A mahasiddha (Sanskrit: maha - great, siddha - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment.  They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve Buddhahood.

The Mahasiddhas are actual people who acquired magical powers from their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is  a bodhisattva, someone who can enter nirvana whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in samsara to help others.

In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are 85 Mahasiddhas. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a thanka.

Important Mahasiddhas
Each Mahasiddha has come to be known for certain things.  One of the most loved Mahasiddhas is Virupa, who is a saint of the Sakyapa sect.  He lived in 9th century India and was known for his great attainments. Other important Mahasiddhas include:

Marpa, the great translator and first native-born guru in Tibet who brought Buddhist teachings from India.
Milarepa, Marpa's student . In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings (dharma).
Karmapa, the first consciously incarnating lama of Tibet.
Gorakshanath
Matsyendranath
Nagarjuna
Naropa
Saraha
Shantideva
Tilopa

Complete list of Mahasiddhas
In Buddhism there are 85 Mahasiddhas:
Acinta,
Ajogi,
Anangapa,
Aryadeva,
Babhaha,
Bhadrapa,
Bhandepa,
Bhiksanapa,
Bhusuku,
Camaripa,
Campaka,
Carbaripa,
Catrapa,
Caurangipa,
Celukapa,
Dan,
Darikapa,
Dengipa,
Dhahulipa,
Dharmapa,
Dhilipa,
Dhobipa,
Dhokaripa
Dombipa,
Dukhandi,
Ghantapa,
Gharbari,
Godhuripa,
Goraksa,
Indrabhuti,
Jalandhara,
Jayananda,
Jogipa,
Kalapa,
Kamparipa,
Kambala,
Kanakhala,
Kanhapa,
Kankana,
Kankaripa,
Kantalipa,
Kapalapa,
Khadgapa,
Kilakilapa,
Kirapalapa,
Kokilipa,
Kotalipa,
Kucipa,
Kukkuripa,
Kumbharipa,
Laksminkara,
Lilapa,
Lucikapa,
Luipa,
Mahipa,
Manibhadra,
Medhini,
Mekhala,
Mekopa,
Minapa,
Nagabodhi,
Nagarjuna,
Nalinapa,
Naropa,
Nirgunapa,
Pacaripa,
Pankajapa,
Putalipa,
Rahula,
Saraha,
Sakara,
Samudra,
Santipa,
Sarvabhaksa,
Savaripa,
Syalipa,
Tantepa,
Tantipa,
Thaganapa,
Tilopa,
Udhilipa,
Upanaha,
Vinapa,
Virupa,
Vyalipa.

References
Dowman, Keith (1986). Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Other websites
Murals of mahasiddhas in the Lukhang hidden temple
Names of the 84 Mahasiddha (with brief explanation of their meaning).
The Mahasiddha Linedrawings of H.R.Downs (in Dowman (1986)).
MahaSiddha Dharma website

Category:Buddhism
Category:Hinduism

Mahasiddha


Lauris is a commune of 3,102 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.

Category:Communes in Vaucluse

Lauris


Stealing Harvard is a 2002 American criminal comedy movie. It was directed by Bruce McCulloch and was produced by Susan Cavan. Stealing Harvard was released on September 13, 2002.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 9% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. At the 2002 Golden Raspberry Awards, Tom Green was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor but lost to Hayden Christensen for his portrayal of Anakin Skywalker in Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones.

Cast
 Jason Lee as John Plummer
 Tom Green as Walter P. 'Duff' Duffy
 Leslie Mann as Elaine Warner
 Dennis Farina as Mr. Warner
 Richard Jenkins as Honorable Judge Emmett Cook
 John C. McGinley as Detective Charles
 Tammy Blanchard as Noreen Plummer
 Megan Mullally as Patty Plummer
 Zeus as Rex the Dog
 Chris Penn as David Loach
 Seymour Cassel as Uncle Jack
 Ken Magee as Butcher
 Martin Starr as Liquor Store Kid
 Mary Gillis as Duff's Mom
 Bruce McCulloch as Fidio the Lawyer

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:2002 comedy movies
Category:2002 crime movies
Category:2000s criminal comedy movies
Category:American criminal comedy movies
Category:Columbia Pictures movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:Movies set in Massachusetts

Stealing Harvard


Events
Possible timing of King Arthur's victory over the Saxons.
493 – Death of Saint Patrick.
494 – Pope Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.
494 – An earthquake devastates Latakia.
494 – Under Emperor Xiaowen the capital of Northern Wei, a state in China capital is moved from Datong to Luoyang, a city long acknowledged as a major center in Chinese history.

Category:490s

490s


The Tagus ( ;  ; ; Ancient Greek: Τάγος Tagos) is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. It is  long,  in Spain and  in Portugal. For  it forms the border between Portugal and Spain. The river flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon. It drains an area of  (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to most of central Spain, including Madrid, and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power. Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a vast alluvial valley prone to flooding. At its mouth is a large estuary on which the port city of Lisbon is situated.

The source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García, in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term, Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right (north) bank. The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal.

Category:Rivers of Spain

Tagus


Wewoka is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.  It is the county seat of Seminole County.

Category:County seats in Oklahoma
Category:Cities in Oklahoma

Wewoka, Oklahoma


Hedonism is a type of philosophy. Hedonism can be generally summed up as a belief that "pleasure is the highest good" or that "whatever causes pleasure is right."

In Hedonism, people think that what makes them happy is good. Things that avoid pain are also good. Hedonism is focused around pleasure. There are different beliefs in hedonism. Some people believe it is important to get as many pleasurable experiences as possible, others believe that the quality of the pleasure matters. They think there are higher and lower pleasures.

Many people also believe Hedonism is related to sex. This is not true. Sex can be a very pleasurable experience, but when philosophers talk about Hedonism, they think more about the pleasure of reading a good book, listening to classical music, or discussing with other philosophers.

Two types of Hedonism are Cyrenaicism and Epicureanism. Cyrenaicism is where people make themselves happy in the fastest amount of time. Epicureanism is where people like to be happy but they do so slowly so that they cause less pain to themselves. They also look more into the future and go for the higher pleasures in life.

Category:Philosophy

Hedonism


The universe is the name that we use to describe the collection of all the things that exist in space. It is made of many millions of millions of stars and planets and enormous clouds of gas separated by a gigantic empty space.

Astronomers can use telescopes to look at very distant galaxies. This is how they see what the universe looked like a long time ago. This is because the light from distant parts of the universe takes a very long time to reach us. From these observations, it seems the physical laws and constants of the universe have not changed.

Physicists are currently unsure if anything existed before the Big Bang. They are also unsure whether the size of the universe is infinite.

History

Many people in history had ideas to explain the universe. Most early models had the Earth at the centre of the Universe. Some ancient Greeks thought that the Universe has infinite space and has existed forever. They thought it had a set of spheres which corresponded to the fixed stars, the Sun and various planets. The spheres circled about a spherical but unmoving Earth.

Over the centuries, better observations and better ideas of gravity led to Copernicus's Sun-centred model. This was hugely controversial at the time, and was fought long and hard by authorities of the Christian church (see Giordano Bruno and Galileo).

The invention of the telescope in the Netherlands, 1608, was a milestone in astronomy. By the mid-19th century, they were good enough for other galaxies to be distinguished. The modern optical (uses visible light) telescope is still more advanced. Meanwhile, the Newtonian dynamics (equations) showed how the Solar System worked.

The improvement of telescopes led astronomers to realize that the Solar System is in a galaxy made of billions of stars, the Milky Way, and that other galaxies exist outside it, as far as we can see. Careful studies of the distribution of these galaxies and their spectral lines have led to much of modern cosmology. Discovery of the systematic redshift of galaxies led to the conclusion that the Universe is expanding (see: Hubble).

Big Bang
The most used scientific model of the Universe is known as the Big bang theory. The Universe expanded from in which all the matter and energy of the Universe was concentrated. Several independent experimental measurements support the expansion of space and, more generally, the Big Bang idea. Recent observations support the idea that this expansion is happening because of. Most of the matter in the Universe may be in a form which cannot be detected by present methods. This has been named dark matter.

Just to be clear, dark matter and energy have not been detected directly (that is why they are called 'dark'). Their existence is from observations which would be difficult to explain otherwise.
According to  space can get bigger faster than the speed of light, but we can view only part of the observable universe because of the speed of light. We cannot see space beyond the limitations of light (or any electromagnetic radiation) the diameter of the Universe is at least 93 billion.

It is estimated that the age of the Universe is 13.73 (± 0.12) billion years, and that the diameter of the Universe is at least 93 billion light years, or 8.80  metres.

Myths
The word Universe comes from the Old French word Univers, which comes from the Latin word universum. The Latin word was used by Cicero and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern English word is used.

A different interpretation (way to interpret) of unvorsum is "everything rotated as one" or "everything rotated by one". This refers to an early Greek model of the Universe. In that model, all matter was in rotating spheres centered on the Earth; according to Aristotle, the rotation of the outermost sphere was responsible for the motion and change of everything within. It was natural for the Greeks to assume that the Earth was stationary and that the heavens rotated about the Earth, because careful astronomical and physical measurements (such as the Foucault pendulum) are required to prove otherwise.

The most common term for "Universe" among the ancient Greek philosophers from Pythagoras onwards was το παν (The All), defined as all matter (το ολον) and all space (το κενον).

Broadest meaning
The broadest word meaning of the Universe is found in De divisione naturae by the medieval philosopher Johannes Scotus Eriugena, who defined it as simply everything: everything that exists and everything that does not exist.

Time is not considered in Eriugena's definition; thus, his definition includes everything that exists, has existed and will exist, as well as everything that does not exist, has never existed and will never exist. This all-embracing definition was not adopted by most later philosophers, but something similar is in quantum physics.

Definition as reality

Usually the Universe is thought to be everything that exists, has existed, and will exist. This definition says that the Universe is made of two elements: space and time, together known as space-time or the vacuum; and matter and different forms of energy and momentum occupying space-time. The two kinds of elements behave according to physical laws, in which we describe how the elements interact.

A similar definition of the term Universe is everything that exists at a single moment of time, such as the present or the beginning of time, as in the sentence "The Universe was of size 0".

In Aristotle's book The Physics, Aristotle divided το παν (everything) into three roughly analogous elements: matter (the stuff of which the Universe is made), form (the arrangement of that matter in space) and change (how matter is created, destroyed or altered in its properties, and similarly, how form is altered). Physical laws were the rules governing the properties of matter, form and their changes. Later philosophers such as Lucretius, Averroes, Avicenna and Baruch Spinoza altered or refined these divisions. For example, Averroes and Spinoza have active principles governing the Universe which act on passive elements.

Space-time definitions
It is possible to form space-times, each existing but not able to touch, move, or change (interact with each other. An easy way to think of this is a group of separate soap bubbles, in which people living on one soap bubble cannot interact with those on other soap bubbles. According to one common terminology, each "soap bubble" of space-time is denoted as a universe, whereas our particular space-time is denoted as the Universe, just as we call our moon the Moon. The entire collection of these separate space-times is denoted as the multiverse. In principle, the other unconnected universes may have different dimensionalities and topologies of space-time, different forms of matter and energy, and different physical laws and physical constants, although such possibilities are speculations.

Observable reality
According to a still-more-restrictive definition, the Universe is everything within our connected space-time that could have a chance to interact with us and vice versa.

According to the general idea of relativity, some regions of space may never interact with ours even in the lifetime of the Universe, due to the finite speed of light and the ongoing expansion of space. For example, radio messages sent from Earth may never reach some regions of space, even if the Universe would exist forever; space may expand faster than light can traverse it.

It is worth emphasizing that those distant regions of space are taken to exist and be part of reality as much as we are; yet we can never interact with them, even in principle. The spatial region within which we can affect and be affected is denoted as the observable universe.

Strictly speaking, the observable universe depends on the location of the observer. By travelling, an observer can come into contact with a greater region of space-time than an observer who remains still, so that the observable universe for the former is larger than for the latter. Nevertheless, even the most rapid traveler may not be able to interact with all of space. Typically, the 'observable universe' means the universe seen from our vantage point in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Basic data on the Universe

The Universe is huge and possibly infinite in volume. The matter which can be seen is spread over a space at least 93 billion light years across. For comparison, the diameter of a typical galaxy is only 30,000 light-years, and the typical distance between two neighboring galaxies is only 3 million light-years. As an example, our Milky Way Galaxy is roughly 100,000 light years in diameter, and our nearest sister galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, is located roughly 2.5 million light years away. The observable Universe contains more than 2 trillion (1012) galaxies and, overall, as many as an estimated  stars (more stars than all the grains of sand on planet Earth).

Typical galaxies range from dwarf galaxies with as few as ten million (107) stars up to giants with one trillion (1012) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's center of mass. Thus, a very rough estimate from these numbers would suggest there are around one sextillion (1021) stars in the observable universe; though a 2003 study by Australian National University astronomers resulted in a figure of 70 sextillion (7 x 1022).

The matter that can be seen is spread throughout the universe, when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light-years. However, on smaller length-scales, matter is observed to form 'clumps', many atoms are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into galaxy groups and clusters and, lastly, the largest-scale structures such as the Great Wall of galaxies.

The present overall density of the Universe is very low, roughly 9.9 × 10−30 grams per cubic centimetre. This mass-energy appears to consist of 73% dark energy, 23% cold dark matter and 4% ordinary matter. The density of atoms is about a single hydrogen atom for every four cubic meters of volume. The properties of dark energy and dark matter are not known. Dark matter slows the expansion of the Universe. Dark energy makes its expansion faster.

The Universe is old, and changing. The best good guess of the Universe's age is 13.798±0.037 billion years old, based on what was seen of the cosmic microwave background radiation. Independent estimates (based on measurements such as radioactive dating) agree, although they are less precise, ranging from 11–20 billion years.
to 13–15 billion years.

The universe has not been the same at all times in its history. This getting bigger accounts for how Earth-bound people can see the light from a galaxy 30 billion light years away, even if that light has traveled for only 13 billion years; the very space between them has expanded. This expansion is consistent with the observation that the light from distant galaxies has been redshifted; the photons emitted have been stretched to longer wavelengths and lower frequency during their journey. The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating, based on studies of Type Ia supernovae and other data.

The relative amounts of different chemical elements — especially the lightest atoms such as hydrogen, deuterium and helium — seem to be identical in all of the universe and throughout all of the history of it that we know of. The universe seems to have much more matter than antimatter. The Universe appears to have no net electric charge. Gravity is the dominant interaction at cosmological distances. The Universe also seems to have no net momentum or angular momentum. The absence of net charge and momentum is expected if the universe is finite.

The Universe appears to have a smooth space-time continuum made of three spatial dimensions and one temporal (time) dimension. On the average, space is very nearly flat (close to zero curvature), meaning that Euclidean geometry is experimentally true with high accuracy throughout most of the Universe. However, the universe may have more dimensions, and its spacetime may have a multiply connected global topology.

The Universe has the same physical laws and physical constants throughout. According to the prevailing Standard Model of physics, all matter is composed of three generations of leptons and quarks, both of which are fermions. These elementary particles interact via at most three fundamental interactions: the electroweak interaction which includes electromagnetism and the weak nuclear force; the strong nuclear force described by quantum chromodynamics; and gravity, which is best described at present by general relativity.

Special relativity holds in all the universe in local space and time. Otherwise, general relativity holds. There is no explanation for the particular values that physical constants appear to have throughout our Universe, such as Planck's constant h or the gravitational constant G. Several conservation laws have been identified, such as the conservation of charge, conservation of momentum, conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy.

Theoretical models

General theory of relativity

Accurate predictions of the universe's past and future require an accurate theory of gravitation. The best theory available is Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which has passed all experimental tests so far. However, since rigorous experiments have not been carried out on cosmological length scales, general relativity could conceivably be inaccurate. Nevertheless, its predictions appear to be consistent with observations, so there is no reason to adopt another theory.

General relativity provides of a set of ten nonlinear partial differential equations for the spacetime metric (Einstein's field equations) that must be solved from the distribution of mass-energy and momentum throughout the universe. Since these are unknown in exact detail, cosmological models have been based on the cosmological principle, which states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. In effect, this principle asserts that the gravitational effects of the various galaxies making up the universe are equivalent to those of a fine dust distributed uniformly throughout the universe with the same average density. The assumption of a uniform dust makes it easy to solve Einstein's field equations and predict the past and future of the universe on cosmological time scales.

Einstein's field equations include a cosmological constant (Lamda: Λ), that is related to an energy density of empty space. Depending on its sign, the cosmological constant can either slow (negative Λ) or accelerate (positive Λ) the expansion of the universe. Although many scientists, including Einstein, had speculated that Λ was zero, recent astronomical observations of type Ia supernovae have detected a large amount of dark energy that is accelerating the universe's expansion. Preliminary studies suggest that this dark energy is related to a positive Λ, although alternative theories cannot be ruled out as yet.

Big Bang model

The prevailing Big Bang model accounts for many of the experimental observations described above, such as the correlation of distance and redshift of galaxies, the universal ratio of hydrogen:helium atoms, and the ubiquitous, isotropic microwave radiation background. As noted above, the redshift arises from the metric expansion of space; as the space itself expands, the wavelength of a photon traveling through space likewise increases, decreasing its energy. The longer a photon has been traveling, the more expansion it has undergone; hence, older photons from more distant galaxies are the most red-shifted. Determining the correlation between distance and redshift is an important problem in experimental physical cosmology.

Other experimental observations can be explained by combining the overall expansion of space with nuclear physics and atomic physics. As the universe expands, the energy density of the electromagnetic radiation decreases more quickly than does that of matter, since the energy of a photon decreases with its wavelength. Thus, although the energy density of the universe is now dominated by matter, it was once dominated by radiation; poetically speaking, all was light. As the universe expanded, its energy density decreased and it became cooler; as it did so, the elementary particles of matter could associate stably into ever larger combinations. Thus, in the early part of the matter-dominated era, stable protons and neutrons formed, which then associated into atomic nuclei. At this stage, the matter in the universe was mainly a hot, dense plasma of negative electrons, neutral neutrinos and positive nuclei. Nuclear reactions among the nuclei led to the present abundances of the lighter nuclei, particularly hydrogen, deuterium, and helium. Eventually, the electrons and nuclei combined to form stable atoms, which are transparent to most wavelengths of radiation; at this point, the radiation decoupled from the matter, forming the ubiquitous, isotropic background of microwave radiation observed today.

Other observations are not clearly answered by known physics. According to the prevailing theory, a slight imbalance of matter over antimatter was present in the universe's creation, or developed very shortly thereafter. Although the matter and antimatter mostly annihilated one another, producing photons, a small residue of matter survived, giving the present matter-dominated universe.

Several lines of evidence also suggest that a rapid cosmic inflation of the universe occurred very early in its history (roughly 10−35 seconds after its creation). Recent observations also suggest that the cosmological constant (Λ) is not zero, and that the net mass-energy content of the universe is dominated by a dark energy and dark matter that have not been characterized scientifically. They differ in their gravitational effects. Dark matter gravitates as ordinary matter does, and thus slows the expansion of the universe; by contrast, dark energy serves to accelerate the universe's expansion.

Multiverse

Some people think that there is more than one Universe. They think that there is a set of universes called the multiverse. By definition, there is no way for anything in one universe to affect something in another.
The multiverse is not yet a scientific idea because there is no way to test it. An idea that cannot be tested or is not based on logic is not science. So it is not known if multiverse is a scientific idea.

Future
The future of the universe is a mystery. However, there has a couple of theories based on the possible shapes of the universe:

 If the universe is a closed sphere, it will stop expanding. The universe will do opposite of that and become a singularity for another Big Bang.
 If the universe is an opened sphere, it will speed up the expansion. After 22,000,000,000 (22 billion) years, the universe will rip apart with the force.
 If the universe is flat, it will expand forever. All stars will lose their energy for that and become a dwarf star. After a googol year, the black holes will also be gone.

Further reading
 Edward Robert Harrison 2000. Cosmology 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press.
  The classic text for a generation.

  For lay readers.
 -------- 2008. Cosmology. Oxford University Press. Challenging.

Related pages

 Anthropic principle
 Big Bang
 Cosmology
 Multiverse
 Omniverse
 Reality

References

Other websites

 Age of the Universe at Space.Com
 Stephen Hawking's Universe – Why is the universe the way it is?
 Cosmology FAQ
 Cosmos – An "illustrated dimensional journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos"
 Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets, the sun, and other stars
 Logarithmic Maps of the Universe
 My So-Called Universe – Arguments for and against an infinite and parallel universes
 Parallel Universes by Max Tegmark
 The Dark Side and the Bright Side of the Universe Princeton University, Shirley Ho
 Richard Powell: An Atlas of the Universe – Images at various scales, with explanations
 Multiple Big Bangs
 Universe – Space Information Centre
 Exploring the Universe at Nasa.gov

Videos
 The Known Universe created by the American Museum of Natural History

Category:Reality

Universe


In number theory, the totient of a positive integer is the number of positive integers smaller than n which are coprime to n (they share no factors except 1).

For example, , because the four numbers: 1, 3, 5 and 7 don't share any factors with 8.
The function  used here is the totient function, usually called the Euler totient or Euler's totient, after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, who studied it.
The totient function is also called Euler's phi function or simply the phi function, since the Greek letter Phi () is so commonly used for it. The cototient of n is defined as .

The totient function is important mainly because it gives the size of the multiplicative group of integers modulo n. More precisely,  is the order of the group of units of the ring . This fact, together with Lagrange's theorem, provides a proof for Euler's theorem.

A common use of the totient function is in the RSA algorithm. The RSA algorithm is a popular method of encryption used worldwide.

For any prime number, p, .

Category:Number theory

Euler's totient function


Canettemont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Canettemont


European Bahamians or Bahamians of European Descent are Bahamians whose ancestry is from the continent of Europe. Most are from the British Puritans and American Loyalists who arrived in 1649 and 1783. A small number of the European Bahamian people are from Greek laborers who came to help develop the sponging industry in the 1900s. Included are white Cubans and Puerto Ricans.

Category:The Bahamas
Category:Ethnic groups in North America

White Bahamian


The Parliament of Albania () or Kuvendi is the unicameral representative body of the citizens of the Republic of Albania; it is Albania's legislature. The Parliament is made up of not less than 140 members elected to a four-year term.

References

Category:Politics of Albania

Parliament of Albania


Grandchamp-le-Château is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.

References

Category:Former communes in Calvados

Grandchamp-le-Château


is a Japanese professional football club in Yokohama.

History
The club was founded in 1972.
 1972-1992 Nissan Motors F.C.
 1992-1998 Yokohama Marinos
 1999-present Yokohama F. Marinos

Nissan FC
All Japan Senior Cup: (1) 1976
Japan Soccer League Division 1: (2) 1988-89, 1989-90
JSL Cup: (3) 1988, 1989, 1990
Emperor's Cup: (5) 1983, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1991
'Asian Cup Winners Cup: (1) 1991-92
3 vice JSL Cup: 1983, 1985, 1986
4 vice Japan Soccer League Division 1: 1983, 1984, 1990–91, 1991–92
3 vice Japan Soccer League Division 2: 1977, 1978, 1981
1 vice Emperor's Cup: 1990
1 vice Japanese Super Cup: 1984
1 vice Asian Club Championship(AFC Champions League): 1989-90

Yokohama Marinos/Yokohama F. Marinos
J. League: (3) 1995, 2003, 2004
Emperor's Cup: (1) 1992
J. League Cup: (1) 2001
Asian Cup Winners Cup: (1) 1992-93
2 vice J-League: 2000, 2002
3 vice Xerox Super Cup: 1996, 2004, 2005
1 vice A3 Nissan Champions Cup(East Asian Champions Cup): 2004

Notable achievement
The team has some notable achievements.

Most appearances

Most goals

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 List of Japanese football teams
 List of Yokohama F. Marinos players

References

Other websites

 Yokohama F. Marinos website
  J.League Club Guide

Category:Japanese football clubs
Category:1972 establishments in Asia
Category:1970s establishments in Japan

Yokohama F. Marinos


The Funk Brothers were a group of Detroit soul musicians who performed the backing to most Motown recordings from 1959 until the company moved to Los Angeles in 1972.

They are thought to be one of the most successful groups of studio musicians in music history. The Funk Brothers played on Motown hits such as "My Girl", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "Baby Love", "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours", "Papa Was a Rollin' Stone", "The Tears of a Clown", "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", and "Heat Wave".

The were 13 verified members of the group and they were identified by both NARAS for the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award and were recognized with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Some believed the group "played on more number-one hits than the Beatles, Elvis Presley, the Rolling Stones and the Beach Boys combined."

References

Other websites
"Standing in the Shadows of Motown WebQuest"
Official Standing in the Shadows of Motown website
Grammy Lifetime Achievement awards

The Soulful Tale of Two Cities

Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:1959 establishments in the United States
Category:1972 disestablishments in the United States
Category:American soul musicians
Category:Musicians from Detroit, Michigan

The Funk Brothers


Iodine monochloride, also known as iodine(I) chloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ICl. It has iodine and chloride ions. The iodine is in its +1 oxidation state.

Properties
Iodine monochloride is a red or brown solid. It easily melts. It has two forms; one melts at 27.2°C and the other melts at 13.9°C. It is an oxidizing agent. It can vaporize easily, too to make a brown vapor. It reacts with water. It is the main source of I+. It is an interhalogen.

Preparation
It is made by mixing equal moles of iodine and chlorine. More chlorine would make iodine trichloride.

Uses
It is used to add iodine atoms to some organic compounds.

Related pages
Iodine trifluoride
Iodine pentoxide
Iodine pentafluoride

Category:Iodine compounds
Category:Chlorine compounds

Iodine monochloride


Boulogne-Billancourt (often called Boulogne or Boulbi) is a town in the western suburbs of Paris in France. Boulogne-Billancourt is a sub-prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine département. It is in the Île-de-France region. Its population is around 106,000. Its land area is 6.17 km². Its population density is 17,877/km².

Consequently, Boulogne-Billancourt is one of the most densely populated municipalities in Europe. It is also home to major communication companies headquarters. The hospital Ambroise-Paré Hospital is located in the city and one campus of the École supérieure des sciences commerciales d'Angers.

Category:Communes in Hauts-de-Seine
Category:Subprefectures in France

Boulogne-Billancourt


Political correctness (or PC for short) means using words that will not offend any group of people.    Some offensive words have been used for a long time.  Some of these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive.  These new words are described as politically correct.

The term is often used in a mocking sense when attempts at avoiding offense are seen to go too far.

History
This term has been used since the early 1970s. It started being used in the modern negative sense in the late 80s in America.

Examples
Politically correct words or terms are used to show differences between people or groups in a non-offensive way. This difference may be because of race, gender, beliefs, religion, sexual orientation, or because they have a mental or physical disability, or any difference from what most people believe is normal.

Political correctness with gender
Throughout the 20th century Feminists fought for women to have the same rights as men.  In PC language this is seen in changes to job titles such as "policeman", "postman", and "chairman" which now commonly go by the gender-neutral titles "police officer", "letter carrier" and "chairperson" or "chair" as well as with terms having broader application, such as "humankind" replacing "mankind".

Political correctness in sexual attraction
People who are attracted to the same gender are usually referred to as 'homosexual'. Likewise, people who are attracted to people of both genders are usually referred to as "bisexual". However, both of these terms are seen as being perfectly fine by the more politically liberal oriented people.

Political correctness in medicine
People who are mentally disabled are now rarely described as "mentally retarded" (sometimes called "M.R.") but may be said to have "special needs". M.R. has been changed to I.D.; Intellectual Disabilities.

People who are blind or deaf may be referred to as "vision impaired" and "hearing impaired".  People who cannot speak are no longer called "dumb" but "mute" or "without speech".

The overall terms 'handicapped' and 'disabled' are no longer considered appropriate (there is no distinction between physical or mental, acquired or inborn.)   The people first/PC term is 'challenged'.  This term is meant to express that they are different from most people but that that doesn't mean that other people are better.

Criticism
Some of the new politically correct words are often criticized for being rather ridiculous. Some examples of these are the terms ending in challenged. For example, someone who is very short might be described as "vertically challenged".  People also say that things that are obviously bad are called by something else which hides the fact that they are bad. For example, young people who are in trouble with the law, instead of being called "juvenile delinquents" became "children at risk".  Some PC terms may be ambiguous i.e. have two possible meanings. "hearing impaired" can also refer to someone who has partial hearing (hard of hearing) and "vision impaired" can also refer to someone who has partial vision.

Wikiquote has quotes related to political correctness.

Category:Linguistics
Category:Human issues

Political correctness


Bhiria is a city in the Naushahro Feroze District of Sindh in Pakistan.

Bhiria city is situated at National Highway Pakistan. It is Tehsil of District Naushahro Feroze. It had remained the city of Education in the days of Indo-Pak. This city has produced many literate persons who had served at distinct posts of Pakistan like; in Juidiciary, education, politics, economy, engineering, business. The population of the city is around 15 thousands inhabitants. The most important of this city is its sweat known as "Pera". It is somewhat made of milk, sugar, & other some stuff. Other cities nearby this city are Bhiria Road, tharooshah, Kandiaro, & Mehrapur.

Category:Settlements in Sindh
Category:Naushahro Feroze District

Bhiria


The Malësi e Madhe District is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania.  It is part of Shkodër County. There are 36,091 people.  The capital is Koplik.

References

Category:Districts of Albania

Malësi e Madhe District


Murray Gold (born 1969 in Portsmouth) is an English composer for stage, movie, and television.
He composed the music for the popular science-fiction program Doctor Who, and many other TV programmes and Movies.

References

Category:Living people
Category:1969 births
Category:English composers

Murray Gold


Jacksonport is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

Category:Towns in Arkansas

Jacksonport, Arkansas


Nenad Đorđević (born 7 August 1979) is a Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997/98||Zemun||First League||12||2
|-
|1998/99||Jedinstvo Paraćin||First League||18||3
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Obilić||rowspan="4"|First League||14||0
|-
|2000/01||23||0
|-
|2001/02||27||0
|-
|2002/03||33||3
|-
|2003/04||rowspan="4"|Partizan||rowspan="2"|First League||25||2
|-
|2004/05||27||2
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|SuperLiga||20||1
|-
|2006/07||13||2

|-
|2007||JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||13||3

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Partizan||rowspan="3"|SuperLiga||14||6
|-
|2008/09||22||1
|-
|2009/10||||

|-
|2010||Krylia Sovetov Samara||Premier League||||
248||22
13||3
0||0
261||25
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||3||0
|-
|2005||3||1
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
!Total||17||1
|}

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Serbian footballers

Nenad Đorđević


Saidu Sharif is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and is the capital of Swat District.

Category:Cities in Pakistan

Saidu Sharif


An orphan is a child who has lost either or both parents. Their parents are either dead or didn't want them. Some orphans end up in a house called an orphanage. This is where children with no parents live. Many children that live in an orphanage get fostered or adopted by a person or a couple.

Causes
Sometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage. When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are normally split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage.

Sometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up. The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.

Helping the orphans
In many poor countries orphans are often seen wondering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school. Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.

But in richer countries many organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to help parents when they are sick or very poor so they do not abandon their children. Organisations such as churches and community services assist them.

Orphans in history
Many characters of books and movies have been orphans, such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Annie, Heidi, Batman, and Harry Potter.

Notes and references

Category:Family

Orphan


Magnesia is one of 51 prefectures of Greece. The capital of Magnesia is the Volos.

Category:Prefectures of Greece

Magnesia


Sir Hugh Beaver (May 4 1890 - January 16 1967) was the creator of the Guiness Book of World Records (1955 and still publishing). He came up with the idea after a big debate about if the bird they saw was indeed the fastest of its type. In 1954 he sent Norris and Ross McWhirter to create a fact finding agency. He knew they would be up to the job.

Category:1890 births
Category:1967 deaths

Hugh Beaver


Cavron-Saint-Martin is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Cavron-Saint-Martin


Recovery is the seventh studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on June 18, 2010 by Aftermath Entertainment and Shady Records. The album got very good sales and reviews. Four singles were released from the album: "Not Afraid", "Love the Way You Lie", "No Love", and "Space Bound". It won the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Rap Album.

Songs in the album

References

Category:2010 albums
Category:Eminem albums

Recovery


In Greek mythology, Ladon () was a dragon who guarded the Garden of the Hesperides. He specifically guarded the tree in the center of the garden, from which grew luscious, golden apples. He had one hundred heads. He was killed by Herakles, who retrieved the apples for one of his Twelve Labors.

Category:Greek legendary creatures

Ladon (mythology)


Absurdism is a type of philosophy. People who support and argue for absurdism are known as 'absurdists'. Absurdists think that the human condition is essentially absurd because humans are always looking for meaning, but are completely unable to find meaning because no such meaning exists. In philosophy, this is called ‘the Absurd’. In this case absurd means that it is not possible to be done by humans.

Absurdists, most notably Albert Camus, believe that when human beings realize this fundamental absurdity they have different reactions. One reaction is suicide, but this is not generally considered to be a viable solution by Absurdists; suicide is in and of itself the most absurd action possible. Another reaction is to believe in something higher (Camus gave religion as an example of this, although he went on to criticize its merit as a solution to fundamental absurdity) when they see that there is no meaning they can find in the universe (which is what absurdism says is the basic state of human experience). The final reaction is to accept the absurd, and also to keep trying to overcome it. Camus believed that a human being could become happy by finding meaning in their relationship with the absurdity of their existence.

Perhaps the most notable absurdist philosopher is Albert Camus. Søren Kierkegaard's ideas contributed to the development of Absurdist philosophy, although he was himself an existentialist.

Category:Philosophy

Absurdism


Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Mont, Pyrénées-Atlantiques


Mercury, also known as quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a chemical element. Its symbol on the periodic table is Hg, and its atomic number is 80. Its atomic mass is 200.59.

The symbol Hg stands for its Latinized Greek name hydrargyrum, meaning watery or liquid silver.

History

No one has the credit for finding mercury. It was known in ancient times. Mercury was found in Egyptian tombs that are from 2000 BC.

Chinese people also knew it from long ago. In China and Tibet, people thought using mercury would make them live longer and have better health. One of China's emperors, Qín Shǐ Huáng Dì, is said to have been buried in a tomb with rivers of flowing mercury. He died from drinking a mixture of mercury and powdered jade because he wanted to live forever. However, this only made him die of liver failure, poisoning, and brain death. The ancient Greeks used mercury in ointments. The Egyptians and the Romans used it in cosmetics. These cosmetics sometimes hurt and made faces uglier.

Properties

Physical properties

Mercury is a silvery-white liquid post-transition metal. The reason for mercury being a liquid is complex. It is heavy; a chunk of iron can float on mercury. Compared to other metals, it does not conduct heat well. However, it conducts electricity fairly well. Mercury is the only metal with a known melting point (−38.83 °C) lower than caesium. Mercury is one of the two elements that are liquids at standard temperature and pressure. Bromine is the other one.

Mercury may be seen as a transition metal, but it is normally seen as a post-transition metal. It is in Group 12 of the periodic table. Mercury has seven stable (nonradioactive) isotopes. 202Hg is the most common isotope. Mercury makes a blue to ultraviolet color in a tube when a spark is passed through it. The ultraviolet light can kill germs or light fluorescent lamps.

Chemical properties
Mercury is an unreactive metal. It does not corrode in air unless hydrogen sulfide is also there, similar to silver. Mercury can oxidize to mercury(II) oxide when heated in air. If it is heated further, it decomposes into mercury and oxygen again. It does not dissolve in ordinary acids, but can dissolve in oxidizing acids to make mercury salts. It can make amalgams when mixed with most metals, like aluminium, gold, and zinc. Iron, tantalum, tungsten, and platinum do not make amalgams with mercury. Iron flasks were used to trade mercury because of this.

Mercury can dissolve large amounts of aluminium metal, making it dangerous to transport in aluminium containers. The thin layer of oxide on aluminium stops it from amalgamating (making an amalgam with) aluminium, but the oxide coating can be damaged to expose the metal. Then the aluminium metal is dissolved and oxidizes to aluminium oxide. The aluminium oxide forms a solid and releases the mercury, which amalgamates more aluminium. This process keeps repeating until a large amount of aluminium is dissolved.

Chemical compounds

Mercury forms chemical compounds in 2 oxidation states: +1 and +2. Mercury(I) compounds are weak oxidizing agents and weak reducing agents. Most of them are colorless. They easily disproportionate to mercury(II) compounds and mercury metal. They react with oxygen in the air to make mercury(II) compounds. Many mercury(I) compounds do not dissolve in water. Mercury(I) chloride is one of the most common mercury(I) compounds. Mercury(II) compounds are strong oxidizing agents and very corrosive. Mercury(II) compounds are red, yellow, or colorless. Mercury(II) oxide and mercury(II) chloride are the most common mercury(II) compounds in the laboratory.

One thing they have in common is that they are all toxic. The soluble ones are more toxic than the insoluble ones.

Mercury(I) compounds
Also known as mercurous compounds, these are weak reducing agents and weak oxidizing agents. Most of them do not dissolve in water, making them less toxic than mercury(II) compounds. Most of them are colorless or yellow.
Mercury(I) bromide, insouble white solid
Mercury(I) chloride, calomel, insoluble, white
Mercury(I) fluoride, light yellow
Mercury(I) iodide, a little soluble, unstable, yellow
Mercury(I) nitrate, very slightly soluble, white
Mercury(I) sulfate, light yellow solid

Mercury(II) compounds
Also known as mercuric compounds, these are strong oxidizing agents. Most of them dissolve in water, making them very toxic. They are colorless or red.
Mercury(II) bromide, white solid
Mercury(II) chloride, white solid, corrosive sublimate
Mercury(II) fluoride, white solid
Mercury(II) iodide, somewhat soluble, bright red
Mercury(II) oxide, orange, yellow or red, does not dissolve in water like most oxides
Mercury(II) nitrate, soluble, white, used to make hats
Mercury(II) sulfate, white solid
Mercury(II) sulfide, red solid

Organomercury compounds
These contain mercury reacted with a organic molecule. They are even more toxic than other mercury compounds since they get absorbed very easily.
Dimethylmercury, colorless, extremely toxic liquid

Occurrence

Mercury is a rare metal. It is about as common as silver. Mercury is not expensive like silver because the mercury is very easy to get from the places where it is found. Mercury can be found in elemental (liquid) form in nature, but this is not common. Mercury as an element is the only liquid that is recognized as a mineral by  the International Mineralogical Association. It is most often found in the form of cinnabar, a mercury(II) sulfide mineral. The biggest deposits of cinnabar used to be found in Spain, but now are found in China. It also occurs in other minerals like calomel, a mercury(I) chloride mineral.

Preparation
China and Kyrgyzstan are the two main makers of mercury. Mines in Italy, the United States, and Mexico have been closed. China is opening more mines because the European Union wants to use fluorescent lights, which need mercury.

Mercury is made by roasting cinnabar in a furnace. The sulfide is oxidized to sulfur dioxide, leaving mercury behind.

Uses of mercury

Medical uses
Mercury has been used in dental fillings until it was replaced with safer materials. They are an amalgam of mercury with another element. An organic mercury compound called thiomersal is used to preserve vaccines. Merbromin, another organic mercury compound, is used as an antiseptic. It has been banned in some countries like the US.

Mercury(I) chloride (also known as calomel or mercurous chloride) has been used as a diuretic, skin disinfectant, and laxative. Together with other mercury compounds, Mercury(II) chloride (also known as mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate) was used to treat syphilis. The problem with this was that mercury(II) chloride is very toxic. Sometimes the symptoms of its toxicity were confused with those of the syphilis it was believed to treat. It is also used as a disinfectant. Blue mass, a pill or syrup in which mercury is the main ingredient, was prescribed throughout the 1800s for different conditions such as constipation, depression, child-bearing and toothaches. In the early 20th century, mercury was given to children once a year as a laxative and dewormer. Teething powders for infants also had it in them.

Since the 1930s some vaccines have contained the preservative thiomersal. In the body, this is changed to ethylmercury. At first it was thought that this mercury-based preservative can cause or trigger autism in children, but scientific studies could not show such a link. Because of this, thiomersal has been removed from most U.S. vaccines recommended for children six years of age and under. There are certain exceptions to this rule for influenza vaccines. In some cases, vaccines may still have very small amounts of thiomersal in them.

Cinnabar is still an important component of traditional Chinese, Tibetan, and Ayurvedic medicine. Certain countries do not allow the use of mercury or its compounds in drugs. For this reason, cinnabar has recently been replaced with less toxic products.

Today, the use of mercury in medicine has greatly declined in all respects, especially in developed countries. Thermometers and blood pressure devices using mercury were invented in the early 18th and late 19th centuries, respectively. Now their use is declining and has been banned in some countries, states and medical institutions. In 2002, the U.S. Senate passed legislation to phase out the sale of non-prescription mercury thermometers. In 2003, Washington and Maine became the first states to ban mercury blood pressure devices. Mercury compounds are in some over-the-counter drugs, including topical antiseptics, stimulant laxatives, diaper rash ointment, eye drops, and nasal sprays. The FDA has “inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness” of the mercury in these products. Mercury is still used in some diuretics, although other things can be used for most therapeutic uses.

Other uses
Mercury is also used:
In cosmetics, (thiomersal is widely used to make mascara.)
As a liquid electrolyte in a variant of the chloralkali process.
In mining, especially of gold and silver.
In mercury-vapor lamps and fluorescent lamps.
Certain  thermometers, barometers and manometers. Because of its toxicity, it can be replaced by alcohol for most of these uses.
Certain electrical switches that turn on or off when tilted.
In 2017 the worldwide use of mercury was less than half of what it was in 1980.

Toxicity
Mercury is liquid at room temperature, and fumes of mercury are very poisonous. Ingested elemental mercury is less dangerous. The biggest problems are organic mercury compounds which are eaten with food. As with other heavy metals, inorganic compounds such as mercury(II) nitrate are also highly toxic by ingestion (eating) or inhalation (breathing in) of the dust. Mercury can cause both chronic and acute poisoning.

In the year 1810, over 200 people died of mercury poisoning on the ship Triumph because a barrel of mercury had leaked.

Mercury is extremely poisonous and has to be used carefully. When mercury is spilled, there are special ways to clean it up. Smaller drops should be combined to a larger drop on hard surfaces to be removed more easily (for example, being pushed into a bag that can be thrown away). Vacuum cleaners and brooms should not be used. This is because they can spread mercury even more. Afterwards, elements such as sulfur or zinc powder should be sprinkled over the place, then collected and cleaned away. It is not easy to clean mercury entirely off clothing, so it is better not to use them anymore. Breathing in mercury vapor is also very dangerous.

Related pages
Mercury compounds
List of common elements
Periodic table

References

Category:Metals
Category:Chemical elements

Mercury (element)


Rapetosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur. It lived in what is now Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. Only one species, Rapetosaurus krausei, has been found. Like other sauropods, Rapetosaurus was a quadrupedal herbivore.

The discovery of Rapetosaurus was the first time a titanosaur had been recovered with an almost perfectly intact skeleton, complete with skull. It has helped to clarify some difficult issues in this large group of sauropod dinosaurs. It provides a baseline for the reconstruction of other titanosaurs that are known only from partial remains.

By the early part of the Upper Cretaceous all sauropods, except the titanosaurs, were extinct. The titanosaurs were the dominant herbivores of the Upper Cretaceous on the southern continents which made up Gondwana. Their reign was cut short by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.

Juvenile
The specimen discovered was a juvenile. It is 8 metres (26 ft) from head to tail, and "probably weighed about as much as an elephant", according to Kristina Curry Rogers. An adult would have been about twice as long (15 metres (49 ft) in length), which is still less than half the length of its gigantic kin, like Argentinosaurus and Paralititan.

References

Category:Titanosaurs

Rapetosaurus


Rousson is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Yonne

Rousson, Yonne


Justin Hoyte (born 20 November 1984) is an English football player. He plays for FC Cincinnati.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Arsenal||rowspan="3"|Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2003/04||1||0||0||0||2||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2004/05||5||0||1||0||3||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|2005/06||Sunderland||Premier League||27||1||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||1
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Arsenal||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||1||4||0||4||0||6||0||36||1
|-
|2007/08||5||0||3||0||5||0||2||0||15||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||Premier League||22||0||4||0||2||0||0||0||28||0
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
83||2||14||0||17||0||8||0||122||2
83||2||14||0||17||0||8||0||122||2
|}

References

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:Sportspeople from London
Category:Premier League players

Justin Hoyte


Ken Ishikawa (born 6 February 1970) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="4"|Nagoya Grampus||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|1996||1||0||0||0||9||0||10||0
|-
|1997||rowspan="2"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="2"|Football League||15||0||1||0||2||0||18||0
|-
|1998||26||0||4||0||2||0||32||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Vegalta Sendai||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||24||0||2||0||0||0||26||0
|-
|2000||6||0||0||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||15||0||2||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|2002||17||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2003||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
106||0||14||0||14||0||134||0
106||0||14||0||14||0||134||0
|}

References

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Okinawa Prefecture

Ken Ishikawa


Valentina Ivanovna Matviyenko (née Tyutina,  born 7 April 1949), is a Russian politician who was Governor of Saint Petersburg from 2003 to 2011. She is Chairman of the Federation Council since 2011. She is the highest-ranking female politician in Russia.

Notes

Other websites

 Valentina Matvienko is in Lentapedii

Category:Russian politicians
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people

Valentina Matviyenko


"Freak" is a song by the Australian rock band Silverchair. It was released in January 1997 as a single, and was later released the next month on their second album, Freak Show. It reached number-one on the charts in Australia, becoming their second of three number-one singles there.

It was written by the group's lead singer and guitarist Daniel Johns, as well as the group's drummer, Ben Gillies.

Freak


Aywaille is a municipality in the Belgian province of Liège.

In 2007, 11094 people lived there.

It is at 50° 28 North, 05° 40 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of Liège

Aywaille


Vayres is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France. It has a church and 2 bakers.

Category:Communes in Gironde

Vayres


Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer of Africa. He was born in Foulshiels near Selkirk on September 11, 1771 and died in 1806 in Yelwa, Nigeria. He was the first Westerner (person from the Western Hemisphere) to discover the Niger River.

Category:1771 births
Category:1806 deaths
Category:Scottish people
Category:British explorers

Mungo Park (explorer)


This is a list of all Internet Relay Chat commands from IETF RFCs 1459 and 2812. Most IRC clients need commands to have a slash ("/") before the command. Angle brackets ("<" and ">") mean what's placed in the secondary field, not a literal part of the command. Settings encapsulated in square brackets ("[" and "]") are optional and override the command's defaults.

User commands

ADMIN
Syntax:
ADMIN [<server>]

Instructs the server to return information about the administrator of the server specified by <target>, or the current server if target is omitted.

Defined in RFC 1459

AWAY
Syntax:
AWAY [<message>]

Provides the server with a message to automatically send in reply to a PRIVMSG directed at the user, but not to a channel they are on.
If <message> is omitted, the away status is removed.

Defined in RFC 1459

CONNECT
Syntax:
CONNECT <target server> [<port> [<remote server>]] (RFC 1459)
CONNECT <target server> <port> [<remote server>] (RFC 2812)

Instructs the server <remote server> (or the current server, if <remote server> is omitted) to connect to <target server> on port <port>.
This command should only be available to IRC Operators.

Defined in RFC 1459; the <port> parameter became mandatory in RFC 2812

DIE
Syntax:
DIE

Instructs the server to shut down.

Defined in RFC 2812

ERROR
Syntax:
ERROR <error message>

This command is for use by servers to report errors to other servers. It is also used before terminating client connections.

Defined in RFC 1459

INFO
Syntax:
INFO [<target>]

Returns information about the <target> server, or the current server if <target> is omitted. Information returned includes the server's version, when it was compiled, the patch level, when it was started, and any other information which may be considered to be relevant.

Defined in RFC 1459

INVITE
Syntax:
INVITE <nickname> <channel>

Invites <nickname> to the channel <channel>. <channel> does not have to exist, but if it does, only members of the channel are allowed to invite other clients. If the channel mode i is set, only channel operators may invite other clients.

Defined in RFC 1459

ISON
Syntax:
ISON <nicknames>

Queries the server to see if the clients in the space-separated list <nicknames> are currently on the network. The server returns only the nicknames that are on the network in a space-separated list. If none of the clients are on the network the server returns an empty list.

Defined in RFC 1459

JOIN
Syntax:
JOIN <channels> [<keys>]

Makes the client join the channels in the comma-separated list <channels>, specifying the passwords, if needed, in the comma-separated list <keys>. If the channel(s) do not exist then they will be created.

Defined in RFC 1459

KICK
Syntax:
KICK <channel> <client> [<message>]

Forcibly removes <client> from <channel>. This command may only be issued by channel operators.

Defined in RFC 1459

KILL
Syntax:
KILL <client> <comment>

Forcibly removes <client> from the network. This command may only be issued by IRC operators.

Defined in RFC 1459

LINKS
Syntax:
LINKS [<remote server> [<server mask>]]

Lists all server links matching <server mask>, if given, on <remote server>, or the current server if omitted.

Defined in RFC 1459

LIST
Syntax:
LIST [<channels> [<server>]]

Lists all channels on the server. If the comma-separated list <channels> is given, it will return the channel topics. If <server> is given, the command will be forwarded to <server> for evaluation.

Defined in RFC 1459

LUSERS
Syntax:
LUSERS [<mask> [<server>]]

Returns statistics about the size of the network. If called with no arguments, the statistics will reflect the entire network. If <mask> is given, it will return only statistics reflecting the masked subset of the network. If <target> is given, the command will be forwarded to <server> for evaluation.

Defined in RFC 2812

MODE
Syntax:
MODE <nickname> <flags> (user)
MODE <channel> <flags> [<args>]

The MODE command is dual-purpose. It can be used to set both user and channel modes.

Defined in RFC 1459

MOTD
Syntax:
MOTD [<server>]

Returns the message of the day on <server> or the current server if it is omitted.

Defined in RFC 2812

NAMES
Syntax:
NAMES [<channels>] (RFC 1459)
NAMES [<channels> [<server>]] (RFC 2812)

Returns a list of who is on the comma-separated list of <channels>, by channel name. If <channels> is omitted, all users are shown, grouped by channel name with all users who are not on a channel being shown as part of channel "*". If <server> is specified, the command is sent to <server> for evaluation.

Defined in RFC 1459; the optional <server> parameter was added in RFC 2812

NICK
Syntax:
NICK <nickname> [<hopcount>] (RFC 1459)
NICK <nickname> (RFC 2812)

Allows a client to change their IRC nickname. Hopcount is for use between servers to specify how far away a nickname is from its home server.

Defined in RFC 1459; the optional <hopcount> parameter was removed in RFC 2812

NOTICE
Syntax:
NOTICE <msgtarget> <message>

This command works similarly to PRIVMSG, except automatic replies must never be sent in reply to NOTICE messages.

Defined in RFC 1459

OPER
Syntax:
OPER <username> <password>

Authenticates a user as an IRC operator on that server/network.

Defined in RFC 1459

PART
Syntax:
PART <channels>

Causes a user to leave the channels in the comma-separated list <channels>.

Defined in RFC 1459

PASS
Syntax:
PASS <password>

Sets a connection password. This command must be sent before the NICK/USER registration combination.

Defined in RFC 1459

PING
Syntax:
PING <server1> [<server2>]

Tests the presence of a connection. A PING message results in a PONG reply. If <server2> is specified, the message gets passed on to it.

Defined in RFC 1459

PONG
Syntax:
PONG <server2> [<server2>]

This command is a reply to the PING command and works in much the same way.

Defined in RFC 1459

PRIVMSG
Syntax:
PRIVMSG <msgtarget> <message>

Sends <message> to <msgtarget>, which is usually a user or channel.

Defined in RFC 1459

QUIT
Syntax:
QUIT [<message>]

Disconnects the user from the server.

Defined in RFC 1459

REHASH
Syntax:
REHASH

Causes the server to re-read and re-process its configuration file(s). This command can only be sent by IRC Operators.

Defined in RFC 1459

RESTART
Syntax:
RESTART

Restarts a server. It may only be sent by IRC Operators.

Defined in RFC 1459

SERVICE
Syntax:
SERVICE <nickname> <reserved> <distribution> <type> <reserved> <info>

Registers a new service on the network.

Defined in RFC 2812

SERVLIST
Syntax:
SERVLIST [<mask> [<type>]]

Lists the services currently on the network.

Defined in RFC 2812

SERVER
Syntax:
SERVER <servername> <hopcount> <info>

The server message is used to tell a server that the other end of a new connection is a server. This message is also used to pass server data over whole net.
<hopcount> details how many hops (server connections) away <servername> is.
<info> contains addition human-readable information about the server.

Defined in RFC 1459

SQUERY
Syntax:
SQUERY <servicename> <text>

Identical to PRIVMSG except the recipient must be a service.

Defined in RFC 2812

SQUIT
Syntax:
SQUIT <server> <comment>

Causes <server> to quit the network.

Defined in RFC 1459

STATS
Syntax:
STATS <query> [<server>]

Returns statistics about the current server, or <server> if it's specified.

Defined in RFC 1459

SUMMON
Syntax:
SUMMON <user> [<server>] (RFC 1459)
SUMMON <user> [<server> [<channel>]] (RFC 2812)

Gives users who are on the same host as <server> a message asking them to join IRC.

Defined in RFC 1459; the optional <channel> parameter was added in RFC 2812

TIME
Syntax:
TIME [<server>]

Returns the local time on the current server, or <server> if specified.

Defined in RFC 1459

TOPIC
Syntax:
TOPIC <channel> [<topic>]

Allows the client to query or set the channel topic on <channel>. If <topic> is given, it sets the channel topic to <topic>. If channel mode +t is set, only a channel operator may set the topic.

Defined in RFC 1459

TRACE
Syntax:
TRACE [<target>]

Trace a path across the IRC network to a specific server or client, in a similar method to traceroute.

Defined in RFC 1459

USER
Syntax:
USER <username> <hostname> <servername> <realname> (RFC 1459)
USER <user> <mode> <unused> <realname> (RFC 2812)

This command is used at the beginning of a connection to specify the username, hostname, real name and initial user modes of the connecting client. <realname> may contain spaces, and thus must be prefixed with a colon.

Defined in RFC 1459, modified in RFC 2812

USERHOST
Syntax:
USERHOST <nickname> [<nickname> <nickname> ...]

Returns a list of information about the nicknames specified.

Defined in RFC 1459

USERS
Syntax:
USERS [<server>]

Returns a list of users and information about those users in a format similar to the UNIX commands who, rusers and finger.

Defined in RFC 1459

VERSION
Syntax:
VERSION [<server>]

Returns the version of <server>, or the current server if omitted.

Defined in RFC 1459

WALLOPS
Syntax:
WALLOPS <message>

Sends <message> to all operators connected to the server (RFC 1459), or all users with user mode 'w' set (RFC 2812).

Defined in RFC 1459

WHO
Syntax:
WHO [<name> ["o"]]

Returns a list of users who match <name>. If the flag "o" is given, the server will only return information about IRC Operators.

Defined in RFC 1459

WHOIS
Syntax:
WHOIS [<server>] <nicknames>

Returns information about the comma-separated list of nicknames masks <nicknames>. If <server> is given, the command is forwarded to it for processing.

Defined in RFC 1459

WHOWAS
Syntax:
WHOWAS <nickname> [<count> [<server>]]

Used to return information about a nickname that is no longer in use (due to client disconnection, or nickname changes). If given, the server will return information from the last <count> times the nickname has been used. If <server> is given, the command is forwarded to it for processing. In RFC 2812, <nickname> can be a comma-separated list of nicknames.

Defined in RFC 1459

Related pages
 Internet Relay Chat
 IRCd
 IRCX
 Server

References

Bibliography

Further reading

Commands
Category:Computer-related lists

List of Internet Relay Chat commands


Devipatan () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.

Districts
 Gonda District
 Bahraich District
 Shravasti District
 Balrampur District

Category:Divisions of  Uttar Pradesh

Devipatan Division


Châtel-Montagne is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Allier

Châtel-Montagne


is a Japanese prefecture in the Chūgoku region of the island of Honshū. The capital city is Okayama.

History
During the Meiji Restoration, the area of Okayama Prefecture was known as Bitchū Province, Bizen Province and Mimasaka Province.

Geography
Okayama Prefecture borders Hyōgo Prefecture its the west, Tottori Prefecture on its north and Hiroshima Prefecture on its east. It faces Kagawa Prefecture in Shikoku to the west across the Seto Inland Sea. The prefecture includes 90 islands.

Cities
There are 15 cities in Okayama Prefecture:
Akaiwa
Asakuchi
Bizen
Ibara
Kurashiki
Maniwa
Mimasaka
Niimi
Okayama (capital)
Setouchi
Sōja
Takahashi
Tamano
Tsuyama

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Kibitsuhiko jinja and Kibitsu jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Fagiano Okayama
 Okayama Prefectural Museum

References

Other websites

 Okayama Prefecture ;
 Official tourism site

Okayama Prefecture


Dhatki, also known as Dhati or Thari, is a sociolect of Marwari dialect of Rajasthani language. It is spoken in western parts of Jaisalmer and Barmer districts of Rajasthan in the Republic of India and eastern parts of Sindh province of Pakistan. Its characteristic phonological features are glottalized or implosive sounds. Many Dhatki speaking communities migrated to British India in 1947 after the partition and continued to do so in small numbers, but still there is a sizable number of Dhatki speakers in districts Tharparkar, Umarkot, Mirpurkhas, Sanghar, Badin and other areas of Sindh Pakistan.

Category:Languages of Pakistan
Category:Languages of Sindh
Category:Languages of India
Category:Rajasthan

Dhatki language


Shinya Tamaoki (born 8 October 1988) is a Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||Gamba Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

References

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Category:People from Osaka

Shinya Tamaoki


Belarusian might mean:

Anything related to Belarus
Belarusians
Belarusian language

Belarusian


Francisca Aguirre Benito (27 October 1930 – 13 April 2019) was a Spanish poet and author. Her first poetry collection, Ithaca (1972), won her the Leopoldo Panero Poetry Award. In 2011, she won the National Poetry Prize for her poetry piece Historia de una anatomía. Aguirre also won the National Prize for Spanish Literature in November 2018.

Aguirre was born in Alicante. She was the daughter of noted painter Lorenzo Aguirre. She was married to fellow poet Félix Grande from 1963 until his death in 2014. The couple had one daughter, poet and essayist Guadalupe Grande (born 1965).

Aguirre died in Madrid on 13 April 2019. She was 88.

References

Category:1930 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:People from Alicante
Category:Spanish poets

Francisca Aguirre


Cecilia Caballero Blanco (30 September 1913 – 13 August 2019) was the widow of the 24th President of Colombia, Alfonso López Michelsen, and served as First Lady of Colombia from 1974 to 1978.

Caballero Blanco was born on 30 September 1913 in Bogotá. She married Alfonso López Michelsen on 23 October 1938. They had three children: Alfonso, Juan Manuel, and Felipe.

Caballero Blanco turned 100 in September 2013. She died on 13 August 2019 in Bogotá at the age of 105.

References

Category:1913 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Centenarians
Category:First Ladies
Category:People from Bogotá

Cecilia Caballero Blanco


Bath is a town  in Steuben County, New York, United States.

References

Category:Towns in New York

Bath, New York


This article is about the visible spectrum. For all other uses see: Spectrum (disambiguation)

A spectrum, plural: spectra, is a band of several colours: violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange and red. A spectrum can be seen if the Sun's light is passed through a prism and allowed to gather on a white screen. This visible spectrum is part of the larger electromagnetic spectrum.

A natural example of a spectrum is a rainbow. The word spectrum was first used by scientists studying optics. They used the word to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism.  The spectrum seen when light passes through a prism is an example of the dispersion of light.  The material from which the prism is made has a different  refractive index n than air.  Usually, nprism is greater than nair, and nair is taken to be approximately one. This implies that light travels a little slower in the material of the prism than in the space surrounding it.  The angle of refraction can be determined from the angle of incidence and the refractive indexes using Snell's law.

The reason why the white light separates into in its component colors instead of remaining white is because the shorter wavelengths are refracted, or bent, more than the longer wavelengths.  Thus, red, having the longest visible wavelength, will appear closest to the line perpendicular to the surface of the material (the normal), that is, it will be bent the least.  Violet light, with the smallest wavelength  in the visible spectrum, will be bent the most.  The rainbow produced will always be in the same order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet.

References

Category:Light

Spectrum


The Canadian Urbanism Institute is a scientific research institute in Toronto, Ontario, in Canada. The institute was established in 1990.

Other websites
  Canadian Urban Institute

Category:Urban planning organizations
Category:1990 establishments in North America
Category:Toronto
Category:Non-profit organizations
Category:Research organizations
Category:1990s establishments in Canada

Canadian Urban Institute


Penryn is a small town in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the Penryn River about one mile (1.6 km) northwest of Falmouth. The population was 7,166 in the 2001 census.

Penryn was in the Middle Ages an important port but underwent a severe decline after Falmouth had been established in the 17th century. Today it is a busy town and has managed to retain a much of its heritage; a large proportion of its buildings date back to Tudor, Jacobean and Georgian times, the town is an important conservation area, and has more listed buildings than any other town in Cornwall.

References

Category:Towns in Cornwall

Penryn (Cornwall)


Reyssouze is a commune. It is found in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in the Ain department  in the east of France.

Reyssouze


Geshe Thubten Loden leads the Tibetan Buddhist Society in Australia. Geshe Loden established the Peaceful Land of Joy Meditation Centre in Victoria, and has written many books. In 2011, he was named Hume Citizen of the Year.

History
Born in 1924, Geshe Loden became a monk at the age of seven. Completing his study of all divisions of Buddhist philosophy, he was awarded the Geshe Lharampa degree from Sera Monastery in Tibet, and an Acharya degree from Varanasi's Sanskrit university in India. He also gained a Master's qualification in Vajrayana Buddhism after six years' study at Gyudmed Tantric College. Geshe Loden originally came to Australia in 1976 as a Tibetan refugee.

Books
Geshe Loden has written many books on Tibetan Buddhism, including:

Great Treasury of Mahamudra (2009)
Essence of the Path to Enlightenment (1997)
Meditations on the Path to Enlightenment (1996)
The Fundamental Potential for Enlightenment (1996)
Path to Enlightenment in Tibetan Buddhism (1993)

Related pages
Dalai Lama
Gelug
Lam rim

References

Other websites
Tibetan Buddhist Society
Tushita Publications
Pursuit of happiness leads to Yuroke

Category:Tibetan Buddhist lamas
Category:People from Victoria (Australia)
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)

Geshe Thubten Loden


Foals are a dance-punk band from Oxford who play a mixture of Indie, techno and Math-Rock. The band work with Transgressive Records.

TV Appearances
In August 2007, the band appeared in a mini episode of Skins, which aired on Myspace.

The band appeared on the 16th November 2007 episode of Later With Jools Holland playing their songs 'Balloons' and 'Red Socks Pugie'.

The band have also appeared on T-Mobile's Transmission on Channel 4 where they performed the song Hummer.

Discography

Albums
 Antidotes, 2008
 Total Life Forever, 2010
 Holy Fire, 2013
 What Went Down, 2015

EPs
 Live EP (Transgressive Records, 26 February, 2007)

Singles
Try This On Your Piano / Look At My Furrows Of Worry (Try Harder' April 03 2006)
Hummer / Astronauts And All (Transgressive Records, April 23 2007)
Mathletics / Big Big Love (Fig #1) (Transgressive Records, August 20 2007) UK #109
Balloons / Brazil is Here! (CD only) / Dearth (7" only) / Balloons Produced by Kieran Hebden (Limited edt. etched 12" only) (Transgressive Records, December 10 2007)  UK #39

References

Other websites
 Foals Official Web Site
 Foals MySpace page
 Foals Fansite

Category:English punk bands

Foals (band)


The second season of the musical comedy-drama television show Glee originally premiered on September 21, 2010 and ended on May 24, 2011 on FOX in the United States. The second season had 22 episodes and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Ryan Murhpy Television. Dante Di Loreto became the executive producer while Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, the show co-creators, remained writing the episodes along with Ian Brennan. The second season features the "New Directions" glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. It also shows the glee club in several competitions; local, regional and nationals which was held in New York City. The club members in this season began dealing with relationship, sexuality and social issues.

The second season's main cast were; director of glee club Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), and glee club members Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Noah "Puck" Puckerman (Mark Salling), Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Will's ex-wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). Kurt's father Burt (Mike O'Malley) becomes a main character in this season.

Each episode of the second season received positive reviews from music and television journalists, however, the entire season was given a more mixed reception. The musical performances in the second season had more dance numbers and cover versions than the first season. The show released five soundtrack albums and over one hundred digital singles. The cast broke the record for "most charted songs by an act" in the 52-year history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The singles "Teenage Dream" (originally recorded by Katy Perry) and "Loser Like Me" (an original song), were the first to have over 200,000 downloads in their first week of release in the US. Both had also charted in the top ten in the US and Canada, and were certified Gold in the US. The second season was nominated for twelve Emmy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, five Satellite Awards and over fifty other awards. There has been three DVDs to have been released with episodes from the season: Glee - Season 2, Volume 1 which includes episodes one through ten, Glee - Season 2, Volume 2 which includes episodes eleven through twenty-two, and Glee - The Complete Second Season.

Category:Glee

Glee (season 2)


This is a list of the seaports of England, clockwise, starting from the Scottish border.

Major ports
Listed clockwise around the English coast from the Scottish border.
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Sunderland
Hartlepool
Redcar

Humber
Kingston-upon-Hull
Immingham
Grimsby

East Anglia
Port of King's Lynn - King's Lynn docks, Norfolk
Great Yarmouth
Lowestoft
Felixstowe
Great Yarmouth
Lowestoft
Harwich

Thames estuary
Tilbury Docks
Port of London

Kent coast
Port of Medway - Sheerness docks
Port of Whitstable
Port of Ramsgate
Dover
Folkestone

South coast
Newhaven
Portsmouth
Southampton
Poole
Weymouth
Plymouth
Falmouth

Bristol Channel
Avonmouth
Bristol

Northwest England
Liverpool
Fleetwood
Barrow-in-Furness

*
Category:Lists about England

List of ports in England


Clear Lake is a village in Polk County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 1,070 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Villages in Wisconsin

Clear Lake, Wisconsin


In 2004, the thirty two teams of the NFL got together and held the sixty eighth yearly NFL Draft, where each of them chose college players to play for their team. It was held at Madison Square Garden in New York on April 24 and 25. The draft was shown on ESPN. There were 255 choices in the draft.

The draft started with the San Diego Chargers picking Eli Manning. He was traded to the New York Giants a short time later.  There were 32 picks given to 16 teams because they lost free agents that offseason. The teams with the most compensatory picks were the Philadelphia Eagles, St. Louis Rams, and New York Jets, each with four. There were several records during the draft: the most wide receivers selected in the first round (7), and the most trades in the first round (28). The University of Miami had six players chosen in the first round. Ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 players picked in all rounds. As of 2012, this draft also has another records: it is the first draft which has had two quarterbacks who each won more tan one Super Bowl (with Ben Roethlisberger winning his second in 2008 and Eli Manning winning his second in 2011). The positions of the players in the draft were:

Player selections

References

Category:National Football League
Category:2004 in sports
Category:21st century in Manhattan
Category:2004 in New York
Category:2000s in New York City

2004 NFL Draft


Biological warfare (or germ warfare) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare.

Biological warfare has been used throughout history. The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols. During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies. Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:
Deliberate poisoning of food or water supplies with infectious materials
Use of microorganisms, living or dead animals in a weapon system.
Use of fabrics that are contaminated

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.

Today, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.

The production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.

category:war
category:Biology

Biological warfare


The Liria Palace () is a building in Madrid. It is the personal property of the House of Alba.

The palace was commissioned by Duke of Berwick. He was also Duke of Liria.
In the early 19th century, it passed to the House of Alba. Eugénie de Montijo, last empress consort of the French, died here in exile in 1920.

All but the facades were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War. It was rebuilt by Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba and his daughter Cayetana. The British architect Edwin Lutyens provided some designs for the interior. The reconstruction used his plans, even though he died before then.

As of 2012, the owner of the palace was the 18th Duchess of Alba. She lived in Seville. The main resident of the palace was her son and heir Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Huéscar.

References

Category:Buildings and structures in Madrid
Category:Palaces in Spain

Liria Palace


James Clerk Maxwell (born 13 June 1831 in Edinburgh – died 5 November 1879) was a Scottish mathematician, physicist and discoverer of Maxwell's equations.

Maxwell grew up in a rich religious family. In 1845, when he was only 14, he wrote a paper describing a way of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of string. In 1847 he started studying mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. In 1850 Maxwell changed to Peterhouse and then Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He won prizes from the university for his work and was given his degree in 1854. From 1855 to 1872 he did research on colour blindness.

In 1856 Maxwell was made a professor of 'Natural Philosophy' (which is what science was called then) at Marischal College, Aberdeen. He worked there until the two colleges in Aberdeen joined together in 1860 and he lost his job. He then became a professor at King's College London. In 1861 he was elected to the Royal Society.

In 1871, became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He studied many things, but is known best for his mathematical work on electromagnetism and on the behaviour of gases.

He lived at Glenlair House, his family estate near the village of Parton, Castle Douglas in Kirkcudbrightshire. Maxwell died in 1879 from cancer, and is buried in the graveyard at Parton Church.

Publications

 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On the Description of Oval Curves, and those having a plurality of Focus (geometry)|Foci". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. ii. 1846.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Illustrations of the Dynamical Theory of Gases". 1860.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Physical Lines of Force". 1861.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field". 1865.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On Governors".From the Proceedings of the Royal Society, No.100. 1868.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Theory of Heat". 1871.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism". Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1873.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Molecules". Nature, September, 1873.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Matter and Motion", 1876.
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "On the Results of Bernoulli's Theory of Gases as Applied to their Internal Friction, their Diffusion, and their Conductivity for Heat".
 Maxwell, James Clerk, "Ether", Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition (1875–89).

Category:1831 births
Category:1879 deaths
Category:British physicists
Category:People from Edinburgh
Category:Scottish scientists
Category:Theoretical physicists

James Clerk Maxwell


East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

Boundaries
The constituency corresponds to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk.

History
It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, replacing a number of single-member constituencies.

*
Category:1999 establishments in England
Category:Constituencies in the United Kingdom
Category:East of England region

East of England (European Parliament constituency)


Sister Dr Ruth Katherina Martha Pfau (9 September 1929 – 10 August 2017) was a German-Pakistani physician and nun of the Society of Daughters of the Heart of Mary. She devoted nearly 50 years of her life to fighting leprosy in Pakistan. She was born in Leipzig, Germany. She founded the Marie Adelaide Leprosy Centre.

In 2015, Pfau was awarded the Staufer Medal - the highest award of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

Pfau died at a hospital in Karachi, Pakistan on 10 August 2017 from complications of heart disease at the age of 87.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from cardiovascular disease
Category:Physicians
Category:Activists
Category:Nuns
Category:Pakistani people
Category:People from Leipzig

Ruth Pfau


Habituation is a basic activity whereby an animal responds less to repeated stimuli. It is a primitive kind of learning.<ref> Carew T.J. 2000. Behavioral neurobiology: the cellular organization of natural behavior. Sinauer Associates.</ref>

The learning that underlies habituation is a basic process of biological systems. Animals do not need conscious motivation or awareness for it to occur. Habituation enables organisms to distinguish meaningful information from background stimuli.

Habituation occurs in all animals, as well as in the large protozoan Stentor coeruleus. The decrease in responding is specific to the habituated stimulus. For example, if one was habituated to the taste of lemon, their responding would increase significantly when presented with the taste of lime.

Two factors that can influence habituation include the time between each stimulus, and the length of time the stimulus is presented. Shorter intervals and longer durations increase habituation, and vice versa''.

Human example
Habituation need not be conscious. For example, a short time after a person dresses, the stimulus clothing creates disappears from our nervous systems and we become unaware of it. In this way, habituation is used to ignore any continual stimulus. This sort of habituation can occur through changes in sensory nerves themselves, and through negative feedback from the brain to peripheral sensory organs.

References

Category:Learning
Category:Physiology

Habituation


The O'Reilly Auto Parts 500 is an annual Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race held at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas, United States.

History
Samsung sponsored the race from 2002-2012, the sponsorship was grandfathered in 2003 when Nextel became title sponsor, when they banned wireless sponsorships, since the merger in 2005 with Sprint and Nextel, since Sprint and Nextel were combined.

Past winners

 1997: Jeff Burton
 1998: Mark Martin
 1999: Terry Labonte
 2000: Dale Earnhardt, Jr.
 2001: Dale Jarrett
 2002: Matt Kenseth
 2003: Ryan Newman
 2004: Elliott Sadler
 2005: Greg Biffle
 2006: Kasey Kahne
 2007: Jeff Burton
 2008: Carl Edwards (race extended to 339 laps due to overtime)
 2009: Jeff Gordon
 2010: Denny Hamlin
 2011:Matt Kenseth
 2012: Greg Biffle
 2013: Kyle Busch
 2014: Joey Logano (race extended to 340 laps due to overtime)
 2015: Jimmie Johnson
 2016: Kyle Busch
 2017: Jimmie Johnson
 2018: Kyle Busch

References

Other websites

Category:1990s establishments in Texas
Category:1997 establishments in the United States
Category:NASCAR tracks
Category:Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races
Category:1997 in sports

O'Reilly Auto Parts 500


Leonard J. Goldberg (January 24, 1934 – December 4, 2019) was an American movie and television producer. He had his own production company, Panda Productions (formerly Mandy Films). He was head of programming for ABC, and was president of 20th Century Fox. Goldberg was also the executive producer of the CBS series Blue Bloods.

Goldberg died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 4, 2019 from problems caused by a fall. He was 85 years old.

References

Other websites

Category:1934 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Category:American television producers
Category:Movie producers from New York City

Leonard Goldberg


Factory was a band from Stockholm in Sweden, active between 1978-1982. They scored chart successes in Sweden during the late 1970s-1980's.

Factory brok through in Sweden with the 1978  single Efter plugget 1978. The single was followed up by the album Factory. The band toured the Nordic Region in the late 1970s-early 1980's and also released the 1980 album Factory II.

During the 1990s, the band was reunited temporary touring with, among others, Magnum Bonum, Attack and Snowstorm.

Members
 Mats Carinder, vocals
 Ted Leinsköld, guitar
 Lars-Olof Larsson, keyboard
 Ken Siewertson, bass
 Mats Söderberg, drums

Discography

Studio albums
 Factory (1979)
 Factory II (1980)

Compilation albums
 Best of Factory (1989)

Singles
 Lumpna funderingar (1978)
 Efter plugget (1978)
 Kuddsnack (1979)
 Face to Face (1981)
 Jag ställer inte upp (1981)
 Hårt mot hårt (1982)
 Ooa hela natten (with Attack och Magnum Bonum) (1992)

Maxisingles 12"
 Efter plugget (1989)

References

Category:1970s Swedish music groups
Category:1980s Swedish music groups
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1982
Category:Musical groups established in 1978
Category:Stockholm
Category:1978 establishments in Sweden
Category:1982 disestablishments in Europe
Category:1980s disestablishments in Sweden

Factory (band)


Ambrief is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Aisne department in the north of France. In 2012, 65 people lived there.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Ambrief


Efigenio Ameijeiras Delgado (September 21, 1931 – February 10, 2020) was a Cuban military commander. He worked with Fidel Castro in the military during the 1950s.

He was one of the band of Castro's active guerrillas that became known as the 26th of July Movement, named after the raid on Moncada Barracks on 26 July 1953. During the Bay of Pigs Invasion, on 19 April 1961, he commanded a battalion of about 200 police and militia moving south towards Giron, that was attacked by Brigade B-26s.

Ameijeiras died of sepsis on February 10, 2020 at the age of 88.

References

Category:1931 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Deaths from sepsis
Category:Cuban people
Category:Military people

Efigenio Ameijeiras


Tendring is a borough in the north-east of Essex in the East of England. It was created on 1 April 1974. Its population is about 140,000, a high proportion of whom are elderly. The largest settlement is Clacton-on-Sea, which has over a third of the borough's people.

Category:1974 establishments in England

Tendring


The Green River is a river in the states of Wyoming and Utah, in the United States. It is the largest tributary of the Colorado River, at about 730 miles (1,175 km) long. Its headwaters are in the west part of Wyoming, in a subrange of the Rocky Mountains known as the Wind River Range. From there, it flows south, then turns east for a short while, then flows south, west, and south into the Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which is formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam.

After it exits the dam, it flows east around the Uinta Mountains, and enters the desert-like Colorado Plateau. Here, it flows in a series of deep and spectacular canyons. It meets both of its largest tributaries, the White River and the Yampa River, from the east. In Canyonlands National Monument, it meets the Colorado. Shortly after the two rivers meet, they flow into Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam.

Related pages
Green River Formation

Category:Rivers of Utah

Green River


Seigo Shimokawa (born 17 November 1975) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="8"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1997||17||0||2||0||0||0||19||0
|-
|1998||34||0||1||0||2||0||37||0
|-
|1999||30||0||2||0||2||0||34||0
|-
|2000||30||0||1||0||0||0||31||0
|-
|2001||17||0||5||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|2002||J. League 2||32||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||36||0
|-
|2003||J. League 1||11||0||5||0||3||0||19||0
|-
|2004||rowspan="2"|Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|2005||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||2||0||5||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||5||0||1||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2007||23||0||0||0||4||0||27||0
|-
|2008||13||0||0||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|2009||0||0||1||0||3||0||4||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||
218||0||24||0||23||0||265||0
218||0||24||0||23||0||265||0
|}

References

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Hyōgo Prefecture
Category:Goalkeepers

Seigo Shimokawa


Richard Morgan Fliehr (born February 25, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) better known by his ring name, Ric Flair, is a semi-retired American professional wrestler that is currently signed to WWE.
He wrestled for 36 years. His last WWE match was against Shawn Michaels at WrestleMania XXIV. He is a two time WWE Hall of Famer.

His nickname is "The Nature Boy" Ric Flair.

References

Category:1949 births
Category:American professional wrestlers
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from North Carolina
Category:Total Nonstop Action Wrestling alumni
Category:Writers from North Carolina
Category:WWE Hall of Fame

Ric Flair