The Iowa Hawkeyes are the athletics teams of the University of Iowa in Iowa City, Iowa, United States. The Hawkeyes have varsity teams in 24 sports. They have 11 teams for men and 13 for women. The teams are a part of Division I of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and are members of the Big Ten Conference.

The term "Hawkeye" first appeared in the book The Last of the Mohicans. It was later used in its plural form to describe the people of Iowa.

Historically, Iowa has done well in wrestling. They have 34 team Big Ten championships and 23 team national championships. The Hawkeyes have also won national championships in three other sports. These are men's gymnastics, football and field hockey.  In basketball, Iowa has reached the Final Four four times. The men's team has done this three times and the women's team has done it once. The baseball team has reached the College World Series once, in 1972. Iowa's softball team has played in the Women's College World Series four times.

References

Category:Colleges and universities in Iowa
Category:Big Ten Conference

Iowa Hawkeyes


Courgains is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

Category:Communes in Sarthe

Courgains


Provolone is a type of Italian blue cheese. They are 10-15 cm in size. Provolone, provola, and provoleta are versions of the same basic cheese.

References

Category:Cheeses

Provolone


Homerville is an unincorporated community in central Homer Township, Medina County, Ohio, United States. Its zip code is 44235.

References

Category:Unincorporated communities in Ohio

Homerville, Ohio


is a female  Japanese athlete. She is best known as an association football player.

Sakaguchi was a member of the Japan women's national football team that won the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.

Sakaguchi was a member of the women's team in the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing.
She was a member of the team which won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.  Her play was highlighted when she scored a crucial goal in the Olympics semi-final game.

Club career statistics

Related pages
 Sports in Japan
 Japan at the Olympics
 Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament

References

Other websites
   Misuho Sakaguchi at ESPNsoccernet
 Mizuho Sakaguchi at Japan Football Association

Category:Living people
Category:1987 births
Category:Footballers from Osaka Prefecture
Category:2008 Summer Olympics
Category:2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Japanese Olympic silver medalists

Mizuho Sakaguchi


A flying disc is a flat round object with a thick rim.  The rim make the disc easier to grip and throw, and also keeps the disc from turning over as it flies.  Detailed throwing instructions are below, but the basic goal is to throw the disc while also making the disc spin.

Also mentioned below is a flying ring, made under the brand name Aerobie. Although these designs are very different, they both use air resistance in the same way to fly.

Unlike the Aerobie, flying discs are used in both Ultimate Frisbee and Disc Golf.  The Frisbee brand of flying disc is rarely used in official competition in either game, which is why the team sport of Ultimate Frisbee is officially called simply "Ultimate." Still, as "Kleenex" was once a word used to mean "facial tissue," "Frisbee" is still broadly used as a synonym for a flying disc.

The Aerobie

The Aerobie Superdisk is an alternative design of flying disc that, although somewhat differently shaped, still has very similar properties to the conventional disc. It has less air resistance. Because there is less resistance to motion, the Aerobie discs can fly farther than the conventional disc. The Aerobie flying ring has minimal drag and holds the world record for the longest flight by a human-thrown projectile. However, due to the lack of a rim, the Aerobie is less suited to angled, curved flights and air-bouncing.

Spin of the disc
The spin of the disc helps to keep the disc stable in flight and prevent unplanned tilting. This is because a large angular momentum stabilises the disc in the same way that it keeps a gyroscope steady, with the angular force forcing the mass of the disc away from the centre of mass, perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Any unequal force acting on a particular area of the disc is quickly redirected to be equal over the circumference of the disc.

As the disc spins faster, it becomes more stable due to the rapidity of the equalisation of forces.

Mass of the disc
The force required to accelerate the disc is directly proportional to the mass of the disc. This decreases the acceleration of the disc, assuming that the force of projection is constant. Therefore, discs come in a variety of weights, although those used for Ultimate are mainly 175 g in mass, heavier than the majority of discs and considerably heavier than an aerobie.

Flying discs (including Frisbees) can be thrown in many ways. All involve spinning the disc to give it gyroscopic stability, and accelerating its mass to a certain velocity. Without spin, a disc will wobble and fall; without velocity, the disc will not go anywhere. Using these two guidelines, any number of throws are possible. Most discs are designed to create lift when thrown with the flat side up.

Techniques

Right-side up
Right-side up throws are all similar in that they react the same way to the tilt of the disc when it is released. A disc thrown right-side up will accelerate in the direction of the low end of the disc. A disc tilted leading-edge up will lose speed at the end of the throw and make a gentle landing; if tilted sideways (known in aeronautics terms as roll), it can curve around objects.

There is a language for describing throws that curve. Both descriptions are relative to the direction the person is facing and intends to throw. This axis is marked in red in the picture.

 Inside-out (i-o) throws (green paths) occur when the thrower releases the disc in such a way that it initially comes towards the throwing axis (inside-). However, the disc is tilted with the side closest to the body highest, which causes the disc to curve away from the thrower (-out).
 Outside-in (o-i) throws (blue paths, sometimes also called a bender) follow the opposite path. The thrower releases the disc moving away from the throwing axis (outside-), but with the side of the disc closest to the body lowest. This tilt causes the disc to bend back towards the thrower (-in).

Backhand
This is probably the most commonly learned throw, and also one of the most powerful.
 Grip: Fingers are curled under the disc's rim, and the thumb is placed on top of the disc to hold it in place. The index finger may either be on the edge of the disc (to help aim), or four fingers may be tucked underneath the rim (to aid power).

 Throw: The thrower draws the throwing arm across the body to build velocity for the disc. During this movement, the arm straightens out. As the arm becomes straight, the wrist is flicked, to impart spin.

Variations

 The High Release: Used to get around an object (or a person), the High Release is thrown above the thrower's shoulder, and relies more heavily on the flick of the wrist to impart power.

 The Air Bounce: This throw is released at a downward angle, but with a high angle of attack. This throw will move toward the ground at first before downwash causes it to rise, giving the visual effect of the disc "bouncing" in the air. This is done by pressing down with the thumb, which lowers the trailing edge at the instant of release.

 The Beach Backhand: Rather than reaching and throwing the disc across the body, the arm is curled and the disc is cocked next to the hip on the same side of the body as the throwing arm. The disc is released by extending the arm straight ahead and snapping the wrist. The term "beach backhand" is considered pejorative, as this release technique is uniformly inferior to a standard backhand.

Forehand
This throw is also known as the flick, two-finger, or the side-arm. Focused in the wrist, this throw takes little time to execute. Along with the backhand, it is one of the two most common throws used in Ultimate.

 Grip: The middle finger is extended and laid along the rim of the disc. The index finger is placed against the middle finger for power, or pressed on the bottom of the disc pointing towards the center for stability. The thumb is pressed against the top of the disc. The wrist is cocked back, and the arm is extended out from the body.

 Throw: A snap of the wrist imparts spin as the disc releases off the middle finger, as well as some forward velocity. Extension of the lower arm provides additional power, as does shoulder and upper body rotation.

Variations
The forehand is a versatile throw, and can be adapted to many different situations.

 Different wrist or arm angles on release can allow for inside-out or outside-in curves.

 Most upside-down throws (see below) use the forehand grip and use the same wrist snap and release, and are therefore variants of the forehand in some sense.

 The High Release: Used to get around an object (or a person), the High Release is thrown above the thrower's shoulder, and is powered by the flick of the wrist as well as the rising action of the arm on release.

Push Pass

The Push Pass: A relatively little-used throw, it is thrown with a grip similar to a backhand (index finger on the outer rim of the disc, thumb on top, other fingers curled underneath) but is released on the forehand side from a forehand stance. A pronating wrist snap similar to a forehand release pushes the disc forward, while spin is imparted "backwards" by rolling the disc off the index finger. A final flick of the index finger finishes the release. It is difficult to impart as much spin to the push pass as one can typically impart to a forehand or backhand, resulting in a less stable throw. It is useful in Ultimate for very short throws released to the forehand side.

Thumber forehand
The thumber forehand is also known as a The Beach Thumber, Peach, or in the sport of guts, simply as a thumber. Its primary advantage is that it can be thrown quite hard and with a great amount of spin, and is relatively easy to learn. It is often seen used in a game of Guts due to its power and velocity. It is unpopular in Ultimate due to several disadvantages when compared to the standard forehand. It is relatively difficult to impart different curves or release angles to, it is harder to release extended away from the thrower's body, and it makes for slow grip transitions to a backhand or hammer.

 Grip: The thumber derives its name from the grip: it is thrown on the forehand side with the thumb under the rim and the rest of the hand against the outside of the disc. The arm should also be tucked against the side, and the elbow bent. The disc is kept parallel to the ground and the wrist is cocked back.

 Throw: To release, the wrist is snapped forward. Spin is imparted off the flat part of the thumb; power can be gained by rotating the arm at the shoulder or the body at the hips. A flat release is critical to a successful thumber forehand.

Overhand
The Overhand (also known as Hungarian, flamingo, dragonwing, windmill, waffle, discus, wrist-hook, chicken wing, or biscuit) is rarely used among ultimate players, because the alternative, the traditional forehand, allows greater sideways arm extension, useful in moving the disc around defenders. The Overhand is most useful when the disc is caught above the head and must be thrown quickly without changing grips, such as during a Greatest attempt.

 Grip: The fingers of the hand are spread out over the top, with the thumb under the disc and perpendicular to the rim. For greater control, extend the index finger along the rim, as in the control grip for the forehand.

 Throw: The arm is held horizontal and behind the thrower, then quickly brought forward, and the wrist is snapped laterally as the disc is released. Typically, release occurs at or above shoulder height, although it is possible to release at waist height or lower. The whole body and arm can be allowed to rotate, and the forearm must move very quickly to impart enough momentum to send the disc a significant distance. For maximum power, the entire body rotates, as in the ancient discus throw seen in track and field events; for a right-hander, the torso starts leaning right, and ends leaning left. Wrist snap is especially important, as the throw has no stability without a strong spin.

Duck
The Duck (also known as a bear claw, a duder, or a useless) is thrown with a similar grip to the Overhand, except it is the backward version of it. While the Overhand is thrown with counter-clockwise spin (for right-handers), the duck is thrown with clockwise spin. It is usually thrown with the arm out to the side or above the head. It is called the duck due to the shape of the gripping hand during the throw, as if making a duck shadow puppet. This throw is used in attempts at The Greatest (jumping out of bounds and throwing the Frisbee back in to play while in the air).

Upside-down
A disc thrown upside-down has a very different flight path than one thrown right-side up. The lift force does not enforce stable flight as it does on a right-side up disc, resulting in a more of a parabolic arc in flight. As with a right-side up throw, however, the flight path of the disc will curve toward the lower edge. This banking effect is most pronounced when the disc is at a 45 degree angle, and less pronounced when it is near-vertical, or near-horizontal.

Gyroscopic precession causes the disc to rotate toward horizontal through its flight path. Unlike a right-side up throw, however, an upside-down disc will not precess toward a stable flat state, and will in stead oscillate past horizontal and begin to bank in the opposite direction. This shuttlecock-like effect is known as "helixing", and is generally avoided due to the difficulty in controlling a helixing flight path. For this reason, an upside down throw is typically released with either clockwise rotation and the left edge up, or counterclockwise rotation and the right edge up. The longer the disc is expected to remain in the air, the closer to vertical it must be at release to avoid the helixing effect.

Hammer
The Hammer is gripped just like a normal forehand throw, and is generally a mid-range, high and arching throw.

 Grip: Identical to the forehand.

 Throw: From an open stance, the throwing arm is swung over the head in a similar motion to an overhand throw or volleyball spike. The disc is released using a wrist snap identical to that of a forehand. The angle of the disc on release can be anywhere between vertical and nearly upside-down, depending on the flight path desired.

A hammer, when thrown by a right-handed thrower, will arc up and to the left as it moves away from the thrower, and will bank towards the right in flight. The banking effect will be more pronounced if the disc is thrown higher and spends more flight time near a 45 degree angle.

Scoober
Another upside-down variant of the forehand, the scoober (also known as the "Spoon pass" or Hiawatha) is similar to a hammer, but released away from the body from a backhand stance, instead of over the head from a forehand stance. The scoober travels in a path similar to the hammer, although the initial release is typically more flat than a hammer release. Although it is more difficult to impart power to a scoober than a hammer, a scoober can be an effective short-range (10 to 20 yards/meters) throw and is used in Ultimate for breaking the mark and to throw over defenders in a zone defense.

 Grip: Identical to a forehand or hammer.
 Throw: The thrower steps towards the backhand side, holding the disc upside down and bringing the throwing arm across the body. Leading with the elbow, the throwing arm is swung forward, and the disc is flicked off the middle finger (as in a forehand), releasing the disc upside down.

Thumber
The Thumber (not to be confused with the thumber forehand) is a throw that is rarely used in competitive play, compared to the Hammer or standard forehand. It has a flight path that is the mirror-image of the Hammer (arcing high and to the right for a right-handed thrower). It can be useful when the disc needs to drop quickly and fly with an opposite curve to a Hammer in order to avoid defenders.

 Grip: The thumber derives its name from the grip: the disc is held with the thumb tightly against the rim and the rest of the hand against the outside of the disc. The wrist is cocked back in a similar fashion to a forehand.

 Throw: Cock the arm backwards, then bring it forward in a similar motion to a baseball pitch. The disc is released by a forward wrist snap.

Table of basic disc throws

This table represents the fundamental disc throws with classic technique in the foreword form, in fact exist many variations of throws and grips that make the number of pitches quite infinite.

The natural path is the trajectory the disc takes without pre-release tilt.

The hyzer path is the trajectory the disc takes when the outside edge of the disc is tilted downward.

The anhyzer path is the trajectory the disc takes when the outside edge of the disc is tilted upward.

The spin is the rotation of the disc.

Every throw can be done with the right hand or the left hand and this is shown in the hand column.

RH=right hand, LH=left hand, R=the path tends to the right of the thrower, L=the path tends to the left of the thrower, 0 means that the path is quite linear.

So R with RH and L with LH are outside-in (OI) paths; R with LH and L with RH are inside-out (IO) paths.

In spin column numbers represent the sign of the angular momentum relative to the upside of the disc (+1=positive (counter-clockwise rotation), -1=negative (clockwise rotation)).

Throws may be signed as follows: hand acronym+throw acronym+tilt acronym. For example LHBHIO is an inside out backhand throw pitched with the left hand; RHFH0 is a linear forehand throw pitched with the right hand. To have linear paths the disc must be released with a light opposite tilt than his natural path.

Other websites
 Ultimate Players Association, whose goal is to increase participation in the sport of Ultimate at all levels, and teaches
 Freestyle Players Association Tips and videos for learning "Freestyle" which combines creative, artistic and athletic moves with flying discs.
 skills and strategy that is important for Ultimate.
 Dave's Tips Good Technique and grip site for Frisbee golf.
 Disc Nation Beginner Information Great Beginner Tips and Techniques.
 Ultipedia a wiki dedicated completely to Ultimate.

Category:Toys
Category:Sports equipment

Flying disc


Helium.com, Inc. is a website where active members are paid for writing articles, and visitors can read these articles for free.

Other websites

 Helium.com - Official site.
 Helium.com - Social Networking Beta.

Category:Websites

Helium.com


Alun Arthur Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont,  (5 December 1919 – 10 January 2020) was a British politician. He was a retired British Army officer and historian. He was awarded the Efficiency Medal in October 1950. He was a minister in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from 1964 to 1970 and appointed to the Privy Council in the former year.

On 27 March 1967, in the House of Lords, Chalfont became the spokesman/figurehead for Harold Wilson. He was the author of several military history books on subjects including the Napoleonic Wars.

He retired from the House of Lords on 10 November 2015. Jones died on 10 January 2020 at the age of 100.

References

Other websites
Leigh Rayment's Peerage
UK Parliament

Category:1919 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:British centenarians
Category:British politicians
Category:Political writers
Category:British historians
Category:British military personnel of World War II

Alun Gwynne Jones, Baron Chalfont


Michael Makoto Honda (born June 27, 1941), also known as Mike Honda, is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for the 17th District of California until 2017 when he lost to Democrat Ro Khanna.

Early life
Honda was born in Walnut Grove, California in 1941.  He is the son of Japanese American parents.  He calls himself Sansei, which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

References

Other websites

 Congressman Mike Honda at US House website
Mike Honda at Peace Corps

Category:1941 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from San Jose, California
Category:United States representatives from California

Mike Honda


Diddy Kong Racing is a racing video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It was developed and published by Rareware. It is the first spin-off of the Donkey Kong Country series. It was released on November 14, 1997 in North America, and on November 21, 1997 in Japan and Europe.

Diddy Kong Racing has gameplay that is similar to Mario Kart 64. It has an adventure mode with several worlds that have several race tracks, a battle stage, and a race against a boss. Players can choose to use a car, a hovercraft, or a plane, although some tracks make the player use one of those. Each track has boosters that make the player go faster, and balloons that give the player an item that they can use during the race. Players can choose from 10 characters. Two of the game's characters, Conker and Banjo, would later star in their own games. Conker went on to star in Conker's Bad Fur Day, while Banjo went on to star in Banjo-Kazooie.

A remake for the Nintendo DS called Diddy Kong Racing DS was released on February 5, 2007 in North America and on April 20, 2007 in Europe. It has better graphics and use of the console's touch screen. Banjo and Conker do not appear in it.

Characters
Diddy Kong
Krunch
Bumper the Badger
Banjo
Conker
Tiptup the Turtle
Timber the Tiger
Pipsy
Drumstick the Rooster (Unlockable)
T.T. (Unlockable)
Taj the Genie (Playable in DS remake)
Wizpig (Playable in DS remake): Main antagonist
Tricky the Triceratops (Dino Domain Boss)
Bluey the Walrus (Snowflake Mountain Boss)
Bubbler the Octopus (Sherbet Island Boss)
Smokey the Dragon (Dragon Forest Boss)

Non-Playable Characters
Taj

Bosses
Wizpig
Tricky the Triceratops
Bluey the Walrus
Bubbler the Octopus
Smokey the Dragon

References

Other websites
Official Diddy Kong Racing site (Archive)

Category:1997 video games
Category:Nintendo 64 games
Category:Racing video games
Category:Donkey Kong

Diddy Kong Racing


exit in computing means to terminate a task or program. On many computer operating systems, a process is stopped by making a system call, called exit. An exit in a multithreading environment means that a thread of execution has stopped running. The operating system reclaims memory that was used by the process. The process is said to be a dead process after it terminates.

Related pages
 exit (command)

Category:Computing

Exit (system call)


The Miami Marlins are a Major League Baseball team in Miami, Florida. The team began play in 1993. They were called the Florida Marlins through the 2011 baseball season. In November 2011, after the end of the season, they were renamed the Miami Marlins.

The marlin is a large sport fish that lives in warm parts of the ocean. There was once a minor league baseball team called the Miami Marlins. The major league team was named the "Marlins" in honor of the minor league team.

The Marlins' first home was Sun Life Stadium. They opened a new stadium in 2012 called Marlins Park.

The Marlins won two World Series in 1997 and 2003.

Category:1993 establishments in Florida

Miami Marlins


Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire.

Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.

Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.

Other websites
 Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd., Organ Builders
 Biography
 Groves Music Online

Category:Organ builders

Henry Willis


The League of Nations (French: La Société des Nations) was the predecessor to the United Nations. The League was founded in 1920, after World War I, but failed to maintain peace during World War II. The League had a Council of the great powers and an Assembly of all the member countries.

The League of Nations was thought up by Woodrow Wilson, the American President during the First World War. It was to be a group of nations that worked together to keep peace. One of the reasons for its downfall was that, after a vote, the American public refused to join. The League did not have the power it needed to enforce any of the rules that made it up. This later proved to be a fatal flaw in the League's structure.

Another flaw in the League was that it was not representative enough: no more than 65 nations were members at any given time, and the interests of the leading members (notably Britain and France) often outweighed those of smaller, less powerful members.

The League also had no troops of its own, and decisions it made were often slow. For example, when the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria  (North-East China) in 1931, the League took a whole year to make a decision.  When it came, Japan ignored it.   When  Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League condemned it more quickly but Italy merely quit the League and continued its conquest.  After these disasters the League was thought to be weak and powerless and stopped operations in 1939.

The League did not fail completely: it had prevented a few conflicts in Europe in the 1920s and worked hard to relieve various public health and social problems around the world.

In 1946, the already inactive League of Nations formally ended.  The United Nations was established, and still today does many of the same things the League of Nations did.

United States
President Woodrow Wilson arranged a plan for a "government of governments", or rather an international peacekeeping force. The idea of his plan was to settle problems between nations peacefully. Wilson tried to persuade the international community that the league would discourage aggression and tackle the underlying problems that often lead to war, such as poverty. Wilson was however unable to convince the American public into supporting the League. The United States did not want to be part of Wilson’s approach for three reasons:

First, the United States had many German immigrants who hated the Treaty of Versailles.  The Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany and its allies for the war and said they must pay heavy war reparations.  To join The League of Nations, a country had to agree and accept the Treaty of Versailles.  German Americans did not accept this.

Second, Americans did not want to risk more Americans dying in a European war, as they had in World War I.  They also felt that it would result in pointless actions such as sending soldiers all around the globe to sort out small disputes.  This attitude was called isolationism.  Most Americans felt it would be best to avoid European and British affairs completely.

Third, the granting of women's voting rights in the United States brought a huge new voting block that overwhelmingly desired to turn inward towards 'isolation'.

Members

1920
These countries joined League of Nations in 1920:

 Argentina (left in 1921 and joined again in 1933)
 Australia
 Belgium
 Bolivia
 Brazil (left the organization in 1926)
 British Empire
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,
Dominion of Canada,
Commonwealth of Australia,
Federation of New Zealand,
Union of South Africa
 Canada
 Chile (left in 1938)
 China
 Colombia
 Cuba
 Czechoslovakia (left in 1939)
 Denmark (left in 1940)
 El Salvador (left in 1937)
 France
 Greece
 (left in 1936)
 (left in 1942)
 (left in 1936)
 India
 Italy
 Japan

 (left in 1936)

 (left in 1935)

  (left in 1939)

 (left in 1940)

 (left in 1939)

Other websites

Category:1919 establishments
Category:1946 disestablishments
Category:Geneva

League of Nations


Roberto Remigio Benigni  (; born 27 October 1952) is an Italian actor, comedian, screenwriter and director.  He is known for writing, directing and starring in Life Is Beautiful, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor.

References

Other websites
 Roberto Benigni's English fansite site.
 Roberto Benigni – A Biography
 The Official Site of the Tour TuttoDante

Category:Academy Award winning actors
Category:BAFTA Award winning actors
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian movie actors
Category:Italian television actors
Category:Italian stage actors
Category:Italian voice actors
Category:Comedians
Category:Italian screenwriters
Category:Italian movie directors

Roberto Benigni


Mantellidae is a family of the order Anura. These frogs are found only in Madagascar and Mayotte.

These frogs are very different from each other. Most species live on land, though some live in trees. Body size ranges from 3 to 10 centimetres in length. The genus Mantella has many similarities with the South American poison dart frogs.
They are small, aposematically coloured, and secrete alkaloid toxins.

Some members of this group are kept as pets due to their bright colors.

References

Category:Frogs

Mantellidae


Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue at the oil refinery.

Broadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately +40 °C and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha.

Six classes
Fuel oil in the United States is classified into six classes, according to its boiling temperature, composition and purpose. The boiling point, ranging from 175 to 600 °C, and carbon chain length, 20 to 70  atoms, of the fuel increases with number. Viscosity also increases with fuel oil number and the heaviest oil has to be heated to get it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases.

No. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil (heating oil), and No. 3 fuel oil are referred to as distillate fuel oils, diesel fuel oils, light fuel oils, gasoil or just distillate. For example, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 2 distillate and No. 2 diesel fuel oil are almost the same thing. Diesel is different in that it also has a cetane number limit which describes the ignition quality of the fuel. Distillate fuel oils are distilled from crude oil.

Related pages
Diesel
Gasoline
Kerosene
Naphtha

Sources
Bunkerworld - media site for the marine fuels industry
National Park Service - Fuel Oil
How Stuff Works - Oil Refining
The True Cost of #6 Oil
Burning #6 Fuel Oil
Identity and Analysis of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Poten & Partners: Advisors to the Fuel Oil Industry
Classification of Fuel Oils
Marine Fuel Oil (ISO 8217)

Category:Fossil fuels
Category:Chemical compounds
Category:Oils

Fuel oil


Cesar Department is a department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. The capital is Valledupar.

Category:Departments of Colombia

Cesar Department


Aleksei Vasilyevich Petrenko (; 26 March 1938 – 22 February 2017) was a Soviet movie and stage actor. He was known for playing Grigori Rasputin in the Elem Klimov's historical drama Agony and Joseph Stalin in the BBC Two documentary World War II: Behind Closed Doors.

References

Other websites

Category:1938 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Russian movie actors
Category:Stage actors

Aleksei Petrenko


SWV (Sisters with Voices) are an African American female group that sing R&B music. The group was founded in 1990 and had multiple hit songs between then and 1998, one of which sampled the Michael Jackson hit song Human Nature. The group broke up in 1998 but then reunited around 2005 and have been making music since.

Category:Musical groups from New York City
Category:American R&B bands
Category:American pop music groups
Category:American girl groups
Category:Musical groups established in 1990
Category:1990 establishments in New York (state)
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1998
Category:1998 disestablishments in the United States
Category:1990s disestablishments in New York (state)
Category:Musical groups established in 2005
Category:2005 establishments in New York (state)

SWV


In Norse mythology, Sköll is a wolf that chases the sun (Sól) through the sky every day, trying to eat her. Sköll has a brother, Hati, who chases Máni, the moon. At Ragnarök, both Sköll and Hati will succeed in their quests.

Category:Norse mythology

Sköll


is an anime made by AN Entertainment.

Category:Anime
Category:Manga

Haré+Guu


Lidingöloppet is an annual cross-country running competition held in Lidingö in Sweden. It was held for first time in 1965.

Other websites

Lidingöloppet official website (press flag for English or Finnish).
http://www.oppetarkiv.se/etikett/titel/Liding%C3%B6loppet/ The event at SVT's open archive

Category:1965 establishments in Europe
Category:Sport in Sweden
Category:1960s establishments in Sweden

Lidingöloppet


is a former Japanese football player.

Club statistics

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|1998||rowspan="3"|Ventforet Kofu||Football League||||||||||||||||
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|1999||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||16||1||||||||||||
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|2000||4||0||||||||||||
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References

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Yamanashi Prefecture

Yoshinobu Akao


The Yasin Valley is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Yasin is separated from the Ishkoman Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the Karakoram Highway north from Islamabad, and then turn left to reach Gupis in Ghizar. After Gupis, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has a spectacular natural beauty.

History
Yasin was originally ruled by the Khushwakhte Dynasty, a collateral line of the Katur Dynasty of Chitral.  The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the Sikhs and the Dogras of Kashmir, but this house eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between  the rule of the Mehtar of Chitral, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.

British era
Although not highly or densely  populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to Broghol Pass, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, and into Tajikistan. Thus, Yasin could have formed an invasion route from Czarist Russia into British India.

People
The primary language of Yasin Valley is the Burushaski language. The Khowar language is also spoken.

The majority of the people in Yasin are Ismailies who lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the Imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like, Sunni, Shia also live in Yasin.

Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin; however, there are the migrants from different parts of the country, mainly from Chitral and even from outside the country like Central Asia.

Passes
The Darkut Pass connects Yasin with Broghol pass and Chitral whilst the Thoi Pass connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral and Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which discriminately has been labelled as restricted zone by Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of Communication between oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Local and Foreign Tourism love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen valley.

Other websites
 Representative web site of the Valley

Category:Valleys of Pakistan

Yasin Valley


Alvesta Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden and the seat is in Alvesta.

References

Other websites

 Alvesta Municipality

Category:Municipalities of Sweden

Alvesta Municipality


Casey Kasem (born Kemal Amin Kasem; April 27, 1932– June 15, 2014) was an American radio personality, stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is known for his many voice roles in cartoons and for being a public radio personality.

Early life
Kasem was born Kemal Amin Kasem in Detroit, Michigan, on April 27, 1932, to Lebanese immigrant parents. They settled in Michigan, where they worked as grocers. Kasem graduated from Northwestern High School in Detroit and Wayne State University.

Career
Kasem's career began in the radio business in the 1950s in Flint, Michigan. He then made his first movie appearance in Easy Rider in 1967.

He was the host of the weekly American Top 40 radio show from 1970 to 1988, and again from March 1998 until January 10, 2004. Ryan Seacrest is now the host. Kasem is the host of two weekly radio shows, American Top 20 with Casey Kasem and American Top 10 with Casey Kasem.

Kasem did the voice of many advertisements, has done many voices for Sesame Street, and is the voice of 'Shaggy' for the animated television show Scooby-Doo.

Kasem retired in 2009 because of old age and health concerns.

Personal life
Kasem married Linda Myers in 1972. The couple had three children. Kasem then married Jean Thompson in 1980. The couple had one child. Kasem lived in Washington state.

Kasem was a Democrat. He narrated television ads for 1972 president candidate George McGovern's campaign.

Disappearance
On May 12, 2014, Kasem was declared missing by a Los Angeles court judge ordered an investigation for his whereabouts. Soon after, Kasem was found alive in Washington state.

Health
Kasem suffered from Parkinson's disease and an early form of dementia.

On June 6, 2014, Kasem was in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state hospital, receiving antibiotic treatment from blood pressure and bedsores. He also suffered from Lewy body disease, the most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's and was bed-ridden.

Death
Kasem died in Gig Harbor, Washington from complications of dementia and sepsis, aged 82. On August 14 it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper Verdens Gang that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo. The funeral administration of Oslo, Norway confirmed that Kasem was buried at Vestre Gravlund in Oslo on December 16, 2014.

References

Further reading
 Durkee, Rob. American Top 40: The Countdown of the Century, Schriner Books, New York, 1999.
 Battistini, Pete. "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem (The 1970s)", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005.

Other websites
 Kasem entry at the National Broadcaster's Hall of Fame

Category:1932 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
Category:Deaths from sepsis
Category:Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Category:American movie actors
Category:American radio actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Democrats (United States)
Category:National Radio Hall of Fame inductees
Category:People with Parkinson's disease

Casey Kasem


The Illusionist is an Academy Award-nominated period drama written and directed by Neil Burger and featuring Edward Norton, Jessica Biel, and Paul Giamatti. The Illusionist tells about the story of Eisenheim (Norton), a magician in turn-of-the-20th-century Vienna.

Cast

Other websites
 Official site
 Official trailer (direct link)
 Exclusive 3 minutes Video Clip
 Variety.com - Video clips from The Illusionist
 Hollywood Reporter - James Greenberg's Review of The Illusionist
Hollywood Gothique Review
 The Prague Post review by Steffen Silvis
 Film Threat interview with director Neil Burger
 Twitch interview with Burger
 Robert Houdin's Fantastic Orange Tree automaton illusion

Category:2006 movies
Category:American drama movies
Category:American fantasy movies
Category:English-language movies

The Illusionist


Believe is the third studio album by Canadian pop singer, Justin Bieber. Believe was released on June 15, 2012 through Island Records.

The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200 on both the weekly and year-end charts. As of December 2015, Belive has sold more than 1,610,000 copies in the US. It also peaked at #1 on the Argentine, Australian, Austrian, Canadian, Croatian, Danish, Greek, Irish, Italian, Mexican, New Zealand, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, and UK Album charts.

On December 14, 2012, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show and said that he was going to release an acoustic version of the album. He released it on January 29, 2013.

References

Other websites

Category:2012 albums

Believe (Justin Bieber album)


The Artemision Zeus is a Greek bronze statue. It dates to the Early Classical period, ca. 460 BC. It stands 2.09 m in height. It was found in the debris of a shipwreck near Cape Artemision in 1926-1928. It is in the National Museum, Athens. There has been some debate whether the statue represents Zeus or Poseidon. Caroline Houser believes it is unlikely the statue is Poseidon because his trident would obscure the statue's face.

Gallery

References

Category:Ancient Greek bronze sculptures
Category:Ancient Greek and Roman statues

Artemision Zeus


Bates College is an American liberal arts college in Lewiston, Maine, in the United States.  Bates College was founded in 1855.  1,800 students attend Bates.  Economics, English, Psychology, Biology, and History are popular majors at Bates College.

References

Other websites
Bates College

Category:Colleges and universities in Maine
Category:Oberlin Group of Libraries
Category:Lewiston, Maine
Category:1855 establishments in the United States
Category:19th-century establishments in Maine

Bates College


Capital punishment (the death penalty) has existed in the United States since before the United States was a country.  As of 2017, capital punishment is legal in 30 of the 50 states.  The federal government (including the United States military) also uses capital punishment.

The United States is the only Western country that uses the death penalty.

History

Colonial America

Jamestown Colony
Before the United States became an independent country, it was a colony of the British Empire.  The first known death sentence in colonial America happened in 1608.  Captain George Kendall was executed by firing squad at the Jamestown colony after being accused of spying for the Spanish government.

In colonial America, people could be executed for many things.  In the Jamestown colony, the first set of rules and punishments the colony's Lieutenant Governor wrote was very strict.  There were 48 different capital crimes (crimes that were punishable by death).  They included:
 Picking flowers from a neighbor's garden
 Criticizing the British government (for the third time)
 Blasphemy (for the third time)
 Trading with Native Americans (for the first time)
 Leaving the colony (for the third time)
 Stealing food because of hunger (for the third time)

When some colonists decided they did not like these strict rules, they ran away from the colony to live with nearby Native Americans.  They were brought back to the colony, tortured, and executed.

The Thirteen Colonies

Each of the Thirteen Colonies came up with its own death penalty laws.  For example, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which was mostly Puritan, laws were harsh.  Under its first capital punishment laws, which were effective from 1636-1647, people were executed for sodomy, adultery, witchcraft, blasphemy, bestiality, assault, rape, statutory rape, perjury in a capital trial, and murder.  Later, the colony continued to execute people for witchcraft, including 20 people during the Salem Witch Trials.  They also executed people for being Quakers and pirates.

Under the New York colony's Duke's Laws of 1665, a person could be executed for "denial of the one true God" or for hitting their mother or father.

Some colonies were not as strict.  For example, the New Jersey colony had no death penalty, and in the Pennsylvania colony only murder and treason were capital crimes.

Revolutionary War era

By 1776, most of the colonies had similar laws about the death penalty.  In most colonies, the capital crimes were arson, piracy, treason, murder, sodomy, burglary, robbery, rape, stealing horses, slave rebellion, and counterfeiting (making fake money).  Usually, people sentenced to death were hanged.

During the American Revolutionary War, British Major John André was hanged by the Continental Army on October 2, 1780.  He was convicted of spying and helping Benedict Arnold.

Slaves
The first slaves were brought to the Jamestown colony in 1619.  Slavery was legal in the United States for the next 246 years, until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution made it illegal in 1865.  Until that time, slaves had no rights.

Slaves could be punished or tortured for any reason, or for no reason at all.  Slaves who tried to escape or rebel were often tortured and executed where other slaves could see, to warn them not to do the same thing.

For example, in 1755, in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a slave named Mark was accused of poisoning his "master."  He was executed, then hung in chains at Boston Harbor so his body would rot.  This was supposed to remind other slaves not to rebel every time they passed Mark's body.  Twenty years later, when Paul Revere made his "Midnight Ride," Mark's skeleton was still hanging in chains at Boston Harbor.

During the 1700s, in the Southern colonies, an unknown number of slaves were executed, sometimes for things like hitting another slave, "fussing," or "sassing" a white person.  Laws in the Southern colonies were passed allowing cruel and unusual punishments as well as capital punishment for slaves.

Reforms
In the late 1700s, activists like Benjamin Rush began to argue that the death penalty should not be used.  Between 1794 and 1815, eight states passed laws that made fewer crimes punishable by death.  However, many southern states made more crimes punishable by death, especially for slaves.

Major reforms started to happen between 1833 and 1853.  At that time, many executions were public events.  By 1849, fifteen states had switched to private hangings.

Abolition

In 1846, Michigan became the first state to abolish the death penalty, just after it entered the United States.

In 1852, Massachusetts's state legislature voted to allow the death penalty only for first-degree murder.  The next year, Wisconsin outlawed capital punishment.  In 1887, Maine's state legislature banned the death penalty.

The focus on the death penalty slowed while the country was busy with the issue of slavery and the American Civil War.  However, in 1897, the United States Congress passed a law that made fewer federal crimes punishable by death.  In 1911, Minnesota abolished capital punishment.  Several other states also abolished the death penalty, but would start using it again later.

Between 1957 and 1973, six other states permanently abolished the death penalty:
 Alaska and Hawaii, in 1957, before they became states
 Iowa, Vermont, and West Virginia, in 1965
 North Dakota, in 1973

Furman v. Georgia
In 1972, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Furman v. Georgia that the way death penalty laws were written made them unconstitutional.  They ruled that sentencing rules were discriminatory, because black people got sentenced to death more often than whites for the same crimes.  Because of this, the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment, which violated the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution.  This ruling stopped all executions in the country.  Between 1972 and 1976, there were no executions in the United States.

However, by early 1975, thirty states had passed new death penalty laws that they thought would satisfy the Supreme Court.  They did.  In Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the Supreme Court ruled that Georgia's new death penalty law was constitutional.  It ruled that capital punishment was not always cruel and unusual punishment, as long as it was done fairly.  This meant that states could start executing people again, as long as they had rewritten their death penalty laws like Georgia did, to say that the death penalty would be applied fairly.  In 1977, executions began again in the United States.

Limitations

In two major cases, the Supreme Court has limited who may be executed.  In Atkins v. Virginia (2002), the Court decided that executing people with intellectual disabilities is cruel and unusual punishment, and is against the Eighth Amendment.  Before this decision, between 1984 and 1992, forty-four people with intellectual disabilities were executed in the United States.

Also, in Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Supreme Court made it illegal to execute a person who was younger than 18 when they committed their crime.

Number of executions

In 2004, two researchers named M. Watt Espy and John Ortiz Smykia put together a list of executions that became known as "The ESPY File."  The Espy File says that between 1608 and 1991, in the American colonies and then the United States, 15,269 people were executed.  The Espy File is "the most often cited and used list of America's legal executions."  However, in a 2011 study, two researchers criticized The Espy File.  They wrote that researchers should not use the File as a complete source of information about executions.

According to the United States Department of Justice, between 1930 and 2002, the United States executed 4,679 people.  About two-thirds of these people (about 3,100 people) were executed between 1930 and 1950.

Between 1916 and 1955, the United States military executed 135 soldiers.  The military has not executed anyone since 1955.

In 2016, only 5 of 50 or 10% of US states had executions. They were Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Missouri and Texas.

Methods

Throughout American history, different methods of execution have been used.  During colonial times, cruel and painful methods like burning or crushing people to death were sometimes used.  However, since 1776, all but a few executions have been carried out in one of five ways: hanging, firing squad, the electric chair, the gas chamber, or lethal injection.

Since the Bill of Rights was added to the United States Constitution in 1791, "cruel and unusual punishment" has been against the law in the United States.  This means that even if a person commits a terrible crime, the Constitution says their punishment cannot be painful or cause suffering on purpose.

Hanging

Until the beginning of the 20th century, hanging was the most common method of execution in the United States.

However, hanging did not always work the way it was supposed to.  If the rope and noose were not put in the correct position, a person could be decapitated.  If the rope was not long enough, the person could slowly die of strangulation.  People started looking for more 'civilized' ways to execute people.

Electric chair

After Thomas Edison discovered direct current (DC) electricity in 1882, his company showed how powerful it was by using it to kill animals.  The idea of using electricity to kill humans grew out of this.  New York built the first electric chair, and first used it to execute a prisoner on August 6, 1890.  Other states also adopted the electric chair as a method of execution, believing that it was a less painful way to die than hanging.

However, it became clear, even to some members of the Supreme Court, that dying in an electric chair was very painful.  Also, even up until the 1990s, electric chairs would work incorrectly, causing prisoners to catch fire or be awake while they were being electrocuted.  Around the 1980s, most states began to use lethal injection instead.

Gas chamber

Still looking for a more "humane" methods of execution, in 1924, Nevada prison officials tried to secretly pump cyanide gas into death row prisoner Gee Jon's cell to kill him while he slept.  This did not work, and they had to build a gas chamber.  On February 8, 1924, Jon became the first person to be executed by gas chamber.

From 1924 to 1972, the United States executed about 600 people in gas chambers.  Most states used hydrogen cyanide gas.  However, by the mid-1970s and 1980s, many people had started to criticize the use of gas chambers.  Death from hydrogen cyanide poisoning can be long and painful, and in some executions, prisoners suffered long deaths.  After one of these executions, a federal court in California ruled that "execution by lethal gas under the California protocol is unconstitutionally cruel and unusual punishment."

Also, according to sociologist Clifton Bryant, the way it is used in the United States, "the gas chamber is ... the most dangerous, most complicated, and most expensive method of administering the death penalty."  By the late 20th century, most states had switched to using lethal injection.

Lethal injection

In the 1970s, Oklahoma passed the first law that allowed executions by lethal injection.  This was a practical decision: Oklahoma's old electric chair would need expensive repairs, and building a gas chamber would cost over $200,000.  However, executing a person by lethal injection would only cost $10 to $15 per person.  Lethal injection grew more and more popular in death penalty states.  It was viewed as less painful, with less suffering, than the electric chair or gas chamber.  Texas was the first state to execute someone by lethal injection, in 1982.  Over the next 30 years, all of the death penalty states passed laws making lethal injection their first-choice (or only) method of execution.

However, in the 2010s, American prisons started having trouble getting enough of the medications used to carry out lethal injections.  The states had been using three medications for lethal injections:
 Sodium thiopental (an anesthetic to put the prisoner to sleep)
 Pancuronium bromide (to paralyze the prisoner)
 Potassium chloride (to stop the prisoner's heart)

Then, in 2011, Hospira, the only American company that made sodium thiopental, stopped making the drug.  The European Union makes other anesthetics, like propofol.  However, since the European Union is against the death penalty, they made it illegal to export any product that could be used in an execution.  Another anesthetic, pentobarbital, is also only made in the European Union, and the company that makes it has put limits on selling it to U.S. government customers.  A few states have tried mixtures of other drugs, but those executions have not gone well.

As of 2016, many death penalty states have temporarily stopped using lethal injection until they can find a solution to this problem.

Other options

As of January 1, 2016, fifteen states have laws that allow them to use a method of execution other than lethal injection.  Before the lethal injection drug shortages, these other methods were rarely used.  From 1976 to March 23, 2016, there were 1,431 executions:
 1,256 (88%) were by lethal injection
 158 (11%) were by electric chair
 11 (0.8%) were by gas chamber
 3 (0.2%) were by hanging
 3 (0.2%) were by firing squad

However, since they stopped being able to get lethal injection drugs, some states have thought about going back to other methods of execution.  Here are the states whose laws allow them to use other methods, as of January 1, 2016:

Death penalty laws in the states
This table shows the death penalty laws in 49 of the 50 states; Washington, D.C.; the federal government; and the United States military, as of January 1, 2016.  Under the category "Status," there are four possibilities:
 Abolished.  This state no longer uses the death penalty.
 Legal.  This state still uses the death penalty.
 Moratorium.  This means the death penalty law has been temporarily stopped.
 De facto moratorium.  This means the death penalty is still officially legal.  However, the state has not executed anyone in at least five years (except for people who ask to be executed).

Click on the little triangle at the top of each header box to sort the information in this table by a certain category.

Sentencing
In some areas, prosecutors ask for the death penalty, and judges grant the death penalty, more often than in other areas.  Also, once people are convicted and are on "death row," how quickly they are executed depends on the state they are in.  On average, in 2004, death penalty states had executed about 10% of the people on their "death rows."  However, California had executed only 1% of its prisoners who are sentenced to death.  Texas executed 40% of theirs.

Among races
One of the controversies about the death penalty is whether it is given unequally to people of different races.

In a report in 1983, David Baldus and others wrote a famous report that looked at whether the death penalty was applied equally to people of different races in Georgia.  They found that:
 People are more likely to be sentenced to death for killing whites than for killing blacks
 Black defendants are more likely to get the death penalty than whites

In 1987, the Supreme Court decided a case called McCleskey v. Kemp.  McCleskey's lawyers showed that in Georgia, where McCleskey lived, black people convicted of killing whites were four times more likely to get the death penalty than people convicted of killing non-whites.  The Supreme Court accepted this, but ruled against McCleskey.  They wrote: "[inequalities] in sentencing are an inevitable part of our criminal justice system."  Since then, judges have not allowed lawyers to argue that racial bias plays a part in the death penalty.

Anti-death penalty groups like Amnesty International say:
 As of 2003, African Americans made up 41% of death row inmates, but only 12.6% of the United States population
 34% of the people executed since 1976 have been African American
 About the same number of blacks and whites are murdered.  However, 80% of the people executed since 1977 were convicted of murdering white people

The United States Department of Justice says that between 1980 and 2008, African Americans committed 52.5% of the murders in the United States; whites committed 45.3%; and Native Americans and Asians committed 2.2%. This means African Americans are less likely to be executed on a per capita basis.  The Department of Justice also says that as of 2009, Hispanic or Latino people make up 17.4% of the United States population, but only 13.5% of death row prisoners.

A 2012 study found that non-white soldiers in the United States military are twice as likely as white soldiers to be given the death penalty.  Of the 16 soldiers the military has sentenced to death between 1985 and 2012, 10 (62.5%) were non-whites, one of the study's authors said.

Among sexes
The death penalty is definitely given much more often to men than women.  As of October 1, 2014:
 98.12% of the people currently on death row are men (2,978 men); 1.88% (57) are women
 98.92% of the people executed since 1976 have been men (1,374 men); 1.08% (15) have been women

Exoneration

The University of Michigan Law School keeps a list of people who have been exonerated from death row.  The list counts "exonerations" as cases where "a person who has been convicted of a crime is officially cleared based on new evidence of innocence."

According to the list, between 1989 and 2015, 116 people have been exonerated from death row.  The most common reasons why these people were exonerated were:
 The person was convicted at least partly because police, prosecutors, judges, or other government officials abused their power (88 people were exonerated at least partly for this reason.  This is about 76% of the 116 exonerated people.)
 Somebody lied in court or lied when they accused the person of the crime: (85 people  73%)
 The person was convicted based on forensic evidence that was wrong, exaggerated, not proven to be good science, or was fake: 32 people (28%)
 The person's lawyer gave the person an "inadequate legal defense" (the lawyer did not give the person even a basic defense, or made very serious errors during the trial): 31 people (27%)

DNA evidence proved that 25 of these people  about 22%  were innocent of the crimes they were sentenced to death for.

Of the 116 people who were exonerated, 62 (about 53%) were black, 43 (37%) were white, 9 (8%) were Hispanic, and two were members of other races (2%).  In the 88 cases where a government official abused their power, 51 of the exonerated people (about 58%) were black; 29 were Caucasian (33%); and 8 (9%) were Hispanic.  Seventeen of the 31 people who received an "inadequate legal defense" (about 55%) were black; 12 (about 39%) were white; and two (about 6%) were Hispanic.

Arguments about the death penalty
The death penalty is a very controversial topic in the United States.  People have argued about it since before the Thirteen Colonies became the United States.  There are many different arguments for and against the death penalty.  This list does not include all of them, just some of the most common ones.

Possibility of mistakes

People who do not agree with the death penalty (death penalty opponents) say our trial system is not perfect.  Judges and juries make mistakes.  One study done by Columbia Law School found that there were serious mistakes in two-thirds of all capital trials.  In these trials, the defendants were sentenced to death anyway.  However, when their cases were appealed, over 80% of the defendants were not sentenced to death; 7% were found not guilty.

Opponents argue that because mistakes are so common in capital trials, people can be executed even though they were innocent.  As proof, they point the 116 people who were exonerated from death row between 1989 and 2015.

People who support the death penalty (death penalty supporters) say that mistakes are very rare, especially since new laws were made in the 1970s to add protections for death row inmates.  For example, Steve Stewart, Deputy Prosecuting Attorney for the Clark County, Indiana, Fourth Judicial Court, says:

Preventing other crimes
Death penalty supporters say that capital punishment is a deterrent.  This means that people are scared of the death penalty and are less likely to commit a capital crime if they know they could get the death penalty.

Supporters also argue that the next most serious punishment for capital crimes is life in prison.  In some states, this means the person could be let out of prison someday.  Also, even being in prison for life does not keep killers from killing more people in prison.  Executing people is the only way to make sure they will never kill another person.

Opponents argue that nobody has ever proved that capital punishment is more of a deterrent than a long prison sentence.  They point out that most states and countries that do not have the death penalty have lower murder rates than death penalty states.  They also say that the death penalty is not a deterrent because people often commit murders when they are very upset and are not thinking about what might happen in the future.

Among scholars and researchers, there is no agreement about whether capital punishment is more of a deterrent than any other punishment.  Some researchers have done studies that say the death penalty is a deterrent.  Other studies have found that the death penalty is not a deterrent  in the United States, or in other countries.

Whether the death penalty is applied unfairly
Opponents argue that defendants who are poor and/or non-white are more likely to get the death penalty than whites, even if they have committed the same crimes.  Supporters say that opponents misuse statistics and exaggerate the situation.  For more information, see the section on Sentencing: Among races farther up on this page.

Whether the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment
Death penalty debaters argue about whether capital punishment is "cruel and unusual punishment" (which would be unconstitutional).  Even the people on the Supreme Court have disagreed on this issue.  In 2004, the Court ruled in Baze v. Rice that even if an execution causes pain, that does not make it cruel and unusual.  However, in his dissenting opinion in Gregg v. Georgia, Justice William Brennan wrote that the death penalty is "an unusually severe punishment, unusual in its pain... [it] is today a cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the ... Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments."

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), an anti-death penalty group, adds that capital punishment is "unusual" because:
 The United States is the only western nation that uses the death penalty; and
 Only a very small number of murderers in the United States get the death penalty.

Morals and religions

Religion plays a complicated role in death penalty arguments.  To support the death penalty, some people quote from the Old Testament of the Bible, which says: "An eye for an eye, a life for a life."  This means that if you take a life, you should pay with your own life.  However, others use parts of the New Testament, where Jesus talks about forgiveness and nonviolence, to oppose the death penalty.  They say that no one has the right to take a life but God  even if that person has taken a life himself.

In 1999, a group of Jewish rabbis and Catholic Bishops had this to say:

Opponents also point out:

Graphs and charts

Notes

References

Other websites
 Basic arguments for and against the death penalty (in Simple English)  from BBC

Category:17th century in the Thirteen Colonies
Category:18th century in the United States
Category:19th century in the United States
Category:20th century in the United States
Category:21st century in the United States
Category:Controversies in the United States

Capital punishment in the United States


The Communauté d'agglomération d'Agen is an administrative entity in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine, in southern France. Administrative center: Agen. It was formed in January 2013 by the merger of the communauté d'agglomération d'Agen and the communauté de communes du canton de Laplume-en-Bruilhois, and was also joined by the commune Pont-du-Casse.

It covers 31 communes, and has a population of approximately 99,000. It is the largest such communauté in Lot-et-Garonne.

Communes
The 31 communes:

Agen
Astaffort
Aubiac
Bajamont
Boé
Bon-Encontre
Brax
Castelculier
Caudecoste
Colayrac-Saint-Cirq
Cuq
Estillac
Fals
Foulayronnes
Lafox
Laplume
Layrac
Marmont-Pachas
Moirax
Le Passage
Pont-du-Casse
Roquefort
Saint-Caprais-de-Lerm
Sainte-Colombe-en-Bruilhois
Saint-Hilaire-de-Lusignan
Saint-Nicolas-de-la-Balerme
Saint-Pierre-de-Clairac
Saint-Sixte
Sauvagnas
Sauveterre-Saint-Denis
Sérignac-sur-Garonne

References

Other websites
  (in French)

Agen

Communauté d'agglomération d'Agen


Colon could mean:

Colon (anatomy)
Colon (punctuation)
Colon (rhetoric)
Colon classification, a library classification system
Colon, Michigan, a village within Colon Township
Colon Township, Michigan
Carlitos Colón, professional wrestler
Carly "Carlito" Colón, his son, also a wrestler
Eddie Colón, his son, also a wrestler
Stacy Colón, his daughter, also a wrestler
Fred Colon, a Discworld character
Colon, the French word referring to a French-Algerian colonist.
Bartolo Colon, a pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
Colon, an alternative name use in France for wine made from the Gros Verdot grape.

Colon (disambiguation)


Établissement public à caractère administratif, a public legal person in France
 United States Environmental Protection Agency, a governmental agency that protects human health and the environment

EPA


Somerset MRT Station (NS23) is an underground station on the North South Line of the Mass Rapid Transit in Orchard planning area, Singapore. The station serves the central part of Orchard Road, serving 313 @ Somerset, Orchard Central and Orchard Gateway.

The section of tracks between this station and Dhoby Ghaut is the shortest between any two MRT Stations on the North South Line, taking 1 minute for a train to travel between these two stations.

Category:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Somerset MRT station


Robert Benjamin Silvers (December 31, 1929 – March 20, 2017) was an American editor and essayist. He served as editor of The New York Review of Books from 1963 to 2017. Silvers was co-editor of the Review with Barbara Epstein for over 40 years until her death in 2006 and was the sole editor of the magazine after that until his own death.

Among other honors, he was a Chevalier of the French Légion d’honneur and a member of the French Ordre National du Mérite.

Silvers also edited or co-edited several essay anthologies, including Writing in America (1960); A Middle East Reader: Selected Essays on the Middle East (1991); The First Anthology: Thirty Years of the New York Review (1993); Hidden Histories of Science (1995); India: A Mosaic (2000); Doing It: Five Performing Arts (2001); The Legacy of Isaiah Berlin (2001); Striking Terror (2002); The Company They Kept (vol. 1, 2006; vol. 2, 2011); The Consequences to Come: American Power After Bush (2008); and  The New York Review Abroad: Fifty Years of International Reportage (2013).

Silvers died on March 20, 2017 at his home in New York City from complications of pneumonia, aged 87.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Disease-related deaths in New York City
Category:American editors
Category:Essayists
Category:Writers from New York City

Robert B. Silvers


The 12 Treasures of Spain () was a project that selected the "Twelve Treasures of the Kingdom of Spain". The contest was done by two companies: Antena 3 and Cope. The final results were announced on 31 December 2007. Nine architectural monuments, two natural monuments and a monument pictorial were chosen.

Contest
In 2007 there was an international competition to choose the New Seven Wonders of the World. Four months later, Antena 3 and Onda Cero started a contest to choose the 12 Treasures of Spain. The people voted in the contest. People voted via internet and mobile phones. They received over 9,000 applications. The candidates were drawn down to 20. They were going to choose 7 Treasures of Spain. Later that number was changed to 12.

Winners
The twelve winners in order of votes were:

Other finalists

References

Other websites
 http://www.touristeye.com/12-Treasures-in-Spain-g-146144 - 12 Treasures of Spain

12 Treasures of Spain


.5: The Gray Chapter is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band, Slipknot. .5: The Gray Chapter was released on October 17, 2014 through Roadrunner Records.

It is Slipknot's first album to not feature bassist Paul Gray who died on May 24, 2010. It also did not feature drummer Joey Jordison who was fired from the band in December 2013.

The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, #18 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, and at #2 on the Top Rock Albums. In 2014, the song "The Negative One" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance.

Songs

References

Other websites

Category:2014 albums
Category:Slipknot albums

.5: The Gray Chapter


A fictional character is a person or animal in a narrative work of art (such as a novel, play, television series, or movie)   The character can be completely fictional or based on a real-life person. In that case, the difference between a "fictional" and "real" character can be made. Coming from the ancient Greek word χαρακτήρ, the English word dates from the Restoration, although it became widely used after its appearance in Tom Jones  in 1749. From this, the sense of "a part played by an actor" developed. Character, mainly when played by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves "the illusion of being a human person." In literature, characters guide readers through their stories, helping them to understand plots and ponder themes. Since the end of the 18th century, the phrase "in character" has been used to describe an effective impersonation by an actor. Since the 19th century, the art of creating characters, as practiced by actors or writers, has been called characterisation.

The word character can also mean "personality". We can say that someone has a "strong character" meaning a strong, confident personality. It is sometimes used as a noun in this sense: "He is a real character" (meaning someone you cannot easily forget).

A character role in a play means one of the people in the play who have a particular character (personality). They contrast with the main characters of the play. For example, there may be two lovers who are the main characters of the story. The character roles might be: a wicked step-mother, a kind nurse, an old wise man, a stupid fool, a domestic worker who is very old etc.

References

Fictional character


Novarupta (meaning "newly erupted" in Latin) is a volcano that was formed in 1912.  It is located on the Alaska Peninsula in Katmai National Park and Preserve, about  southwest of Anchorage. Formed during the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, Novarupta released 30 times the volume of magma of the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.

References

Category:Volcanoes of the United States

Novarupta


São Miguel is a municipality of Cape Verde. It is on the island of Santiago. Its capital city is Calheta de São Miguel.

References

Category:Municipalities of Cape Verde
Category:1996 establishments in Africa

São Miguel, Cape Verde


Columba Domínguez Adalid (March 4, 1929 – August 13, 2014) was a Mexican movie actress. She was married to Mexican director Emilio Fernández. Dominguez was known for her role in Pueblerina (1949).

Dominguez died from respiratory failure in Mexico City, aged 85.

References

Other websites

Category:1929 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Deaths from respiratory failure
Category:Disease-related deaths in Mexico
Category:Mexican movie actors
Category:Mexican television actors
Category:People from Sonora

Columba Domínguez


Herefordshire (known as County of Herefordshire) is a county  in the West Midlands region of England. It borders the English counties of Shropshire to the north, Worcestershire to the east, Gloucestershire to the south east and the Welsh counties of Gwent to the south west and Powys to the west. It is not to be confused with Hertfordshire, a county north of London.

It is pronounced  (i.e. first syllable as in "herring", and -e- a separate syllable).

The county town of Herefordshire is the cathedral city of Hereford.

Waterways
Historically, the Rivers Wye and Lugg were navigable but the wide seasonal variations in water levels mean that few craft larger than canoes and coracles are now used.  There are canoe centres at The Boat House, Glasbury-on-Wye, the Hereford Youth Service and Kerne Bridge Ross-on-Wye, as well as a rowing club in Hereford.

The early nineteenth century saw the construction of two canals, The Hereford & Gloucester Canal and The Leominster &  Stourport Canal but these were never successful and there are now few remains to be seen.

Other websites
The Hereford Times Local news, sport & information
Herefordshire Portal Local events, jobs, photos and news
Herefordshire Libraries 10 Libraries across Herefordshire
Category:Unitary authorities

Category:Ceremonial counties of England

Herefordshire


Connect Four is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch.

For example:
0= White Marker
o= Black Marker

An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern.

-oooo

An example of a move that does not let the player win:

-0oo0

Category:Games

Connect Four


Knut Steen (1924 — 22 September 2011) was a Norwegian sculptor. He spent much of his life living between Sandefjord, Norway, and Carrara, Italy. He began sculpting in 1946 and worked with a range of materials including marble, granite, bronze, steel and concrete. In 2011 a small museum was opened in Sandefjord to display some of his work. The collection holds 12 marble sculptures and four works.

References

Other websites
 Norwegian website about the museum, including photos of Steen's work

Category:1924 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:Norwegian people
Category:Sculptors

Knut Steen


All Saints Church () is a church building in the town of Lund in Sweden. It belongs to the Lund All Saints Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was opened on Al Saints Day 1891. The church is located circa 600 meters north of the Lund Cathedral.

References

Other websites

Church of Sweden Lund - All Saints Church

Category:Church of Sweden churches

All Saints Church, Lund


DisneyToon Studios was an animation studio created and owned by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It worked together with Walt Disney Animation Studios. DisneyToon Studios made a total of 48 movies.

List of movies
This is a list of 48 movies that were made by DisneyToon Studios.

Theatrical releases to most or all countries are marked with an asterisk (*). Theatrical releases to only some countries are marked with a double asterisk (**).

DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp (1990)*
The Return of Jafar (1994)
A Goofy Movie (1995)*
Aladdin and the King of Thieves (1996)
Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin (1997)
Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997)
Belle's Magical World (1998)
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998)
The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas (1999)
Seasons of Giving (1999)
The Tigger Movie (2000)*
An Extremely Goofy Movie (2000)
The Little Mermaid II: Return to the Sea (2000)
Lady and the Tramp II: Scamp's Adventure (2001)
Return to Never Land (2002)*
Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002)
The Hunchback of Notre Dame II (2002)
Winnie the Pooh: A Very Merry Pooh Year (2002)
101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure (2003)
The Jungle Book 2 (2003)*
Piglet's Big Movie (2003)*
Atlantis: Milo's Return (2003)
The Lion King 1½ (2004)
Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004)
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers (2004)
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas (2004)
Mulan II (2004)
Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005)*
Tarzan II (2005)
Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch (2005)
Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie (2005)
Kronk's New Groove (2005)
Bambi II (2006)**
Brother Bear 2 (2006)
The Fox and the Hound 2 (2006)
Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007)
Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams (2007)
The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning (2008)
Tinker Bell (2008)
Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure (2009)
Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue (2010)
Secret of the Wings (2012)**
Planes (2013)
The Pirate Fairy (2014)**
Planes: Fire & Rescue (2014)
Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast (2015)**
The Fox and the Hound 3 (2016)

References

Category:Disney

DisneyToon Studios


In mathematics, function composition is a way to make a new function from two other functions.

If we let f be a function from X to Y and g be a function from Y to Z then we say that g composed with f is written as g ∘ f a function from X to Z (notice how it is usually written in the opposite way to how people would it expect it to be as we will explain below).

The value of f given the input x is written as f(x). The value of g ∘ f given the input x is written (g ∘ f)(x) and is defined as g(f(x)) (which means our way of writing g composed with f makes sense).

Here is another example. Let f be a function which doubles a number (multiplies it by 2) and let g be a function which subtracts 1 from a number.

These would be written as:

g composed with f would be the function which doubles a number and then subtracts 1 from it:

f composed with g would be the function which subtracts 1 from a number and then doubles it:

Properties

Function composition can be proven to be associative, which means:

Function composition is in general not commutative however, which means:

This can be seen in the first example where (g ∘ f)(2) = 2*2 - 1 = 3 and (f ∘ g)(2) = 2*(2-1) = 2.

References

Category:Mathematics

Function composition


The following is a list of National Hockey League arenas including past, present, and future arenas:

Current arenas

 ^ The season of the year of the first regular-season game of the primary NHL tenant.
 † Underwent extensive renovations from 2010 to 2013, resulting in a completely new arena bowl and concourses within the original structure.

Map of current arenas

Future and proposed arenas

Former arenas

Defunct teams

Outdoor venues
The following are outdoor venues that have hosted any of the following events:
 Starting in 2003, the frequent but not annual Heritage Classic.
 Starting in 2008, the annual (except 2013) Winter Classic.
 Starting in 2014, the annual Stadium Series.
 In 2017, the 100th anniversary of the NHL, the Centennial Classic and 100 Classic.

Neutral venues
The following are neutral venues that have hosted games that counted in the NHL regular season standings:

References

Arenas
Category:Indoor arenas

List of National Hockey League arenas


Möklinta is a locality in Sala Municipality in Västmanland County in Sweden. In 2010, 358 people lived there.

References

Category:Settlements in Vastmanland County

Möklinta


Briançonnet is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Category:Communes in Alpes-Maritimes

Briançonnet


Kasaï-Central is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital is Kananga.

It was created in 2015 from Lulua District and the city of Kananga.

References

Category:Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:2015 establishments in Africa

Kasaï-Central


Babylonian cuneiform numerals were written in cuneiform, using a wedge-tipped reed stylus to make a mark on a soft clay tablet which would be exposed in the sun to harden to create a permanent record.

The Babylonians, who were famous for their astronomical observations, as well as their calculations (aided by their invention of the abacus),  used a sexagesimal (base-60) positional numeral system inherited from either the Sumerian or the Eblaite civilizations. Neither of the predecessors was a positional system (having a convention for which 'end' of the numeral represented the units).

Category:Mathematics

Babylonian numerals


A'ali is one of the biggest towns in Bahrain. Before it was a part of the municipality of Mintaqah. Since 2001 it is in the Central Governorate. A'ali is famous for its 170,000+ ancient burial mounds.  These are one of the largest graveyards in the world. A'ali is famous also for its old pottery handicraft.

A'ali is in the middle of Bahrain island.  It is south of Isa Town and north of Riffa. A'ali has a National Driving School. A'ali is mainly a Shia town.

References

Category:Settlements in Bahrain

A'ali


Dr. Phil could mean:

 Phil McGraw, an American psychology-centric television personality
 Dr. Phil (TV series), a television series that Phil McGraw hosts
 dr. phil., a doctoral degree conferred in Germany and the Scandinavian countries

Dr. Phil


Expocenter of Ukraine () is a exhibition center located in Kiev, Ukraine.

It was opened in 1958 in the Soviet period. It was built on the design of the All-Russia Exhibition Centre in Moscow. When the exhibition opened it was called: Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy of Ukrainian SSR ().

References

Other websites

  Expocenter of Ukraine

Category:Buildings and structures in Ukraine
Category:Convention and exhibition centers
Category:1958 establishments in Europe
Category:20th century establishments in Ukraine

Expocenter of Ukraine


Apprenticeship is a system of training people who are learning how to do a job which needs special skill.  Someone who is learning in this way is called an "apprentice".  An apprentice will learn by working with someone who is already skilled at a job.  They are like a teacher and pupil.

Development
The system of apprenticeship has been used for many hundreds of years.  In the late Middle Ages the craft guilds and town governments used to watch and control the system.  A master craftsman had the right to employ young people to work for them and pay them a small salary.  In return the apprentice would be learning the trade.  Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices are more common nowadays, especially in crafts such as embroidery, silk-weaving etc..

Related pages
 Education

Further reading
Modern Apprenticeships: the way to work, The Report of the Modern Apprenticeship Advisory Committee, 2001
Apprenticeship in the British "Training Market", Paul Ryan and Lorna Unwin, University of Cambridge and University of Leicester, 2001
Creating a ‘Modern Apprenticeship’: a critique of the UK’s multi-sector, social inclusion approach Alison Fuller and Lorna Unwin, 2003 (pdf)
Apprenticeship systems in England and Germany: decline and survival. Thomas Deissinger in: Towards a history of vocational education and training (VET) in Europe in a comparative perspective, 2002 (pdf)

Other websites
The School of Applied Arts Apprentice program
Facts about Germany: Apprenticeships, Federal Foreign Office
Apprenticeships - a great idea (UK)
L'Apprenti, in French
Article on the history of apprenticeship in the U.S. from EH.NET
Academic Apprentices: Still an Ideal?, Barry Yeoman, Duke Magazine

Category:Learning

Apprenticeship


David Cunningham "Dave" Garroway (July 13, 1913 – July 21, 1982) was the founding host of NBC's Today from 1952 to 1961. He had an easygoing and relaxing style. Yet, Garroway suffered from depression. He has been honored for his contributions to radio and television with a star for each on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as well as the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the city where he spent part of his teenage years and early adulthood.

Early life
He was born in Schenectady, New York. By the time Garroway was 14, he had moved with his family 13 times before settling in St. Louis, Missouri. In St. Louis, he attended University City High School. He earned a degree from Washington University in St. Louis in abnormal psychology.  Before going into broadcasting, Garroway worked as a Harvard University lab assistant, as a book salesman, and as a piston ring salesman. After not being able to successfully sell either, Garroway decided to try his hand in radio.

Garroway began his broadcasting career modestly.  Starting at NBC as an page in 1938, he went on to graduate 23rd in a class of 24 from NBC's school for announcers. Following graduation, he landed a job at Pittsburgh radio station KDKA in 1939. As a station reporter, he went about the region filing reports from a hot-air balloon,  a U.S. Navy submarine in the Ohio River, and from deep inside a coal mine. His early reporting efforts earned Garroway a reputation for finding a good story, even if it took him to unusual places.  The "Roving Announcer", as he was known, worked his way up to become the station's special events director, while still attending to his on-air work.  After two years with KDKA, Garroway left for Chicago.

Radio

When the United States entered World War II in 1941, Garroway enlisted in the U.S. Navy.  While stationed in Honolulu, he hosted a radio show when off duty, playing jazz records and reminiscing about the old days back in Chicago. After the war, Garroway went to work as a disc jockey at WMAQ (AM) in Chicago. Over time, Garroway hosted a series of radio programs such as The 11:60 Club, The Dave Garroway Show, and Reserved for Garroway. One oddity Garroway introduced on his radio shows was having the studio audience respond to a song number not by applauding but by snapping their fingers. Garroway also worked to organize jazz concerts, creating  a "Jazz Circuit" of local clubs in 1947, bringing back interest in this form of music. His fellow disk jockeys voted him the nation's best in the 1948 and 1949 Billboard polls. He won the award again in 1951.

Leaving the Midwest again for New York, Garroway was the first "communicator" on NBC Radio's Monitor when the program first aired on June 12, 1955. He continued as the Sunday evening host of the news/music program from 1955 to 1961. Garroway worked on the air at WCBS radio in 1964 and briefly hosted the afternoon drive shift at KFI in Los Angeles in late 1970 and early 1971.

Television

Garroway was introduced to the national television audience when he hosted the experimental musical variety show Garroway at Large, telecast live from Chicago. It was carried by NBC from June 18, 1949, to June 24, 1951.

Garroway's relaxed, informal style when on the air became part of his trademark. In 1960, New York Times reviewer Richard F. Shepard wrote, "He does not crash into the home with the false jollity and thunderous witticisms of a backslapper. He is pleasant, serious, scholarly looking and not obtrusively convivial." On television, Garroway was known for his signoff, saying "Peace" with an upraised palm.

Along with Arthur Godfrey, Arlene Francis, and Jack Paar, Garroway was one of the pioneers of the television talk show. Television commentator Steven D. Stark traces the origins of the style to Chicago. Garroway, Studs Terkel, and Hugh Downs all hosted relaxed, garrulous, extemporaneous shows in that city in the early 1950s. Earlier radio and television voices spoke with an authoritative "announcer's" intonation, resembling public oration, often dropping about a musical fifth on the last word of a sentence. Garroway was one of the broadcasters who introduced conversational style and tone to television, beginning some broadcasts as though the viewer were sitting in the studio with him, as in this November 20, 1957, introduction for the Today show: "And how are you about the world today? Let's see what kind of shape it's in; there is a glimmer of hope."

NBC president Sylvester "Pat" Weaver picked Garroway to host his new morning news-and-entertainment experiment, the Today show, in 1951. Garroway soon was joined by news editor Jim Fleming and announcer Jack Lescoulie as television's first loose "family" of the airwaves when the show debuted on Monday, January 14, 1952. Though initially panned by critics, Garroway's style attracted a large audience that enjoyed his easygoing presence early in the morning. His familiar "cohost," a chimpanzee with the puckish name of J. Fred Muggs, didn't hurt his genial manner, but his concurrent seriousness in dealing with news stories and ability to clearly explain abstract concepts earned him the nickname "The Communicator" and eventually won praise from critics and viewers alike.

At the same time he did Today, Garroway also hosted a Friday night variety series, The Dave Garroway Show, from October 2, 1953, to June 25, 1954, and on October 16, 1955, he began hosting NBC's Sunday afternoon live documentary Wide Wide World, continuing with that series until June 8, 1958. Another Friday evening variety show, Dave's Place, was on the air in 1960. He also hosted a radio show, Dial Dave Garroway, that went on the air as soon as Today wrapped up each morning.  Dial Dave Garroway began in 1946 when Garroway was still working for WMAQ in Chicago.

Garroway took Today to various locations as its host: Paris in 1959 and Rome in 1960; car shows and technology expos; plays and movies; and aboard an Air Force B-52 for a practice bombing run.  Through television, Garroway gave viewers access to a variety of people that included politicians, writers, artists, scientists, economists, and musicians.

In late 1960, Garroway hosted a special filmed program for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association that traced Billy Graham's crusades from 1949 to 1960.

Garroway suffered from depression. Toward the end of his professional career, he began to have disagreements with staff members; some days Garroway would disappear in the middle of the Today broadcast, leaving colleagues to finish the live program.  Then, on April 28, 1961, Garroway's second wife, Pamela, died of causes related to drug-use. Causing emotional turmoil, Garroway went further into depression and emotional and mental instability. In late May 1961, Garroway resigned, announcing his intention to leave Today either at the end of October when his contract was finished or sooner, if possible. He wanted to spend more time with his children.  His last Today show was on June 16, 1961.

Garroway returned to television on National Educational Television (the forerunner of PBS) with a science series called Exploring the Universe in late 1962. Later he went back to working in radio, doing "split shift" shows called Garroway AM (mid mornings) and Garroway PM (mid afternoons) for WCBS (AM), New York. Garroway also started a magazine, National FM-Radio. The venture was a costly failure. Garroway realized he was not cut out to be a businessman. While he was in the publishing business, Garroway began reading various law books in an effort to try to understand what his lawyer was saying. His attorney told him that he had done enough legal reading to pass the New York State bar exam. On a bet, Garroway sat for and passed the written exam.

Garroway did other local radio and television shows. Garroway appeared sporadically on other television programs without achieving anywhere near the success and recognition levels he enjoyed on Today. The most viewers saw of him for the rest of the 1960s and 1970s was whenever he reemerged for Today anniversaries. His final such appearance was on the 30th anniversary show, on January 14, 1982.

He was very interested in astronomy, and during a tour of Russian telescopes he met his third wife, astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott. In his final years, he attended astronomy symposia at Swarthmore College and spent time at Sproul Observatory.

Other media

In his role as Today host, Garroway acted as pitchman for several of the show's sponsors. Among them were Admiral television sets, Alcoa and Sergeant's dog food. Most of the appearances were in the form of print ads in newspapers and magazines.  By 1960, there was also a board game called "Dave Garroway's Today Game".

Garroway, an amateur drummer and inveterate music lover, lent his name to a series of recordings of jazz, classical, and pop music released in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Among them were Wide, Wide World of Jazz, 1957's Some of My Favorites and 1958's Dave Garroway's Orchestra: An Adventure in Hi-Fi Music. In a lighter vein, Garroway narrated a compilation of romantic songs performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra, Getting Friendly with Music, in 1956.

Garroway also served as narrator for special albums, including 1964's The Great Campaigners, 1928–1960 and 1960's Names From the Wars.

In 1960, Garroway penned Fun on Wheels, an activity book for children on road trips. The book was revised and reissued in 1962 and 1964.

Toward the end of his life, Garroway planned to write an autobiography. The book never made it past the research stage; the surviving notes, manuscripts, audio tapes, and news clippings were sent to former Today researcher Lee Lawrence. Upon Lawrence's death in 2003, the boxes were turned over to the Library of American Broadcasting, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries, where they resided as of 2009.

Death
After having undergone heart surgery, Garroway was found dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, home on July 21, 1982. He had one son, David Jr., and a daughter, Paris. When he married Pamela in 1956, he adopted her son, Michael, whom he raised as his own after her death.

The July 22 edition of Today was mainly a remembrance of Garroway. Sidekick Jack Lescoulie, news editor Frank Blair, and former consumer reporter Betty Furness offered tributes on the show. Garroway's passing was noted on NBC Nightly News with John Chancellor, the man who replaced Garroway on Today 21 years earlier. On NBC News Overnight, host Linda Ellerbee closed the program with "Peace" instead of her usual "And so it goes."

Because of Garroway's dedication to the cause of mental health, his third wife, Sarah, helped establish the Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression at the University of Pennsylvania.  Garroway is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

Parodies and fictional representations
Robert McKimson's 1960 cartoon Wild Wild World depicts "Cave Darroway" presenting footage from the Stone Age.

Mad spoofed him in one issue as "Dave Garrowunway."

In Robert Redford's 1994 film Quiz Show, Garroway was portrayed by Barry Levinson.

References

Listen to
 Boxcars711: Dave Garroway narrates Names from the Wars (1960)

Other websites
 Today show homepage
 A Garroway retrospective
 'Garroway at Large' from the Museum of Broadcast Communications
 TVParty.com tribute to 'Today' in the 1950s - includes video clips and photos from the Garroway era
 Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression
 St. Louis Walk of Fame Entry

  Biography-West Laurel Hill Cemetery web site
  Dave Garroway's famous Jaguar SS100 racing car, with article and history

Category:1913 births
Category:1982 deaths
Category:American military people
Category:American television personalities
Category:American television presenters
Category:Entertainers from New York
Category:NBC
Category:Suicides by firearm
Category:American people of World War II
Category:People from Schenectady, New York

Dave Garroway


The biceps brachii is a muscle in the arm. It has two parts, a long part and a short part.  Using the elbow the muscle helps the movement of the forearm. When the muscle shortens, it bends the elbow and twists the forearm so that the palm faces up. The two parts of the muscle start on different parts of the shoulder blade and end together on the forearm.

The biceps is also a muscle in other quadrupeds. In humans, the muscle is more complex, and allows more complex movement than in other quadrupeds.

The word biceps literally means two-headed, and refers to the fact that the muscle attaches to two different parts of the shoulder. In quadrupeds, the muscle only attaches at one point of the shoulder.

References

Category:Muscles
Category:Limbs and extremities

Biceps