Roper v. Simmons, , was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court.  The Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute a person for crimes they committed before they were 18 years old. This decision affected 25 states in the country, which still allowed executions of children under age 18.  Also, the decision reversed the Court's past ruling in Stanford v. Kentucky, , which had said that executions of children ages 1618 were sometimes legal.

History
The first known juvenile (child under the age of 18) to be executed in America was Thomas Granger.  In 1642, he was executed at age 16 or 17 for sodomy.  Between 1642 and 2016, 364 juveniles have been executed in the United States.

Until 1988, the Supreme Court had put no limits on how old a person had to be in order to be executed.  This meant each state could set their own rules.  In some states, the minimum age for execution was as low as 14.  For example, in 1944, South Carolina executed a 14-year-old boy named George Stinney in the electric chair.  Stinney was the youngest person in the United States to be convicted and executed during the 20th century.

Juvenile executions were much more common earlier on.  However, between 1976 and 2005, twenty-two juveniles were executed.

The Supreme Court started to set some limits on juvenile executions in the late 1980s.  In 1988, the Supreme Court ruled in Thompson v. Oklahoma that children under the age of sixteen could not be executed.  However, the next year, in Stanford v. Kentucky, the Court ruled that juveniles ages 16 and 17 could be given the death penalty.

Background

Crime and trial
The Simmons case started in Missouri in 1993.  Christopher Simmons, who was 17, made a plan to murder a woman named Shirley Crook.  He brought two younger friends, Charles Benjamin and John Tessmer, into the plan. They planned to break into Crook's house, steal things, tie Crook up, and throw her off a bridge.  Tessmer dropped out of the plan at the last minute.  However, Simmons and Benjamin broke into Crook's home, drove her to a state park, and threw her off a bridge.

Simmons and Benjamin were caught and put on trial.  There was a lot of evidence of what they had done.  Simmons had admitted to the murder.  Tessmer testifid against Simmons and said Simmons had planned the crime ahead of time.  (In American law, thinking about killing someone ahead of time makes the killing first degree murder.)  The jury found Simmons guilty, and recommended a death sentence.  The judge agreed.

Appeals

Simmons appealed his conviction.  Each appeals court which heard his case agreed with the original jury's death sentence.  Then the United States Supreme Court decided in Atkins v. Virginia 536 U.S. 304 (2002) that executing people with intellectual disabilities was unconstitutional.  Encouraged, Simmons filed a new petition to the Supreme Court of Missouri.  That court decided that "a national consensus has developed against the execution of juvenile offenders," meaning that across the country, most Americans disagreed with executing juveniles.  The court ruled that executing juveniles is cruel and unusual punishment, which violates the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.  They changed Simmons' sentence from death to life in prison.

The State of Missouri appealed the decision to the United States Supreme Court.  The Court agreed to hear the case.

Decision
This case divided the Supreme Court.  In a vote of 5-4, they ruled that it is cruel and unusual punishment to execute people who were juveniles when they committed their crimes.  This means that executing these people is against the Eighth Amendment, and is unconstitutional.  This decision made it illegal for any state in the country to execute someone who was under the age of 18 when they committed their crime.

The Court had a few reasons for making this decision.  First, they argued that juveniles are not as mature as adults.  They wrote that there is a lot of research showing that:
 Teenagers are more reckless and more likely to make decisions without thinking them through
 Teenagers have less control over their behavior
 Teenagers are more likely to do things because of peer pressure, not because they want to

The Court pointed out that most states realized these things, which is why they kept teenagers from voting, being on juries, or getting married without their parents' approval.

The Court also agreed with the Missouri Supreme Court that there was a "national consensus" against executing people who committed their crimes as juveniles.

Finally, the Court looked at what other countries in the world did.  They wrote that:
 Only 7 countries other than the United States had ever executed juvenile offenders: Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and China
 However, since 1990, each of these 7 countries had stopped using the death penalty for juvenile offenders
 The United States was the only country left in the world that executed juvenile offenders

Effects

Effects on other death row prisoners
When the Supreme Court decided Roper, there were 72 other prisoners in the United States who were on death row because of crimes they committed as juveniles:

These people were not set free.  However, their death sentences were automatically cancelled and they were sentenced to spend the rest of their lives in prison instead.

Related pages
 Capital punishment in the United States

References

Category:2005 in the United States
Category:Capital punishment in the United States
Category:2000s in Missouri
Category:United States Supreme Court cases

Roper v. Simmons


Hurt, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.

Category:Towns in Virginia

Hurt, Virginia


A supervolcano is a volcano that can make a volcanic eruption where the things being thrown out of the volcano have a volume bigger than .  This is thousands of times bigger than most volcanic eruptions which happened a long time. Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot, but can not break through the crust. More and more pressure builds up in a large and growing magma pool until the crust can no longer take the pressure.

Although there are not many Quaternary supervolcanoes, supervolcanic eruptions usually cover very big areas with lava and volcanic ash. They can also cause a long-lasting change to weather (such as the triggering of a small ice age), enough to possibly make species extinct.

Terminology

The term "supervolcano" was first used in the BBC popular science television program Horizon in 2000 to mean eruptions of this type.

Volcanologists (who study with volcanoes) and geologists do not say "supervolcanoes" in their scientific work. This is because the word can mean many different geothermal conditions.  Since 2003, however, the term has been used by professionals when showing things to the public.  The term megacaldera is sometimes used for calderas which are quite similar to supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada.

Related pages
 Toba catastrophe theory

References

More reading

Other websites

 Information on the original BBC program
 Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World
 USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
 Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"
 Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes

Category:Volcanology

Supervolcano


Lemon verbena, or Aloysia citrodora is a type of flowering plant in the verbena family. Common names are Lemon Verbena and Lemon Beebrush. Its tiny flowers bloom purple or white in late summer.

Uses
Lemon verbena leaves are used to add a lemony taste to fish and poultry dishes, vegetable marinades, salad dressings, jams, puddings, and beverages. It also is used to make herb tea.

References

Category:Verbenaceae

Lemon verbena


Akdamar Island (also known as Aghtamar, Ahktamar, and Aght'amar; Armenian: Աղթամար, Kurdish: Axtamar) is a small island in Lake Van in Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey.

Other websites
 The Surp Hach (Saint Cross) church on Akhtamar Island

Category:Armenian Apostolic Churches

Akdamar Island


North Weald Bassett is a village and civil parish in Epping Forest, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6039 people living in North Weald Bassett.

References

Category:Villages in Essex
Category:Civil parishes in Essex

North Weald Bassett


The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 is an Act of the Australian Parliament.  They formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931. It happened on 9 October 1942.

The Act is more important for its symbolic value than for the legal effect of its provisions. Australia was becoming more independent from the United Kingdom.  This Statute showed the independence to the world.

Category:1942
Category:1940s in Australia
Category:Laws


St. Stephen's Cathedral () is found in Vienna, Austria. It has a clear Romanesque and Gothic form. The large place before it is called Stephansplatz (St. Stephen's place). It lies in the center of Vienna.

History
It had the status of Cathedral since 1376. Since 1479 it is the seat of a bishop, since 1723 that of an archbishop. The current archbishop of Vienna is Christoph Schönborn. He holds the office since 1996. The Cathedral is consecrated to Stephanus. Stephanus is believed to be the first Christian martyr.

References

Other websites
 Official website of St. Stephen's Cathedral
 About the Bells

Category:Buildings and structures in Austria
Category:Christianity in Austria
Category:Roman Catholic Cathedrals
Category:1140s establishments in Europe
Category:Establishments in Austria
Category:1147 establishments

St Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna


Dravida Kazhagam (or Dravidar Kazhagam, "Dravidian Organization") was one of the first Dravidian parties in India. The party was founded by E.V. Ramasamy, also called Thanthai Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including untouchability and to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian nation) from the Madras Presidency i.e., a separate nation from India for Dravidian people alone.

Dravidar Kazhagam gave birth to many other political parties including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Dravidar Kazhagam is now headed by K.Veeramani.

Foundation and Ideology
The roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the Self-Respect Movement and Justice party, founded by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the Indian National Congress party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1916, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on Dravidians, and to denote this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the movement for upliftment.It opposed Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance, and aimed to form a separate country of Dravida Nadu, to include either all of South India or the predominantly Tamil-speaking regions.

Reference

Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu
Category:1938 establishments in Asia
Category:1930s establishments in India

Dravida Kazhagam


Hatfield is a small village near Leominster in Herefordshire. In the village is a caravan site called Fair View caravan site. It has a small church called Hatfield St. Leonard, built . It is of Norman design. It is built of local sandstone.  Other nearby hamlets and towns include Bockleton, Bromyard and Leominister. The city of Hereford is  south of Hatfield.  The Herefordshire Trail (walking trail) runs through the village.

References

Category:Villages in England
Category:Settlements in Herefordshire

Hatfield, Herefordshire


Marion Sylvester Barber III (born June 10, 1983) is a former American football running back in the National Football League. After playing college football for the Minnesota Golden Gophers, he was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He was selected to the Pro Bowl in 2007 during his six-year tenure with the Cowboys. He played for the Chicago Bears in 2011.

College
Barber played college football for Minnesota Golden Gophers. He had 35 rushing touchdowns, one more than his father, Marion Barber Jr. He and Laurence Maroney helped make the Golphers backfield one of the best in the NCAA.

Professional career

Dallas Cowboys
Barber was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the 4th round (109 overall) of the 2005 NFL Draft. Despite his talent, Barber's career has been harmed by injuries. he never rushed for 1,000 yards or over. He was voted to the Pro Bowl in 2007 after 204 rushing yards, 975 yards, and 10 touchdowns. He added 44 catches, 282 yards, and two receiving touchdowns in 2007.

Barber was released by Dallas after the 2010 season.

Chicago Bears
Barber was signed by the Chicago Bears as a backup to Matt Forte. His fumble against the Denver Broncos lost the game. In his only season in Chicago, Barber rushed for 442 yards and 6 touchdowns on 114 carries.

Retirement
On March 23, 2012, Barber announced his retirement. “I want to thank everyone who gave me the opportunity to play, and I’m very thankful to have had the chance to suit up for two of the NFL’s most storied organizations,” Barber said on the Bears' team website.

Personal
Barber is the older brother of Houston Texans safety Dominique Barber and the son of former New York Jets running back Marion Barber, Jr..

References
 Marion Barber among Dallas Cowboys to be released-ESPN
 Barber announces retirement-MSN

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football running backs
Category:Dallas Cowboys players
Category:Chicago Bears players
Category:Sportspeople from Minnesota

Marion Barber III


The Union Association was a league in Major League Baseball. Its only season of operation was 1884. The St. Louis Maroons had the best record in the league, with 94 wins and 19 losses.

References

Category:Major League Baseball

Union Association


Hawking radiation is black body radiation which is emitted by black holes, due to quantum effects near the event horizon. It is named after the physicist Stephen Hawking, who provided a theoretical argument for its existence in 1974.

Hawking radiation reduces the mass and the energy of the black hole and is therefore also known as black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that lose more mass than they gain through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish.

Hawking radiation is such a small effect that it has never been measured. Micro black holes (MBHs) are predicted to be larger net emitters of radiation than larger black holes (and should thus shrink and dissipate faster), but MBHs have yet to be observed.

References

Category:Quantum mechanics
Category:Black holes

Hawking radiation


Li Zehou (born in 1930 in China) is a Chinese scholar who lives in the United States. He is an important scholar of Chinese history and culture. He criticized the Chinese government's response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of that, his books and articles were banned in China. He was invited to the United States to teach. He was granted permanent resident status. Li has an important role in Chinese culture. Professor Yu Ying-shih of Princeton University wrote that Li's books helped a whole generation of young Chinese students become free from communist ideas.

Books
The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics, Oxford University Press, 1988

Related pages
Liu Xiaobo, a Nobel Peace Prize winning scholar who has criticized Li's work as a scholar.

References

Other websites
"Modernization and the Confucian World", Colorado College's 125th Anniversary Symposium on Cultures in the 21st Century: Conflicts and Convergences, address given February 5, 1999
"Li Zehou And The Marxist Reconstruction Of Confucianism", High Culture Fever, UC Press Ebooks

Category:Chinese scholars
Category:1930 births
Category:Living people

Li Zehou


Wasylów Wielki  is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ulhówek. It is within Tomaszów Lubelski County, Lublin Voivodeship which is in eastern Poland. It is close to the border with Ukraine. It is about  east of Ulhówek,  east of Tomaszów Lubelski and  south-east of the regional capital Lublin.

The village has a population of 510.

References

Category:Villages in Poland

Wasylów Wielki


Argleton is a place name of a village that does not really exist. It is a phantom settlement that was shown on Google Maps. It was located in the parish of Aughton, Lancashire.  An employee of Edge Hill University noticed this in 2008, and could show that at the location, there are only empty fields.

Some people have suggested that Google added a fake village to Google Maps on purpose to catch out other people in case they plagiarised their work. However, other people have suggested that Google Maps just made a mistake. Argleton had been removed from Google Maps by May 2010.

References

Category:Internet memes
Category:Lancashire
Category:Google
Category:Fictional locations

Argleton


The Runaways is a 2010 biographical movie. Dakota Fanning plays Cherie Currie. Kristen Stewart plays the singer Joan Jett. This movie is about the 1970s all-girl rock group called The Runaways. It begins around 1975.

The Runaways got mostly positive review by critics. It was released on March 19, 2010.

Category:2010s biographical movies
Category:2010 movies

The Runaways (movie)


Angadi is a village in Ranni Taluk, Pathanamthitta district, Kerala, India.

Demographics

At the 2001 census, Angadi had a population of 15,873, with 7,696 males and 8,177 females.

References

Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district

Angadi


Birdsong is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

Category:Towns in Arkansas

Birdsong, Arkansas


The London Underground 1967 Stock was a deep-level tube stock that ran on the Victoria line from 1968 to 2011. These trains do not run on the London Underground anymore as they were replaced by the London Underground 2009 tube stock between 2010 and 2011. The stock was built by Metro-Cammell. The trains have also ran on the Woodford–Hainault section of the Central Line in the past.

Background
An order to buy 30½ 8-car trains of 1967 tube stock was made in March 1964. They were built by Metro-Cammell. Each train is made up of two 4-car units that are joined together. The trains cost £2.25 million to build. Today this would buy just three trains. The first unit was delivered to West Ruislip depot on 27 September 1967, and the fleet was bought to run the Victoria Line.  The units were then tested at the depot, before they were moved to Hainault depot and being tried out in passenger service on the Woodford-Hainault  on the Central line. Once the tests were finished, the trains were moved from Hainault to Northumberland Park Depot using a battery locomotive. The trains were looked after at this depot until they were scrapped. It is the only part of the Victoria line that is not Underground, and it is unusual because, unlike the rest of the London Underground network, there is a staff rail link from Seven Sisters station.

The Trains
The trains had Automatic Train Operation (ATO). The train operator controls when the doors open and close and also starts the train by pressing two buttons at the same time. These buttons start the automatic process of driving the train. The trains  were built with wrap-around windows in the driving cabs and were the first London Underground trains to have windows like this. The trains were delivered with a shiny grey coat, but this soon faded to a dull grey.

When the extension Victoria line to Brixton opened in July 1971, a further 72 cars of 1967 tube stock were ordered, which made up 9 trains. This brought the total number of 1967 tube stock trains to 39½.

Refurbishment
In 1989, a refurbishment programme was started across the whole fleet of London Underground rolling stock, following the King's Cross fire in 1987. The Victoria line stock was chosen to be the first to be refurbished (repaired, changed and made to look newer). The refurbishment was carried out by Tickford Rail at Rosyth Dockyard. The refurbishment was due to take 5 years to complete, but the last train did not leave the works until 1997, because each train was slightly different to the next train. When the trains had completed the refurbishment the outside was painted in a white, blue and red colour scheme. The insides of the trains have fire-resistant materials and are finished in the Victoria line blue colours, though some have the Bakerloo line brown as they run on that line too.

Replacement
The last 1967 stock in passenger service ran on 30th June 2011. It has been replaced by 2009 stock.

Numbers

References

Other websites

 Tubeprune - 1967 Tube Stock
London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

1967

London Underground 1967 Stock


Leigh-Allyn Baker-Kauffman (born April 3, 1972 in Murray, Kentucky, USA) is an American movie, television and voice actress and comedian. Most famous for her role of Amy Blankenhooper-Duncan in Dinsye's comedy TV Series Good Luck Charlie, where she has been playing since 2010.

Personal life
Leigh-Allyn has been married to an entertainment executive Keith Kauffman (b.1974) since 2005. They have two sons together - Griffin Kauffman (b. in early of 2009) and Baker James Kauffman (b.September 18, 2012).

References

Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Actors from Kentucky
Category:American voice actors
Category:1972 births
Category:Living people

Leigh-Allyn Baker


Mark Colvin (13 March 1952 – 11 May 2017) was a British-born Australian journalist and broadcaster. He was the presenter of PM—one of the main Australian radio programs on the ABC Radio network—from 1997 to 2017. He was born in London. He was also known for his works in The World Today, Four Corners, Foreign Correspondent, 7.30 Report and Lateline.

Colvin died of lung cancer at a hospital in Sydney on 11 May 2017 at the age of 65.

References

Other websites

Category:1952 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Cancer deaths in Sydney
Category:British journalists
Category:Australian journalists
Category:Writers from London

Mark Colvin


Stockholm Arlanda Airport (ARN) is an international airport between Uppsala and Stockholm. It was opened in 1962. It's the largest hub for Scandinavian Airlines. It is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) north of Stockholm. Arlanda has four terminals. Terminals 2 and 5 are for international flights. Terminal 3 is for regional airlines. Terminal 4 is for in-country or domestic flights.

Gallery

References

Category:1962 establishments in Sweden
Category:Airports in Sweden
Category:Buildings and structures in Sweden

Stockholm Arlanda Airport


Barney William Irwin (born September 17, 1954 in Duluth, Minnesota) is an American professional wrestler who is best known for the ring names, Wild Bill Irwin and The Goon and for wrestling for WWF and WCW. Irwin recently appeared on the 15th-anniversary of WWE Raw special on December 10, 2007, where he wrestled and participated in the 15th Anniversary Battle Royal.

Other websites
Barney Irwin's OWOW profile

Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:American professional wrestlers
Category:Former WWE wrestlers
Category:Sportspeople from Minnesota
Category:People from Duluth, Minnesota

Bill Irwin (wrestler)


The System.map file is a symbol table used by the Linux kernel. It shows where each symbol is in memory. This information is very useful when debugging the kernel.

Related pages
 Kernel panic
 Kernel oops

References

Category:Computer file formats
Category:Linux

System.map


The jostaberry (Ribes × nidigrolaria) is a type of fruit plant in the genus Ribes. This type of bush has three original species, the black currant R. nigrum, the North American coastal black gooseberry R. divaricatum, and the European gooseberry R. uva-crispa.

Category:Ribes
Category:Berries

Jostaberry


Martha Stewart (born Martha Helen Kostyra, August 3, 1941) is an American entrepreneur, author, and media personality. Stewart is famous for the Martha Stewart Living TV show and magazine. She was born in Jersey City, New Jersey to Polish-American parents.

In 2004, Stewart was convicted of obstructing justice and lying to investigators about a stock sale. She served five months in a West Virginia prison. She was on ABC but moved to another channel. In May 2018, President Donald Trump said he was thinking about pardoning Stewart for her charges.

References

Category:1941 births
Category:Living people
Category:American fraudsters
Category:Business people from New Jersey
Category:Television personalities from New Jersey
Category:Writers from New Jersey

Martha Stewart


The Nerbudda River (other spellings are "Narbudda" and "Narmada") is a river in western India. The source of the Nerbudda is in the east of the state of Madhya Pradesh. At Jabalpur it turns southwest and follows a course between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. It then follows a more westerly course across Madhya Pradesh and then Gujarat. Finally the river flows into the Gulf of Khambhat through an estuary 13 miles wide.

Source
Narmada River' Encyclopædia Britannica

Category:Rivers of India

Nerbudda River


The Saxifragales are a taxonomic order of flowering plants, various dicotyledons. Includes the following families:

 Family Altingiaceae (sweet gum family)
 Family Aphanopetalaceae
 Family Cercidiphyllaceae (katsuratree family)
 Family Crassulaceae (orpine family)
 Family Daphniphyllaceae
 Family Grossulariaceae (gooseberry and blackcurrant family)
 Family Haloragidaceae
 Family Hamamelidaceae (witch-hazel family)
 Family Iteaceae (itea or sweetspire family)
 Family Paeoniaceae (peony)
 Family Penthoraceae
 Family Pterostemonaceae
 Family Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family)

*

Saxifragales


Thomas James "Tom" Kenny (born July 13, 1962) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian, singer, writer, and musician. He is mostly known for being the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants in SpongeBob SquarePants. He has also did the voice of The Ice King in Adventure Time, The Mayor in The Powerpuff Girls, Wheelie in The Transformers Movie Series, and Scout Master Lumpus in Camp Lazlo.

Kenny was born on July 13, 1962 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at the Bishop Grimes High School. Kenny has been currently married to Jill Talley since 1995. They have two children.

Filmography

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:American voice actors
Category:American video game actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American movie actors
Category:Comedians from New York
Category:Singers from New York
Category:Writers from New York
Category:Actors from New York City
Category:People from Syracuse, New York
Category:Annie Award winners

Tom Kenny


George Winston is a pianist from Michigan in the United States of America. He was born there in 1949 but moved   to Montana as a child. Most of his music is about the four seasons and landscapes in the United States of America.

Discography
 1972 Ballads and Blues
 1980 Autumn
 1982 Winter into Spring
 1982 December
 1991 Summer
 1994 Forest
 1996 Linus and Lucy - The Music of Vince Guaraldi
 1999 Plains
 2001 Remembrance - A Memorial Benefit
 2002 Night Divides the Day - The Music of the Doors
 2005 Montana - A Love Story
 2006 Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions: A Hurricane Relief Benefit

Soundtracks
 1983 The Velveteen Rabbit
 1995 Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes
 1989 A Baker's Dozen of Daily Breads and More

Other websites
George Winston official website
Dancing Cat Records - Winston's Record Label

Category:American pianists
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people

George Winston


The word amplifier (sometimes called an amp) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.

Devices similar to the electronic amplifier are made in mechanical engineering. The power assisted steering and braking on a motor car utilise mechanical amplifiers to multiply the amount of force applied by the driver.

Amplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.

Classification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.

There is also several distortion types.

How it works
Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.

When an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a "clean" sound (without distortion).

History
From the  1920s until the  1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot.

Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable.

Category:Electronic musical instruments
Category:Electronics
Category:Audio technology

Amplifier


Telecommunication (from two words, tele meaning 'from far distances' and communication meaning to share information) is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags, or a mirror to flash sunlight. Starting with the telegraph, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic transmitters such as the telephone, television, radio, optical fiber and computer.

Telecommunication


A chairlift is a type of public transport. It is like a chair that runs on cables. The cable is placed over the chair to lift it from the ground and they run between two (or more) stations. The cable is moved around by motors and lifted from the ground by towers. There are many chairs on the cable so that many people can be transported.

Chairlifts are found in skiing resorts, where they make skiers go up the mountain. They are sometimes better than gondola lifts because the skier does not need to remove the skis. He/she can sit down on the chair and then leave it at the top of the mountain very quickly. Old chairlifts are small and slow. Newer ones can carry up to 8 people. They are also faster overall, but they slow down at the station, making it easier to get on and off. Sometimes they even have a glass bubble that can be closed to keep people warm inside.

Related pages
Gondola lift
Cable car

Category:Ski lifts

Chairlift


Shubashini Jeyaratnam (15 July 1976 – 17 July 2014), better known her by stage name Shuba Jay, was a Malaysian actress. She started acting in 2001. On television, she was best known for her role in shows such as Spanar Jaya, Gadis 3 and Sugumana Sumaigal. While her movie roles were Relationship Status (2012) and Tokak (2013).

Jay was born on 15 July 1976. She was married to Dutchman Paul Goes. They had a daughter, Kaela Maya Jay Goes, who was born in 2012 via a natural birth at home.

Jay and her family were on board the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 when it was shot down on 17 July 2014, killing all people on board. She was 38. The flight was meant to go from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur but was shot down near  Hrabove, Ukraine. She and her daughter were among the 43 Malaysian and her husband was among the 193 Dutch citizens killed.

References

Other websites

Category:1976 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Aviation deaths
Category:Business people
Category:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
Category:Malaysian actors
Category:Movie actors
Category:Murder victims
Category:Stage actors
Category:Television actors

Shuba Jay


The Studebaker Corporation was an American company in South Bend, Indiana that built automobiles.  It started in 1852 making wagons, at that time it was named Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company.  Later they started making cars and then pickups.  In 1966 they went out of business.

History

At first, Studebaker built horse wagons used by farmers, miners and the military.  In 1902 they started making electric vehicles and in 1904 they started making gasoline vehicles.  At first they worked with other companies to make the vehicles, but starting in 1912 they made the whole car by themselves.  For fifty years they made many cars that worked well and had interesting shapes.  But the cars cost a lot of money and after some years of troubles, the company shut down in 1966.

Models

Cars
 Hawk
 Lark
 Avanti
 many others

Trucks
 Transtar
 Champ
 others

Category:Automobile companies
Category:American transport companies

Studebaker


Midway is a city in Wasatch County in the state of Utah, in the United States.

Category:Cities in Utah

Midway, Utah


Hyderābād District (), is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. Before, it was an administrative division of the Sindh called the Hyderabad Division. However, reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. Its capital is the city of Hyderabad. The Kirthar National Park is in the Hyderabad district. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban (lived in a city). This makes it the second-most urbanised district of Sindh.

References

Category:Divisions of British India

Hyderabad Division


Mattimeo is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1989. It is the third book in the Redwall series.  It was also translated into six different languages.

Category:1989 books
Category:Redwall
Category:Fantasy books

Mattimeo


Fox Interactive was a video game publisher and developer that made games based on 20th Century Fox works, such as The Simpsons. The company was founded in December 1994. It went out of business in 2006.

Category:Video game companies
Category:1982 establishments in California
Category:News Corporation

Fox Interactive


The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog is a TV show made in France and Canada. The main characters are talking animals from the woods, hence Gnarly Woods. The show follows three characters-Alfred Hedgehog, Camille Wallaby, and Milo Skunk as they solve mysteries.

Characters

Hedgehogs
Alfred Hedgehog is the main detective of the series, and one of three detectives appearing in every episode. His eyes are green and his primary outfit is a white shirt covered in a blue T-shirt with  khaki shorts. He is a young detective who carries a  device called a Detectaberry. With the help of his friends and family, he uses these clues to solve mysteries, most of which have something to do with the natural world or science. His catchphrase in most episodes is, "This is serious mysterious".
Lily Hedgehog is Alfred's little sister with low pigtails decorated in red bows. She worships her big brother, and often helps him with collecting clues to solve his mysteries. She is a surprisingly good painter, considering her age, and is mentioned several times that she is able to sell her paintings and enter them in art contests against much older competitors.
Mrs. Hedgehog is the mother of Alfred and Lily. She wears a ponytail tied in a hairband and owns the house of the Hedgehog family. She is also called Mrs. "H" by Alfred's best friends.
Mr. Hedgehog is the father of Alfred and Lily. He keeps bees.

Alfred's Friends
Camille Wallaby is good, but sometimes angry and in too much of a hurry. She has red hair tied in high pigtails with a pink hairclip on her left side and blue eyes. Her outfit is a hoodie with a red skirt and blue sneakers. She is one of the three main detectives to appear in all episodes and the only girl in "Ol' Fingerbone's Revenge".
Milo Skunk has colorful imagination and likes telling jokes. He wears glasses and is a good runner. His outfit is a yellow shirt with brown pants. He is one of the three detectives to appear in all episodes. He invented the Milo-nator, a pair of goggles that separates the sound from the video.

Paynes
Cynthia Payne ( ), pronounced pain, is a minor villain of the series at times. She is the only member of the Payne family to have a long tail. As a cheerleader, she likes to use orange-colored pom-poms. She is also a worshiper of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.
Miso Payne is Cynthia's mother. She wears pink in some episodes. She runs a fundraiser mixed with an inflatable water slide ride and manicure with her in the episode called "It's Raining Fish!"
Louise is one of Cynthia's cousins. She has purple feathers and wears a pink ponytail. As one of the cheerleaders, she likes to use light blue pom-poms. She is also one of the devoted fans of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.
Tina is one of Cynthia's cousins. She has periwinkle feathers with a plum-colored Bob cut. As one of the cheerleaders, she likes to use magenta pom-poms. She is also one of the fans of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.
Gaby is one of Cynthia's cousins. She is the tallest of her cousins and as one of the cheerleaders, she uses light green pom-poms. She is also one of the devoted fans of Ricardo Rabbit and Razzy.

Rusards
Mr. Rusard is a fox and is a teacher of Gnarly Woods Academy. He is a supporting character in the series. He has green eyes, orange hair, and is often seen wearing a blue vest over a white button down shirt. He often organizes many events in the community and has many children. Towards the end of "Glowing Eyes", he plays a flute to attract the fireflies.
Mr. Rusard's kids, Ixabelle and Edward Cullen are seen in some episodes.

Notes

Category:2010 television series debuts
Category:2010 television series endings
Category:Children's television series
Category:Animated television series
Category:French television series
Category:Canadian animated television series
Category:2010 establishments in North America
Category:2010s establishments in Canada
Category:2010 establishments in Europe
Category:2010s establishments in France
Category:2010 disestablishments in North America
Category:2010s disestablishments in Canada
Category:2010 disestablishments in Europe

The Mysteries of Alfred Hedgehog


The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s, India has expanded economic and strategic cooperation with Taiwan.

Owing to the strategic rivalry, suspicion and tenuous relations between the People's Republic of China and India since the 1962 war, India has slowly sought to develop better commercial and strategic cooperation with Taiwan even while ruling out the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations. Taiwan has also viewed India's rising geopolitical standing as a potential counter-balance to China's dominance in the region. As a part of its "Look East" foreign policy, India has sought to cultivate extensive ties with Taiwan in trade as well as working together over weapons of mass destruction issues, environment and fighting terrorism. Both sides have aimed to develop ties to counteract Chinese rivalry with both nations. The India-Taipei Association (ITA) Office has been established in Taipei since 1995 to promote non-governmental interactions between India and Taiwan, and to facilitate business, tourism, cultural and people-to-people exchanges. The India-Taipei Association has also been authorised to provide all consular and passport services. In 2002, India became the 28th nation to sign the Investment Protection Agreement with Taiwan and in 2006, both nations established the Taiwan-India Cooperation Council. Furthermore, Taiwan promotes trade with India as a means to reduce the extent of their economic dependence with China. In 2007, Ma Ying-jeou, the leader of the Kuomintang, Taiwan's largest political party supportive of reunification, and a major candidate in the 2008 presidential elections made an unofficial visit to India.

Category:Taiwan
Category:Foreign relations of India

India-Taiwan relations


An adit is a type of entrance to a mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal. Adits are usually built into the side of a hill or mountain, and often occur when coal or ore is located inside the mountain but above the local valley floor or coastal plain. The use of adits is generally called drift mining.

Category:Mining

Adit


Depleted uranium is what is left over after uranium is enriched. Enriched uranium can be used in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium is made up mostly of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 is mildly radioactive. It is very dense, or heavy for its size. Because of this, depleted uranium is used in armor piercing bullets and heavy machine guns. Its high density allows weapons to put more energy into a fired bullet which causes more damage to its targets. Bullets made from it will burn when they hit something hard, and their smoke is dangerous to breathe.

Depleted uranium has long been thought to be useless for producing nuclear energy, but a new kind of "traveling wave reactor" has been proposed to use it.

References

Category:Nuclear physics

Depleted uranium


Ferenc Mádl  (; 29 January 1931 – 29 May 2011) was a Hungarian legal scholar, professor and politician. He was the second President of the third Republic of Hungary between 4 August 2000 and 5 August 2005.

He was Minister of Education between 1993 and 1994 in the conservative cabinets of József Antall and Péter Boross. Mádl ran unsuccessfully for the position of President of Hungary in 1995, loosing to Árpád Göncz. Five years later he was elected President.

References

Category:1931 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:Presidents of Hungary
Category:Hungarian writers

Ferenc Mádl


The Melon-headed Whale (Peponocephala electra) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.

It is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale and the Pilot Whale. These dolphin species are known by the common name "Blackfish". The Melon-headed Whale is widespread throughout the world's tropical waters, although it is not often seen by humans because it prefers to live in deep water.

Category:Oceanic dolphins
Category:Mammals of Pakistan

Melon-headed whale


Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell (March 10, 1933 - December 4, 2004) was a surrealist poet and translator from Argentina. She was born in Buenos Aires. She worked as a teacher at the University of Buenos Aires. She wrote about literature in La Nación. She also translated writing from English to Spanish. She translated writing by Edgar Allen Poe, Dylan Thomas and William Shand. She was influenced by Olga Orozco. In 1984, she was given the Konex Award. She died in Buenos Aires in 2004.

Works
 1955 - "Capítulo sin presencia"
 1956 -  "La vida disgregada"
 1963 -  "Los riesgos y el vacío"
 1966 -  "De los opuestos"
 1971 -  "Imposibilidad del lenguaje o los nombres del amor"
 1971 -  "La vuelta de los equinoccios"
 1978 -  "Anunciación del mal y la inocencia"
 "El mandato"
 1987 -  "Las moradas del sol"
 1990 -  "El escriba de la mirada fija"
 "La mordedura"
 1997 - "El reino intermitente"

References

Category:Poets
Category:Writers from Buenos Aires
Category:1933 births
Category:2004 deaths

Elizabeth Azcona Cranwell


Ovarian cancer is cancer that involves different regions of the ovary. Recent evidence suggests the Fallopian tube may be related to the cancer. Other types of this condition involve egg cells. The risk increases with age and decreases with pregnancy. Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer death for females, and the survival rates for this condition vary.

Category:Cancer
Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

Ovarian cancer


L. Lewis Sagendorph (September 26, 1842 - April 13, 1909) was an American inventor and leading manufacturer of sheet metal products in the late 19th and very early 20th centuries. He founded what later became the Penn Metal Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Life and career

Longley Lewis Sagendorph, Jr. was born in Hudson, New York and later moved to Rhode Island where he served in the with the 10th Rhode Island Regiment in the American Civil War. L. Lewis Sagendorph was buried at West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia.

References

Bibliography

Category:Inventors

L. Lewis Sagendorph


CBSN is an internet television news channel. It is operated by CBS News and CBS Interactive divisions of CBS Corporation. It was started on November 6, 2014. Their first sponsors were Microsoft and Amazon.com.

References

CBSN


Roland Daggett is a fictional Batman character who owns Daggett Industries a rival of Bruce Wayne. He had created Clayface the way he is and had tried to corrupt Wayne Enterprises. He uses his medicine company to try to take control over animals of the people of Gotham from mind-control.

He was voiced by Ed Asner in Batman: The Animared Series. He was played by Ben Mendelsohn as John Daggett in The Dark Knight Rises.

Category:Batman characters
Category:DC Comics characters

Roland Daggett


Star Wars Rebels is an American 3D CGii animated series produced by Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation. It is set 14 years after Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith and 5 years before Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope. The visual style of Star Wars Rebels is heavily inspired by the original Star Wars trilogy concept art by Ralph McQuarrie. The series premiered on October 3, 2014 on Disney Channel, with a movie special, titled Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion.

Episodes

Shorts
Adapted from books turned in to short one minute to promote the series and made available online.

Season One (2014-15)

Season Two
Lucasfilm and Disney have confirmed a second season.
{|class="wikitable"
!No. overall
!No. in season
!Title
!Date
!Code
|-
|16||1||The Siege of Lothal||June 20, 2015||201-202
|-
|17||2||Heating Malfunction||June 27, 2015||203
|-
|18||3||The Lost Commanders||October 14, 2015||204
|-
|19||4||Relics of The old Republic||October 21, 2015||205|}

Release

Broadcast
Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion premiered on October 3, 2014 on Disney Channels worldwide.

The series began airing in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 16, 2014. In Australia, premiered on October 17, 2014. The series started airing in South Africa on October 18, 2014 and in Canada on October 19, 2014.

Home media
Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion was made to DVD on retailers that came including character shorts, plush toy and prievew of season one.

Reception

Ratings
The one hour special garnered 2.743 million viewers in the United States, the second most on the network that night. Worldwide, it delivered a total of 6.5 million viewers.

Critical reception
At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 78, based on 4 reviews indicating "generally favorable reviews".

IGN and Variety in particular had strong praise for the pilot movie, Spark of Rebellion, but their only real criticism was the appearance of the Wookiees in the film, being cited as not all that impressive compared to the rest of the animation.

References

Category:American science fiction television series
Category:American children's television series
Category:Disney Channel shows
Category:Star Wars

Star Wars Rebels


Virgil Hamlin Goode, Jr. (, born October 17, 1946) is an American politician who was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2009, first as a Democrat; in 2000 he switched to the Republican Party. He represented the 5th congressional district of Virginia. He lost his seat in the 2008 election to Democrat Tom Perriello. Goode subsequently joined the Constitution Party. He was the party's 2012 presidential nominee.

References

Other websites
 Virgil Goode for President 2012 official campaign website

 Audio from Goode's August 9, 2006 debate with Al Weed

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:United States representatives from Virginia

Virgil H. Goode, Jr.


Kaihin-Makuhari Station (海浜幕張駅,かいひんまくはりえき) is a Railway station of East Japan Railway Company (JR East) in Mihama-ku, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. This is the nearest station to Makuhari Messe, Chiba Marine Stadium, and AEON headquarters.

Adjacent stations
 JR East
  Keiyō Line
 Commuter Rapid
 Pass
 Rapid
 Minami-Funabashi - Kaihin-Makuhari - Kemigawa-Hama
 Local
 Shin-Narashino - Kaihin-Makuhari - Kemigawa-Hama

Other websites

 JR East station information
 Kaihimmakuhari Station bus terminal map
 Keisei Bus Makuhari New City route map

Category:Railway stations in Chiba Prefecture

Kaihin-Makuhari Station


Samtse District (Dzongkha: བསམ་རྩེ་རྫོང་ཁག་; Wylie: Bsam-rtse rdzong-khag; older spelling "Samchi") is one of the 20 districts in Bhutan. The administrative centre is Samtse.

There are fifteen village blocks:
 Dungtoe Gewog
 Dophoogchen Gewog
 Duenchukha Gewog
 Namgaychhoeling Gewog
 Norbugang Gewog
 Norgaygang Gewog
 Pemaling Gewog
 Phuentshogpelri Gewog
 Samtse Gewog
 Sangngagchhoeling Gewog
 Tading Gewog
 Tashicholing Gewog
 Tendu Gewog
 Ugentse Gewog
 Yoeseltse Gewog

Category:Districts of Bhutan

Samtse District


Škoda Auto (), better known as Škoda, is an automobile maker. It is based in the Czech Republic. Škoda was bought by the Volkswagen Group in 2000. Its total sales reached 684,226 cars in 2009 and 85,000 for the month of March 2011.

History

Škoda Works was started as a firearms maker in 1859.

Škoda Auto goes back to the early 1890s as a company which started out making bicycles. In 1894, 26-year old Václav Klement (a bookseller in Mladá Boleslav) could not find any spare parts to fix his bicycle. Klement returned his bicycle to the makers, Seidel and Naumann, with a letter. It was written in Czech. The letter asked the company to repair the bicycle. When Klement got his reply, it was in German. It said (in English): "If you would like an answer to your inquiry, you should try writing in a language we can understand". Klement was very unhappy at this. Even though he did not have any experience, he decided to start a bicycle repair shop. He and Václav Laurin opened this in 1895 in Mladá Boleslav. Before working with Klement, Laurin was a bicycle maker in the town of Turnov. Turnov was near to Mladá Boleslav. In 1898, after moving to their newly-built factory, the pair bought a Werner "motorcyclist". It was made by French manufacturer Werner Brothers. Laurin & Klement's first motorcyclette was powered by an engine on the handlebars. It drove the front wheels. It was dangerous and unreliable. Laurin had an accident on it, and lost one of his front teeth. To design a safer motorcycle, the pair wrote to German specialist Robert Bosch for advice. The pair's new motorcycle went on sale in 1899.

In 1900, when the company had 32 people working for them, motorcycles began being exported. 150 machines were shipped to London. Shortly after, the press said that they were the makers of the first motorcycle.  The first model, Voiturette A, was a success. The company was set up both within Austria-Hungary and all over the world. By 1905 the company was making automobiles.

After World War I, the Laurin-Klement company began making trucks. However, in 1924, the company looked for a partner after running into problems. It was bought by Škoda Works, a firearms maker. Most things made later were under the Škoda name. Škoda was successful again after an economic depression. The Popular in the late 1930s is an example of a popular car.

During World War II, when Nazi Germany had invaded Czechoslovakia, the Škoda works was turned into part of Reichswerke Hermann Göring. It helped the German war effort.

Car models
This table shows the Škoda car models still being made.

Concept cars
 MissionL (2011)
 Vision D (2011)
 Fabia Super (2007)
 Joyster (2006)
 Yeti II (2006)
 Roomster (2003)
 Tudor (2002)
 Fabia Paris Edition (2002)
 Ahoj (2002)
 Felicia Golden Prague (1998)
 783 Favorit Coupé (1987)
 Škoda 110 Super Sport Ferat (1971)
 Škoda 1100 GT (1968)
 Škoda F3 (1964)
 Škoda 1100 Type 968 (1958)
 Škoda 973 Babeta (1949)

Gallery

Bibliography

Notes

References

Other websites

Category:Automobile companies
Category:1895 establishments in Europe
Category:Czech Republic

Škoda Auto


was a  after Juei and before Bunji.  This period started in April 1184 and ended in August 1185.  The reigning emperors were  and .

Events of the Genryaku era
 25 April 1185 (Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike are defeated.  Antoku drowned at Dan-no-ura.
 6 August 1185 (Genryaku 2, 9th day of the 7th month): Great earthquake in Kyoto and in the Kinai region.

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Category:Japanese eras

Genryaku


C major (or C-sharp major) is a major scale based on C. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. Its enharmonic equivalent is D major.

When a harp is tuned to C-sharp major, it has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are made shorter in this way, it makes it less resonant.

Most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major because it has just five flats. However, Johann Sebastian Bach actually chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of the Well-Tempered Clavier. In Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Franz Liszt changes key from D-flat major to C-sharp major near the beginning of the piece. Maurice Ravel used C-sharp major as the tonic key of Ondine from his piano suite Gaspard de la nuit.

Louis Vierne used C-sharp major in the final piece of Messe solennelle.

Other websites
 Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

Category:Musical keys
Category:Major scales

C-sharp major


Nikolai Ivanovich Pankin (; 2 January 1949 – 13 October 2018) was a Russian breaststroke swimmer and swimming coach. He competed at the 1968, 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics in the 100 m and 200 m breaststroke and 4 × 100 m medley relay.

In 1968 he won a bronze medal in the 100 m. Pankin was less successful in 1972 and 1976, and finished close to the podium in the medley relay. He was born in Moscow.

Pankin died on 13 October 2018 in Murom, Russia at the age of 69.

References

Category:1949 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Russian sportspeople
Category:Swimmers
Category:Olympic bronze medalists
Category:People from Moscow

Nikolai Pankin


Håbo Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Bålsta.

References

Other websites
 Håbo Municipality

Category:Municipalities of Sweden

Håbo Municipality


A web resource is anything that can be obtained from the World Wide Web. Some examples are web pages, e-mail, information from databases, and web services. Web resources have changed since the Internet was first created. The early concept was of static (non moving) files or documents. The meaning of the term now has a wider use to include nearly everything that can be obtained via the Internet. Uniform resource locators or URLs, are used to identify a resource on the web.

References

Category:Internet

Web resource


Beechwood Cemetery is the national cemetery of Canada. It is in Ottawa, Ontario. The cemetery was founded in 1873 and declared a national cemetery in 2009.

Other websites

Beechwood Cemetery Web site

Category:Ottawa
Category:National cemeteries
Category:1873 establishments in Canada
Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
Category:Military monuments and memorials

Beechwood Cemetery


The centriole is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi.

Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. A pair of centrioles, arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome.

References

Category:Organelles

Centriole


Anamosa is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Category:Cities in Iowa
Category:County seats in Iowa

Anamosa, Iowa


An ASBO, or an Antisocial behaviour order, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour. The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998. ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015

Some types of anti-social behaviour are:
Hurting people
Damaging things/Graffiti
Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
Dropping rubbish
Hanging around
Being very drunk
Dealing drugs
Stealing
Being noisy
Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
Starting fires
Spitting
Streaking
Going places where you're not allowed to go

An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.

There is also something called an ABC, which stands for an Acceptable Behaviour Contract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.

Sometimes the ASBO can seem quite unusual when it is used to stop certain people from doing things, for example:
Wearing a hat anywhere in England and Wales
Sitting on the top deck of a bus
Saying the words grass and cripple
Wearing one golf glove
Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", stomping and dropping objects
Being sarcastic
Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour

References

Category:Law
Category:Law enforcement in the United Kingdom

Anti-social behaviour order


The Bosporan Kingdom (often called Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus) was an ancient empire, covering the Crimea and a lot of the north coast of the Black Sea. It is regarded as the first real 'Hellenistic' country also speaking Greek.

Overview
The Bosporan Kingdom was the longest surviving known Roman client kingdom (allied state). It was a Roman Province between 63 and 68, under Roman Emperor Nero. In the 1st century and 2nd century AD was a period of a new 'golden age' of the Bosporan Kingdom when it was famous for its jewellery. In the end of the 2nd century the King Sauromates II inflicted a critical defeat to the Scythians (a nomadic tribe) and included all the territories of the Crimea in the structure of his state.

The Bosporan Kingdom became rich from selling wheat, fish and slaves to rest of Europe. This means that there are a lot of amazing and very rich finds from the Kingdom, especially found in burial barrows (known as kurgans). Today, there are lots of architectural and sculptural remains from the Bosporan Kingdoms and many finds can be seen in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. These include gold work and vases imported from Ancient Athens and the rest of Ancient Greece.

It was finally destroyed by the Goths (barbarian tribes) at the end of the 4th century AD

Category:Places of Ancient Rome

Bosporan Kingdom


Heart-leaf Milkweed (Asclepias cardifolia) is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as Purple Milkweed (the species Asclepias purpurascens is also known as Purple Milkweed).  It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to western North America.  Heart-leaf Milkweed is found in woodlands, rocky slopes, and lava flows.

Other websites

Asclepias cordifolia at USDA PLANTS Database
Asclepias cordifolia at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Asclepias cordifolia at Plantaxa

c

Asclepias cordifolia


The Diocese of Visby () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1572. Covering Swedish Baltic Sea island of Gotland, it uses the Visby Cathedral as its seat.

Since November 2002, the diocese is also responsible for the Church of Sweden Abroad.

Other websites

 Official website

Category:1572 establishments
Visby
Category:1570s establishments in Europe
Category:16th century establishments in Sweden

Diocese of Visby


Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, or government. They are generally used in granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation.  Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices. They may be used for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as Governors and Governors-General of Commonwealth realms. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law). This grants exclusive rights of an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement. It is also important to understand how to "practice" the invention or put it into practical use.

The opposite of letters patent are letters close. These are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are comparable to other kinds of open letters in that their audience is wide.

References

Category:Legal terms
Category:Law

Letters patent


Messier 52 or M52 is also known as NGC 7654. It is an open cluster of stars in the northern constellation of Cassiopeia. It was discovered by Charles Messier on September 7, 1774. M52 can be seen from Earth with binoculars.

Category:Star clusters

Messier 52


South Windham is a census-designated place in Connecticut. It is part of Windham County. There were 1,278 people living in South Windham in 2000.

Category:Census-designated places in Connecticut

South Windham, Connecticut


Fletcher Christian (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on HMS Bounty when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787. He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (See Mutiny on the Bounty). He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the Bounty. Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live. Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen.

Early life
Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of Moorland Close, near Brigham, Cumbria. He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon. He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror. The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn". Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher. After his father died, Christian went to sea. He was 18 years old. He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'. William Bligh was also on the ship. Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'.

After the mutiny
After the mutiny, Christian wanted to settle on the island of Tubuai. The sailors were scared of the natives who lived on the island. The sailors went back to Tahiti. Christian married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the chiefs on June 16, 1789. He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men. They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island. Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti. At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty. After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire. The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men. Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting. He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian and two additional children.

Related pages
 Mutiny on the Bounty
 Pitcairn Island

References

Category:1764 births
Category:1793 deaths
Category:British military people
Category:Mutiny on the Bounty

Fletcher Christian


Peter Houston (born 19 July 1958 in Baillieston) is a former Scottish footballer. He played as a full-back. He is currently caretaker manager at Dundee United. He gained that post after Craig Levein's depature for coach of the Scotland international team.

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Scottish footballers

Peter Houston


Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas   is a village and commune in the Ardèche département of the center of southern France.  The commune has a population of 1,264 people as of the year 1999.

Related pages
Communes of the Ardèche department

References

Category:Communes in Ardèche

Lachapelle-sous-Aubenas


Georges Sesia (8 July 1924 – 12 May 2016) was a French footballer who played as a striker. He was born in Villerupt. He made one appearance for the French national team in 1948.

Sesia played for Nancy-Lorraine, FC Nancy, Stade Français Paris, Roubaix-Tourcoing, Strasbourg, Béziers and Merlebach.

Sesia died on 12 May 2016 in France, aged 91.

References

Category:1924 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:French footballers
Category:People from Grand Est

Georges Sesia


Galena is a city in Illinois in the United States.

Category:Cities in Illinois
Category:County seats in Illinois

Galena, Illinois


Nicholas Yonge (born about 1560; buried October 23, 1619) was an English singer and publisher (his name is an old spelling of the word "Young" and pronounced the same way).  He is most famous for publishing a collection of music called Musica transalpina in (1588).

Music publishing was quite a new thing in those days. Musica transalpina was a collection of Italian madrigals.  The Italian words of the madrigals were also translated into English.  Musica transalpina had 57 separate pieces by 18 Italian composers, including Alfonso Ferrabosco and Luca Marenzio.  Ferrabosco was living in England at the time.

The publication of this book had a huge influence on music in England.  It made madrigals very popular in England and during the next twenty years composers such as Thomas Morley, John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes composed a large number of English madrigals.

In 1597 Yonge published a second book of Musica transalpina which was also very influential.

The title Musica transalpina  means: "music from across the Alps" because the music came from Italy which was the other side of the Alps.

References
David Brown, "Nicholas Yonge".  The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.

Category:1560s births
Category:1619 deaths
Category:English singers

Nicholas Yonge


Strete is a village and civil parish in South Hams, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 520 people living in Strete.

References

Category:Civil parishes in Devon
Category:Villages in Devon
Category:South Hams

Strete


Siminicea is a commune found in Suceava County, Romania.

Siminicea

Siminicea


Karen Anita Pendleton (August 1, 1946 – October 6, 2019) was an American child television actress. She was the original Mickey Mouse Club Mouseketeer on ABC television from 1955 to 1959. She was one of only nine Mouseketeers who were on the show during its entire original run. Pendleton was born in Glendale, California.

Pendleton died in Fresno, California on October 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 73.

References

Other websites
Karen Pendleton at Original MMC Show

Category:1946 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Category:American child actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Actors from Glendale, California

Karen Pendleton


Paul Benjamin "Ben" Mendelsohn (born 3 April 1969) is an Australian movie, television, stage and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Andrew "Pope" Cody in Animal Kingdom, Russell in Killing Them Softly, John Daggett in The Dark Knight Rises, Orson Krennic in Rogue One, King George VI in Darkest Hour and as Nolan Sorrento in Ready Player One.

Mendelsohn was born on 3 April 1969 in Melbourne, Victoria. He was married to Emma Forrest since 2012.

References

Other websites

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Melbourne
Category:Australian movie actors
Category:Australian stage actors
Category:Australian television actors
Category:Australian voice actors

Ben Mendelsohn


Swag was a British prank television show on channel Channel 5. It aired from 2002 to 2004. The general theme of the show was to trick members of the public into committing a minor crime (usually stealing) but then get face the consequences in one way or another. There were some pranks that were repeated on multiple occasions, while others were done only in one particular episode.

A very popular prank from the series was one where a car was parked on the side of a road with its keys in the door and left unlocked in order to tempt people to steal it. However, the car was fitted to lock when started and then do a variety of things, such as talk to the burglar or start snowing inside the car. They were eventually let out.

The show was created by Guy Ritchie and produced by his company SKA Films and the independent television company Monkey.

In one incident, a person enticed to steal an expensive car which was then filled with foam spotted the cameraman filming and stabbed him in the leg with a screwdriver.

A DVD of the first series was released on 19 September 2005, however there is still no word of series two on DVD.

References

Category:2002 British television series debuts
Category:2004 British television series endings
Category:2000s British television series
Category:British reality television series
Category:Channel 5 (UK) television programmes

Swag (TV series)


Reader's Digest is a family magazine for general interest. It is published 10 times a year. Reader's Digest has 50 editions in 21 languages. Because of that, it has an additional 40 million readers in more than 70 countries. It is also published in Braille, digital, audio, and a version in large type called Reader's Digest Large Print. The magazine is small in size. Its pages is roughly half the size of most American magazines. Because of that, its U.S. edition adopted the motto, "America in your pocket", in 2005. However, it was then changed to "Life well shared" in January 2008. Reader's Digest has a total sales of 17 million copies, making it the largest paid circulation magazine in the world. Its headquarters was at first in Chappaqua, New York, but it is now in New York City. It was founded by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace in 1922. For many years, Reader's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States until it lost to Better Homes and Gardens in 2009.

Category:American magazines
Category:Companies based in New York City

Reader's Digest


This is a list of rivers of England. It includes all the main rivers, but usually not the tributaries

Rivers discharging into the Irish Sea
This section includes all rivers entering the Irish Sea from England between the Scottish border and the Welsh border.

Cumbrian coast
All rivers going into the Solway Firth, Irish Sea and Morecambe Bay from the Scottish border south to Silverdale on the Cumbria/Lancashire border.

Flowing into the Solway Firth
Border Esk catchment

The lowest reaches of the Esk are in England but most of the river is in Scotland whilst a short section is followed by the England/Scotland border. Tributaries of the Esk which are wholly in Scotland are omitted from this list but may be found at List of rivers of Scotland.
 River Esk (MS)
Most upstream tributaries of the Esk are wholly in Scotland.

Eden catchment
 River Eden (MS)

Wampool catchment
 River Wampool (MS)

Flowing into the Irish Sea
Derwent catchment
 River Derwent (MS)

Ehen catchment
 River Ehen (MS)

Calder catchment
 River Calder (MS)

Cumbrian Esk catchment
 River Esk (MS)

Duddon catchment
 River Duddon (MS)

Flowing into Morecambe Bay
Leven catchment
 River Leven (MS)

Kent catchment
 River Kent (MS)

Lancashire and Cheshire Coast
All rivers discharging into the Irish Sea from Silverdale on the Cumbria/Lancashire border south to the Dee Estuary.

Keer catchment
 River Keer (MS)

Lune catchment
 River Lune (MS)

Alt catchment
 River Alt (MS)

Mersey catchment
 River Mersey (MS)

The Dee and most of its tributaries arise in Wales. Though a section of it passes through England, it passes into Wales once again before discharging into the Irish Sea via the Dee estuary. For other rivers entering the Irish Sea and Cardigan Bay from Wales, see List of rivers of Wales.  Only those tributaries of the River Dee which flow wholly or partly in England are listed here - for a complete list of the rivers and watercourses of the Dee catchment see List of rivers of Wales.

Dee catchment
 River Dee (MS) (Afon Dyfrdwy in Welsh)

All further upstream tributaries of the Dee are wholly in Wales.

Rivers discharging into the Bristol Channel and Southwest Approaches
This section includes all rivers entering the Bristol Channel and the sea off the northern coasts of Devon and Cornwall which is referred to variously as the Southwest Approaches or Celtic Sea.

Rivers Severn and Wye
The lowermost Wye forms the boundary between England and Wales. Only those tributaries of the River Wye which flow wholly or partly in England are listed here - for a complete list of the rivers and watercourses of the Wye catchment and for other rivers entering the Bristol Channel from Wales see List of rivers of Wales.

Wye catchment
 River Wye (MS)

All further upstream tributaries of the Wye are wholly in Wales.

The River Severn upstream of the M48 Severn Bridge. This section includes all tributaries of the Severn which lie wholly or partly in England. For tributaries of the Severn which lie partly or wholly within Wales, see List of rivers of Wales.

Severn catchment
 River Severn (Afon Hafren) (MS)

With the exception of the Morda and parts of the Camlad, Tanat and Cynllaith all tributaries of the Severn and Vyrnwy upstream of their confluence are in Wales. They can be found here.

Bristol Channel
All English rivers discharging into the Mouth of the Severn and the Bristol Channel from the M48 Severn Bridge south and west to Morte Point, North Devon.

Bristol Avon catchment
 River Avon (MS)

Axe catchment
 River Axe (MS)

Brue catchment
 River Brue (MS)

Parrett catchment
 River Parrett (MS)

Lyn catchment
 East Lyn River (MS)

Heddon, Umber & Wilder catchments
 River Heddon (MS)
 River Umber (MS)
 Wilder Brook (MS)

Atlantic Coast of Devon and North Cornwall
Rivers discharging into the Atlantic Ocean between Morte Point in North Devon and Land's End.

Taw catchment
 River Taw (MS)

Torridge catchment
 River Torridge (MS)

Camel catchment
 River Camel (MS)

Rivers discharging into the English Channel
This section includes all rivers entering the sea along England's south coast.

South Coast of Cornwall and Devon
All rivers discharging into the Atlantic Ocean between Land's End, Cornwall and Lyme Regis on the Devon/Dorset border.

Note that there are no watercourses named on either the 1:25,000 or 1:50,000 scale Ordnance Survey maps of the Isles of Scilly.

Helford catchment
 Helford River (MS)

Restronguet catchment
 Restronguet Creek (MS)

Fal catchment
 River Fal (MS)

St Austell River catchment
 St Austell River (MS)

Par catchment
 River Par (MS)

Fowey catchment
 River Fowey (MS)

Looe catchment
 River Looe (MS)

Tamar catchment
 River Tamar (MS)

Plym catchment
 River Plym (MS)

Erme & Avon catchments etc.
 River Erme (MS)
 River Avon (MS)
 The Gara (enters Slapton Ley)

Dart catchment
 River Dart (MS)

Teign catchment
 River Teign (MS)

Exe catchment
 River Exe (MS)

Otter catchment
 River Otter (MS)

Sid catchment
 River Sid (MS)

Axe catchment
 River Axe (MS)

Coast of Dorset and Hampshire
All rivers discharging into the English Channel between Lyme Regis on the Devon/Dorset border and Hayling Island on the Hampshire/Sussex border but excluding the Isle of Wight.

Brit catchment
 River Brit (or Britt) (MS)

Frome catchment
 River Frome (MS)

Piddle catchment etc.
 River Piddle (MS) (also known as River Trent)
 River Sherford (MS) (enters Lytchett Bay as Rock Lea River)

Dorset Stour catchment
 River Stour (MS)

Hampshire Avon catchment
 River Avon (Also known as the Salisbury Avon) (MS)

Test catchment
 River Test (MS)

Itchen catchment
 River Itchen (MS) (and Barton River)

Isle of Wight
All rivers in the Isle of Wight - list taken anticlockwise from Cowes

Medina catchment etc.
 River Medina (MS)
 Gurnard Luck (MS)

Newtown River catchment
 Newtown River (MS)

Western Yar catchment
 Western Yar (Yarmouth) (MS)

Eastern Yar catchment etc.
 River Yar (Bembridge) (MS)
 Monktonmead Brook (Ryde) (MS)

Wootton Creek catchment etc.
 Wootton Creek (MS)
 Palmer's Brook (MS)

Coast of South East England
All rivers discharging into the English Channel and Straits of Dover between Hayling Island on the Hampshire/Sussex border and Foreness Point at the northeast corner of Kent. This section includes the entire coast of Sussex and the south and east coasts of Kent.

Arun catchment
 River Arun (MS)

Adur catchment
 River Adur (MS)

Ouse catchment
 River Ouse, Sussex (MS)

Cuckmere catchment
 River Cuckmere (MS)

Pevensey Haven catchment
 Pevensey Haven (MS)

Wallers Haven catchment
 Waller's Haven (MS)

Combe Haven catchment
 Combe Haven (MS)

Rother catchment
 River Rother (MS)

Dour catchment
River Dour (MS)

Stour catchment
 River Stour, Kent (MS)

Rivers discharging into the North Sea
This section includes all of the rivers along England's east coast.

Thames Estuary
All rivers discharging into the Thames and Medway and their estuaries. This section includes the coast of Kent west of Foreness Point at the northeast corner of Kent and the south coast of Essex, west of Shoeburyness. But see also
Medway catchment
 River Medway (shares the Thames estuary) (MS)

Thames catchment
 River Thames (In Oxford, the Thames is also known as the River Isis) (MS)
 River Darent (R)
 Lea or Lee (L)
 River Ravensbourne (tidal reach known as Deptford Creek) (R)
 Walbrook (subterranean) (L)
 River Fleet (subterranean, also known as the Holbourne) (L)
 River Tyburn (subterranean) (L)
 River Wey (R)

East Anglian Coast
All rivers discharging into the North Sea along the coast of East Anglia, including the counties of Essex (north and east of Shoeburyness), Suffolk and Norfolk as far as King's Lynn.

Crouch catchment
 River Crouch (MS)

Blackwater catchment
 River Blackwater (MS) (known as River Pant upstream)

Colne catchment
 River Colne (MS)

Stour catchment
 River Stour (MS)
 River Brett (L)

Orwell catchment
 River Orwell (MS) (known as River Gipping above tidal limit)

Yare catchment
 River Yare (MS)

Great Ouse catchment
 River Great Ouse (MS)

Lincolnshire Coast and The Wash
All rivers discharging into The Wash and the North Sea between King's Lynn and Cleethorpes at the mouth of The Humber.

Nene catchment
 River Nene (MS)

Welland catchment
 River Welland (MS)

The Haven catchment
 Boston Haven (MS)

Steeping catchment
 Steeping River (or Wainfleet Haven) (MS)

Saltfleet catchment
 Saltfleet Haven (MS)

Grainthorpe catchment
 Grainthorpe Haven (MS)

Tetney Haven catchment
 Tetney Haven (MS)

Humber catchment
This section includes all rivers entering the Humber, defined as the estuary west of a line between Spurn Head and Cleethorpes. The Humber is often referred to as the River Humber though the name is unusual insofar as it is an entirely tidal stretch of water formed as the Rivers Ouse and Trent combine at Trent Falls.

Ancholme catchment
 New River Ancholme (MS)

Trent catchment
 River Trent (MS)

Yorkshire Ouse catchment
 River Ouse (MS) (assumes name of River Ure upstream of Linton-on-Ouse)

Hull catchment
 River Hull (MS)

Sands Drain catchment
 Sands Drain (MS)

Yorkshire Coast
All rivers entering the North Sea between Spurn Point at the mouth of the Humber and Redcar, Cleveland. This section includes the entire North Sea coast of the traditional county of Yorkshire.

Barmston Main Drain catchment
 Barmston Main Drain (MS)

Yorkshire Esk catchment
 River Esk (MS)

Skelton Beck catchment
 Skelton Beck (MS)

North East England
All rivers entering the North Sea from Redcar north to the Scottish border. This section includes the rivers of County Durham and Northumberland.

Tees catchment
 River Tees (MS)

Wear catchment
 River Wear (MS)

Tyne catchment
 River Tyne (MS)

Blyth catchment
 River Blyth (MS)

Wansbeck catchment
 River Wansbeck (MS)

Lyne catchment
 River Lyne (MS)

Coquet catchment
 River Coquet (MS)

Aln catchment
 River Aln (MS)

Tweed catchment

Tributaries of the Tweed which are wholly in Scotland are omitted from this list but may be found in the List of rivers of Scotland.
 River Tweed (MS)

All further upstream tributaries of the Tweed are wholly in Scotland.

References

England
*

List of main rivers of England


The Afghan National Anthem ( - Milli Surood";  - "Surood-e Milli") was started in May 2006.  The lyrics were written by Abdul Bari Jahani and the music was written by German-Afghan composer Babrak Wassa.

Lyrics and translation

References

Other websites
 Afghanistan: Milli Surood - Audio of the national anthem of Afghanistan, with information and lyrics
 The Office of the President of Afghanistan

Category:Afghanistan
Category:National anthems

Afghan National Anthem


documenta is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. More than 750 thousand people visited the last one, documenta 12, which was held in 2007. The next one, documenta 13, will be from June 9 to September 16, 2012.

Category:Art

Documenta


Heinrich "Hein" Kröher (September 17, 1927 – February 14, 2016) and Oskar "Oss" Kröher (September 17, 1927 – July 1, 2019) were German twins who were folk singer-songwriters. They were born in Pirmasens, Rhineland-Palatinate. Heinrich and Oskar Kröher were performing more than fifty years on the stages in Europe and North America. They wrote songs about the Hecker uprising.

Hein died on February 14, 2016 from a short-illness in Pirmasens, aged 88. Oss died on July 1, 2019 in Rodalben, Rhineland-Palatinate from long-illness at the age of 91.

Songs

 Rotgraue Raben – vom Volkslied zum Folksong. (1969)
 Das sind unsere Lieder. (1977)
 Europaliederbuch. (1979)
 Cowboylieder. (1983)
 Die Liederpfalz: Ein Liederbuch. (1987)
 Der neue Zupfgeigenhansl. (1983).
 Spätlese trocken. (2000)
 Naturerlebnisse von Hein und Oss Kröher (2011)
 Signale 63 Kalender der Jungen. (2012)

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:2019 deaths
Category:German singers
Category:German writers
Category:Songwriters
Category:Duos

Hein & Oss


Nitish Kumar (born 1 March 1951) is an Indian politician. He has been the Chief Minister of Bihar since 2017. He is the President of Janata Dal (United) who is best known for his non tolerance policy against corruption.

References

Other websites

Category:1951 births
Category:Indian politicians
Category:Bihar
Category:Living people

Nitish Kumar


Sint Maarten (or Saint Martin) is the name of the territory of the southern half of the island of St. Martin. It belongs to the Netherlands.

The Island area of St. Martin () was part of the Netherlands Antilles, until the Antilles was dissolved in October 2010, when Sint Maarten became a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Government of the Netherlands is responsible for defence, foreign affairs and nationality law. Although part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands the territory of Sint Maarten is not part of the European Union; however, its people are citizens of the European Union.

Related pages
Saint Martin

Category:Dependent territories
Category:Saint Martin
Category:Geography of the Netherlands Antilles
Category:Kingdom of the Netherlands

Saint Martin (Netherlands)


Frame rate is a way of describing video. It refers to the number of images, called frames, that are being shown every second. It is measured in frames per second, or FPS.

Early silent movies were shown at a frame rate between 16 and 24 frames per second. This went up to 20 and 26 FPS later. When movies with sound came out 24 FPS became the standard because it was in the middle of the frame rates theaters used.

Video games are usually played at a frame rate of 60 frames per second. This is because it is a very common refresh rate (display speed) for computer monitors. They also can run at 30 FPS, or even more, such as 144 FPS or 240 FPS, depending on what the monitor can handle. If the frame rate is higher than the refresh rate, not all of the frames can be shown. If two or more frames are displayed at the same time, it can cause problems like screen tearing.

Category:Movie industry
Category:Graphics

Frame rate


Basilar-type migraine (BTM) is a type of migraine with aura that causes a headache which usually starts in the occipital region which is in the lower back part of the brain. The symptoms that are believed to start in the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and the pain may affect both sides of the brain at the same time.

Most people who have basilar-type migraine also have migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms. This type of migraine is usually more common in young people between about 10–19 years of age.

The word Basilar comes from the Middle French word basilaire: of or related to the base. In medicine it usually refers to the base or bottom of a body part especially the skull.

BTM is called 'basilar-type' because it was first described in the areas of the brain which receive blood from the basilar artery, which includes most parts of the brain in the posterior fossa and also the brainstem, which are in the lower, back part of the brain (occipital region). But it was later seen that BTM may also affect areas of the brain outside of the areas which receive blood from the basilar artery, and also no proof that problems in the basilar artery are the cause.

References

Category:Migraine
Category:Neurology

Basilar-type migraine


The Runic calendar also Rune staff or Runic Almanac is a perpetual calendar based on the 19 year long Metonic cycle of the Moon.

A typical Runic calendar consisted of several horizontal lines of symbols, one above the other.

Special days like solstices, equinoxes, and celebrations (including Christian holidays and feasts) were marked with additional lines of symbols.

Other websites
 An article on rune calendars

Category:Calendars

Runic calendar


The Forsyte Saga was a drama mini-series on PBS. Main characters including Daimen Lewis as Soames Forsyte and Gina McKee as Irene.

Category:Drama

The Forsyte Saga


is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an Association football or soccer player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="6"|Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||14||1||2||0||2||1||18||2
|-
|2002||14||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0
|-
|2003||40||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|-
|2004||24||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||26||0
|-
|2005||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="4"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||39||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||41||1
|-
|2007||31||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||32||2
|-
|2008||22||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||2
|-
|2009||J. League 1||16||0||0||0||5||0||21||0
|-
|2010||rowspan="2"|Roasso Kumamoto||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011|||||||||||||||||
|-
|2012||Matsumoto Yamaga|||||||||||||||
201||5||15||1||7||1||223||7
201||5||15||1||7||1||223||7
|}

References

Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Fukushima Prefecture

Takumi Watanabe


Bazarnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Yonne department

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Yonne

Bazarnes


Insulin lispro, better known as Humalog, is a quick-acting diabetic insulin taken before meals. People having Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or rarely, Type 2 diabetes) use the medication. It was first approved in 1996.

References

Category:Diabetes mellitus
Category:Biochemistry

Insulin lispro


Alejandro Jodorowsky Prullansky (; born 17 February 1929) is a Chilean movie and theatre director, screenwriter, playwright, actor, author, poet, producer, composer, musician, comic book writer. He also gives spiritual advice. He was known for his movies El Topo (1970), The Holy Mountain (1973), Tusk (1980), the horror Santa Sangre (1989) and the failed blockbuster The Rainbow Thief (1990).

He is best known for his avant-garde movies. He is popular among cult cinema fans for his work. His movies are "filled with violently surreal images" and a mix of "mysticism and religious provocation".

He was born in Tocopilla, Chile.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chilean movie actors
Category:Chilean writers
Category:Chilean movie directors
Category:Screenwriters
Category:Playwrights
Category:Poets
Category:Composers
Category:Musicians

Alejandro Jodorowsky


Baltistan (), also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul) in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China.  It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain.  It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Shi'a Muslims of Tibetan descent who converted from Tibetan Buddhism before the 16th century.

Baltistan was an independent state but was occupied by the Raja (King) of Kashmir in the nineteenth century.  In 1947 when India and Pakistan gained independence, it was still part of Kashmir. Now the region is divided between Pakistan and India.

The elections on 12 November 2009 brought about a major change and upheaval in the Baltistan region, which had been once an area ruled by a feudal Raja and then an area under Pakistani military control. It is believed that democracy in the region will also help to bring about more economic development and public empowerment.

Related pages
 Ladakh

Other websites

 The Changing Northern Areas
 Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
 Tourism Northeran Areas
 Pakistan's Northern Areas

Category:Regions of Pakistan
Category:Gilgit-Baltistan

Baltistan


Gonzo may refer to:
Gonzo (studio), a Japanese anime studio
The Gonzo, a college publication
Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson, a documentary
Gonzo journalism
Gonzo pornography
Gonzo (show), a TV show hosted by Zane Lowe
"Gonzo," a song by James Booker

In fictional characters:
Gonzo the Great, a character in the Muppet franchise
Gonzo the Mechanical Bastard, a comic book character

In nicknames:
Luis Gonzalez (outfielder), baseball player
Georgi Ivanov (footballer)
Gonzo or Matthias Röhr, guitarist

Gonzo


The West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) or "sea cow"  is a manatee. It is the largest living member of the order Sirenia (which also includes dugongs and the extinct Steller's sea cow).

The West Indian manatee is a different species from the Amazonian manatee (T. inunguis) and the African manatee (T. senegalensis). The West Indian manatee is in two subspecies, the Florida manatee (T. m. latirostris) and the Antillean or Caribbean manatee (T. m. manatus). New research shows that there may be three groups:
 Florida and the Greater Antilles
 Mexico, Central America and northern South America
 Northeastern South America.

The Florida manatee and the Antillean manatee are endangered. Federal, state, private, and nonprofit organizations are working to protect these species from natural and human threats, such as collisions with boat propeller blades.

References

Category:Sirenia

West Indian manatee


Harem means the women and the place where they live in a polygynous household. Most men are not allowed in there. The word harem comes from the Turkish word haram, meaning a sacred, forbidden place. Harems were meant for the royal upbringing of the future wives of noble and royal men. These women would be educated so that they were ready to appear in public as a royal wife. No forms of sexual activity took place inside of harems.

In the west people thought that harems (especially those in the Ottoman Empire) were brothels full of women who gave themselves up to please rich men.

In modern terms the word maybe used to describe a group of admiring women attracted to one man.

Category:Islamic culture

Harem


Chief Master Sergeant James C. Binnicker (July 23, 1938 – March 21, 2015)  was the ninth appointed Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force (CMSAF) — the  highest non-commissioned officer position in the United States Air Force.

Binnicker died on March 21, 2015 in Calhoun, Georgia, aged 76.

References

Category:1938 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:American military people
Category:People from South Carolina

James C. Binnicker


Aurornis is a genus of  dinobird from later Jurassic or the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now China. Aurornis xui may be the most basal ("primitive") bird species known to date. Aurornis was discovered in 2013. The animal may predate the famous Archaeopteryx lithographica, the earliest bird, by about 10 million years.

Description
Aurornis was described from a sedimentary rock fossil in 2013. The fossil was purchased from a local dealer who said it had been unearthed in Yaoluguo in western Liaoning, China. At first, analysis confirmed it came from the Tiaojishan Formation, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. The fossil features traces of downy feathers along the animal's tail, chest, and neck. It was only partly prepared at the time of purchase; the feathers were not showing, and the fossil bore no signs of forgery.

Later doubts
On 7th June 2013 Science (journal) said that Pascal Godefroit, the paleontologist who led the team that described Aurornis, is uncertain if the fossil material came from Liaoning province's 160-million-year-old Tiaojishan Formation as claimed by the fossil dealer. It may be from the province's 125-million-year-old Yixian Formation, which is known to have produced several ancient bird fossils.  The failure to secure rigorous provenance casts doubt on the claim that Aurornis is 160 million years old and predates Archaeopteryx. Godefroit's team will try to confirm the specimen's age by mineralogical and botanical analysis on the shale slab.

Aurornis was roughly the size of a modern pheasant –  in length from beak to tail tip. It had claws and a long tail. Its leg bones are similar to those of Archaeopteryx, but overall its bone structure is more primitive. The absence of larger feathers suggests A. xui was unable to fly. If Aurornis lived roughly 160 million years ago, this is about ten million years before Archaeopteryx, which often has been described as the first bird.

Classification
A phylogenetic analysis of Aurornis published in 2013 found that it belongs in the bird lineage, in a more basal position than Archaeopteryx. The analysis was based on "almost 1,500 [anatomical] characteristics."

The classification of A. xui as a bird is somewhat contentious, however, due to the various differing definitions of the word "bird". Recent discoveries "[emphasize] how grey the dividing line is between birds and [non-avian] dinosaurs", says Paul Barrett of the Natural History Museum, in London. "There's such a gradation in features between them that it's very difficult to tell them apart ... [Aurornis xui] is certainly an older member of the bird lineage than Archaeopteryx, and it's fair to call it a very primitive bird. But what you call a bird comes down to what you call a bird, and a lot of definitions depend on Archaeopteryx." Bird evolution specialist Lawrence Witmer called the new analysis compelling, but said it remains difficult to distinguish birds from birdlike dinosaurs: "All of these little feathered species running and flapping around ... were all very similar."

American paleontologist Luis Chiappe said that A. xui's forelimb is too short to be a true bird. It "is very birdlike, but it is not yet a bird," he concluded.

References

Category:Dinosaurs of Asia
Category:Jurassic dinosaurs
Category:Saurischia

Aurornis


Rajesh Khanna (29 December 1942  18 July 2012) was an Indian actor in movies. He became very famous in Bollywood after Shakti Samantha's movie Aradhana. Rajesh played both the father and son in that movie. Some of his well-known movies are Anand, Kati Patang, Safar, Sacha Jhuta, Raja Rani, Bawarchi and Amar Prem.

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Ghostbusters II is a 1989 American supernatural fantasy comedy movie and the sequel to the 1984 movie Ghostbusters. It is produced and directed by Ivan Reitman.

It stars Bill Murray, Sigourney Weaver, Harold Ramis, Dan Aykroyd, Ernie Hudson, Annie Potts, Peter MacNicol, Wilhelm von Homburg and Rick Moranis.

It follows the further adventures of the four parapsychologists and their organization fighting paranormal activities. It was released on June 16, 1989. The movie earned $215 million at the Box office and received mixed reviews.

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Ghostbusters II