4 Vesta () is the second most massive asteroid in the solar system, with an average diameter of about 530 km (around 330 miles) and an estimated mass 9% the mass of the entire asteroid belt. Its size and unusually bright surface makes Vesta the brightest asteroid, and the only one ever visible to the naked eye from Earth. Vesta's astronomical symbol is .

Discovery

Vesta was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807. He allowed the prominent mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to name the asteroid after the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.

After the discovery of Vesta in 1807, no asteroids were discovered for the next 38 years. During this time the four known asteroids were counted among the planets, and each had its own planetary symbol. Vesta was normally represented by a stylized hearth (). Other symbols are  and . All are simplifications of the original .

Physical characteristics

Vesta is the second-most massive body in the asteroid belt. Vesta does have a different interior compared to its surface. It is in the Inner Main Belt, at a distance of about 2.50 AU. It is similar to 2 Pallas in volume (although it is not confirmed), but somewhat more massive.

Vesta's shape is close to the shape of a sphere by its own gravity, but the large concavity and lump at the pole (see 'Surface Features' below) did not fit the criteria from being considered a planet under the IAU. In any case, this resolution was rejected by the IAU membership and Vesta will continue to be called an asteroid. However, it is possible that Vesta may be listed as a dwarf planet in the future, if it is convincingly determined that its shape is from hydrostatic equilibrium.

Its rotation is actually fast for an asteroid (5.342 h) and prograde, with the north pole pointing in the direction of right ascension 20 h 32 min, declination +48° with an uncertainty of about 10°. This gives an axial tilt of 29°.

Temperatures on the surface have been thought to be between about -20°C with the Sun overhead, dropping to about -190°C at the winter pole. Typical day-time and night-time temperatures are -60°C and -130°C, respectively. This estimate is for May 6, 1996, very close to perihelion, while details vary somewhat with the seasons.

Geology
For Vesta, there is a large collection of possible samples available to scientists, in the form of over 200 HED meteorites, giving insight into Vesta's geologic history and structure.

Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic iron-nickel core, above with a rocky olivine mantle, and a surface crust. From the first appearance of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (the first solid matter in the Solar System, forming about 4567 million years ago), a likely timeline is as follows:
 Accretion completed after about 2-3 million years.
 Complete or almost complete melting due to radioactive decay of 26Al, leading to separation of the metal core at about 4-5 million years.
 Progressive crystallization of a convecting molten mantle. Convection stopped when about 80% of the material had crystallized, at about 6-7 million years.
 Extrusion of the remaining molten material to form the crust. Either as basaltic lavas in progressive eruptions, or possibly forming a short-lived magma ocean.
 The deeper layers of the crust crystallize to form plutonic rocks, while older basalts are metamorphosed due to the pressure of newer surface layers.
 Slow cooling of the interior.

Vesta is the only known intact asteroid that has been resurfaced in this procedure. However, the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been broken by impacts.

Surface features

Some Vestian surface features have been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground based telescopes, e.g. the Keck Telescope.

The most notable surface feature is a very large crater that is 460 km in diameter centered near the south pole. Its width is about 80% of the entire diameter of Vesta. The floor of this crater is about 13 km below, and its rim rises 4–12 km above the surrounding area, with total surface relief of about 25 km. A central peak rises 18 km above the crater floor. It is thought that the impact responsible blew up about 1% of the entire volume of Vesta, and it is likely that a group of smaller asteroids known as the Vesta family are the remains of this collision. If this is the case, then the fact that 10 km fragments of the Vesta family have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is only about 1 billion years old or younger. It would also be the original site of origin of the HED meteorites. In fact, all the known V-type asteroids taken together account for only about 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest presumably either in small fragments, ejected by approaching the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, or perturbed away by radiation pressure. Spectroscopic analyses of the Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the mantle which is indicated by spectral signatures of olivine. Interestingly Vesta was not disrupted nor resurfaced by an impact of this magnitude.

Several other large craters about 150 km wide and 7 km deep are also present. A dark feature about 200 km across has been named Olbers in honour of Vesta's discoverer, but it does not appear in elevation maps as a fresh crater would, and its nature is presently unknown, perhaps an old basaltic surface. It serves as a reference point with the 0° longitude prime meridian defined to pass through its center.

The eastern and western hemispheres show markedly different terrains. From preliminary spectral analyses of the Hubble Space Telescope images, the eastern hemisphere appears to be have a highly reflective, heavily cratered "highland" terrain with old, dusty rocks, and craters probing into deeper plutonic layers of the crust. On the other hand, large regions of the western hemisphere are taken up by dark geologic units thought to be surface basalts.

Fragments
Various small solar system objects are believed to be fragments of Vesta caused by collisions. The Vestoid asteroids and HED meteorites are examples. The V-type asteroid 1929 Kollaa has been determined to have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites, indicating its origin deep within Vesta's crust.

Because a number of meteorites are believed to be Vestian fragments, Vesta is currently one of only five identified Solar system bodies for which we have physical samples, the others being Mars, the Moon, comet Wild 2, and Earth itself.

Proof of HED meteorite origin
This is based on data from the Dawn probe which orbited Vesta in the asteroid belt for 10 months.

Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which are about 6% of all the meteorites which fall to Earth. These meteorites have pyroxene, which is a mineral rich in iron and magnesium. This has been matched exactly to the mineral signatures on Vesta's surface captured by Dawn's instruments.

Visibility
Its size and unusually bright surface make Vesta the brightest asteroid, and it is occasionally visible to the naked eye from dark (non-light polluted) skies. Recently, in May and June 2007, Vesta reached a peak magnitude of +5.4, the brightest since 1989.

At that time, opposition and perihelion were only a few weeks apart. It was visible in the constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpius.

Less favourable oppositions during late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere still have Vesta at a magnitude of around +7.0. Even when in conjunction with the Sun, Vesta will have a magnitude around +8.5; thus from a pollution-free sky it can be observed with binoculars even at elongations much smaller than near opposition.

References

Further information
  — Horizons can be used to obtain a current ephemeris
 K. Keil, Geological History of Asteroid 4 Vesta: The Smallest Terrestrial Planet in Asteroids III, William Bottke, Alberto Cellino, Paolo Paolicchi, and Richard P. Binzel, (Editors), Univ. of Arizona Press (2002),

Other websites

 Views of the Solar System: Vesta
 HubbleSite: Hubble Maps the Asteroid Vesta
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Vesta - full article
 HubbleSite: Hubble Reveals Huge Crater on the Surface of the Asteroid Vesta
 HubbleSite: short movie composed from Hubble Space Telescope images from November 1994.
 Adaptive optics views of Vesta from Keck Observatory
 Differentiated interior of Vesta
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java)
 4 Vesta images at ESA/Hubble
 Hubble views of Vesta on the Planetary Society Weblog (includes animation)

Category:Asteroids

4 Vesta


The Mystery of the Vanished Prince is a children's novel by Enid Blyton. It was published in 1951. It is the ninth book in the Five Find-Outers series.

The main characters in the story are Fatty, Bets, Pip, Larry and Daisy. The prince Bongahwah is kidnapped and the children solve this mystery.

Category:1951 books
Category:Children's books

The Mystery of the Vanished Prince


New Territories () is one of the 3 main parts of Hong Kong. It is between Kowloon and the border between Hong Kong and Mainland China. It also includes over 200 outlying Islands. About 3.5 million people live there.

Category:Hong Kong
Category:Geography of Hong Kong

New Territories


James Marape (born 24 April 1971) is a Papua New Guinea politician. He has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since July 2007, representing the electorate of Tari-Pori Open.

On 30 May 2019, he was nominated, elected, and sworn in as the 8th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea by the National Parliament.

References

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Current national leaders
Category:Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea

James Marape


Addison Morton Walker (September 3, 1923 – January 27, 2018), popularly known as Mort Walker, was an American comic artist best known for creating the newspaper comic strips Beetle Bailey in 1950 and Hi and Lois in 1954. He has signed Addison to some of his strips.

Walker was born on September 3, 1923 in El Dorado, Kansas. He was raised in Kansas City, Kansas. Walker studied at Northeast High School and at the University of Missouri.

Walker died from complications of pneumonia on January 27, 2018 at his home in Stamford, Connecticut. He was 94 years old.

References

Other websites
Official site
National Cartoonists Society: Mort Walker
Mort Walker Papers 1950-1968 at Syracuse University (primary source material)
Mort Walker Collection at University of Missouri (primary source material)

Category:1923 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
Category:American comics artists
Category:American cartoonists
Category:People from Kansas
Category:People from Kansas City, Missouri

Mort Walker


Valka is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1584.

Category:Towns in Latvia
Category:1584 establishments
Category:Establishments in Latvia
Category:1580s establishments in Europe

Valka


People traveled on the Oregon Trail in wagons in order to settle new parts of the United States of America during the 19th century. The Oregon Trail started in Missouri near the area where Kansas City, Missouri is today and ended in the Willamette Valley in Oregon.  The Trail was about 2,170 miles (3,500 km) long, and could take up to six months to travel.

People went to Oregon for many reasons. Some people wanted land. Some thought Oregon would be a better place to live. Most of them went because they wanted a new life.

The Oregon Trail was first traveled around 1841. Once a railroad was built across the United States in 1869, people could take trains to the western United States, so fewer people began to travel west in wagons.  By that time, about 400,000 people had crossed the Oregon Trail in wagons.  However, some people kept traveling the Trail until the 1880s.

Preparing to travel
Nobody traveled the Oregon Trail alone.  Instead, travelers formed groups so they could help and protect each other.  Often, relatives or people from the same town would travel together.  They would hire a guide that knew the Trail and would elect leaders.  The groups that did best on the Trail wrote constitutions or rules that they could use to settle disagreements or problems on the Trail.

Supplies

Animals
People who traveled the Oregon Trail could use three types of animals to pull their wagons: oxen, mules, or horses.  Most people used oxen.  They were less expensive than horses and mules, and also less stubborn than mules.pp. 79–80

They could eat grass along the Trail, unlike horses, who needed special food.  Oxen were easy to train, and they usually traveled at a steady pace of 2 miles per hour, even in mud and snow.pp. 79–80

Food
It was very important for travelers to carry enough food and water for the trip.  However, food for the trip was expensive.  To feed four people for six months, food would cost about $150 - over $4,500 in today's dollars.p. 274

Travelers often brought along a lot of dried meat and "bread stuff" (like flour, crackers, and hardtack).  Boiling water was difficult on the Trail, so cooking was not always possible.  Some travelers also brought other foods, like rice, peas, dried beans, or dried fruit.

Along the Trail, travelers could fish and hunt for food.  Bison, antelope, and deer were the best animals to hunt for food.  Travelers also ate berries that grew along the Trail, partly to help prevent scurvy.

Wagons
Most travelers used covered wagons to travel the Trail.  There were a few different styles of covered wagons.  One common style, called the "Independence-style" wagon, was usually about 11 feet long, four feet wide, and two feet deep.  Pieces of wood held up a cover, made of something like dried ox skin, that rose about five feet above the bottom of the wagon.

Dangers
There were many dangers along the Oregon Trail, including disease, bad weather, drowning during river crossings, attacks by Native Americans, and many others.

It is difficult to know how many people died along the Oregon Trail.  Many travelers would bury their dead in unmarked graves and would disguise the graves.  For example, they would bury people right in the middle of a trail and then have their oxen run over the graves.  They did this so that animals and robbers would not dig up the graves.  Because of this, historians can only estimate the total number of people who died along the Oregon Trail.

Diseases
Disease was the most common cause of death on the Trail.  While travelers usually brought some medicines with them, they usually were not very helpful.

Cholera

Cholera was the most common illness and cause of death on the Trail.  From 1849-1855, there was a cholera epidemic along the trail.  Up to 3% of all travelers during this time may have died from cholera.  One of the causes of the epidemic was that there was no sanitation along the Trail.

For example, travelers liked to camp along the Platte River in Colorado, so they could easily get fresh water.  However, as thousands of travelers used the same campsites over and over again, sewage from travelers with cholera got into the Platte River.  After this, any traveler that drank water from the Platte River, or made food with that water, could get cholera.  Often, cholera's symptoms would be so bad that travelers would die within 12 hours of getting sick.

Other diseases
Other diseases common on the Trail included:
 Dysentery and other diseases that caused diarrhea.  The travelers treated these diseases with castor oil.
 "Mountain fever", which may have been Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, typhoid fever, and/or scarlet fever.  The travelers used quinine water to treat these illnesses.
 Measles
 Food poisoning
 Scurvy, which travelers tried to prevent by eating berries along the Trail and drinking citric acid.  Still, because they ate mostly meat and bread along the Trail, many travelers did not get enough vitamin C.  Some died from scurvy; many others had scurvy when they arrived at the end of the Trail.
 Smallpox
 Pneumonia

The travelers used turpentine (a poison), vinegar, and whiskey to treat headaches, muscle pain, and coughs.

Historians do not agree on how many people died from disease along the Trail.  One historian, John Unruh, estimates that 6,000 to 12,500 travelers died from disease on the Trail, and another 300-500 died specifically from scurvy.  However, the United States National Park Service says that as many as 30,000 people may have died from disease along the Trail.

Other dangers
There were many other dangers along the Trail.  John Unruh estimates the number of people who died from these other dangers:
 3,000 to 4,500 from Native American attacks
 300 to 500 from freezing to death
 200 to 500 from being accidentally run over by wagons
 200 to 500 from drowning while trying to cross rivers
 200 to 500 from accidentally being shot (for example, in hunting accidents)
 200 to 500 from other causes, including murder, being hit by lightning, dying during childbirth, stampedes, snake bites, flash floods, being hit by falling trees, and being kicked by animals

Unruh estimates that 4 percent of the Oregon Trail travelers died: 16,000 out of 400,000 total travelers.  However, the National Park Service says:
The Oregon Trail is this nation’s longest graveyard. Nearly one in ten [travelers] who set off on the trail did not survive.

Life on the Trail

A usual day on the Trail started very early, just before dawn.  Nobody actually rode in the wagons unless they were sick or very young.  The ride was too bumpy, too dusty, and added too much work for the oxen.  Instead, people walked beside their wagons.  Usually, groups traveled almost all day, except for an hour around noon for lunch.  Then they kept moving until just before sunset, when they would stop to set up a campsite.  Most groups traveled about 15 miles per day, though on the best days they could move 20 miles a day.  Since oxen moved at about 2 miles per hour, this meant a day's travel could last up to ten hours.

About 40,000 of the travelers were children.  Unless they were babies, they walked alongside the wagons and worked just like adults.  Their jobs included herding animals, driving wagons, washing dishes, helping with meals, watching younger children, and collecting firewood and "buffalo chips" (dry buffalo manure, which could be used to start fires if there was no firewood).

At night, the group would move the wagons into a circle ("circle the wagons") and put their animals inside the circle.  This kept them from wandering away, or being killed or stolen.  If the weather was dry, people slept outside.  If it was wet, people slept under their wagons.

Many travelers were very afraid of attacks from Native Americans.  However, most Native Americans left the travelers alone, or even helped them by trading with them and helping them cross rivers in canoes.  When Native Americans did attack travelers, the stories were told over and over again, which may have made attacks seem more common than they actually were.

Travelers who did reach Oregon looked back on the Trail with different feelings.  One man named Loren Hastings said in 1847:
I look back upon the long, dangerous and precarious emigrant road with a degree of romance and pleasure; but to others it is the graveyard of their friends.

Computer game
In the 1970s, three student teachers in Minnesota made an educational computer game based on the Oregon Trail. The goal of the game was to successfully travel the trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Dangers of the trail included river crossings, illnesses, sick oxen, and hunger. Over the next two decades, new versions of the game were made that added more options and included better graphics. The second version included zombies and oxen. The goal was to survive as long as you can before you die.

References

Category:19th century in the United States
Category:Migration
Category:National Historic Landmarks of the United States
Category:Trails
Category:Oregon Trail

Oregon Trail


The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a building in Pisa, Italy.  It is a bell tower.  It is famous because it is not vertical.  In 1990 the tower was leaning at 5.5 degrees and increasing.  After that, much restoration work has been done to stop it from falling over completely.  There was scaffolding all around the tower for 20 years.  On 26 April 2011, the last bit of scaffolding was removed so that the tower can be seen properly again.

The height of the tower is about 56 metres from the ground. Its weight is about 14,500 tonnes. It now leans at about 3.99 degrees. The tower has 294 steps.

When the second floor was built in 1178, the tower started to lean. This was because it had a small three-meter foundation in soft soil. The design of this tower was bad from the beginning. Construction was stopped for almost 100 years because the people of Pisa were often at war with Genoa, Lucca, and Florence.

There is an old story that Galileo Galilei used the Tower for a physics experiment.

References

Category:Buildings and structures in Italy
Category:Towers
Category:Pisa

Leaning Tower of Pisa


Bouffignereux is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Bouffignereux


Stefanie Maria "Steffi" Graf (born 14 June 1969) is a German retired professional women's tennis player. She was born in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg. She was once ranked the best women's tennis player in the world. She is married to another retired tennis player Andre Agassi.

Steffi was the youngest player ranked in the the WTA Tour ranking 124th

In her tennis career, she earned 4 Olympic medals, 22 Grand Slam titles and 107 other titles

References

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian Open champions
Category:Female tennis players
Category:French Open champions
Category:German tennis players
Category:People from Mannheim
Category:Retired tennis players
Category:Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Category:US Open (tennis) champions
Category:Wimbledon champions
Category:World No. 1 tennis players

Steffi Graf


Lassi is a village in Emmaste Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.

Lassi, Hiiu County


An apocalypse  is a revelation: seeing something which has been hidden. It comes from the Greek word, Apokálypsis, which means "lifting of the veil", or finding out something secret. Often this secret is discovered in a dream or a vision.

In religion, the word describes Armageddon or the end of the world. This might have come from the words, apokalupsis eschaton, meaning all the secrets will be discovered "at the end of the æon, or age". In Christianity The Apocalypse of John is the Book of Revelation, the last book of the Bible. It describes the end of the world, and the second coming of Jesus Christ.

Category:Christian eschatology
Category:Words

Apocalypse


Thomas Michael Bond, CBE (13 January 1926 – 27 June 2017) was an English author. He was best known for his Paddington Bear series of books. Bond was awarded a CBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours 2015.

Bond died on 27 June 2017 at his London home from a short-illness at the age of 91.

References

Other websites
 Michael Bond Biography
 Paddington Bear – The Official Website
 The Herbs

Category:1926 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Disease-related deaths in London
Category:English children's writers
Category:People from Berkshire

Michael Bond


Total Drama World Tour is the third season of the Total Drama series. The season started in June 21, 2010. There were originally 17 players on the show. The players are Ezekiel, Tyler, Lindsay, Noah, Harold, LeShawna, Duncan, Courtney, Bridgette, Alejandro, Heather Sierra, Cody, Izzy, DJ, Gwen, Owen and additionally Blaineley, who appeared in Episode 19.

Total Drama World Tour

Alternate Ending

Related pages
 Total Drama Island
 Total Drama Action

Category:Animated television series

Total Drama World Tour


Michael Ralph Stonebraker (born October 11, 1943) is an American computer scientist.

He is the founder of many database companies, including Ingres Corporation, Illustra, Paradigm4, StreamBase Systems, Tamr, Vertica and VoltDB, and served as chief technical officer of Informix. He is also an editor for the book Readings in Database Systems.

References

Category:1943 births
Category:Living people
Category:American computer scientists
Category:Scientists from Massachusetts
Category:Writers from Massachusetts

Michael Stonebraker


Symphyla are soil-dwelling arthropods in the subphylum Myriapoda.

They are relatives of centipedes. Symphylans look like centipedes, but are smaller and translucent. They move through the pores between soil particles. They are found from the surface down to a depth of about 50 cm. They eat decaying vegetation, and can do harm in agriculture by eating seeds, roots, and root hairs in cultivated soil.

They feed on decayed vegetation.

category:Myriapods

Symphyla


Taunsa Sharif or Taunsa is a Tehsil (subdivision) of Dera Ghazi Khan District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The town of Tounsa Shareef is the headquarters of the tehsil.

Category:Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)

Taunsa Tehsil


Taku Mayumura ( Mayumura Taku, 20 October 1934 – 3 November 2019) was a Japanese novelist, science fiction writer and haiku poet. He won the Seiun Award for Novel twice.

In 2004 his Shiseikan (, Administrator, one story of the "Shiseikan series"), written in 1974, was translated into English. Mayumura was an honorary member of the SFWJ (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan). His representative works in this field were Nazo no Tenkousei and Nerawareta Gakuen.

Mayumura died on 3 November 2019 from pneumonia in Abeno-ku, Osaka at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

Category:1934 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Japanese writers

Taku Mayumura


Billy-sur-Ourcq is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Billy-sur-Ourcq


Surfontaine is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Surfontaine


George Nicholas Hatsopoulos (January 7, 1927 – September 20, 2018) was a Greek-American mechanical engineer. He was born in Athens. He was known for his work in thermodynamics and for having co-founded Thermo Electron. He worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Hatsopoulos died on September 20, 2018 at his home in Lincoln, Massachusetts, aged 91.

References

Other websites
George Hatsopoulos - Biography
George Hatsopoulos - National Academy of Engineering, Chairman and CEO

Category:1927 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:Greek scientists
Category:American engineers
Category:American educators
Category:People from Athens
Category:Scientists from Massachusetts

George N. Hatsopoulos


Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Category:Communes in Ardèche

Saint-Michel-de-Chabrillanoux


Christ the Redeemer (), is a statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 1931 until 20  tall. It sits on a   pedestal on the peak of the

History
The first electric railway in Brazil was built in the late 1800s. At that time people would go to the top of the Corcovado Mountain to enjoy the panoramic view of the city below. Construction started in 1926 and took five years. During that time workers balanced themselves on scaffolds with no safety equipment. It was risky work but during the entire construction period, no workers were killed. Many regarded that as a miracle. The statue was finished in 1931. It was built to celebrate the 100 year anniversary of Brazil's independence from Portugal. The statue was built in France by the sculptor Paul Landowski. He never came to Rio to see the sculpture in place.

21st century
The statue underwent a $4 million renovation in 2010. Since then it has been damaged by lightning at least two times. Repairs in 2014 added more lightning rods to prevent future damage from lightning.

The statue is maintained by the Archdiocese of Rio de Janeiro.

Related pages
 Christ the Redeemer of the Andes
 Cristo Redentore, Christ the Redeemer of Maratea, Italy
 Christ of the Ozarks in Arkansas, United States: a 20 metre high statue inspired by Christ the Redeemer
 Christ of Havana in Havana, Cuba: a 20 metre high statue inspired by Christ the Redeemer

References

Other websites

 Christ the Redeemer Construction Facts
 7 Largest Statues in the World

Category:Statues
Category:1931 establishments in Brazil
Category:Art Deco
Category:Rio de Janeiro

Christ the Redeemer (statue)


Neurosis is a class of mental disorders involving distress but not delusions or hallucinations. The person's behavior is not outside socially acceptable norms. It is also known as psychoneurosis or neurotic disorder, and those suffering from it are said to be neurotic. The term neurosis was coined by Scottish doctor William Cullen in 1769.

The American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has eliminated the category of "neurosis". The editors decided to provide descriptions of behavior instead. According to The American Heritage Medical Dictionary, it is "no longer used in psychiatric diagnosis". Instead, the disorders once classified as neuroses are now considered anxiety disorders. These changes are controversial.

Neurosis may involve:

"...anxiety, sadness or depression, anger, irritability, mental confusion, low sense of self-worth, etc., behavioral symptoms such as phobic avoidance, vigilance, impulsive and compulsive acts, lethargy, etc., cognitive problems such as unpleasant or disturbing thoughts, repetition of thoughts and obsession, habitual fantasizing, negativity and cynicism, etc. Interpersonally, neurosis involves dependency, aggressiveness, perfectionism, schizoid isolation, socio-culturally inappropriate behaviors, etc".

References

Category:Mental illnesses

Neurosis


Jens Lehmann (born 10 November 1969 in Essen, Germany) is a German football player. He has played for Arsenal since 2003. Lehmann is the goalkeeper of the Germany national team. He has played 61 matches for the national team.

His teams
Jens Lehmann has played for Arsenal joining the team in November 2002. He was an important part of their success during their "Invincibles" season where Arsenal won the title without losing a single game. He has had lots of memories playing for Arsenal but during the 2007-2008 season he got injured and then was replaced by Manuel Almunia after a poor start to the season. He came back on December the 1st from his knee injury. Now Jens has played 1 or 2 games for Germany and now is probably going to quit Arsenal and he is thinking to go to a German team. And now Arsenal have to say another goodbye to their 3rd recent mover.

Jens has just began to play again after his bad injury (knee injury). He played at least a game for Germany on December the 6th 2007. Unfortunantly he let in 3 goals and saved 22 from going in to the goals. Jens now might live in Germany forever because he is leaving Arsenal and moves in July 2008 to Stuttgart.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988/89||rowspan="10"|Schalke||rowspan="3"|2. Bundesliga||13||0||||||||||||||13||0
|-
|1989/90||27||0||||||||||||||27||0
|-
|1990/91||34||0||||||||||||||34||0
|-
|1991/92||rowspan="7"|Bundesliga||37||0||||||||||||||37||0
|-
|1992/93||8||0||||||||||||||8||0
|-
|1993/94||21||0||||||||||||||21||0
|-
|1994/95||34||1||||||||||||||34||1
|-
|1995/96||32||0||||||||||||||32||0
|-
|1996/97||34||0||||||||||||||34||0
|-
|1997/98||34||1||||||||||||||34||1

|-
|1998/99||Milan||Serie A||5||0||||||||||||||5||0

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="5"|Borussia Dortmund||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||13||0||||||||||||||13||0
|-
|1999/00||31||0||||||||||||||31||0
|-
|2000/01||31||0||||||||||||||31||0
|-
|2001/02||30||0||0||0||2||0||11||0||43||0
|-
|2002/03||24||0||0||0||0||0||12||0||36||0

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Arsenal||rowspan="5"|Premier League||36||0||5||0||0||0||10||0||51||0
|-
|2004/05||28||0||5||0||0||0||7||0||40||0
|-
|2005/06||38||0||0||0||0||0||8||0||46||0
|-
|2006/07||36||0||0||0||0||0||8||0||44||0
|-
|2007/08||7||0||3||0||0||0||3||0||13||0

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Stuttgart||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||34||0||||||||||||||34||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
437||2||0||0||2||0||23||0||462||2
5||0||||||||||||||5||0
145||0||13||0||0||0||36||0||194||0
587||2||13||0||2||0||59||0||661||2
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||2||0
|-
|2001||1||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||14||0
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
!Total||61||0
|}

References

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players
Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players
Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players
Category:German footballers
Category:Goalkeepers
Category:Sportspeople from Essen

Jens Lehmann


Georg Katzer (10 January 1935 – 7 May 2019) was a German composer. He is best known for helping electronic new music become popular in East Germany. He held leading roles in music organisations, first in the East, and later in the united Germany. He was student of Hanns Eisler and Leo Spies. He won many awards in his career. He was also a professor at the Academy of Arts, Berlin. He was born in Habelschwerdt, Lower Silesia.

Katzer died on 7 May 2019 in Berlin, at the age of 84.

References

Other websites

Category:1935 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Educators
Category:German composers

Georg Katzer


Buncombe is a village in Illinois in the United States.

Category:Villages in Illinois

Buncombe, Illinois


Asier del Horno (born 19 January 1981) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Real Valladolid.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Athletic Bilbao||rowspan="5"|La Liga||14||0
|-
|2001/02||10||1
|-
|2002/03||24||4
|-
|2003/04||31||5
|-
|2004/05||29||3

|-
|2005/06||Chelsea||Premier League||25||1

|-
|2006/07||Valencia||La Liga||6||0
|-
|2007/08||Athletic Bilbao||La Liga||16||0
|-
|2008/09||Valencia||La Liga||9||0
|-
|2009/10||Real Valladolid||La Liga||||
139||13
25||1
164||14
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2004||3||1
|-
|2005||7||1
|-
!Total||10||2
|}

References

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish footballers

Asier del Horno


Gangstar: West Coast Hustle is a game for the iPhone.

Category:Mobile games

Gangstar: West Coast Hustle


Richard Warren Sears (December 7, 1863 – September 28, 1914) was an American manager and businessman. He was the founder of Sears, Roebuck and Company with his partner Alvah Curtis Roebuck.

References

Other websites

 Sears Archives biography

Category:1863 births
Category:1914 deaths
Category:Burials at Rosehill Cemetery
Category:Business people from Chicago
Category:Business people from Minnesota

Richard Warren Sears


A halo is a ring of light that surrounds an object. Also, in much religious art, it may be seen surrounding the heads of saintly people such as Jesus.

It is believed by some Hindus that the halo shown around the heads of holy people is a depiction of their  "activated" crown chakra.

Halos are visual phenomena that appear near or around the Sun or Moon, and sometimes near other strong light sources such as street lights. There are many types of optical halos, but they are mostly caused by ice crystals in certain types of clouds. The shape of the crystals changes the type of halo seen. Light is reflected by the ice and may split into colors, similar to the rainbow.

Other websites

 Halo explanations and image galleries at Atmospheric Optics

Category:Optics

Halo


A direct tax is a tax paid directly to the government by a person or organization. A direct tax may not be passed on to another person or entity but must be paid by the entity responsible for the tax. A direct tax is different from an indirect tax, which is paid by someone other than the person or entity who would normally be responsible for it. For example, a tax owed on a piece of property is a direct tax. A tax on the sale of that property would be considered an indirect tax.

Income tax
An income tax is a tax that governments levy on individuals and businesses on their income. In the US and other countries, businesses and individuals need to file an Income Tax Return every year. This is to report all forms of income and to see if they owe any tax or can get a tax refund. Income tax is an important source of funds to most levels of government.

The 16th Amendment
In the United States Constitution, the difference between indirect and direct taxes was important enough to require a Constitutional amendment in order for the federal government to levy an income tax. This was the Sixteenth Amendment which was ratified in 1913. Before the Sixteenth Amendment, any direct tax levied by the federal government had to be apportioned among the states by population. As apportionment by population proved to be virtually impossible, levying direct taxes was prevented by this article of the Constitution until it was changed in 1913. So the federal government relied on indirect taxes such as tariffs and Duties on imported goods and materials.

Corporate tax
Another form of direct tax is the corporation tax. This is a tax on profits earned by corporations and other companies. In the United States the federal corporate tax is a direct tax, but is different from income tax. It taxes net income (profits) not gross income (on which income taxes are based). Corporate tax allows deductions for most expenses of doing business. Also, it only applies to corporations. It does not apply to partnerships or sole proprietorships.

Property tax
Property tax, also called millage tax, is a tax on property that the owner must pay. They are usually collected by local governments and are based on a standardized value of a property. Property tax money is usually used for schools, community safety and local infrastructure. Millage rates refer to the mill: one one-thousandth of a dollar. The millage rate is the amount of taxes levied per $1,000 of property value. For example, if the millage rate is 3 mills (or 3 tenths of a penny), a property valued at $300,000 would be a tax of $900.

Related pages
 Tax
 Indirect tax
 Sales tax
 Value Added Tax

References

Category:Taxation

Direct tax


Julián Pastor Llaneza (18 October 1943 – 24 August 2015) was a Mexican movie director, actor, screenwriter, editor, and photographer. He was known for directing the movie No One Writes to the Colonel. Pastor was born in Mexico City.

Pastor died in Mexico City at the age of 71.

References

Other websites

Category:1943 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Mexican movie directors
Category:Mexican movie actors
Category:Mexican screenwriters
Category:Photographers
Category:Writers from Mexico City

Julián Pastor


The African National Congress (ANC), supported by the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), has been South Africa's governing centre-left political party since the establishment of non-racial democracy in April 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplined force of the left". Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population. John Dube, its first president, and poet and author Sol Plaatje are among its founding members. The organization became the ANC in 1923 and formed a military wing, the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) in 1961.

It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level since 1994. It gained support in the 1999 elections, and further increased its majority in 2004, with 69.7% of the votes. In 2009 its share of the vote reduced slightly, but it remained the dominant party with 65.9% of the votes.

History

The ANC was founded in direct response to what was seen as injustices against black South Africans at the hands of their white, mostly Afrikaner government. The ANC had its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911 Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation. The ANC was set up the next year on 8 January 1912.

The government of the newly formed Union of South Africa began a systematic oppression of black people in South Africa. The Natives' Land Act was issued in 1913. The effect of these laws was to force many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work, and to restrict their movement within South Africa. By 1919, the ANC led a campaign against passes, and in 1929 the ANC supported a militant mineworkers' strike.

The ANC became dormant in the mid-1920s. During that time, black people were also represented by the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union and the once white-only Communist party. By 1927, J.T. Gumende (president of the ANC) proposed cooperation with the Communists in a bid to revitalise the organisation, but he was voted out of power in the 1930s. This led to the ANC becoming largely ineffectual and inactive, until the mid-1940s when the ANC was remodelled as a mass movement.

The ANC responded militarily to attacks on the rights of black South Africans, as well as calling for strikes, boycotts, and defiance. This led to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s, a mass movement of resistance to South Africa under apartheid. The government tried to stop the ANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC, however these measures failed.

In 1955, the Congress of the People officially adopted the Freedom Charter, stating the core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. The government claimed that this was a communist document, and consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested. 1960 saw the Sharpeville Massacre, in which 69 people were killed when police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters.

Whites eventually joined the fight against apartheid, leading many black supremacists to break away from the ANC.

Umkhonto we Sizwe
Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated "Spear of the Nation", was the military wing of the ANC. Partly in response to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, individual members of the ANC thought violence was needed because peaceful passive protest had failed. There was a significant portion of the ANC who therefore turned to violence in order to achieve their goals. A significant portion of ANC leadership agreed that this violence was needed to combat increasing backlash from the government.

Some ANC members were upset by the actions of the MK, and refused to accept violence as necessary for the ending of Apartheid, but these individuals became a minority as the militant leaders such as Nelson Mandela gained significant popularity. Many consider their actions to be criminal, but the MK said violence was justified by the goal of ending apartheid. Some members of MK committed terrorist acts to achieve their aims, and MK was responsible for the deaths of both civilians and members of the military.
In cooperation with the South African Communist Party, MK was founded in 1961.

Ideology
The ANC calls itself a force of national liberation in the post-apartheid era; it officially defines its umbrella agenda as the National Democratic Revolution. The ANC is a member of the Socialist International. It also sets forth the redressing of socio-economic differences stemming from colonial- and apartheid-era policies as a central focus of ANC policy.

The National Democratic Revolution (NDR) is described as a process through which the National Democratic Society (NDS) is achieved; a society in which people are intellectually, socially, economically and politically empowered.

Tripartite Alliance
The ANC holds a historic alliance with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), known as the Tripartite Alliance. The SACP and COSATU have not contested any election in South Africa, but field candidates through the ANC, hold senior positions in the ANC, and influence party policy and dialogue. During Mbeki's presidency, the government took a more pro-capitalist stance, often running counter to the demands of the SACP and COSATU.

2008 schism
Following Zuma's accession to the ANC leadership in 2007 and Mbeki's resignation as president in 2008, the Mbeki faction of former ministers led by Mosiuoa Lekota split away from the ANC to form the Congress of the People.

ANC flag

The ANC flag is composed of three stripes – black, green and gold. Black symbolizes the native people of South Africa, green represents the land and gold represents the mineral and other natural wealth of South Africa. This flag was also the battle flag of the Umkhonto we Sizwe. The official party flag also has the emblem of the party incorporated onto the flag.

Party list
Politicians in the party win a place in parliament by being on the Party List, which is drawn up before the elections and enumerates, in order, the party's preferred MPs. The number of seats allocated is proportional to the popular national vote, and this determines the cut-off point.

The ANC has also gained members through the controversial floor crossing process.

Although most South African parties announced their candidate list for provincial premierships in the 2009 election, the ANC did not. It is not required for parties to do so.

Election results

Role of the ANC in resolving the conflict
The ANC was the main opposition to the government during apartheid and played a major role in resolving the conflict through the peacemaking and peace-building processes. Initially members of the National Party met in secret with ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela, to see if peace was possible. Discussions and negotiations took place leading to the eventual unbanning of the ANC and other opposing political parties by then President de Klerk on 2 February 1990. These initial meetings were the first crucial steps towards resolution.

The next official step towards rebuilding South Africa was the Groote Schuur Minute where the government and the ANC agreed on a common commitment towards the end of violence and intimidation, as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations. The ANC negotiated the release of political prisoners and the immunity from prosecution for returning exiles and moreover channels of communication were established between the Government and the ANC.

Later the Pretoria Minute was another step towards resolution where agreements at Groote Schuur were reconsolidated and steps towards setting up an interim government and drafting a new constitution were established as well as suspension of the military wing of the ANC – the Umkhonto we Sizwe. This step helped end much of the violence within South Africa. Another agreement that came out of the Pretoria Minute was that both parties would try and raise awareness that a new way of governing was being created for South Africa, and that further violence would only hinder this process. However violence still continued in Kwazulu-Natal, which violated the trust between Mandela and de Klerk. Moreover, internal disputes in the ANC prolonged the war as consensus on peace was not reached.

The next significant steps towards resolution were:
 the repeal of the Population Registration Act,
 the repeal of the Group Areas Act
 the repeal of the Native Land Acts and
 passing the Abolishment of Racially Based Measures Act was passed.

These measures ensured no one could claim, or be deprived of any rights on the basis of race.

In December 1991 the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was held with the aim of establishing an interim government. But in June 1992 there was the Boipatong massacre.  Negotiations stopped as the ANC pulled out. Only Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC, and Roelf Meyer of the National Party carried on talking. In over 40 meetings the two men discussed and negotiated over many issues including the nature of the future political system, the fate of over 40,000 government employees and if/how the country would be divided. The result of these negotiations was a temporary constitution that meant the transition from apartheid to democracy was a constitutional continuation and that the rule of law and state sovereignty remained intact during the change, which was vital for stability within the country. A date was set for the first democratic elections on 27 April 1994. The ANC won 62.5% of the votes and has been in power ever since.

Criticism

Controversy over corrupt members

The most prominent corruption case involving the ANC relates to a series of bribes paid to companies involved in the ongoing R55 billion Arms Deal saga, which resulted in a long term jail sentence to former Deputy President Jacob Zuma's legal adviser Schabir Shaik. Zuma, now the State president, currently faces 7 813 charges relating to alleged fraud, bribery and corruption in the Arms Deal. The ANC has also been criticised for its subsequent abolishment of the Scorpions, the multidisciplinary agency that investigated and prosecuted organised crime and corruption, and was heavily involved in the investigation into Zuma and Shaik.

Other recent corruption issues include the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of Beaufort West municipal manager Truman Prince, and the Oilgate scandal, in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were allegedly funneled into ANC coffers. Links between factions in the ANC, specifically the ANC Youth League leadership, and businessman Brett Kebble gained media attention following Kebble's murder in September 2005.

In December 2007 the ANC elected their new National Executive Committee (NEC), the highest structure in the party. Out of the 80 member committee, 9% are (post-apartheid) convicted criminals. Most of these members have been convicted of fraud, while one member, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, was convicted of the kidnapping of a 14-year-old boy, James Seipei (1974–1988), also known as Stompie Moeketsi (who was also murdered). According to an article in the Mail & Guardian, "by adding those who have been disciplined or moved, and those with dark clouds of unanswered questions hanging over their heads, the figure shifts to 29%."

The ANC has also been accused of using government and civil society to fight its political battles against opposition parties such as the Democratic Alliance. The result has been a number of complaints and allegations that none of the political parties truly represent the interests of the poor. This has resulted in the "No Land! No House! No Vote!" Campaign which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections.

Controversy over wasteful expenditure
The ANC has reportedly wasted over R1 billion of taxpayers' money over the past eight months on luxury vehicles, expensive hotels, banquets, advertising and other "wasteful expenditure"

The main thrust behind this reporting is the official opposition in the country, the Democratic Alliance (DA). They have kept a tally of the expenditure called 'The Wasteful Expenditure Monitor'

According to the DA, this waste could have:

Built 18 574 new RDP houses
Fund 7775 teachers for a year

References

Other websites

 African National Congress official site
 Response by the ANC General Secretary to COSATU's assessment, 2004
 "Today it feels good to be an African" – Thabo Mbeki, Cape Town, 8 May 1996
 Interview with Nimrod Sejake, an ANC dissident, "The ANC has sold out!" (Archived 2009-10-24) Interviewed by Laurence Coates Offensiv 385 (10 February 2000)

Category:1912 establishments in Africa
Category:Nationalist organizations
Category:National liberation movements
Category:Socialist International
Category:Social democratic parties
Category:Political parties in South Africa
Category:20th-century establishments in South Africa

African National Congress


Salvia pratensis (Meadow Clary or Meadow Sage; syn Salvia virgata) is a perennial sage in the family Lamiaceae, that grows in Europe, western Asia and northern Africa.

It is a herbaceous perennial plant and grows up to 1.5 m tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs, the leaves on the lower part of the stem up to 15 cm long, higher up the stem they are smaller. The flowers are dark blue-purple, rarely pink or white.

It is usually grows in unimproved soils, which is typical for grasslands, scrub edges, and woodland borders.

It is grown as an ornamental plant.

Other websites
Salvia pratensis

Category:Salvia

Salvia pratensis


Kungälv Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kungälv.

References

Other websites

 Kungälv Municipality

Kungalv Municipality

Kungälv Municipality


Daneţi is a commune in Dolj County, Romania.

References

Category:Communes in Dolj County

Daneţi


Emmett Louis "Bobo" Till (July 25, 1941 – August 28, 1955) was an African-American boy who was murdered in Mississippi after it was said that he flirted with a white woman.

Events of death
Till was from Chicago, Illinois. He went to see his relatives in the Mississippi Delta area when he spoke to 21-year-old Carolyn Bryant. She was the married owner of a small grocery store. Several nights later, Bryant's husband Roy and his half-brother J. W. Milam, went to Till's great-uncle's house. They took Till to a barn. It is believed that they beat him and removed one of his eyes  . They then shot him in the head and put his body in the Tallahatchie River. His body was found in the river three days later.

Till's body was returned to Chicago. His mother wanted on a public funeral service with an open casket. She wanted this to show the world how her son had been killed. Tens of thousands of people went to his funeral or saw his casket. Images of his body were published in black magazines and newspapers. This caused support from both black and white people in the United States.  At first, local newspapers and law enforcement officials spoke against the violence and asked for justice. They soon began dealing with national criticism by defending the people of Mississippi. This led to support for the people said to be the killers.

Trial
The trial of those accused of killing Till had a large amount of press attention. Bryant and Milam were acquitted of Till's murder. They were not charged with his kidnapping. Months later, when they could not be tried again because of double jeopardy, they said they killed him in a magazine interview. Till's murder is considered an important event leading to the African-American Civil Rights Movement.

Problems proving that the body was Till affected the trial. This was a part of the reason for Bryant's and Milam's acquittals. The case was reopened by the United States Department of Justice in 2004. An autopsy of the body was done. It was proven to be Till's body. He was reburied in a new casket. His old casket was given to the Smithsonian Institution.

References
Huie, William Bradford (January 1956). The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi, Look Magazine. Retrieved February 2012.

Category:1941 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:African-Americans
Category:American murder victims
Category:Murders by firearm in the United States
Category:People from Chicago
Category:Murdered African-American people

Emmett Till


Charlotte County (2011 population 26,549) is a county in the southwestern part of New Brunswick, Canada. It is divided into six municipalities and fourteen parishes.

There are two islands near Charlotte County which are disputed by Canada and the United States Those islands are Machias Seal Island and North Rock.

Category:New Brunswick
Category:Counties of Canada

Charlotte County, New Brunswick


Bacillus subtilis is an endospore-forming bacterium.

It is the source of the antibiotic bacitracin. Bacillus subtilis is a gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It is a facultative anaerobe commonly found in soil, and is also found in the gut flora.

Category:Gram-positive bacteria

Bacillus subtilis


In a tax system, the tax rate is the ratio (usually expressed as a percentage) at which a business or person is taxed.  There are several methods used to present a tax rate: statutory, average, marginal, and effective.  These rates can also be presented using different definitions applied to a tax base: inclusive and exclusive.

Types
 A statutory tax rate is the legally given rate.  An income tax could have multiple rates for different income levels, where a sales tax may have a flat rate.
 An average tax rate is the ratio of the total amount of taxes paid to the total tax base given in a percentage.
 A marginal tax rate is the tax rate on income set at a higher rate for incomes above a designated higher bracket.

References

Category:Economic policy

Tax rate


Kotka (literally eagle) is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland.

It is part of the Kymenlaakso region in southern Finland. The centre of Kotka is located at Kotkansaari island.
The most famous sport team from Kotka is KTP (Kotkan Työväen Palloilijat). The KTP-team plays football and basketball.

Gallery

Sister cities

Sources

Other websites

City of Kotka – Official website
Map of Kotka

Category:Towns in Finland
Category:1879 establishments in Europe
Category:1870s establishments in Finland

Kotka


Jo's Boys, and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men" is a book by Louisa May Alcott. It was published in 1886. It tells of what happened to the children at Plumfield as they grew to adulthood.

Other websites
Jo's Boys on Project Gutenberg

Category:1886 books
Category:Books by Louisa May Alcott
Category:Children's books

Jo's Boys


George D. Beauchamp (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.

Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.

Other websites
The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar
Which Came First- Electric Guitar or Amp?
Digital Violin - Article examining Beauchamp's Electro violins

Category:1899 births
Category:1941 deaths
Category:American inventors
Category:People from Texas
Category:Vaudeville performers

George Beauchamp


Rapier is a British surface-to-air missile. It was developed for the British Army and Royal Air Force. It began being used in 1971 and eventually replaced all other anti-aircraft weapons in the British Army. It replaced both guns for targets that were flying low down, and the English Electric Thunderbird which was used against targets that were higher up and further away.

Rapier defends against fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aircraft and cruise missiles. It is also able to fire two missiles at once.

Rapier can be moved around by ground and air.

History
Rapier started being developed in 1961. It was done privately at the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). Then, the missile was known as "Sightline". The project was to fight supersonic, low-flying aircrat.

At the time the British Army was going to buy the American MIM-46 Mauler for air-defense. Mauler ran into problems in 1963, so the Ministry of Defence started giving money to Sightline. Sightline was supposed to be a backup in case Mauler failed. This eventually happened, and Sightline was eventually developed as "Rapier". The missile was 1966 for testing. Full versions of Rapier were tested in 1968. A contract was given in 1969 for the missile to begin being made. Rapier began being used in 1971 with the British Army, and 1974 with the Royal Air Force Regiment.

Use
The first Rapier was a launcher on wheels. It had four missiles. The launcher is a large cylinder. It has two missiles on each side.

Blindfire Radar

The first Rapier was accurate and simple to use. However, it could not be used in all types of weather. To fix this, BAC started working on a different radar unit. This led to the Marconi DN 181 "Blindfire" radar in 1970. The first Blindfires were sold to the Iranian Army in 1973. The British Army did not buy the Blindfire system until 1979.

Tracked Rapier

It soon became noticed that a version of Rapier that could be moved around was needed.  BAC decided to change Rapier to fit onto  the M548, a version of the M113 armored personnel carrier. In 1974, this weapon was developed as "Tracked Rapier". The vehicles were bought by the British Army.  The first Tracked Rapiers were used with 11 (Sphinx) Air Defence Battery, of 22 Air Defence Regiment, Royal Artillery in 1982-83.

Moving to firing takes only 30 seconds. This was a very big improvement to Towed Rapier. The biggest difference between towed and tracked Rapier was that the tracked Rapier launcher has eight missiles. The towed Rapier only has four.

There was no room for Blindfire on a single M548. Because of this, it is towed or put onto a different M548.

After Tracked Rapier entered service, it was upgraded many times to follow the upgrades being made to all Rapiers.

Tracked Rapier has been replaced by Starstreak missile launchers. These are put onto the Alvis Stormer.

FSB
The "Field Standard B" (FSB) added some basic upgrades to Rapier. Also, the radar which searches for enemy aircrat was upgraded so that it could be easily shut down.

Laserfire
Because of all the new upgrades, the first, cheap Rapier was gone. To make Rapier cheaper, BAC began developing the "Rapier Laserfire" in 1982.

Tracking and firing is similar to the first Rapier. However, the Laserfire lights up the target and automatically tracks it with a powerful YAG:Nd laser.

Missile upgrades
In 1988, a better missile started being tested. This missile exploded before it hit the target. This allowed Rapier to hit smaller, faster targets.

In 1992 the Army decided to upgrade Rapier to higher-quality versions.

The missile has two versions, the Mk. 2A to shoot down aircraft, and the Mk. 2B, which can be used against light tanks and other armoured vehicles.

History in combat
In April 1982, the first Rapier was used during the Falklands War. Early reports about Rapier were good. They said Rapier got 14 kills and probably killed another 6 more. However, later reports said that around four enemy aircraft were shot down by Rapier. Only one Argentine aircraft, a Dagger A, was definitely a Rapier kill. The pilot was killed.

"Within the total only five Argentine aircraft might have been shot down by Rapier, and, as originally noted by Ethell and Price, only one of these was certain, with two probables and two possibles. Similar discrepancies arose over other weapons systems, notably Blowpipe (one confirmed kill as against nine confirmed and two probables in the White Paper) and Sea Cat (zero to one against eight confirmed and two probables in the White Paper). […] This confirmation that MoD had exaggerated, however unwittingly, the capabilities of Rapier was deemed to be political dynamite. It was observed that if this assessment became publicly known it 'could have a serious adverse effects on sales' prospects for Rapier, which is the staple revenue-earner for BAe's Dynamic Group."

The main problems were that Rapier could not fire very far, and that there was no proximity fuse. This meant that the gunner had to hit the aircrat with the missile directly. There were also problems with Rapier's IFF system.

Possible replacement
It has been announced the UK Ministry of Defence was giving money to a company to find a replacement for Rapier. The Common Anti-Air Modular Missile (CAMM) would have some components the same as the ASRAAM missile which is in service with the RAF.

Museums
An example of Rapier can be seen in a hangar in IWM Duxford.

Users

Imperial Iranian Air Force
Imperial Iranian Army
Islamic Republic of Iran Army

Kenyan Air Force

Indonesian Army

Republic of Singapore Air Force

Turkish Air Force - 86 launchers. They were made more modern in Turkey.

Swiss Air Force

United Arab Emirates Army

British Army - Royal Artillery

References

Other websites

Rapier missile information on BAe website
Rapier missile information on MBDA company website

Category:British Army equipment
Category:Missiles

Rapier (missile)


Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must eat. The body needs them  for good health but cannot make them.

Only two fatty acids are essential for humans. When the two EFAs were discovered in 1923, they were called "vitamin F", but in 1929, research on rats showed that the two EFAs are fats rather than vitamins.

Some other fatty acids are "conditionally essential", meaning that they may become essential under some circumstances.

References

Category:Nutrition

Essential fatty acid


Sarah Clara Smith (1851–1947) was an American teacher and missionary from New York state. She started Smith Girls' School (now called Hokusei Gakuen Girls Junior High/High School ( Hokusei Gakuen Joshi Chugaku Koutou Gakkou) in 1887 in Sapporo, Japan.

Early life in Japan
Smith came to Tokyo in 1880 with her missionary group, Association of Presbyterian Mission International. In 1883, she became sick from the weather, so she went north to Sapporo, Hokkaido. She became healthy again because the weather was like the weather in New York.

Smith Girls' School

Smith wanted to start a Christian school in Sapporo because it was a new town. Sapporo didn't have many churches then. But her group didn't give her money, so she went to Hakodate. Hakodate was bigger than Sapporo. In 1886, she got an English teaching job at the Public Teacher’s College of Sapporo. The next year, she could start a Christian school by herself. It was called Smith Girls' School ( Sumisu Joshi Gakkou).

Farming and Lilacs
In the Meiji Era (1868–1912), Hokkaido was a new land in Japan. Also the land was big, so there were many farms. Most schools were farming schools. Smith Girls' School had some farming and Christian education. In 1890, Smith introduced lilacs to Sapporo from the United States. Now, lilac is the official tree of Sapporo and the city has a lilac festival every year in downtown Odori Park.

References

Category:1851 births
Category:1947 deaths
Category:American teachers
Category:People from New York
Category:Missionaries

Sarah Clara Smith


More than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe in 2015.  This created a crisis because  it is hard for countries  to cope with the large numbers of people or even in some countries war. This also causes the people to flee to safer countries. It also created a division in the European Union over how to deal with resettling people.

Category:Events
Category:Migration
Category:2015 in Europe

European migrant crisis


Public transport in the London Borough of Enfield, which is northeast of the centre of London, is a mix of National Rail, London Underground and London Buses services. The group that is responsible for transport here is Transport for London. The local authority is Enfield London Borough Council.

Railways
The following railway stations are in the borough of Enfield.

Other websites
North East London Bus Map

Public transport in Enfield


Pascal Lissouba (born November 15, 1931) is a Congolese politician. He is the first democratically elected President of the Republic of the Congo from August 31, 1992 to October 15, 1997. He was overthrown by the current President Denis Sassou Nguesso in the 1997 civil war.

References

Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:Presidents of the Republic of the Congo
Category:Prime Ministers of the Republic of the Congo

Pascal Lissouba


Ralph Marvin Steinman (January 14, 1943 – September 30, 2011) was a Canadian immunologist and cell biologist at Rockefeller University. He studied a kind of cell in the immune system and called them dendritic cells. He made these discoveries while working in the laboratory of Zanvil A. Cohn. He was of Jewish descent.

On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee announced that Steinman had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". However, the committee did not know that Steinman had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. The committee considered what to do about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.

The committee later decided that, as the decision to award the prize "was made in good faith", they would not change the award.

Steinman's daughter said that he had joked the previous week with his family about hanging on until the prize announcement. Steinman said: "I know I have got to hold out for that. They don't give it to you if you have passed away. I got to hold out for that".

Steinman had received numerous other awards and recognitions for his life-long work on dendritic cells, such as the Albert Lasker Award (2007), the Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), and the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award (1998). In addition, he was made a member of Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.; elected 2002) and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.; elected 2001).

References

Category:1943 births
Category:2011 deaths
Category:Canadian academics
Category:Canadian Jews
Category:Canadian Nobel Prize winners
Category:Canadian scientists
Category:Cell biology
Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Immunologists
Category:Jewish academics
Category:Jewish Nobel Prize winners
Category:Jewish scientists
Category:People from Montreal
Category:Physicians
Category:Scientists from New York City

Ralph Steinman


Dotzigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

References

Category:Municipalities of Bern

Dotzigen


Tizac-de-Lapouyade is a commune. It is found in the region Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France.

Category:Communes in Gironde

Tizac-de-Lapouyade


The tangor is a citrus fruit. It is a hybrid of the tangerine and the sweet orange. The name "tangor" is a mix of the "tang" in tangerine and the "or" in orange.

Category:Citrus

Tangor


Tim Swinson born 17 February, 1987 in London, England is a rugby union player for the Newcastle Falcons in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a lock.

Other websites
Guinness Premiership profile

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:English rugby union players
Category:Newcastle Falcons rugby union players
Category:Sportspeople from London

Tim Swinson


Aşgabat (; , UniPers: Ešq-âbâd;  - Ashkhabád) is the capital city of Turkmenistan. It also spelled as Ashgabat, Ashkabat, Ashkhabad, Ashgabad, a former Soviet republic. Aşgabat has a population of 695,300 (2001) and is between the Kara Kum desert and the Kopet Dag mountain range. The name is believed to borrow from the Persian Ashk-abad meaning "the City of Arsaces". Another explanation is that the name is a corruption of the Persian Eshq (Love) + abad (natured place or city), and therefore loosely translates as "The city built by/from love". Aşgabat is at 37°58′N 58°20′E (37.9667, 58.333). Aşgabat's ethnic groups are: Turkmen, Russians, Armenians, and Azeris. Arsaces is a word that appear between 3 and 4 times in the Bible and has unknown meanings.

more images

Category:Capital cities in Asia

Aşgabat


The End-Triassic extinction event marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, 208 million years ago. However, many of the extinctions occurred before then in the Upper Triassic.

Overall, this was one of the major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon. It profoundly affected life on land and in the oceans. At least half of the species now known to have been living on Earth at that time went extinct.

A whole class (conodonts: extinct chordates); 20% of all marine families; all large crurotarsans (non-dinosaurian archosaurs); some remaining therapsids; and many of the large amphibians were wiped out.

The event emptied many ecological niches, and allowed the dinosaurs to assume the dominant roles in the Jurassic period. This event happened in less than 10,000 years, and occurred just before Pangaea started to break apart.

Scientists have suggested several explanations for this event, but all have unanswered challenges:
 Asteroid impact: no known impact crater has been dated to coincide with the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.
 Gradual climate change or sea-level fluctuations during the Upper Triassic. Sea level was low at the end of the Triassic, and the climate on Pangaea was arid. However, this does not explain the suddenness of the extinctions.
 Massive volcanic eruptions would release carbon dioxide, which would cause intense global warming, or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause severe cooling. The flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) occurred at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

Recent evidence
A recent paper in PNAS shows fairly clearly that mass volcanism was involved. It was probably the primary cause of the extinction. Mercury is present in volcanic rocks found at the end-Triassic boundary.

Mercury is emitted in gaseous form during volcanism, and deposited in sediments. The paper says "Such episodic volcanism likely perturbed the global environment over a long time and strongly delayed ecological recovery".

References

Category:Extinction events
Category:Mesozoic

End-Triassic extinction event


A tribe is a group of people who live and work together in a shared geographical area. A tribe has a common culture, dialect and religion. They also have a strong sense of unity. The tribe is usually headed by a chief.
 A tribal society is a group of tribes organized around kinships. Tribes represent a part in social evolution between bands and nations.

A tribe can be a collection of families or of families and individual people living together. A tribe usually divides up the jobs that need to be done among themselves. Most tribes have special customs or traditions.

Tribes are the type of groups humans lived in before they started living in cities and nations. There are still tribal groups all over the world. Their numbers are getting smaller and smaller.

Related pages
Anthropology

Category:Relationships
Category:Social groups

Tribe


The GfK Entertainment charts are the official music charts in Germany.

The charts are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH (formerly Media Control GfK International GmbH). GfK is an abbreviation  for "Gesellschaft für Konsumforschung". GfK provides weekly top 100 lists.

Category:Baden-Baden
Category:Companies of Germany
Category:Record charts
Category:2014 establishments in Europe
Category:2010s establishments in Germany

GfK Entertainment charts


Devonport is a city in northern Tasmania, Australia. It is at the mouth of the Mersey River. In 2016 there were 23,046 people living in Devonport.

History
The city was settled in the 1850s, with two villages, Formby and Torquay, on the opposite banks of the Mersey River. Torquay on the eastern shore was the largest. It had a police station, post office, magistrate, at least three hotels, shipyards and stores. A river ferry service connected the two villages. Between 1870 and 1880 the shipping industry grew and work was undertaken to deepen the mouth of the river. The first regular steamship services operated to Melbourne, Victoria. The Marine Board building (1882) is the oldest building in Devonport.

In 1889 the Bluff lighthouse was built, and later the railway reached Formby. A wharf was created on the west bank, close to the railway and warehouses. This began a building boom in Formby. In 1890 the public voted to join the two villages together to become the town of Devonport.

The Victoria bridge was opened in 1902 and linked Devonport and East Devonport.

Devonport was proclaimed a city by Prince Charles of Wales on 21 April 1981 in a ceremony at the Devonport Oval.

The cross river ferry service was stopped in 2014 after 160 years of continuous service. The vessel the "Torquay" was taken out of service. It has since restarted.

Suburbs
Devonport suburbs include Highfield. East Devonport suburbs include Pardoe Downs, Rannoch, and Pannorama Heights

Facilities and the arts

The main business area is on the west side of the Mersey River. It has a pedestrian mall, cinema, specialty stores, chain stores such as IGA and hotels. There are several restaurants and cafes.

The Devonport Regional Gallery began as "The Little Gallery", private gallery started by Jean Thomas in 1966. The Gallery presents an annual program of exhibitions, education and public programs including events and workshops. Works by local artists are displayed at the North West Regional Craft Centre and gift store.

Tiagarra Aboriginal Culture Centre and Museum displays petroglyphs, designs in rock and displays that show the traditional lifestyle of Tasmanian Aboriginal people.

The Bass Strait Maritime Centre, in the old Harbour Master's House has objects, models and photographs that tell the stories of Bass Strait and Devonport.

A volunteer run vintage railway and museum, the Don River Railway, is at Don, a suburb of Devonport.

The Mersey Community Hospital at Latrobe, is the nearest hospital to Devonport

Devonport's night club was known as "City Limits" in the 1980s, then the "The Warehouse" from 1991, and from 2014 as the "House".

Kokoda Barracks is an army barracks in Devonport.

 Devonport Airport

Devonport Airport is located at Pardoe Downs about 7 km to the east. The airport is serviced by Bombardier Dash 8 turboprop aircraft, operated by QantasLink, with four daily services to Melbourne, Victoria.

There are several bus companies serving Devonport including Mersey Link, Redline Coaches and Phoenix Coaches. Metropolitan Devonport bus services are limited on Saturdays and there are no services on Sundays or Public holidays.

 Freight (Shipping)

Searoad Road Shipping have two roll on roll off ships for general freight between Devonport, Melbourne and King Island. These vessels include MV Searoad Mersey, MV Searoad Mersey II (2016- ) and MV Searoad Tamar.

 Rail

A rail line still services the ports area of Devonport.
The roundhouse and railway maintenance yards on the foreshore of the Mersey River have gone, and there is a park on the site.

 Passenger Ferry Terminal

Devonport is the southern terminus for the Spirit of Tasmania ferries – Spirit I and II travel the 11 hours to Melbourne.

Melbourne – Devonport Passenger Ferry History

Agriculture
The Devonport area has rich red soils that are ideal for producing vegetable crops (beans, onions, peas, potatoes etc.) There are also large crops of cereals, oil poppies, and pyrethrum.

Education

Primary schools

 Hillcrest Primary School
 Devonport Primary School
 Miandetta Primary School
 East Devonport Primary School
 Nixon Street Primary School
 Spreyton Primary School
 Devonport Christian School
 Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Primary School

Secondary schools

 Devonport High School
 Reece High School
 St Brendan-Shaw College

Senior secondary education (Years 11–12)

 Don College
 St Brendan-Shaw College

A TasTAFE campus, an adult training institution, is situated in Valley Road.

Geography

Climate
Devonport has an warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb), bordering on an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). It has mild to warm summers, cool and moist winters. It has high humidity (about 70%) all year round. Most days from January to March are pleasantly warm, averaging  with frequent sunshine. The warmest and driest days can reach up to . Unlike the south and east coasts of Tasmania, humid northerly winds prevent heatwaves and temperatures rarely go above . Winters are cool and cloudy with frequent light rain; July and August are the wettest months of the year. In winter, because of the constant cloud cover and effect of the sea, winter temperatures rarely drop below  or rise above . September to December has mild and windy weather with frequent showers, and occasional warm, sunny breaks.

Sport

Australian rules football
The Devonport Football Club, Magpies, is an Australian rules football team in the Tasmanian Statewide League. Their home ground is the Devonport Oval.

The East Devonport Football Club, the Swans, is an Australian Rules Football Club, in the North West Football League.

Devon Netball is in Spreyton, just outside Devonport. it is the main centre for netball in the Devonport area.

Rugby union
The Devonport Rugby Club, a Rugby Union team, plays in the Tasmanian Rugby Union.

Devonport City Football Club an Association Football club that plays in the National Premier Leagues Tasmania.

Athletics, cycling and woodchopping
The Devonport Athletic Club is a professional athletic club. It hosts part of the Tasmanian Cycling Christmas Carnival Series each year in December, with local and international cyclists. Other sports at the carnivals include athletics and woodchopping. Woodchopping events are also held at the Devonport Agricultural & Pastoral Society Spring Show in November.

The Mersey Valley Devonport Cycling Club host track cycling, the Mersey Valley Tour, Devon 80 Road Race and the Ulverstone Criterium.

Cricket
Devonport Cricket Club is a cricket team in the North Western Tasmanian Cricket Association.

Hockey
Devonport Hockey teams play in the North and North West Hockey roster of Hockey Tasmania.

Basketball
Devonport Warriors are a basketball team in the North West Basketball Union.

Golf
The Devonport Golf Club has been home to the Tasmanian Open and Tasmanian Seniors Open.

Harness racing and horse racing
The Devonport Harness Racing Club holds harness racing events at the Devonport Showgrounds.

The Devonport Cup a horse race is held annually in January at the Spreyton racecourse. There is a gazetted local holiday for the event.

Power boats
Power Boat racing takes place at the Devonport Annual Regatta held each March long weekend. The Regatta was first held in 1958.

Swimming and aquatic sports
The Splash Devonport Aquatic and Leisure Centre has a world class gym and indoor swimming pool and is based within the Don Reserve.

Tennis
The Devonport Tennis Club and East Devonport Tennis Club play in the Tennis North West Association.

Notable sportspeople

 David Foster (woodchopper)
 Nita Burke (basketball)
 Corey Cadby (darts player)
 Owen Kelly (NASCAR and V8 Supercar driver)

VFL/AFL players
Notable players that went on to play in the VFL/AFL:

 Darrel Baldock (St Kilda)
 Graham Wright (Collingwood)
 Grant Birchall (Hawthorn)
 Brady Rawlings (North Melbourne)
 Jade Rawlings (Hawthorn, Western Bulldogs, North Melbourne)
 Matthew Richardson (Richmond)
 Ben Harrison (Carlton, Richmond, Western Bulldogs)
 Dion Scott (Sydney, Brisbane Bears, Brisbane Lions)
 Matthew Febey (Melbourne)
 Steven Febey (Melbourne)

Notable people

 Joseph Lyons – Prime Minister of Australia 1932–1939 Premier of Tasmania 1923–1928
 Dame Enid Lyons
 Prema Smith - film director and producer

References

Category:Cities in Tasmania
Category:Coordinates on Wikidata
Category:Pages with unreviewed translations

Devonport, Tasmania


Shin is the twenty-first letter in the Hebrew alphabet.

Category:Hebrew alphabet

Shin (letter)


Córdoba C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.

League position

Former position

Category:Spanish football clubs

Córdoba C.F.


Christopher Eugene "Chris" Schenkel (August 21, 1923 – September  11, 2005) was an American sportscaster.

In 1947, he called the first American football game ever broadcast on television.   It was a Harvard-Army game.  In 1952 he began calling New York Giants games.  In 1956, he began to also call boxing, the Triple Crown horse racing, and The Masters golf tournament, and other events. Along with Chuck Thompson, Schenkel called the 1958 NFL Championship Game.

ABC Sports hired Schenkel in 1965. There he broadcast college football, Major League Baseball, NBA basketball, golf and tennis tournaments, boxing, auto racing, and the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. He also had a long-term assignment covering professional bowling, mainly for the Professional Bowlers Association.

Schenkel was named National Sportscaster of the Year four times. In 1992 he received a lifetime achievement Emmy. Also in 1992, the Pro Football Hall of Fame gave Schenkel its Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award. In 1999, he received the Jim Thorpe Lifetime Achievement Award.

In 1999, the Professional Bowlers Association named the Player of the Year award after Schenkel.

References

Category:1923 births
Category:2005 deaths
Category:Bowling broadcasters
Category:Tennis broadcasters
Category:Golf broadcasters
Category:Motorsports broadcasters
Category:Boxing broadcasters
Category:Olympic Games broadcasters
Category:College basketball broadcasters
Category:College football broadcasters
Category:National Football League broadcasters
Category:Major League Baseball broadcasters
Category:National Basketball Association broadcasters
Category:Emmy Award winners

Chris Schenkel


The term musical form can have two meanings:

It can mean: the kind of composition.  For example, a musical work can be a symphony, a concerto, a sonata etc.  This is more often called “musical genre”.  The word showing the musical genre will show things such as: whether the music is for an orchestra to play and whether or not there is a soloist as well, or whether it is a piece for one instrument on its own.  It may give an idea of whether it is likely to be a long piece or a short piece, or whether it has several movements.

It can also mean: the shape of the music and how it is planned.  The form of a piece of music may, for example, be an “ABA” form, which means that there is the first part of the piece (which we can call part “A”), then something different happens (which we can call part “B”), and finally part “A” comes back again.  There are many other ways of planning a piece of music, e.g. in jazz there is the twelve bar blues (in which the music is based on a repeated pattern of chords that last 12 bars, or in classical music there is sonata form which can often be the plan of a movement lasting anything from five minutes (as in the early Classical symphonies) to half an hour (as in some of Mahler’s symphonies).

Category:Musical forms

Musical form


Tschlin used to be a municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in far east Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Ramosch and Tschlin joined to become the new municipality of Valsot.

Category:Former municipalities of Graubünden

Tschlin


Jonathan Dickinson State Park is a Florida State Park and historic site in Martin County, Florida, between Hobe Sound and Tequesta. The park has many kinds of areas, such as sand pine scrub, pine flatwoods, mangroves, and river swamps. The Loxahatchee River, which was named a National Wild and Scenic River in 1985 (the first in Florida), runs through the park. The address is 16450 S.E. Federal Highway, Hobe Sound.

History
The park is named after Jonathan Dickinson, a Quaker merchant who was shipwrecked in 1696, with his family and others, on the Florida coast near the present-day park. He wrote a journal about their encounters with local tribes, and their journey up the coast to St. Augustine.

A man known as Trapper Nelson lived on the banks of the Loxahatchee River after coming to the area in the 1930s, living off the land trapping and selling furs. He soon became known as the Wildman of the Loxahatchee. After he died in 1968 the state got his land, and gave it to the park.

The United States Army established Camp Murphy, a top-secret radar training school, in the area that is now the park, in 1942. The camp included over 1,000 buildings, and housed more than 6,000 officers and soldiers. The camp stopped being used in 1944, after only two years. Most of the camp buildings were torn down, but some of the building foundations remain. The property was given to the State of Florida in 1947, and opened as a state park in 1950.

Recreational activities
The park has such activities as bicycling, boat tours, boating, cabins, canoeing, fishing, hiking, horse trails, kayaking, picnicking areas, swimming, wildlife viewing and full camping facilities. It also has the Elsa Kimbell Environmental Education and Research Center, with exhibits about the park's natural and cultural history.  The park operates a 44-passenger boat for tours of Trapper Nelson's homestead.

Gallery

Other websites
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park – official site
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park at State Parks of the United States
 Jonathan Dickinson State Park at Absolutely Florida

Category:Florida
Category:State parks in the United States
Category:1950 establishments in the United States
Category:1950s establishments in Florida

Jonathan Dickinson State Park


Exposé is an American pop-rock group. The group was formed in 1984. Members of the group included Ann Curless, Jeanette Jurado and Gioia Bruno. They had success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Exposé are the first music group to have four top 10 hit songs on the Billboard Hot 100. The group have had over 25 million records worldwide.

Category:1980s music groups
Category:1990s music groups
Category:American pop music groups
Category:Girl groups
Category:Musical groups established in 1984
Category:Musical groups from Miami, Florida

Exposé (group)


Deaths
 Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, German philosopher

1762


Al-Badar (আল বদর) was a paramilitary force formed in East Pakistan in 1971 by the national Pakistan Army.

Naming and Inspirations
Al-Badar means The Battlefield of Badar. The politics of the force were intermingled with jihad, the religious war or holy war of Muhammad 1400 years earlier.  However, the war between Pakistan and Bengali separatists was a nationalistic war, not a religious one.

Background
On March 27, 1971, after beginning the Pakistani Civil War, Pakistani military forces needed military support from Bengali nationalists supporters who still wanted to be part of Pakistan, or did not like Indian involvement in the movement; as well as the non-Bengali muhajirs in order to abolish the independence fighters of Bangladesh, the Mukti Bahini, Hemayet Bahini and Kaderiya Bahini. The Al Badar were formed to find these independence fighters and to be guides as well as co-fighters who were familiar with the local terrain.

The force was composed of madrasa students and teachers, Bengali supporters of Muslim League and Jamaat E Islami, and muhajirs coming from non-Bengali part of India.

There were three type of Paramilitary forces Pakistan formed, 1. Razakars: refuges who were came from other parts of India during separation of India and Pakistan, and settled in East Pakistan. 2. Al-Badar: Bengali Muslim Students from Colleges, universities and madrasah, who were loyal to Jamat-e-islami.3. Al-Shams: Bengali Madrasah Students, teachers & supporters of Islamic parties other than Jamat-E-Islami (these smaller parties included Nejam-e-Islami and various factions of Muslim League).

Al-Badar was a very organized par military force among those three forces, with their own hierarchy of organization and reporting system.

Tasks
The Al Badar were given a variety of combat and non-combat tasks including:
Taking part in the operations
Spying against Muktibahini
Interrogation
Working as the guides of the regular army
Assassination
Finding and killing Mukti Bahni Soildiers
Providing supply line to front army

Abolition
On 16 December 1971, Pakistan unconditionally surrendered.  Members of Al-Badr, along with other Razakars, Al-Shams, and Shanti Committee also surrendered to the Mitro Bahini's. As they all were Bengali it was supposed that Bangladesh would treat them as an opposition party, that is they would arrest them and treat them as prisoners of war. However most of them were tortured, killed by Mukti Bahini, or forced into exile from Bangladesh.

Category:1971 in Bangladesh
Category:1971 in Pakistan
Category:Bangladesh Liberation War

Al-Badr (East Pakistan)


Kuomintang (KMT; ; English: Chinese Nationalist Party) is the main political party in Republic of China (Taiwan). It was ruling in Mainland China until 1949 when Communists captured the mainland and the KMT moved to Taiwan. It was founded by Song Jiaoren and Sun Yat-sen. Chiang Kai-shek later led for decades.

Category:Political parties in Taiwan

Kuomintang


Pleine-Selve, Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Pleine-Selve, Aisne


The Leader of the Opposition in New Zealand is the politician who leads the MPs that are not in government in the New Zealand Parliament. In the debating chamber the Leader of the Opposition sits directly opposite the Prime Minister. At present, the Leader of the Opposition is Simon Bridges of National since 27 February 2018.

Role
Usually, the Leader of the Opposition is the leader of the largest party of the Opposition.

The Leader of the Opposition does not have a large official role, but there are several ways in which the Leader of the Opposition takes part in affairs of state. Often, these relate to national security matters, which are supposed to go past party politics - the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service, for example, has to talk to the Leader of the Opposition as well as the Prime Minister about certain matters.

The Leader of the Opposition also receives a higher salary than other members of the Opposition, being paid the same amount as a Cabinet Minister.

References

Category:Opposition leaders
Category:Politics of New Zealand

Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)


Calling Time is the studio album by Swedish musician Basshunter. It was released on May 13, 2013.

Track listing

Charts

References

Other websites
Basshunter's official website

Category:2013 albums
Category:Dance albums
Category:Basshunter albums

Calling Time


St Peter's College, Auckland is a Catholic secondary school for boys in central Auckland, New Zealand. The school is the largest Catholic secondary school in New Zealand. It was established in 1939 by the Christian Brothers, but from 2008 is entirely lay-staffed. The school has a multi-ethnic roll of 1200 (for example, 50% are pākehā (i.e. New Zealand-born non-Māori); 20% are Asian; and 20% Polynesian). Academically, the school offers for senior years (i.e. years 11 to 13) the National Certificate of Educational Achievement assessment system (NCEA) and the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE). The school enrols approximately 70 international students. Prominent graduates include: Sir Michael Gerard Fay (b. 1949), merchant banker, chair of the campaigns for three New Zealand challenges for the America's Cup in 1987, 1988 and 1992; and Sam Hunt (b. 1946), who is a well-known poet.

Official website : St Peter's College website
Motto: To Love and To Serve (Amare et Servire)
Type: Integrated Catholic Boys Secondary (Year 7-13)
Address: 23 Mountain Rd, Epsom, Auckland 3 Phone: +64 9 524 8108 Fax: +64 9 524 9459
Email: admin@st-peters.school.nz
Principal: K. F. Fouhy

References

Category:Auckland
Category:Schools in New Zealand
Category:1939 establishments
Category:20th-century establishments in New Zealand

St Peter's College, Auckland


George Boleyn (1504? - May 17 1536) was the brother of his famous sister Anne Boleyn and his other sister Mary Boleyn. His parents were Thomas Boleyn and Elizabeth Howard.

Biography
George was born in 1504, probably in Blickling, although it is unsure. George Boleyn was well known for serving the King (Henry VIII ), he was most favored by him. His sister, Anne, became queen because of the help of his Uncle (The Duke of Norfolk) and his Father (Thomas Boleyn). His two sisters, Anne Boleyn (Second wife of Henry VIII), and Mary Boleyn (Mistress of the King) were his only two friends. They spent much time together. He married Jane Parker, also known as Lady Jane Rochford. He was not happy with his marriage, he was only engaged to her by their Uncle. As a Boleyn/Howard (Howard, Mothers maiden name) he had to obey. His obedience towards his family made him unhappy. He refused to sleep with his wife, so instead spent many nights with his sisters in Anne's rooms. Mary would be there, for she was Anne's lady in waiting. All three of the Boleyns were very close.

Downfall
George Boleyn had a very close relationship with his sister Anne. He was also close with his other sister, but Mary focused more on her family with her husband (William Stafford). George and Anne's downfall happened when Henry VIII accused them of incest. Mary Boleyn was not with them at the time of their exile. She chose to hide because of her children. If she had not hidden herself, she too would have been killed. It was likely a false charge by Henry VIII so he could get rid of Anne Boleyn. George's wife claimed that George and Anne had an affair. At her own execution, Lady Jane Rochford claimed that "God has permitted me to suffer this shameful doom as punishment for having contributed to my husband's death. I falsely accused him of loving in an incestuous manner, his sister, Queen Anne Boleyn. For this I deserve to die."

Category:1500s births
Category:1536 deaths

Category:People from Norfolk

George Boleyn


Stewart Prestley Blake (born November 26, 1914), known as S. Prestley Blake, is an American businessman. He is a co-founder of the Friendly Ice Cream Corporation (known more commonly as "Friendly's").

Blake founded the Friendly's national restaurant chain during the Great Depression, in 1935. The company was sold to Hershey Foods in 1979 for $164 million, and again for $375 million in 1988. He was chairman of the company until 1979.

In 2006 he was minority shareholder in Friendly's.

References

Category:1914 births
Category:Living people
Category:American centenarians
Category:Business people from New Jersey
Category:Business people from Connecticut
Category:Business people from Massachusetts
Category:People from Jersey City, New Jersey

S. Prestley Blake