Kansas () is a state in the Midwestern United States of America. Kansas has a total population of 2.9 million, with an area of , making Kansas the 34th largest state by population and the 15th largest state by area. The name of the state comes from the Kansa Native Americans, whose name comes from a Siouan-language phrase meaning "people of the south wind". The land that would become Kansas was bought in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Kansas became the 34th state to be admitted to the United States on January 29, 1861. Kansas' capital is Topeka, and its largest city is Wichita.

Kansas is in a region known as America's Breadbasket. Like other states in this area, Kansas is a large producer of wheat and other grains, producing one-fifth of all wheat grown in the United States. In addition to wheat, Kansas produces large amounts of grain sorghum, summer potatoes, and sunflowers, with other industries in Kansas including aviation and communications.

The terrain of Kansas consists of prairies and forests. All of Kansas is in the Great Plains.

History

Early history
In 1539, Marcos de Niza, a friar, reported rumors of Cíbola, a city of gold, to Spanish colonial officials in Mexico City. Niza said the city was in modern-day New Mexico. In response to the rumors, two years later, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, with an army of 3000 Spaniards and 8001 Mexicans, marched northward from Culiacán in hopes of finding the city.When Coronado did not find the city in New Mexico, he continued northeast into the Mississippi Valley, crossing the present area of Kansas diagonally. This made Conrado and his army the first Europeans to see the Great Plains, including Kansas. Later, Juan de Oñate also traveled to Kansas in 1601.

In 1682, Marquette, Joliet, Hennepin and other French leaders took formal control of the Mississippi Valley, including the land that would become Kansas. This land, known as the Louisiana territory, was used to organize trade with Native Americans. In 1762, France ceded the Louisiana territory to Spain. However, in 1801, Spain receded the territory back to France in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. On April 30, 1803, Napoleon sold the Louisiana territory to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. In the early 1800s, Kansas was used to hold Native Americans that were removed from their native lands.

Statehood
On May 30, 1854, the Congress signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The Kansas-Nebraska Act stated that Kansas and Nebraska were both territories of the United States. It also stated that Kansans would vote on the legality of slavery.

Upon hearing this, about 1,200 armed New Englanders came to Kansas to vote against slavery. However, thousands of southerners, mostly from Missouri, came to vote for slavery. The final vote was to make slavery legal, and Kansas adopted most of Missouri's slave laws. There was fighting between Southerners and Northerners in Kansas. In one fight, John Brown and his men killed five people in the Pottawatomie Massacre. Later, Southerners destroyed Lawrence, Kansas. Kansas was called "Bleeding Kansas".

Between 1854 and 1861, Kansas proposed four state constitutions. Out of the four proposed constitutions, three did not allow slavery. Finally, in July 1859, Kansas passed the Wyandotte Constitution, which was anti-slavery. The constitution for statehood was sent to the U.S. government in April 1860 to be voted on. The constitution was passed by the House of Representatives, but rejected by the Senate. This is because southern voters in the Senate did not like that Kansas would become a state without slavery. In 1861, after the Confederate states formed, the constitution gained approval from the Union, and Kansas became a state.

Kansas in the Civil War

Four months after Kansas became a state, the Civil War started. Out of the 381 battles in the Civil War, four were fought in Kansas. Throughout the war, Kansas remained a Union state.

On August 21, 1863, William Clarke Quantrill led a force of 300 to 400 Confederates into the town of Lawrence, Kansas. Quantrill and his troops burned, looted, and destroyed the anti-slavery town. This battle became known as the Lawrence Massacre. In total, 164 Union soldiers and 40 Confederate soldiers died in the Lawrence Massacre. In the Battle of Mine Creek, on October 25, 1864, Union soldiers attacked Confederates as they were crossing the Mine Creek. The Union surrounded the Confederates, and captured 600 men and two generals. 1,000 Confederate soldiers and 100 Union soldiers died in the battle. In total, 8,500 people from Kansas died or were wounded in the Civil War.

Post Civil War
After the Civil War, many free slaves came to Oklahoma and Kansas. In fact, between the years of 1879 and 1881, about 60,000 African Americans came to this region. This is because the slaves wanted economic opportunities, which they believed awaited them in Kansas. African Americans also came to Kansas for better political rights and to escape sharecropping. These people were called "Exodusters."

Recent history

Dust Bowl
From 1930 to 1936, Kansas went through a period of time called the Dust Bowl. During this time, Kansas had little rainfall and high temperatures. Thousands of farmers became very poor and had to move to other parts of the United States. In total, 400,000 people left the Great Plains area. The years from 1930 to 1940 was the only time the population of Kansas went down. The number of people living in Kansas decreased 4.3 percent.

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

During the 1950s, school segregation was required in fifteen U.S states. However, Kansas was not one of these states. Instead, school segregation was permitted by local option, but only in elementary schools. In 1896, the ruling from Plessy v. Ferguson stated that segregation was allowed, but equal facilities should be made available for blacks and whites. Often, however, black schools received less funding and had fewer textbooks than white schools.

For these reasons, Linda Brown and her family sued the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. Brown won the case, and the ruling was to overturn the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. This was considered by many a landmark case in the civil rights movement.

Geography

Kansas is the 15th-largest state in the United States. It covers an area of 82,282 square miles (213,109 km2). Of this, about 462 square miles (1196.57 km2) are water. This makes up 0.60% of the total area of the state.

Kansas is one of six states on the Frontier Strip. Kansas shares borders with Nebraska to the north, Oklahoma to the south, Missouri to the east, and Colorado to the west. The geographic center of the main 48 states is near Lebanon, Kansas. The geographic center of Kansas is in Barton County.

Topography
All of Kansas is in the Great Plains, where the land is mostly flat with prairies and grasslands. Eastern Kansas has hills and forests, like the Flint Hills and the Osage Plains in the southeastern part of the state.

Kansas increases in elevation from east to west. The highest point in the state is Mount Sunflower near the Colorado border. Mount Sunflower is 4,039 ft (1,231 m) tall. The lowest point is the Verdigris River in Montgomery County, at 679 ft (207 m) above sea level. It is a common misconception that Kansas is the flattest state – in 2003, a tongue-in-cheek study famously said the state is "flatter than a pancake". Kansas has a maximum topographic relief of . This makes Kansas the 23rd flattest U.S. state.

Rivers

About  of the Kansas's northeastern border is the Missouri River. The Kansas River is created by the junction of the Smoky Hill River and Republican River. This happens at Junction City. The Kansas River then joins the Missouri River at Kansas City. It goes  across the northeastern part of the state.

The Arkansas River (pronunciation varies) starts in Colorado. It goes for about  across the western and southern parts of Kansas.

Kansas's has other rivers. There is the Saline River and the Solomon River. They are tributaries of the Smoky Hill River. The Big Blue River, the Delaware River, and the Wakarusa River flow into the Kansas River. The Marais des Cygnes River is a tributary of the Missouri River. Spring River is between Riverton and Baxter Springs.

Weather

The Köppen climate classification says that Kansas's climate has three types depending on where in the state it is: it has humid continental, semi-arid steppe, and humid subtropical. The eastern 2/3 of the state (especially the northeastern part) has a humid continental climate. This means it has cool to cold winters and hot, often humid summers. Most of the precipitation happens during both the summer and the spring.

The western 1/3 of the state – from about U.S. Route 83 to west of it – has a semiarid steppe climate. Summers are hot, often very hot, and generally less humid. Winters vary a lot. Winters can be anything between warm and very cold. The western region gets an average of about  of precipitation per year. Chinook winds in the winter can warm western Kansas all the way into the  range.

The far south-central and southeastern parts of Kansas, including the Wichita area, have a humid subtropical climate. This means it has hot and humid summers, and it has milder winters. It also has more precipitation than other places in Kansas. Some things about three climates can be found in most of Kansas. Many parts can get droughts and varied weather. Places can be dry or humid. Places can get both warm or cold in the winter.

Temperatures in many areas in the western half of Kansas reach  or hotter on most days of June, July, and August. Because of the high humidity, the heat index can be deadly, especially in Wichita, Hutchinson, Salina, Russell, Hays, and Great Bend. Temperatures are often high in Dodge City, Garden City, and Liberal, but the heat index in those three cities is usually lower than the actual air temperature.

Temperatures of  or higher are not as common in the eastern half of Kansas. However, higher humidity and the urban heat island effect make most summer days reach between  and  in Topeka, Lawrence, and the Kansas City metropolitan area. During the summer, the low temperatures each night in the northeastern part of the state don't get colder than  very often. Also, because of the humidity being between 85 and 95 percent, dangerous heat can be felt all day.

Kansas has a varied climate with an average yearly temperature of 56°F (13°C). The highest temperature ever in Kansas is 121 °F (49.4 °C). This happened in Fredonia on July 18, 1936, and in Alton on July 24, 1936. The lowest temperature ever in Kansas is -40 °F (-40 °C). This occurred in Lebanon on February 13, 1905. Kansas is in a temperate area of the country. Like other states in this region, Kansas has four distinct seasons.

Kansas can have extreme weather in all four seasons. For example, in spring and autumn, Kansas has many tornadoes. In fact, Kansas gets about 55 tornadoes per year. This is because Kansas is in the area known as Tornado Alley, where cold and warm air masses come together to make severe weather.

In summer, Kansas has experienced severe droughts. For example, in 1934, 1936, and 1939, Kansas had less than average rainfall and widespread dust storms as a part of the Dust Bowl.

In winter, Kansas has snow in most parts of the state. The average snowfall in the northern half of the state is 16 inches, with the average snowfall in the southern half of the state being 8 inches. Blizzards and related snowstorms are rare in Kansas.

People

Kansas had 627 cities in 2008. The largest city in Kansas is Wichita, which had a population of 382,368 in 2010. The other largest cities in Kansas are: Overland Park, 173,372; Kansas City, 145,786; Topeka, 127,473; and Olathe, 125,872. Between the years of 2000 and 2010, the Kansas population increased 6.1 percent.

Ancestry
The 2010 Census says that the people of Kansas were:
 83.8% White American (77.5% non-Hispanic white)
 5.9% Black or African American
 1.0% American Indian and Alaska Native
 2.4% Asian American
 0.1% Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander
 3.0% from two or more races.

Ethnically 10.5% of the total population was of Hispanic or Latino origin (they may be of any race). They are mostly in southwest Kansas. Many black people in Kansas were from the Exodusters, free black people who left the South.

As of 2011, 35.0% of Kansas's population younger than one year old were part of a minority group (i.e., did not have two parents who were non-Hispanic white).

Language
English is the most-spoken language in Kansas. About 95% of people only speak English. Spanish is second.

Regions

Northeast Kansas

The northeastern part of the state, going from the eastern border to Junction City and from the Nebraska border to south of Johnson County, has more than 1.5 million people in the Kansas City (Kansas portion), Manhattan, Lawrence, and Topeka metropolitan areas. Overland Park is the biggest city in the county. Johnson County Community College is there, and the corporate campus of Sprint Nextel is also there. In 2006, Overland Park was ranked as the sixth best place to live in America; the nearby city of Olathe was 13th.

Olathe is the county seat of Johnson County. Olathe, Shawnee, De Soto, and Gardner are some of Kansas's fastest growing cities.

There are many universities and colleges in the northeast. Baker University is the oldest university in the state (created in 1858), and it is in Baldwin City. Benedictine College is in Atchison. MidAmerica Nazarene University is in Olathe. Ottawa University is in Ottawa and Overland Park. Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center are in Kansas City. The KU Edwards Campus is in Overland Park. Lawrence has the University of Kansas, the biggest public university in Kansas. Lawrence also has Haskell Indian Nations University.

Topeka is the state capital, and about 250,000 people live in the metropolitan area. Washburn University and Washburn Institute of Technology are in Topeka.

Wichita

In south-central Kansas, the Wichita metropolitan area has over 600,000 people. Wichita is the biggest city in the state in terms of both land area and number of people. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing area for the aircraft industry. It's also where Wichita State University is. Before Wichita was 'The Air Capital' it was a cowtown. Wichita's population growth has grown by more than 10%. The nearby suburbs are some of the fastest growing cities in Kansas. The number of people in Goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.

Wichita was one of the first cities to add the city commissioner and city manager in their form of government. Wichita is also home of the nationally recognized Sedgwick County Zoo.

Southeast Kansas
Southeast Kansas is different in that it was a coal-mining region. It has many places on the National Register of Historic Places. Pittsburg is the biggest city in the region. It is where Pittsburg State University is. Frontenac in 1888 was where one of the worst mine disasters in Kansas happened; an underground explosion killed 47 miners. Fort Scott has a national cemetery. It was designated by President Abraham Lincoln in 1862.

Central Kansas
Salina is the biggest city in central and north-central Kansas. South of Salina is the small city of Lindsborg. Lindsborg has many Dala horses. Abilene was where President Dwight D. Eisenhower lived. It is where his Presidential Library is. It also has the tombs of the former President, First Lady and son who died in infancy.

Northwest Kansas

The city of Hays is the biggest city in the northwest as it has about 20,000 people living there. Hays is where Fort Hays State University is. It also has the Sternberg Museum of Natural History.

There are very few people that live west of Hays. There are only two towns that have at least 4,000 people: Colby and Goodland.

Southwest Kansas
Dodge City was famous for the cattle drives it had in the late 19th century. It was built along the old Santa Fe Trail route. The city of Liberal is along the southern Santa Fe Trail route. The first wind farm in the state was built east of Montezuma. Garden City has the Lee Richardson Zoo.

Economy

The Bureau of Economic Analysis estimates that Kansas's total gross domestic product in 2014 was  billion. In 2015, the job growth rate in was .8%. This was one of the lowest rate in America with only "10,900 total nonfarm jobs" added that year. The Kansas Department of Labor's 2016 report found the average yearly wage was $42,930 in 2015. In April 2016, the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.

The State of Kansas had a $350 million budget deficit in February 2017. In February 2017, S&P downgraded Kansas's credit rating to AA-.

Farming has always been an important part of the state economy of Kansas. The main crop grown in Kansas is wheat. In fact, Kansas farmers produce about 400 million bushels of wheat per year. Kansas also ranks first in the United States in grain sorghum produced, second in cropland, and third in sunflowers produced. However, farming is not the only important part of the economy of Kansas. Many parts of airplanes are made in the city of Wichita. Also, many important companies are near Kansas City, Missouri. For example, the Sprint Nextel Corporation is one of the largest telephone companies in the United States. Its main operational offices are in Overland Park, Kansas.

About 90% of Kansas's land is used for farming. Kansas's agricultural products are cattle, sheep, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, hogs, corn, and salt. As of 2018, there were 59,600 farms in Kansas, 86 (0.14%) of which are certified organic farms. The average farm in the state is about 770 acres (more than a square mile). In 2016, the average cost of running the farm was $300,000.

The industrial products are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum, and mining.

The median household income for Kansas was $47,709 in 2009. The gross domestic product (GDP) for Kansas was $122,700,000,000 ($122.7 billion) in 2008. Overall, Kansas' GDP accounts for less than 1 percent of total U.S. economy.

Kansas has three big military bases: Fort Riley, Fort Leavenworth, and McConnell Air Force Base. The US Army reserve has about 25,000 soldiers at these bases, and they also have about 8,000 civilian employees there.

Taxes
During his campaign for the 2010 election, Governor Sam Brownback said he would get rid of the state income tax. In May 2012, Governor Brownback signed into law the Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117. Starting in 2013, the "ambitious tax overhaul" lowered income tax, got rid of some corporate taxes, and created pass-through income tax exemptions. He raised the sales tax by one percent to make up for the loss of the other taxes. However, the sales tax was not enough to make up for it. He made cuts to education and some state services to make up for the lost revenue. The tax cut led to years of budget shortfalls. The worst was a $350 million budget shortfall in February 2017. From 2013 to 2017, 300,000 businesses were considered to be pass-through income entities and benefited from the tax exemption. The tax reform "encouraged tens of thousands of Kansans to claim their wages and salaries as income from a business rather than from employment."

The economic growth that Brownback hoped for never happened. He argued that it was because of "low wheat and oil prices and a fewer aircraft sales." The state general fund debt load was $83 million in fiscal year 2010. By fiscal year 2017 the debt load sat at $179 million. In 2016, Governor Brownback earned the title of "most unpopular governor in America". Only 26 percent of Kansas voters approved of his job performance. 65 percent said they did not. In the summer of 2016, S&P Global Ratings downgraded Kansas's credit rating. In February 2017, S&P lowered it to AA-.

In February 2017, a bi-partisan group wrote a bill that would repeal the pass-through income exemption, the "most important provisions of Brownback's overhaul", and raise taxes to make up for the budget shortfall. Brownback vetoed the bill but "45 GOP legislators had voted in favor of the increase, while 40 voted to uphold the governor's veto." On June 6, 2017 a group of Democrats and newly elected Republicans overrode Brownback's veto. They increased taxes to an amount that is close to what it was before 2013. Brownback's tax plan was described in a June 2017 article in The Atlantic as the United States' "most aggressive experiment in conservative economic policy". The tax cuts had made schools and infrastructure difficult to get funding in Kansas.

Transportation

Highways
There are two interstate highways in Kansas. The first part of the interstate highway opened on Interstate 70 west of Topeka. It opened on November 14, 1956.

Interstate 70 is an important east–west highway. People can go from Kansas City, Missouri to Denver, Colorado. Cities on this highway include Colby, Hays, Salina, Junction City, Topeka, Lawrence, Bonner Springs, and Kansas City.

Interstate 35 is a major north–south highway from Oklahoma City, Oklahoma to Des Moines, Iowa. Cities on this highway include Wichita, El Dorado, Emporia, Ottawa, and Kansas City (and suburbs).

Interstate Highways

  (formerly known as I-35W)

U.S. Routes

Airports
Kansas's only major commercial (Class C) airport is Wichita Dwight D. Eisenhower National Airport. It is along US-54 on the western part of Wichita. Manhattan Regional Airport in Manhattan has flights every day to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Chicago's O'Hare International Airport. This would it the second-biggest commercial airport in Kansas. Most air travelers in northeastern Kansas fly out of Kansas City International Airport, which is in Platte County, Missouri. Some also use the Topeka Regional Airport in Topeka.

In the state's southeastern part, people often use Tulsa International Airport in Tulsa, Oklahoma or Joplin Regional Airport in Joplin, Missouri. People in the far western part of the state often use the Denver International Airport. Connecting flights are also available from smaller Kansas airports in Dodge City, Garden City, Hays, Hutchinson, Liberal, or Salina.

Rail

Passenger Rail
The Southwest Chief Amtrak route goes through the state on its route from Chicago to Los Angeles. Stops in Kansas include Lawrence, Topeka, Newton, Hutchinson, Dodge City, and Garden City. An Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connects Newton and Wichita to the Heartland Flyer in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Amtrak may change the Southwest Chief route from using train service for the entire route. Plans call for shortening the route to Los Angeles to instead end in Albuquerque. Buses would replace the train on the route between Albuquerque and Dodge City, where train service east to Chicago would continue.

Freight Rail
Kansas has four Class I railroads, Amtrak, BNSF, Kansas City Southern, and Union Pacific, as well as many shortline railroads.

Law and government

State and local politics
Executive branch: The executive branch has the governor, the lieutenant governor, the attorney general, the secretary of state, the treasurer, and the insurance commissioner.

Legislative branch: The legislative branch is the Kansas Legislature. It is a bicameral legislature. It has the Kansas House of Representatives and the Kansas Senate. The House has 125 members, and the Senate has 40 members.

Judicial Branch: The judicial branch is headed by the Kansas Supreme Court. The Kansas Supreme Court has seven judges. If there is a spot open, the governor picks who to replace them.

Political culture
Since the middle of the 20th century, Kansas has been socially conservative. In 1999 and 2005, the Board of Education voted to stop teaching evolution in schools. In 2005, Kansas banned same-sex marriage. In 2006, Kansas made the lowest age to marry 15 years old.

Kansas allowed women's suffrage in 1912. This was nearly a decade before the United States allowed it.

National politics

The state's current delegation to the Congress of the United States includes Republican Senators Pat Roberts of Dodge City and Jerry Moran of Manhattan; and Republican Representatives Roger Marshall of Great Bend (District 1), Steve Watkins (District 2), Ron Estes of Wichita (District 4), and Democratic Representative Sharice Davids (District 3).

Kansas has been strongly Republican. The Republican Party was very strong since Kansas became a state. This is because Republicans were very anti-slavery, and Kansas was also anti-slavery. Kansas has not elected a Democrat to the United States Senate since 1932.

Abilene has the childhood house of Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower. Two Republican presidential candidates, Alf Landon and Bob Dole, were also from Kansas.

Education
Primary and secondary schools are controlled by the Kansas State Department of Education. Public colleges and universities are controlled by the Kansas Board of Regents.

In 1999 and 2005, the Board of Education voted to teach intelligent design in science classes. Both times, they changed their decision after the next election.

Culture

Music
The rock band Kansas was created Topeka. Many of the band's members are from there.

Joe Walsh, guitarist for the famous rock band the Eagles, was born in Wichita.

Danny Carey, drummer for the band Tool, was raised in Paola.

Singer Melissa Etheridge is from Leavenworth. Singer Martina McBride is from Sharon. Singer Janelle Monáe is from Kansas City.

In 1947, Kansas chose "Home on the Range" as their state song.

Books
Kansas's most famous appearance in a book was as the home of Dorothy Gale. She is the main character in the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900).

Movies
The Plaza Cinema in Ottawa, Kansas was built on May 22, 1907. It is listed by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest operating movie theater in the world.

 Dorothy Gale (portrayed by Judy Garland) in the 1939 fantasy film The Wizard of Oz was a young girl who lived in Kansas with her aunt and uncle. The line, "We're not in Kansas anymore", has become a phrase to describe veryy new and/or unexpected situation.
 The 1967 feature film In Cold Blood was set in various locations across Kansas. Many parts in the film were filmed at the exact places where the events in the book happened. A 1996 TV miniseries was also based on the book.
 The 1988 film Kansas starred Andrew McCarthy as a traveler who met up with a dangerous wanted drifter played by Matt Dillon.
 The 2005 film Capote, for which Philip Seymour Hoffman was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of the title character. He profiled the author as he traveled across Kansas while writing In Cold Blood (although most of the film itself was shot in the Canadian province of Manitoba).
 The setting of The Day After, a 1983 made-for-television movie about a fictional nuclear attack, was the city of Lawrence.
 The 2013 film Man of Steel is set primarily in Kansas (as Superman is from Smallville, Kansas – a fictitious town).
 The 2012 film Looper is set in Kansas.
 The 1973 film Paper Moon in which Tatum O'Neal won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (The youngest to win an Academy Award) was based in and filmed in Kansas. The film was shot in the small towns of Hays; McCracken; Wilson; and St. Joseph, Missouri. Various shooting locations include the Midland Hotel at Wilson; the railway depot at Gorham; storefronts and buildings on Main Street in White Cloud; Hays; sites on both sides of the Missouri River; Rulo Bridge; and Saint Joseph, Missouri.
 Parts of the 1996 film Mars Attacks! were set in the fictional town of Perkinsville. Scenes set in Kansas were filmed in Burns, Lawrence, and Wichita.
 The 2007 film The Lookout is set mostly in Kansas (although filmed in Canada). Specifically two locations; Kansas City and the fictional town of Noel, Kansas.
 The 2012 documentary The Gridiron was filmed at The University of Kansas
 The 2014 ESPN documentary No Place Like Home was filmed in Lawrence and the countryside of Douglas County, Kansas
 The 2017 film Thank You for Your Service is mostly set in Kansas, including the cities of Topeka and Junction City.
 The 2017 documentary When Kings Reigned was filmed in Lawrence.
 The 2019 film Brightburn was set in the fictional town of Brightburn. As is evident with scenes in the film depicting mountains (Kansas has no mountain ranges), it was filmed in Georgia instead of in Kansas.

Sports

Professional

College

The group that governs college sports in the United States is the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). Their headquarters were in Johnson County, Kansas from 1952 until moving to Indianapolis in 1999.

State symbols

The state symbols of Kansas are:

Famous people

Related pages
 Colleges and universities in Kansas
 List of counties in Kansas
 List of locations in Kansas
 List of rivers of Kansas
 List of United States Senators from Kansas

References

Book sources

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:

Other websites

Maps
 Kansas Department of Transportation maps
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Category:1861 establishments in Kansas
Category:Midwestern United States

Kansas


Univisión is one of the largest Hispanic television channels in the United States.

It was founded by the largest media company in Mexico (now known as Grupo Televisa) as a means to spread Spanish programming in the United States. Univision has grown to be the largest Spanish-language media outlet in the U.S.  Its daily news program Noticiero Univisión, co-anchored by Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas, has in several occasions outdone (in number of ratings) major English-language network evening news programming such as CBS, NBC, and ABC's World News Tonight.

Univisión and Telemundo USA have been competing for the top spot among Hispanic viewers for many years, often imitating each other's programming.

Univisión headquarters are based in Los Angeles, although much of its programming is filmed in Miami. Among its shows are El Show De Cristina (talkshow hosted by Cristina Saralegui), Don Francisco's Sábado Gigante, Despierta América (morning show), Primer Impacto (newsmagazine), Aquí y Ahora (premier investigative nightly newsmagazine),  and Noticiero Univisión (news program conducted by Jorge Ramos and Maria Elena Salinas).

In 2013, Univision and ABC News announced that they were to become partners and will form a new channel called Fusion. Fusion will show English news for Hispanic audiences. The channel began broadcasting on October 28, 2013.

Other websites and sources
Official viewer website, in Spanish
Official corporate website, in English
Univision, from the Museum of Broadcast Communications website
Univision Blows Competition Away with Explosive February Sweep Results, a March 2005 press release

Category:Companies based in California

Univision


Hamilton County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 8,457. Its county seat is McLeansboro. Hamilton County was founded in 1821 and named for Alexander Hamilton, Revolutionary War hero and the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

References

Category:1821 establishments in Illinois
Category:Illinois counties

Hamilton County, Illinois


The Himalayas lies in the north of the state and the Bay of Bengal is at the south. In between them, the river Ganga flows eastwards and its main distributary, the Hooghly River, flows south to reach the Bay of Bengal. The Siliguri Corridor, which connects North-East India with rest of the India, lies in the North Bengal region of the state. Geographically, West Bengal is divided into a variety of regions—Darjeeling Himalayan hill region, Terai and Dooars region, North Bengal plains, Rarh region, Western plateau and high lands, coastal plains, Sunderbans and the Ganga Delta.

In 1947, when India gained independence, the state of West Bengal was formed with 14 districts, as per partition plan of the then Bengal province of British India. The former princely state Koch Bihar joined as a district in 1950, and the former French enclave Chandannagore joined as part of the Hooghly district in 1954. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 led to addition of Purulia district to the state and to enlargement of West Dinajpur district. Later, larger districts such as West Dinajpur, 24 Parganas and Midnapore were bifurcated. Till 24 June 2014 West Bengal was divided into 19 districts.

West Bengal is now divided into 23 districts which includes the newly formed Jhargram district, Alipurduar district and the Kalimpong district, Paschim Bardhaman district under five  divisions  and divisions are administered by Divisional Commissioners. Kolkata, the capital of the state, constitutes the Kolkata district. Other districts are further divided into administrative units such as subdivisions and blocks, administered by SDO and BDO, respectively. The Panchayati Raj has a three-tier structure in the state. The atomic unit is called a Gram Panchayat, which is the Panchayat organisation for a collection of villages. The block-level organisations are called Panchayat Samiti, and the district-level organisations are named Zilla Parishad.

Administrative structure

A district is governed by a District Collector, who is better known as a District Magistrate (DM) in the state of West Bengal. A DM is an officer from either Indian Administrative Service (IAS) or West Bengal Civil Service (WBCS), and is appointed by the State Government of West Bengal. Each district is divided into subdivisions, except the Kolkata district, which contains urban area only, administered by Kolkata Municipal Corporation. A subdivision is governed by a sub-divisional magistrate (SDM), better known as a Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO). Other than urban units such as town municipalities, a subdivision contains 'community development blocks' (also known as CD blocks or blocks). A block consists of urban units such as census towns and rural units called gram panchayats. A block is administered by a Block Development Officer (BDO), who is appointed by the Government of West Bengal.

A gram panchayat, which consists of a group of villages, is administered by a village council headed by a Pradhan. As per the West Bengal Panchayat Act, 1973, each Block has a Panchayat Samiti, whose members include the Pradhans of the constituent gram panchayats, and the MLAs from the block. A Panchayat Samiti is headed by a Sabhadhipati. The third tier of the Panchayati Raj is Zilla Parishad, a district level organisation with the Sabhapatis of the constituent Panchayat Samitis and the MLAs from the district as its members. A Zilla Parishad is headed by a Sabhadhipati. For the Darjeeling district, the Zilla Parishad has ceased to exist, but a similar organisation for the Siliguri subdivision exists, which is designated as a Mahakuma Parishad.

The Gorkha Hill Council, formed in 1988, administers three (out of four) subdivisions of the Darjeeling district: Darjeeling Sadar, Kalimpong and Kurseong. Gorkha Hill Council manages the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services. District administration of Darjeeling, which is still responsible for election, panchayat, law and order, revenue etc., also acts as an interface between the Council and the State Government.

A District Superintendent of Police, better known as a Superintendent of Police, heads the District Police organisation of West Bengal Police. This is as per the Police Act of 1861, which is applicable to the whole of India. The Superintendents of Police are officers of the Indian Police Service. For every subdivision, there is a Subdivision Police, headed by a Police officer of the rank of Assistant Superintendent of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police. Under subdivisions, there are Police Circles, each headed by an Inspector of Police. A Police Circle consists of Police Stations, each headed by an Inspector of Police, or in case of rural areas, by a Sub-Inspector of Police.

The Calcutta High Court has the jurisdiction of the state of West Bengal. Though most of the districts have more courts other than a District Court, not every subdivision of the state has a Court.

A group of districts forms a division, which is administered by a 'Divisional Commissioner'. West Bengal is now divided in twenty three districts, grouped under five divisions:

Alphabetical listing of West Bengal

Demographics
The following is a list of the basic demographic data for the districts of West Bengal by their population rank in India

References

Other websites
 Official website of Government of West Bengal

*

List of districts in West Bengal


Srinagar (, ) is a city in Jammu and Kashmir, it is claimed by Pakistan and India. It is situated on the banks of the Jhelum River, in Northern India occupied Kashmir region. It is the largest city and the summer capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Srinagar


Revival could mean:

 Revival (play) of a former hit play in a new production
 Revival (television) of a former television series
 Language revival of an extinct language
 Revivalism of religious fervor or fervent traditions
 Revival meeting, a Christian gathering
 Revival (sports team) of a defunct team
 Revival Centres International, a church group

Music
 Revival (Reid Paley album), an album by Reid Paley
 Revival (Gillian Welch album)
 Revival (John Fogerty album)
 Revival (Reverend Horton Heat album)
 Revival (Petra album), released in 2001
 Revival (Jully Black album)
 Revival, a song by The Allman Brothers Band
 Revival Records, a record label

Architectural movements
 Colonial Revival architecture
 Egyptian Revival architecture
 Gothic Revival architecture
 Greek Revival architecture
 Mediterranean Revival Style architecture
 Romanesque Revival architecture
 Mission Revival Style architecture

Others
 Aytayra (Revival), a political party in Abkhazia
 The Revival (UK magazine), a magazine for British Muslims

Revival


The first inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson as the 36th President of the United States occurred on November 22, 1963.

The inauguration was the beginning of the first term of Lyndon B. Johnson. That term lasted a year and two months instead of the usual four years. That was because Johnson was finishing the term of John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated. This was the only presidential inauguration to be held on Air Force One.

Category:1963 in the United States
Category:Lyndon B. Johnson
Johnson, Lyndon B.
Category:November events

First inauguration of Lyndon B. Johnson


Malcolm Lowry (1909–1957) was a British writer. He is most famous for his 1947 novel Under the Volcano about an alcoholic Consul in Mexico. Lowry was himself an alcoholic and a lot of his writings were about the effect alcohol had on his life and on the lives of his characters.

References
Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowry. Penguin edition 2000 (Introduction by Michael Schmidt)

Category:1909 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:British writers

Malcolm Lowry


Syed Waliullah (; August 15, 1922 – October 10, 1971) was a Bangladeshi novelist, short-story writer and playwright. He is notable for his first novel Lalsalu. This novel has been translated in English with the title "Tree Without Roots". He received Bangla Academy Literary Award in 1961 for his contribution in novel. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1984 and Bangladesh National Film Awards for best story in 2001 both by Government of Bangladesh posthumously.

Early life
Waliullah was born on 15 August 1922 at Sholashahar in Chittagong District.  His father's name is Syed Ahmadullah. He was a government officer. Waliullah spent his childhood in Mymensingh, Feni, Krishnanagar and Kurigram district. He passed matriculation from Kurigram High School in 1939 and IA from Dhaka College in 1941. He graduated from Ananda Mohan College in 1943. Later, he admitted to University of Calcutta but did not complete his post graduation.

Works
Novels
 Lalsalu (Tree without roots), 1948
 Chander Amaboshay (Dark moon), 1964
 Kando Nadi Kando (Cry, o river), 1968
 The Ugly Asian, 1959

Dramas
 Bahipir (1960)
 Tarangabhanga (1964)
 Sudanga (1964)

Short story collection
 Nayanchara (1951)
 Dui Tir O Anyanya Galpa

References

Category:1922 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:Bangladeshi writers
Category:Bangla Academy Literary Award winners
Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak
Category:Recipients of Bangladesh National Film Awards

Syed Waliullah


Monongahela is a city in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is  south of Pittsburgh.  The population was 4,300 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Cities in Pennsylvania

Monongahela, Pennsylvania


False color (or false colour) refers to a group of color methods used to display recorded images in color. A false-color image is an image which shows an object in colors different from that which a true-colour photograph would show.

In addition, there is false color used for visualization of genuine data.

A photograph shot in color will show the colors in the picture as they appeared on the film, or to the sensor of a digital camera. This is known as true-color image. In a false color image, the color shown in the image does not correspond to the one the film or sensor recorded. In such an image, which is known as false color image, color is used for extra information.

References

Category:Color
Category:Photography

False color


"Smooth Criminal" is a song written by Michael Jackson. It is the theme song of Jackson's 1988 movie Moonwalker. It reached number 1 in the Netherlands, Flanders, and Spain.

On April 10, 2006 it was released again as a single from the Visionary: The Video Singles box-set. It was number 1 in Spain again.

In 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a cover version of the song. It was their first single. It was a number-one hit.

Category:Michael Jackson songs
Category:1988 songs

Smooth Criminal


Sarvestan Palace is a monument of the Sassanid era (226-651). It was built during the reign of Bahram "Gur" (The Zebra-Hunter, 420-438 A.D.) as a leisure mansion. It's excavation revealed that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago, 4,500 years older than previous estimates.

References

Category:Buildings and structures in Iran
Category:5th century establishments in Asia
Category:Establishments in Iran

Sarvestan palace


Arnold Cantwell Smith (January 18, 1915 – February 7, 1994) was a Canadian diplomat. He was the first Commonwealth Secretary-General, serving from 1965–1975.

In 1975 he was made a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour. In 1984, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada for "a long and distinguished diplomatic career".

Other websites
 Arnold Cantwell Smith at The Canadian Encyclopedia

Category:1915 births
Category:1994 deaths
Category:Canadian politicians
Category:Diplomats
Category:Commonwealth Secretaries-General

Arnold Smith


Gângiova is a commune found in Dolj County, Romania.

Category:Communes in Dolj County

Gângiova


Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, the lightest element. Tritium has one proton and two neutrons, making it heavier than ordinary hydrogen or its isotope deuterium. Hydrogen does not have any neutrons, only a proton. The chemical symbol for Tritium is 3H or T.

In nature, tritium is made when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere. Tritium has a half-life of a little more than eight years, so there is not much in the atmosphere. People make much more tritium in nuclear reactors, so that they can make things from it.

Ways of using Tritium

Tritium is important for nuclear fusion power.  Tritium is added to nuclear bombs to make them more powerful when they explode.

Tritium is often used with phosphors to make glow in the dark key-rings, and sights on rifles. Tritium makes the phosphors glow because it is radioactively unstable and gives energy to the phosphor so it can make light. Before lots of tritium could be made, people used radium to make things light up but this gave people cancer.

Radioactive decay produces tritium. High levels of tritium were found in 2013 in the Pacific near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant two years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Other websites
 Tritium -Citizendium

Category:Chemical elements

Tritium


The Aeolian Islands is an archipelago of seven islands, which are north of Sicilly. The islands are of volcanic origin. About 13.000 people live on the islands, which belong to Italy. The biggest of the islands is Lipari. For this reason, the islands are also known as Lipari islands. There are two active volcanoes on these islands, called Stromboli and Vulcano. Stromboli is the only volcano that is active all the time. The volcano on Vulcan is called Grande Fossa. It is dormant or slightly active. It is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe.

The islands have been inhabited since the Stone Age. They were important for the obsidian that can be found there.

Category:Sicily

Aeolian Islands


Holy Innocents is on December 28. It remembers the killing of the male children of Bethlehem by Herod, as recorded in the Gospel of Matthew. It is not known exactly when the church began celebrating this event. The first mention of the day dates to the year 485.

Related pages
Star of Bethlehem
The Twelve Days of Christmas

References

Category:Christian holidays
Category:December events
Category:480s establishments

Holy Innocents' Day


Severino Sérgio Estelita Guerra (9 November 1947 – 6 March 2014) was a Brazilian economist and politician. His last political positions in public life were as the national president of the PSDB federal. He served as deputy senator for Pernambuco.

Guerra died on 6 March 2014 from lung cancer in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 66.

References

Category:1947 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Brazilian people
Category:Economists

Sérgio Guerra


"Behind These Hazel Eyes" is a hit single from 2005 by singer Kelly Clarkson from her 2004 album Breakaway. The song is about a relationship in which a man breaks a girl's heart and doesn't care how much he hurts her.

Category:Pop songs
Category:Kelly Clarkson songs
Category:2005 songs

Behind These Hazel Eyes


A.C. Parabiago is a football club for Parabiago, Italy.

They wear maroon and white colored jerseys.

Category:Italian football clubs
Category:1943 establishments in Europe
Category:1940s establishments in Italy

A.C. Parabiago


Henry Ross Perot (June 27, 1930 – July 9, 2019) was an American businessman. He founded Electronic Data Systems in 1962. He ran for president in 1992 and in 1996. Both times he lost to Bill Clinton. Perot has about 3.5 billion dollars. In 2012, he was ranked by Forbes as the 101st-richest person in the United States.

Perot was born on June 27, 1930 in Texarkana, Texas. He studied at Texas High School, at Texarkana Junior College and at the United States Naval Academy. Perot married Margot Birmingham in 1956. They had five children and 16 grandchildren.

In 2012, Perot endorsed Mitt Romney for President.

Perot died on July 9, 2019 at his home in Dallas from leukemia at the age of 89.

References

Other websites

 United We Stand, H. Ross Perot; text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his Presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year United We Stand America, as saved by The Internet Archive.
Booknotes interview with Carolyn Barta on Perot and His People: Disrupting the Balance of Political Power, January 16, 1994.
"Ross Perot, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders

Category:1930 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from leukemia
Category:American billionaires
Category:Chief executives
Category:Business people from Texas
Category:Politicians from Texas
Category:Independent politicians in the United States

Ross Perot


Shahr-e Pir (, also Romanized as Shahr-e Pīr and Shahr Pīr) is a city and capital of Izadkhvast District, in Zarrin Dasht County, Fars Province, Iran.

References

Category:Fars Province
Category:Cities in Iran

Shahr-e Pir


In 1883 a young Belgian called Sylvain de Jong settled in Antwerp, Belgium. He started a bicycle factory over there. By the end of that century he started producing motorbikes, and after a while cars as well. In 1903 he grounded the NV Minerva Motors' in Berchem (Antwerp).
A certain Charles S Rolls was Minerva dealer in England. The small 1 cylinder Minervette was there with its 105 Pound, the cheapest car.
In the years after the fame of the cars was rising enormous. Most important market for the constructor remained however England that took the biggest part of the production, followed by the Netherlands and France.
From 1908 Minerva got a worldwide Knight licence. The Knight motor was a motor without valves, developed by Charles Y Knight in the United States. These motors were extremely silent. The company did well in several car racing competitions in Europe.
After worldwar I, during which Sylvain de Jong and his engineers headed to Amsterdam, where they kept on developing parts, they returned to start up the production of luxury cars. The constructors star rose in the United States as well, American filmstars, politicians and industrials liked them cars as well (even Henry Ford had before the WW already one!). The car had the same qualities as the Rolls Royce, but was a little cheaper. With the economical crisis in the 30's, the company went bankrupt in 1936. The remains were taken over by another Belgian constructor named Imperia. Imperia putted the name Minerva on their cars for export to England and France and for the trucks (which Minerva had made before too).
After worldwar II  the company produced Land Rovers under licence for the Belgian army. Production of these 4Wheel Drives stopped in 1953. The company struggled for survival and made some Land Rover-like cars till 1956. But than the constructor diappeared completely. Nowadays are still several Minerva's all over the world in a driveable condition.

Other websites
Minerva Cars

Category:Automobiles

Minerva cars


The Immaculate Antbird (Myrmeciza immaculata) is a species of antbird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in forests in Costa Rica, Panama, western and northern Colombia, western Venezuela, and western Ecuador. The species eats insects, and usually follows swarms of army ants to catch prey. However, it may sometimes find its prey away from the swarms.

References
 BirdLife International 2004.  Myrmeciza immaculata.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.

Other websites

Category:Passeriformes

Immaculate Antbird


Arthur Guseni Oliver Mutambara (born 25 May 1966) is a Zimbabwean politician. He became the President of a faction of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) in February 2006. He has worked as the Managing Director and CEO of Africa Technology and Business Institute since September 2003.

References

Other websites

Category:Zimbabwe politicians
Category:1966 births
Category:Living people

Arthur Mutambara


Babenhausen is a town in the Darmstadt-Dieburg Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

Geography

Babenhausen is in the Rhine-Main area 35 km south east of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 66,87 km2 large and it is 127 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the town Babenhausen and the 5 former independent villages Hergershausen, Harpertshausen, Harreshausen, Sickenhofen and Langstadt.

The neighbours of Babenhausen are:
 Rodgau, Seligenstadt and Mainhausen (North) (all Offenbach Rural District)
 Stockstadt and Großostheim (East) (all Aschaffenburg Rural District)
 Schaafheim and Groß-Umstadt (South)
 Münster and Eppertshausen (West)

Babenhausen has 16,066 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: Hessisch) spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and  the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

History

Babenhausen and the former villages are early places where people lived. In the time of the 7th to the 9th century new places to live got name endings like -hausen and -stadt. But the names of the places were not written down.

In 1236 the name of Babenhausen was written down in a document for the first time. About 50 years later it got the town privileges (1295). During the Thirty Years' War the military made a lot of damages to the city. Many people died because of diseases and hunger (Bubonic plague).

Formerly the people in the Babenhausen area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

In World War II Babenhausen was a central place for Russian soldiers, who where caught in the fights with the German. They lived here as war prisoners and had to work for the German people. After World War II it became a central place for Jewish people that were prisoners of the NAZI concentration camps.

Twinned cities
  Bouxwiller, France

References

Other websites

Official website of Babenhausen

Category:Towns in Hesse
Category:Cities in Hesse

Babenhausen


Terry Watkinson (born 1940 in what is now Thunder Bay, Ontario) is an artist, painter, illustrator, and musician.

After spending his youth in Thunder Bay and Iroquois Falls Ontario, Watkinson attended the University of Toronto for two years in the field of architecture, until he left to participate in the band Max Webster. Upon the dissolution of the band, he returned to the university to study medical illustration. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science, he taught the subject at the University of Toronto.

He gained national prominence as a keyboardist for rock group Max Webster during the 1970s and early 1980s.

He is also active as a painter of other subjects.  In 1993 he painted the cover of Klaatu's compilation album, Peaks.

Other websites
Terry Watkinson official site, accessed 16 February 2007

Category:1940 births
Category:Canadian musicians
Category:Canadian painters
Category:Illustrators
Category:Living people
Category:People from Thunder Bay

Terry Watkinson


Mickey Duff (born Monek Prager; 7 June 1929 – 22 March 2014) was a Polish-born English boxer, manager and promoter. He promoted and managed many British boxers, including Frank Bruno, Joe Calzaghe, John Conteh, Terry Downes, Lloyd Honeyghan, Maurice Hope, Charlie Magri, Alan Minter, John H. Stracey, Jim Watt and Howard Winstone. After retiring in 1999, he was added into the International Boxing Hall of Fame.

He was born in Kraków to a Jewish family. His rabbi father fled with his family to the United Kingdom, escaping the Nazis, in the late 1930s. Later in life, Duff had Alzheimer's disease.

Duff died from natural causes on 22 March 2014 in Aldgate, London. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 Mickey Duff at BoxRec

Category:1929 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:British boxers
Category:British Jews
Category:Business people from London
Category:Coaches
Category:Deaths from natural causes
Category:Jewish business people
Category:Jewish sportspeople
Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Category:People from Kraków
Category:People with Alzheimer's disease
Category:Polish Jews
Category:Refugees from Nazism

Mickey Duff


The Australian is a newspaper made in Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited, is published every day, and started in 1964.

References

Other websites
The Australian homepage

Australian

The Australian


Esther Louise McVey (born 24 October 1967) is a British Conservative Party politician. In July 2019, McVey became the Minister of State for Housing and Planning for the Boris Johnson ministry. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tatton. She was Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from January 2018 to November 2018.

McVey first entered parliament as the MP for Wirral West in the House of Commons at the 2010 general election.

In the 2015 general election, she lost her seat and spent two years as the Chair of the British Transport Police before returning to parliament in 2017.

In May 2019, McVey announced her intention to run for the leadership of the Conservative Party when Theresa May resigns, claiming that she already had "enough support" to stand. However, she was eliminated on the first ballot from the race on 13 June.

References

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Conservative MPs (UK)
Category:People from Liverpool

Esther McVey


Year 1705 (MDCCV) was a common year starting on Thursday. It was a common year starting on Monday on the 11-day slower Julian calendar. In the Swedish calendar, it was a common year starting on Sunday. The Swedish calendar is one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar.

1705


Torcy, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Torcy, Pas-de-Calais


Manppally is a small village in Kollam district, Kerala, India. It is located near Thazhava.

Politics
Manappally is a part of Karunagappally assembly constituency in Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency). Shri. R. Ramachandran is the current MLA of Karunagappally. Shri. K. C. Venugopal is the current member of parliament of Alappuzha.

Worship centres
There are some worship centres in Manappally. St. Mary's Salem Orthodox Church is an example for it.

References

Category:Villages in India
Category:Settlements in Kerala

Manappally


Krzysztof Książek (born 5 August 1992) is a Polish classical pianist. He was born in Krakow, Poland. He is a winner of highest prizes at national and international piano competitions. His nomation is Polityka Passport Award for Classical Music. Since 2005, he has trained with Stefan Wojtas, first at music secondary school, now as a student of the Feliks Nowowiejski Academy of Music in Bydgoszcz. He has won prizes in Polish and international competitions, including the Ricard Vines in Leida, Spain, the Lviv international competitions in Ukraine, the "Città di Avezzano" in Italy (2011, First Prize) and the Polish Frédéric Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw (2011, Third Prize; 2015, Second Prize ex aequo), XV International Pianist Ricard Vines (Lleida, Spain 2009), The International Chopin Piano Competition (Lviv, Ukraine 2010), VI Concorso Internazionale Pianistico "Citta di Avezzano" (Avezzano, He participated in the 67th International Chopin Festival in Duszniki-Zdrój, the 18th International Festival of Young Winners of Silesian Music Contests, 5th National Promotion Festival "August Talents" He is a scholarship recipient of the "Sapere Auso" Malopolska Foundation, the Prime Minister, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage, and the Pro Musica Bona Foundation.

On his preliminary round he was admitted as ex-aequo winner of the 2nd Prize on the 2015 Polish National Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw. He was stopped in the third stage of the XVII International Chopin Piano Competition in 2015. Although Krzysztof Książek was not qualified for the finals of the Chopin Competition, Andrzej Sułek believes that his name may return to the competition in those days.

CD
In November 2016 a CD with Fryderyk Chopin’s Concerto in E minor, Op. 11, performed by Krzysztof Książek with the Santander Orchestra under the baton of José Maria Florêncio was released. In the autumn of this year, Krzysztof Książek's solo album will be released with Fryderyk Chopin’s works.
Krzysztof Książek is represented by the Ludwig van Beethoven Association.

Chopin Competition 2015

Stage 1
 Songs:

Nocturne in F sharp minor, Opus 48 No. 2

Etude in E minor, Opus 25 No. 5

Etude in F major, Opus 10 No. 8

Scherzo in B minor, Opus 20

 Results: Get into stage 2

Stage 2
 Songs:

Mazurka in A flat major Op. 7 No. 4

Polonaise in F sharp minor Op. 44

Mazurka in B flat major Op. 7 No. 1

Waltz in A flat major Op. 42

Mazurka in A minor Op. 7 No. 2

 Results: Get into stage 3.

Stage 3
 Songs:

Prelude in C sharp minor Op. 45

Rondo in E flat major Op. 16

Mazurka in C sharp minor Op. 50 No. 3

Mazurka in G major Op. 50 No. 1

Sonata in B minor Op. 58:

Allego maestoso

Scherzo, Molto vivace

Finale, Presto non tanto

 Results: Stopped at stage 3.

Although Krzysztof Książek was not qualified for the finals of the Chopin Competition, but Andrzej Sułek believes that his name may return to the Chopin Competition in one more time.

He has one more opportunity to return the XVIII Chopin Competition in 2020.

Sources

References

Other websites

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish pianists
Category:People from Kraków
Category:Polish composers

Krzysztof Książek


O Death — also known as O, Death, Oh Death, and Conversations with Death — is a traditional American folk song.

Country blues banjo player Moran Lee "Dock" Boggs (1898-1971) recorded the song in the late 1920s. A recording from the 1938 National Folk Festival held in Washington, D.C. is on file with the Library of Congress.  Various folk music artists included Oh, Death on a variety of musical collections throughout the 1970s and '80s.

References

Category:Folk music

O Death


Rueyres is a municipality in Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Municipalities of Vaud

Rueyres, Switzerland


Senis (Sènis) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 440 people lived there. Its area is 16.06 km². It is 256 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites

Category:Communes of Sardinia

Senis


Keith Barron (8 August 1934 – 15 November 2017) was an English actor. He appeared in many movie roles and on television from 1961 until 2015. His television roles included the police drama The Odd Man, the sitcom Duty Free and Gregory Wilmot in Upstairs, Downstairs. He was born in Mexborough, South Yorkshire, England.

Barron died on 15 November 2017 at the age of 83.

References

Other websites

Category:1934 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:English radio actors
Category:Actors from Yorkshire

Keith Barron


Robert Gene "Red" West (March 20, 1936 – July 18, 2017) was an American actor, movie stuntman and songwriter. He was probably best known to American movie audiences for his role as Red in Road House, alongside Patrick Swayze. Recently, he appeared as Roger in the 2013 drama movie Safe Haven.

West was born in Memphis, Tennessee. His cousin was Sonny West, the bodyguard of Elvis Presley. He studied at Jones County Junior College. In 1961, he married Pat Boyd. West and Presley were very close friends and worked with Presley during his tours.

West was fired by Presley and later helped write the book Elvis: What Happened?, which was published weeks before Presley's death. The book, according to West in the book, was an attempt to help Presley, but believed by some to be an attempt to retaliate and earn an income after being fired. Presley offered the publisher of the book $1,000,000 ($1million) to stop printing the book.

Wets died of an aortic aneurysm in Memphis, Tennessee on July 18, 2017, aged 81.

References

Other websites

Interview with Red West

Category:1936 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from aortic aneurysm
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:American songwriters
Category:Stuntmen
Category:Actors from Memphis, Tennessee
Category:Writers from Tennessee

Red West


Berne is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States.

Category:Cities in Indiana

Berne, Indiana


Parking a vehicle means stopping and leaving it somewhere. It is important to make sure that the vehicle is parked somewhere where parking is allowed, otherwise the driver may have to pay a fine, or even worse, the vehicle may be clamped. Cars are usually parked in driveways, parking lots, garages, or on the side of the street.

Parking a car is easier than parking a large vehicle such as a lorry (truck) or a coach.  These large vehicles often have to go to special parks.  Rules about parking are part of traffic rules, and these will vary a lot from one country to another. It is illegal to park on the sidewalk

Parking a vehicle
When driving along a road, the driver may see a space big enough for him to park his vehicle. He should stop just after he has passed the space, alongside the next car, then reverse (go backwards) slowly in, aiming towards the curb, then turning the steering wheel so that he just misses the car in front.  Then he can adjust, leaving equal room between the two cars. This process is called "parallel parking". If the space is wide enough for two cars he can drive forwards into the space instead of reversing in. Parking correctly takes practice and some experience. The driver should not ram or scrub a wheel against the curb. This can puncture the tire.

Places to park

On the road

Vehicles can often be parked at the side of the road. They are usually parked  parallel to the curb at the edge of the pavement or sidewalk. In some places, parking spaces may be set at a slight 45 degree angle to the curb. Sometimes there are no restrictions: one can park there, free, for as long as one likes.

In other places, parking may not be allowed at all (e.g. where there are double yellow lines (in Britain) or it may be allowed only for limited periods. Parking is not allowed on streets where building construction is in progress. Parking may not be allowed on streets that must be open to emergency traffic such as ambulances and fire trucks. Parking may not be allowed in the winter on certain streets that are marked "snow route". These routes must be clear of vehicles so snow plows can get through to do their job.

Drivers may have to pay to park.  Money can either be put in parking meters which are to be found by every parking bay. There may be a machine nearby where the driver has to pay, and then he receives a ticket which he has to leave inside the car to show that he has paid.  The time and date of arrival will be printed on the ticket.

Clamping and towing

If a driver does not pay, or he stays longer than he is allowed, he may be given a parking ticket by a traffic warden, a policeman, or a meter maid.  These people have the job of patrolling the streets and finding any cars which are illegally parked.  A ticket is issued. A fine must be paid.

In some cities, the cars may be clamped or "booted" (in the US).  This means that a heavy clamp ("boot") is fixed to one of the wheels. The car cannot be driven away.  The driver then has to phone the clamping firm to arrange for them to unlock the clamp.  This will cost a lot of money.

In some places, the car may be taken away by the police. They will take it to a special parking lot under police control. The vehicle is lifted by a crane onto a lorry and taken away.  It may be taken away by a tow truck. It costs a lot of money to get one's car back.

Car parks and parking lots

Car parks (or, parking lots) are spaces where one can park and leave one's car. The size of these spaces can range from very small to very large.  They can be paved with asphalt, concrete, or other material. They can be covered with gravel, or simply bare earth.

In urban areas, car parks are usually paved. Slots for cars are measured out and are painted on the pavement. Drivers are expected to park within these slots. Cars are usually parked side by side in a car park.

There may be an attendant on duty who will collect a flat fee for parking or issue a ticket noting the driver's arrival time. The fee will be collected when the driver leaves. Sometimes the driver can get the ticket from a mechanical device at the entrance. He will pay the fee when he leaves to an attendant typically stationed in a small booth at the exit.

Car parks and parking lots can be dangerous to drivers and their passengers. Some are not (or poorly) lit at night. Persons intent on mischief or criminal activity can operate without being seen. Large parks and lots attract both male and female prostitutes who, if turned away, may retaliate in some way such as "keying" a vehicle. Other hazards in urban lots are rusty nails on the pavement, broken glass, and vermin such as rats.

At a country fair, barn sale, a country concert, or other rural event, drivers may park their vehicles in a meadow that has been mowed and marked off with ropes or bales of hay to guide drivers in and out of the area. An attendant is usually stationed at the entrance to advise drivers on where to park. There is sometimes (but not usually) a fee charged for parking in such an area.  A "Park and Ride" is a big car park on the edge of a town.  Instead of driving into the centre of the town, drivers can park there and take a bus or tram into the centre.

Another type of car park, called an "attendant car park" is one where the driver leaves the car keys with an attendant.  The attendant will then drive the car and park it so that all the cars are bunched up close to one another.  This saves space.  This type of car park is common at airports.  The driver can tell the attendant when he expects to be back.

Some car parks are private car parks.  They can only be used by people who are visiting the hotel, store or firm to whom the car park belongs.  People who park there illegally may find that their vehicle gets clamped, towed, or booted.

On a busy highway, an area just off the main road is available for parking. These are called layovers or rest areas. Sometimes there is a curb. Sometimes there is a rest room or vending machines for drinks and snacks. Sometimes there are full-scale restaurants and souvenir shops. Parking is risky. These areas typically are not supervised and are often the haunt of criminals such as prostitutes and drug dealers. Homosexuals gather in these areas to "do their thing" and often attract the attention of the police.

Disabled parking

Some car parks have a few spaces that are reserved for disabled people.  These spaces are usually near the exit of the car park or near the front doors of the store, hotel, restaurant etc. This is a convenience for the disabled driver or passenger. The disabled person is able to get into and out of the store or restaurant with little difficulty. These disabled spaces are usually limited to a few slots that are clearly marked.

The disabled spaces are usually wider than the others so that the vehicle doors can be opened wide for the disabled person to get out.  It is important to display a valid disabled badge or other insignia in or on the vehicle. This will alert store owners and tow drivers that the car is legally parked. Able drivers should not park in these disabled slots. They risk being towed or fined.

Parking garages

Parking garages (or multi-level car parks) are buildings of concrete and steel. They are used for parking vehicles. Some are built on downtown city streets where on-street parking slots may be limited. Parking garages are usually several levels high. The levels are connected by ramps. Many parking garages are open to the weather. They can be cold, snowy, and windy in the winter. Sometimes the street level of a parking garage has shops, cafes, and other businesses.

A driver goes into the garage at an entrance. He takes a ticket stamped with his arrival time from an attendant or a mechanical device. He may drive up several ramps to find a parking space. He leaves his ticket in the car where the attendant can see it. When he leaves, he rolls down his window and pays the parking fee at the exit. A barrier is lifted, and he drives away.

Parking garages can be dangerous for drivers and their passengers. These buildings are sometimes dimly lit, poorly staffed, and not always watched for potential trouble. There are places in a parking garage for anyone intent on mischief or criminal activity to hide or escape. Enclosed stairways and elevators (lifts) can be dangerous, especially for someone alone.

Parking garages are sometimes found near office buildings, hospitals, universities, police stations, and other busy places where land space is limited. Some apartment buildings have their own parking garages. These are for use by tenants in the apartment building.  Some buildings have underground parking garages. Once again these garages are to be used solely by residents, employees, and customers.

Other websites

Category:Traffic

Parking


LaPlace ( ) is a census-designated place (CDP) in St. John the Baptist Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is near the east bank of the Mississippi River. The population was 32,134 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Census-designated places in Louisiana

LaPlace, Louisiana


Catherine of Braganza (Catarina de Bragança, in Portuguese) (25 November 1638 – 31 December 1705) was a Portuguese Infanta and the queen consort of Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. She was the daughter of John IV of Portugal and queen consort Luisa de Guzmán.

Category:1638 births
Category:1705 deaths

Category:House of Stuart

Catherine of Braganza


The Super League is a rugby league competition for clubs from the United Kingdom and France. The league started in 1996 and Wigan Warriors are the current champions, having won the 2016 title.

Current teams

Castleford Tigers
Catalans Dragons
Huddersfield Giants
Hull F.C.
Leigh Centurions
Leeds Rhinos
Salford Red Devils
St Helens R.F.C.
Wakefield Trinity
Warrington Wolves
Widnes Vikings
Wigan Warriors

Former teams

Bradford Bulls
Hull Kingston Rovers
London Broncos
Newcastle Thunder
North Wales Crusaders
Sheffield Eagles
Workington Town

Winners

Leeds Rhinos (7): 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012 and 2015
St Helens (6): 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2006 and 2014
Bradford (4): 1997, 2001, 2003 and 2005
Wigan (4): 1998, 2010, 2013 and 2016

Category:Rugby

Super League


42 is a 2013 American biographical sports movie written and directed by Brian Helgeland about the life of baseball player Jackie Robinson, who wore jersey number 42. 42 was released in North America on April 12, 2013.

Cast
 Chadwick Boseman as Jackie Robinson
 Harrison Ford as Branch Rickey
 Andre Holland as Wendell Smith
 Christopher Meloni as Leo Durocher
 John C. McGinley as Red Barber
 Lucas Black as Pee Wee Reese
 Alan Tudyk as Ben Chapman
 Nicole Beharie as Rachel Isum Robinson
 C. J. Nitkowski as Dutch Leonard
 Brett Cullen as Clay Hopper
 Ryan Merriman as Dixie Walker
 T. R. Knight as Harold Parrott
 Hamish Linklater as Ralph Branca
 Brad Beyer as Kirby Higbe
 Jesse Luken as Eddie Stanky
 Max Gail as Burt Shotton
 Peter MacKenzie as Happy Chandler
 Linc Hand as Fritz Ostermueller

References

Other websites

 42 History vs. Hollywood

Category:2013 movies
Category:American biographical movies
Category:American sports movies
Category:Warner Bros. movies

42 (movie)


Parasitism is a form of one-sided symbiosis. The parasites live off the host. They may, or may not, harm the host.  Parasitoids, on the other hand, usually kill their hosts. A parasitic relationship is the opposite of a mutualistic relationship. Examples of parasites in humans include tapeworms and leeches. World-wide, the most serious cause of human death by a parasite is malaria.

A definition:
 A parasite is an organism drawing nutrients from a living host. It lives in or on another organism, getting from it part or all of its food. It usually shows some degree of adaptive modification, and causes some degree of damage to its host.

Parasites on humans
"Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth. Our knowledge of parasitic infections extends into antiquity".

Biological context
When the above definition is applied, many organisms which eat plants can be seen as parasites, because they feed largely or wholly on one individual plant. Examples would include many herbivorous insects: the Hemiptera or true bugs (leafhoppers, froghoppers, aphids, scale insects and whiteflies). The larvae of Lepidoptera usually feed and mature on a single individual of the host plant species, and what they eat accounts for most of the food for their complete life span. Moreover, caterpillars can and often do serious damage to the host's foliage. Other orders also have many parasitic herbivores: Thysanoptera (thrips), Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies).

Parasites of larger animals account for much research done for veterinarian and medical purposes. These parasites include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, flatworms (flukes and tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), arthropods (crustacea, insects, mites). Parasitic wasps and flies are of great interest to the entomologist, and may be used in biological control.

On the other hand, many blood-sucking insects (such as mosquitoes) have only brief contact with a host, and so perhaps should not be regarded as parasites.p5

A huge number of species are parasitic. A survey of the feeding habits of British insects showed that about 35% were parasites on plants, and slightly more were parasites on animals. That means that nearly 71% of insects in Britain are parasitic. Since British insects are better known than those elsewhere (because of the length of time they have been studied), this means that the majority of insect species throughout the world are parasitic. Also, there are several other invertebrate phyla which are wholly or largely parasitic. Flatworms and roundworms are found in virtually every wild species of vertebrate. Protozoan parasites are also ubiquitous. Hence parasitism is almost certainly the most common feeding method on Earth.
"It is clear that parasitism as a way of life is more common than all other feeding strategies combined".p8

Terminology of parasitism
 Ectoparasites live on the outside of a plant or animal.
 Endoparasites live inside a plant or animal. Intracellular parasites live inside cells; Intercellular parasites live in the spaces between cells.
 Parasitoids are organisms whose larval development takes place within another organism's body, resulting in the death of the host. There are twelve Superfamilies of wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid, such as the ichneumonoid wasps, whose species number over 80,000. The interaction between the parasitoid and the host is fundamentally different from true parasites and their host, and shares some characteristics with predation.
 A vector is a third party that carries the parasite to the host. Thus, with malaria, the mosquito is the vector, the Plasmodium protozoan is the parasite, and the mammal is the host. The mosquito is an ectoparasite as well as a vector.
 An epiparasite is one that feeds on another parasite.
 Kleptoparasites steal food from other species.
 Brood parasites (such as the Cuckoo) induce other species to raise their young. The Cowbird is another brood parasite.
 Social parasites take advantage of interactions between members of social organisms such as ants or termites.

Ecology

Dispersal and reproduction
Parasites are adapted to small, separated habitats. For a parasite, each host is an island surrounded by a hostile environment. For a small organism, the distances between hosts, or groups of hosts, is a hazard. Adaptations to bridge this hazard are:
 Mass production of spores or eggs.
 Dispersal of fertile females.
 Dispersal by attaching to a larger organism (many ectoparasites).
 Extreme longevity of resting stages (spores or cysts). For example, plant parasitic nematodes may remain quiescent for 23 years.
 Parthenogenesis, and inbreeding among offspring of a single female, are common in parasites.

So parasites exist in small, genetically similar groups with little flow of genes between them. In consequence, they have adaptations to solve their problems of dispersal and reproduction.

Parasites are highly specialised
Parasites face an environment which varies in time and space. Consequently, both local (geographic) races and polymorphism occur. Both may occur in the same species. Parasites are very specialised feeders: many species have only one host at any stage of their life cycle. A few use more than two host species.

Complex life cycles
Many parasites have complex life-cycles. Tremadodes, the flukes, are a parasitic class of flatworms (Platyhelminths), with over 20,000 species. Most of them infect molluscs in the first part of the life-cycle, and vertebrates in the second part. The biology of scrub typhus is even more complex. It involves these factors:
1. The pathogen bacterium Rickettsia.
2. Chiggers, which are ectoparasitic mites.
3. Small mammals, especially rats.
4. Scrubby vegetation with moist conditions
5. Humans passing through patches where the above are present.

The occurrence of all these factors together would be limited in space, and brief in time. This is typical of the ecology of parasitic infections.

Evolution

Rapid speciation
Both evolutionary rates and speciation rates can be high. Sibling species are very common in the bug Erythroneura, in which about 150 transfers from one host to another has resulted in about 500 species in the genus.

The clearest evidence comes from the large size of many parasitic families.
"Even though some parasitic taxa evolved much later than predatory taxa, families of parasites on plants are on average almost eight times larger than those of predators, and families of parasites on animals are over ten times larger".p26

Sometimes there is good evidence of the speed of speciation. For example, five or more species of the moth Hedylepta must have evolved within 1000 years in Hawaii, because they are specific to banana, which was only introduced then.

Adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation in parasites is extensive. Its development in each taxon (group) depends on:
The diversity of the hosts. How many species there are in the group being parastised, and how different they are from each other.
The size of the host target: body size, population, geographical distribution.
The evolutionary time available for colonisation of hosts.
The selective pressure for evolutionary modification.

Diversity of hosts is a big factor. If many related species of host are available, then many related species of parasite will evolve. Mites on Lepidoptera families or fleas on mammals and birds are good examples. Eichler's rule goes as follows:
"When a large group of hosts consisting of a wide variety of species is compared with an equivalent group consisting of few representatives, the larger group has the greater diversity of parasitic fauna".

The two British oaks support some 439 species of parasite directly, and indirectly many hundred more which parasitise these parasites. "It would certainly be an underestimate to say that the two British species of oak are the primary products for a thousand species of parasite".p28 Obviously, the large size of these trees is a factor in the number of parasite species. In general, this holds whether the host is a plant or an animal. A larger bird will harbour more species of ectoparasite than a small bird.

More time, more species
One of the reasons large trees have so many parasites is that they may have lived a long time in a particular area compared with other types of plant. They have had longer to accumulate parasites.

Parasites can be most useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts. Sibling host species have been discovered when their parasites diverged. Common ancestors of present-day parasites were themselves parasites of the common ancestors of present-day hosts.

Selection for co-evolution
As the host evolves defences, so the parasite evolves to cope with this. This is co-evolution.

Consider two families of host plants, the Umbellifers (fennel, cumin, parsley, hemlock) and the Gramineae (grasses). The umbellifers have many aromatic species, and are chemically diverse and pharmaceutically interesting. Their resins and oils are defences against herbivory and parasitism. On the other hand, grasses have one big defence to herbivores: their stony inclusions in their cells wear down the teeth of herbivorous mammals, but they have few chemical defences. Both families are attacked by leaf-miner flies. There are four times as many grass species as there are umbellifers, but there are twice as many leaf-miner species on the umbellifers.
"This is apparently because the chemical diversity of potential hosts within the Umbelliferae has forced specialisation of the parasites. Eighty-two percent of the species of leaf-miner attack only one genus each".

Sympatric speciation
This is speciation which does not require geographical isolation. Ernst Mayr, the chief exponent of geographical speciation, admitted that host races of phytophagous animals "constitute the only known case indicating the possible occurrence of incipient sympatric speciation".

Further reading
Schmidt-Hempel 2011. Evolutionary parasitism: the integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. Oxford University Press.

References

Category:Coevolution
Category:Symbiosis

Parasitism


Hidalgo County is the name of two counties in the United States:
 Hidalgo County, New Mexico
 Hidalgo County, Texas

Hidalgo County


The bilby (also known as the rabbit-eared bandicoot) is a rabbit-like marsupial. It lives in deserts, dry forests, dry grasslands, and dry shrubby areas in Australia. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. These big-eared, burrowing mammals are in danger of extinction.

The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Digging with its strong, clawed feet, this solitary mammal excavates long, complex burrows. Its underground dens are up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long.

At Easter, chocolate Easter Bilbies are sold as an Australian alternative to the Easter Bunny. Money raised from the sale of the bilby shaped chocolate is used to fund protection for the bilby.

References

The bilby likes to eat insects and fruit, they can dig their burrows up to 2 metres deep and 3 metres long.

Category:Marsupials of Australia

Bilby


The APF-M1000 was a video game console made by APF in 1978. The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick. With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game. It could only be used on a color TV. It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol".

Specifications
CPU: Motorola 6800 at 3579 kHz
RAM: 1 KB
Colors: 8 on-screen
Resolution: 256 by 192

Cartridge list
MG1008 Backgammon
MG1006 Baseball
MG1007 Blackjack
MG1004 Bowling/Micro Match
MG1012 Boxing
MG1005 Brickdown/Shooting Gallery
MG1009 Casino I: Roulette/Keno/Slots
MG1001 Catena
MG1003 Hangman/Tic Tac Toe/Doddle
MG1011 Pinball/Dungeon Hunt/Blockout
Built-In Rocket Patrol
MG1013 Space Destroyers
MG1010 UFO/Sea Monster/Break It Down/Rebuild/Shoot

Category:Video game consoles

APF-M1000


Blood type or blood group is a medical term. It describes the type of blood a person has. It is a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).

Blood types predict whether a serious reaction will occur in a blood transfusion. This reaction is called a "haemolytic reaction". It may destroy red blood cells, and cause renal failure. Shock is likely to occur, and death is a possibility.

When a blood transfusion or an organ transplant takes place, it is vital to know the blood types of the donor (who gives blood) and the receiver (who needs blood).

There are a number of human blood group systems. Of these systems, the ABO blood group system and the Rhesus blood group system are the most important. In this system the presence or absence of the A-antigen, the B-antigen and the RhD-antigen are determined.

ABO system

The principle
The principle of the ABO system is that antigens – in this instance, sugars exposed on the surface of red blood cells – differ between individuals. This first discovered by Karl Landsteiner. People have immunological tolerance only for what occurs in their own bodies. As a result, humans may produce antibodies against natural components in the bodies of other people, but not themselves. So, people may produce antibodies against A and/or B antigens if they are not in their blood.

These antibodies clump red blood cells together if they carry the foreign antigens. This harsh response can cause death when large amounts of such cells are encountered after a blood transfusion. Because A and B antigens are chemically modified from a precursor form that is also present in type O individuals, people with type A and B antigens can accept blood from type O individuals.

Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are not present in the newborn. They appear in the first years of life. Anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually too big to pass through the placenta to the foetal blood circulation.

The test

In a laboratory, blood is tested for antigens. When a certain antigen is found, there are also always antibodies found. Antibodies attack (attach to) antigens that they do not recognise.

Group A (with the A-antigen)		has anti-B antibodies
Group B (with the B-antigen)		has anti-A antibodies
Group AB (with both A and B-antigens)	has no antibodies
Group O (with no antigens)		has anti-A and anti-B antibodies

The blood is thus tagged as being A positive, O negative for instance, where the letter refers to the ABO blood group and "positive" or "negative" refers to whether or not the RhD-antigen of the Rhesus blood group system was found.  It can also be written A+  and O-, respectively.

Compatibility

Group O have no antigens, but have anti-A and anti-B antibodies. This means that they can only receive blood from other people in group O, but they can give to any ABO group.
Group A have anti-B antibodies, so they can only receive blood from people within group A or O. These two groups do not have the B-antigen. They can donate blood to people from group A or AB.
Group B have anti-A antibodies, so they can only receive blood from people within group B or O. They can donate to groups B or AB.
Blood group AB have no antibodies, so they can receive blood from any blood group. However, they can only donate blood to other people with blood group AB.

People with type O negative blood are often called universal donors because they can give blood to any other blood group. People with type AB positive blood are called universal recipients because they can receive blood from any other blood group.

Rhesus factor
The Rh factor (Rh meaning Rhesus) is a feature of the second most common blood-group system in human-blood transfusion. it is named after the Rhesus monkey where they were first discovered. Rh is an inherited trait, which refers to a protein on the surface of an individual's red blood cells.

The Rh factor is separate from, and in addition to, ABO groups. The Rh factor is either present on individual's red blood cells or it is not. Rh positive means the factor is present. Rh negative means it is not present. In blood transfusions it is important that the blood donor and recipient have the same Rh factor and same blood group.

Before a transfusion takes place blood is thoroughly tested for anything that might cause problems for the receiver.

References

Category:Biochemistry
Category:Blood

Blood type


Hope Emerson (October 29, 1897 – April 25, 1960) was an American actress. She acted in television and movies and on the stage. She played Evelyn Harper in Caged (1950). She also played a mail order bride in Westward the Women (1952).

Emerson was born in Hawarden, Iowa. She died from liver disease at age 62.

References

Category:American movie actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Actors from Iowa
Category:Deaths from liver disease
Category:Disease-related deaths in Los Angeles
Category:1897 births
Category:1960 deaths

Hope Emerson


Eswatini national football team is the national football team of Eswatini.

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Eswatini

Eswatini national football team


Carson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 6,182 people lived there. The county seat is Panhandle.

Category:Texas counties

Carson County, Texas


A filter is a device used to remove unwanted parts from something.  For example, removing solid particles from a liquid.  Filter can also mean the act of filtering: it can be used as a verb.  The different branches of science and technology often mean a particular kind of device when filter is mentioned.

In chemistry

The simplest filter is the kind called filter paper.  Liquids can pass through the paper.  Solid particles are stopped.

More advanced filters are possible.  Two that are often used to make water more pure are activated carbon and zeolites.

Filters are used to remove unwanted items and/or impurities in the substance you are filtering.

In electrical science

The most usual thing meant by filter in electrical science is a wave filter. One common kind lets through some frequencies and stops all others. This is a band pass filter. For instance, in a radio it can select the radio station the listener wants to hear.  The frequency of that station is passed, but all others are rejected.

There are many other uses, including use in telephones and audio, see: audio crossover.

There are digital filters which can be used to filter things besides frequencies.  A common use is to improve the quality of pictures.  For instance, there are filters which can make the edges of objects look more clear.

In optics and photography
Optical filters act on light. They change it certain ways. This can be used for photographic filters.

In mechanics
Filters can be made from mechanical components.  They will do very similar things to electric filters.  Most especially, mechanical filters can be wave filters.  That is, they can block some frequencies and pass others.  Because of this, electric filters are sometimes made by first making a mechanical filter.  The electric wave is turned into a mechanical movement, then passed through the filter, then turned back in to an electric wave.  This kind of filter is often made from quartz crystals.

A device which changes electrical signals into mechanical signals is called a transducer.  A device which changes mechanical signals into electrical signals is also a transducer, but one of a different kind.

In information technology

An internet filter removes certain kinds of information.  For example, certain words can be blocked.

category:Chemistry
category:Computer science

Filter


Homayoun Behzadi (; 20 June 1942 – 22 January 2016) was an Iranian footballer and coach. He usually played as a striker. He played for Paykan, but most notably for the Iran national football team. For a very brief time, Behzadi was the coach of the Persepolis football team in 1975.

Behzadi suffered a heart attack in April 2013. He made a full recovery. Behzadi died in Tehran on 22 January 2016 at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
Homayoun Behzadi at TeamMelli.com
Interview with Homayoun Behzadi

Category:1942 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Football managers
Category:Iranian footballers

Homayoun Behzadi