials | In materials science, segregation is the enrichment of atoms, ions, or molecules at a microscopic region in a materials system. While the terms segregation and adsorption are essentially synonymous, in practice, segregation is often used to describe the partitioning of molecular constituents to defects from solid solut... |
c_8au9lylqhd7c | Segregation in materials | Summary | Segregation_in_materials | Segregation can occur in various materials classes. In polycrystalline solids, segregation occurs at defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, stacking faults, or the interface between two phases. In liquid solutions, chemical gradients exist near second phases and surfaces due to combinations of chemical and el... |
c_b580hxt3vsmg | Modulus of rigidity | Summary | Modulus_of_rigidity | In materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is a measure of the elastic shear stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of shear stress to the shear strain: G = d e f τ x y γ x y = F / A Δ x / l = F l A Δ x {\displaystyle G\ {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}}\ {... |
c_oicgefilxbsc | Slip (materials science) | Summary | Slip_(materials_science) | In materials science, slip is the large displacement of one part of a crystal relative to another part along crystallographic planes and directions. Slip occurs by the passage of dislocations on close/packed planes, which are planes containing the greatest number of atoms per area and in close-packed directions (most a... |
c_h6lqfwoyftsb | Slip (materials science) | Summary | Slip_(materials_science) | A slip system describes the set of symmetrically identical slip planes and associated family of slip directions for which dislocation motion can easily occur and lead to plastic deformation. The magnitude and direction of slip are represented by the Burgers vector, b. An external force makes parts of the crystal lattic... |
c_bknllzmzmyzn | Stress relaxation | Summary | Stress_relaxation | In materials science, stress relaxation is the observed decrease in stress in response to strain generated in the structure. This is primarily due to keeping the structure in a strained condition for some finite interval of time hence causing some amount of plastic strain. This should not be confused with creep, which ... |
c_9u76rv7we3dy | Stress relaxation | Summary | Stress_relaxation | Thus, relaxation has the same effect as cold springing, except it occurs over a longer period of time. The amount of relaxation which takes place is a function of time, temperature and stress level, thus the actual effect it has on the system is not precisely known, but can be bounded. Stress relaxation describes how p... |
c_1zh5yhd9i6c7 | Stress relaxation | Summary | Stress_relaxation | Because they are viscoelastic, polymers behave in a nonlinear, non-Hookean fashion. This nonlinearity is described by both stress relaxation and a phenomenon known as creep, which describes how polymers strain under constant stress. |
c_zo5g9y5372q9 | Stress relaxation | Summary | Stress_relaxation | Experimentally, stress relaxation is determined by step strain experiments, i.e. by applying a sudden one-time strain and measuring the build-up and subsequent relaxation of stress in the material (see figure), in either extensional or shear rheology. Viscoelastic materials have the properties of both viscous and elast... |
c_5bj4oc46vldj | Stress relaxation | Summary | Stress_relaxation | Although the Maxwell model is good at predicting stress relaxation, it is fairly poor at predicting creep. On the other hand, the Voigt model is good at predicting creep but rather poor at predicting stress relaxation (see viscoelasticity). The extracellular matrix and most tissues are stress relaxing, and the kinetics... |
c_uxbfk3wstu91 | Superplastic deformation | Summary | Superplasticity | In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 400% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved at high homologous temperature. Examples of superplastic materials are some fine-grained metals and ... |
c_d9xzebpplleo | Superplastic deformation | Summary | Superplasticity | Superplastically deformed material gets thinner in a very uniform manner, rather than forming a "neck" (a local narrowing) that leads to fracture. Also, the formation of microvoids, which is another cause of early fracture, is inhibited. Superplasticity must not be confused with superelasticity. |
c_4s95ktme8r12 | Burgers vector | Summary | Burgers_vector | In materials science, the Burgers vector, named after Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, is a vector, often denoted as b, that represents the magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion resulting from a dislocation in a crystal lattice. The vector's magnitude and direction is best understood when the dislocation-bearin... |
c_83roj841ojmm | Burgers vector | Summary | Burgers_vector | This dislocation will have the effect of deforming, not only the perfect crystal structure, but the rectangle as well. The said rectangle could have one of its sides disjoined from the perpendicular side, severing the connection of the length and width line segments of the rectangle at one of the rectangle's corners, a... |
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