Crich Tramway Village is an open-air museum of trams and tramways, in Crich, (), Derbyshire, England. It is the home of the National Tramway Museum. It is set up as an Edwardian village and has a street with shops which include a sweet shop, café and gift shop. Other buildings in the open-air museum are the Red Lion Pub from Stoke-on-Trent, Derby Assembly Rooms, Burnley Tramways Offices and the tram sheds and displays. There are tram lines which go out for about  from the village. There is also a collection of old street furniture from around the United Kingdom.

The trams that are in the museum used to run on tramlines along the streets of different towns and cities. Most of the trams at Crich were used in the United Kingdom before the 1960s. Some are from other countries. Many were saved and restored after the tram services in the cities stopped.

History of the museum

Before World War II, tramways were an important type of public transport in many cities in the United Kingdom. (Trams pulled by horses began to be built in the late 19th century.) After World War II, they began to close. Many people thought that the trams and tramways got in the way of motor cars and buses and that fuel for buses was costing less than the cost of making electricity. Most tram networks in the United Kingdom had closed by 1962. Only one remained in use, the Blackpool tramway which still runs today.

In 1948, a group of tramway enthusiasts decided to buy an open top tram that they had been on during the last tram ride of Southampton Tramways. For just £10, they bought Southampton No. 45, Although there were trams and locomotives in British museums, there were no working museums or heritage railways in Britain at this time, so at first the idea of amateurs running a tramway or railway seemed impossible. In 1955 the Tramway Museum Society was started and in 1959, the Society chose a place for the museum after a very long search. The site was found by the Talyllyn Railway Preservation Society when they were taking apart the old track from George Stephenson's railway for a project in Wales.

In the 1840s, when Stephenson was building the North Midland Railway from Derby to Rotherham and Leeds, he found coal buried under the ground on the way to Clay Cross. He decided to mine it and make some money. Crich already had a limestone quarry when he started. Stephenson saw that he could use this limestone and coal to make burnt lime for agricultural use and then use his railway to move it. To link the quarry at Crich to the limekilns at Ambergate, a new metre gauge railway was built, which is said to be the first in the world. The museum is built on part of the old Cliff Quarry, which Stephenson's company bought.

After the Tramway Museum Society's members visited the quarry, they bought part of the site and buildings. Since buying them, the society has gotten many trams, as well as getting track and power for the trams. Many of the tramcars were also repaired. In 1967, the society decided that they would start a village around the tramway, as trams did not run in limestone quarries. This was the start of Crich Tramway Village. The museum got lots of street furniture, and even some entire buildings. Many of these buildings have been changed to hold the museum's collections of books, pictures, and archives.

In 1962 the Tramway Museum Society became a company and a year later it was listed as an educational charity. Since then, the society has grown with the help of people all over the world. The Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport said that the museum has a very good collection. It was one of the first 26 museums that was told this in 1995.

Since the start of the 2000s, the work of the museum's volunteers and the income earned by visitors has been added to by grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund The museum is still an independent charity; this means that the government does not pay for it.

In the early 1990s, the government of the United Kingdom decided that trams were a way of stopping the traffic problems in the UK. New light rail systems, or "second generation tramways", opened in cities like Manchester, Sheffield and Nottingham. Twenty years later more systems are being built, like the one in Edinburgh.

Timeline

 1948 - Southampton 45 is bought for £10, which starts British tramway preservation.
 1955 - The Tramway Museum Society (TMS) is formed.
 1959 - Crich is chosen as the place to house the National Tramway Museum.
 1960 - The museum's first tram shed opens on the site of the current Workshop Galleries.
 1963 - The first tram is run with "Bonny" the horse and Sheffield 15.
 1964 - The first electric tramcar service operates with Blackpool & Fleetwood 2, Glasgow 22, Blackpool 40, Blackpool & Fleetwood 40, Southampton 45, Blackpool 49, Blackpool 59, Sheffield 510 and Grimsby and Immingham 20 (now called Gateshead 5).
 1968 - The new tracks to Wakebridge open. The museum has its first "Grand Transport Extravaganza", a celebration. Prague 180 arrives during the celebration.
 1969 - The museum's purpose-built workshops open.
 1971 - The museum has its first full-time paid workers.
 1978 - Leicester 76 starts running at the museum. It is the first tramcar to be restored.
 1975 - The Duke of Gloucester becomes patron of the society.
 1978 - The scenic tramway to Glory Mine is opened. The electrical substation at Wakebridge is also opened.
 1982 - The first part of the museum library is opened.
 1983 - London County Council Tramways 106 starts running.
 1985 - The museum loans trams to Blackpool for their electric tram centenary. Blackpool Corporation loans Blackpool Boat 607 and Blackpool Balloon 710 to the museum.
 1988 - The museum loans trams for the Glasgow Garden Festival.
 1989 - MET 331 starts running, but it is called Sunderland 100.
 1990 - The museum loans trams for the Gateshead Garden Festival. Leeds 399 enters service.
 1991 - The exhibition hall, a large room that is used to display trams, is opened.
 1992 - The Bowes-Lyon Bridge is opened by the Secretary of State for Transport. The Exhibition Hall is re-opened with newly completed 'Tram at Night' scene and other displays.
 1993 - Liverpool 869 started running. Leamington & Warwick 1 arrives at the museum.
 1994 - Den Haag 1147 arrives (a Dutch tram).
 1995 - Sheffield 74 starts running. Oporto 273 and the Brill snow broom arrive. The President's Conference Committee (PCC) exhibition opens.
 1996 - Berlin 3006 arrives.
 1997 - The first specially converted "AccessTram", in the form of Berlin 3006, started running to let less able visitors have a ride on the line at the museum. Chesterfied 7 and London 1622 started running.
 1998 - The museum lends Blackpool & Fleetwood 2 and Blackpool 167 to Blackpool for the Fleetwood Tramroad centenary.
 2001 - Oporto 273 started running. It was restored with money from a Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) grant.
 2002 - The workshop viewing gallery, workshop extension and Red Lion pub open.
 2003 - The library reading room and Archives Store is opened by the Duke of Gloucester.
 2004 - The woodland walk and sculpture trail is opened by the Duchess of Devonshire.
 2005 - The TMS is fifty years old, and there are several special events to celebrate it. Halle 902 arrives (a German tram).
 2008 - The museum receives a HLF grant for £900,000 to restore the Stone Workshop (pictured right) and turn it into an exhibition and education centre.
 2009 - Cardiff 131 started running. The Museum held three special events for their 50th Anniversary. They are known as "Crich50". The Museum's patron visits the museum and makes a speech from the platform of Cardiff 131.
 2010 - London Tramlink donated two old works vehicles to the museum. Blackpool Transport announced that it will donate six trams to the museum between 2010 and 2015. They are Balloon 712, Boat 607, Brush 630, Twin Set 672+682, Centenary 648 and Jubilee 762. The first to arrive was Balloon 712, on 27 March. The museum loaned three tramcars to the Blackpool tramway for its 125@th Anniversary Celebrations. These were Blackpool & Fleetwood 'Rack' 2, Blackpool Corporation 'Pantograph' 167 and Oporto 273.
 2011 - The Museum announced that it had turned down the offer of Centenary 648 and Twin Set 672+682 from Blackpool due to a lack of space to store the trams. Jubilee 762 became the second Blackpool tram to arrive at the Museum on 7 November, and Brush 630 was the third to arrive on 22 December. The tram was repainted before it left Blackpool.

Tramcar fleet

The museum has over 60 tramcars from places such as Berlin, Blackpool, Chesterfield, Den Haag, Derby, Douglas, Dundee, Edinburgh, Gateshead, Glasgow, Grimsby, Halle, Howth, Johannesburg, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, London, New York, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Oporto, Paisley, Prague, Sheffield, Southampton and Sydney.

Most of these tramcars are double-deckers and some have open-tops.

The museum has about fifteen fully working tramcars. Every day that the museum is open, one to four of those trams are in service on the mile long line. There is also a 1969 Berlin tram that has been changed into an "Access Tram".

Many of the trams can be seen at the museum. Some, such as Blackpool Dreadnought 59 and Blackpool OMO 5, are stored in the Museum's depot at Clay Cross.

Methods of tramcar operation

The museum has trams using four different types of operation – horse, steam, diesel and electricity. Electricity is used for most of the service trams and works cars, but for one weekend each year a horse tram runs. The museum has five horse trams, Leamington & Warwick 1, Chesterfield 8, Oporto 9, Sheffield 15 and Cardiff 21, but only Sheffield 15 is used. The rest are on display. The museum also has a steam tram engine on display.

Most systems have their overhead wire system built to operate with just one form of current collector (the part that gives the tram electricity). The museum has been built to use any of them, including trolley poles, bow collectors and pantographs. Conduit current collection is another form of current collection. Blackpool 4 uses this, and it was also used in London.

Related pages
 Beamish Museum
 Blackpool tramway
 East Anglia Transport Museum
 Light Rail Transit Association
 Maley & Taunton
 Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
 Summerlee Heritage Park (Coatbridge)
 The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Topical pictures of the Museum
 The London County Council Tramways Trust —- responsible for the restoration of London nos. 1, 106, 159, 1622
 The Tram Centre —- all sorts of information can be found here on all types of trams
 Photographs and Information from Strolling Guides
 Tram Travels: Crich Tramway Village

Category:Derbyshire
Category:Tram transport in the United Kingdom
Category:Open air museums
Category:Museums in England

Crich Tramway Village


Redhill is a village in the parish of Wrington, Somerset, England. It is on the A38 Bridgwater Road. The town is about  south of Bristol and it is close to Bristol Airport. The town is part of the Unitary Authority of North Somerset.

Other websites

Category:Villages in Somerset

Redhill, Somerset


Celestus is a genus of lizards.

Classification
Genus Celestus
Celestus agasepsoides
Celestus anelpistus
Celestus badius
Celestus barbouri
Celestus bivittatus
Celestus carraui
Celestus costatus
Celestus crusculus
Celestus curtissi
Celestus cyanochloris
Celestus darlingtoni
Celestus duquesneyi
Celestus enneagrammus
Celestus fowleri
Celestus haetianus
Celestus hewardi
Celestus hylaius
Celestus macrotus
Celestus marcanoi
Celestus microblepharis
Celestus montanus
Celestus occiduus
Celestus orobius
Celestus rozellae
Celestus scansorius
Celestus sepsoides
Celestus stenurus
Celestus warreni

Category:Anguids

Celestus


Ilanz/Glion is a new municipality of the district Surselva in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Castrisch, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pitasch, Riein, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein, Duvin, Pigniu, Rueun and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.

References

Other websites

 Official Website

Category:Municipalities of Graubünden
Category:Cities in Switzerland

Ilanz/Glion


MS 0735.6+7421 is a galaxy cluster in the direction of the constellation Camelopardalis. It is about 2.6 billion light-years away. It has one of the most massive black holes in the known universe.

It has produced the most powerful active galactic nucleus eruption discovered since the Big Bang.

References

MS 0735.6+7421


The Paridae is a family of tiny birds, the tits (called 'chickadees' or 'titmice' in North America). They are passerine songbirds which are native to the northern hemisphere and Africa. Most of them used to be classified in the genus Parus, which has now been split up.

These birds are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout  bills. Some have crests. They range in length from 10 to 22 centimetres. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

Many species will live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods. In Britain, great tits and blue tits learned to break through the foil caps sealing bottles of milk on doorsteps, to get at the cream on top. Of course, the change in milk packaging has robbed them of this delicacy.

These are hole-nesting birds, typically using trees, although some species build nests on the ground. They lay anything from three to nineteen speckled white eggs, depending on species.

Behaviour
The tits are active, noisy, social birds. They are territorial during the breeding season. The tits are highly adaptable and, after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds.

Vocalisations

The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously and loudly. They are only ever silent for reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet calls are made while feeding to keep contact with others in their social group. Other calls are used for signalling alarm—the most famous of which is the "Chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus Poecile. The call also serves a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator. It has been demonstrated through experiments that the number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses.

Diet and feeding

The tits are insectivorous, and eat a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small leaf-eating caterpillars. They also eat seeds and nuts, especially in winter. A typical activity is hanging, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed.

In areas with several species of tit, the different species will forage (search) in different parts of a tree. Larger species search on the ground, medium sized species search on larger branches, and the smallest species on the ends of branches. If they get larger prey or seeds, tits will do 'hold-hammering'. They hold the item with one foot, and hammer it with their bill (beak) until it is open. In this way they can open hazelnuts in 20 minutes.

Many birds store food in a cache or hiding place. They hoard supplies of food for the winter. These caches are usually of seeds but may be of insects.

Related pages
Black-capped chickadee

References

Category:Passeriformes

Paridae


Dark Rainbow is an Indian Bollywood Movie, Directed by Abhik Bhanu.   Starring Sara Khan And Mayur Mehta, it was scheduled to be released mid-2014.
It's official launch was on 15 December 2011 with Ekta Kapoor in attendance.

Plot
Dark Rainbow is a musical love story.
The central character Ruhi (played by Sara Khan) is in love with a talented musician, Ranbir (played by Mayur Mehta). Rann has a band called Rainbow.

Cast
 Sara Khan as Ruhi
 Mayur Mehta as Ranbir
 Aditya Vikram as Aditya
 Kritika Sharma as Wendy
 Vikas Pahwa as Joy
 Bosky Seth as Bosky
 Zainab K as Koyal
 Vaibhav Singhvi as Rehman
 Masaroor S as Manoj
 Pramodh Morhu as Ruhi's Father.

other websites

Category:Indian movies

Dark Rainbow


{{Infobox person
|name            = Christopher Guest
|image           = guest4.jpg
|imagesize       =
|image_alt       =
|caption         = Guest speaking at Vancouver Film School, July 18, 2008
|pseudonym       =
|birth_name      = Christopher Haden-Guest
|birth_date      =
|birth_place     = New York City, New York, US
|death_date      =
|death_place     =
|occupation      = Actor, comedian, director, screenwriter, musician
|education       = The High School of Music & Art
|alma_mater      = New York University
|home_town       = New York City, New York
|years_active    = 1971–present
|residence       = Santa Monica, California
|nationality     = British-American
|citizenship     = United StatesUnited Kingdom
|subject         =
|spouse          = Jamie Lee Curtis (1984–present; 2 children)
|domesticpartner =
|relations       = Tony Curtis (father-in-law),Janet Leigh (mother-in-law),Kelly Curtis (sister-in-law)
|notable_works   = This Is Spinal TapThe Princess BrideBest In ShowA Mighty WindFor Your Consideration
|signature       =
|website         =
|footnotes       =
|current_members =
|past_members    =
|module          =
}}
Christopher Haden-Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest (born February 5, 1948), usually simply known as Christopher Guest, is an English-American screenwriter, composer, musician, movie producer and director, movie, television, stage, and voice actor, and comedian. He is known for his work in This Is Spinal Tap, The Princess Bride, Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, and in For Your Consideration''. He has won an Emmy Award.

Early life
Guest was born on February 5, 1948 in New York City, New York. He studied at The High School of Music & Art and at New York University.

Marriage and family
Guest married Jamie Lee Curtis in 1984. They have two adopted children.

References

Other websites

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:American composers
Category:American screenwriters
Category:American movie directors
Category:American movie producers
Category:American comedians
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:English composers
Category:English movie directors
Category:English movie producers
Category:English comedians
Category:Actors from New York City
Category:Emmy Award winning actors

Christopher Guest


Joyce DeWitt (born April 23, 1949) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Janet in ABC's sitcom Three's Company. Before working in television, DeWitt was a theater actress.

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:American television actors
Category:American stage actors

Joyce DeWitt


Hooglede is a municipality in the Belgian province of West Flanders.

In 2007, 9867 people lived there.

It is at 50° 58 North, 03° 04 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of West Flanders

Hooglede


Desiré Delano "Dési" Bouterse (born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese politician who has been President of Suriname since 2010. From 1980 to 1987 he was Suriname's de facto leader when the country was under military rule.

On February 25, 1980, the government of Suriname underwent a military coup led by Bouterse. Though the Suriname Presidency was retained, Bouterse was the nation's ruler until his resignation in 1988.

Bouterse is held responsible for the numerous human rights violations committed under his dictatorship, such as the murder of 15 people known as the December murders, and the massacre in the village Moiwana.

On July 19, 2010, he was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes.

References

Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:Presidents of Suriname
Category:Current national leaders

Dési Bouterse


is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a Association football or soccer player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||Yokohama Flügels||J. League 1||6||0||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||4||0||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="4"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="4"|J. League 2||43||12||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||48||12
|-
|2002||38||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||39||6
|-
|2003||42||9||3||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||45||12
|-
|2004||43||22||1||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||44||23
|-
|2005||rowspan="4"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||28||9||0||0||3||0||5||1||36||10
|-
|2006||25||4||3||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||36||4
|-
|2007||30||14||2||2||9||4||colspan="2"|-||41||20
|-
|2008||29||7||2||0||8||0||colspan="2"|-||39||7
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Albirex Niigata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||33||4||4||1||6||0||colspan="2"|-||43||5
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
|-
|2011||JEF United ||J. League 2||||||||||||
|-
|2012||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||||||||||||
321||87||18||7||40||4||5||1||386||99
321||87||18||7||40||4||5||1||386||99
|}

References

Other websites
 Albirex Niigata, 大島 秀夫 Oshima Hideo
 Transfermarkt.co.uk,  Hideo Oshima

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Gunma Prefecture

Hideo Ōshima


Effingham County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 34,242. Its county seat and largest city is Effingham.
Some other cities in Effingham County, Illinois include Altamont, Teutopolis (T-Town), Beecher City, Montrose, Dieterich, Shumway, Watson, Mason, Edgewood, and Funkhouser.

References

Category:Illinois counties

Effingham County, Illinois


''For the municipality in Italy, see Sant'Abbondio (CO). For the church, see Basilica of Sant'Abbondio
Sant'Abbondio is a former municipality of the district Locarno, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

References

Other websites

  Official website

Category:Former municipalities of Ticino

Sant'Abbondio


"Because You Loved Me" is a 1996 pop-R&B ballad by Canadian singer Celine Dion. Its lyrics are about the protagonist thanking a loyal loved one for guiding, encouraging and protecting her and for making her who she is. It was originally written for the movie Up Close and Personal. Diane Warren, who wrote the song (and others for artists like Cher, Aerosmith, Monica, and Lady Gaga), said the song was a tribute to her father. "Because You Loved Me" won Warren a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television, or Other Visual Media.

"Because You Loved Me" is the second track on Dion's album Falling into You. The song topped the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 for six weeks and finished as the third-best performing song of 1996 there.  It also reached number one in Canada and Australia and reached number five in the UK.  It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies.

References
\
Category:1996 songs
Category:1990s ballads
Category:Celine Dion songs
Category:Pop ballads
Category:Rhythm and blues ballads

Because You Loved Me


Dame Marie Roslyn Bashir  (born 1 December 1930) is the 37th Governor of New South Wales, and the first woman to hold the position. She was appointed on 1 March 2001. She was born in Narrandera, New South Wales, and later went to the Sydney Girls High School. She studied medicine and surgery at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1956. She worked in mental health, and became the Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney. She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1988 for her services to child and adolescent health.

From 1957 until his death in 2018, Bashir was married to former Sydney Lord Mayor Sir Nicholas Shehadie.

References

Category:1930 births
Category:Living people
Category:Governors of New South Wales
Category:Australian medical doctors
Category:Australian academics
Category:University of Sydney alumni
Category:University of Sydney faculty

Marie Bashir


An onyx is a type of rock mineral.

Related pages
 List of minerals

Category:Minerals

Onyx


Luis Emilio Gonzalez (born September 3, 1967 in Tampa, Florida) is a retired American Major League Baseball (MLB) outfielder. He had his greatest success with the Arizona Diamondbacks, becoming a star in 2001. He got the hit that won the World Series for the Diamondbacks that year.

In 2010, it was announced that Gonzalez would be the first Diamondbacks player  to have his jersey number (20) retired.

Awards
 Selected for the MLB All-Star Game in 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2005
 Home Run Derby winner in 2001
 Silver Slugger Award winner in 2001
 Branch Rickey Award in 2005
 World Series champion in 2001

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:American baseball players
Category:Arizona Diamondbacks players
Category:Sportspeople from Tampa, Florida
Category:National League All-Stars

Luis Gonzalez (outfielder)


The Cybele asteroids are a group of asteroids in the asteroid belt with an orbital radius usually between 3.27 AU and 3.7 AU, with an orbital eccentricity less than 0.3, and an inclination less than 25°.

*

Cybele asteroid


Freak the Mighty is a young adult fiction novel by Rodman Philbrick. Published in 1993, it was followed by the novel Max the Mighty in 1998. The primary characters are friends Maxwell Kane, a large, very slow, but kind-hearted kid and his friend Kevin Avery, nicknamed “Freak,” who is physically crippled but very intelligent. (In the Book, Kevin's last name is Avery. However, in the movie, his last name was changed to Dillon. Kevin is diagnosed with Morquio syndrome.)

The novel was adapted for the screen by Charles Leavitt; the movie was shot in Toronto, Canada and Cincinnati, Ohio, and directed by Peter Chelsom, and released in 1998.

Summary
In the beginning of the book, Maxwell "Max" Kane is a boy with low self-esteem, like his father; they are both "slow".  He lives with his grandparents Grim and Gram. Max thinks of himself as stupid and he is in a disabled class. People are afraid of him because he looks like his father, "Killer Kane," a convicted murderer.  Max sets the stage for the story by reminiscing about his time in daycare, when he was known as Kicker and Kevin, the other major character, was known as Freak.  Kevin was always different because he was small and needed crutches and then leg braces to walk. But Max respected him even back then for his death glare and thought the crutches and leg braces were cool.  Many years later when Max is in middle school, the real story begins.

Max finds out that people are moving into the house next door.  The new neighbors turn out to be Freak and his mother Gwen, who Freak calls "The Fair Gwen" after King Arthur's wife.  The boys make friends.  They go to the Fourth of July fireworks together, and puts Freak on his shoulders so he can see. The local tough guy, Tony D. "Blade", chases the two with his gang because Freak called him a cretin. With Max's size and speed and Freak's directions and master plan of running into the pond, they keep themselves safe until they are rescued by the police.  After this incident, Freak starts riding on Max's shoulders. They call their combined form "Freak the Mighty". The friendship is good for them both; they stick up for each other and Kevin even teaches Max to read and learn properly. They go on adventures such as going to the hospital which Freak claims has a secret department called the "Bionics Department" which has had his brain cat scanned to be fitted into an artificial body. On one adventure they find a woman's purse in the sewer.  They return it to the woman who is called Loretta Lee.  Loretta is the wife of Iggy Lee, boss of the Panheads, a motorcycle gang who "struck fear in everyone, even the cops", as Max puts it. She loved to eat weird things like cowpie and a lot of disgusting things because that's how her gang was. Iggy says that the two of them once knew Max's  father.  They want to "have some fun" with the boys but  change their minds because they are afraid that Max's father will get angry. They are afraid of Max's father even though he's serving a life sentence. They also reveal that Kevin's father left once he heard his son had a birth defect.

At school, Freak nearly dies when he chokes after eating American chop suey. Max alerts the nurse.  Freak is taken to the hospital.  Later, Grim reveals to Max that his father has been let out on parole.  Throughout the story, it has been slowly revealed that Max's father killed his mother by strangling her, and that Grim and Gram hate him and are afraid of Max ending up like him. Max is shocked and scared by the news of his father's parole. Freak returns from the hospital and the two celebrate Christmas Eve together. After Christmas Eve, Max is woken up by his father, Killer Kane, who has come to kidnap him.  After Max is kidnapped by his father, the two drive to Iggy Lee's apartment in the "New Testaments" (really tenements).  Killer Kane is even bigger than Max and acts in a very threatening, intimidating manner towards everyone, including his son, who he keeps tied up.  Killer Kane swears on the Bible that he did not murder Max's mother. He also reveals that he plans to head to "warmer weather" and be a con man.  At night he leaves Max alone, tied up in a room in the apartment of an old lady on vacation. Loretta, shocked that Kane would do something like that to his own child, tries to help him escape. Killer Kane catches her and starts to strangle her.  Max attempts to stop him and reveals that he witnessed his father kill his mother in the same fashion.  Kane gives up on training Max to be his obedient assistant and tries to kill him, but Freak arrives just in time and saves Max by squirting Kane with a squirt gun he claims is filled with sulfuric acid when in fact, it is filled with soap, vinegar, and curry powder.  The police are waiting outside, and Killer Kane goes back to prison, this time until he's an old man.

In the spring after the attack, Kevin celebrates his and Freak the Mighty's  birthday. Soon after, Freak dies in the hospital after telling Max to record all of their adventures. Max goes crazy when he hears the news and is furious at the doctors for promising Kevin a robotic body to save him.  The doctor explains that that was just a story Kevin told himself, and he always knew he was going to die young. He looked up his condition in a medical dictionary (Freak loved words and carried a dictionary around all the time).  Max mourns Freak for weeks and won't stop.  With Loretta Lee's encouragement, Max eventually starts to heal and writes a book about the adventures of Freak the Mighty, in accordance with Freak's final wishes.

References

Category:1993 books

Freak the Mighty


It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa is the second EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on October 25, 1993. The producers of the album were Eazy-E, DJ Yella, Rhythum D, Madness 4 Real, Dr. Jam and Cold 187um. The EP was certified 2x Platinum in late 1994. The album is a reply to then rival/former N.W.A bandmate Dr Dre. The songs "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" and "It's On" are diss songs meant to insult Dr Dre and his then new protegee Snoop Doggy Dogg. Other tracks such as "Down 2 tha Last Roach", "Any Last Werdz", "Still a Nigga" and "Exxtra Special Thankz" are about the gangster lifestyle. The song "Gimme That Nutt" tells a rather sexually vulgar story that was banned from being played on radio stations.

Songs

References

Category:1993 albums
Category:Eazy-E albums

It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa


Heart of the Andes is an oil painting by Frederic Edwin Church. It was painted in 1859. It measures 66 1/8 x 119 1/4in. (168 x 302.9cm). It hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

References

Category:19th century paintings
Category:Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City
Category:American paintings

Heart of the Andes


David Blaney (born 3 March 1979 in England) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a hooker.

Other websites
Guinness Premiership profile

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:English rugby union players

David Blaney


Christopher Peter Meloni or Chris Meloni (born April 2, 1961) is an American movie, voice, and television actor. He is best known for his television roles as NYPD Detective Elliot Stabler in Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and as Chris Keller in Oz. Meloni also appeared as Colonel Hardy in the 2013 movie Man of Steel.

Meloni was born on April 2, 1961 in Washington, D.C.. He is of Canadian-French descent. Since 1995, he has been married to Doris Sherman Williams. They have two children. Meloni is a long-time gay rights supporter.

References

Other websites

 Christopher Meloni at Emmys.com

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Washington, D.C.
Category:American LGBT rights activists
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors

Christopher Meloni


Lions Clubs International (LCI) is an international non-political service organization founded originally in 1917 in Chicago, Illinois by Melvin Jones. It is now headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. , it had over 46,000 local clubs and more than 1.4 million members in over 200 countries around the world.

References

Category:1910s establishments in Illinois
Category:1917 establishments in the United States
Category:Organizations based in the United States

Lion's Club


V6 is a six people band from Japan. The members are Sakamoto, Morita, Inohara, Miyake, Okada and Nagano. The group is well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.

Category:J-pop bands
Category:Japanese rock bands

V6 (band)


Kepa Blanco (born 13 January 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Getafe.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Sevilla||rowspan="3"|La Liga||2||0
|-
|2005/06||26||6
|-
|2006/07||9||3

|-
|2006/07||West Ham United||Premier League||8||1

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Getafe||rowspan="3"|La Liga||15||2
|-
|2008/09||4||0
|-
|2009/10||||
56||11
8||1
64||12

References

Other websites

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish footballers

Kepa Blanco


The 9th century is the century from 801 to 900.

Events

An unknown event causes the decline of the Maya Classical Era.
Beowulf might have been written down in this century. It could also have been in the 8th century.
 Reign of Charlemagne, and the Carolingian Renaissance in Western Europe.
 Large-scale Viking attacks on Europe begin.
 Oseberg ship burial.
 The Magyars begin their conquest of Pannonia.
 The Tukolor settle in the Senegal river valley.
 Muslim traders settle in the northwest and southeast of Madagascar.
 800: Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Leo III.
 800: Arab fleet sails up the Tiber.
 800 – 909: Rule of Aghlabids as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa, with their capital at Tunis.
 802: Jayavarman II of the Khmer people in Cambodia founds the Khmer empire and make the Angkorian dynasty.
 803: Construction on the Leshan Giant Buddha in Tang Dynasty China is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
 805 - 820: Tang Dynasty was under the rule of Emperor Xianzong of Tang.
 809 – 815: War between the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria.
 811: Battle of Pliska fought between a Byzantine force led by emperor Nicephorus I and a Bulgarian army commanded by Khan Krum. Byzantines are defeated in a series of engagements, ending with the death of Nicephorus I.
 813: In Battle of Versinikia the Byzantines are heavily defeated by the Bulgarians.
 813: China was reunited.
 c. 813 – c. 915: Period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
 814: Charlemagne dies at Aachen.
 815: The 30-year Treaty of 815 between Bulgaria and the Byzantine Empire end the battles between the two countries.
 824: Han Yu died.
 827 – 902: Aghlabid dynasty colonises emirates in Sicily and then raids Southern Italy.
 830: House of Wisdom, a library and translation institute, made by al-Ma'mun, Abbasid caliph, in Baghdad to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc. to Muslim world. Also The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing which is one of the book of algebra is written by Al-Khwarizmi who worked there.
 835: Ganlu Incident.
 840: Death of Louis the Pious.
 841: Dublin is founded on the east coast of Ireland by the Vikings.
 843: The three sons of Louis the Pious reach an agreement known as the Treaty of Verdun.  They split the Carolingian empire into three divisions; East Francia was given to Louis the German, West Francia to Charles the Bald and Middle Francia to Lothair I.
 845: Buddhism is banned in China.
 846 - 859: Emperor Xuānzong of Tang ruled. He was considered the last capable emperor of Tang Dynasty.
 848 – 852: The west bank of the Tiber is added into the city of Rome. A defensive wall, commissioned by Pope Leo IV, is built around what came to be called the Leonine City.
 850 – 875: The first Norse settlers arrive on Iceland.
 851: The Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese seaport at Guangzhou in southern China.  He sees the making of porcelain, the Islamic mosque built at Guangzhou, the granary system of the city, and how its municipal administration worked.
 859: Muslims make the University of Al Karaouine as a madrasa in Fez, Morocco.
 862: The beginning of the Rurik Dynasty in Russia
 863: The Chinese author Duan Chengshi describes the slave trade, ivory trade, and ambergris trade of Somalia in East Africa.
 862: The Bagratuni Dynasty of Medieval Armenia begins with Ashot I
 863 – 879: Period of split between eastern and western churches.
 864: Christianization of Bulgaria under Boris I
 867: Onward Revival of the Byzantine Empire under the Macedonian dynasty.
 868: Ahmad ibn Tulun breaks away from the Abbasid Caliphate and establishes the independent Tulunid dynasty.
 869: An earthquake and tsunami struck Japan's Sanriku coast, killing 1,000 people.
 870: Prague Castle founded.
 871 – 899: Reign of Alfred the Great.
 875 – 884: Huang Chao leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Tang Dynasty in China.
 878: Battle of Ethandun ends in the victory of Alfred the Great over the Danish warlord Guthrum.
 885: Arrival of the disciples of SS. Cyril and Methodius, Clement of Ohrid and Naum of Preslav in Bulgaria. Development of the Cyrillic Alphabet.
 893: Council of Preslav - Vladimir-Rasate is dethroned and succeeded as Prince of Bulgaria by Simeon I. The capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav. The Byzantine clergy is made to leave and replaced by Bulgarian. Old Bulgarian becomes the official language of the country.
 895/896: The year of the Magyars arrival in Pannonia. This year is widely accepted as the beginning of the Hungarian "Landtaking"
 Late 9th century: Bulgaria goes from the mouth of the Danube to Epirus and Bosnia.
 In Italy, some cities became free republics: for instance Forlì, in 889.
 The Christian Nubian kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power.
 Harald Fairhair wins the battle of Hafrsfjord. Norway was made into one kingdom.
 Chess reaches Japan.
 The Medieval Warm Period begins.
 The Coptic period, at its most broad definition, ends.
 Page from Koran (Surah II:286 and title Surah III) in kufic script, from Syria, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
 Late 9th century – Pallava dynasty ends in Southern India.
 Late 9th century - Womb World mandala, To-ji, Kyoto, is made. Heian period.
 9th – 10th century – Bowl with kufic border, from Samarkand, Uzbekistan, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris.
 Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Kavi script, inscribed in Luzon, Philippines, dated Saka year 822 (900)

Significant people

 Adi Sankara
 Al-Jahiz
 Alfred the Great
 Arnulf of Carinthia
 Árpád, Grand Prince of the Magyars
 Basil I the Macedonian (Βασίλειος Α') (811–886), ruled (867)–(886)
 Boris I of Bulgaria
 Empress Irene of Athens
 Charlemagne
 Clement of Ohrid
 Han Yu
 Harald I of Norway
 Huang Chao
 Harun al-Rashid
 Krum, Khan of Bulgaria
 Kenneth I of Scotland
 Li Deyu
 Louis the Pious
 Naum of Preslav
 Niu Sengru
 Pope Johanna
 Rurik
 Simeon I of Bulgaria
 Saints Cyril and Methodius
 Taizu of Later Liang
 Wang Kon
 Wang Xianzhi
 Emperor Xianzong of Tang
 Emperor Xuānzong of Tang

Inventions, discoveries, introductions
 First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source.  Drawing shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West (Utrecht Psalter, 843)
 First known printed book, the Diamond Sutra, printed in China using woodblock printing in 868 AD.
 Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists.
 Vulgar Latin begins to develop into various Romance languages.
 Two syllabaries or kana are made from simplified Chinese characters in Japan.

Decades and years
Note: years before or after the 9th century are in italics.

Related pages
 Heian period

9th century


James "Mark" Wilson (born April 1929) is an American magician and author. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He is known for becoming the first major "television magician" and for showing illusions on television format.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:Living people
Category:American magicians
Category:American television personalities
Category:Actors from Indianapolis, Indiana

Mark Wilson (magician)


Diosdado "Dado" Madarang Peralta (born March 27, 1952) is a Filipino jurist. He was appointed as the 26th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines by President Rodrigo Duterte on October 23, 2019. He was Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from January 13, 2009 to October 22, 2019.

References

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines

Diosdado Peralta


Saint-Bois is a former commune in the Ain department in eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Arboys-en-Bugey.

Related pages
Communes of the Ain department

References

Category:Former communes in AinCategory:2016 disestablishments in France

Saint-Bois


Hyds is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Allier

Hyds


A grand duchy is a country whose head of state is a Grand Duke or Grand Duchess.

The only grand duchy in existence today is Luxembourg. Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 when the Netherlands became an independent kingdom, and King William I of the Netherlands was made Grand Duke of Luxembourg. In 1890, the two countries separated.  William III of the Netherlands had no male heir, so in the Netherlands he was succeeded by Queen Wilhelmina but Luxembourg followed Salic law, which meant only a man could rule.  The present Grand Duke of Luxembourg is Henri.

However there are other houses of Europe that style themselves as Grand Dukes even if not wholly recognised by the rest of society.

The independent republics of Finland and Lithuania, and the Dutch province Limburg (Duchy of Limburg) have been Grand Duchies at certain times in their history.

The title and origins of grand duchies
The title Grand Duke (Latin: Magnus Dux, German: Großherzog, Italian: Gran Duca, French: Grand-Duc, Swedish: Storhertig, Lithuanian:Didysis kunigaikštis, Polish: Wielki książę, Czech: Velkovévoda) ranks in honour below King but higher than a sovereign Duke (Herzog) or Prince (Fürst).

A Grand Duke (or Grand Duchess) is a person who rules a Grand Duchy.  But in the English language "Grand Duke" can also mean a type of prince who does not rule a country, but is related to the monarch.  In the Russian language Velikiy Knjaz are "Grand Princes", relatives of the Tsar, other princes were noblemen who ranked above a duke.  English says Grand Duke  instead of Grand Prince.

List of grand duchies
Between the Napoleonic Wars and World War I there were at least eight grand duchies in Europe:

A lot of grand duchies were created in the Napoleonic era and by the Congress of Vienna and the German Confederation.

 The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569-1860, part of Italy afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Berg (1806-1813, part of Prussia afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Würzburg (1806-1814, part of Bavaria afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Baden (1806-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt (1806-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917 in Personal Union with Russia, Republic since 1917)
 The Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810-1813, part of several German states afterwards)
 The Grand Duchy of Poznan (1815-1848 as part of Prussia)
 The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815 in Personal Union with the Netherlands until 1890)
 The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1815-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Oldenburg (1829-1918, part of the German Empire since 1871)
 The Grand Duchy of Cracow (1846-1918 in Personal Union with Austria, part of Poland)

The Duchy of Warsaw(1807-1813) is sometimes called a Grand Duchy but it was not.

Today Luxembourg is the only remaining grand duchy.  However some old Grand Duchies still retain the titles granted to them usually in the Congress of Vienna.

Form of address
Most reigning Grand Dukes were called Royal Highness. Titles e styfor other members of the families were different.  In Hesse-Darmstadt and in Baden, junior members were called Grand Ducal Highness.

The only current grand ducal family in existence, Luxembourg, styles calls its junior members Royal Highnesses, but they were also Princes of Parma.

A Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess was an Imperial Highness.

Related pages
 Duchy
 Grand Duchy of Lithuania
 Nobility

Category:Forms of government
Category:Royalty and nobility

Grand duchy


Champfromier is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department  in the east of France.

Category:Communes in Ain

Champfromier


The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historical building in Rome, Italy.  It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.

The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

History
The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

The palace, on the Via del Quirinale and facing onto the Piazza del Quirinale, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII

Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.

In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.

References

Other websites

Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
Satellite image of the palace and its garden

Category:Buildings and structures in Rome
Category:Palaces in Italy
Category:1583 establishments
Category:1580s establishments in Europe
Category:Establishments in Italy

Quirinal Palace


Kafr El Sheikh Governorate is a governorate of Egypt. The capital city is also named Kafr El Sheikh.

Kafr El Sheikh Governorate was once part of the Gharbia Governorate. It was created in 1949.

Cities and towns
Lake Burullus is in the north of the Kafr El Sheikh governorate. The following cities are in Kafr El Sheikh:
 El Hamool
 Baltim
 Bila
 Desouk
 Fuwwah
 Kafr El Sheikh
 Metoubes
 Qallin
 El Reyad
 Sidi Salem

Notable residents
 Hamdeen Sabahi
 Mohamed Atta
 Ahmed Zewail
 Saad Zaghloul

References

Category:Governorates of Egypt
Category:20th-century establishments in Egypt
Category:1949 establishments

Kafr El Sheikh Governorate


The National Library of Israel (NLI; ; formerly Jewish National and University Library - JNUL, ), is the national library of the state of Israel. It is on the campus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Givat Ram.

Other websites

 Official site
 Saving the Holy of Holies of Jewish texts,  by Nir Hasson on Haaretz

Category:Buildings and structures in Jerusalem
Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Category:National libraries

National Library of Israel


Aeroflot Flight 1492 was a regular passenger flight operated by Aeroflot. The Russian passenger flight was meant to fly from Sheremetyevo International Airport, Moscow to Murmansk Airport, Murmansk. On 5 May 2019, the Sukhoi Superjet 100 aircraft used for the flight returned to Sheremetyevo shortly after take-off. The plane was reported to have veered off the runway and caught fire. Of the 78 people on board, including five crew, 41 people died in the crash.

References

Category:2019 in Europe
Category:Aviation disasters in Europe
Category:Aviation disasters in the 2010s
Category:21st century in Moscow

Aeroflot Flight 1492


Princess Irene  of the Netherlands (born Irene Emma Elisabeth; 5 August 1939) is a Dutch royal and environmentalist. She is the second child of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands and Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld.

Titles
5 August 1939 – 29 April 1964: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
29 April 1964 – 15 November 1974 : Her Royal Highness Princess Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma
15 November 1974 - 7 May 1977: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Piacenza
'7 May 1977 – 7 January 1981: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Parma
7 January 1981 – present: Her Royal Highness Princess Irene of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld
The Princess used the following names since her divorce:
Princess Irene of Lippe-Biesterfeld
Mrs (Mevrouw) van Lippe-Biesterfeld.

References

Category:1939 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch royalty
Category:Environmentalists
Category:Princes and princesses

Irene of the Netherlands


Patricia Marmont (born 9 August 1921)  is an American actress. She is the daughter of Percy Marmont and was married to Nigel Green. She is known for her role as Andromache in the 1956 movie Helen of Troy.

References

Other websites

Category:1921 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:Actors from New York
Category:People from New York

Patricia Marmont


The 3DO Interactive Multiplayer (often just called the 3DO) is a video game console invented by The 3DO Company. It was created by Trip Hawkins, the man who created Electronic Arts. The 3DO was not built by the company itself. They had a list of instructions that other companies could use to build their own. Panasonic made the first models in 1993, and other types of the machine were sold in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar.

Many good things were said about it when it was created, including being named Time Magazine's "1993 Product of the Year". It also had many technologies that were new and advanced. But the 3DO cost more money than the video game consoles that were already popular. This meant more people bought consoles from Sega or Nintendo instead of the 3D0. Because of this, no more 3D0s were made after 1996.  It was also not advertised very well, so almost no one knew about it. Some games planned for it include Alone in the Dark and Myst. The 3DO company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it was never released.

References

Category:video game consoles

3DO


Han Buddhism () or Chinese buddhism refers to Buddhism written in Chinese characters (hanzi) or that of the East Asian cultural sphere. It is one of the three main existing schools of Buddhism: the other two are Tibetan Buddhism and Theravada. It is mainly practiced in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. It has had a great impact on East Asian culture.

Like Tibetan Buddhism, Han Buddhism comes from Mahayana, the branch of Buddhism written mainly in Sanskrit and from northern India.

Han Buddhism has a lot of interaction between the Indian religions and Chinese religions (like Taoism).

History
There are legends that Laozi was the Buddha himself, or that the Buddha came from the Tibetan kingdom of Zhangzhung. There are other legends that Buddhism had existed in China since ancient times (before the Qin dynasty).

Qin dynasty (221–206 bc)
The Shiji 《史記·秦始皇本紀》has a section called「禁不得祠」(jin bude ci). It says:

“徙謫，實之初縣。禁不得祠。明星出西方。”

In the 20th century, Japanese scholar Fujita Toyohachi (藤田丰八) said Buddhism entered China during the Qin dynasty. The word 不得 (pinyin: "bude"; rough pronunciation: boo-duh) is pronounced nearly exactly like the Sanskrit word "Buddha". It was used to write down Buddha in the Chinese language. Others (like 铃木券太郎) disagreed. Moreover it is unlikely 得 would be used to transliterate. And based on the evolution of Chinese tones, 不得 would sound something like putug (郑张尚芳 says “不得” is [pɯtɯːɡ]).

Han Dynasty (206 bc–220 ce)

It is generally believed Buddhism was introduced during the (Western, before 1 BC) Han dynasty. It came from the western regions and Silk Road.

According to the Weilüe《魏略‧西戎傳》、《魏書‧釋老志》and other records, Emperor Ai of Han's men gave the people the Pagoda Sutra《浮屠经》。

In 67, Emperor Ming of Han dreamed of the "Golden People". He sent people to meet monks in the western regions. These monks brought back more Buddhist texts. He built the White horse temple (白马寺) and translated 42 chapters of the scripture 《四十二章經》。

There is one account that Emperor Ming of Han (28–75 CE) helped introduce Buddhism into China. The (3rd - 5th century) Mouzi Lihuolun says:Ming then sent people to Tianzhu (Southern India) to learn more. Buddhist scriptures returned to China on the backs of white horses, after which White Horse Temple was named. Two Indian monks also returned with them, named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga.

Whether Emperor Ming actually dreamed of Golden people is debated. However scholars agree that around his time Buddhism arrived from the xiyu.

A Parthian prince named An Shigao traveled to China annd helped translate some Indian texts into Chinese.

In 167 some Yuezhi (tribes of Central Asia) also helped translate some stuff.

During this time, Mahayana Buddhism became popular in China. The Han would then "sinicize" it to turn it into Han Buddhism.

In Chongqing an ancient Yao Qian Shu (money tree artifact) was dug up. A Buddha was sitting on it. It said it was made in the fourth year of Yan guang (125 CE). This is the earliest known bronze Buddha found in China. There is another early Buddha sculpture in Sichuan above a grave.

Early Buddhist schools
The Sarvastivadinns, Dharmaguptakas, and other schools were important for Han Buddhism.

Six Dynasties (220–589)

Some Chinese thought Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the government, that Buddhists did help improve the economy, that Buddhism was barbaric and did not deserve to be part of Chinese culture. However, others mixed Buddhism with Taoism. The two went well together. Both encourage meditation. And so Buddhist ideas were used in Taoism and vice versa.

Around this time, Han Buddhism began spreading to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. It was already popular in South China.

Kumārajīva (334–413)
China controlled Kucha, a Buddhist kingdom in Xinjiang. They imprisoned Kumarajiva but released him in 401 because he was good at Buddhism.

He became influential in Han Buddhism.

Emperor Yao Xing of the state of Later Qin liked him.

He made a number of good translations (from AD 402–413).

This includes the Diamond Sutra, the Amitabha Sutra, the Lotus Sutra, the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra, the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā, and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra.

Chán Buddhism
In the 5th century, the Chán (Zen) teachings began in China. Bodhidharma, a legend, started it.

The school follows the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra and Diamond Sūtra (Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra) . It was also called the "One Vehicle School."

They were famous for their encounter stories and koans and their teaching methods. Nan Huai-Chin says:

Tang Dynasty (618–907)

Xuanzang's journey to the west

During the Tang dynasty and 629 - 645, the monk Xuanzang went to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms. He and wrote about his journey to the west. His writing is important for studying India during this period of time.

He visited many spiritual sites, many spiritual people, and learned a lot of spiritual things. He met Buddhist celebrities.

He returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts, gifts, statues, and Buddhist souvenirs, all on twenty-two horses.

Xuanzang created a translation center in Chang'an (now Xi'an). It attracted people from all over East Asia. Xuanzang translated 1,330 books into Chinese. His favorite part of Buddhism was Yogācāra, or "Consciousness-only".

During this time, Han Chan Buddhism became popular in Japan.

Song Dynasty (960–1279)

During the Song dynasty, Chán (禪) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country.  Chán became the most popular type of Chinese Buddhism.

Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368)
During the Yuan dynasty, the Mongol emperors liked Tibetan Buddhism so they hired Tibetan monks as government officials. This caused corruption. Later the Ming dynasty overthrew the Yuan, and Tibetan lamas no longer influenced the court.

Ming dynasty (1368–1644)
The Chan school was so popular that all monks belonged to it. Male and female Chinese buddhists wrote nice poetry during this time.

Qing dynasty (1644–1911)

The Qing supported Tibetan Buddhism.

Around 1900, Buddhists from other Asian countries became interested in Chinese Buddhism. Anagarika Dharmapala visited Shanghai in 1893. He and other Indians tried to get Chinese to help revive Buddhism in India. Japanese Buddhists also visited China. By this point (and perhaps earlier) China had the most Buddhists in the world.

Teachings
Han Buddhism uses concepts from Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. They worship the Buddha and Bodhisattvas by giving food, flowers, etc. They are vegans. They believe in god and hell, life after death and karma.

Related pages
Neo-Confucianism
Religion in China

References

Han Buddhism


Charter Oak is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Charter Oak, Iowa


Bobby Dunbar was an American boy whose disappearance at the age of four and apparent return was widely reported in newspapers across the United States in 1912 and 1913.

In August 1912, the Dunbars took a fishing trip to nearby Swayze Lake in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.  On August 23, while on that trip, Bobby Dunbar disappeared.

After an eight-month nationwide search, investigators believed that they had found the child in Mississippi, in the hands of William Cantwell Walters of North Carolina.

Dunbar's parents claimed the boy as their missing son. However, both Walters and a woman named Julia Anderson said that the boy with him was Anderson's son. Julia Anderson could not afford a lawyer, and the court eventually sided for the Dunbars. Percy and Lessie Dunbar retained custody of the child, who proceeded to live out the remainder of his life as Bobby Dunbar.

In 2004, DNA test found that the boy found with Walters and "returned" to the Dunbars as Bobby had not been a blood relative of the Dunbar family. Since the DNA testing is conclusive, the fate of the actual Bobby Dunbar remains unsolved.

References

Category:1910s in the United States
Category:1912
Category:1913
Category:20th century in Mississippi
Category:Missing American people

Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar


First Dog is a 2010 American family movie staring Eric Roberts.

Story
The dog of the President of the United States is lost. A kid who lives in a foster home finds it and make it his mission to bring it back to the White House.

The movie follows Danny on his difficult and dangerous journey.

Actors
 Eric Roberts as the President
 Eliza Roberts as the First Lady
 John-Paul Howard as Danny
 Tommy 'Tiny' Lister as big mike

Other websites

Category:American family movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:2010 movies

First Dog


Beowulf is an Old English heroic epic poem. It is not known who wrote it, and there is no agreement as to when it was written. Estimates for the date range from AD 608 right through to AD 1000, and there is no consensus. The poem has only one manuscript source, written about 1010. Beowulf is 3182 lines long.  Tolkien describes and illustrates many of the features of Old English poetry in his 1940 essay On translating Beowulf.

The protagonist of the poem is Beowulf. In the poem, Beowulf fights three monsters: Grendel and Grendel's mother, and later in his life an unnamed dragon.

Story
Hrothgar, a Danish king, has built a big mead hall, which is called Heorot. Hrothgar and his people live a good life and celebrate in Heorot. But then they are attacked by Grendel, who comes to Heorot every night and kills some of Hrothgar's people.

Beowulf is a warrior from Geatland (modern southern Sweden). He hears of Hrothgar's troubles with Grendel. Beowulf and his men leave Geatland to help King Hrothgar.

Beowulf and his men stay the night in Heorot. When Grendel comes to kill them, Beowulf fights him. Beowulf tears Grendel's arm off from his body and sticks it on the wall as a trophy. Grendel runs to his home in the marshes, where he dies. Everyone is happy that Grendel is killed and celebrates.
But the next night, Grendel's mother comes to Heorot and kills many people for revenge and grabs Grendel's arm. Beowulf then goes to the marshes where Grendel and his mother lived. Beowulf fights Grendel's mother and kills her.

Beowulf later becomes a king. He fights a dragon that was living in a barrow. With the help of the young man Wiglaf, Beowulf kills the dragon. Beowulf is wounded in the final battle and dies and crowns Wiglaf as his successor.

Adaptations

The story of Beowulf has often been told in books, plays, and films. Sometimes the full story is told, sometimes just parts of the story. Sometimes the plot is altered. Sometimes only ideas or themes are taken from the story.
Some examples are:
 Beowulf (1999 film)
 Beowulf and Grendel (2005 film)
 [[Grendel (movie)|Grendel]] (2007 film)
 Eaters of the Dead, a book by Michael Crichton (1976)
 Grendel, a book by John Gardner (1971)
 The Ring-givers, a book by W.H. Canaway (1958).

References

Category:Germanic mythology
Category:Epic poems

Beowulf


Muharraq (meaning Place of Ashes), is Bahrain's third largest city.  It was the capital until 1923. The Muharraq Town was replaced by Manama as the capital of Bahrain.

The city is on Muharraq Island. Bahrain International Airport is located on the island.

Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. The city is also known for its traditional market, or souq, and as a home of traditional arts and music. Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.

Gulf Air and Bahrain Air have headquarters in Muharraq.

References

Category:Settlements in Bahrain

Muharraq


Guns and Roses - Ik Junoon () is a Pakistani movie which was released in 1999, and it starred Shaan, Resham, Meera and Faisal Rehman. Faisal Rehman made a comeback with this movie, after taking a sabbatical from the movie industry which spanned over a decade. The music was composed by M Arshad.

The movie is mainly known for its soundtrack which included hits like Jeena Hai Jeena Tau Hai, Khat, and Qeher. Tanvir Fatima Rehman produced the movie.

Category:Pakistani movies
Category:1999 movies
Category:Urdu-language movies

Guns and Roses -- Ik Junoon


Huaraz is a city in Peru. It is the capital of Ancash Region.

Category:Cities in Peru
Category:Capitals of regions of Peru

Huaraz


The trumpet manucode (Manucodia keraudrenii) is a medium-sized bird of paradise about 31cm long with an long horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers. It looks blackish glossed blue, green and purple. It has a red iris, long coiled trachea, and blackish bill, mouth and legs.

They live in lowland rain forests of northeast Australia, New Guinea and nearby islands. They eat fruits and arthropods.

References
  Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

Category:Manucodia
Category:Birds of Australia
Category:Birds of Oceania

Trumpet manucode


Trüllikon is a municipality in Andelfingen in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

References

Category:Municipalities of Zürich

Trüllikon


or ETA (Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom"; IPA pronunciation: [) was a terrorist nationalist separatist militant organization. It wanted to establish a separate nation-state for the Basque people. The Basque people are an ethnic group living in areas of northern Spain and southwestern France. There are between 2 and 2.5 million Basques in the region. Some of them speak an indigenous, non-Indo-European language called Euskara.

What they are
ETA is one of Europe’s most notorious and long-running terror groups. It was founded in 1959 from what was left of EKIN, another radical Basque separatist group. Both EKIN and ETA were created because of discontent with the moderate nationalism of the main Basque party, the Basque National Party. Since its founding, ETA has been responsible for hundreds of attacks and terrorist attacks in Spain and France. It has also maintained ties with other terrorist groups both inside and outside the Basque region. These ties included the Provisional Irish Republican Army and Colombia’s FARC.

Their attacks
Most of ETA’s terror attacks targeted businesses and Spanish government officials, especially members of the security services and the judiciary. Its most common tactics are bombing and assassination. Similar to the IRA, ETA sometimes issued warnings before the attacks.

The group’s most notorious success was the assassination of Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco in December 1973. At the time, Blanco was seen by many as the most likely successor to Spain’s dictator, Francisco Franco. He was killed when an underground bomb exploded underneath his car. More than twenty years later, ETA nearly assassinated Jose Maria Aznar, an opposition politician who later became prime minister.

Status change
The status of the Basque homeland changed significantly with the end of Francisco Franco's regime and the return of democracy in 1979. Franco tried to suppress Basque nationalism and separatism. The new democratic government, on the other hand, offered significant autonomy to the Basque provinces. In a deal struck in 1980, the Basque region acquired its own parliament similarly to the other regions in Spain. It was also allowed to have its own independent tax legislation. In addition, the language Euskara became more prominent in public culture and education. However, the new autonomous region did not deter the radical separatists that comprised ETA. ETA has committed approximately 900 murders and dozens of kidnappings.

Change of activity
ETA’s level of activity has changed over the years. The group has attempted several cease-fires, including a 14-month one that lasted until December 1999. While there have been a number of ETA attacks since 2000, the group has claimed fewer victims. It is believed to be shrinking. Spanish officials believe that recent crackdowns have led to a serious weakening of the group and sense that its future as a terrorist organization may be limited. There are more than one hundred suspected ETA members in Spanish prisons today.

In the past several years, ETA has done sporadic attacks, including strings of bombings in September 2004, December 2005, and early 2006. However, these bombings were generally preceded by warnings and did not result in any deaths.

Current Goals: In March 2006, ETA declared a permanent cease-fire and expressed a willingness to join the political process. The decision may have been linked to the infamous Madrid train bombings of March 11th, 2004, which killed nearly 200 people. The attack was originally blamed on ETA, though it was soon discovered to be the work of militant Islamists linked to al-Qaeda. Like the Irish Republican Army, ETA leaders may have felt that the mass casualty terrorism practiced by some radical Islamist groups discredited its violent tactics—though this is not known for certain. ETA is famous for its secretive leadership structure.

In June 2007, ETA declared its March 2006 cease-fire null-and-void, though many had seen ETA’s December 2006 bombing of an airport parking garage as an indication that the truce would not hold. An ETA spokesperson accused the Spanish government of interfering in Basque local elections as well as continuing with the prosecution and conviction of ETA members during the cease-fire.

It must be noted that ETA did not officially renounce violence or initiate steps to decommission its weapons (as the IRA did in July 2005) as part of its cease-fire declaration. ETA cease-fires have deteriorated into violence before.

On October 20th 2011 ETA announced publicly its permanent cease of activity. It was announced in 2 prominent nationalist newspapers, Gara and Berria.

Category:1959 establishments in Europe
Category:Crime in France
Category:Crime in Spain
Category:Nationalist organizations
Category:National liberation movements
Category:Politics of Spain
Category:Rebel militia groups
Category:Terrorism

ETA (separatist group)


Luigi De Agostini (born 7 April, 1961) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1978-79||rowspan="4"|Udinese||Serie B||1||0
|-
|1979-80||rowspan="3"|Serie A||5||0
|-
|1980-81||0||0
|-
|1981-82||1||0
|-
|1981-82||Trento||Serie C1||0||0
|-
|1982-83||Catanzaro||Serie A||24||4
|-
|1983-84||rowspan="3"|Udinese||rowspan="3"|Serie A||25||1
|-
|1984-85||28||2
|-
|1985-86||27||0
|-
|1986-87||Hellas Verona||Serie A||30||3
|-
|1987-88||rowspan="5"|Juventus||rowspan="5"|Serie A||29||6
|-
|1988-89||27||6
|-
|1989-90||33||5
|-
|1990-91||32||2
|-
|1991-92||25||1
|-
|1992-93||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||31||1
|-
|1993-94||rowspan="2"|Reggiana||rowspan="2"|Serie A||28||1
|-
|1994-95||33||1
379||33
379||33
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1987||6||1
|-
|1988||10||2
|-
|1989||6||0
|-
|1990||11||1
|-
|1991||3||0
|-
!Total||36||4
|}

References

Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian footballers

Luigi De Agostini


A Levite or Levi (Hebrew language: לֵוִי) is a Jewish male descended from the Tribe of Levi on the father's side.

The Levites of the Book of Leviticus were priests. In that book and the Book of Numbers they help Moses make prayers to God in the tabernacle (a holy tent).

References

Category:Jewish people

Levite


The Langlands Program is a branch of algebraic number theory. It is a more complicated version of class field theory.

Category:Number theory
Category:Algebra

Langlands program