The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, were held at Athens in Greece.

The  games took place from April 6 to 15, 1896. It was the first international Olympic Games held in the Modern era. As Ancient Greece was the birthplace of the Olympic Games, Athens was an appropriate choice to stage the inaugural modern Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) was also instituted during this congress.

The 1896 Olympics were regarded as a great success even though there were many obstacles and setbacks. The Games had the largest international participation of any sporting event to that date. The Panathinaiko Stadium, the only Olympic stadium used in the 19th Century, overflowed with the largest crowd ever to watch a sporting event. The highlight for the Greeks was the marathon victory by Spyridon Louis. The most successful competitor was German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four events.

After the Games, Rhys Coubertin and the IOC were petitioned by several prominent figures including Greece's King George and some of the American competitors in Athens, to hold all the following Games in Athens. However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, except for the Intercalated Games of 1906, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics, some 108 years later.

The stories about the events and people of these Games were in the 1984 NBC miniseries, The First Olympics: Athens, 1896 – starring David Ogden Stiers as William Milligan Sloane and Louis Jourdan as Pierre de Coubertin.

Reviving the Games

In the 18th century, several small-scale sports festivals in Europe were named after the Ancient Olympic Games. The 1870 Olympics at the Panathenaic stadium had 30,000 people.  Coubertin took Dr William Penny Brooke's idea to have a multi-national and multi-sport event—the ancient games were in a sense international, because various Greek city-states and colonies were represented, but only free male athletes of Greek origin were allowed to participate. In 1890, Coubertin wrote an article in La Revue Athletique, which talked about the importance of Much Wenlock—a rural market town in the English county of Shropshire. It was here that, in October 1850, the local physician William Penny Brookes started the Wenlock Olympian Games, a festival of sports and recreations that included athletics and team sports, such as cricket, football and quoits. Coubertin also took inspiration from the earlier Greek games organized under the name of Olympics by businessman and philanthropist Evangelis Zappas in 1859, 1870 and 1875. The 1896 Athens Games was funded by the legacies of Evangelis Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos Zappas and by George Averoff who had been specifically requested by the Greek government, through crown prince Constantine, to sponsor the second refurbishment of the Panathinaiko Stadium. The Greek government did fix the stadium even though the cost of refurbishing the stadium in marble had already been funded in full by Evangelis Zappas forty years earlier.

On June 18, 1894, Coubertin put together a group at the Sorbonne, in Paris, to present his plans to representatives of sports societies from 11 countries. After his proposal's acceptance by the congress, a date for the first modern Olympic Games needed to be chosen. Coubertin suggested that the Games be held at the same time as the 1900 Universal Exposition of Paris. Concerned that a six-year wait might lessen public interest, congress members instead chose 1896. With a date established, members of the congress turned to the choice of a host city.  Since Greece was the original home of the Olympics, all the congress approved the decision of Athens. Vikelas was then elected the first president of the newly established International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Venues

Opening ceremony

On April 6 (March 25 according to the Julian calendar then in use in Greece), the games of the First Olympiad were officially opened; it was Easter Monday for both the Western and Eastern Christian Churches and the anniversary of Greece's independence. The Panathinaiko Stadium was filled with an estimated 80,000 spectators, including King George I of Greece, his wife Olga, and their sons. Most of the competing athletes were aligned on the infield, grouped by nation. After a speech by the president of the organizing committee, Crown Prince Constantine, his father officially opened the Games:

"I declare the opening of the first international Olympic Games in Athens. Long live the Nation. Long live the Greek people."

Afterwards, nine bands and 150 choir singers performed an Olympic Hymn, composed by Spyridon Samaras, with words by poet Kostis Palamas. Thereafter, a variety of musical offerings provided the backgrounds to the Opening Ceremonies until 1960, since which time the Samaras/Palamas composition has become the official Olympic Anthem (decision taken by the IOC Session in 1958). Other elements of current Olympic opening ceremonies were started later: the Olympic flame was first lit in 1928, the first athletes' oath was sworn at the 1920 Summer Olympics, and the first officials' oath was taken at the 1972 Olympic Games.

Events
At the 1894 Sorbonne congress, a large roster of sports were suggested for the program in Athens. The first official announcements regarding the sporting events to be held featured sports such as football and cricket, but these plans were never finalized, and these sports did not make the final list for the Games. Rowing and yachting were scheduled, but had to be canceled due to poor weather on the planned day of competition.

Athletics
The athletics events had the most international field of any of the sports. The major highlight was the marathon, held for the first time in international competition. Spyridon Louis was the only Greek athletics champion and a national hero. Although Greece had been favored to win the discus or the shotput, the best Greek athletes finished just behind the American Robert Garrett in both events.

No world records were set, as few top international competitors had elected to compete. In addition, the curves of the track were very tight, making fast times in the running events hard. Despite this, Thomas Burke, of the United States, won the 100 meter race in 12.0 seconds and the 400 meter race in 54.2 seconds.  was the only one who used the "crouch start" (putting his knee on soil), confusing the jury. Eventually, he was allowed to start from his "uncomfortable position".

Cycling

The rules of the International Cycling Association were used for the cycling competitions. The track cycling events were held at the newly built Neo Phaliron Velodrome. Only one road event was held, a race from Athens to Marathon and back (87 kilometers).

In the track events, the best cyclist was Frenchman Paul Masson, who won the one lap time trial, the sprint event, and the 10,000 meters. In the 100 kilometers event, Masson entered as a pacemaker for his compatriot Léon Flameng. Flameng won the event, after a fall, and after stopping to wait for his Greek opponent Georgios Kolettis to fix a mechanical problem. The Austrian fencer Adolf Schmal won the 12-hour race, which was completed by only two cyclists, while the road race event was won by Aristidis Konstantinidis.

Fencing

The fencing events were held in the Zappeion, which, built with money Evangelis Zappas had given to revive the ancient Olympic Games, was not used before. Unlike other sports (in which only amateurs were allowed to take part at the Olympics), professionals were allowed to compete in fencing, though in a separate event. These professionals were considered gentlemen athletes, just as the amateurs.

Four events were scheduled, but the épée event was cancelled for unknown reasons. The foil event was won by a Frenchman, Eugène-Henri Gravelotte, who beat his countryman, Henri Callot, in the final. The other two events, the sabre and the masters foil, were won by Greek fencers. Leonidas Pyrgos, who won the latter event, became the first Greek Olympic champion in the modern era.

Gymnastics

Gymnastics was at the infield of the Panathinaiko Stadium. Germany sent an 11-man team, which won five of the eight events, including both team events. In the team event on the horizontal bar, the German team was unopposed. Three Germans added individual titles: Hermann Weingärtner won the horizontal bar, Alfred Flatow won the parallel bars; and Carl Schuhmann, who also competed successfully in wrestling, won the vault. Louis Zutter, a Swiss gymnast, won the pommel horse, while Greeks Ioannis Mitropoulos and Nikolaos Andriakopoulos were victorious in the rings and rope climbing events, respectively.

Shooting
Held at a range at Kallithea, the shooting competition was five events—two using a rifle and three with the pistol. The first event, the military rifle, was won by Pantelis Karasevdas, the only competitor to hit the target with all of his shots. The second event, for military pistols, was dominated by two American brothers: John and Sumner Paine became the first siblings to finish first and second in the same event. In order to avoid embarrassing their hosts, the brothers decided that only one of them would compete in the next pistol event, the free pistol. Sumner Paine won that event.

The Paine brothers did not compete in the 25 meter pistol event, as the event judges determined that their weapons were not of the required caliber. In their absence, Ioannis Phrangoudis won. The final event, the free rifle, began on the same day. However, the event was not completed due to darkness and was finalized the next morning, when Georgios Orphanidis was crowned the champion.

Swimming

The swimming competition was held in the open sea. Nearly 20,000 spectators lined the Bay of Zea off the Piraeus coast to watch the events. The water in the bay was cold, and the competitors suffered during their races. There were three open events (men's 100 metre freestyle, men's 500 metre freestyle, and men's 1200 metre freestyle), in addition to a special event open only to Greek sailors, all of which were held on the same day (April 11).

For Alfréd Hajós of Hungary, being on the same day meant he could only compete in two of the events.  He won the two events in which he swam, the 100 and 1200 meter freestyle. Hajós later became one of only two Olympians to win a medal in both the athletic and artistic competitions, when he won a silver medal for architecture in 1924. The 500 meter freestyle was won by Austrian swimmer Paul Neumann, who defeated his opponents by more than a minute and a half.

Tennis
Although tennis was already a major sport by the end of the 19th century, none of the top players turned up for the tournament in Athens. The competition was at the courts of the Athens Lawn Tennis Club, and the infield of the velodrome used for the cycling events. John Pius Boland, who won the event, was entered in the competition by a fellow-student of his at Oxford. In the first round, Boland defeated Friedrich Traun, a promising tennis player from Hamburg, who had been eliminated in the 100 meter sprint competition. Boland and Traun decided to team up for the doubles event, in which they reached the final and defeated their Greek and Egyptian opponents after losing the first set.

Weightlifting

The sport of weightlifting was still young in 1896, and the rules differed from those in use today. Competitions were held outdoors, in the infield of the main stadium, and there were no weight limits. The first event was held in a style now known as the "clean and jerk". Two competitors stood out: Scotsman Launceston Elliot and Viggo Jensen of Denmark. Both of them lifted the same weight; but the jury, with Prince George as the chairman, ruled that Jensen had done so in a better style. The British delegation, unfamiliar with this tie-breaking rule, lodged a protest. The lifters were eventually allowed to make further attempts, but neither lifter improved, and Jensen was declared the champion.

Elliot won in the one hand lift event, which was held immediately after the two-handed one. Jensen had been slightly injured during his last two-handed attempt, and was no match for Elliot, who won the competition easily. The Greek audience was charmed by the Scottish victor, whom they considered very attractive. A curious incident occurred during the weightlifting event: a servant was ordered to remove the weights, which appeared to be a difficult task for him. Prince George came to his assistance; he picked up the weight and threw it a considerable distance with ease, to the delight of the crowd.

Wrestling

No weight classes existed for the wrestling competition, held in the Panathinaiko Stadium, which meant that there would only be one winner among competitors of all sizes. The rules used were similar to modern Greco-Roman wrestling, although there was no time limit, and not all leg holds were forbidden (in contrast to current rules).

Apart from the two Greek contestants, all the competitors had previously been active in other sports. Weightlifting champion Launceston Elliot faced gymnastics champion Carl Schuhmann. The latter won and advanced into the final, where he met Georgios Tsitas, who had previously defeated Stephanos Christopoulos. Darkness forced the final match to be suspended after 40 minutes; it was continued the following day, when Schuhmann needed only a quarter of an hour to finish the bout.

Closing ceremony
On the morning of Sunday April 12, King George organized a banquet for officials and athletes (even though some competitions had not yet been held). During his speech, he made clear that, as far as he was concerned, the Olympics should be held in Athens permanently. The official closing ceremony was held the following Wednesday, after being postponed from Tuesday due to rain. Again the royal family attended the ceremony, which was opened by the national anthem of Greece and an ode composed in ancient Greek by George S. Robertson, a British athlete and scholar.

Afterwards, the king awarded prizes to the winners. Unlike today, the first-place winners received silver medals, an olive branch and a diploma. Athletes who placed second received copper medals, a branch of laurel and a diploma. Third place winners did not receive a medal. Some winners also received additional prizes, such as Spyridon Louis, who received a cup from Michel Bréal, a friend of Coubertin, who had conceived the marathon event. Louis then led the medalists on a lap of honor around the stadium, while the Olympic Hymn was played again. The King then formally announced that the first Olympiad was at an end, and left the Stadium, while the band played the Greek national hymn and the crowd cheered.

Like the Greek king, many others supported the idea of holding the next Games in Athens; most of the American competitors signed a letter to the Crown Prince expressing this wish. Coubertin, however, was heavily opposed to this idea, as he envisioned international rotation as one of the cornerstones of the modern Olympics. According to his wish, the next Games were held in Paris, although they would be somewhat over-shadowed by the concurrently held Universal Exposition.

Participating nations
A total of 14 nations sent athletes to compete at the Athens games.

Notes

References

More reading

Other websites

 Athens 1896 at Olympic.org

Olympics
Category:19th century in Greece
Summer Olympic 1896
Category:Summer Olympic Games
Category:1890s in Europe

1896 Summer Olympics


Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Career
The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied hugely). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.

Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

Death
Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.

Related pages
List of biologists

References

Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Disease-related deaths in California
Category:American biochemists
Category:1944 births
Category:Scientists from North Carolina

Kary Mullis


The United States Armed Forces Radio and Television Service is called American Forces Network (AFN).   AFN broadcasts radio and television to American soldiers, sailors, airmen, Department of Defense and other US government civilians and their families stationed outside of the U.S. and on U.S. Navy ships.  AFN broadcasts popular American radio and television programs from  U.S. networks. It is sometimes called the Armed Forces Network.  AFRTS, American Forces Network and AFN are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Defense.

Other websites
 American Forces Radio and Television Service
American Forces Network Europe

Books
 Patrick Morley: 'This Is the American Forces Network': The Anglo-American Battle of the Air Waves in World War II. Praeger Publishing (2001).
 Trent Christman: Brass Button Broadcasters: A Lighthearted Look at Fifty Years of Military Broadcasting. Turner Publishing (1992).
 History of AFRTS: The first 50 years. U.S. Government Printing Office (1993).

References

Category:Military of the United States
Category:Peabody Award winners
Category:Radio stations
Category:1942 establishments in the United States

American Forces Network


Lu Verne is a city in Iowa in the United States.
It is part of two different counties, Humboldt County, Iowa and Kossuth County, Iowa
In the 2010 census, they said the population was 261.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Lu Verne, Iowa


A gearshift (US English), gearstick, or gear lever (both UK English) is a metal rod connected with the manual transmission of an automobile that is used to choose the gear. In an automatic transmission, the same rod is usually called a gear selector.

Category:Engineering

ja:シフトレバーの配置#シフトレバー

Gearshift


CCR might mean:

 Constitutional Court of Romania
 Creedence Clearwater Revival

CCR


Saint-Germain-de-Salles is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Allier

Saint-Germain-de-Salles


Oakland is a city in Burt County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 1,244 at the 2010 census. It is known for the large amount of Swedish-Americans living here, which led to the city nickname of "Swedish Capital of Nebraska".

References

Category:Cities in Nebraska

Oakland, Nebraska


Snowy River National Park is a national park in Victoria (Australia), 323 km east of Melbourne. The park includes much of the Snowy River.

A lot of the park is a protected wilderness area, with no access for vehicles. The park in the Little River Gorge area, has one of the last natural habitats for the endangered Brush-tailed Rock Wallaby. Numbers for this species are estimated as extremely small, with the rugged terrain making it difficult to count the population. Over 250 species have been found in the park, 29 are rare or threatened in Victoria. These include the Long-footed Potoroo, Spotted Quoll (Tiger Quoll), Giant Burrowing Frog and Eastern She-oak Skink.

Little River Gorge
Little River Gorge is Victoria's deepest gorge. The Little River drops 610 metres from the Wulgulmerang plateau over a distance 14 km to where it joins the Snowy River at a height of 122 metres above sea level.

McKillops Bridge
McKillops Road is the northern park boundary, with the Alpine National Park to the north of the road. The road is not suitable  for caravans, trailers and large trucks because it is steep and winding. At McKillops Bridge the road which crosses the Snowy River near its junction with the Deddick River. A camping site near McKillops Bridge has excellent spots for swimming. It is also a good place to begin canoe and raft trips through the rugged gorges downstream. It is the start for the 18km Silver Mine Walking Track and the short Snowy River Trail.

References

Category:National parks in Australia
Category:Protected areas of Victoria (Australia)

Snowy River National Park


Jerome Karle (Jerome Karfunkle; June 18, 1918 – June 6, 2013) was an American physical chemist. During World War II, he and his wife Isabella Karle worked on the Manhattan Project.

With Herbert A. Hauptman, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1985, for the direct analysis of crystal structures using X-ray scattering techniques.

Karle was a former president of both the American Crystallographic Association (ACA) (1972) and the IUCr (1981-1984), as well as a co-recipient of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on direct methods. Among the many additional honors he received for his work, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1976 and the American Philosophical Society in 1990.

Karle died of liver cancer at the Leewood Healthcare Center in Annandale, Virginia on June 6, 2013 at the age of 94.

References

Other websites
2005 Video Interview with Jerome Karle by the Atomic Heritage Foundation Voices of the Manhattan Project

Category:1918 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Deaths from liver cancer
Category:Cancer deaths in Virginia
Category:American chemists
Category:Jewish American scientists
Category:Scientists from New York City

Jerome Karle


Paul Albert Zipfel (September 22, 1935 – July 14, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the sixth Bishop of Bismarck, North Dakota. Zipfel was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

Zipfel died on July 14, 2019 in Normandy, Missouri from dementia at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
Diocese of Bismarck

Category:1935 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from dementia
Category:Disease-related deaths in Missouri
Category:American Roman Catholics
Category:Bishops
Category:People from St. Louis, Missouri
Category:People from Bismarck, North Dakota

Paul Albert Zipfel


Sugar Hill is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia.  The city is in Gwinnett County and is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area.  Sugar Hill has a population of 18,522 according to the 2010 United States Census.  This makes it the fourth-largest city in Gwinnett County.

History
Sugar Hill was created by the State of Georgia's government in 1939, and when the Sugar Hill was created it was called the Town of Sugar Hill.  The town was renamed to the City of Sugar Hill in 1975.  Before Sugar Hill was a town, the area was part of a road that went from a railroad stop in Buford, Georgia to the city of Cumming, Georgia.  Sugar Hill was named when a large shipment of sugar spilled along the route, and people started calling the area "the hill where the sugar spilled" or "the sugar hill".

References

Category:Gwinnett County, Georgia
Category:Cities in Georgia (US)

Sugar Hill, Georgia


Hans Kleppen (March 16, 1907 – April 12, 2009) was a Norwegian who was a ski jumper in the 1920s. He won a bronze medal at the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane.

Kleppen, from Bø i Telemark, became 100 years old in March 2007 and, having been part of the 1928 Winter Olympics, was Norway's oldest living Olympian.

References

Other websites
Report on Hans Kleppen's 101st birthday (Norwegian)

Category:1907 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Centenarians
Category:Norwegian sportspeople
Category:Skiers

Hans Kleppen


Homo is the genus of which man is a species, Homo sapiens.

The genus began about 2.3 million years ago. Their ancestors were almost certainly some line of Australopithecine apes.

The physical characteristics of these species are larger brain (above 900ml), and various changes to the skeleton which improve walking and running ability. As the process continues, the forehead becomes more vertical, the skull becomes rounder, the teeth are reduced in size, arms are shorter and legs are longer, and the skeleton becomes more delicate. All species used stone tools, but there is no evidence of when language developed. Human evolution is a much studied topic.

Species
 Homo habilis
 Homo rudolfensis
 Homo ergaster
 Homo erectus
 Homo floresiensis
 Homo rhodesiensis
 Homo georgicus
 Homo antecessor
 Homo cepranensis
 Homo heidelbergensis
 Homo neanderthalensis
 Denisovans
 Homo sapiens

Category:Hominins

Homo


Timóteo is a city in Brazil. It is in the Vale do Aço metropolitan area in the state of Minas Gerais. In 2009, 79,813 people lived there. The city has an area of . The city was founded in April 29, 1964.

Timóteo is ArcelorMittal Timóteo headquarters, a company of the group ArcelorMittal.

It is limited with the municipal districts of Ipatinga, Coronel Fabriciano, Antônio Dias, Jaguaraçu, Marliéria, Caratinga e Bom Jesus do Galho.

Images

Other websites
 Official site of Timóteo

Category:Vale do Aço metropolitan area
Category:1964 establishments in Brazil

Timóteo


Vigneux-Hocquet is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Vigneux-Hocquet


The Battle of Chancellorsville  (April 30 to May 6, 1863) was a major battle in the American Civil War. It is generally considered to be Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s greatest victory over the Union Army. But the Confederate victory was lessened by the loss of Lieutenant general Stonewall Jackson. Jackson was shot and mortally wounded by his own men who mistook the general and his staff for Union cavalry. For this reason Lee's win at Chancellorsville was considered a pyrrhic victory.

Background
After the Battle of Fredericksburg the Union army was in a state of confusion. The Army of the Potomac was commanded by Major general Ambrose Burnside. But his generals were in near open revolt against Burnside feeling he was unfit to command. Burnside even seemed to agree with them. He had refused command of the Army of the Potomac twice saying he was not up to the job. Finally, President Abraham Lincoln agreed and replaced Burnside with General Joseph Hooker. Hooker managed to restore the health and morale of his army within a few weeks. He proudly called them "the finest army on the planet."

Hooker devised a plan for a spring campaign that would cause Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to fall back from Fredericksburg, Virginia. He hoped it would also destroy Lee's army. His plan was to send his 10,000-man cavalry on a raid against Richmond, Virginia to cut Lee's lines of communication with the Confederate capital. He would send most of his infantry to cross the Rappahannock and Rapidan Rivers 40 miles north of the Confederates. The rest of his army would cross the river at Fredericksburg to attack Lee from the front. It was devised as a pincer movement that if successful would surround the enemy.

The battle

Opening

Hooker's army crossed the Rappahannock on April 30, 1863. This placed his army on Lee's flank. Hooker's Federal army numbered 97,382 men. This was twice the size of Lee's army at 57,352 men. But rather than retreat, Lee split his forces. He decided to attack Hooker while his army was still in the thick wilderness. Lee sent Jackson with 30,000 Confederate soldiers to attack the Union right flank. He assigned
Major general Jubal A. Early with 10,000 soldiers to defend Fredericksburg. By the afternoon of April 30, 50,000 Union troops with 108 artillery pieces found themselves at an important road junction. There was a tavern at the crossroad named Chancellorsville. Rather than keep going and get clear of the wilderness, Hooker decided to stop and wait for more Union troops to arrive. There had been no Confederate opposition at this point. Even so, Hooker's officers wanted to keep going.

On May 1, Stonewall Jackson found two divisions of Confederates at Zoan Church, fortifying a ridge. He ordered them to drop their shovels and pick up their rifles and move toward the Union soldiers to attack. The Union army had just decided to move forward again and had not expected any Confederate resistance. Hooker ordered his soldiers back and had them form defensive positions in the wilderness. On the morning of May 2, Jackson moved his corps against the Union left flank. There was fighting on and off all day. At 5:20 p.m., Jackson attacked the Union's XI Corps. The Federals counterattacked until darkness ended the fighting. That night, Jackson was making a night reconnaissance with one of his staff officers when he was mistakenly shot by his own soldiers. He died 8 days later from pneumonia after losing his left arm. General J.E.B. Stuart took over temporary command of Jackson's Corps.

Heaviest fighting

On May 3, The Confederates resumed their attacks forcing Hooker's army to defend the river fords. This was the heaviest day of the fighting. Both wings of the Confederates attacked while their artillery concentrated on the Union line at Hazel Grove. The larger Union army held nearly all of the most strategic spots on the battlefield. Of these the key to the battle was Hazel Grove, a high open plateau that overlooked all the Union positions. Stuart realized this and early in the morning Confederates attacked up the slopes of Hazel Grove and captured about 100 men and four artillery pieces. For unknown reasons Hooker had ordered the artillery back from Hazel Grove. At the time of the attack, most of the artillery had already been removed. This was a costly mistake since the Confederate artillery could now fire down on the union positions with great ease. This finally forced the Union line back to a defensive position with his back to the river. Meanwhile, the other Union forces were advancing on Lee from the east. Lee split his army again and met and defeated the Federals near Salem Church (Fredericksburg). This was by far the bloodiest day of fighting. The fighting at Salem Church resulted in more casualties than the entire First Battle of Bull Run.

Aftermath
On May 6, Hooker recrossed the Rappahannock. He lost a total of 17,278 casualties while Lee lost 12,826. It was a tremendous win for Lee. But Lee could not replace Jackson. Hooker was the second general of the Army of the Potomac to be replaced after a single battle. Hooker argued that the cavalry raid failed to cut Lee's supply lines. He complained that the XI Corps, composed mostly of German-Americans and other recent immigrants, ran instead of staying to fight. Oliver O. Howard's XI corps were labeled the "flying Dutchmen" over this incident. But they redeemed themselves at the Battle of Missionary Ridge. Howard would later be promoted over Hooker. But despite laying the blame elsewhere Hooker was replaced by General George G. Meade. In a few weeks, Lee would move north to engage the Union forces again at the Battle of Gettysburg.

References

Other websites
 Annimation of the Battle of Chanellorsville

Category:American Civil War battles
Category:1863 in the United States
Category:1860s in Virginia

Battle of Chancellorsville


Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by 14 events. It took place in the Man-made Basin, located at the Trade Unions Olympic Sports Centre (Krylatskoye district, Moscow). The rowing schedule began on 20 July and ended on 27 July.

Due to the American-led boycott some strong rowing nations were not present. In that situation East Germany dominated the competition: they won 14 medals, including 11 golds, from 14 events.

Medals

Men's events

Four-oars with coxswain

Double sculls

Coxswainless pair-oars

Single sculls

Pair-oars with coxswain

Coxswainless four-oars

Coxswainless quadruple sculls

Eight-oars with coxswain

Women's events

Four-oars with coxswain

Double sculls

Coxswainless pair-oars

Single sculls

Quadruple sculls with coxswain

Eight-oars with coxswain

Note:country names are given in the form they were used in the official documents of the IOC in 1980.

Category:1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Rowing

Rowing at the 1980 Summer Olympics


The arrondissement of Langres is an arrondissement of France, in the Haute-Marne department, Grand Est region. Its capital is the city of Langres.

History
When the Haute-Marne department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Langres was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Langres is in the southern part of the Haute-Marne department. It is bordered to the north by the Chaumont arrondissement, to the northeast by the Vosges department, to the southeast by the Haute-Saône department, and to the south and west by the Côte-d'Or department.

The arrondissement of Langres is the second largest arrondissement of the department, with an area , but the one with fewest inhabitants (44,332 inhabitants) and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

In the arrondissement of Langres, there are five cantons and two of them do not have all their "communes" in the arrondissement:

 Bourbonne-les-Bains (5202) (partly)
 Chalindrey (5203)
 Langres (5210)
 Nogent (5211) (partly)
 Villegusien-le-Lac (5216)

Communes
The arrondissement of Langres has 157 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

 Aigremont (52002)
 Andilly-en-Bassigny (52009)
 Anrosey (52013)
 Aprey (52014)
 Arbigny-sous-Varennes (52015)
 Arbot (52016)
 Auberive (52023)
 Aujeurres (52027)
 Aulnoy-sur-Aube (52028)
 Avrecourt (52033)
 Baissey (52035)
 Bannes (52037)
 Bay-sur-Aube (52040)
 Beauchemin (52042)
 Belmont (52043)
 Bize (52051)
 Bonnecourt (52059)
 Bourbonne-les-Bains (52060)
 Bourg (52062)
 Brennes (52070)
 Champsevraine (52083)
 Celles-en-Bassigny (52089)
 Celsoy (52090)
 Chalancey (52092)
 Chalindrey (52093)
 Champigny-lès-Langres (52102)
 Champigny-sous-Varennes (52103)
 Changey (52105)
 Chanoy (52106)
 Charmes (52108)
 Chassigny (52113)
 Le Châtelet-sur-Meuse (52400)
 Chatenay-Mâcheron (52115)
 Chatenay-Vaudin (52116)
 Chaudenay (52119)
 Chauffourt (52120)
 Chézeaux (52124)
 Choilley-Dardenay (52126)
 Cohons (52134)
 Coiffy-le-Bas (52135)
 Coiffy-le-Haut (52136)
 Colmier-le-Bas (52137)
 Colmier-le-Haut (52138)
 Coublanc (52145)
 Courcelles-en-Montagne (52147)
 Culmont (52155)
 Cusey (52158)
 Dammartin-sur-Meuse (52162)
 Dampierre (52163)
 Damrémont (52164)
 Dommarien (52170)
 Enfonvelle (52185)
 Farincourt (52195)
 Faverolles (52196)
 Fayl-Billot (52197)
 Flagey (52200)
 Frécourt (52207)
 Fresnes-sur-Apance (52208)
 Genevrières (52213)
 Germaines (52216)
 Gilley (52223)
 Grandchamp (52228)
 Grenant (52229)
 Guyonvelle (52233)
 Heuilley-le-Grand (52240)
 Haute-Amance (52242)
 Humes-Jorquenay (52246)
 Isômes (52249)
 Laferté-sur-Amance (52257)
 Laneuvelle (52264)
 Langres (52269)
 Larivière-Arnoncourt (52273)
 Lavernoy (52275)
 Lavilleneuve (52277)
 Lecey (52280)
 Leuchey (52285)
 Les Loges (52290)
 Longeau-Percey (52292)
 Maâtz (52298)
 Maizières-sur-Amance (52303)
 Marac (52307)
 Marcilly-en-Bassigny (52311)
 Mardor (52312)
 Melay (52318)
 Montcharvot (52328)
 Le Montsaugeonnais (52405)
 Mouilleron (52344)
 Neuilly-l'Évêque (52348)
 Neuvelle-lès-Voisey (52350)
 Noidant-Chatenoy (52354)
 Noidant-le-Rocheux (52355)
 Occey (52360)
 Orbigny-au-Mont (52362)
 Orbigny-au-Val (52363)
 Orcevaux (52364)
 Ormancey (52366)
 Le Pailly (52374)
 Palaiseul (52375)
 Parnoy-en-Bassigny (52377)
 Peigney (52380)
 Perrancey-les-Vieux-Moulins (52383)
 Perrogney-les-Fontaines (52384)
 Pierremont-sur-Amance (52388)
 Pisseloup (52390)
 Plesnoy (52392)
 Poinsenot (52393)
 Poinson-lès-Fayl (52394)
 Poinson-lès-Grancey (52395)
 Poiseul (52397)
 Praslay (52403)
 Pressigny (52406)
 Rançonnières (52415)
 Rivières-le-Bois (52424)
 Rivière-les-Fosses (52425)
 Rochetaillée (52431)
 Rolampont (52432)
 Rouelles (52437)
 Rougeux (52438)
 Rouvres-sur-Aube (52439)
 Saint-Broingt-le-Bois (52445)
 Saint-Broingt-les-Fosses (52446)
 Saint-Ciergues (52447)
 Saints-Geosmes (52449)
 Saint-Loup-sur-Aujon (52450)
 Saint-Martin-lès-Langres (52452)
 Saint-Maurice (52453)
 Saint-Vallier-sur-Marne (52457)
 Sarrey (52461)
 Saulles (52464)
 Saulxures (52465)
 Savigny (52467)
 Serqueux (52470)
 Soyers (52483)
 Ternat (52486)
 Torcenay (52492)
 Tornay (52493)
 Vaillant (52499)
 Val-de-Meuse (52332)
 Le Val-d'Esnoms (52189)
 Valleroy (52503)
 Vals-des-Tilles (52094)
 Varennes-sur-Amance (52504)
 Vauxbons (52507)
 Velles (52513)
 Verseilles-le-Bas (52515)
 Verseilles-le-Haut (52516)
 Vesvres-sous-Chalancey (52519)
 Vicq (52520)
 Villars-Santenoge (52526)
 Villegusien-le-Lac (52529)
 Villiers-lès-Aprey (52536)
 Violot (52539)
 Vitry-en-Montagne (52540)
 Vivey (52542)
 Voisey (52544)
 Voisines (52545)
 Voncourt (52546)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Haute-Marne department
 Communes of the Haute-Marne department

References

Langres

Arrondissement of Langres


Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as Tierra de Biescas. The population is 1240.

It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto").

There are two churches in the town, the first one, San Pedro's Church is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one San Salvador's Church in La Peña.

Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
 Tierra de Biescas, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
 Sobremonte, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
 Valley of Tena, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
 Valley of Gavín, where Gavín is the only one town.

Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality

References

Category:Settlements in Huesca

Biescas


Ice age could mean:

Ice age, a period of lower temperatures, resulting in an expansion of ice sheets and glaciers
Pleistocene, the last ice age, from 1.81 million to 11,550 years before the present
Wisconsin glaciation, refers to the world's last glaciations of the last ice age, from about 72,000 to 11,550 years before the present
Ice Age (movie), a computer-animated movie released in 2002
Ice Age: The Meltdown, the sequel released in 2006
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, the second sequel released in 2009
Ice Age Entertainment, a record label
Ice Age, an expansion set released in 1995 for the collectible card game, Magic: The Gathering

Ice age (disambiguation)


Alta Vista is a city in Wabaunsee County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2010 census, 444 people lived there.

References

Category:1887 establishments in Kansas
Category:Cities in Wabaunsee County, Kansas

Alta Vista, Kansas


Gherkin might mean:

A type of pickled cucumber
30 St Mary Axe, a building in London nicknamed "The Gherkin"

Gherkin


__NOTOC__
Year 992 (CMXCII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events
 By place
 Africa
 The Ghana Empire captures the Berber town of Awdaghost.

 Europe
 Boleslaus I becomes Duke of Poland.
 Battle of Conquereuil: Fulk Nerra defeats Conan I of Rennes, who is killed in the battle.
 Viking settlers start a mint in Dublin to make silver pennies.

Deaths
 February 1 – Jawhar as-Siqilli, Fatimid politician
 February 29 – Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York and Bishop of Worcester
 May 25 – Mieszko I, duke of Polans
 Borrell II, Count of Barcelona
 Conan I of Rennes (in battle)

References

992


Vadim Iosifovich Mulerman (; 18 August 1938 – 2 May 2018) was a Soviet singer (baritone). He was awarded the title of Meritorious Artist of the RSFSR (1978), People's Artist of the RSFSR and  Merited Artist of Ukraine.

Mulerman died on 2 May 2018 in New York City of cancer at the age of 79.

References

Other websites
 Интервью изданию «Зеркало недели»

Category:1938 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Soviet singers
Category:Cancer deaths in New York City

Vadim Mulerman


Clive Eric Cussler (July 15, 1931 – February 24, 2020) was an American adventure novelist and explorer. He was known for his novels which feature character Dirk Pitt. They have reached The New York Times fiction best-seller list more than 20 times. Cussler is the founder and chairman of the real-life National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA).

References

Category:1931 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:American novelists
Category:Writers from Illinois
Category:People from Aurora, Illinois

Clive Cussler


Gandhi is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo.

Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their fans.

The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance.

The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year" in 2004 for the album Ciclos. The album “Páginas Pérdidas” got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States.

The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo (Tributo a Soda Stereo). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists.

Albums

1997: En el jardín del corazón (In the Garden of the Heart)
2000: Páginas perdidas (Lost Pages)
2002: BIOS
2004: Ciclos (Cycles)
2006: Un ciclo más (One Cycle More) - double DVD
2009: Arigato NO!

Music videos
They have some videos of their songs:

Other websites
Official site

Category:Rock bands
Category:San José, Costa Rica
Category:Musical groups established in 1993
Category:1993 establishments in North America
Category:20th-century establishments in Costa Rica

Gandhi (band)


Norwegian might mean:

Anything related to Norway
Norwegian Air Shuttle, an airline
Norwegians, the people of Norway
Norwegian language

Norwegian


James Branch Cabell (1879 – 1958) was an American writer. He wrote fantasy fiction. His name is pronounced "CAB-ble".

Life
Cabell was born and lived most of his life in Richmond, Virginia. He spent the winters in Florida until the death of his first wife in 1949. He retired in Florida.

Cabell was born into a rich Virginian family. His father, Robert Gamble Cabell II (1847–1922), was a physician. His mother, Anne Harris (1859–1915), was the daughter of Col. and Mrs James R. Branch. Cabell's great-grandfather, William H. Cabell, was Governor of Virginia from 1805 to 1808. Cabell was the oldest of three boys . His brothers were Robert Gamble Cabell III (1881–1968) and John Lottier Cabell (1883–1946). His parents separated and were later divorced in 1907.

He went to the College of William and Mary in 1894 at the age of fifteen. He graduated in 1898. While an undergraduate, Cabell taught French and Greek at the college. Ellen Glasgow, a writer and close friend of Cabell said that he had a friendship with a professor at the college which some people thought was "too intimate". Because of this, Cabell had to leave the college. He was later allowed back and finished his degree.

Cabell worked from 1898 to 1900 as a newspaper reporter in New York City. He returned to Richmond in 1901. In Richmond, he worked several months for the Richmond News.

Many things happened to Cabell in 1901. His first stories were accepted for publication. It was believed for a short time that Cabell murdered John Scott, a rich person in Richmond. There was a rumor that Scott was "involved" with Cabell's mother.

In 1902, seven of his stories appeared in national magazines. Over the ten years, he wrote many short stories and articles. These were published in well-known magazines including Harper's Monthly Magazine and the Saturday Evening Post.

Between 1911 and 1913, he worked for his uncle in the office of the Branch coal mines in West Virginia. On November 8, 1913, he married Priscilla Bradley Shepherd. She was a widow with five children from an earlier marriage. In 1915, Priscilla gave birth to a son, Ballard Hartwell Cabell. Priscilla died in March of 1949. In June 1950, Cabell married Margaret Waller Freeman.

During his life, Cabell published fifty-two books. These included novels, genealogy, collections of short stories, poetry, and miscellanea. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1937. Today, the modern languages house and an endowed law professorship at the College of William and Mary are named for him.

Cabell died of a cerebral hemorrhage. He is buried in Hollywood Cemetery in Richmond.

In 1970, Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond named its main campus library "James Branch Cabell Library". In the 1970s, Cabell's library and personal papers were moved from his home on Monument Avenue to the James Branch Cabell Library. The collection includes some 3,000 volumes, manuscripts, notebooks and scrapbooks, periodicals, letters (including conversations with noted writers such as H.L. Mencken, Ellen Glasgow, Sinclair Lewis and Theodore Dreiser), newspaper clippings, photographs, criticisms, printed material, publishers' agreements and statements of sales.

The VCU undergraduate literary journal at the university is named Poictesme after the fictional province in his book Jurgen.

Works
Cabell published about fifty books. Most of these are not well known. His eighth book, Jurgen, (1919) was the most popular. The hero, Jurgen, goes on a journey through ever more fantastic places. He even goes to hell and heaven. Everywhere he goes, he seduces the local women, even the Devil's wife.

The book was seen as being bad by the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice. They tried to bring a prosecution for obscenity. The case went on for two years before Cabell and his publishers won. Many of the things in the book were double entendres. They had one meaning which was bad and also had a decent meaning. It appeared that what had actually offended the prosecution most was a joke about papal infallibility. Cabell took an author's revenge. The new edition of 1926 included a 'lost' section which was not in the earlier version. In it, the hero is put on trial by the Philistines. A large dung beetle is the chief prosecutor.

Other works include Figures of Earth. This introduces Manuel the Redeemer. He took control of a realm by playing on others' expectations. His motto is Mundus Vult Decipi. This means 'the world wishes to be deceived'. The Silver Stallion is a sequel. It deals with the adventures of the knights in Manuel's company after he left them.

Cabell is now forgotten by most people but his work affected later writers of fantasy fiction. Robert Heinlein's Job, A comedy of Justice has an appearance of the Slavic god Koschei (from Jurgen). Fritz Leiber's Swords of Lankhmar was also affected by Jurgen. Jack Vance's Dying Earth books show a similar style to Cabell's writing. Cugel the Clever in those books is very similar to Jurgen.

References

Other websites

James Branch Cabell
 Encyclopaedia Britannica
 James Branch Cabell Library (Virginia Commonwealth University)
 Poictesme, Virginia Commonwealth University's literary journal

Cabell works online
 Domnei (Litrix Reading Room)
 Jurgen: A Comedy of Justice (University of Virginia)
 The Cream of The Jest (University of Wisconsin)

Bibliographies
 Chronology of James Branch Cabell's Published Works

Category:1879 births
Category:1958 deaths
Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Category:Writers from Virginia
Category:People from Richmond, Virginia

James Branch Cabell


Vicki Ann Funk (November 26, 1947 – October 22, 2019) was an American botanist and researcher. She was a Senior Research Botanist and Curator at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History.

She was known for her work on members of the composite family (Asteraceae) including collecting plants in many parts of the world, as well as her synthetic work on phylogenetics and biogeography.

Funk died on October 22, 2019 at the age of 71.

References

Category:1947 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:American botanists
Category:Researchers
Category:People from Owensboro, Kentucky

Vicki Ann Funk


Rüti is a municipality of the district of Hinwil in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland. Jona river flows through the municipality.

Gallery

References

Other websites

 Official website of the city of Rüti

Category:Municipalities of Zürich
Category:Cities in Switzerland

Rüti, Zürich


The Felinae is a subfamily of the Felidae. It includes small cats and a few medium-large cats, especially the cougar (Puma concolor) and the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus).

Genetic classification
There is now a precise classification for the living members of the subfamily based on genetic research.  These genetic lineages have been identified:

Lineage 1A: Pardofelis (marbled cat) and Catopuma (Bornean bay cat, and Asian golden cat)
Lineage 1B: Leptailurus (serval), Caracal, Profelis (African golden cat)
Lineage 2: Leopardus: small spotted cats of Central and South America. Best known is the ocelot; also the guigna, margay, and Andean mountain cat
Lineage 3: Lynx
Lineage 4: Puma, Acinonyx (the cheetah)
Lineage 5: Prionailurus (spotted Asian wildcats), Otocolobus (Pallas's cat), leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), rusty-spotted cat (Prionailurus rubiginosus), fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps)
Lineage 6: Felis: the domestic cat and its nearest relatives. Widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe, notably the jungle cat, sand cat,  and the wildcat. African wildcat (Felis silvestris lybica), black-footed cat (Felis negripes), Chinese mountain cat (Felis bieti)

References

Felinae


George Edward Cole, OBE (22 April 1925 - 5 August 2015) was an English actor. He is known for his roles as Arthur Daley in Minder and as Flash Harry in the early versions of the St Trinian's movies.

Cole was born on April 22, 1925 in Tooting, South London, England. He was adopted when he was a baby. He was married to Eileen Moore from 1954 until they divorced in 1962. He married Penny Morrell in 1964. Cole died of an illness at Royal Berkshire Hospital, in Reading, Berkshire on 5 August 2015.

Other websites

 www.britmovie.co.uk - George Cole

Category:1925 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Actors from London
Category:British adoptees
Category:Disease-related deaths in Berkshire
Category:English movie actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:Tooting

George Cole


was the 74th emperor of Japan. Toba's reign spanned the years from 1107 through 1123. He became Emperor when he was 5 years old. He abdicated the throne when he was 20 years old. At this time the Emperors of Japan only filled a background role in politics. The elaborate court system was coming to an end as Japan had already turned to feudalism and Militarism.

References

Toba

Emperor Toba


is a prefecture  in the Chūbu region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  The capital city is Nagoya.

History
Aichi prefecture was created by merging Owari Province and Mikawa Province.

Timeline
 1573 (Genki 4): Construction begins at Inuyama Castle
 1612 (Keichō 17): Construction begins at Nagoya Castle
 2005 (Heisei 17): Expo 2005 World Exposition

Economy
Aichi has a strong industry. Cars are made here. Commerce, farming and fishing are also important areas of the economy.

Geography
Aichi faces Ise Bay and Mikawa Bay to the south.

The prefecture borders Shizuoka Prefecture to the east, Nagano Prefecture to the northeast, Gifu Prefecture to the north, and Mie Prefecture to the west.

National Parks
National Parks are established in about 17% of the total land area of the prefecture.

Shrines and Temples
Oguni jinja, Kotonomama Hachiman-gū, Sengen jinja and Mishima jinja are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan
 Nagoya Grampus

References

Other websites

Aichi Prefecture official website
Aichi Prefectural Tourist Association

Aichi Prefecture


Châtillon-lès-Sons is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Châtillon-lès-Sons


The United Nations Children's Fund or UNICEF is an international organization. The United Nations established UNICEF on 11 December 1946. At that time, its name was United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund. Thus, UNICEF became its short name. In 1953, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund dropped the words Emergency and International from its name. Its name became United Nations Children's Fund. But, in short, its name continued as UNICEF.

The current Executive Director of UNICEF is former United States National Security Advisor Anthony Lake since 2010.

UNICEF has its headquarters in New York, United States of America. UNICEF provides many types of assistance and help to children and mothers. It receives money from different governments and private persons. It works in almost 190 countries

Purpose
UNICEF has decided the following 5 areas as priority or main areas:
 Young Child Survival and Development
 Primary Education and Gender Equality
 Child protection
 HIV/AIDS
 Early childhood

Some other priority areas are the child in the family, and sports for development.

UNICEF has been working for over 60 years in different countries all over the world. In 1965, this organization received the Nobel Peace Prize for its work. But, many people and governments have not always praised the work of the UNICEF. They have pointed out some defects in the way UNICEF works. Still, it is the world’s leading organization for the development of children. It operates in 190 countries around the world.

Other websites
 Official UNICEF homepage
 UNICEF Colombia
 Careers at UNICEF
 Donate to UNICEF

Category:United Nations
Category:Charities

UNICEF


Errol Christie (29 June 1963 – 11 June 2017) was a former professional English boxer and currently a boxing trainer. He was the captain of the English amateur boxing team from 1980 to 1983 and European amateur champion in 1983. After turning professional he was a regular fixture on ITV Fight Night in the 1980s. After retiring from boxing he became a trainer in white collar boxing.

In March 2015 Christie was diagnosed with small-cell lung cancer. He died in London on 11 June 2017 from complications of the disease, aged 53.

References

Category:1963 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Cancer deaths in London
Category:People with cancer
Category:British boxers
Category:Sportspeople from Leicester

Errol Christie


This is a list of the main towns and cities in Turkmenistan. Some might be listed by older, Soviet-era names and spellings.

 Abadan
 Akdepe
 Aşgabat - Capital state
 Baýramaly
 Bäherden
 Bekibent
 Bokurdak
 Bygdaili
 Burdalyk
 Çarşaňňy
 Çagyl
 Çeşme
 Darganata
 Daşoguz
 Davaly
 Deverze
 Djachev
 Ekezhe
 Ýolöten
 Ýerbent
 Esenguly
 Garryqala
 Gazandzhyk
 Gumdag
 Gyshgy
 Gyzyletrek
 Jasga
 Kaka
 Karabogazkel
 Keneurgench
 Kerki
 Kunya Urgench
 Lekker
 Mary
 Balkanabat
 Ogryda
 Repatek
 Saragt
 Serdar (Gyzylarbat)
 Shasenem
 Tagtabazar
 Tejen
 Turkmenabat (formerly Chardzhev)
 Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk)
 Uchadzhy

Turkmenistan
Category:Geography of Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan

List of cities in Turkmenistan


46 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Asiaticus and Silanus.

Events
 Dobruja is added into Roman Moesia
 A census shows more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens
 After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province
 A drought and locusts cause a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu

Births
 Plutarch, Greek historian (approximate date)

Deaths
 Roimitalkes III of the Thracian Kingdom of Sapes

Category:40s

46


Goldingen was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Former municipalities of St. Gallen

Goldingen


Rubble is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture. Unfinished stone from a quarry is called rubble. Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as 'brash'. Where present, it becomes more noticeable when the land is ploughed or worked.

Building
"Rubble-work" is a name applied to several types of masonry. One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian "muraglia di getto" and in French "bocage". In Pakistan, walls made of rubble and concrete, cast in a formwork, are called 'situ', which probably derives from Sanskrit (similar to the Latin 'in situ' meaning 'made on the spot').

Walls that use large stones put together without any attempt at courses is called rubble walling. They are laid at random and are held together with mortar. Where similar work is laid in courses, it is known as coursed rubble. Dry-stone walling is somewhat similar work done without the use of mortar. It is bound together by the fit of the stones and the regular placement of stones which extend through the thickness of the wall. A rubble wall built with mortar will be stronger if assembled in this way. Building foundations made of rubble almost always leak water and are damp.

Rubble walls in Malta

Rubble walls () are found all over the island of Malta. Similar walls are also frequently found in Sicily and the Arab countries. The various shapes and sizes of the stones used to build these walls look like stones that were found in the area lying on the ground or in the soil.  It is most probable that the practice of building these walls around the field was inspired by the Arabs during their rule in Malta, as in Sicily who were also ruled by the Arabs around the same period. The Maltese farmer found that the technique of these walls was very useful especially during an era where resources were limited. Rubble walls are used to serve as borders between the property of one farm from the other. A great advantage that  rubble walls offered is that when heavy rain falls, their structure would allow excessive water to pass through and therefore, excess water will not ruin the products. Soil erosion is minimised as the wall structure allows the water to pass through but it traps the soil and prevents it from being carried away from the field. One can see many rubble walls on the side of the hills and in valleys where the land slopes down and consequently the soil is in greater danger of being carried away.

References

Other websites
 Example of a coursed rubble wall in Malta
 Reusing construction rubble - Low cost alternative building materials; YouTube
 Few Things to Think About Before Building a Rock Wall; YouTube

Category:Building materials

Rubble


Cassandra Davis Patton (born July 30, 1964) is an American actress and singer who is best known for her role as Ella Payne on Tyler Perry's House of Payne and its spin-off series The Paynes. She has also starred in several other productions under the direction of Tyler Perry.

Life and career
Born in Holly Springs, Mississippi, Davis' acting career began in 1988 with her role in the Spike Lee film School Daze. Her early television credits include appearances on Living Single, Married... with Children, Kenan & Kel, Boycott, and The PJ's. She established her acting career by appearing in Tyler Perry productions such as Madea's Family Reunion, Madea Goes to Jail, Daddy's Little Girls, and Tyler Perry's House of Payne.

Davis attended Spelman College in Atlanta and majored in music. She left the college one credit short of graduation, because she was not allowed to perform religious music during her senior recital. Davis returned to Spelman in 2008 to complete her degree, graduating in November of that year.

She has credited her devout, born-again Christian faith as the main reason behind her professional success.

Filmography

Film

Television

References

Other websites

Category:1964 births
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Living people

Cassi Davis


Sanjaya Joseph Malakar (; ; born September 10, 1989) is an American singer. He is best known for being on the sixth season of American Idol. He was not well liked by the program's judges, mainly Simon Cowell. He was voted off after the top 7 participants.

References

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:singers from Washington
Category:American Idol contestants

Sanjaya Malakar


Puducherry, which used to be called Pondicherry is a Union territory of India. Pondicherry is divided into four separate parts: Puducherry district, Karaikal district, Yanam district , and Mahe district. These four areas are under one name because they were all once ruled by the French. Chandranagore, the fifth former French colony 30 kilometers north of Kolkata, in West Bengal, India, is now outside this unconnected territory.

When India took control of them, they took them in as one territory. Pondicherry is going through a name change to Puducherry, which means "new village" in the local language. It covers an area of 183 mi² or 474 km²; it is bigger than Andorra but smaller than Saint Lucia.

Its a very nice tourist place. Its has many heritage buildings with old French architecture. The Boulevard is ellipse-shaped with two clock towers of the Small Market and the Big Market as the foci of it. The area of boulevards close to the Beach is called White Town. This was the area where initial French settlements were made. Henceforth it is called White town area.

Puducherry


The One O'Clock Chop is a young adult novel by written by Ralph Fletcher, first published in 2007.

Background
Ralph Fletch drew up on own experiences in being a clam digger when he was between seventeen and twenty years old.  He considers this his first piece of historical fiction and talked to many Hawaiian women while writing this novel.

Plot summary
Matt, a fourteen your old boy living on Long Island in 1973, takes a job with Dan,  a clam digger.  He wants to save up enough money to buy a used boat. Jazzy, Matt's cousin from Hawaii comes to spend the summer with Matt and his mother.  Jazzy and Matt become kissing cousins until Jazzy becomes interested in another boy.  They finally become friends again and Matt learns to stand up for himself.

Explanation of the novel's title
The One O'Clock Chop is a daily breeze that suddenly moves across the bay where Matt lives roughening up the smooth surface. Dan says "the old salts say you can set your watch by it."

Notes

References

Other websites
Ralph Fletcher's website

Category:2007 books
Category:Young adult novels

The One O'Clock Chop


The Eurovision Song Contest is a song contest run by the European Broadcasting Union that started in 1956. Different singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.

Famous past winners include ABBA (representing their native Sweden in 1974), Céline Dion (though Canadian, she represented Switzerland) in 1988, Lordi (Finland, 2006), Loreen (Sweden, 2012) and Conchita Wurst (Austria, 2014).

One of Eurovision's most famous moments was in 1990 when Spain's entry suffered a technical fault at the start of the song but it was soon performed without any further problems.

The latest winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is Duncan Laurence of the Netherlands, achieving his country's fifth win of the contest (and first in 44 years) in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 2019, with his song "Arcade".

The country that had to wait the longest from its first participation to achieve a win was Portugal, which won with the song Amar pelos dois by Salvador Sobral in Kiev, Ukraine, in 2017.

List of winners

Junior winners

Notes
  In 1969 four countries were joint winners as there was no rule for a tie.

Other websites
 Eurovision.tv - the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest
 JuniorEurovision.tv - the official website of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest
 ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
 The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items
 The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries

Category:1956 establishments in Europe

Eurovision Song Contest


, born , was a Japanese terrorist. He was the founder of the Japanese doomsday cult group Aum Shinrikyo. Asahara was convicted for being the mastermind behind the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack and several other crimes, for which he was sentenced to death in 2004.

In June 2012, his execution was postponed due to further arrests of Aum Shinrikyo members. He was executed by hanging on July 6, 2018.

References

Other websites
Aleph: the organization's official website, with an English section
A Japan Times article about two documentary films on Aleph.
 BBC link & photos
IMDB: Documentary films A (1998) and A2 (2001) by Tatsuya Mori

Category:1955 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Japanese people
Category:Murderers
Category:Terrorists
Category:People executed by hanging
Category:Executed people

Shoko Asahara


Skyline is a city in Blue Earth County, Minnesota in the United States. 330 people were living in Skyline as of 2000.  Skyline has an area of 0.2 square miles.

References

Other websites
Skyline — City-Data.com information

Category:Cities in Minnesota

Skyline, Minnesota


Sound Horizon is a Japanese musical group. They released their first major album in 2004 with  Elysion ~Rakuen e no Zensōkyoku~. This album started as the number 14 most popular in Japan. They call themselves a "fantasy band". The band members change according to the song. The composer, Revo is the only person who always participates in the band.

Category:Japanese rock bands
Category:Progressive metal bands
Category:Folk music groups

Sound Horizon


Tu Sooraj Main Saanjh Piyaji was  a 2017 Indian television soap opera that aired on Star Plus. The Show  stars Rhea Sharma and Avinesh Rekhi and is the sequel to the series Diya Aur Baati Hum. Neelu Vaghela, Ashok Lokhande, and Kanika Maheshwari reprise their roles from that series.

PLOT / STORY
The story is based o the life of the children of Sooraj and Sandhya, focusing on their daughter, Kanak. Her grandmother Bhabho ignores and looks down upon Kanak because according to her, Kanak is to blame for her (Kanak's) parents' death, but later upon realising her love for Kanak, Bhabho accepts her as family. Later, Kanak gets married to a superstitious but good-hearted gentleman, named Uma Shankar. He is a blind believer in morals taught by his greedy and hypocrite maternal aunt, Nanda Devi. Kanak sets off on a journey with Uma Shankar, who is her perfect opposite, to teach him the greatest moral of life - humanity - while she is criticized by Palomi and repeatedly harmed by Maasi Saa, and later, her lewd son, Aditya. In the process, she herself falls in love with Uma after establishing herself as the perfect wife for him. In a subplot taking place in Bangkok, Uma and Kanak plot to expose Maasi Saa and Aditya, and prove that Palomi is alive. They succeed in doing so and are about to live happily until Uma shockingly marries Meera Mittal, daughter of a rich businessman for some unknown reason, ditching Kanak.

The story then takes a two-year leap and Kanak eventually reappears in Uma's life, who is now shown as a successful business tycoon. After a lot of misunderstandings, it is revealed that Uma still loves Kanak and he was actually blackmailed and forced into marrying Meera to save his sister Suman's life. Meera gets mad with jealousy and vows to destroy Kanak’s life. She alongside Aditya tries many heinous ways to separate the duo including attempting to marry off Kanak to a man who is also after her, but fails every time and eventually gets arrested thanks to a cunning plan made by Kanak. Aditya also realises his mistake and has a change of heart, becoming loyal towards his brother. Kanak gets rid of her hatred towards Uma and the couple are united again. It is then that Maasi Saa comes out of jail with the same evil intention of decimating the protagonists.

Saras (Uma's sister) meanwhile suffers an unfortunate miscarriage, and seeing Uma's grief over the matter Kanak with the help of Aditya launches a Bike Ambulance so that every emergency patient gets admitted to the hospital as quickly as possible. But this noble idea creates many enemies for Uma and Kanak from the very outset and Dr. Parag, Dean of Pratistha Medical College joins hands with Maasi Saa to cancel Uma's license so that he can use the idea to flourish his own Medical College and take the credit wholly upon himself. Kanak decides to study Paramedicals and become a doctor herself to save the license from being cancelled and no one can label her as amateur when she treats any patient. After facing several hurdles and hindrances in the college set up by Dr. Parag himself, she at last succeeds in removing the mask out of Dr. Parag's face, unveiling his true nature in front of the public and gets him behind bars. It is revealed before that Maasi Saa was ill-treated by Dr. Parag while in jail, and she was planning for revenge ever since she got out of jail. She later stops plotting against Uma and Kanak and becomes kind towards them.

Uma at this time receives a fake call and gets attacked by some goons who also trashes his Bike Ambulance. He recovers some months later, but loses his memory and to everyone's surprise turns into that same superstitious person he used to be before. He asks Kanak to either choose him or to pursue the Paramedics course as he is against the idea of her studying. However, Kanak chooses to continue her dream of becoming a doctor. Uma supports her decision and Aditya then reveals that it was Uma's plan all along to infuse some confidence and passion inside Kanak which she was lacking hitherto, and that he never lost his memory. With her husband at her side, the story finally ends on a happy note as Kanak sets off for her new career with the blessings of Bhabo and other elders.

Remakes
Because of it's Popularity it is remaded in several language . It has been remaked in telegu as Agni Sakshi which airs on Maa TV . The series has also been remade in Bengali as Ardhangini which airs on STAR  Jalsha.

Cast

Main cast
Rhea Sharma as Kanak Sooraj Rathi / Kanak Uma Shankar Toshniwal - A free-spirited and cheerful girl who believes in women's empowerment and has an undaunted zeal to protect her loved ones from any harm, and a firm disposition in materializing her thoughts and perception regarding something, be it faith, religion or relationship. She wants to become a paramedical doctor.(2017-18)
Avinesh Rekhi as Uma Shankar Toshniwal ("Uma") - An ayurvedic practitioner by profession and a blind believer in the faith and religion. However, his relationship with Kanak gradually changes, making him more cognizant of emotion and slowly uprooting the seeds of superstition/blind faith deeply embedded in his core. He is an honest, disciplined, and righteous person, Kanak's husband. (2017-18)
Swati Kapoor as Saraswati Toshniwal / Saraswati Vansh Rathi ("Saras") - Uma's younger sister, Vansh's wife. A docile, kindhearted, and devotional girl who was trapped by Vansh after he feigned being in love with her in order to get revenge on Uma for marrying his sister, Kanak. Saras genuinely loves Vansh and desperately tries to make their marriage survive. Recently, their relationship has improved after Vansh's previous misunderstandings about her and Uma were cleared up. (2017-18)
Kabeer Kumar as Vansh Sooraj Rathi - Kanak's elder brother and Ved's younger fraternal twin who is (unlike his twin) careless of his duties towards his household, unemployed, and can't financially contribute. He is often insensitive to others' feelings, and can easily misinterpret people and circumstances. He cares deeply for Kanak and goes to great lengths for her, but his efforts usually end up complicating matters. He is married to Saraswati Toshniwal. (2017-18)
Mayank Arora as IPS Ved Sooraj Rathi - Kanak's elder brother, Vansh's elder fraternal twin and Payal's husband. An IPS officer like his mother Sandhya, who is wise in opinion and stable at job. He falls in love with Payal, and with the help of Kanak, successfully nullifies Payal's marriage with the devious Aditya, saves her and later marries her. (2017-18)
Shefali Singh Soni as Payal Aditya Modani / Payal Ved Rathi - Previously Aditya's wife (having been married to him against her will in childhood), Aditya's ex-wife, Ved's wife. She was insecure in her position as the daughter-in-law of the Toshniwal household upon the arrival of Kanak. She breifly plotted against her with her mother but later realized her mistake after she was aided by Kanak to move out of her loveless dysfunctional relationship with Aditya, and start life anew with her lover Ved (Kanak's brother). However, she is jealous and mean-minded by nature. (2017-18)
Neelu Vaghela as Santosh Arun Rathi ("Bhabho") - Kanak's judicious and adamant grandmother with a strict demeanor, who often gives her relationship advice, especially in improving Uma's religious perspective; by giving rational guidance. She is the parallel lead character of the story. (2017-18)
Sadiya Siddiqui as Nanda Devi Modani ("Maasi saa") - Uma's maternal aunt who is a hypocritical, opportunistic and cunning lady. As Uma's maternal aunt, she has taught him wrong morals and made him rigidly orthodox in opinion and lifestyle to maintain her importance in his life. This made it easy for her to reign over his property with her co-conspirator, her devious son Aditya. She is the main antagonist in Uma's life and his relationship with Kanak. (2017-18)
Ayush Anand as Aditya Modani (aka Adi or Vicky) - Maasi saa's nefarious son and Payal's ex-husband who is cunning, lewd and greedy for money and other materialistic pleasures. He ran away from home at an early age to lead a lifestyle not bound by Uma's rules and regulations, and upon returning also tried to utilize Payal as a means to clear his debts. He couldn't succeed in his cruel intentions due to Kanak and Ved's interference. He was thrown in jail after his divorce from Payal but later he becomes good. (2017-18)

Recurring cast
Ashok Lokhande as Arun Rathi ("Baba saa") - Sooraj's father and Kanak's grandfather; a benevolent foodie who is at times forgetful and a bit foolish but has a deft touch with even the toughest situations and is the main emotional support behind the strength of his wife, Santosh "Bhabho". (2017-18)
Uday Nene as Golu Vikram Rathi - Kanak, Ved and Vansh's elder cousin brother who is excessively attached to his mother Meena. (2017)
Sheetal Pandya as Rani Golu Rathi - Golu's wife who previously worked as a maid servant to the Rathis and is just like her mother-in-law, Meena. (2017-18)
Kanika Maheshwari as Meenakshi Vikram Rathi "Meena" - Vikram's wife and Kanak's aunt, she is cunning and to some extent greedy for money, outgoing and boisterous. She cares deeply for Kanak and her brother having raised them up as her own children. She had previously been traumatized by her husband's infidelity, which had been a lie to save her from the shock of their daughter, Mishri's, misconduct in having a child without being married. (2017)
Rajeev Singh as Vikram Arun Rathi - Sooraj's brother and Kanak's uncle, he lied to his wife Meena about Pavan being his illegitimate child to hide their daughter's misconduct from her. He is like a father-figure to Ved, Vansh and Kanak. (2017)
Madhura Naik as Palomi - A lady who has been given shelter at Uma's household, but has, over time, fallen in love with him and is now obsessed with Uma. She is thus a rival of Kanak and is favored by Maasi saa over Kanak. (2017-18)
Hearty Singh as Shiv Toshniwal - Uma's younger cousin brother who is fond of Kanak. (2017-18)
Mazel Vyas as Suman Toshniwal - Uma's studious and intelligent younger cousin sister. (2017-18)
Vikas Grover as Arvind - Kanak's loyal friend. (2017)
Kangna Sharma as Meera Mittal - an insane woman obsessed with Uma. (2018)
Ankit Bathla as Akshay - a man who faked to love Kanak and wanted to destroy her life by marrying her. (2018)
Unknown as Arpita - Akshay's elder sister who had great trust in Kanak. (2018)
Abhaas Mehta as Dr. Parag Bansal - a corrupt and dishonest doctor who can go to any length for his profit. Dean of Pratistha Medical College. (2018)
Sanjay Gandhi as Divya Jyoti Prakash - an imposter hired by Nanda to act as "Mausa saa" or her husband as part of her plan to trap Uma and Kanak. (2018)
Honey Singh as Tiara, Classmate of Kanak in paramedical studies, Aditya's love interest. (2018)
Anjali Khurana as Professor Madhavi. Supports Dr Parag and hates Kanak. (2018)

Guest stars
Anas Rashid as Sooraj Rathi - Ved, Vansh and Kanak's father, who appeared in a dream sequence to motivate Kanak and also appeared in flashbacks
Deepika Singh as Sandhya Rathi - Ved, Vansh and Kanak's mother (in flashbacks only).
Gagan Malik as Bal Brahmachari

Category:Indian television series

Tu Sooraj Main, Saanjh Piyaji


Carlisle County is a county located in the U.S. state of Kentucky. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,104. Its county seat is Bardwell.

References

Category:1880s establishments in Kentucky
Category:1886 establishments in the United States
Category:Kentucky counties

Carlisle County, Kentucky


The Germ theory of disease is a theory in biology. It says that small organisms (called germs), also known as microbes, cause diseases. Most, but not all diseases are infectious diseases. The germ theory states that small organisms cause a reaction in the body of those who are infected. The body's reaction to infection is called a disease.

Many scientists and doctors in history figured out that diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. Even after the microscope was invented, people still didn't know that germs caused diseases. People long believed that "bad air" from stinky trash dumps and from rotting meat was the cause of diseases. So people thought that covering their mouth and nose with a cloth would help filter out the "bad air." Scientists and doctors would use garlic and perfumes to ward off the bad air. But people still got sick and even died, so this theory was wrong. Polluted air is not the cause of disease.

One problem with the old theories of disease was that people believed that living things were spontaneously generated. Spontaneous generation is when something like a fly grows from a small speck of smelly meat. That old theory is called abiogenesis. In the seventeenth century, Francesco Redi (February 18, 1626 – March 1, 1697) discovered that flies lay eggs that become maggots. Prior to this, people thought that maggots came from rotting meat. He discovered this by sealing some meat in a jar and watching it. No maggots were found on the sealed meat. He also put some meat in a jar and covered it with gauze. Maggots were found on the gauze but not inside the jar. But when he placed meat in an open jar, maggots were found on the meat and inside the jar. Experiments like this proved that maggots come from flies who lay eggs, not from rotting meat. Later scientists would prove that diseases did not come from the air. Diseases are spread by infection.

Sanitation
Also in the eighteenth century, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered the first microscopic organisms with a microscope. He was the first microbiologist. He saw some of the microscopic organisms that cause diseases, but he didn't know what they were. In 1700, Nicolas Andry thought that some of these microscopic organisms caused smallpox and other diseases. Over 100 years later, Agostino Bassi figured out what caused disease in silkworms. Ignaz Semmelweis was a doctor who figured out that if doctors washed their hands after touching dead people, that other patients wouldn't get sick. That was in 1847. It was about this time that sanitation and hand washing became popular with some, but not all doctors. Doctors began to use chemicals to cleanse wounds and clean their tools between each patient.

One of the most famous experiments of the nineteenth century was when John Snow discovered the source of a cholera outbreak. It turns out that cholera is transmitted when human waste contaminates water that people drink. Snow found out that there was a large number of sick people in Soho in London. After talking to many people in the area and mapping where each sick person lived, he realized that the sick people were almost all getting their drinking water from the same public water pump. He solved the epidemic by having the water pump's handle removed so that the people would get water from some other place. It worked, and the epidemic was soon over.

Louis Pasteur showed that the germ theory of disease was true. In 1862, he invented a process that heats up a liquid to a high temperature to keep it from spoiling. This process is known as pasteurization, named after Pasteur. Pasteurization is used to kill microscopic organisms in liquids like milk, wine, and beer. Liquids that are pasteurized will last much longer before they spoil.

Later, he did an experiment with fermentation. In one case he made a broth that he put inside a jar with a very long winding tube, so that no particles could pass to it from outside. Air could get inside the tube, but almost no dust. The broth he made did not change, and no fermentation took place.

He then took a similar broth, but this time he allowed air and dust to go inside the jar. This time, fermentation took place. The thing that caused fermentation therefore needed to come from outside (the environment). And it wasn't just air that caused fermentation, it must be something floating in the air which was very small. We now know that small particles called yeast cause fermentation.

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister would go on and help establish the germ theory of disease as an important part of science and medicine. Koch's theories are called "postulates" and helped medical researchers know what causes diseases. Lister's ideas would help establish sanitation as a major defense against disease. Koch's postulates and Lister's sanitation discoveries are still very important today.

We now know that small things cause diseases. Each one of these things can cause infection: fungus, bacteria, virus, prion, yeast, protist.

Other websites
 Germ theory of disease -Citizendium

Category:Microbiology
Category:Medicine

Germ theory of disease


The agglomeration community Annemasse - Les Voirons is an intercommunal structure in Haute-Savoie, France. It consists of the town Annemasse and 11 neighbouring communes. It is located at the Swiss border, east of Geneva, between the mountains Salève and Voirons.

History
In 1966, the communes of Ambilly, Annemasse, Etrembières, Gaillard, Ville-la-Grand and Vétraz-Monthoux formed the syndicat intercommunal à vocations multiples of the Annemasse agglomeration. This cooperation became a communauté de communes on January 1, 2002. The communauté de communes of the Annemasse agglomeration and the communauté de communes of the Voirons merged to form the present agglomeration community in 2007.

Communes
The communauté d'agglomération consists of the following 12 communes:

Politics

Communitary council
The conseil is composed of 79 delegates of municipal councils of member communes.

References

Other websites
 Official tourism site of Annemasse - Les Voirons agglomeration
 Official site of Annemasse - Les Voirons agglomeration

Annemasse

Agglomeration community of Annemasse – Les Voirons


The Chicago Police Department, also known as Chicago P.D. and the CPD, is the main law enforcement agency of the City of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States, under the jurisdiction of the city mayor. It is the largest police department in the Midwest and the second largest in the United States after the New York City Police Department with over 13,600 sworn officers and over 2,600 other employees. Dating back to 1837, the Chicago Police Department is one of the oldest modern police forces in the world.

Category:Law enforcement agencies of the United States
Category:Chicago, Illinois
Category:1855 establishments in Illinois

Chicago Police Department


Bob Ash (born September 29, 1943) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. During his career he played 200 games in the World Hockey Association with the Winnipeg Jets and Indianapolis Racers.

Awards and achievements
MJHL First All-Star Team  (1964)
Turnbull Cup MJHL Championship (1962, 1963, & 1964)

Other websites

Category:1943 births
Category:American Hockey League players
Category:Brandon Wheat Kings players
Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Category:Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Category:Living people
Category:World Hockey Association players
Category:Central Professional Hockey League players

Bob Ash


Berryville is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.

Category:Towns in Virginia
Category:County seats in Virginia

Berryville, Virginia


Asif Ali Zardari (; ) is a Pakistani politician who was the 11th President of Pakistan from 2008-2013 and the former co-chairperson of Pakistan Peoples Party.
He became famous after he married Benazir Bhutto in 1987, daughter of the former prime minister of Pakistan, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. His wife became prime minister in 1988. He returned from self-exile from Dubai when his wife was assassinated in 2007. As new Co-chairperson he became president after his party won the 2008 general elections. He passed the 18th amendment to constitutionally reduce his powers and allied with the U.S in the war in Afghanistan.

Early life
Zardari was born on 26 July 1955 in Karachi, Sindh.It is also said that in 2007 he had his wife assasinated himself to bring himself to power.

Category:Living people
Category:1955 births
Category:Presidents of Pakistan

Asif Ali Zardari


Pedro Alejandro Paterno y de Vera-Ignacio, also spelled Pedro Alejandro Paterno y Debera Ignacio(February 17, 1857 - April 26, 1911) was a Filipino independence activist, revolutionary and politician. He was also a poet and novelist.

He was the second Prime Minister of the Philippines provisional revolutionary government from May 7, 1899 to November 13, 1899.

References

Other websites
 Pedro Paterno's Proclamation of War on June 2, 1899
 Ninay

Category:1857 births
Category:1911 deaths
Category:Autobiographers
Category:Journalists
Category:People from Manila
Category:Prime Ministers of the Philippines

Pedro Paterno


Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team is the national football team of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Football in Bosnia and Herzegovina


Intel 4004 is the first Intel processor in 1971.

References

Category:Computer processors

Intel 4004


The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was a 9.0-magnitude earthquake followed by tsunami waves. It was measured at 8.4 on the JMA seismic intensity scale The earthquake happened  off  Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, on the east coast of the Tōhoku of Japan, on March 11, 2011 at 05:46:23 UTC. It was at a depth of 24.4 km (15.2 miles). It was  the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history. It was also the fourth most powerful earthquake on Earth since modern record-keeping began in 1900.

On 10 February 2015, the Japanese National Police Agency report confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing.

Earthquake
Days before the main earthquake, there were several foreshocks. The biggest one was a 7.2 magnitude, the  earthquake on 9 March, about  from the main earthquake's location.

The United States Geological Survey said the centre of the earthquake was  from Tokyo. A 7.7 aftershock happened 30 minutes following the first quake. There have been more than 600 aftershocks bigger than magnitude 4.5 or more.

The earthquake damaged buildings and started fires. The Shinkansen high speed bullet trains were stopped and Haneda Airport was closed after the quake. Various train services around Japan were also stopped. Hundreds of flights to Japan were cancelled due to the earthquake and tsunami, affecting many people. A large fire broke out at an oil refinery in Ichihara, Chiba prefecture.

The nuclear power plants shut down automatically. At first the Japanese Prime Minister said that no radioactive material leaked. About 51,000 people were moved away from the nuclear reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima city when its cooling system failed. There are fears that the nuclear reactor might meltdown.

Tsunami

The earthquake started a tsunami warning for Japan's Pacific coast and other countries, including New Zealand, Australia, Russia, Guam, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands (USA) and Taiwan. The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale. It warned that the wave could be as much as 10 meters high. A 0.5 meter high wave hit Japan's northern coast.  Kyodo news agency reported a four-metre-high tsunami hit the Iwate Prefecture in Japan.  Miyagi Prefecture was flooded, with waves carrying buildings and cars along as they travelled inland. In some areas the waves reached 10 km inland.

At 9:28 p.m (HST) the National Weather Service issued a tsunami warning until 7 a.m. for all of Hawaii. Tsunami waves were expected to arrive in Hawaii at 2:59 am local time. A wave two meters high reached California, after travelling across the Pacific Ocean at a speed of 500 kilometres per hour. A man in California was drowned after being swept into the ocean while trying to take a photograph of the tsunami wave.

Effects

Deaths–Injured–Missing
The Japanese National Police Agency has officially confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing across 18 prefectures, as well as over 126,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.

Nuclear disaster
The Fukushima nuclear disaster began on March 11 2011, just hours after the initial wave. The connection to the electrical grid was broken. All power for cooling was lost and reactors started to overheat. There was a partial core meltdown in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper part of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged the containment inside reactor 2; fires broke out at reactor 4. Despite being initially shutdown, reactors 5 and 6 began to overheat. Spent nuclear fuel rods stored in pools in each reactor building overheated as water levels in the pools dropped. The accident is the second biggest nuclear accident after the Chernobyl disaster, but more complex as all reactors are involved.

There were 4.4 million households that had their electricity supply cut off, including 11 nuclear power plants.

Geophysical impact
The quake moved parts of northeast Japan as much as  closer to North America, making parts of Japan's land "wider than before," according to geophysicist Ross Stein. Areas of Japan closest to the epi-center shifted the most.

The Pacific plate itself may have moved westwards by up to . Other estimates put the amount of slippage at as much as , covering an area some  long by  wide. If confirmed, this would be one of the largest recorded fault movements to have been associated with an earthquake.

According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the earthquake shifted the Earth's axis by . This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth. The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.

The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Due to the conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation. These are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude.

Transport
The Tōhoku Expressway, which serves northern Japan, had to be closed due to cracks on the roads. The whole railway network was closed, but was reopened hours after the earthquake. Up to 100,000 people were stuck waiting for a ride straight out of the city.

Television broadcast
In response to the great disaster, Emperor Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast.  This was the first time any emperor used television in this way.

Other help
There were other people from other countries helping people after this disaster. For example, Google set up a people finder service, which allowed users to ask for or post information about missing people.

References

Wikinews has news related to:
 8.9 magnitude earthquake hits Japan, causes tsunami
 Earthquake-damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant triggers evacuation
 Explosion at earthquake damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant
 Death toll rises from Japan quake
 Japan facing 'most severe crisis since World War II', says prime minister

Other websites
 USGS Earthquake Report
 Integrated Tsunami Watcher Service
 Pacific Tsunami Warning Center
 Google's People Finder service

Category:2011 earthquakes
Category:2010s in Japan

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami


Vinnie Jones is a former English football player. He played for Wales national team. Jones is now an actor. He played Juggernaut in Marvel's X-Men: The Last Stand. Jones was a housemate in the 2010 UK series of Celebrity Big Brother.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986-87||rowspan="3"|Wimbledon||rowspan="3"|First Division||22||4
|-
|1987-88||24||2
|-
|1988-89||31||3
|-
|1989-90||rowspan="2"|Leeds United||rowspan="2"|Second Division||45||5
|-
|1990-91||1||0
|-
|1990-91||rowspan="2"|Sheffield United||rowspan="2"|First Division||31||2
|-
|1991-92||4||0
|-
|1991-92||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||First Division||35||3
|-
|1992-93||Premier League||7||1
|-
|1992-93||rowspan="6"|Wimbledon||rowspan="6"|Premier League||27||1
|-
|1993-94||33||2
|-
|1994-95||33||3
|-
|1995-96||31||3
|-
|1996-97||29||3
|-
|1997-98||24||0
|-
|1997-98||rowspan="2"|Queens Park Rangers||rowspan="2"|First Division||7||1
|-
|1998-99||2||0
386||33
386||33
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1994||1||0
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||2||0
|-
!Total||9||0
|}

Filmography

References

Category:Actors from Hertfordshire
Category:Celebrity Big Brother contestants
Category:English footballers
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Premier League players

Vinnie Jones