Taylor Michel Momsen (born July 26, 1993) is an American singer, songwriter, model, and former actress. She is known for portraying the character of Jenny Humphrey on The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl (2007–2012) and Cindy Lou Who in the film How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000). After her retirement from acting, she became widely known for being the frontwoman of the American rock band The Pretty Reckless.

Momsen was signed with Ford Models at a very young age, she began acting professionally at three years of age in a 1997 national commercial for Shake 'n Bake. She was then cast in The Prophet's Game.

She played the character of Jenny Humphrey in The CW television series Gossip Girl, based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar. Momsen's appearances on the series became increasingly sporadic, and, by the end of the first half of the fou

rth season, she had only appeared in four episodes. It was then announced that the actress would be scheduled for an indefinite hiatus from the show, which ended with her leaving the series as a regular cast member after the completion of the fourth season in 2011. On August 16, 2011, Momsen told Elle magazine that she had quit acting to focus on her music career. On October 16, 2012, it was reported that Momsen would be returning to Gossip Girl for its final episode, in which she appeared briefly in the wedding sequence.

In March 2009, Momsen's band The Pretty Reckless had signed a deal with Interscope Records. The band's debut album Light Me Up was released on August 30, 2010 in the UK, where it debuted at number 6, as well as at number 18 in Ireland. The first single "Make Me Wanna Die" was released on May 30, 2010, while the second single "Miss Nothing" which was released on August 23, 2010 peaked at number 39. "Just Tonight" was released as the album's third single. Songs from this album have been in the movie Kick-Ass as well as shows like The Vampire Diaries and Gossip Girl.

Taylor Momsen


Bipod comes from the Latin and Greek words "bi" and "pod". "Bi" means "two" and "pod" means "foot", or "feet". A bipod is sometimes attached to a firearm to help support it. It also makes it more stable. It gives the best stability along two axes of motion: side-to-side and up-and-down.

Firearms
On firearms, bipods are often used on rifles and shotguns to allow the gun to rest and stop it from moving. They can also be seen on long-barrelled weapons. The bipod allows the gunner to rest the weapon on the ground, a short wall or other object. This allows for more accuracy. Different types of bipods are set up in different ways. Some bipods are a specific length that can not be changed, but some bipods' length can be changed. Mostly, when bipods are not being used, they are folded forwards, not back towards the gunner. Some types of bipod can fold into grips for the gunner to hold to keep the weapon steady.

Good things about bipods
When firing a weapon without a bipod, it is harder to aim and keep the weapon steady.
The good thing about having a bipod is that it makes weapons more accurate. At first, the bipod was only used on long-barreled rifles, such as snipers. However, light and heavy machine guns now use them, as well as small pistols.

Related pages
Light machine gun
Sniper rifle
Tripod (photography)

References

Category:Photography
Category:Firearms

Bipod


Edmund C. Dyas (November 11, 1939 – January 23, 2011) was an American football player. He played college football from 1958 to 1960 for the Auburn Tigers. He finished fourth for the Heisman Trophy in his senior season. Dyas was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2009.

Dyas became an orthopedic surgeon in Mobile, Alabama after his college football career. He died from stomach cancer on January 23, 2011 at the age of 71.

Other websites
 NFF profile
 Dr. Ed Dyas Elected To College Football Hall of Fame
 Notice of Dyas' death

Category:1939 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:American football running backs
Category:Deaths from stomach cancer

Ed Dyas


Kivijärvi is a municipality in Central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Karstula, Kannonkoski, Kinnula, Kyyjärvi, Perho and Viitasaari.

Villages
Kirkonkylä, Tiironkylä, Heitjärvi, Penttilänkylä, Sompala, Lahdenperä, Risuperä, Hoikanperä, Puralankylä, Talviaislahti and Lokakylä.

Population growth

References

Other websites

 The official Kivijärvi page

Category:Municipalities of Finland

Kivijärvi


Românii au talent () is a TV show which started on 18 February 2011. The project is a franchise of Got Talent, developed by Simco Limited. The hosts of the show are Smiley and Pavel Bartoş. The judges are the Romanian singer Andra, Pro TV star and presenter Andi Moisescu and a well known Romanian dancer, Mihai Petre. It started on the a Romanian TV channel, ProTV.

Category:Romania
Category:Reality television series
Category:2011 television series debuts
Category:2011 establishments in Europe
Category:21st century establishments in Romania

Românii au talent


Jürgen Kohler (born 6 October 1965) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1983/84||rowspan="4"|Waldhof Mannheim||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||5||0
|-
|1984/85||26||2
|-
|1985/86||32||1
|-
|1986/87||32||3
|-
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|Köln||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||30||3
|-
|1988/89||27||0
|-
|1989/90||rowspan="2"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||26||2
|-
|1990/91||29||4

|-
|1991/92||rowspan="4"|Juventus||rowspan="4"|Serie A||27||3
|-
|1992/93||29||1
|-
|1993/94||27||3
|-
|1994/95||19||1

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="7"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||29||5
|-
|1996/97||30||2
|-
|1997/98||23||3
|-
|1998/99||29||2
|-
|1999/00||30||2
|-
|2000/01||28||0
|-
|2001/02||22||0
398||28
102||8
500||36
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1986||2||0
|-
|1987||9||0
|-
|1988||11||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||10||0
|-
|1991||6||0
|-
|1992||10||0
|-
|1993||10||0
|-
|1994||13||0
|-
|1995||5||0
|-
|1996||10||1
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||10||1
|-
!Total||105||2
|}

References

Other websites

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:German footballers
Category:Sportspeople from Rhineland-Palatinate

Jürgen Kohler


The Oblasts of Ukraine are primary administrative units in Ukraine. There are 24 oblasts in Ukraine. Every oblast is further split into raions.

List of oblasts

References

Oblasts of Ukraine


Skandagupta () (died 467) was a Gupta Emperor of northern India. People do not know who his ancestors were. He faced some of the greatest challenges in the annals of the empire having to contend with the Pushyamitras and the Hunas (a name by which the "White Huns" were known in India). He died in 467.

Category:Indian monarchs
Category:Emperors and empresses
Category:467 deaths
Category:Year of birth missing

Skandagupta


Stealth may refer to:

Stealth technology, technology used to conceal ships, aircraft, and missiles
Stealth aircraft, aircraft which use stealth technology
Stealth ship, ships which use stealth technology
Stealth mode, secretive business behavior

Stealth


The Iznassen or Beni Iznassen or Beni Iznaten (, Berber : ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵙⴻⵏ or ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵜⴻⵏ) are a set of tribes of Zenetic Berber origin, from the northeast of Morocco, at the level of north of the closed border between Morocco and Algeria.

History
The Beni Iznassen are a group of tribes of Zenetic Berber origin.

In the 19th century, they welcomed in the north of their territory a group of 4 Arab tribes of the Angad, who settled in the plain of the Triffa.

In 1859, the people of Beni Iznassen were the target of a French military expedition, directed by the general of Martimprey from colonial Algeria, giving rise to warlike responses on a territory straddling Morocco and Algeria.

This expedition was made up of French soldiers and Harkis, and took place 15 years after the battle of Isly.  .

Reports claim without tangible proof that Morocco received powder and weapons from England.

Territory
The Beni Iznassen area represents a triangular area bounded by the Moulouya to the west, the wad Kiss to the east and the Angad plain to the south. It thus includes the mountainous complex of Beni Iznassen and the arabic plain of Triffa.

The Beni Iznassen area thus includes the cities of Berkane, Ahfir, Beni Drar, Fezouane and Tafoughalt, as well as several  rural villages.

Tribal composition
The confederation is made up of 4 main tribes:

 Beni Khaled
 Beni Mankouch
 Beni 'Atiq
 Beni Ourimech

Languages
The Beni Iznassen are Berber speakers and Arabic speakers. They speak Moroccan Arabic and Zenetic from the Moroccan East, a Berber dialect close to the Rifain.

Since the French colonizations of the 19th century and of the 20th century, of the battle from Isly to the pacification of Morocco, via the French expedition of 1859, the arabophony took over the berberophony mainly among the Aït Khaled as well as at the southern margins of the three other tribes  (Ahfir, Beni Drar, Berkane, etc ...).

Références

Iznasen (Morocco)


Stefan Elmgren (born 1974) was the guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1997 to 2008. Before becoming a member of HammerFall, he was the guitarist in the band Highlander.

He recently quit the band to put more energy into his career as a pilot.

Category:Swedish musicians
Category:Heavy metal guitarists
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:HammerFall

Stefan Elmgren


Acholi (also Acoli) is a Luo Nilotic ethnic group from Northern Uganda. About 1.2 million Acholi people live in Uganda. Acholi people speak Acholi.

Notable Acholi people
Joseph Kony
Betty Oyella Bigombe
Akena p'Ojok

Category:Ugandan people

Acholi people


Louis-Antoine de Bougainville was an admiral and  from France. In 1766 he was sent by his government to make a trip around the world, called circumnavigation, which took from 1766 to 1769. He rediscovered (found again) the Solomon Islands in 1768 (the largest island is named for him). He also collected plants and made a trustworthy chart of some parts of the center of the Pacific Ocean. Bougainville saw a part of the Great Barier Reef, but could not find Australia.

References

Other websites

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham (Virtual exhibition)
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville: Eighteenth Century French Sailor, Soldier, Statesman, Mathematician and leader of a Voyage around the world

Category:1729 births
Category:1811 deaths
Category:Admirals
Category:French military people
Category:People from Paris

Louis-Antoine de Bougainville


Direct Reduced Iron is created when iron ore is burned in a bloomery. Direct Reduced Iron is also called sponge iron. Direct reduction is removing the oxygen from the ore. Gas and Coal are both used to burn iron. Using Direct Reduction to costs less than using blast furnaces. Direct Reduction is used more than blast furnaces. The country that makes the most Direct Reduced Iron is India.

Problems
Direct Reduced Iron gets rust very easily. Direct Reduced Iron can light on fire easily. Direct Reduced Iron contains waste, which has to be removed before it can be turned into steel. Only a small amount of Direct Reduced Iron can be made at a time.

History
Ancient Egyptians used Direct Reduced Iron because it was easier to work with. Direct Reduced Iron can be made at a lower temperature.

Uses
Direct Reduced Iron is not useful on its own. Before it is used, Direct Reduced Iron is beaten with hammers and folded many times to make Wrought Iron. The Wrought Iron is burned to make steel.
Category:Iron

Direct reduced iron


Charles Augustin White (born June 21, 1992), known professionally as Charles Boguinia, is a composer, music educator, pianist, guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He is the guitarist and songwriter of the pop-rock/electronic dance music group House of Faces. He studied music at the Mannes School of Music - The New School, and NYU Steinhardt. He has worked and performed with groups such as the Kronos Quartet, BBC Singers, JACK Quartet, Moscow String Quartet, Sō Percussion, and the ÆON Music Ensemble. His music has been performed at Carnegie Hall, Steinway Hall, Symphony Space, Le Poisson Rouge, Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and others.

Early life
Charles become a musician by the most unlikely path, a path started when he joined public middle school orchestra to learn violin in Boulder, Colorado. He was about six years old when his mother Vivien Wilde (born Natalia Boguinia) made a fortuitous decision to come to the United States from Russia in hopes of a better life for herself and her two sons. His mother's strong and dynamic character influenced his outlook on life. Lawrence and Charles had already shown early aptitude in art and music. Charles had the best sibling rivalry with his older brother, being best friends and musical collaborators, spurring each other to be the best at everything they attempt, and to fear nothing. During their early school days, the older would lead the younger into a variety of pursuits but would stay ahead in the learning curve because he started things one year ahead. Starting piano lessons at the exact same time gave Charles inspiration and drive to become better than his brother, excelling in piano.

Education
Charles attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts on full scholarship, a boarding arts high school in Michigan, where he studied piano performance. After graduating from Interlochen, he became one to youngest recipients of the Music Academy of the West Fellowship and attended the Music Academy of the West, in Santa Barbara were he worked with Jerome Lowenthal, chair of the piano department at the Juilliard School in New York City. Charles then began his undergraduate degree at the University of Southern California, after living in Los Angeles for a year, he moved to New York City and continued his undergraduate studies at The New School, Mannes School of Music. At Mannes Charles studied piano with renowned pianist Vladimir Feltsman, who only accepts two or three students every year. Upon completing his undergraduate studies, Charles went on to complete his Masters Degree in Composition and Music Theory at the New York University - Steinhardt. At NYU he studied composition with American composer Julia Wolfe and Tae Hong Park.

Work
As a pianist, Charles is an avid performer of new music and has commissioned many works; including a premiere a harpsichord concert by French Composer Jules Matton at Carnegie Hall. He is also deeply rooted in the classical tradition and regularly performs the standard piano repertoire. In 2018 he released Volume 1 of the Complete Mozart Piano Sonatas. He regularly performs at summer festivals, most recently including TIHMS - The International Holland Music Sessions, the Royal Danish Academy of Music and the Gijon International Piano Festival, the Bowdoin International Music Festival, the Sarasota Music Festival, Music Academy of the West, Tanglewood Music Festival and others.

Charles is a founding director of the ÆON Music Ensemble, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization which he and his brother Lawrence, established in 2013. The ÆON Music Ensemble is a new music ensemble composed of young musicians from the leading conservatories in Manhattan; The Juilliard School, Mannes School of Music, The New School and the Manhattan School of Music. The ensemble is dedicated to presenting original and captivating performances of classical and contemporary music through relevant, intimate and bold concert experiences.

After working with Professor Jeffrey Sachs and organizing the Music for a Sustainable Planet Concert with the Columbia Earth Institute and the United Nations Sustainable Solutions Network, Charles launched the annual Music for a Sustainable Planet Concert which facilitates and showcases positive change through the energy and creativity of the arts. The Music for a Sustainable Planet Concert concert series raises of the recently adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by advocating for the application of the arts as an instrument for change, and embraces the social function of art, viewing it as a profound reflection of society and a powerful means of achieving sustainability.

References

Category:1992 births
Category:American composers
Category:American educators
Category:American pianists
Category:American guitarists
Category:American songwriters
Category:American DJs
Category:Russian composers
Category:Russian pianists
Category:Living people

Charles Augustin White


Smilodon was a genus of saber-toothed cat. There were three species. Smilodon gracilis (or S. fragilis) was the ancestral, smaller, species (2.5 to 0.5 million years ago).

Smilodon populator (1 mya to 10 kya) was a large, heavy species from eastern South America. It was 1.2 m high at the shoulder, 2.1 m (83 in) long on average. With an estimated weight of 220 to 400 kg, it was among the heaviest known felids. Its upper canines reached 28 cm (11 in) and protruded up to 17 cm (6.7 in) out of the upper jaw.

Smilodon fatalis (or S. californicus; 1.6 mya to 10,000 years ago) was the famous cat known from the Rancho La Brea tar pits in Los Angeles. The tar, a bit like asphalt, has yielded about a million bones of late Pleistocene mammals, of which 162,000 bones are from Smilodon, representing perhaps 1200 individuals. The cat was about the size of a female lion, but weighed more, perhaps 200 kg. It was about 1 metre tall at the shoulders.

Teeth and jaws

Smilodon is most famous for its relatively long canines, which are the longest  found in the saber-toothed cats, at about  long in the largest species Smilodon populator. Those of S. fatalis reached their full size in 18 months at a growth rate of 7 mm/month. These canine teeth were slender and had fine serrations. They were fragile and could not have bitten into bone. Therefore, the cats did not use their long teeth to take down prey. Only when their prey was subdued did they use their teeth.

Method of attack
The front limbs on these cats were longer and stronger than modern cats, and from that, and its teeth, its method of attack must have been different. An educated guess would be: they were ambush predators, which clung on round the neck of their prey, and slashed at the underside of the throat. This contrasts with the method of the modern lion, which brings down its prey by weight of numbers, and clamps its jaws over the prey's nose and mouth. The prey dies of suffocation.

Smilodon's gape could have reached almost 120 degrees, while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees. This makes the gape wide enough to allow Smilodon to slash the throats of their victims without closing their jaws in a bite.

Smilodon'''s niche was closer to a leopard's, which is also an ambush predator. They both need cover to get close to prey.Smilodon had relatively short legs and a short, bobbed tail. Its front legs were especially powerful. Its body was adapted for springing onto prey, but it was not a very fast runner.

 Fauna and flora in the Smilodon's environment

During the last ice age, there were many possible prey species from the La Brea location: mammoths, bison, horse, camel, ground sloth, pronghorn, tapir, deer,(elk and others). Most of these were extinct by 5 to 10,000 years ago. The pressures of a major climate change and human hunting were thought to be the main causes.

There was more plant cover at that time. Juniper, oaks, ragweeds, cedars, redwoods, sagebrush, sycamore, thistle and walnut grew in the environs. Smilodon'' survived so long as its prey had vegetation.

References

Category:Fossils
Category:Machairodonts
Category:Sabretooth cats

Smilodon


Invaders from Mars is a 1953 American science fiction movie. It was directed by William Cameron Menzies. Actors include Jimmy Hunt, Helena Carter, Arthur Franz, Morris Ankrum, Leif Erickson, Max Wagner, Walter Sande, and Hillary Brooke. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. There was a remake in 1986.

Other websites

Category:1953 movies
Category:1950s science fiction movies
Category:American science fiction movies

Invaders from Mars (1953 movie)


Sarkar is a 2018 Indian Tamil language action thriller movie starring Vijay, Keerthy Suresh and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar in lead roles. The movie is co-written by B.Jeyamohan and AR Murugadoss and directed by AR Murugadoss with music composed by A.R. Rahman with cinematography by Girish Gangadharan, edited by A. Sreekar Prasad and produced by Kalanithi Maran under the banner Sun Pictures.

The movie began production in January 2018, and is scheduled to be released in November 2018, coinciding with Diwali.

Cast
 Vijay
 Keerthy Suresh
 Varalaxmi Sarathkumar
 Prem Kumar
 Yogi Babu
 Radha Ravi
 Pala. Karuppiah

Production
Following the successful Thuppakki and Kaththi, AR Murugadoss has confirmed to be the director of the 62nd movie of actor Vijay. The project, tentatively titled Vijay's 62, is slated to enter production once Vijay completes Mersal and A R Murugadoss completes Spyder.

With a schedule of 3-month pre-production work, the shooting of the movie was scheduled to commence during January 2018 and also it is said to be a Diwali-2018 release. Girish Gangadharan of Kali, Angamaly Diaries and the recent Solo fame has supposedly been roped in to crank the camera-work for the movie.

In mid-November 2017, it was reported that actor Yogi Babu is in talks to play a role in the movie and Nayanthara is in talks to be the female lead, also A. R. Rahman is been in talks to compose the music of the movie. A. Sreekar Prasad who has previously edited Thuppakki and Kaththi has been confirmed as the movie's editor.

In early-December 2017, T. Santhanam has been roped in as the art director of the movie, and following this, it was made official that Sun Pictures is producing the movie. Before the title was revealed on 21 June 2018, it was referred to by the media as Thalapathy 62, as it is the 62nd movie starring Vijay who is commonly called "Thalapathy" (commander) by fans. Keerthy Suresh  was later signed to play the female lead role and Varalaxmi Sarathkumar was also confirmed, playing a pivotal role. B. Jeyamohan was recruited as writer, and shooting began in January 2018. The team have successfully completed the first and second schedules of the shoot, and were set to begin their third schedule in the US in early August 1st week.

Music
The music of the film is composed by A. R. Rahman, and lyricist Vivek penning the songs. The audio was launched on 2 October 2018.

References

Notes

Other websites

Category:2018 movies
Category:Indian movies
Category:Tamil-language movies
Category:Action thriller movies

Sarkar (movie)


Pure Pleasure is the debut album released by Jamaican singer Shaggy. The album was released on August 24, 1993.

Tracklisting

References

Category:1993 albums
Category:Debut albums
Category:Dancehall albums
Category:Reggae albums

Pure Pleasure


Ekrem İmamoğlu (born 4 June 1970) is a Turkish politician. He was Mayor of Istanbul from 17 April 2019 until 6 May 2019. He was elected in the March 2019 Istanbul mayoral election as the joint Nation Alliance candidate of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the İYİ Party, then he was re-elected on 23 June 2019.

He was formerly the Mayor of Beylikdüzü, a western district of Istanbul, between 2014 and 2019.

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mayors
Category:Turkish politicians
Category:People from Istanbul

Ekrem İmamoğlu


Iran is divided into 30 provinces (Persian: استان ostān, plural استان‌ها ostānhā).  Each is ruled from a local center.  These local centers can usually be found in the biggest local city, called the capital (Persian: مرکز markaz) of that province.

Information
The following is a table with information on the provinces of Iran:

References

Other websites
 Statistical Centre, Government of Iran

Provinces of Iran


Alan Richard "Al" Michaels (born November 12, 1944) is an American sportscaster.  He was best known working for ABC Sports for nearly three decades. He is the lead voice of NBC Sunday Night Football.   He was the daytime anchor for two Olympics: 2010 Vancouver Olympics and 2012 London Olympics. He called games for many years for the National Football League games.

Michaels has won many awards during his career, including the Emmy Award for Outstanding Sports Personality (Play-by-Play Host) five times, the NSSA Award from the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association three times, and "Sportscaster of the Year" once each from the American Sportscasters Association and the Washington Journalism Review. In October 2004, Michaels was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Michaels had an acting role in a 1970 episode of Hawaii Five-O.  He has appeared as himself in the movies Jerry Maguire and BASEketball, as well as on several TV shows including Coach and Spin City. His call of the U.S. hockey team's victory in the 1980 Olympics can be heard in the 2004 movie Miracle.

References

Category:Major League Baseball broadcasters
Category:Olympic Games broadcasters
Category:National Football League broadcasters
Category:Golf broadcasters
Category:College basketball broadcasters
Category:Motorsports broadcasters
Category:National Hockey League broadcasters
Category:Boxing broadcasters
Category:College football broadcasters
Category:National Basketball Association broadcasters
Category:Bowling broadcasters
Category:Living people
Category:1944 births

Al Michaels


Dana Air Flight 992 was a scheduled passenger flight from Abuja to Lagos, Nigeria. The aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas MD-83. On July 3, 2012, both engines stopped working. The aircraft crashed into a neighborhood in Lagos. All 153 people on-board the flight died. Ten people on the ground also died.

References

Category:2012 disasters
Category:Lagos
Category:Aviation disasters in the 2010s
Category:Transport in Nigeria
Category:July events
Category:2010s in Nigeria

Dana Air Flight 992


Prince Felix Felixovich Yusupov, Count Sumarokov-Elston (; March 23, 1887, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire – September 27, 1967, Paris, France), was best known for helping in the murder of Grigori Rasputin. Rasputin was the faith healer who was said to have influenced Tsar Nicholas II and Tsaritsa Alexandra Feodorovna in their decisions. Felix Yusupov was never punished for this murder.

References

Category:1887 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:Princes and princesses
Category:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
Category:LGBT royalty
Category:Russian LGBT people

Felix Yusupov


In mathematics, a matrix (plural: matrices) is a rectangle of numbers, arranged in rows and columns. The rows are each left-to-right (horizontal) lines, and the columns go top-to-bottom (vertical). The top-left cell is at row 1, column 1 (see diagram at right).

There are rules for adding, subtracting and "multiplying" matrices together, but the rules are different than for numbers. As an example,  does not always give the same result as , which is the case for the multiplication of ordinary numbers. A matrix can have more than 2 dimensions, such as a 3D matrix. Also, a matrix can be one-dimensional, as a single row or column.

Many natural sciences use matrices quite a lot. In many universities, courses about matrices (usually called linear algebra) are taught very early, sometimes even in the first year of studies. Matrices are also very common in computer science.

Definitions and notations
The horizontal lines in a matrix are called rows and the vertical lines are called columns. A matrix with m rows and n columns is called an m-by-n matrix (or m×n matrix) and m and n are called its dimensions.

The places in the matrix where the numbers are is called entries. The entry of a matrix A that lies in the row number i and column number j is called the i,j entry of A. This is written as A[i,j] or ai,j.

We write  to define an m × n matrix A with each entry in the matrix called ai,j for all 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n.

Example
The matrix

is a 4×3 matrix. This matrix has m=4 rows, and n=3 columns.

The element A[2,3] or a2,3 is 7.

Operations

Addition

The sum of two matrices is the matrix, which (i,j)-th entry is equal to the sum of the (i,j)-th entries of two matrices:

The two matrices have the same dimensions. Here  is true.

Multiplication of two matrices

The multiplication of two matrices is a bit more complicated:

So with Numbers:

two matrices can be multiplied with each other even if they have different dimensions, as long as the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
the result of the multiplication, called the product, is another matrix with the same number of rows as the first matrix and the same number of columns as the second matrix.
the multiplication of matrices is not commutative, which means in general that
the multiplication of matrices is associative, which means that

Special matrices
There are some matrices that are special.

Square matrix

A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns, so m=n.

An example of a square matrix is

This matrix has 3 rows and 3 columns: m=n=3.

Identity

Every square dimension set of a matrix has a special counterpart called an "identity matrix". The identity matrix has nothing but zeroes except on the main diagonal, where there are all ones. For example:

is an identity matrix. There is exactly one identity matrix for each square dimension set. An identity matrix is special because when multiplying any matrix by the identity matrix, the result is always the original matrix with no change.

Inverse matrix

An inverse matrix is a matrix that, when multiplied by another matrix, equals the identity matrix. For example:

 is the inverse of
.

The formula for the inverse of a 2x2 matrix,  is:

Where  is the determinant of the matrix. In a 2x2 matrix, the determinant is equal to:

One column matrix
A matrix, that has many rows, but only one column, is called a column vector.

Determinants

The determinant takes a square matrix and calculates a simple number, a scalar. To understand what this number means, take each column of the matrix and draw it as a vector. The parallelogram drawn by those vectors has an area, which is the determinant. For all 2x2 matrices, the formula is very simple:

For 3x3 matrices the formula is more complicated:

There are no simple formulas for the determinants of larger matrices, and many computer programmers study how to get computers to quickly find large determinants.

Properties of determinants
There are three rules that all determinants follow. These are:
 The determinant of an identity matrix is 1
 If two rows or two columns of the matrix are exchanged, then the determinant is multiplied by -1. Mathematicians call this alternating.
 If all the numbers in one row or column are multiplied by another number n, then the determinant is multiplied by n. Also, if a matrix M has a column v that is the sum of two column matrices  and , then the determinant of M is the sum of the determinants of M with  in place of v and M with  in place of v. These two conditions are called multi-linearity.

Other websites

 History
MacTutor: Matrices and determinants
Matrices and Linear Algebra on the Earliest Uses Pages
Earliest Uses of Symbols for Matrices and Vectors

 Online books

Online Calculus Courses

See also
 Linear algebra
 Numerical linear algebra

Category:Linear algebra

Matrix (mathematics)


Juris Ekmanis, (2 December 1941 – 9 April 2016) was a Latvian educator and physicist. He was the President of Latvian Academy of Sciences from 2004 through 2012. He was appointed Junior Research Associate at the Riga Polytechnical Institute from 1961-1986, and Professor from 1986-1994.

He was Visiting Professor at Cornell University (Ithaca), Iowa State University (Ames), University of California, Berkeley, USA in 1974 and at Manchester University in 1993.

In 1976 he became a Visiting Scientist at McGill University (Montreal). In 1990 he became the Director of the Institute of the Physical Energetics at the Latvian Academy of Sciences.

Ekmanis died of complications from a stroke in Riga, Latvia on 9 April 2016, aged 74.

References

Category:1941 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Deaths from stroke
Category:Latvian scientists
Category:Physicists
Category:Educators

Juris Ekmanis


The Green Party is a political party in the United States. The Green Party nominated Dr. Jill Stein as its candidate for President of the United States in 2012, and again in 2016. The party focuses on issues such as social justice and environmentalism. It is the fourth largest party, following the Libertarian Party.

Related pages
 List of political parties in the United States
 Ajamu Baraka
 Cynthia McKinney
 Jill Stein

References

Category:2001 establishments in the United States

Green Party (United States)


is a train station in Miyako, Iwate Prefecture, Japan.

Lines
 East Japan Railway Company
 Yamada Line

Adjacent stations

Category:Iwate Prefecture
Category:Railway stations in Japan

Matsukusa Station


The 2012 Chicago Summit was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012.

This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town.  It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead.

People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe.

The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million.

At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved.

References

Other websites

Chicago NATO Summit 2012 Declaration
NatoProtest.org, protest website
Full news coverage at NATO Review

Category:2012 in the United States
Category:Diplomatic conferences
Category:2010s in Chicago

2012 NATO Summit in Chicago


The  Tibetan Sandgrouse  (Syrrhaptes tibetanus ) is a large bird in the sandgrouse family. This species breeds on the dry stony plateaus in Tibet and neighbouring parts of central Asia.

Category:Birds of China
Category:Birds of Kashmir
Category:Columbiformes

Tibetan Sandgrouse


The Crab-eating Frog (Fejervarya cancrivora), is also known as the Asian Brackish Frog, Mangrove Frog and the Rice Field Frog. It is a frog native to south-eastern Asia including the Philippines and more rarely as far west as Orissa in India. Populations of the frog have been introduced into New Guinea and Guam.

The Crab-eating Frog lives in mangrove forests, in river estuaries, swamps, and other wet areas. It also lives in man-made places like rice fields and roadside ditches.

References

Category:Frogs

Crab-eating Frog


A home nation is one of the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. They are; England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Category:Geography of the United Kingdom
Category:Political geography
Category:Politics of the United Kingdom
Category:Sport in England
Category:Sport in Ireland
Category:Sport in Northern Ireland
Category:Sport in Scotland
Category:Sport in Wales
Category:Sport in the Republic of Ireland
Category:Sport in the United Kingdom
Category:Subdivisions of the United Kingdom

Home Nations


Jia Qinglin (; born March 1940) is a retired Chinese politician who served as a 7th Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference from 2003 to 2013.

Other websites
 Vitae

Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese politicians

Jia Qinglin


The New Azerbaijan Party (Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası, YAP) is the ruling political party in Azerbaijan since 1993.

It was formed on 18 December 1992 by the former President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who led it until his retirement and death in 2003. It is now led by his son, Ilham Aliyev, who succeeded his father as the party leader and as President of Azerbaijan since October 31, 2003. The founder of the party, Heydar Aliyev, was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until July 1991 before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan later that year. The headquarters of the party is in the capital city Baku.

The party's stated ideologies are lawfulness, secularism, and Azerbaijani nationalism. It wants to build a "social-oriented" economy, meaning a middle path between socialism and "laissez-faire" capitalism (a mixed economy), and lists civil solidarity and social justice as the basis of its ideology.

Current and historical representation in the National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 5 November, 2000  Members of Parliament
 6 November, 2005  Members of Parliament
 7 November, 2010  Members of Parliament

Related pages
 List of political parties in Azerbaijan
 National Assembly of Azerbaijan
 President of Azerbaijan
 Prime Minister of Azerbaijan

References

Other websites
 Official website

Category:Political parties in Azerbaijan
Category:Nationalist organizations

New Azerbaijan Party


Hainanese chicken rice is a dish created by the people of Hainan. Hainan is an island that is to the south of China. It is a plate of chicken served with rice cooked in chicken oil.

Recipe
Boil a large pot of water. Stuff the body of the chicken with scallion and ginger. Add chicken to boiling water, breast side-down. Lower the heat to a simmer just under boiling point and cook, covered until just cooked through, about 40 minutes. Bathe the chicken in an ice water bath till chicken is cold to create a nice texture. Heat oil in a rice cooker, add garlic, stir fry till fragrant. Add uncooked rice, stir fry for two minutes, add salt and enough chicken soup to cover 1/2 inch above the top of the rice. Boil on high heat, lower heat when steam holes form, cover and steam for 30 minutes till rice is cooked. Chop chicken and serve with steaming hot rice and chili sauce. Dark soya sauce is the ideal accompaniment.

Recipe
 Singapore Hainanese Chicken Rice from Let's get Wokking!
Hainanese Chicken Rice Recipe from Rose's Kitchenette

References
Uniquely Singapore - Hainanese Chicken Rice

Category:Rice dishes

Hainanese chicken rice


Mr. Mann is a character from BBC television programme, Little Britain

Mr. Man may also refer to:

 Mr. Men, characters in a series of children's books
 Mr. Man, a character in the children's television programme, Boohbah

Mr. Man (disambiguation)


Rautalampi is a municipality in Finland. The city has 3,451 people (as of 31 August 2012). It covers 761,97 km². Near Laihia are the municipalities Hankasalmi, Konnevesi, Pieksämäki, Suonenjoki, Tervo and Vesanto.

History
History starts from 1561 when Sweden's king Gustav I of Sweden gave order to establish so called "hallintopitäjä" Rautalampi, (Rautalammen hallintopitäjä).

Other websites

 website

Category:Municipalities of Finland
Category:1560s establishments in Europe
Category:16th century establishments in Finland
Category:1561 establishments
Category:Disestablishments in Europe

Rautalampi


A pentathlon is a sports contest with five different events. The name comes from two Greek words.  Pente means five and athlon means competition. The first pentathlon was in Ancient Greece and was part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The five events were long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw, followed by the stadion (a short foot race) and wrestling.

Modern pentathlon
The modern pentathlon is a sports contest that includes five events.  They are pistol shooting,  fencing, 200 m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a 3 km cross-country run. It was invented by Pierre de Coubertin.

The event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games. It was won by Swedish athlete Gösta Lilliehöök. Since 1949 there is a yearly World Championship unless there is an Olympic Game.

Related pages
 Biathlon

References

Category:Events in athletics

Pentathlon


Events
 Mexico becomes a republic.
 Monroe Doctrine is expressed during President James Monroe's seventh annual message to Congress on December 2

Art, music, theatre, and literature
 December 23 - "A Visit from St. Nicholas" ("The Night Before Christmas")

1823


The word Orlando has several meanings:

There are several places that have the name:
 Orlando, Florida, in the United States of America
 Orlando, Oklahoma, in the United States of America
 Orlando, Soweto, in the Republic of South Africa

There are several artistic works that use the name:
 Orlando can be a character in literature or music from the 16th and 17th centuries
 Orlando is the name of an opera composed by George Frideric Handel in 1733
 Orlando: A Biography is a novel written by Virginia Woolf in 1928
 Orlando is the title of a movie based on the above novel, produced in 1992
 Orlando is the title of a British television series in the 1960s
 Orlando is the name of a British indie-pop band in the 1990s
 Orlando is the name of a fictional cat that stars in a series of children's illustrated books by Kathleen Hale

The following people use "Orlando" as their surname, or family name:
Vittorio Orlando, an Italian diplomat and politician
Tony Orlando, an American singer

The following people use "Orlando" as their given name:
Orlando Bloom, a British actor
Orlando Cepeda, a former Hispanic-American baseball player in the Baseball Hall of Fame
Orlando Cabrera, a current Hispanic-American baseball player.  He plays in Major League Baseball for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.

Orlando (disambiguation)


Alamo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.

Category:Cities in Texas

Alamo, Texas


1914 (MCMXVI) was a common year that started on a Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.  It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.

Events
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Countess Sophie were assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo. This led to World War I.
 August 2 – According to the NSDAP 25 points manifesto, anyone who was not German-race who did not live in Germany before this date had to leave the country.
 August 31 – Saint Petersburg, Russia is renamed Petrograd by Nicholas II.

Date unknown
 Australian supermarket chain Coles Supermarkets was founded.
 The Iglesia ni Cristo ("Church of Christ") was built in the Philippines.
 The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main opened
 Construction of the Panama Canal is finished.
 Yuma, Arizona became a city

Nobel Prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor.

Births
 February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1999)
 March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet and diplomat (d, 1998)
 April 2 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
 May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
 May 29 – Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa climber (d. 1986)
 September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
 October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last Shah of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
 October 27- Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
 November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American MLB baseball player (d. 1999)
 December 14 – Karl Carstens, 5th President of West Germany (d. 1992)
 December 20 - Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
 December 30 – Igor Diakonov, Russian (Soviet) historian and linguist (d. 1999)
 Nancy Drew, Fictional character

Deaths
 June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
 June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863), and his wife Countess Sophie
 August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson. (b. 1860)

Books
 Dubliners – James Joyce

nv:1901 – 1950

1914


Carlos Coy (Born in October 5, 1970 in Houston, Texas) is a American rapper better known under the stage name, South Park Mexican.

Before starting a musical career, Coy worked at a chemical plant for minimum wage, as a door-to-door perfume salesman and eventually a crack cocaine dealer.

South Park Mexican started out as a Christian rapper but quit feeling he would not be recognized. In 1995, he co-founded his own record label, Dope House Records along with his brother Arthur Jr. and his friend Jose Antonio Garza.

On May 18, 2002, he was convicted of aggravated sexual assault of a child by a Houston jury, was sentenced to 45 years in prison and was ordered to pay a $10,000 fine. He is serving his sentence at Allred Unit in Wichita Falls, Texas. He is eligible for parole in 2024.

Discography
South Park Mexican has released 10 albums:

References

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:American Christians
Category:American prisoners
Category:American rap musicians
Category:American sex offenders
Category:Child sexual abusers
Category:Criminals from Texas
Category:Drug dealers
Category:Singers from Houston, Texas

South Park Mexican


John Lyons (born October 1933) is a Trinidad-born poet, painter, illustrator, educator and curator. He has worked as a theatre designer, exhibition adviser and as a teacher both of visual art and creative writing.

As an art critic, he has written essays for catalogues, notably for Denzil Forrester's major touring exhibition Dub Transition, for Jouvert Print Exhibition and Tony Phillips' Jazz and The Twentieth Century. His works are held at Rochdale Art Gallery, Huddersfield Art Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum's Word & Image Print Collection and the Arts Council National Collection.

References

Category:1933 births
Category:Living people
Category:Poets
Category:Painters
Category:Illustrators
Category:Educators
Category:Historians
Category:Trinidad and Tobago people

John Lyons (poet)


Moira Yip is a British linguist. She earned her PhD in Linguistics in 1980 from MIT. She retired in 2009 from University College London (UCL). She had been Professor of Linguistics there. At UCL she also was co-director of the Centre for Human Communication. She was also Pro-Provost for China. Before joining UCL, she was Professor of Linguistics and Acting Dean at the University of California-Irvine (1992-1999) and Associate Professor at Brandeis University (1982-1992).

Moira Yip worked on theory of phonology (ideas about how sound is important in language). She was especially interested in phonology of Chinese. Her dissertation on the Tonal phonology of Chinese was published in the Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics series (Routledge). In 2002 she published the first modern textbook on tone in the Cambridge University Press linguistics textbook series.

She is married to business academic, George Yip.

Important publications
 Yip, Moira J. 1980. The tonal phonology of Chinese. PhD dissertation, MIT.
 Yip, Moira. 1988. The Obligatory Contour Principle and Phonological Rules: a Loss of Identity. Linguistic Inquiry, 19 (1), 65-100.
 Yip, Moira. 1989. Contour tones. Phonology, 6(1), 149-174.
 Yip, Moira. 2002. Tone. Cambridge University Press.

References

Category:British academics
Category:Living people
Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Category:Linguists

Moira Yip


The Sydney Morning Herald is a newspaper made in Sydney, Australia. It is made by an Australian company called Fairfax, and started on 18 April 1831.

References

Other websites
The Sydney Morning Herald homepage

Category:Newspapers published in Australia

The Sydney Morning Herald


Joan Elise Robinson Acker (March 18, 1924 – June 22, 2016) was an American feminist sociologist, researcher, writer, and educator. She was a part of the University of Oregon faculty since 1967. Acker was thought as one of the leading analysts regarding gender and class within the second wave of feminism.

References

Category:1924 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:American sociologists
Category:American educators
Category:Writers from Illinois

Joan Acker


Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a disease of the skin. In most cases, it is caused by an allergic reaction to drugs. This accounts for about half the cases. Lymphoma, and other infections are responsible for most other cases. The disease is characterized by cell death that causes the epidermis to separate from the dermis. Since this is similar to what happens in burn, some of the same methods are used to treat patients.

Category:Symptoms
Category:Dermatology

Stevens–Johnson syndrome


Starbucks is a chain of stores that sell coffee. A chain is many stores owned by the same company. Many of the stores look the same, and all stores sell the same items, often at the same prices. As well as coffee, Starbucks sells beverages and baked goods.

Starbucks started in Seattle in the United States in 1971. The number of stores has grown quickly. There are over 9,000 Starbucks stores all over the world. Most of these stores are in the United States. Some large cities in the U.S. have many Starbucks stores. Sometimes they open so many stores in one city that there are two Starbucks within a few blocks of each other.

Starbucks sells many kinds of drinks. There are 5 sizes: short, tall, grande, venti and trenta. There are many ways to customize each drink. A frappuccino, for example, is a cold drink. Flavored syrup and cream is added to coffee or juice and stirred with ice.

Some stores sell special items, such as mugs related to the city they are located in.

International growth

The first Starbucks in Japan opened in Ginza in 1996. There were 985 stores in Japan in 2012.

References

Category:American food companies
Category:Coffee houses
Category:Seattle, Washington
Category:1971 establishments in the United States
Category:1970s establishments in Washington (state)

Starbucks


Cours-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Category:Communes in Gironde

Cours-les-Bains


Leda or , is a prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Charles T. Kowal at the Mount Palomar Observatory on September 14, 1974, after three nights' worth of photographic plates had been taken (September 11 through 13; Leda appears on all of them). It was named after Leda, who was a lover of Zeus, the Greek equivalent of Jupiter (who came to her in the form of a swan). Kowal suggested the name and the IAU supported it in 1975.

Leda belongs to the Himalia group, five moons orbiting between 11,000,000 and 13,000,000 km from Jupiter at an inclination of about 27.5°. The orbital elements given here are as of January 2000, but they are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations.

References

Other websites
Leda Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration
David Jewitt pages
Scott Sheppard pages

Category:Jupiter's moons

Leda (moon)


A mailman or mail carrier or postman is a person who brings people their postal mail. Normally he works for the post office of the respective country. Of course, there are also women doing this job. They are called mailwomen. For a layman, this occupation is called "letter carriers".

Fictional mailmen are traditionally shown as acting afraid of dogs, even to the point of shock.

Related pages

 Despatch rider
 Persian couriers

Category:Occupations
Category:Postal service

Mailman


Malanje (also Malange) is the capital city of Malanje Province in Angola.  There are 222,000 people.  Nearby is the beautiful Calandula waterfalls, 85 km from the city. Pedras Negras de Pungo Andongo are large black rocks. The greatest dam in the country is in Malanje.

Category:Cities in Angola

Malanje


Knot theory is the study of knots in mathematics.  In knot theory, the ends of the rope are attached so that there is no possible way for the knot to be untied.  Peter Guthrie Tait was the first person to make charts describing mathematical knots in the 1860s.

Related pages
 List of knots
 Topology

Further reading
 Richard H. Crowell and Ralph Fox, Introduction to Knot Theory,  1977,
 Gerhard Burde and Heiner Zieschang, Knots, De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, 1985, Walter de Gruyter,
 Louis H. Kauffman, On Knots, 1987,

Category:Knots

Knot theory


Mayes County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  As of 2000, 38,369 people lived there.  Its county seat is Pryor, also known as Pryor Creek.

Bordering counties
Craig County  (north)
Delaware County  (east)
Cherokee County  (southeast)
Wagoner County  (south)
Rogers County  (west)

Cities and towns

NRHP Sites
The following sites in Mayes County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
 Cabin Creek Battlefield, Pensacola
 Farmers and Merchants Bank, Chouteau
 Lewis Ross/Cherokee Orphan Asylum Springhouse, Salina
 Pensacola Dam, Langley
 Territorial Commercial District, Chouteau
 Union Mission Site, Mazie

Category:Oklahoma counties
Category:1907 establishments in Oklahoma

Mayes County, Oklahoma


The Bali Nine is the name given to nine Australian citizens arrested on April 17, 2005, in Denpasar on the island of Bali, Indonesia. They had tried to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at about AUD 4 million from Indonesia to Australia. Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran, all aged between 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests. After the trial, two of the Bali Nine received death sentences, and the others got 20 years or life sentences. Renae Lawrence finished serving her 20-year sentence in Kerobokan Prison along with fellow Australian Schapelle Corby. Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015.

Category:2005
Category:Australian criminals
Category:Australian drug dealers
Category:Australian prisoners
Category:Bali
Category:2000s in Australia
Category:2000s in Indonesia

Bali Nine


The color chocolate is a tone of dark brown that resembles chocolate.  The color chocolate is shown on the right of the screen.

The first written use of chocolate as a color name in English was in 1737.

Meaning of chocolate

The color chocolate represents African Americans.  For example, in African American slang, the city Washington, D.C. is called Chocolate City because of its overwhelmingly African American population.

Tones of chocolate color comparison chart

References

Related pages
List of colors

Category:Colors

Chocolate (color)


The Democratic Party presidential primaries of 2008 was an American political event. In various states, various Democratic candidates asked people and delegates to vote for them in primaries and caucuses. Candidates won delegates based on a percentage of votes (in primaries). There were 4,233 delegates. A candidate would have to get 2,110 delegates to win the nomination. The two front-runners of the campaign were New York Senator Hillary Clinton and Illinois Senator Barack Obama. Although Clinton led in the beginning, Obama soon gained the lead. Obama went on to become the first African-American presidential candidate in American history.

Category:2008 elections
Category:2008 in the United States
Category:United States presidential primary elections
Category:United States Democratic Party

2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries


James Robert "Jim" Leavelle (August 23, 1920 – August 29, 2019) was a Dallas, Texas homicide detective who was escorting Lee Harvey Oswald through the basement of Dallas Police headquarters when Oswald was shot by Jack Ruby.

Early life
Leavelle was born and raised in Red River County, Texas. He served in the United States Navy during World War II, and was a sailor on board the USS Whitney during the December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor bombings.

Career
He joined the Dallas Police Department in April 1950 and retired in April 1975.

Leavelle later said to author Joseph McBride that to him, the murder of President John F. Kennedy was "no different than a south Dallas nigger killing". This remark reveals that Leavelle was a racist who was not really concerned about who killed President Kennedy.

When Leavelle testified before the Warren Commission, he claimed that the first time he had ever sat in on an interrogation with Oswald was on Sunday morning, November 24, 1963. When Counsel Joseph Ball asked Leavelle if he had ever spoken to Oswald before this interrogation, he stated; "No; I had never talked to him before". Leavelle then stated during his testimony that; "...the only time I had connections with Oswald was this Sunday morning [November 24, 1963]. I never had [the] occasion to talk with him at any time..."

Leavelle believed that Oswald acted alone in killing Kennedy, and said that in a 2006 discussion, he was told by Oswald's brother Robert that he believes the same thing, "because I knew my brother."

Death
Leavelle died at a hospital on August 29, 2019, at the age of 99 while on a trip to Denver, Colorado from a heart attack while recovering from hip surgery.

References

Category:1920 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Deaths from surgical complications
Category:Police officers
Category:People from Dallas, Texas

Jim Leavelle


Labescau is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Category:Communes in Gironde

Labescau


The AIM-9 Sidewinder is a short-range air-to-air missile, which means it is shot from an aircraft and is supposed to hit an aircraft. It is heat seeking, which means it locks on to heat. It first flew in 1953, and went into air forces in 1956. It was used during the Vietnam War along with the AIM-7 Sparrow, but was not good. At the time, it would hit only 10-20% of the time, and could be fooled. Sometimes it could lock on to the sun or other bogus heat source and not an enemy airplane.

The problems were later fixed, and the new Sidewinders have a good hitting rate. It is in a lot of air forces. The missile can hit from 11 miles. It is used a lot.

References

Category:Missiles
Category:Air force
Category:Military aviation

AIM-9 Sidewinder


The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is a top banking institution of the Republic of India. The bank controls the money supply in the country.

History
The bank was established on 1 April 1935, when India was under British rule. The Bank was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The bank was nationalised in 1949.

References

Other websites

 Reserve Bank of India website

Category:Banks
Category:Economy of India
Category:1935 establishments in Asia
Category:1930s establishments in India

Reserve Bank of India


Kenneth Victor Blaiklock OBE (born 6 December 1927) is a British Antarctic surveyor. He took part in Sir Vivian Fuchs's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition that completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica. He reached the South Pole by dog sled for the first time since Amundsen. He has been awarded the Polar Medal with three bars.

His daughter is British politician, Catherine Blaiklock.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:Living people
Category:British explorers

Ken Blaiklock


The Dumont d'Urville Station () is a French scientific station in Antarctica. It is on Île des Pétrels, archipelago of Pointe-Géologie in Adélie Land. It is named after explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville. His expedition landed on Débarquement Rock in the Dumoulin Islands at the northeast end of the archipelago on January 21, 1840. The station is run by the "French Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor".

History

The first French Antarctic research station was at Port Martin,  east of D'Urville. It was destroyed by fire on January 23, 1952. In 1952, a small base called Base Marret, was built on Île des Pétrels to study a rookery of emperor penguins. When the Port Martin station was destroyed, Base Marret was used in the winter of 1952/1953. A new main base, Dumont D'Urville station, was built on the same island and opened on January 12, 1956. This became the centre for French scientific research during the Antarctic International Geophysical Year 1957/1958. It has remained in active use ever since.

The station allows 30-40 people to come ashore at one time.  Ice and strong katabatic winds often prevent landings, either by boat or by helicopter. The station can accommodate about 30 people in winter and 120 during the summer. The icebreaker ship L'Astrolabe carries supplies and people to the station from the port of Hobart, Tasmania. It does five trips between November and March.

The Academy Award-winning documentary movie La Marche de l'empereur, in English March of the Penguins, was filmed in the region around this base.

Category:1956 establishments
Category:Establishments in Antarctica
Category:Antarctica
Category:Buildings and structures in France

Dumont d'Urville Station


Uranium-235 is a radioactive isotope of uranium. Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, 92 protons, and an isotope mass of 235.0439299.  Uranium-235 has 235Pa, 235Np, and 239Pu as its parent isotopes.  As it decays, it produces 231Th. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. Uranium-235 makes up about 0.72% of natural uranium. When it is separated from the other uranium isotopes, it is called enriched uranium.

Enriched uranium is best known for its use in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.  The bomb called Little Boy used Uranium-235. Uranium-235 can be used for nuclear fission.  This fission is about 504.81 barns for slow thermal neutrons and 1 barn for fast thermal neutrons.  Uranium-235 was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster.

Category:Actinides

Uranium-235


Nagareyama-ōtakanomori Station (流山おおたかの森駅,ながれやまおおたかのもりえき) is a Railway station of Tōbu Railway and Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company in Nagareyama, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.

Adjacent stations
 Tōbu Railway
 Tōbu Noda Line
 Hatsuishi - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori - Toyoshiki
 Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company
  Tsukuba Express
 Rapid
 Minami-Nagareyama (10) - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori (12) - Moriya (15)
 Seni-Rapid
 Minami-Nagareyama (10) - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori (12) - Kashiwanoha-campus (13)
 Local
 Nagareyama-centralpark (11) - Nagareyama-ōtakanomori (12) - Kashiwanoha-campus (13)

Category:Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture

Nagareyama-ōtakanomori Station


A radio drama (audio or radio play, dramatized audiobook) is a live or recorded performance of actors without visual elements. It is usually heard on radio or published as audiobook. Radio drama is often described as "cinema for the ears". It had its greatest popularity in the Golden Age of Radio, before television was introduced.

Category:Drama
Category:Radio

Radio drama


Displacement is a word. It means that something is moved. More specifically, this movement can be:
A displacement vector, from the original position to the current one.
A special move in fencing to avoid an attack.
Forced migration - people having to move to somewhere else, because of violence, war, or another reason.
Displacement (surgery) - When a bone is broken, this refers to moving around the different parts of the broken bone.
Displacement (psychology) - A subconscious defense reaction.
Displacement (ship) - the amount of water a ship displaces when it floats.

Displacement


Fontan is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the south of France.

Category:Communes in Alpes-Maritimes

Fontan


Star anise is Illicium verum, a spice plant which tastes like anise. The star shaped fruits are harvested before they start getting ripe.

Uses

Medicine
Star anise has been used in a tea, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals for digestion.

Star anise is grown in four places in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales.

Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in Japan.

Category:Flowering plants
Category:Spices

Star anise


The genus Hylobates is one of the four genera of gibbons. It is the most widespread type of gibbon; there are six or seven species. Individuals in this genus are characterized by 44 chromosomes and often have a ring of white fur around their faces.

Species
 Hylobates lar
 Hylobates agilis
 Hylobates albibarbis
 Hylobates muelleri
 Hylobates moloch
 Hylobates pileatus
 Hylobates klossii

References

Category:Apes

Hylobates


Stondon Massey is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 748 people living in Stondon Massey. The word 'Stondon' means stone hill’ and the word Massey is comes from Serlo de Marci.

References
 GENUKI

Category:Villages in Essex
Category:Civil parishes in Essex

Stondon Massey


Herenthout is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.

In 2007, 8462 people lived there.

It is at 51° 08 North, 04° 45 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of Antwerp

Herenthout


John Le Mesurier (John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley; 5 April 1912 – 15 November 1983) was an English actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy Dad's Army (1968–77).

Le Mesurier was born on 5 April 1912 in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. He studied at the Sherborne School. Le Mesurier was married to June Melville from 1940 until they divorced in 1949. Then he was married to Hattie Jacques from 1949 until they divorced in 1965. Then he was married to Joan Malin from 1966 until his death in 1983. He had two sons. Le Mesurier died from a stomach hemorrhage caused by cirrhosis of the liver in Ramsgate, Kent, England, aged 71.

Other websites

Category:1912 births
Category:1983 deaths
Category:Deaths from cirrhosis
Category:Disease-related deaths in England
Category:English comedians
Category:English movie actors
Category:English stage actors
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Category:English voice actors
Category:People from Bedford

John Le Mesurier


The status of women in ancient Greece varied form city state to city state. Women in ancient Delphi, Gortyn, Thessaly, Megara and Sparta could own land, which was the most prestigious form of private property at the time.

Athens
In ancient Athens, women were not citizens. Until marriage, women were under the guardianship of their father or other male relative. After marriage, their husband (kyrios) acted for the wife in all legal matters. Athenian women had limited property rights. Athenian women could enter into a contract worth less than the value of a “medimnos of barley” (a measure of grain). This allowed women to engage in petty trading.

Slaves, like free women, were not eligible for full citizenship in ancient Athens, but sometimes, rarely, they could become citizens if freed. Women, on the other hand, could never get full civil rights. No women ever acquired citizenship in ancient Athens, and so they were excluded from ancient Athenian democracy.

Sparta
By contrast, Spartan women enjoyed a status, power, and respect that was unknown in the rest of the classical world. Although Spartan women were formally excluded from military and political life they enjoyed considerable status as mothers of Spartan warriors. As men engaged in military activity, women took responsibility for running estates.

After many years of war in the 4th century BC, Spartan women owned between 35% and 40% of all Spartan land and property. By the Hellenistic period, some of the wealthiest Spartans were women. They controlled their own properties, as well as the properties of male relatives who were away with the army. Unlike Athenian women who wore heavy, concealing clothes and were rarely seen outside the house, Spartan women wore short dresses and went where they pleased. Spartan women rarely married before the age of 20: this was unusual in the ancient world. Girls as well as boys received an education, and young women as well as young men may have joined in the Gymnopaedia ("Festival of Nude Youths").

Philosophies
Some philosophers were in favour of equality for women, but not Plato and Aristotle. Contrary to them, the Stoic philosophers argued for the equality of the sexes. In their view, sexual inequality was contrary to the laws of nature. In doing so, they followed the Cynics, who argued that men and women should wear the same clothing and get the same kind of education. They also saw marriage as a moral companionship between equals rather than a biological or social necessity. The Cynics practiced these views in their lives as well as in their teachings. The Stoics adopted the views of the Cynics and added them to their own theories of human nature, thus putting their sexual egalitarianism on a strong footing.

References

Category:Ancient Greece
Category:Women

Women in Ancient Greece


Hannah Dominique E. John-Kamen (born 7 September 1989) is a British actress. She is known for her roles as Dutch in the Syfy television series Killjoys, Ornela in the HBO series Game of Thrones, F'Nale Zandor in Steven Spielberg's Ready Player One, and Ghost in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie Ant-Man and the Wasp.

References

Other websites

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:British movie actors
Category:British television actors
Category:British stage actors
Category:British voice actors
Category:Actors from Yorkshire

Hannah John-Kamen


The Internet Protocol (IP) is the most important communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying data across network boundaries. It essentially establishes the Internet. In the past, IP did not provide the connectivity; It only specified how packets are supposed to be created. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) allowed this functionality. Since one could not perform its task without the other, they earned the name TCP/IP to show how they depend on each other.

Think of IP as something like the postal system. It allows you to address a package and drop it into the system, but there is no actual direct link between you and the recipient. Instead, there is a "web" of links interconnecting with each other. This is where IP and TCP come in. IP tells packets what their destination is and how to get there; TCP ensures a reliable connection, checking packets for errors, requesting a "re-transmission" if it detects one.

Function
The Internet Protocol gets information from a source computer to a destination computer. It sends this information in the form of packets.

There are two versions of the Internet Protocol currently in use: IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv4 being the version most used. IP also gives computers an IP address to identify each other, much like a typical physical address.

IP is the primary protocol in the Internet Layer of the Internet Protocol Suite, which is a set of communications protocols consisting of seven abstraction layers (see OSI model),

The main purpose and task of IP is the delivery of datagrams from the source host (source computer) to the destination host (receiving computer) based on their addresses. To achieve this, IP includes methods and structures for putting tags (address information, which is part of metadata) within datagrams. The process of putting these tags on datagrams is called encapsulation.Think of an anology with the postal system. IP is similar to the U.S. Postal System in that it allows a package (a datagram) to be addressed (encapsulation) and put into the system (the Internet) by the sender (source host). However, there is no direct link between sender and receiver.

The package (datagram) is almost always divided into pieces, but each piece contains the address of the receiver (destination host). Eventually, each piece arrives at the receiver, often by different routes and at different times. These routes and times are also determined by the Postal System, which is the IP. However, the Postal System (in the transport and application layers) puts all the pieces back together before delivery to the receiver (destination host).

Note: IP is actually a connectionless protocol, meaning that the circuit to the receiver (destination host) does not need be set up before transmission (by the source host). Continuing the analogy, there does not need to be a direct connection between the physical return address on the letter/package and the recipient address before the letter/package is sent.

Originally, IP was a connectionless datagram service in a transmission control program created by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974. When format and rules were applied to allow connections, the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol was created. The two together form the Internet Protocol Suite, often referred to as TCP/IP.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) was the first major version of IP. This is the dominant protocol of the Internet. However, iPv6 is active and in use, and its deployment is increasing all over the world.

Addressing and routing are the most complex aspects of IP. However, intelligence in the network is located at nodes (network interconnection points) in the form of routers which forward datagrams to the next known gateway on the route to the final destination. The routers use interior gateway protocols (IGPs) or external gateway protocols (EGPs) to help with making forwarding route decisions. Routes are determined by the routing prefix within the datagrams. The routing process can therefore become complex. But at the speed of light (or nearly so) the routing intelligence determines the best route, and the datagram pieces and datagram all eventually arrive at their destination

IP Packets
IP packets or datagram has two parts. The first part is the header, which is like a label on an envelope. The second part is the payload, which is like the letter inside an envelope. The header contains the source and destination IP addresses, and some extra information. This information is called metadata, and is about the packet itself. Putting data in a packet with a header is encapsulation.

Routing
Every computer on a network does some kind of routing. Dedicated computers talk with each other to figure out where to send packets. These computers are called routers, and talk using routing protocols.

Along every hop in a packet's journey, a computer reads the header. The computer sees the destination IP address and figures out where to send the packet.

Reliability
ARPANET, the early ancestor of the internet, was designed to survive a nuclear war. If one computer was destroyed, communication between all the other computers would still work. Computer networks still follow this same design.

Computers talking to each other handle the "smart" functions to simplify computer networks. The end nodes will check for errors instead of a central authority. Keeping the "smart" things on the end computers or nodes follows the end-to-end principle.

The Internet Protocol sends packets out without ensuring they arrive safely. This is best-effort delivery, and is unreliable. Packets could get messed up, lost, duplicated, or received out of order. Higher level protocols like the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ensure packets are delivered correctly. IP is also connectionless, so it does not keep track of communications.

Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) uses a checksum to check for errors in an IP header. Every checksum is unique to a source/destination combination. A routing node generates a new checksum when it gets a packet. If the new checksum is different from the old one, the routing node knows the packet is bad and throws it out. IPv6 assumes another protocol will check for errors and leaves out the checksum. This is to improve performance.

History
In 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers published a paper called "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication". The paper described a way for computers to talk to each other using Packet Switching. A big part of this idea was the "Transmission Control Program". The Transmission Control Program was too big, so it split into TCP and IP. This model is now called the DoD Internet Model and Internet Protocol Suite, or the TCP/IP Model.

Versions 0 to 3 of IP were experimental, and used between 1977 and 1979.

IPv4 addresses will run out, because the number of possible addresses is finite. To fix this, the IEEE made IPv6 which had even more addresses. While IPv4 has 4.3 Billion addresses, IPv6 has 340 undecillion of them. This means we will never run out of IPv6 addresses. IPv5 was reserved for the Internet Stream Protocol, which was only used experimentally.

Category:Internet protocols

Internet Protocol


Jelly beans or jellybeans are a bean-shaped candy. They have a gel inside in a soft candy shell. They can come in many different flavors. They were created by William Schrafft and were first introduced in 1861. Schrafft wanted people to send the jelly beans that he made to soldiers during the American Civil War. Historians today believe that jelly beans were first linked with the celebration of Easter in the United States during the 1930s. There are different brands of jelly beans, but the main brand is Jelly Belly. Jelly Beans come in a variety of different flavours. They are chewy candies that are small and gooey. There are also Beanboozled jelly beans which are Jelly Beans with varying flavours.

References

Category:Candy

Jelly bean


John M. "Johnny" Orr (June 10, 1927 – December 31, 2013) was an American basketball player and coach. He was best known for as the head coach of men's basketball at the University of Michigan and at Iowa State University. He remains the coach with most wins in Iowa State history, with 218 wins and 200 losses.

Orr died from congestive heart failure at the age of 86.

References

Other websites
player bio at databaseBasketball.com
Where's Coach Now?
Here's Johnny Orr.
LEGEND LOST: Coach Johnny Orr Dies

Category:1927 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure
Category:College basketball coaches
Category:American basketball players
Category:Sportspeople from Kansas
Category:Sportspeople from Iowa
Category:Sportspeople from Illinois
Category:Sportspeople from Michigan

Johnny Orr


The 2008–09 New Jersey Devils season was the team's 26th season in the National Hockey League since the franchise relocated to New Jersey.

Regular season

Playoffs
The Devils lost to the Carolina Hurricanes in the Conference Quarter-Finals 3 games to 4.

References

Category:2008 in ice hockey
Category:2009 in ice hockey
Category:National Hockey League team seasons
Category:2000s in New Jersey
Category:2008 in the United States
Category:2009 in the United States

2008–09 New Jersey Devils season


A cross-platform interchange is a type of interchange between different lines in a railway system.

Category:Rail transport

Cross-platform interchange


The Riverina () is a large farming area in the south west of New South Wales, Australia. It has flat plains, warm to hot climate and a large supply of water for irrigation. This has allowed the Riverina to become one of the most productive and agriculturally varied areas of Australia. With the state of Victoria to the south, and the mountains of the Great Dividing Range to the east, the Riverina covers those areas of New South Wales in the Murray and Murrumbidgee river systems.

The Riverina has been home to Aboriginal groups for over 40,000 years. It was first settled by Europens in the mid-19th century as a pastoral region growing beef and wool for markets in Australia and overseas. In the 20th century, the building of major irrigation areas in the Murray and Murrumbidgee valleys has led to the introduction of crops such as rice and grapes. The Riverina has strong links to Victoria, and the region was the source of much of the push behind the federation of Australian colonies.

The major cities and towns in the Riverina include Wagga Wagga, Albury and Griffith. Albury and Wagga Wagga are home to campuses of Charles Sturt University. Wagga Wagga is home to two major Australian Defence Force bases.

Geography

The area of the Riverina region is not fixed, but it usually includes the farming and pastoral areas of New South Wales, west of the Great Dividing Range and in the drainage basin of the snow-fed Murray and Murrumbidgee Rivers. The north edge of the Riverina is the Lachlan River catchment area known as the Central West. Along the Murray to the south, the Riverina border is the state of Victoria. West of where the Murray and Murrumbidgee meet, is the beginning of the drier Far West region.

In general, the Riverina is an alluvial plain formed by soil carried from the Great Dividing Range by streams between 30,000 to 15,000 years ago. The landscape includes rolling hills to the east but then becomes flatter to the west with most of that plain reaching less than  above sea level. The western Riverina is mainly flat saltbush plain.

Landforms and water

The geology of the Riverina has several troughs and sedimentary basins. The western Riverina is thought to be the end of the Ballarat and Bendigo geological zone. The eastern part is over the top of the western part of the Lachlan Fold Belt. It is possible that the Riverina has mineral deposits including coal, petroleum, coal seam methane, gypsum, gold, Cobar style polymetallic systems, heavy mineral sands and possibly diamonds in these fold belt rocks and basins. Riverina soils are generally sandy along the rivers, with more saline grey and brown clays found on rarely flooded areas on the edge of the floodplain. As the Murrumbidgee flows downstream, the water and soil become more saline.

The Riverina is drained by the large Murray-Darling Basin. Rivers and streams in the Riverina generally flow east to west. As well as the Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan, other streams include Billabong Creek and the Edward River, an anabranch of the Murray. Much of the water carried by these streams is taken out for other uses. In 2001–2002, 52% of the Murray and Murrumbidgee water was taken, with 77% of that water used for irrigation.

References

Category:Regions of New South Wales
Category:Wine regions of Australia

Riverina


William Theodore Katt (born February 16, 1951) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for playing Ralph Hinkley in The Greatest American Hero.

Katt was born to Bill Williams and Barbara Hale in Los Angeles.

Other websites

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors

William Katt


The Incredible and Sad Tale of Innocent Eréndira and Her Heartless Grandmother is a short story written by Nobel Prize-winning author Gabriel García Márquez. It was published in 1972.

Category:1972 books
Category:Short stories by Gabriel García Márquez


Mario Party 6 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It is the sixth game in the Mario Party series. It was released in Japan on November 18, 2004, in North America on December 6, 2004, and in Europe on March 18, 2005. It is the first Mario Party game to use the Nintendo GameCube's microphone add-on.

Gameplay

Mario Party 6 plays the same as previous games in the Mario Party series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through 10. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player that wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. In multiplayer, the sun will rise and fall every three turns. Changes that happen include spaces moving, new characters appearing, and changes to mini-games.

Six boards are in the game. The last one has to be unlocked. Players can play as 11 characters. One of them, Toadette, makes her first playable appearance in a Mario Party game in this game.

Category:2004 video games
Category:Nintendo GameCube games
Category:Mario Party games

Mario Party 6


The National Liberation Front of Tripura (or NLFT) is an Tripuri nationalist militant organization based in Tripura, in North-east India.  The NLFT seeks to separate from the Republic of India and set up an independent Tripuri state, and has actively participated in the Tripura Rebellion.

References

Category:Tripura
Category:Separatist movements of India
Category:Nationalist organizations
Category:Rebel militia groups in Asia

National Liberation Front of Tripura


Diana Barrymore (March 3, 1921 – January 25, 1960) was an American stage and movie actress. She was the stepdaughter of Dolores Costello. She was the aunt of the actress Drew Barrymore. She played Leslie Stafford in the movie Nightmare (1942). She played Anne Partridge in Eagle Squadron.

The actress was born in New York City. She died there from an overdose of sleeping pills and alcohol.

Category:American stage actors
Category:American movie actors
Category:Actors from New York City
Category:1921 births
Category:1960 deaths

Diana Barrymore


Lorette is a town in France.

It is the birthplace of 4-time Formula One champion Alain Prost.

Category:Communes in Loire

Lorette, Loire


Gavin Smith (September 4, 1968 – January 14, 2019) was a Canadian professional poker player. He was born in Guelph, Ontario. He won the World Poker Tour's Season IV Mirage Poker Showdown Championship event and the WPT Season IV Player of the Year award in 2005. Smith also won at the 2010 World Series of Poker he won the $2,500 Mixed Hold'em event along with his first bracelet.

Smith died from a heart attack on January 14, 2019 at his home in Houston, Texas at the age of 50.

References

Category:1968 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Poker players
Category:People from Guelph

Gavin Smith


The Cardinals or Cardinalidae are a family of  passerine birds that live in North and South America.

References
 Stiles and Skutch,  A guide to the birds of Costa Rica
 Hilty, Birds of Venezuela,
  ffrench, Birds of Trinidad and Tobago
 "National Geographic" Field Guide to the Birds of North America
 Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective. . p. 36

Other websites

Cardinalidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection

Category:Passeriformes

Cardinal (bird)


Averdoingt is a commune. It is in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in north France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Averdoingt


Hyman Philip Minsky (September 23, 1919 – October 24, 1996) was an American economist, a professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis.

He gave an explanation of financial crises, caused by swings in a potentially fragile financial system. Minsky is sometimes described as a post-Keynesian economist because, like Keynes, he supported some government intervention in financial markets. He opposed some of the financial deregulation policies popular in the 1980s. He supported the Federal Reserve as a "lender of last resort" (which means he thought it right for the Fed to bail out banks which might go bust). He argued against too much private debt in the financial markets.

Financial theory
Minsky proposed theories were about the normal life cycle of an economy. He linked financial market fragility with speculative investment bubbles in financial markets. Minsky claimed that in prosperous times, when companies make plenty of money, an irrational euphoria develops. Soon debts exceed what borrowers can pay off from their income, which produces a financial crisis. As a result, banks and lenders tighten credit, even to companies that can afford loans. Then the economy contracts.

This slow movement of the financial system from stability to fragility, followed by crisis, is something for which Minsky is best known, and the phrase "Minsky moment" refers to it.

At the University of California, Berkeley seminars attended by Bank of America executives helped him to develop his theories. His views were published in two books, John Maynard Keynes (1975), a classic study of the economist and his contributions, and Stabilizing an Unstable Economy (1986), and more than a hundred professional articles.

References

Category:1919 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:American economists
Category:Jewish American academics
Category:Jewish American scientists

Hyman Minsky


The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) are a small species of wallaby from Australia. They were the first macropods to be seen by Europeans. Francisco Pelsaert, captain of the Batavia, saw them when the ship was wrecked on the Abrolhos Islands in 1629. He said they looked like hopping cats. There are three sub-species of tammar wallaby:
M. e. eugenii from mainland South Australia.
M. e. derbianus from Western Australia.
M. e. decres, the darma or dama wallaby, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia.

The name tammar comes from the word tamma, meaning sheoak. The wallaby lives under sheoak plants.

Tammar wallabies became extinct on mainland South Australia in the 1930's.  Extinction has been caused by habitat destruction, hunting, and foxes.  In 1998 a small population of South Australian wallabies was found living on Kawau Island near Auckland, in New Zealand. This group had been established by former South Australian governor, Sir George Grey in 1862 as part of his own private zoo. In New Zealand these wallabies were seen as a pest, and scientists have been studying ways to get rid of them. 85 wallabies were taken back to South Australia. After extensive fox controls at Innes National Park, 10 wallabies were released in November 2004. Another 36 were released in June 2005. These first releases were tracked with radio collars. Another group has been put into a captive breeding program at Monarto Zoo.

Tammar wallabies live in thick scrub during the day and come out into grassland to feed at night. They eat mainly grass and herbs. In dry areas they have been known to survive by drinking seawater. They range over an area of about .

They are about  in height, with a dark grey brown fur. They have reddish colour on their arms and sides, with pale grey fur on their bellies. They may also have a feint white line on their cheeks.

The wallabies have a very unusual breeding pattern. The fertilized eggs remain dormant inside the mother until the summer solstice when foetal development restarts. This is called "embryonic diapause". All the young are born on the same day about 31 days later, at the end of January or the beginning of February.

The tammar wallaby is the marsupial chosen for the genome sequencing project. Scientists are studying the milk from the wallaby as they think it might contain a new and powerful antibiotic.

References

Category:Macropods
Category:Marsupials of Australia

Tammar wallaby


1999 is the fifth studio album from Prince. It contained the hit songs "Little Red Corvette", "1999" and "Delirious". The title track was a protest against nuclear proliferation.

The record was released on October 27, 1982.

The album's music is pop, funk and R&B.

References

Category:1982 albums
Category:Funk albums
Category:Pop albums
Category:Prince (musician)
Category:R&B albums

1999 (Prince album)


Jenzat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Allier

Jenzat


The Highland Football League (HFL) is a league of football clubs operating not just in the Scottish highlands, as the name may suggest, but also in the north-east lowlands (Moray and Aberdeenshire). It is one of the three 'senior' non-leagues (that is a league that is not the Scottish Football League (SFL), Scottish Premier League or one of the Scottish Junior Football Association's leagues) in Scotland. The HFL is a full member of the Scottish Football Association.

History

Formation
The HFL was formed on 4 August 1893, at the Inverness Workman's Club. The original league consisted of seven teams: Inverness Thistle, Caledonian, Clachnacuddin, Forres Mechanics, Inverness Union, Inverness Citadel and Cameron Highlanders. Ross County were an eighth original member, but resigned membership in November 1893. Of the original teams, two are still playing in the league today (Clachnacuddin and Forres Mechanics), and two merged to become current Scottish Premier League club Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

Recent History
Many of the member clubs have performed well when competing against SFL clubs in the Scottish Cup. However, from the 1990s onwards, the HFL has been a victim of its own success, with various teams defecting to other leagues. Furthermore it has also had to contend with overexposure of large teams in the area, such as Aberdeen and Inverness Caledonian Thistle, as well as the Old Firm to the South, and to an extent English football. However, the lack of Premier League, and to a lesser extent First Division, teams in the area, has worked in its favour, with some football fans being less willing to travel long distances to games in southern Scotland.

The league has been somewhat weakened in recent years by the departure of many former members who have subsequently joined the SFL. This happened in 1994 when Caledonian, Inverness Thistle and Ross County left. Until then the HFL had operated with 18 clubs; this was reduced by the departure of the three mentioned clubs, but Wick Academy from the North Caledonian Football League were elected, to create a league of 16 clubs. This was the state of affairs till 2000 when Elgin City and Peterhead were elected into the SFL. In 2002 Inverurie Loco Works were elected into the HFL to give it a membership of 15 clubs, with which it continues to operate.

In 2008, North Region Junior League sides Formartine United and Turriff United both submitted bids to join the Highland League, following in the footsteps of past Junior League side Inverurie Locos. If both teams were to join, the Highland League would have a total of 17 teams. An even team league is preferred, so only one club's application was likely to be successful. Whichever team is successful in their application was planned to join in the 2009–10 season. However Banks O' Dee and Strathspey Thistle also applied, giving the potential for an 18 team Highland league in 2009-10 if three of these four clubs were elected.
On February 25 2009, Formartine United, Turriff United and Strathspey Thistle were accepted into the league for the following season, with Banks O' Dee being the unsuccessful club.

Results from the HFL and the Highland League Cup have featured on the Press Association vidiprinter since the start of the 1997–98 season.

The Highland League is the subject of a song of the same name by the popular music ensemble I, Ludicrous.

HFL Members

Current members

Former Members now playing in the Scottish Football League
 Elgin City
 Inverness Caledonian Thistle
 Peterhead
 Ross County

Linked Competitions
The HFL also administer several other competitions contested by some or all of the clubs. These competitions are:
 Highland League Cup
 North of Scotland Challenge Cup
 Inverness Cup
 Aberdeenshire Shield

List of HFL championship winners

Notes

Other websites
 Official Site
 League Champions and membership
 Final Tables 1893–2007
 Semi-official HFL news
 Highland league members 10 year records and general information

Category:Football in Scotland

Highland Football League


Victor, Baron Horta (6 January 1861 - 8 September 1947) was a Belgian architect and designer.  John Julius Norwich said he was "undoubtedly the key European Art Nouveau architect." Horta is one of the most important names in Art Nouveau architecture.  Some people say his Hôtel Tassel in Brussels was the first time the style was used on architecture.

In 1932 King Albert I of Belgium gave Horta the title of Baron for his services to architecture. Four of the buildings he designed are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Life and career
Horta had a great interest in music since childhood. In 1873 he went to study musical theory at the Ghent Conservatory. He was removed for bad behaviour.  He then joined the Department of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Ghent instead. In 1878 Horta left for Paris.  He found work with architect and designer Jules Debuysson in Montmartre. There he was inspired by the impressionist and pointillist artists, and also by the possibilities of working in iron and glass.

When Horta's father died in 1880, he returned to Belgium and moved to Brussels.  He married his first wife.  He studied architecture at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts. In Brussels Horta made a friendship with Paul Hankar. He became an assistant for his professor Alphonse Balat, architect to Leopold II of Belgium. Together they designed the royal Greenhouses of Laeken, Horta's first work to use glass and iron.

In 1884 Horta won the first Prix Godecharle to be awarded for Architecture.

By 1885 Horta worked on his own.  He was commissioned to design three houses. The same year he also joined the Central Society of Belgian Architecture. Over the next few years he was in a number of competitions for public work. He worked with sculptors (notably his friend Godefroid Devresse) on statuary and even tombs.  He won a number of prizes. He thought the forms he made were highly practical and not artistic.

During this period, Horta joined the freemasons. This gave him many clients when he returned to designing houses and shops in 1893.

Horta was appointed Head of Graphic Design for Architecture at the Université Libre de Bruxelles in 1892.  He became Professor of Architecture in 1893. He worked there until 1911.

Heritage

Many of Horta's buildings were destroyed. However, several of Horta’s buildings are still standing in Brussels. Most notable are the Magasins Waucquez, formerly a department store, now the Brussels Comic Book Museum and four of his private houses (hôtels), which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites:
Hôtel Tassel, designed and built for Prof. Émile Tassel in 1892 - 1893.
Hôtel Solvay, designed and built 1895 - 1900.
Hôtel van Eetvelde, designed and built 1895 - 1898.
Maison and Atelier Horta, designed in 1898, now the Horta Museum, dedicated to his work.

References

Category:1861 births
Category:1947 deaths
Category:Belgian artists
Category:Architects
Category:Belgian nobility
Category:People from Ghent

Victor Horta