1989 (MCMLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. It was also the last year of the 1980s. A wave of counterrevolutions ended the Eastern Bloc and the Cold War.

Events

 January 7 – Akihito becomes Emperor of Japan following the death of Hirohito.  The Heisei period begins.
 January 8 – the Kegworth Air Disaster – A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport – 44 dead
 January 10 – Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola
 January 10 – Assistant Australian Federal Police commissioner Colin Winchester is shot dead in the driveway of his Canberra home.
 January 17 – A gunman kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California
 January 20 – George Herbert Walker Bush succeeds Ronald Wilson Reagan as President of the United States of America
 January 24 – Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair
 January 30 – American Olympic medalist Bruce Kimball is sentenced to 17 years in prison for killing two teenagers in a drunk driving accident.
 February 3 – Paraguayan leader Alfredo Stroessner is removed from office.
 February 14 – Iran issues a fatwa (death warrant) against the writer Salman Rushdie for his novel, The Satanic Verses.
 March 24 –  The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurs at Prince William Sound in southern Alaska. Until 2010 it is the worst oil spill in United States history.
 May - Tornadoes hit Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia.
 June 4 – Protests at Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China, are brutally crushed. An image of a lone protestor defying a tank is shown worldwide.
 August – First sighting of the Aurora, a supposed hyptersonic aircraft
 September - Hurricane Hugo strikes the Leeward Islands, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, South Carolina and North Carolina. The hurricane causes $8 billion in damage in the United States, about $10 billion in total. Many people die from this hurricane.
 October 17 – A major earthquake strikes San Francisco, California.
 October 18 – East Germany's leader Erich Honecker resigns.
 November 2 – Bad Religion releases No Control, which is considered one of the band's best known works in the history of punk music, along with its predecessor Suffer, which came out in the previous year.
 November 17 – The Berlin Wall in Germany starts to come down.
 December 22 – The main crossing from East into West Berlin is officially reopened.
 December 22 – In Romania, Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu is removed from office.
 December 25 – Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife Elena are executed by a firing squad.

Births

 January 23 – April Pearson, British actress
 February 3 – Vania King, American tennis player
 February 9 – Shunta Takahashi, Japanese footballer
 February 18 – Zhang Li Yin, Chinese singer
 February 21 – Corbin Bleu, American actor
 March 12 – Holger Badstuber, German footballer
 March 13 – Marko Marin, German footballer
 March 14 – Ryohei Yamazaki, Japanese footballer
 March 16 – Theo Walcott, English footballer
 March 20 – Keisuke Endo, Japanese footballer
 March 28 – David Goodwillie, Scottish footballer
 April 8 – Koki Otani, Japanese footballer
 April 23 – Nicole Vaidisova, German tennis player
 May 5 – Chris Brown, American singer
 May 11 – Giovani dos Santos, Mexican footballer
 May 17 – Tessa Virtue, Canadian ice dancer
 June 2 – Freddy Adu, American footballer
 June 11 – Shia LaBeouf, American actor
 July 23 – Daniel Radcliffe, British actor
 August 15 – Joe Jonas, American singer and actor
 August 21 – Hayden Panettiere, American actress
 September 1 – Bill & Tom Kaulitz, German singers
 September 10 – Sanjaya Malakar, American singer
 September 13 – Thomas Mueller, German footballer
 September 21 – Jason Derulo, American singer
 September 23 – Brandon Jennings, American basketball player
 October 4 – Kimmie Meissner, American ice skater
 October 13 – Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, American politician and activist
 October 30 – Seth Adkins, American actor
 October 30 – Nastia Liukin, American gymnast
 December 13 – Taylor Swift, American singer
 December 22 – Jordin Sparks, American singer
 December 28 – Mackenzie Rosman, American actress

Deaths

 January 7 – Hirohito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1901)
 January 23 – Salvador Dalí, Spanish painter (b. 1904)
 January 24 – Ted Bundy, American serial killer (b. 1946)
 February 6 – Chris Gueffroy, last person to be shot at the Berlin Wall (b. 1968)
 February 14 – Albert Hawke, Australian politician (b. 1900)
 February 17 – Lefty Gomez, American baseball player (b. 1908)
 February 26 – Roy Eldridge, American jazz musician (b. 1911)
 February 27 – Konrad Lorenz, German scientist (b. 1903)
 April 12 – Sugar Ray Robinson, American boxer (b. 1921)
 April 26 – Lucille Ball, American actress (b. 1911)
 April 30 – Sergio Leone, movie director (b. 1929)
 June 3 – Ayatollah Khomeini, Supreme Leader of Iran (b. 1900)
 July 2 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician (b. 1909)
 July 10 – Mel Blanc, American actor (b. 1908)
 July 11 – Laurence Olivier, British actor (b. 1907)
 July 16 – Herbert von Karajan, Austrian conductor (b. 1908)
 September 4 – Georges Simenon, Belgian writer (b. 1903)
 September 8 – Barry Sadler, American musician (b. 1940)
 September 22 – Irving Berlin, Russian-born composer (b. 1888)
 September 28 – Ferdinand Marcos, President of the Philippines (b. 1917)
 October 4 – Graham Chapman, English comedian (b. 1941)
 October 6 – Bette Davis, American actress (b. 1908)
 November 5 – Vladimir Horowitz, Russian-born pianist (b. 1903)
 December 14 – Andrei Sakharov, Soviet physicist and activist (b. 1921)
 December 22 – Samuel Beckett, Irish playwright (b. 1906)
 December 25 – Nicolae Ceausescu, dictator of Romania (b. 1918)

Nobel Prizes
 Nobel Prize in Physics won by Norman F. Ramsey, and shared by Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul
 Nobel Prize in Chemistry shared by Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech
 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine shared by J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus
 Nobel Prize in Literature won by Camilo José Cela, Spanish novelist
 Nobel Peace Prize won by Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama
 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences won by Trygve Haavelmo

Movies released
 Batman
 Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventure
 Born on the Fourth of July, nominated for eight Academy Awards
 Dead Poets Society, winner of the BAFTA Award for Best Film
 Do The Right Thing
 Driving Miss Daisy, nominated for nine Academy Awards
 Ghostbusters II
 Great Balls of Fire! Honey, I Shrunk The KidsIndiana Jones and the Last Crusade, the highest-grossing movie of 1989
 Kickboxer Kiki's Delivery Service, an animated movie
 Lethal Weapon II Tango & Cash The Little Mermaid, made by Walt Disney Pictures
 Lock Up Look Who's Talking Next of Kin National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation Road House Roger & Me, directed by Michael Moore
 Steel Magnolias, winning a Golden Globe Award for Julia Roberts
 Turner & Hooch UHF Uncle Buck, directed by John Hughes

 Hit songs

 "All She Wants Is" – Duran Duran
 "My Brave Face" – Paul McCartney
 "Another Day in Paradise" – Phil Collins
 "Batdance" – Prince
 "Bat Attack '89 – Crime Fighters Inc
 "Beds Are Burning" – Midnight Oil
 "Blame It on the Rain" – Milli Vanilli
 "Buffalo Stance" – Neneh Cherry
 "Cartoon" – Soul Asylum
 "Compulsory Hero – 1927
 "Chained To The Wheel – Black Sorrows
 "Cry In Shame Johnny Disel + The Injectors
 "Crying In The Chapel" – Peter Blakley
 "Do You Believe In Shame?" – Duran Duran
 "Dr. Feelgood" – Mötley Crüe
 "Eternal Flame" – The Bangles
 "Eyes Of A Stranger" – Queensrÿche
 "Hangin' Tough" – New Kids On The Block
 "Heavy Metal" – Judas Priest
 "I Drove All Night – Cyndi Lauper
 "I Feel The Earth Move – Martika
 "If I Could" – 1927
 "If I Could Turn Back Time" – Cher
 "If Tomorrow Never Comes" – Garth Brooks
 "Kickstart My Heart" – Mötley Crüe
 "Killin' Time" – Clint Black
 "Leave A Light On For Me – Belinda Carlisle
 "Like a Prayer" – Madonna
 "Listen To Your Heart" – Roxette
 "Lost in Your Eyes" – Debbie Gibson
 "Love Shack"- The B-52's
 "Miss You Much" – Janet Jackson
 "Monsters Of Rock"  – Judas Priest
 "Open Letter (To A Landlord)" – Living Colour
 "Orange Crush"  – R.E.M.
 "Rendez-vous chaque soir" – Dalida (inédit)
 "Right Here Waiting" – Richard Marx
 "Ring My Bell – Collette
 "She Drives Me Crazy" – Fine Young Cannibals
 "She Has To Be Loved" – Jenny Morris
 "Sometime To Return" – Soul Asylum
 "Soul Revival" – Johnny Disel + The Injectors
 "Stand" –  R.E.M.
 "Stop – Sam Brown
 "Straight Up" – Paula Abdul
 "Talk It Over" – Grayson Hugh
 "The Crack-Up" – The Black Sorrows
 "The Dance" – Garth Brooks
 "The Look" – Roxette
 "The World Seems Difficult" – Mentals
 "Tucker's Daughter – Ian Moss
 "Un soir qu'on oublie pas" – Dalida (inédit)
 "Veronica" – Elvis Costello
 "When I See You Smile" – Bad English
 "We Didn't Start The Fire" – Billy Joel
 "Wild Thing" – Tone Loc
 "You Got It" – Roy Orbison
 "You Got It (The Right Stuff)" – New Kids On The Block
 "Young Years" – Dragon
 "You'll Never Know" – 1927

 New Books

 Geek Love – Katherine Dunn
 The Cardinal of the Kremlin  –  Tom Clancy
 Chronicle of the French Revolution – Jean Favier et al.
 Daddy – Danielle Steel
 The Face of Battle – John Keegan
 Foucault's Pendulum  –  Umberto Eco
 The Great and Secret Show  –  Clive Barker
 Guards! Guards! – Terry Pratchett
 Hyperion  –  Dan Simmons
 It's Always Something  –  Gilda Radner
 Jasmine – Bharati Mukherjee
 The Joy Luck Club  –  Amy Tan
 The Legacy of Heorot – Larry Niven
 Licence to Kill – John Gardner
 London Fields – Martin Amis
 Lot's Wife – Tom Wakefield
 The Magick of Candleburning – Gerina Dunwich
 The Negotiator  –  Frederick Forsyth
 The Pillars of the Earth – Ken Follett
 A Prayer For Owen Meany – John Irving
 Pyramids – Terry Pratchett
 Red Phoenix  –  Larry Bond
 The Remains of the Day  –  Kazuo Ishiguro
 The Russia House  – John le Carré
 The Sands of Time  –  Sidney Sheldon
 The Satanic Verses   –  Salman Rushdie
 Six Days in Havana  –  James A. Michener
 Solomon Gursky Was Here  –  Mordecai Richler
 Star  –  Danielle Steel
 Stark – Ben Elton
 The Temple of My Familiar  –  Alice Walker
 A Time to Kill – John Grisham
 Total Recall –  Piers Anthony
 While My Pretty One Sleeps  –  Mary Higgins Clark
 The Wicked and the Witless – Hugh Cook
 Win, Lose or Die – John Gardner
 New Revised Standard Version of the Bible
 Resident Aliens: Life in the Christian Colony by Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon
 Snot Stew'' by Bill Wallace

References

1989


Atlit Yam is an ancient neolithic village off of the coast of Atlit, Israel.

A study by Maria Pareschi of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Pisa says that a volcanic collapse of Mount Etna's Eastern flank which happened 8,500 years ago likely caused a 10-storey (40 m or 131 ft) megatsunami that hit and engulfed some of the Mediterranean coastal cities within hours. Scientists point to the sudden abandonment of the village around the same time as more evidence that the tsunami happened.

A stone semicircle was found which contains seven 600-kilogram (1,320 lb) megaliths. There are cup marks carved into the stones and the stones are around a freshwater spring. It is suggested that it was used for a water ritual. In 2008, there were skeletons of a woman and child found, which revealed the earliest known cases of tuberculosis.

References

Category:Archaeological sites in Israel
Category:Geography of Israel
Category:Stone circles

Atlit Yam


Gatorade is a brand of sports-themed food and beverage products, built around its signature product: a line of sports drinks. Gatorade is currently manufactured by PepsiCo, distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was first developed in 1965 by researchers at the University of Florida, to replenish the combination of water, carbohydrates, and electrolytes that the school's student-athletes lost (in sweat) during rigorous athletic competitions. Its name was derived from the collective nickname of the university's athletic teams, "the Gators".

Originally produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp, the Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, who was bought out by PepsiCo in 2001. As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo’s 4th-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It primarily competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide; plus, Lucozade Sport in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 75 percent market share in the sports drink category.

Other flavours
There are many other flavours of Gatorade, including:
 Original Lemon-lime
 Fruit punch
 Grape
 Orange
 Cool Blue

Advertising and endorsements
Gatorade is the official sports drink of NASCAR, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Women's National Basketball Association, USA Basketball, National Hockey League, Association of Volleyball Professionals, US Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, and other professional and collegiate athletic organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to sponsored teams in some cases. Distribution was extended to include the U.K. in 2008, coinciding with an agreement designating Gatorade as the official sports drink of the Chelsea F.C. Gatorade's 1991 "Be Like Mike" ads featured Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls, a North American basketball team which had just won its first National Basketball Association championship at the time. The ads began airing in August 1991 and the phrase "Be Like Mike" became household lingo in America. In more recent years, the Gatorade brand has continued to employ professional sports athletes in the promotion of its products. Primary endorsers in the 2000s have included Major League Baseball player Derek Jeter, National Hockey League player Sidney Crosby, National Basketball Association player Dwyane Wade, PGA Tour golfer Tiger Woods, and National Football League quarterback Peyton Manning. Gatorade is the official sports drink of Viva Entertainment's home video affiliate, Viva Video, Inc.

In popular culture
Gatorade has been the subject of substantial media attention and reference in popular culture situations, most of which are in relation to team or individual athletic sports. The most notable and ongoing presence of Gatorade in popular culture is the Gatorade shower, originally called the "Gatorade Dunk," where players from a victorious team pick up the Gatorade cooler, sneak up behind the head coach, and pour the contents of the cooler (generally Gatorade and ice) over his head at the end of an American football game. This tradition was popularized in the mid-1980s when Harry Carson and Jim Burt, of the New York Giants, doused head coach Bill Parcells during the 1985 season. Burt's teammates picked up on this practice and popularized it during the team's championship season of 1986-87. The tradition has since become a recurring tradition across other team sports.

Gatorade has also achieved status as the cliché representative for sports drinks in American media, for example, in the film Clerks, the character Dante is at one point forced to give free Gatorade to his hockey teammates, and in the film The Waterboy, Adam Sandler is told that "the water sucks" and that Gatorade is superior.

References

Other websites
Gatorade

Category:Drinks

Gatorade


Sir Robert Laird Borden, (June 26, 1854 – June 10, 1937) was a Canadian lawyer and politician. He served as the eighth Prime Minister of Canada from October 10, 1911, to July 10, 1920. He was the third Nova Scotian to hold this office.

After retiring from public life, he served as the chancellor of Queen's University. His portrait appears on Canadian $100 bills produced since 1976.

Other websites

Comments on the Senate's rejection of the Naval Aid Bill
Historic plaque at Grand-Pré
Photograph:Robert L. Borden, 1905 - McCord Museum

Category:1854 births
Category:1937 deaths
Category:Lawyers
Category:People from Nova Scotia

Robert Borden


Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure of a binary solution containing a non-volatile solute is directly related to the mole fraction of solvent (i.e. volatile) in the solution.

Also, it states that the vapour pressure of each component in a binary solution containing volatile components is directly related to its respective mole fraction in the solution.

Relative going-down of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of non volatile and non-electrolytic solute. This is known as Raoult's law.

P-P(INITIAL)/P(INITIAL)=n(SOLUTE)/n(SOLVENT)

Category:Thermodynamics

Raoult's law


Jurassic Park  is a 1993 American science fiction film directed by Steven Spielberg, based on the novel of the same name by Michael Crichton. It was released on June 11, 1993, and got positive reviews.

Plot
John Hammond, the owner of a scientific company, creates a theme park on an island that has dinosaurs which have been brought back to life by being cloned. He invites Dr. Alan Grant, a man who studies dinosaurs and doesn't work well with kids, and Dr. Ellie Sattler, a woman who studies ancient plants, to visit the park.

Along with a mathematician named Ian Malcolm and a lawyer named Donald Gennaro, they go to the park and see a few dinosaurs, like Brachiosaurus. John says that the dinosaurs were brought back because of the dinosaur DNA found in some mosquitoes. To fix any broken parts of the DNA, they added the DNA of frogs to the dinosaurs. The dinosaurs were all made to be female so that they would not breed.

Lex and Tim Murphy, who are Hammond's grandkids, join the group. The group goes on a tour of the park in some Ford Explorer cars. A tropical storm heads towards the park, and it starts raining. Ellie is separated from the group when she tries to help a sick Triceratops. Dennis Nedry, a worker at the park, betrays Hammond so he can get money from another company, and he turns off the park's safety systems. The cars that the group are in aren't able to move anymore.

Many dinosaurs, including a T. rex, break out of their pens. The T. rex eats Donald, hurts Ian, and pushes a car off a cliff. As Dennis tries to escape the park, he gets killed by a Dilophosaurus.

Ellie, along with Robert Muldoon, a park worker, look for survivors. They rescue Malcolm and escape the T. rex in a Jeep. John, along with the park's main engineer named Ray Arnold, decide to reboot the park's systems. During the rebooting, the dangerous Velociraptors escape and start to wander the park.

When Ray goes missing, Ellie goes to finish the rebooting process. She finds that Ray has been killed, and she runs away from one raptor. Two of the raptors show up, and they surprise and kill Robert. Meanwhile, Alan, Lex, and Tim, spend the night in a tall tree. They make friends with a Brachiosaurus.

The next day, Alan, Lex, and Tim discover dinosaur eggs. At first, they are confused, since the dinosaurs are all female, and eggs can't be laid unless there is a male dinosaur involved. Alan figures out that the frog DNA in the dinosaur DNA allows the dinosaurs to change their genders.

They come across a group of running Gallimimus, and they head towards an electric fence. When the park's power turns back on, Tim gets shocked by the fence and gets hurt. As Alan goes to look for Ellie, Lex and Tim are hunted by the raptors in a kitchen. They escape and meet up with Alan and Ellie. All four of them end up cornered by the raptors in the park's atrium, but the T. rex arrives and kills the raptors.

John, Alan, Ellie, Ian, Lex, and Tim, all survive, and leave the park in a helicopter. John is disappointed that the park was unsuccessful, but Ellie is happy that Alan has learned to get along with kids.

Production

The movie was based off a book by Michael Crichton. A few people wanted to be the director of the movie, like Tim Burton. Eventually, Steven Spielberg was chosen to direct.

Filming the movie started in 1992 on Kaua'i, an island in Hawaii. The filming was stopped for a day because Hurricane Iniki passed over the island. A few of the scenes in the movie that involve rain were actually filmed during the hurricane. Other scenes were filmed in California, on a stage at Warner Bros. Studios, and in other places in Hawaii.

At first, the dinosaurs were going to be made using stop-motion, but Spielberg didn't think it looked real enough. The dinosaurs in the movie were created using ways called animatronics and CGI. The dinosaurs were either robots, puppets, or made with computers.

After filming for the movie was over, Spielberg monitored the effects work while he was in the country of Poland, where he was filming another movie, Schindler's List.

The music that plays in the movie was composed by John Williams.

Release
Jurassic Park got positive reviews, as many critics and moviegoers enjoyed it. Many people praised the movie's special effects and music. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards (Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects), and won all three.

At the time, Jurassic Park had made more money than any other movie. However, the movie Titanic ended up making even more money, breaking the record.

Version 3-D

Sequels
Jurassic Park has four sequels: The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997), Jurassic Park III (2001), Jurassic World (2015), and Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom (2018).

References

Other websites

Category:1993 movies
Category:1990s adventure movies
Category:1990s science fiction movies
Category:Jurassic Park movies
Category:Movies based on books
Category:Movies composed by John Williams
Category:Movies directed by Steven Spielberg
Category:Universal Pictures movies

Jurassic Park (movie)


PC bang is a type of gaming center in South Korea where people can play multiplayer computer games. It is like a LAN gaming center. became very popular when Starcraft came out in 1998.

PC-bang users are usually young South Koreans. Most PC-bang users are students in grade school or college, mostly male. Inside PC bangs, people may smoke, eat, and drink. Most PC bangs sell ramen noodles, canned coffee, energy drinks, and other snacks.

Related pages
 Internet café
 LAN gaming center

References

Category:South Korean culture
Category:Internet

PC bang


__NOTOC__
Leiopelmatidae, or New Zealand and North American primitive frogs, is a family belonging to the suborder Archaeobatrachia.  There are only four Leiopelma and two Ascaphus species alive now. Leiopelma are only found in New Zealand. Ascaphus are only found in North America.

Overview
Leiopelmatidae have an extra vertebrae.  They have the remains of the tail muscles.

When Leiopelmatid jump, they land in a "belly flop".  After landing, Ascaphus skids to a halt before recovering.

They are very small frogs, only  in length. Most species lay their eggs in moist ground, typically under rocks or plants. After hatching the tadpoles nest in the male's back.  They do not need standing or flowing water.  Life span may be long at more than 30 years.

Species
Family LEIOPELMATIDAE
 Genus Leiopelma
 Archey's Frog, Leiopelma archeyi Turbott, 1942
 Hamilton's Frog, Leiopelma hamiltoni McCulloch, 1919
 Hochstetter's Frog, Leiopelma hochstetteri Fitzinger, 1861
 Maud Island Frog, Leiopelma pakeka Bell, Daugherty & Hay, 1998
 Genus Ascaphus
 Tailed Frog, Ascaphus truei
 Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog, Ascaphus montanus

Extinct species
Three extinct species are known by subfossil remains, also from New Zealand. They became extinct during the past 1,000 years.
 †Leiopelma auroraensis
 †Leiopelma markhami
 †Leiopelma waitomoensis

Much older fossils, dating back to the Jurassic, have been found in Argentina, such as Notobatrachus.

References

Other websites

New Zealand Frog Conservation Biology - research on New Zealand frog biology

Category:Frogs

Leiopelmatidae


Rubén Iván Martínez (born 22 June 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Cartagena.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Barcelona||rowspan="3"|La Liga||2||0
|-
|2005/06||0||0
|-
|2006/07||0||0
|-
|2007/08||Racing Ferrol||Segunda División||0||0
|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Cartagena||Segunda División B||||
|-
|2009/10||Segunda División||||
2||0
2||0

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Goalkeepers

Rubén Iván Martínez


Peter Capaldi (born 14 April 1958) is a Scottish actor. He plays the 12th Doctor on Doctor Who. He won an Academy Award for best Live Action Short Film for writing and directing the movie Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life in 1995. He has been in various movies and television programs in the United Kingdom, including In the Loop, The Fifth Estate, The Thick of It and The Musketeers.

Peter also played as one of the professors in World War Z. He starred as Rabbit in the 2018 Disney movie Christopher Robin.

Early life
Capaldi was born in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Nancy Soutar and Gerald John Capaldi. His mother's side of the family was Scottish and Irish. His father's side was Italian.

References

Other websites

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Academy Award winners
Category:Actors from Glasgow
Category:Doctor Who
Category:Scottish television actors

Peter Capaldi


Final Fantasy is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix.  It was released in 1987.

Final Fantasy 01
Category:1987 video games
Category:Nintendo Entertainment System games

Final Fantasy (video game)


Louis Cha Jing-yong () (10 March 1924 – 30 October 2018), better known by his pen name Jin Yong, was a Chinese novelist and essayist. He co-founded the Hong Kong daily newspaper Ming Pao in 1959 and was its first editor-in-chief. He was Hong Kong's most famous writer. He was born in Haining, Zhejiang. He retired from the newspaper business in 1993.

Yong died after a long illness at a hospital in Happy Valley, Hong Kong on 30 October 2018 at the age of 94.

References

Category:1924 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Hong Kong
Category:Chinese writers
Category:Journalists
Category:Business people
Category:Novelists

Jin Yong


Andrea Chénier is an Italian opera in four acts by Umberto Giordano. It was first performed in Milan on March 28, 1896. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica. Andrea Chénier was a great success.

Principal roles
Andrea Chénier - tenor
Maddalena de Coigny - soprano
Carlo Gérard - baritone

Discography
 1920: Luigi Lupato (Andrea Chénier), Valentina Bartolomasi (Maddalena de Coigny), Adolfo Pacini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Carlo Sabajno - (La Voce del Padrone)
 1929: Luigi Marini (Andrea Chénier), Lina Bruna Rasa (Maddalena de Coigny), Carlo Galeffi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Lorenzo Molajoli - (Arkadia)
 1941: Beniamino Gigli (Andrea Chénier), Maria Caniglia (Maddalena de Coigny), Gino Bechi (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Oliviero de Fabritiis - (EMI Classics)
 1955: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Maria Callas (Maddalena de Coigny), Aldo Protti (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
 1957: Mario del Monaco (Andrea Chénier), Renata Tebaldi (Maddalena de Coigny), Ettore Bastianini (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia di Roma, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
 1965: Franco Corelli (Andrea Chénier), Antonietta Stella (Maddalena de Coigny), Mario Sereni (Carlo Gérard); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Reale dell'Opera di Roma, Gabriele Santini - (EMI Classics)
 1976: Plácido Domingo (Andrea Chénier), Renata Scotto (Maddalena de Coigny), Sherrill Milnes (Carlo Gérard); John Alldis Choir, National Philharmonic Orchestra, James Levine - (RCA Victor)
 1984: Luciano Pavarotti (Andrea Chénier), Montserrat Caballé (Maddalena de Coigny), Leo Nucci (Carlo Gérard); Welsh National Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Riccardo Chailly - (Decca)

Reference
The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.

Category:operas

Andrea Chénier


Wake Up to Wogan (WUTW) was the most listened to radio show in the United Kingdom and the flagship breakfast programme broadcast on BBC Radio 2. The show was presented by Sir Terry Wogan who fronted WUTW from 4th January 1993; he had previously presented the breakfast show between 1972 and 1984, but the title WUTW was only added at the start of his second term. On 7 September 2009, Wogan confirmed to his listeners that he would be leaving the show at the end of the year, with Chris Evans taking over the breakfast show from the 11th January 2010. The final show was broadcast on 18 December 2009. Regular stand-in presenter Johnnie Walker would become interim host of the breakfast show for the three week period between Wogan's departure and Evans'.

References

Category:Radio programs

Wake Up to Wogan


McLeod County is a county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of 2010, 36,651 people lived there. The county seat is Glencoe.

Category:Minnesota counties

McLeod County, Minnesota


Franklin County is a county in Washington in the United States. The county seat is Pasco. 78,163 people lived there at the 2010 census.

Category:19th-century establishments in Washington (state)
Category:1883 establishments in the United States
Category:Washington (state) counties

Franklin County, Washington


Sense District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Tafers.

These municipalities are in the district:

Category:Districts of Fribourg

Sense (district)


Quarantine is where animals, people or an area of land are isolated to prevent the spread of disease or pests. Countries often stop animals and plants from being brought in from elsewhere, unless they are known not to carry a disease.

Category:Infectious diseases
Category:Security
Category:History of medicine

Quarantine


Norfolk Island (Norfuk: Norfuk Ailen) is a territory of Australia. It is in the South Pacific Ocean between Australia, New Zealand, and New Caledonia. It was one of the first British settlements in the Pacific. Twice it was used as a penal colony. People from Pitcairn Island were moved to Norfolk Island. It is now a popular place for holidays.

Norfolk Island is a small volcanic island. Its size is about  by . It is about  northeast of Sydney, and  north of Auckland. Most of the island is  above the level of the sea. There are two high points on the island about  above sea level. South of Norfolk are two smaller islands, Nepean Island and Phillip Island.

Discovery

Prehistory
The first people to visit Norfolk Island were probably from New Zealand. The first European settlers found parts of a canoe and stone axes. Later work by archaeologists in 1995, found the remains of a house in the sand dunes at Emily Bay. It was lived in from about 1200 AD to about 1600 AD. Scientists do not know why the people left the island.

Captain Cook
Norfolk Island was first discovered by Captain James Cook on October 10, 1774. He was on his second trip around the world in his ship, the Resolution. He landed on the island which was uninhabited (there was no one living there). He found a flax plant (Phormium tenax) and large trees, now called Norfolk Island Pines (Araucaria heterophylla). He thought the flax could be used to make cloth for ship sails and the pine trees would make good masts for ships. He used one of the trees to make a new top mast for the Resolution. Cook wrote about the island in his book, A Voyage towards the South Pole, printed in London in 1777.

The British government sent Captain Arthur Phillip with the First Fleet to start a penal colony in Australia in 1788. He was told start a small settlement on Norfolk Island as soon as possible to stop other European countries from claiming the island. The French ships, L'Astrolabe and La Boussole, commanded by La Pérouse, visited the island in early 1778. They could not land because the waves were too big and rough. La Pérouse thought the island was only suitable for "angels and eagles".

First settlement 1788 - 1814
The first European settlers on Norfolk Island arrived on March 3, 1788. After two days looking around the island, the settlers landed at Emily Bay, part of Sydney Bay, on March 6. This day is now celebrated as "Foundation Day". They had come on the HMS Supply, from the new settlement at Sydney, New South Wales. Philip Gidley King was in charge of a small group of 21 people, including 15 convicts, (9 men and 6 women). The convicts were to be people of the best character and included Richard Widdicombe aged 72, and Charles McLennan aged 16. The settlers were:
James Cunningham - master's mate from HMS Sirius
Thomas Jamison - surgeon's mate from HMS Sirius
John Turnpenny Altree - surgeon's assistant
Roger Morley - sailor from HMS Sirius
William Westbrook - sailor from HMS Sirius
Charles Heritage - marine
John Batchelor - marine

During the first year of the settlement, which was also called Sydney, more convicts and soldiers were sent from New South Wales. A second village was started at Ball Bay, named after the captain of HMS Supply, Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball. On January 8, 1789, the first child was born, Norfolk King, the son of Philip Gidley King and a convict, Ann Inett.

HMS Sirius wrecked
In March 1790, Governor Arthur Phillip decided to send King to England with important messages about the settlements in Australia. Phillip sent Major Robert Ross, in charge of the soldiers at Sydney, to Norfolk Island to take over from King. Food was running out in Sydney, so Phillip also sent two companies of soldiers, five free women and children, 183 convicts and 27 children of convicts. Phillip hoped there would be more food on Norfolk Island. They were sent on two ships, HMS Sirius and HMS Supply.

On March 19, HMS Sirius, smashed into one of the reefs in Sydney Bay, Norfolk Island. No one was hurt, and Captain John Hunter was able to get all the people and most of the supplies safely to land.

HMS Supply went back to Sydney, and Major Ross was left with over 500 people on the island. He quickly did things to make sure there would be enough food. Anyone taking food, or killing animals for food, without his permission, would be hanged. They were saved from starvation by the annual arrival of a sea bird, a petrel (Pterodroma melanopus), which nested in holes in the ground. Between 2000-3000 birds were killed for food every night. They were also able to eat their eggs. They called the petrel the "Bird of Providence", because they thought God must have sent the bird to save them. People also ate the tops of the palm trees. In August, two ships arrived, the Justinian and the Surprize, which brought more food and 200 more convicts.

King returns
King got back to Norfolk Island in November 1791, and Ross went back to Sydney. More convicts were sent to the island, and by September 1792 there were 1,115 people living there. King started building another landing place at Cascade Bay, which meant ships had a choice, depending on which way the wind was blowing. The convicts had difficulty in making things from the flax plants. Two Maori men were captured in New Zealand and taken to Norfolk to teach the convicts how to use the flax. The two men, Hoodoo and Toogee, did not know much about flax; in New Zealand this was a task done by the women. King had the men taken back to New Zealand six months later.

By 1796,  had been cleared of trees and crops planted. These crops included maize, wheat, potatoes, sugar cane, bananas, guavas, lemons, apples and coffee. Farms animals included 12 cattle, 6 horses, 12 donkeys, 374 sheep, 772 goats and 14,624 pigs. There were two schools and an orphanage for little girls. King had been in poor health and went back to Sydney, and Captain Townson, from the New South Wales Corps, became the new Lieutenant-Governor.

End of the settlement
Lieutenant governors of the first settlement:
6 March 1788–24 March 1790: Lieutenant Philip Gidley King (1758–1808)
24 March 1790–Nov 1791: Major Robert Ross (c.1740–1794)
4 November 1791–Oct 1796: Lieutenant Philip Gidley King
October 1796–Nov 1799: Captain John Townson (1760–1835)
November 1799–Jul 1800: Captain Thomas Rowley (c.1748–1806)
26 June 1800–9 September 1804: Major Joseph Foveaux (1765–1846)
9 September 1804–January 1810: Lieutenant John Piper (1773–1851)
January 1810–15 February 1813: Lieutenant Thomas Crane (caretaker)
15 February 1813–15 February 1814: Superintendent William Hutchinson
When Joseph Foveaux arrived as Lieutenant Governor in 1800, he found the settlement quite run down. Not much had been done to keep it in good condition for four years. He began fixing buildings and other public works and tried to improve education.

In 1794, King suggested closing Norfolk Island as a penal colony. It was too far away from New South Wales, it was hard for ships to land there, and it cost too much to keep it going. In 1803, the Secretary of State, Lord Hobart, called for the moving everyone to Van Diemen's Land, because of the cost and the difficulties of travel between Norfolk Island and Sydney. The settlers did not want to move, they had worked hard to clear the land and set up their farms. They wanted the government to pay them for having to move. King, now Governor of New South Wales, did not want everyone moved, he thought it would make a good prison for bad convicts from New South Wales. It could also be a place to supply whaling ships, or grow coffee.

The British government decided to close down the island. The first group of 159 people left for Van Diemen's Land in February 1805, mainly convicts and their families, and the soldiers. Between November 1807 and September 1808, most of the people were moved. By March 1810 there were only 117 left. In 1813 the last settlers were taken to Van Diemens's Land, the soldiers were taken to Sydney. The British government did not want another country to be able to settle on the island so a small group stayed behind to kill all the animals that were left and destroy all buildings. In February 1814, the last people left on the ship, "Kangaroo". Only a few wild pigs and goats were left.

Second settlement 1825-1854
In 1825 the British government decided to set up a new convict prison on Norfolk Island. This was to be a prison for convicts from New South Wales who continued to break the law. The Governor of New South Wales, Sir Thomas Brisbane wanted it to be place from which there would be no return. It was to be the worst punishment short of death. Many of the convicts were lashed with a nine tailed whip. This could be as many as 300 lashes at one time, and many had been lashed over 1000 times. Because it was to be a prison, there were no free settlers allowed on the island, and there were no women prisoners. Only government ships, or ships in distress, were allowed to land at the island.

Third settlement 1856
After the prison was closed, the British government gave the island to the people from Pitcairn Island. Pitcairn, with only 30 hectares of land suitable for farming, could no longer cope with a large population. All 194 people were moved to Norfolk in 1856. These people were descendants of the mutineers from HMS Bounty. They arrived on the island on 8 June 1856, and the anniversary is celebrated every year as Bounty Day.

Climate
Norfolk Island has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification).

Images

Related pages
 Pitcairn
 Mutiny on the Bounty

References

Category:Pacific islands
Category:Commonwealth dependent states
Category:Islands of Australia
Category:1979 establishments in Australia

Norfolk Island


Avatar: The Last Airbender—The Burning Earth (in Europe known as Avatar: The Legend of Aang—The Burning Earth) is a video game for Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation 2, Nintendo DS, Game Boy Advance, and based on the animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender. It was one of the last games released for the Game Boy Advance in North America. The game was followed by a sequel, Avatar: Into the Inferno, around a year later.

The Xbox 360 version of the game is notorious among 360 gamers as the easiest game to earn 1000/1000 achievement points, which can be done in less than a minute.

Synopsis

The game is the sequel of Avatar: The Last Airbender series, which is about the war the Fire Nation started. As the Avatar, Aang has to master all four elements and stop the Fire Nation from destroying the Earth Kingdom, just as they did with the Air Nomads. Experience for first time in the Avatar games the bending of all four elements, playing as Aang, Sokka, Katara, Toph, Zuko, Iroh, Jet and even Appa and Momo. The game is based on the second season of Avatar: The Last Airbender.

Features

Unlike Avatar: The Last Airbender, Avatar: The Last Airbender - The Burning Earth features a multiplayer mode. In each stage, two characters can explore the area. Animal allies, Momo and Appa, appear in special "dramatic air battles." Players can also use all four bending styles. Another feature is Aang's ability to go into the Avatar State and unleash its power on enemies.

Playable Characters and Bosses

Playable Characters

 Aang
 Katara
 Sokka
 Toph
 Zuko
 Iroh
Jet (Console versions only)
Momo
Appa

Bosses (In order of appearance)

 General Fong
 The Governor
 Swamp Monster
 Toph
 Xin Fu
 Air Battle against Azula, Mai and Ty Lee
 Wan Shi Tong
 Long Feng
 Double Battle against Azula and Zuko
Bosses in DS version
 General Fong
 The Governor
 The Swamp Monster
 Xin Fu
 Long Feng & Dai Li Agents
 Princess Azula

Bosses in GBA version

 Toph
 Azula
 Long Feng
 Big Wang

Goofs

 Zuko's in-game character icon shows the scar over his right eye, rather than his left, when Zuko is Player 2.

Xbox 360 Achievements controversy

The Xbox 360 version of the game is derided as the easiest game to earn all achievements and Gamerscore among all titles released for the platform. The game features just five achievements, and all 1000 Gamerscore can be easily earned in just 59 seconds in the first level of the game. The publisher of the game was interviewed by MTV.com game blogger Tracey John, regarding the easiness of the achievements, and stated that they were simply created with kids in mind.

Laura Massey referred to the controversy while watching a trailer during Microsoft's Kinect reveal at E3 in 2010.

Notes

References

Other websites
 Official Site
 GameSpot.com: Avatar: The Burning Earth
 NintendoWorldReport.com: Avatar: The Burning earth Preview
 Ign.com: Avatar: The Burning Earth
 Xbox360-Achievements

Category:2007 video games
Category:Game Boy Advance games
Category:Nintendo DS games
Category:PlayStation 2 games
Category:Wii games
Category:Xbox 360 games
Burning Earth
Category:THQ games


DeKalb County is a county located in the state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 105,160. Its county seat is Sycamore.

DeKalb County is part of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area.

References

Category:Illinois counties

DeKalb County, Illinois


David Griffin (born 19 July 1943) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles in the British sitcoms Hi-de-Hi! and Keeping Up Appearances.

Other websites
 David Griffin on IMDb

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people

David Griffin


The United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees is an international agreement that defines who is a refugee. It lists the rights of people who are granted asylum (allowed to live in another country because it is not safe to live in their home country).  It also lists the responsibilities of countries that give asylum to refugees.

The Convention also says which people are not seen as refugees, like war criminals.

History

The Convention was approved at a special United Nations conference on 28 July 1951. At first, it only talked about protecting European refugees after World War II. There were limits on how long the Convention would last, and who it protected.

But in 1967, a "protocol" (change) to the Convention took away these limits. This protocol made the Convention apply to all refugees.

Because the convention was approved in Geneva, it is often called "the Geneva Convention." But it is not one of the more well-known Geneva Conventions that talk about what kind of behavior is allowed during wars.

Denmark was the first state to ratify (agree to) the treaty, on 4 December 1952. Today, 147 countries have agreed to the Convention, the Protocol, or both. (See the map on this page.)

Chapter I. Definition of a Refugee

Chapter 1 is made up of Articles from 1 to 11. Article 1 of the Convention (as updated) by the 1967 Protocol, gives the definition of a refugee:
"A person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside the country of his former habitual residence as a result of such events, is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.."

This means a refugee is someone who is had to leave their home country because, if they stayed, they would be persecuted (treated badly) because of:
 Their race;
 Their religion;
 Their nationality (what country they were born in);
 Being in a certain social group; or
 Having political beliefs that their government did not like

Chapter II. Juridical Status
Chapter II is made up of Articles 12 to 16. These talk about:
 People's right to property (things they own)
 People's right to freedom of association (the freedom to be part of any social group or political party they want to be)
 Refugees' rights to be able to use the courts

Chapter III. Gainful Employment
Chapter III talks about people's rights to work:
 Article 17 says everyone has the right to "wage-earning employment" (the right to work for pay)
 Article 18 says people also have the right to "self-employment"
 Article 19 says refugees have the right to "liberal professions"

Chapter IV. Welfare
Chapter IV talks about refugees' rights to:
 Rationing (being given food) (Article 20)
 A place to live (Article 21)
 Public relief (Article 23)
 Good working conditions and social security (Article 24)

Chapter V. Administrative Measure
Chapter V is made of Articles 25 to 34. These articles talk about the refugees' legal rights:
 Article 31 says that a refugee who has entered a country illegally should not be punished, if the refugee did this to escape from a threat to his life or freedom
 Article 32 says that a country must not make any refugee leave the country just because of national security or public order. The country would have to have a specific reason to make that refugee leave the country.
 Article 33 talks about "Prohibition of expulsion or return" (called "refoulement" in French). That means no country can make a refugee leave or send them back to their home country, if in their home country their life or freedom would be in danger.
 Article 34 says that when a country takes refugees in, the country has to do everything it can to help the refugees assimilate and become naturalised (change their nationality to their new country).

References

Related pages
International human rights law
Refugee
United Nations
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

Other websites

 1951 to Today (UNHCR)
 Full text of the Convention (UNHCHR)
 States Parties to the Convention and Protocol (UNHCR)

Category:1950s treaties
Category:Human rights
Category:History of the United Nations
Category:Migration laws
Category:20th century in Geneva
Category:1951
Category:1967
Category:1960s treaties


The  (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), previously published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a popular encyclopaedia. It is written in British English. It was originally only printed on paper, but late in the 20th century it expanded to have digital, or computer versions as well. Since 2010, it is out of print in paper versions. The encyclopaedia is split into many books. The articles in the books are arranged in alphabetical order. There have been versions of it that are for children as well. It is the largest printed encyclopaedia in English, and the second largest encyclopaedia. The largest is Wikipedia. Many people consider it to be the best encyclopaedia, because they think it is accurate and has lots of detail.

The encyclopaedia was once very small, the first edition in 1768 only had 3 books. Slowly it became bigger. The last edition, the 15th, started in 1974, has 29 books, plus two indexes. It includes an extra book called Propædia, to classify knowledge. The 29 books and made up of a Macropædia and a Micropædia. The Macropædia is a larger one, with more detailed articles that can be as long as 300 pages, made up of 17 books, while the Micropædia is the smaller one with many much shorter articles that are usually less than 750 words. The Micropædia is used for fast-checking, but for more detailed information, people have to use the Macropædia. Each book is very big, more than 1,000 pages per book. Every year, an update book was published. The last yearbook was for 2018, published in 2017.

In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer publish printed editions, and would focus instead on Encyclopædia Britannica Online.

The articles in the Britannica are for educated adults, not for children, and written by about 100 full-time editors and over 4,000 expert contributors. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia now. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland and grew very popular, with its third edition in 1801 comprising of 21 books.

The size of the Britannica is almost the same since the 1930s, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. The encyclopaedia was once owned by British people. In the 20th century it was American-owned, but it is still written in British English. Over time, the encyclopaedia has had difficulties trying to earn money, which almost every encyclopaedia is facing.

History
Many different people have owned the Britannica. They include Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is owned by Jacqui Safra, a Swiss billionaire and actor. Information technology has become better and more electronic encyclopaedias such as Microsoft Encarta and Wikipedia have made people not want to buy encyclopaedias in print anymore. So that it still can survive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has kept on telling people that the Britannica is good and accurate, made the encyclopaedia cheaper, and made electronic versions on CD-ROM, DVD and the World Wide Web. Since the early 1930s, the company has also promoted spin-off reference works.

Editions

There are 15 official editions of the encyclopaedia, with some extensions to the 3rd and 5th editions (see the Table below). Actually, one can say that the 10th edition was only an extension to the 9th edition, and the 12th and 13th editions were extensions to the 11th edition. The 15th edition was reorganised in 1985, and the updated, current version is the 15th edition.

Through the encyclopaedia's history, the Britannica wanted to be an excellent reference book and to provide learning materials for those who want to study. In 1974, the 15th edition had a third wish: to put together all that everyone knows. The history of the Britannica can be divided into five main eras, or lengths of time.

First era
In its first years (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the Britannica was controlled by the people who first wrote it, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, and by their friends and relations, such as Thomas Bonar, George Gleig and Archibald Constable. The Britannica was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, a city in Scotland, called the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan. It was written to replace the French Encyclopédie. Its logo, which is the floral emblem of Scotland, shows that the Britannica was a Scottish business. The encyclopaedia being created is one of the most famous events that happened in the time when Scotland started inventing many things, or the Age of Enlightenment.  The Britannica started as three-book set ( in the 1st edition) written by one young editor—William Smellie— Many people said that the first edition of the encyclopaedia was very inaccurate, and had many problems in it. Slowly, the Britannica changed, in the first era, to a 20-book set written by many people. Although a few other encyclopaedias had been fighting with the Britannica, such as Rees's Cyclopaedia and Coleridge's Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, these encyclopedias either went bankrupt or were not finished because the people writing them argued. When the first era was almost over, the Britannica had many people helping to write it, all having different types of skills. The encyclopaedia managed to get so many people by inviting their friends to help.

Second era

In the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the Britannica was owned by the Edinburgh company, A & C Black. Although some of the people who helped write the Britannica helped because they were friends of the most important editors, many other people wanted to help the Britannica because it was becoming very successful. These people came from many other countries, and some of them were very famous for the things they wrote about. An index of all the articles was written to add to the 7th edition of the encyclopaedia, and they continued to make an index until 1974. The first English chief editor was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who led the making of the famous 9th edition, which is also called the "Scholar's Edition". The 9th edition is considered to be the Britannica most meant for students ever written. However, at the end of the 19th century, the 9th edition was already too old and the Britannica had many financial problems.

Third era

In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the Britannica was owned by American people, who started to advertise a lot to earn more money. The American owners also slowly made the Britannica's articles simpler, so it could serve more people. The 11th edition is said by many people to be the best edition of the encyclopedia. Its owner, Horace Hooper, worked extremely hard to make the 11th edition perfect.  When Hooper had financial problems, the Britannica was managed by Sears Roebuck for about 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, owned the Britannica.

In 1936, he started to continuously revise the encyclopaedia often (still done so today), in which every article is checked at least two times every ten years. This was a big difference from before, when the articles were not changed until they wrote a new edition, about every 25 years, with some articles used again without revising them. He also quickly made some educational products which made the encyclopedia even more well known by everyone. In 1943, William Benton managed the Britannica until his death in 1973. Benton also set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until 1996. In 1968, near the end of this era, the Britannica celebrated its 200-year anniversary, and in 2014 published the last printed edition.

The Encyclopaedia Now

2007 print version
Since 1985, the Britannica has had four parts: the Micropædia, the Macropædia, the Propædia, and a two-book index. The Britannicas articles are found in the Micropædia and Macropædia, which contain 12 and 17 books, respectively, each book having about one thousand pages. The 2007 Macropædia has 699 detailed articles, which can be as short as 2 pages and as long as 310 pages, and having references and named writers. The 2007 Micropædia has about 65,000 articles, and about 97% contain less than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The Micropædia articles are supposed to be for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more information in the Macropædia. The Macropædia articles are supposed to be well-written articles on their subjects and articles of information where you cannot find anywhere else. The longest article (310 pages) is on the United States, and came from putting the articles on the individual states together.

Information can be found in the Britannica by following the notes telling where people can find more information in the Micropædia and Macropædia; but there are very little of this, with about only one of this every page. So, readers are asked to try to use the indexes or the Propædia, which organises what is in the Britannica volumes by topic.

The use of the Propædia is its "Outline of Knowledge," which wants to organise all of everything people know. The Outline is thought through by the Britannica'''s editors to decide which articles should be included in the Micropædia and Macropædia. The Outline is also intended to be a study guide, and to tell a student who wants to learn a topic in depth what articles to use. However, libraries say that very few people use it, and reviewers recommend the encyclopedias to not print it anymore. The Propædia also has diagrams printed on transparent paper of big topics and a section which lists the people working together to make the encyclopaedia.

Altogether, the Micropædia and Macropædia have about 40 million words and 24,000 pictures. The index has 2,350 pages, which lists all the 228,274 topics written about in the Britannica,. The Britannica uses the British spellings and not American spellings. For example, it uses colour (not color), centre (not center), and encyclopaedia (not encyclopedia). However, this rule is not always followed, for example defense and not defence. The other spellings of the word is sometimes shown with a link, for example "Color: see Colour."

Since 1936, the articles of the Britannica have been revised often, with about 10% of the articles brought to be re-written each year. One Britannica website said in 2007 that 46% of the articles were revised in the past three years; but another Britannica web-site says only 35% of the articles were revised.

The way the articles are arranged (in alphabet order) in the Micropædia and Macropædia is very accurate. Non-English letters are ignored and articles with numbers such as "War of 1812" are arranged as if the number had been written out ("War of Eighteen-twelve"). If the articles have the same names, articles about persons go first, then by places, then by things. People with the same names are arranged first alphabetically by country and then by their time. Similarly, places that have the same names are arranged by alphabet by the country they are in.

 Other Britannicas
 Printed
There are a few smaller versions of the Britannica encyclopedias. The Britannica Concise Encyclopædia, written in one book, has 28,000 shorter articles. Compton's by Britannica, published in 2007, with the old Compton's Encyclopedia, in it is written for teenagers who are 10–17 years old and has 26 books and 11,000 pages in it. A Children's Britannica was published by the company in 1960; this was edited by John Armitage and written for His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; the writers were almost all British.   Other books are My First Britannica, written for children who are six to twelve years old, and the Britannica Discovery Library, written for children who are three to six years old (issued in 1974 to 1991). Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published a Book of the Year every year, with information about the past year's events, which is written online since the 1994 edition (with the events of 1993). The company also publishes a few books on special topics, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard (Wiley, 2006).

 Electronic
The Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2006 DVD contains over 55 million words and over 100,000 articles. It includes 73,645 Britannica articles, with the other articles from the Britannica Student Encyclopædia, the Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia and the Britannica Book of the Years (1993–2004), plus a few old articles from old editions of the encyclopaedia. The whole DVD also includes other bonus tools including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also has study tools and a dictionary and thesaurus from Merriam-Webster.Encyclopædia Britannica Online is a web site with more than 120,000 articles and is updated often. It has features, updates and links to news reports from The New York Times and the BBC every day. People need to pay to use the website. Special discounts are given to schools, colleges and libraries since these big groups of people are important in Britannica's business. Articles can be read online for free, but only the first few sentences can be seen. Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica let people read the articles for free if they are linked to another website, since these links let the articles appear more often and easily in search engines.

On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. said that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to make an encyclopaedia in phones. Users can send a question by text message, and AskMeNow will search Britannicas 28,000-article encyclopaedia to answer the user.

An idea to use a wiki-Britannica was announced on the June 3, 2008. A lot of people will be involved, with the Britannica staff editing important parts. Wired Blog

Related pages
 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
 Macropædia, Micropædia, Propædia

 Further reading

 Lee, Timothy. Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz, Techdirt.com, June 2, 2008

 References

 Other websites

 Encyclopædia Britannica Online. The official website.

Historical articles
 "Encyclopaedia Britannica". In Encyclopaedia Britannica Online.
 1768–2005:l'aventure Britannica. History of the Britannica, from the French Britannica site.
 Vintage Britannica or "Evolving Knowledge". Excerpts on various topics drawn from various Britannica editions.

Earlier editions (in the public domain in the U.S.A.)
 Preface to the 1st edition of the Britannica, by William Smellie.
 The article "History" in the 3rd edition of the Britannica.
 Articles and illustrations from the 9th and 10th editions of the Britannica.
 Scanned version of the 11th edition of the Britannica.
 Text version of the 11th edition of the Britannica. (Partial)
 James Mill's essay on "Government", from the Supplement to the 5th edition of the Britannica (1820).

Recent events
 Technical aspects of the Britannica's online and CD/DVD-ROM editions.
 Britannica disagrees with Wikipedia comparison study.
 To wire or not to wire? Encyclopædia Britannica vs. Microsoft Encarta
A comparison of the two encyclopedias by Panagiota Alevizou, published in the Educational Technology & Society journal.
 Encyclopaedia Britannica To Follow Modified Wikipedia Model | Epicenter from Wired.com

Business history
 "Dusting off the Britannica". Article from BusinessWeek magazine (1997).
 "Death of a salesforce". Article from Salon (1996).
 "The Work of the Encyclopedia in the Age of Electronic Reproduction". Article by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang in First Monday''.
 The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica Kellogg School of Management.

Britannica

Encyclopædia Britannica


AutoHotkey is a free, open-source scripting language for Microsoft Windows. It allows users to create keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys, fast macro-creation and software automation. It allows users to automate repetitive tasks in any Windows application. User interfaces can be extended or modified by AutoHotkey. For example, replacing the Windows control key commands with their Emacs equivalents. The AutoHotkey installation includes a help file. Documentation is available on the internet.

Features
AutoHotkey scripts can be used to load programs, open documents, and issue keystrokes and mouse clicks.

AutoHotkey scripts can also change variables and manipulate windows, files, and folders.

AutoHotkey scripts can be started by a hotkey. When the user presses a combination of keys, such as  on the keyboard, a script could open a web browser.

Keyboard keys can be remapped, such that pressing  might result in the active window receiving an en dash (–). The same keys could be disabled, such that pressing  might result in nothing happening at all.

AutoHotkey also allows for 'hotstrings' that will automatically replace certain text as it is typed. A typical use for hotstrings is expanding abbreviations. Typing "btw" could be made to produce the text "by the way".

Scripts can be started automatically when the computer starts. These could run in the background and could be used to write information to a logfile.

More complex tasks can be making custom data entry forms (GUI windows), working with the system registry, or using the Windows API by calling functions from DLLs. The scripts can be compiled into an executable file that can be run on other computers that do not have AutoHotkey installed.

The source code is in C++ and can be compiled with Visual Studio Express.

Memory access through pointers is allowed just as in C.

Some uses for AutoHotkey:
 Remapping the keyboard, such as from QWERTY to Dvorak or other alternative keyboard layouts.
 Using shortcuts to fill in frequently-used file names or other phrases.
 Typing punctuation not provided on the keyboard, such as curved quotes (“…”).
 Controlling the mouse cursor with a keyboard or joystick.
 Opening programs, documents, and websites with simple keystrokes.
 Adding a signature to e-mail or message boards.
 Monitoring a system and automatically closing unwanted programs.
 Scheduling an automatic reminder, system scan, or backup.
 Automating repetitive tasks.
 Filling out contest and freebie forms automatically (it could type in your name, address, and so on, automatically).
 Prototyping before implementing in another, more time consuming, programming language.

History
The first public beta of AutoHotkey was released on November 10, 2003. It was  based on the syntax on AutoIt v2. It used some AutoIt v3 commands and the AutoIt v3 compiler. AutoIt v3 changed its license from GPL to closed source because of "other projects repeatedly taking AutoIt code" and "setting themselves up as competitors."

In 2010, AutoHotkey v1.1 (originally called AutoHotkey_L) became the platform for ongoing development of AutoHotkey. In late 2012, it became the official branch.

Examples
The following script will allow a user to search for a particular word or phrase using Google. After copying text from any application to the clipboard, pressing the configurable hotkey  will open the user's default web browser and perform the search.

#g::Run http://www.google.com/search?q=%clipboard%

The following script defines a hotstring that enables the user to type "afaik" in any program and have it automatically replaced with "as far as I know":

::afaik::as far as I know

The example below makes  replace selected text in an editor with a quoted version of that text. It illustrates the use of functions, arguments and default argument values. ^+q::QuoteSelection()  ; Ctrl+Shift+Q

QuoteSelection()
{
	selection := GetSelection()  ; Get selected text.
	PasteText(Quote(selection))  ; Quote the text and paste it back.
}

GetSelection(timeoutSeconds := 0.5)
{
	Clipboard := ""  ; Clear clipboard for ClipWait to function.
	Send ^c  ; Send Ctrl+C to get selection on clipboard.
	ClipWait %timeoutSeconds% ; Wait for the copied text to arrive at the clipboard.
	return Clipboard
}

PasteText(s)
{
	Clipboard := s  ; Put the text on the clipboard.
	Send ^v  ; Paste the text with Ctrl+V.
}

Quote(s)
{
	return """" . s . """"
}

User-contributed features
There are extensions/interops/inline script libraries available for usage with/from other programming languages:
 VB/C# (.NET)
 Lua
 Lisp
 ECL
 VBScript/JScript (Windows Scripting Host)
 Embedded machine code

Other major plugins enable support for:
 Aspect-oriented programming
 Function hooks
 COM wrappers
 Console interaction
 Dynamic code generation
 HIDs
Internet Explorer automation
GUI creation
Web services
 Synthetic programming
 Windows event hooks

Malware
Some malware has been written using AutoHotkey.

Anti-malware products sometimes falsely identify AutoHotkey scripts as malware. These are called false positives.

See also

 AutoIt (for Windows)
 KiXtart (for Windows)
 Winbatch (for Windows)
 Macro Express (for Windows)
 Bookmarklet (for web browsers)
 iMacros (for Firefox, Chrome, and Internet Explorer)
 AutoKey (for Linux)
 Automator (for Macintosh)
 Keyboard Maestro (for Macintosh)

References

Other websites

AutoHotkey Foundation LLC

Category:Microsoft Windows software
Category:Programming languages

AutoHotkey


__NOTOC__
Year 1077 (MLXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 By area

 Africa
 The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain.

 Asia
 The Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea and Jerusalem.
 Suleyman I of Rûm becomes the leader of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm in modern Turkey.
 Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes, as a Seljuk vassal, leader of the Khwarezmid Empire.

 Europe
 January 26 – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.
 January 28 – Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.
 April 3
 The first Parliament of Friuli is created.
 Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia.
 Robert Curthose starts his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror, in Normandy.
 The kingdom of Duklja is founded.
 The first recorded Trial by combat is held in England.
 Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'.
 Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Coria.
 Pope Gregory VII places the island of Corsica under the secular rule of the archbishop of Pisa.
 Hugh of Burgundy supports the king of Aragon in his conquest of the castle of Muñones from the emir of Zaragossa.

 By topic

 Arts
 The Bayeux Tapestry is made.

 Religion
 The first English Cluniac Benedictine priory is established, at Lewes.
 Paul of Caen becomes Abbot of St Albans in England; the building of St Albans Abbey Church commences.
 Pope Christodolos of Alexandria ends his reign as Coptic Pope.
 Dionysius V Lazaros becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.

Births
 Joseph ibn Migash, rabbi (d. 1141)

Deaths
 April 25 – Geza I of Hungary
 Agnes de Poitou, wife of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor and regent (b. 1020)
 King Anawrahta of Burma (b. 1044)
 Abolfazl Beyhaghi, Persian historian and writer (b. 995)
 Shao Yong, Chinese philosopher, cosmologist, poet and historian (b. 1011)
 Zhang Zai, Chinese Neo-Confucian moral philosopher and cosmologist (b. 1020)

References

1077


The Class 172 is a  diesel multiple unit (DMU) of the Turbostar family similar to the Class 168, Class 170 and Class 171.

References

Category:Bombardier multiple units
172
Category:London Overground
Category:Future British rail vehicles

British Rail Class 172


The House of La Tour d'Auvergne was a French noble family. They had great power and wealth during the 17th and 18th century in France. The family claimed to rule the Duchy of Bouillon from the year of 1456. The duchy was later ceded to France on 26 October 1795. The family had apartments at the Palace of Versailles and a grand townhouse in Paris (now destroyed). The family were notoriously arrogant. They schemed to marry their children well. They tried to gain favour with the royal family of the time. The duchy came into the family through the marriage of Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne to Charlotte de La Marck who was a duchess in her own right. The family also claimed to be the sovereign rulers of the Principality of Sedan. The family used several lesser titles such as titles of Duke of Albret and Duke of Château-Thierry from 1651. They held the rank of "Foreign Princes" at Versailles. As such, they were entitled to use the style of "Highness".

Dukes of Bouillon

The dukes were usually addressed by the style of Serene Highness.

 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1555-1623)
 Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (1605-1652)
 Godefroy Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne (1636-1721)
 Emmanuel-Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne (1668-1730)
 Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne (1706-1771)
 Godefroy Charles Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne (1728-1792)
 Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne (1746-1802)

Jacques Léopold was the last Duke of Bouillon, and following the Napoleonic Wars the duchy was absorbed into the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

Notable members and relations

Catherine de' Medici was the daughter of a La Tour d'Auvergne.
Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, Vicomte de Turenne (1611-1675), Marshal of France, younger brother of the second Duke of Bouillon.
Marie Charlotte de La Tour d'Auvergne the Princess of Beauvau by marriage and painted by Jean Marc Nattier.
Emmanuel Théodose de La Tour d'Auvergne  known as the Cardinal de Bouillon and a famous religious figure of his time.
Louis Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne known as the Count of Évreux, who also built the Hôtel d'Évreux in Paris the official residence of the President of the French Republic.

Category:French nobility

La Tour d'Auvergne


The Royal Rumble 2000 was the 22nd Royal Rumble, which Dwayne Johnson (better known as "The Rock") won. At the end of the rumble, The Rock and The Big Show were left. Big Show was about to throw The Rock out, but then Rock reversed the move and threw the Big Show out to win. Big Show proved that The Rock hit the ground first however it could not be arranged again because WrestleMania was in one month, so the Rock remained as the winner. After that, Show hit The Rock because of frustration.

Category:2000 in professional wrestling
Category:Royal Rumble
Category:Sports in New York City
Category:2000s in New York City
Category:2000 in the United States
Category:January events

Royal Rumble (2000)


Fredericksburg is a city in Virginia in the United States. It was important in the American Civil War, because of its location on the Rappahannock River, near the capital of the North (Washington, DC) and the South (Richmond, Virginia). In late 1862 the Battle of Fredericksburg was fought there.

References

Other websites

Category:Cities in Virginia
Category:1720s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Category:1728 establishments
Category:18th-century establishments in Virginia

Fredericksburg, Virginia


Alcobaça is a city in Portugal. It is found in the Leiria District. In 2011, 56,693 people lived there.

Category:Cities in Portugal

Alcobaça, Portugal


The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (also just called the Teamsters) is an American labor union of truck drivers.  With over 1.4 million members, it is one of the largest unions in the United States.

History
The Teamsters was founded in 1903, when most packages and other goods were delivered by a team of horses or oxen.

Category:Unions
Category:1903 establishments in the United States

Teamsters


Steven J. "Steve" Morse is an American rock guitarist and songwriter. He was born on July 28, 1954 in Hamilton, Ohio. He began by starting the band Dixie Dregs in 1975. They played southern rock music. He is most famous for being the guitarist in the band Deep Purple. He was also a member of Kansas for a while. He has had a successful solo career.

He plays rock, country, classical and jazz fusion styles of music.

Discography

With Dixie Dregs

1975 The Great Spectacular (Formally released in 1997)
1977 Free Fall
1978 What If
1979 Night Of The Living Dregs1980 Dregs Of The Earth1981 Unsung Heroes1982 Industry Standard1989 Divided We Stand1992 Bring 'Em Back Alive1994 Full Circle1997 King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents - The Dregs 19792000 California Screamin2002 20th Century Masters: The Best Of The Dixie Dregs2002 Sects, Dregs & Rock 'n' RollWith the Steve Morse Band and solo
1984 The Introduction1985 Stand Up1989 High Tension Wires1991 Southern Steel1992 Coast to Coast1995 Structural Damage1996 StressFest2000 Major Impacts2002 Split Decision2004 Major Impacts 22005 Prime Cuts - From Steve Morse's Magna Carta sessions2009 Outstanding in Their FieldWith Deep Purple
1996 Purpendicular1997 Live at the Olympia '961998 Abandon1999 Live at the Royal Albert Hall1999 Total Abandon: Live in Australia2001 Live at the Rotterdam Ahoy2001 The Soundboard Series2003 Bananas2005 Rapture of the Deep2006 Live at Montreux 19962007 They All Came Down to MontreuxWith Kansas
1986 Power1988 In the Spirit of Things1998 King Biscuit Flower Hour Presents Kansas2004 Sail On: The 30th Anniversary CollectionGuest appearances with other artists
1977 Tropical Nights - Liza Minnelli
1980 Schemer-Dreamer - Steve Walsh
1986 Storytime - T Lavitz
1987 Stone From Which The Arch Was Made - Mark O'Connor
1987 Surveillance - Triumph
1988 Southern By The Grace Of God: Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour-1987 - Lynyrd Skynyrd
1988 Love Your Man - The Rossington Collins Band1990 Nashville Rendez-Vous - Marcel Dadi
1991 Fingers Crossing - Marcel Dadi1992 Country Guitar Flavors - Marcel Dadi1992 Lone Ranger - Jeff Watson1993 Coven, Pitrelli, O'Reilly - CPR1994 Thonk - Michael Manring
1995 Carmine Appice's Guitar Zeus2001 Seventh Key - Seventh Key2001 Nylon & Steel - Manuel Barrueco2001 Feeding the Wheel - Jordan Rudess
2002 Camino Latino/Latin Journey - 'Liona Boyd
2004 Rhythm Of Time - Jordan Rudess2003 Living Loud - Living Loud2006 Living Loud-Live - Living Loud2006 Gillan's Inn - Ian Gillan
2007 School of the Arts - School of the Arts (featuring T Lavitz) (Morse contributes acoustic guitar work on 2 tracks, "On Fire" and "Portrait")

Various artist compilations and tributes
1978 Hotels, Motels And Road Shows (Various artists compilation)
1989 Guitar's Practicing Musicians (Various artists compilation)
1991 Guitar's Practicing Musicians Vol. 2 (Various artists compilation)
1991 Guitar Speak III (Various artist compilation)
1992 Rock Guitar Greats (Various artists compilation)
1992 Guitar On The Edge Vol. 2 (Various artist compilation)
1995 Tales From Yesterday (Various artists tribute to Yes)
1996 Crossfire - A Tribute To Stevie Ray (Various artists tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan)
1996 Working Man (Various artists tribute to Rush, Morse plays solos on La Villa Strangiato and Red Barchetta.)
1996 The Carols Of Christmas (Various artist compilation)
1997 The Carols Of Christmas II (Various artist compilation)
1997 Merry Axemas - A Guitar Christmas (Various artist compilation)
1997 Jazz Fusion Vol. 2 (Various artist compilation)
1998 Guitar Battle (Various artist compilation)
1999 Tribute to the Titans (Various artist compilation)
1999 Rock Guitarists Forever Best (Various artist compilation)
2001 Warmth In The Wilderness - A Tribute To Jason Becker (Various artists tribute to Jason Becker)
2002 A Southern Rock Christmas (Various artist compilation)
2004 Classical Heartbreakers (Various artist compilation)
2005 Future of the Blues Vol. 2 (Various artist compilation)
2006 Back Against The Wall (Various artist tribute to Pink Floyd's The Wall)
2006 Visions of an Inner Mounting Apocalypse (Various artist tribute to Mahavishnu Orchestra)
2006 The Royal Dan: A Tribute'' (instrumental guitar tribute to jazz rock band Steely Dan, featuring a different lead guitarist on 10 different songs, Morse plays Bodhisattva)

References

Category:American guitarists
Category:1954 births
Category:Living people

Steve Morse


Malavan Bandar Anzali Football Club () is an Iranian football club based in Bandar-e Anzali, Iran.

Honors
Hazfi Cup
Winners (3): 1976, 1986, 1990
Runner Up (3): 1987, 1988, 1991

Azadegan League
Runner Up (1): 2003

Vahdat Cup (International Tournament hosted by Iran)
Third Place (1): 1981

Regional Construction Cup (International Tournament hosted by Pakistan)
Runner Up (1): 1973

Best non-Tehrani Iranian Football Team: 4: 1973, 1976, 1977, 1989

Iran's representative in Asian Club Championship
(1): 1987

References

Category:Iranian football clubs
Category:1969 establishments in Asia
Category:1960s establishments in Iran

Malavan F.C.


Boveresse was a municipality in the Val-de-Travers district in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Travers.

References

Category:Former municipalities of Neuchâtel

Boveresse


Santo André is a Brazilian city in ABC Region, state of São Paulo. Its population in 2007 was 667,891. Its area is .

Other websites
 Official site of Santo André

Category:Cities in São Paulo (state)

Santo André


The Great Wave off Kanagawa is a woodblock print made by Hokusai.

The art work was printed somewhere between 1830 and 1833 which was during the Edo period. It is the first print in the series, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. It shows a giant wave threatening boats near the Japanese prefecture of Kanagawa. It was made with the ukiyo-e printing technique.

References

Other websites

 Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA), "The Great Wave at Kanagawa"

Category:19th century paintings

The Great Wave off Kanagawa


Caroline Rose Hunt (January 8, 1923 – November 13, 2018) was an American heiress, hotelier and philanthropist.

Biography
At one time the wealthiest woman in the United States. She was known for being the founder of Rosewood Hotels & Resorts, which she founded in 1979. She was born in El Dorado, Arkansas.

Hunt died at her mansion near Dallas on November 13, 2018 from a stroke at the age of 95.

References

Category:1923 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from stroke
Category:American philanthropists
Category:Writers from Arkansas
Category:Business people from Texas
Category:Writers from Dallas, Texas
Category:People from El Dorado, Arkansas

Caroline Rose Hunt


Patricia Hill Collins (born May 1, 1948) is a Distinguished University Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, College Park. Her first book, Black Feminist Thought, was published in 1990. A book Collins wrote with Margaret Andersen called Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology was published in 1992. The sixth edition was published in 2007.

Early life and career
Collins was born in Philadelphia to working-class parents. She became a student at Brandeis University in 1965.
In 1982 Collins started work as an assistant professor at the University of Cincinnati.

References

Category:1948 births
Category:American feminists
Category:Living people

Patricia Hill Collins


Nepal Ratna Girija Prasad Koirala ( ; 4 July 1924 – 20 March 2010), was a Nepalese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal four times, including from 1991 to 1994, 1998 to 1999, 2000 to 2001, and from 2006 to 2008.

He was the Acting Head of State of Nepal between January 2007 and July 2008 as the country became a republic.

References

Category:1924 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:Deaths from asthma
Category:Prime Ministers of Nepal
Category:Presidents of Nepal

Girija Prasad Koirala


International Union of Architects (, or UIA) is an international organization of architects. The organization is based in Paris, France.

Other websites

 UIA website Official website
 About the UIA American Institute of Architects website

Category:France
Category:International organizations
Category:Architecture

International Union of Architects


Eleanor Catton (born 24 September 1985) is a Canadian-New Zealand author. Her second novel, The Luminaries, won the 2013 Man Booker Prize. Catton was born in London, Ontario, Canada and she grew up in Christchurch, New Zealand. Her first novel, The Rehearsal, was released in 2008. Catton is the youngest author to win the Man Booker Prize. The Luminaries is the longest book (832 pages) to win the prize.

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand writers
Category:People from London, Ontario
Category:People from South Island

Eleanor Catton


Luleå Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Luleå.

References

Other websites
 Luleå Municipality

Category:Municipalities of Sweden

Luleå Municipality


Jon Snow (born 28 September 1947) is a British journalist and television presenter. He was born in Ardingly, Sussex. He went to Ardingly College. In 1989 he started presenting Channel 4 News.

Personal life and family
In March 2010 he married Precious Lunga.

His father was George D'Oyly Snow. His grandfather was Thomas D'Oyly Snow. His cousin is Peter Snow.

References

Category:1947 births
Category:Channel 4 presenters
Category:English journalists
Category:English television presenters
Category:Living people
Category:People from Sussex

Jon Snow


Carilda Oliver Labra  (6 July 1922 – 29 August 2018) was a Cuban poet.  She was born in Matanzas.

Oliver Labra studied law at the University of Havana. She was known as one of the most influential Cuban poets.

Oliver Labra won many national and international prizes including the National Poetry Prize (1950), National Literature Award (1997) and the José de Vasconcelos International Prize (2002). Me desordeno, amor, me desordeno might be her most famous poem.

Oliver Labra died of pneumonia in Matanzas on 29 August 2018, aged 96.

References

Category:1922 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Cuban writers
Category:Poets

Carilda Oliver Labra


Orsa Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Orsa.

References

Other websites
 Orsa Municipality

Category:Municipalities of Sweden

Orsa Municipality


Ion Luca Caragiale (1 February 1852, Haimanale, Romania - 9 June 1912, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, poet, theatre director and journalist.

Category:Romanian writers
Category:Romanian journalists
Category:Poets
Category:1852 births
Category:1912 deaths

Ion Luca Caragiale


Ronald William Miller (April 17, 1933 – February 9, 2019) was an American businessman and professional American football player. He was President and CEO of The Walt Disney Company from 1978 to 1984 and was president of the board of directors of the Walt Disney Family Museum.

Miller was the son-in-law of Walt Disney.

Miller played for the Los Angeles Rams in 1956.

Miller died on February 9, 2019 in Los Angeles, California from congestive heart failure, aged 85.

References

Category:1933 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:American chief executives
Category:American football tight ends
Category:American movie producers
Category:Business people from Los Angeles, California
Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure
Category:Disney people
Category:Los Angeles Rams players
Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles, California

Ron W. Miller


Table Football, Table Soccer and Foosball, are regional names of a table-top game based on association football (EUR) or soccer (USA). The name "foosball" comes from the German word for football, "fussball" or "fußball". Both a recreational game and a serious sport, the game can be played by two (singles) or four (doubles) players.

Tables are can be broadly be defined as professional or home-grade. The tables function the same, but just like pool tables, vary widely in features.

Home-grade tables are great for kids and casual players. A professional grade table in a home game room is a sign of a serious player.

Foosball is played world-wide and professional grade tables reflect unique characteristics of their country of origin.

Serious players need the additional ball control, weight and strength the professional-grade products feature to handle four adult players.

Currently the game of Foosball is again expanding in popularity. For serious players there are local, state, regional, national and international tournaments.

.

Other websites
International Table Soccer Federation
Foosball table this year

Category:Football

Table football


Yuva Puraskar prize winning writers in the Tamil language given by India's National Academy of Letters, Sahitya Akademi.

Prize winners

References

Category:Literary awards
Category:Indian awards

List of Yuva Puraskar Winners for Tamil


1873 was a year in the 19th century.

Events
 February 11 – King Amadeus I of Spain abdicates.
 Blue jeans patented.

Births
 Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter (d. 1919)

1873


Buchanan County is the name of three counties in the United States:
 Buchanan County, Iowa
 Buchanan County, Missouri
 Buchanan County, Virginia

Buchanan County


Pygmalion was a sculptor who lived in Cyprus. Women who lived on Cyprus didn't stay virtuous, so Pygmalion decided to live alone and made a  sculpture, Galatea. During the Aphrodite feast, thanks to Pygmalion`s prayers, the sculpture turned into a real person. This was called The Pygmalion effect.

The Pygmalion effect shows that if we want something enough, we'll get it. It is named after the scholar who demonstrated it. It is also called "Rosenthal Effect" and is quoted when we refer to The power of affirmation and The power of praise.

Another example of the Pygmalion effect is in groups. If there are two groups, one group thought that their teacher was "good", the other group thought he was "not good". The teacher treated both groups the same, but the group with a positive expectations had better outcomes than the others; Simply because those with positive expectations made them perform better than other students.

The Pygmalion effect is also an important instrument in management theory. It makes managers be aware, that the success of their employees depends not only on qualification, personal qualities or working environment. Manager always has to believe in his people and expect them to achieve the best results. In such case the subordinates will always feel this trust and demonstrate their best skills and abilities in their work.

Category:Psychology

Pygmalion effect


Gareth Ian Ablett (19 November 1965 – 1 January 2012) was an English professional footballer and manager. He played as a defender. His professional career lasted from 1985 until 2001.

Ablett was born in the Liverpool suburb of Aigburth. He played for Liverpool between 1985 and 1992. With the club, he won two league titles and an FA Cup, winning against Everton in the 1989 final. In 1995, Ablett moved from Liverpool to city rivals Everton. Later that year, he won the FA Cup with Everton. He remains the only played to win an FA Cup with both clubs. He also played for Derby County, Hull City, Sheffield United, Birmingham City, Wycombe Wanderers, Blackpool and the Long Island Rough Riders during his career. He was also a youth team manager for Liverpool and Everton. From 2009 to 2010, he was manager of Stockport County.

On 1 January 2012, Ablett died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Tarleton, Lancashire. He was 46.

Honours
Liverpool
Football League First Division: 1987–88, 1989–90
FA Cup: 1988–89
FA Charity Shield: 1988, 1989, 1990 (shared)

Everton
FA Cup: 1994–95
FA Charity Shield: 1995

References

Other websites

Category:1965 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:Cancer deaths in England
Category:Deaths from non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Category:English footballers
Category:English football managers
Category:Liverpool F.C. players
Category:Sportspeople from Liverpool

Gary Ablett


Well is a small village in Hampshire in between Odiham and Farnham. It is next to Lord Wandsworth College. The local pub is called The Chequers Inn.

Other websites
 The Chequers Inn
 Hampshire Treasures p111 The Old Cottage. Pond House.
 Hampshire Treasures p112 Well Manor Farmhouse.

Category:Villages in England

Well, Hampshire


Crime and Punishment  is a novel by Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky. It was the first great novel of his mature period.

It was first published in the literary journal The Russian Messenger in 12 monthly series in 1866. It was later published in a single volume. It is the second of Dostoevsky's novels, written after he returned from his punishment (exile in Siberia).

Plot
Crime and Punishment is about the troubles of Raskolnikov, a young man living in St. Petersburg. He used to be a student, but he became so poor he had to stop studying. He plans to kill a selfish old pawnbroker for her money, and he acts on his plan. Raskolnikov argues that with her money he can do good things, and that he was simply killing a person who was not worth anything. He also murdered her to test his idea that some people are naturally better than others and have the right to murder. Several times in the novel, Raskolnikov justifies himself by comparing himself to Napoleon, saying that murder is allowed for a higher purpose.

However, after he kills the pawnbroker, questions which he cannot answer and feelings he had not expected terrify him. He feels separated from mankind, nature, and truth. Because of this, he decides at last to confess to the police and accept suffering.

Creation
Dostoevsky began the idea of Crime and Punishment in the summer of 1865. This was after he had gambled away much of his money. Because of this, he could not pay his bills or eat properly. He owed large sums of money to creditors, and was also trying to help the family of his brother Mikhail. Mikhail had died in early 1864. He began writing it under the title The Drunkards. He wanted to write about "the current problem of drunkenness". However, when Dostoevsky began writing about Raskolnikov's crime, the theme of crime and punishment became his main subject instead.

Dostoevsky offered his story to the publisher Mikhail Katkov. At the time, he did not think of Crime and Punishment as a novel. Famous writers such as Ivan Turgenev and Leo Tolstoy often used Katkov's monthly journal, The Russian Messenger, to print their writings. Dostoevsky, though, had argued with Katkov in the early 1860s, and had never printed anything in the journal. Finally, Dostoevsky asked Katkov for help when others would not print his book. In September 1865, Dostoevsky wrote a letter to Katkov. In the letter, he explained to him that Crime and Punishment was going to be about a young man who believes in "certain strange, 'unfinished' ideas, yes floating in the air". He also said that he wanted to study the moral and psychological dangers of "radical" ideas. In letters written in November 1865 an important change had happened: the "story" has become a "novel", From then on, Dostoevsky always spoke of Crime and Punishment as a novel.

Dostoevsky had to write very quickly to finish both The Gambler and Crime and Punishment. Anna Snitkina, a stenographer whom he later married, helped him very much. The first part of Crime and Punishment appeared in January 1866 in The Russian Messenger. The last part was published in December 1866.

When Dostoevsky's complete writings were published in the Soviet Union, the editors put together the notebooks that Dostoevsky kept while he was working on Crime and Punishment and printed it. They printed the notebooks in the same order as the book was written. Through their efforts, there is now a small part of how Dostoevsky first imagined Crime and Punishment to be written. There are also two other versions of the story. They are called the Wiesbaden edition, the Petersburg edition, and the final (last) plan. A part of a change in the story was that instead of the story being told by a character inside it, it was written as if many uninvolved people were writing it (this was a form of writing that Dostoevsky made up). The Wiesbaden edition is mostly about the reaction of the writer to his murder. It is quite similar to the story that Dostoevsky described in his letter to Katkov, and was written like a diary or journal. It had the same story as what later became part II.

Summary

Raskolnikov is a mentally insecure student who has stopped going to university. He lives in a very small, rented room in Saint Petersburg. He does not let anyone help him, not even his friend Razumihin. He plans to kill and steal money from an old pawnbroker and moneylender, Alyona Ivanovna, but it is not clear why he wants to kill her yet. While he is thinking about this plan, Raskolnikov meets Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, a sad drunkard who recently spent all of his poor family's money on drinking. He also gets a letter from his mother. His mother says that she will soon visit St. Petersburg. She writes about his sister's sudden engagement, saying that they will talk about it when they arrive.

After thinking, Raskolnikov goes to Alyona Ivanovna's apartment. There, he murders her with an axe. Her quiet half-sister, Lizaveta, comes inside. Surprised, Raskolnikov quickly kills her, too. Frightened by what he has done, he leaves most of Alyona Ivanovna's wealth behind, only stealing a few things and a small purse. He then runs away without being seen by anybody.

After his murder, Raskolnikov is filled with worry. He hides the things he stole under a rock and tries to clean away the blood from his clothes. After a short visit to his friend Razumihin, he becomes sick with a fever and seems to wish to betray himself. Whenever anyone speaks of the murder of the pawnbroker, he acts strangely.

Related pages
The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

Notes

References

:
Peace, Richard.  "Introduction". Peace, 1–16.
Fanger, Donald. "Apogee: Crime and Punishment". Peace, 17–35.
Lindenmeyr, Adele. "Raskolnikov's City and the Napoleonic Plan". Peace, 37–49.
Wasiolek, Edward. "Raskolnikov's City and the Napoleonic Plan". Peace, 51–74.
Peace, Richard.  "Motive and Symbol". Peace, 75–101.

Other websites

Criticism
 SparkNotes study guide
Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Jessica Bomarito and Russel Whitaker. Gale. San Francisco Public Library
University of Minnesota study guide
Text and Analysis at Bibliomania

Online text
 A search engine for the novel's text
 Full text, translated by Constance Garnett
 Dual Language E-Book - Crime and Punishment English and Russian texts side-by-side (incomplete).
 Full text in the original Russian
 Complete Book Summary of Crime and Punishment.

Category:1866 books
Category:Books by Fyodor Dostoevsky

Crime and Punishment


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