Child development refers to biological, psychological and emotional changes that happen in humans between birth and the end of adolescence, at which time the individual goes from dependence to independence. The development is strongly influenced by genetic, mental, physical and social factors that may happen during the progression. Children develop at different levels. In particular, children having autism spectrum troubles or Down syndrome may have different development than usual or substandard motor development. Ideas about how children develop psychologically have changed over time. There are several important theories on how children develop.

Early ideas

In medieval times
During this time children were seen as separate than adults. Children under 7 or 8 were different than other people and treated as children. Even teenagers were not fully grown. Religious writings sometimes talked about children as evil and needing to be pure. They also sometimes talked about them as good and angels.

During the Reformation
At the time of the Reformation, children were thought to be born evil. Adults thought children needed to be taught to be a person. Children had to wear tight and uncomfortable clothes. Raising a child was thought to be one of the most important things. Adults wanted children to use reason in learning.

Age of Enlightenment
In the time of the Enlightenment, people started to think differently about children and development. People respected children more and treated them better. Two important people had ideas about children during the Enlightenment. They were John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

John Locke
John Locke thought that children were born without any knowledge. He thought the mind is tabula rasa, or blank slate. This means that the mind is like a blank piece of paper when someone is born. Children get knowledge in life and fill up the blank paper. Locke thought that the only way that children get knowledge is from doing different things in life and getting experience from those things. Locke’s ideas on how children get knowledge changed how people thought about children. His belief was that learning should be fun rather than a task. "Children [should be] free to be childish,” wrote Locke. Locke's ideas were opposed to church principles, strictly believing children should be reading fables and not religious texts.   Children were seen in a better way and got more respect from adults. Locke wanted parents to spend more time with their children and help them learn. He thought that children’s development of knowledge needed parents to help children experience new things and teach about those things. Locke pushed nurture as the most important part of child development.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Rousseau had a different idea than Locke on children. He thought that children are born knowing what is right and wrong. Rousseau did not think that children are “blank slates” as Locke did.  He thought that children are “noble savages”. This is the idea that children are born good, but society can make them bad. Rousseau felt that adults should pay attention to children’s needs during their different stages of development.

Child development theories

Psychosexual theory
Sigmund Freud was a neurologist an psychoanalyst who tried to help adults with their troubles. He talked with adults about when they were children and anything that happened during that time.  Freud focused on the unconscious mind. This is the part of the mind that a person is not able to know about directly. Freud thought that the unconscious mind was important in how people think and feel. The way people think and feel can affect how they act. Freud’s ideas lead him to make his psychosexual theory. The psychosexual theory focuses on how a child’s wants are controlled in early years and the effect it has when the child becomes an adult.

Freud thought that each person’s personality is made of three parts. The parts are the id, ego, and super-ego. The three parts each have a purpose, but are almost never in agreement. The three parts not in agreement is what causes people to be unhappy and have problems.

When a baby is born, it only has basic needs. The baby needs to eat, sleep, and use the bathroom. These basic needs help the baby to live. These basic needs are what make up the id. The id only wants to take cause of these needs. The id wants the needs to be taken care of right away and not have to wait. Freud thought that young children are ruled by the id. The id does not know or care about right and wrong. It only wants to take care of its needs. This means that young children do not know about right and wrong. They only know what the id wants. Children will act on the wants of the id even when they should not. Children begin to learn that they cannot always get what they want when they want it. This causes the ego to form. The ego “is ruled by the reality principle”. This means that it knows what can really happen in the world.  The ego knows if the id can get what it wants by looking at if the want can be filled. When the id’s needs cannot be taken care of, the ego controls the id and its wants. Children that have the ego formed can control their basic needs and their actions. When the ego is formed, children gain a sense of self by controlling their needs. The superego is formed by children working with their parents and others in society. The superego acts as a rule follower. It allows the child to know what is right and wrong by what society’s rules on right and wrong are. Guilt is the primary way that the superego tells children the rules of what is right and wrong.

Freud thought that children went through five psychosexual stages of development. In the  stages children have to fix problems between needs and what society wants. Fixing these problems allows children to do well as adults. Problems that adults get have to do with the stage where they had trouble with.  The five stages are : oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The oral stage begins at birth   and has to do with the baby’s suckling needs. The anal stage is the second and is from 1-3 year olds. It has to do with holding and letting go of urine and feces. The third stage, the phallic stage is from 3-6 year olds and has to do with the genital region. Freud thought that this stage is one of the most important stages to fix problems in. If a child does not fix the problems, he or she can develop either the Oedipus complex (for boys) or the Electra complex (for girls). These problems come from love either a boy’s love for his mother or a girl’s love for her father. To stop problems the boy or girl take up the values of their father (for boys) or mother (for girls). The fourth stage of the psychosexual stages is the latency stage and it occurs from 6-11 year olds. In this stage the superego grows the most and children get values from society. The last stage is the genital stage and lasts through adolescence. In this stage children start to like others and form heterosexual relationships.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Freud’s theory of child development is important because it was the first to point out the importance of parent-child relationships.

Psychocosocial theory
Erik Erikson was a follower of Freud’s ideas and started his own theory using Freud’s ideas. Erikson’s theory is called the psychosocial theory of child development. Erikson used Freud’s idea of the id, ego, and superego and his stages of development to build his own theory. Erikson thought that the ego was “of the utmost importance”. The ego was important because it lets children become an individual and add to society. Erikson added more stages to his theory than Freud did, and some of his stages are similar to Freud’s. Erikson ended up with eight stages in his theory. Every stage has a problem between two different feelings. A child's personality is shaped by how they fix each problem.

Erkison's stages
 Stage 1 : Basic Trust vs. Mistrust : trust develops because babies need adults to take care of their needs.   Erkison thought that this stage is never complete.
 Stage 2 : Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt : Small children need to learn to do things like feeding, dressing, and bathing with help.
 Stage 3 : Initiative vs. Guilt : Children can pretend who they want to be by make-believe play
 Stage 4 : Industry vs. Inferiority : Children learn to work with others out of the family.
 Stage 5 : Identity vs. Identity Confusion : The child forms his or her sense of self.
 Stage 6 : Intimacy vs. Isolation : Young adults make relationships with others.
 Stage 7 : Generatively vs. Stagnation : Adults become parents and take care of children.
 Stage 8 : Integrity vs. Despair : Adults think about the person they have been.

Erikson’s stages are important because they looked at society and culture and how they affect personality. Freud only focused on sexuality. Erkison's stages are also show how personality is shaped as children grow.

Erikson's vs Freud's Stages

Behaviorism
John Watson did not like the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson. Watson chose to look at behavior of people to understand how children develop. His ideas fall under the concept of behaviorism. Watson was “inspired by Pavlov’s studies of animal learning”. Pavlov’s studies focused on classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is when an animal or person learns to react to stimulus, a thing that will cause a reaction. Watson thought that children could be taught using this way. Watson decided to test his theory by doing an experiment using a nine-month old baby, Little Albert.

Watson started his experiment by testing if Albert was scared of anything. Watson wanted to see if Albert was scared of a white rat. Like most babies Albert was not scared of the white rat.  Watson wanted to test if he could make Albert scared using classical conditioning. Watson discovered that Albert was scared of the sound of a hammer hitting a steel gong with a hammer.  When Albert was eleven-months old,Watson went on with the experiment. Albert was given the white rat. A few seconds later, Watson made the hammer hit the gong. Albert cried when this happened. This was done seven times. After the seven times, Albert would cry when he saw the white rat. Little Albert also became scared of other things, called generalization. These things had a similarity to the white rat. They were a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, a Santa Claus mask, and Watson's hair.  Watson's experiment was important because he was able to teach Albert to be scared of something.

Watson showed that children can be taught through classical conditioning. After the experiment, Watson thought that children are affected by the environment.

Social Learning theory
Albert Bandura felt that children learn by watching others in society. After watching, children then copy what was done. His theory is called social learning theory. The copying that children perform is called modeling. The person that children copy is called the model. Bandura thought there are four conditions needed for modeling to happen.
 Attention : the child has to pay attention to the model’s behavior
 Retention : the child has to remember the behavior
 Reproduction : the child must copy the behavior
 Motivation : the child needs a reason to copy the behavior

The Bobo Doll experiment (1961)
Children are likely to model behavior if the model is of the same-sex.  A girl child will copy a woman model better than a man. This is because the child wants to act like people she is like. Also, Children are more likely to model behavior if the behavior gets positive reactions from adults.  When children are praised they will keep doing the behavior. They do this because they want to get more praise. A child will not always get praise for their behaviors. Instead they might get punishment. If a child gets punishment for a behavior they will not model it. A child can also chose to model behavior or not by watching what happens to the model. If the model gets punishment the child will not model the behavior. This is because the child does not want to get punishment. Bandura did an experiment to test his ideas. The experiment is known as the Bobo Doll Experiment.

Bandura took 36 boys and 36 girls for his experiment.     The children were between 3 and 6 years old. He also used one man and one woman model. Bandura wanted to see if the children would model aggressive, or mean, behavior. Bandura broke the children into eight groups of 6 and one group of 24. The groups were made by breaking half of the children into an aggressive group and half into one that was not. The two groups were both broken in half again by boys and girls. Bandura then split the girls into two groups. One group had the woman model and the other had the man model. He did the same with the boys.  The group of 24 had no model.
The children were put in a play room with the model. The children were told to sit on a chair and the model went to the other side of the room. The children that were in aggressive groups saw the model go up the a Bobo doll in the room and play with it. The model spent most of the time being aggressive to the doll.  The children that were not in the aggressive group saw the model play with tinker toys and not pay attention to the Bobo doll. The model then left the room. The children were allowed to play with the toys in the room. Some of the toys let the children play and be aggressive.  The children were watched how they played with the toys. Children who saw the aggressive model played aggressively with the toys. The children who had a model who was not aggressive played nicer. The children played nice because they did not watch the aggressive model to copy the behavior. Bandura's experiment showed that children can learn behavior from adults by watching the adult's behavior.

Cognitive Developmental Theory
Jean Piaget started his theory on child development when he questioned the way children think. He thought that infants and children had different understandings than adults. Piaget focused on the cognitive development of children instead of adults. Cognitive development is studying how adults and children think and learn. Piaget’s work helped to develop new ways of education and programs of discovery learning.   Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has three main parts:
 Schemas
 Adaptation
 Stages of Development

Schemas
Piaget thought children had and made schemas as they developed. Schemas are ways of making sense of experience.   A schema is a picture of something in a child’s mind. The picture is normally of how different things happen in the world. The picture helps the child understand and behave in the world. An example of a schema would be a child’s schema for being in a classroom. The child’s picture would have things like students sitting in chairs at desks. A teacher is in the front of the class teaching. This schema helps the child know how to act and know what might happen in the classroom.

Piaget thought that the first schemas have to do with the child’s reaction to the world. Piaget thought that babies are born with some schemas without learning them. These schemas are sensorimotor actions.  The schemas are very simple.  Schemas get more complex as the child gets older. The child starts to think before acting. When the child does this, it uses mental representations, or pictures in the mind that are representative of different things. The mental representations can be changed in the mind into new ideas. Piaget thought that the two most powerful mental representations are images and concepts. Images are pictures in the mind of objects, people and spaces. Concepts put the images together in different groups. Schemas can be changed and made from putting together and changing images and concepts in the child’s mind.

Adaptation
Piaget thought that a child’s mind cnaes to better fit with the world through adaption.   Children use adaptation by changing  schemas to fit the world. Piaget thought that adaptation has two parts: assimilation and accommodation. In assimilation children use the schemes they have to understand the world. Children’s schemes do not always right. When a child has a schema that is not right, they have to change it. This is called accommodation. In accommodation new schemes are made or old ones are changed. The changes must take place so the child can better understand the world. Piaget thought there is a balance between assimilation and accommodation. He called the balance cognitive equilibrium. When a child’s schemes fit their understanding of the world then the child is in equilibrium. When the schemes do not fit the child is in disequilibrium. Piaget called the moving between equilibrium and disequilibrium equilibration.

Stages of cognitive development
Piaget broke his stages of cognitive development of children into four stages. The stages always go in the same order. The stages also happen to children everywhere. At each stage there are key details that happen in that stage.

Sensorimotor Stage
The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget’s theory. In this stage, babies “think” with their eyes, ear, and hands. Children in this stage learn about the world through their senses. Piaget thought that children in this stage learn by doing the same acts over and over. These acts come from their sense experience. Piaget called this circular reaction. There are two main kinds of circular reaction: primary and secondary. One month olds use primary circular reaction. In primary circular reaction children do acts that have to do with their basic needs, like eating. Four to eight month olds use secondary circular reaction. Secondary circular reaction happens when children try to make events happen with their acts. Secondary circular reaction in children helps to control their own behavior. Eight to twelve month olds can control their behavior. In the sensorimotor stage, children gain object permanence. This happens between 8 and 12 months. Object permanence is knowing that a thing is still in existence even if the child cannot see it. Object permanence is seen in children eight to twelve months old. Object permanence can be seen in Piaget’s object hiding task. In the task a toy is hidden under a blanket. If the baby can find the toy than the baby has learned object permanence.

Preoperational StageThe preoperational stage has a large change in representative thought in the mind. In this stage children can use symbols to represent their knowledge. Children also learn language in the preoperational stage. Piaget did not think language was that important for cognitive development. He thought that children use words to explain the pictures of experience in their mind.  In the preoperational stage, children have egocentricism.   Egocentricism is when children cannot tell the difference between their view point and someone else’s. Piaget used the three mountains problem to show egocentricism. In the problem a doll is placed on one side of a group of mountains. A child is placed on a different side. The child is asked to tell what the doll sees. A child who has egocentricism tells what he or she sees and not what the doll sees.
This is for the simple wiki page on child development.

Concrete Operational Stage
In the concrete operational stage children’s thought becomes more logical. Logical thought uses reason when thinking. Children are able to understand changes between things that are in front of them. They still have a hard time with things that they have to imagine. Children in the concrete operational stage can place items in different arrangements. They understand that things can be placed into more than one group at a time. Children in the concrete operational stage can also put things in order of qualities like length and weight. The understanding of conservation happens in the concrete operational stage.  Children who understand conservation know that changing a things shape or container does not change how much is there. For example, in conservation of liquid children know that the amount of liquid does not change if it is put in a different glass.

Formal Operational Stage
In the formal operational stage, children are able to think about abstract ideas. The abstract ideas are ones that are within the child’s mind and not in front of them in the world. In this stage, children can come up with rules about how things can happen without needing concrete items.   Piaget believed that there were two main parts of the formal operational stage: hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional thought. In hyothetico-deductive reasoning children are able to guess the outcome of a problem. They are able to do this by making guesses that can be tested in an experiment. By testing the guesses they learn if their guess was right and if not why it was not. In propositional thought children are able to understand if spoken statements are true. They are able to do so without needing to see an example of those statements.

Sociocultural Theory
Lev Vygotsky built his theory of child development on the importance of three things. Vygotsky thought that children’s development was formed from mainly social and cultural interactions. Interactions occur when two or more people talk and/or work together. Vygotsky thought that culture has a big affect on how cognitive growth develops.  Vygotsky also focused on language. He felt language was very important for changing how a child thinks.

Language
Vygotsky thought that child development during the first two years have to do with direct connection with the world. After the two years language changes the way a child thinks. Language is important because it is how adults pass on ideas to children.  Vygotsky felt that growth of language leads to a huge change in how children think because they can communicate ideas with others.   Children talk to both others and themselves. Vygotsky thought that children talking to themselves was very important for development. He thought that children talk to themselves to help guide their thoughts. He called talk directed at the self, private speech. Private speech is used when a job is hard, after an error is made, or when the child is unsure of what to do. Children that use private speech are more attentive and involved in the job they are doing. Also children who have trouble learning use private speech more.  This is to help them understand what they are learning.

Social and Cultural Interactions
Vygotsky thought that important learning comes from working with adults or more skilled peers.  These helpers can help the child to find out how to do different jobs. Vygotsky thought that there is a  range of difficulty that a job needs to be in. If the job is in the rang than a child can learn best. Vygotsky called this range the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development has jobs that are to hard to do alone but are able to be done with help. The help would come from a helper.

When the helper works with the child social interactions occur. Vygotsky thought that there are two important parts of social interaction: intersubjectivity and scaffolding. Intersubjectivity happens when two people start with different understandings. The two people interact with each other. By interacting, the two people get to the same understanding. Scaffolding happens when a teacher is helping a child. The teacher will change how much they help based on the child’s work level. The teacher will help more if the child needs it. The teacher will also help less if the child does not need help. Over time, the teacher lets the child work alone. When the child works alone her or she puts the conversation into his or her private speech. The private peech is then used to help the child do the problem.

References

Category:Psychology

Child development


Sweet Talker is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Jessie J. It was released on 13 October 2014, by Lava Records and Island Records.

Critical reception

Sweet Talker received mixed reviews from music critics.

Track listing

Note
 Vocal production on every track was handled by Kuk Harrell with the exception of "Strip", which contains vocal production by Claude Kelly and "Personal", which contains vocal production by Jenna Andrews in addition to Harrell.

Sample credit
 "Seal Me with a Kiss" contains an interpolation of "(Not Just) Knee Deep", written by George Clinton and Philippé Wynne.

Personnel
Credits for Sweet Talker adapted from Barnes & Noble.

Performance Credits

Jessie J – primary artist, background vocals
Louis Biancaniello – keyboards
Steve Booker – bass, percussion, keyboards
Susan Dench – viola
David Gamson – drums, keyboards
Ivan McCready – cello
Leo Payne – violin
Audrey Riley – conductor
Cathy Thompson – violin
Fenella Barton – violin
Joy Hawley – cello
Peter Lale – viola
Clare Thompson – violin
Andrew Parker – viola
Max Martin – keyboards
Joi Gilliam – background vocals
Ian Humphries – violin
Derrick McKenzie – drums
Warren Zielinski – violin
Sophie Harris – cello
Nick Barr – violin
Roland Roberts – violin
Adrian Bradbury – cello
Ilya – background vocals
Joan Atherton – violin
Richard George – violin
Bridget Carey – viola
Laura Melhuish – violin
Courtney Harrell – background vocals
Lifted – keyboards
Rickard Goransson – bass, percussion, keyboards, background vocals
Boguslav Kostecki – violin
Katherine Gowers – violin
Taura Stinson – background vocals
Greg Warren Wilson – violin
William "Nasty Kutt" Wiik Larsen – background vocals
2 Chainz – vocals
Peter Carlsson – percussion, drums
Ricky Reed – background vocals
Chris Trombling – violin
Chonita Gillespie – background vocals
Kathy Gowers – violin
Jon Hill – violin

Technical Credits

Louis Biancaniello –   programming, producer
Steve Booker –   programming, producer, string arrangements
David Gamson –   programming, producer, engineer
Pat Thrall – engineer
Scott Roewe – pro-Tools
Tom Coyne – mastering
Kuk Harrell – producer, vocal engineer, vocal producer
Scott Harris –   programming
Max Martin –   programming, producer
Steve Mac –   producer, string arrangements, piano arrangement
Josh Alexander –   programming, producer, instrumentation
Chris Laws – engineer
Diplo – producer
Pop! – instrumentation
Jonas Jeberg –   producer
Lifted – programming, producer
Todd Russell – art direction
Andrew Wuepper – engineer
Smit – programming
Rickard Goransson – programming, producer
Sam Holland – engineer
C. "Tricky" Stewart – programming, producer
Dann Pursey – engineer
Brian "B-luv" thomas – Engineer
Rob Stevenson – executive producer
Terius "The-dream" nash –   Producer
Jenna Andrews –   vocal producer
Andrew "Pop" Wansel –   producer
William "Nasty Kutt" Wiik Larsen –   instrumentation
Antonio Rizzello – programming
Oak – instrumentation
Peter Carlsson – vocal engineer, vocal editing
Daniel Zaidenstadt – engineer
Axident – producer, engineer
Will Idap – producer
Ricky Reed – producer, engineer
Picard Brothers – programming, producer
Ryan Vojtesak –   producer
Chris Trombling – orchestra leader
Alessia Degasperis Brigante – composer
Jack Brown – vocal engineer
Arek Kopera – drum engineering
Godz of Analog – producer

Charts

Certifications

Release history

References

Category:2014 albums
Category:Jessie J albums
Category:Pop albums
Category:Hip hop soul albums
Category:R&B albums

Sweet Talker


The Crafoord Prize is an annual science prize established in 1980 by Holger and Anna-Greta Crafoord. It is administered by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The prize is for "international basic research in the disciplines Astronomy, Mathematics, Geosciences, and Biosciences, with particular emphasis on ecology, and rheumatoid arthritis" (the disease from which Holger severely suffered in his last years). According to the Academy, "these disciplines are chosen so as to complement those for which the Nobel Prizes are awarded."

Only one award is given each year, according to a rotating scheme – astronomy and mathematics; then geosciences; then biosciences. A Crafoord Prize is only awarded for arthritis when a committee decides that substantial progress in the field has been made. On Crafoord Day in April, the prize is presented by the King of Sweden, who also presents the Nobel Prize Awards at the ceremony in December. The prize is to fund further research by the prize winner. In 2012 it is US$600,000.

Winners

References

Category:Science awards
Category:1980 establishments

Crafoord Prize


Simeon Borisov Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Tsar Simeon II or King Simeon II of Bulgaria (Bulgarian: Симеон Борисов Сакскобургготски) (born 16 June 1937) is an important political and royal figure in Bulgaria. During his reign as the Tsar of Bulgaria from 1943 to 1946 he was a minor, the monarchical leader. He also served as the 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria.

Other websites

 King Simeon II
 The first website about Simeon II of Bulgaria focuses on his pre-1995 history
Financial Times July 2001 Biography
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's address, 10 February 2005 concerning amending the constitution to bring it in line with EU requirements
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha's statement, 5 July 2002 concerning Bulgaria's candidacy for NATO membership: "The role of the international community should be gradually transformed from crisis response to integration. Palliative measures intended to mitigate yet another crisis cannot bring stability and prosperity. The best solution is the region's integration into the European and Euroatlantic institutions."

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Category:Prime Ministers of Bulgaria

Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha


Christology is a field of study of Christian theology. It asks questions about the nature of Christ. In particular, it looks at how the divine and the human relate to each other.

Christology


Victoria Luz Cartagena is an American actress. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cartagena is known for her role as Zoe Lopez in The Bedford Diaries and as Renee Montoya in Gotham.

References

Other websites

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Victoria Cartagena


Anyang is a city in South Korea.

It is in the Gyeonggi province of the city.

Anyang is located south east of Seoul.

The city has developed along the Anyang Stream, which is 32.2 km long.  The city is divided into two halves; the Manan district and Dongan districts.
The Dongan district has about 356,566 people and the Manan district has about 216,714 people.  Anyang is famous for Anyang yuwonji and the Anyang art park. It has seven mountains. Mt. Suri is the most famous one.

It has produced many celebrities like Rain, Kim Jong Kook, Kang Min, Niel.

Category:Cities in South Korea

Anyang, Gyeonggi


Greene County is a county in the U.S. state of Arkansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 42,090. The county seat is Paragould.

References

Category:Arkansas counties
Category:1833 establishments in Arkansas Territory

Greene County, Arkansas


Group H of the 2014 FIFA World Cup had the following teams Belgium, Algeria, Russia and South Korea.

Standings

Belgium advanced to play United States (runner-up of Group G) in the round of 16.
Algeria advanced to play Germany (winner of Group G) in the round of 16.

Games

Belgium vs Algeria

Russia vs South Korea

Belgium vs Russia

South Korea vs Algeria

South Korea vs Belgium

Algeria vs Russia

Notes

Other websites
2014 FIFA World Cup Group H, FIFA.com

Group H

2014 FIFA World Cup Group H


Clarence William "Bill" Nelson II (born September 29, 1942) is an American politician and a member of the Democratic Party. He was the United States Senator from Florida from 2001 to 2019.

Early life
Nelson was born in Miami, Florida. He was raised in Melbourne, Florida. Nelson studied at the University of Florida, Yale University and at the University of Virginia.

Career
Nelson began his career in the Florida House of Representatives, where he served from 1973 to 1979. He then served in the United States House of Representatives from 1979 to 1991.

In January 1986, Nelson became the second sitting member of the United States Congress to fly in space along with John Glenn. He flew as a Payload Specialist on the Space Shuttle Columbia.

He served in the United States Senate, serving Florida since 2001 to 2019.

Nelson lost re-election in 2018 to Republican Rick Scott by 0.1%

Personal life
In 1972, Nelson married Grace Cavert.  The couple have two adult children: Charles William "Bill Jr." Nelson, and Nan Ellen Nelson. He has suffered from prostate cancer.

References

Other websites

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Category:University of Florida alumni
Category:US Democratic Party politicians
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:21st-century American politiciansCategory:20th-century American politicians

Bill Nelson


Inari may mean:

 Inari, Finland, a municipality in Finland
 Lake Inari in Finland
 Inari Sami, one of the Sami languages
 Inari (mythology), a Shinto god
 Inari-zushi, a kind of sushi

Inari


Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera. It is in Greece, in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group.

The caldera measures about , with  high steep cliffs on three sides. There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni. The main island, Santorini has an area of  km2.

The extraordinary beauty of Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and clear air, have made it a magnet for tourists and volcanologists.

Geology

The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. This marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean part of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It has earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.

Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

Volcanology

The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.

Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012.

The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.

References

Category:Volcanoes of Europe
Category:Mountains of Greece

Santorini caldera


Linux Mint is a Linux distribution for desktop computers based on and compatible with Debian or Ubuntu.

While at the core Linux Mint is mostly based on Ubuntu, the design of the desktop and User interface are very different. These differences include a very unique desktop theme, a custom Linux Mint menu and the MintTools, a collection of system tools designed to make managing the computer easier for users.

Releases
Originally, Linux Mint did not follow a predictable release cycle. The project first defined the goals for the next release, and when all the goals are achieved a beta is released and a date is announced for the stable release. Recently however, it has been decided that Linux Mint will be with the 6 month Ubuntu release cycle.

Comparison with Ubuntu
Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu and both distributions have a lot in common.  Both distributions use the same software repositories. For instance, release 2.2 (“Bianca”) uses the package pools of Ubuntu “Edgy Eft” (6.10). Most packages are the same on both distributions and the two systems behave almost identically.

Most differences are on the desktop. Ubuntu and Linux Mint both focus on usability, but Linux Mint offers a different user experience, and it includes a number of applications that are not available in Ubuntu (see aforementioned Mint Tools).

Many popular multimedia codecs are installed by default in Linux Mint. Ubuntu, and many other gratis GNU/Linux distributions, do not distribute these codecs with the initial install media due to patent encumberment issues.

Ubuntu has a vastly larger support community than Linux Mint. However, the majority of Ubuntu help and advice is also applicable to Linux Mint. Ubuntu supports more languages from the Live CD, and comes with better localization.

Related pages
 Getdeb
 Super OS (formerly: Super Ubuntu)

References

Other websites
 Official Linux Mint Web Site
 Official Linux Mint Wiki
 Official Linux Mint Blog
 Official Linux Mint Forum
 Linux Mint on Distrowatch

Category:Ubuntu (operating system) derivatives

Linux Mint


Castet is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Castet

Castet


The Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades, California, USA, is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. The Getty Villa is an educational center and museum that covers the arts and cultures of Ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD. The UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in Archaeological and Ethnographic Conservation is here. The online GettyGuide as well as through audio tours tell about the items owned by the museum.

Collection

The collection has 44,000 Greek, Roman, and Etruscan antiquities dating from 6,500 BC to 400 AD.  Among the outstanding items is Victorious Youth, one of few life-size Greek bronze statues to have survived to modern times. The Lansdowne Heracles is a Roman sculpture that was probably copied from an older Greek statue. The Villa also has jewelry and coin collections. The Villa's library has  20,000 books covering art from these periods.  The Villa also displays the 'Getty kouros', which the museum lists as "Greek, about 530 B.C., or modern forgery" because scientific analysis is inconclusive as to whether the marble statue can be dated back to Greek times. If genuine, the Getty kouros is one of only twelve remaining intact kouroi. The Marbury Hall Zeus is a  tall marble statue that was recovered from the ruins at Tivoli near Rome.

GettyGuide
The "GettyGuide" has detailed information about the items owned by the museum. This is available both at the Museum, at various points known as "GettyGuide stations", and externally on its website.

Photographs

References

Further reading

Other websites

 J. Paul Getty Trust official website
 A four-part documentary about the villa and its Roman model, the Villa of the Papyri
 Photos from the Getty Villa
 flickr.com photos tagged with "Getty Villa"

Category:Buildings and structures in Los Angeles, California
Category:Museums in California
Villa
Category:1954 establishments in the United States
Category:1950s establishments in California

Getty Villa


Linstead is a town in Saint Catherine Parish, Jamaica.

It had about 14,000 people in 1991.

Category:Towns in Jamaica

Linstead


Obergefell v. Hodges was a landmark decision United States Supreme Court case. The Court held that the recognition and provision of same-sex marriage is a fundamental right. They ruled it is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Not one lawsuit
The U.S. Supreme Court case, Obergefell v. Hodges, is not the result of one lawsuit. Instead, it is the result of a consolidation of six lower-court cases originally representing sixteen same-sex couples, seven of their children, a widower, an adoption agency, and a funeral director. The original cases hail from the four states of Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. All six federal district courts ruled for the same-sex couples and other claimants. The lead plaintiff in the case was Jim Obergefell. He had challenged Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage. He filed the lawsuit because he could not put his name on his partner, John Arthur's death certificate. Ohio would not recognize their marriage in Maryland.

Decision
The Obergefell decision, however, was not based in law. Chief Justice Roberts, in his dissenting opinion, explained the Obergefell plaintiffs’ “‘fundamental right’ claim falls into the most sensitive category of constitutional adjudication.” The claim is not based on a right mentioned in the constitution. Instead, it was argued that it discrimination against “a right implied by the Fourteenth Amendment’s requirement that ‘liberty’ may not be deprived without ‘due process of law.’”

On June 26, 2015, Obergefell requires all states to issue a license to marry between all people of the same sex. It requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.

Notes

References

Category:2015 in the United States
Category:United States law
Category:LGBT in the United States
Category:United States Supreme Court cases

Obergefell v. Hodges


Events

Up to 1900
 61 BC  Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph, for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
 48 BC  Ptolemy XIII of Egypt had Pompey murdered and his head cut off on his 58th birthday. Pompey's head and ring are kept for Julius Caesar (some sources give September 28).
 AD 855  Pope Benedict III becomes Pope.
 1015  St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim, present-day Lower Saxony, Germany, is consecrated; It is now on the UNESCO World Heritage List.
 1227  Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX for not taking part in the Crusades.
 1364  Battle of Auray – English forces defeat French at Brittany; end of the Breton War of Succession
 1567  At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.
 1717  An earthquake strikes Antigua, Guatemala, destroying much of the city.
 1760  The French surrender at Fort Detroit to the British.
 1774  Publication of the Sorrows of Young Werther makes Johann Wolfgang von Goethe famous.
 1789  United States War Department first establishes regular army with strength of several hundred men.
 1789  First United States Congress adjourns.
 1829  London's reorganized police force goes on duty, and later becomes known as Scotland Yard. The Metropolitan Police force is founded.
 1850  A Roman Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England, Wales by Pope Pius IX.
 1864  American Civil War: Battle of Chaffin's Farm is fought.
 1885  The first practical public electric tramway in the world is opened in Blackpool, England, United Kingdom.

1901  2000
 1902  Impresario David Belasco's first Broadway theater opens.
 1907  The cornerstone is laid at Washington National Cathedral.
 1911  Italy declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
 1913  Mexican Revolution: The Battle of Torreon is fought.
 1918  Hindenburg Line is broken by Allied forces during World War I.
 1923  The British mandate for Palestine takes effect.
 1932  Chaco War: Last Day of the Battle of Boquerón.
 1934  The Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City is opened.
 1938  Britain and France, Nazi Germany and Italy sign the Munich Agreement allowing Germany to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia.
 1939  World War II: Poland is divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
 1941  Holocaust: The Babi Yar massacre begins.
 1943  World War II: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Italian Marshal Pietro Badoglio sign an armistice aboard the British ship Nelson off the shore of Malta.
 1944  World War II: Soviet forces invade Yugoslavia.
 1949  The Communist Party of China writes the Common Programme for the future People's Republic of China, which is declared by Mao Zedong two days later, on October 1.
 1954  Convention establishing CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) is signed.
 1960  Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev disrupts the UN General Assembly meeting with a series of angry outbursts.
 1961  The New York Times publishes music critic Robert Sheldon's review of a performance from little known singer-songwriter Bob Dylan, which will lead to Dylan's discovery by Columbia Records representative John Hammond
 1962  Alouette 1, the first Canadian satellite is launched.
 1963  The University of East Anglia is founded in Norwich, England, United Kingdom.
 1964  Mafalda, a comic strip by the Argentine cartoonist Quino, first appears in newspapers.
 1966  The Chevrolet Camaro, originally named "Panther", is introduced.
 1971  Oman joins the Arab League.
 1972  Sino-Japanese relations: Japan establishes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China.
 1977  Muhammad Ali defends his heavyweight boxing world title against Earnie Shavers.
 1988  NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster.
 1990  Washington National Cathedral is completed.
 1991  A military coup occurs in Haiti.
 1992  Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil, resigns.
 1995  PlayStation goes on sale in Europe.
 1996  Super Mario 64, a well-known Nintendo 64 video game, is released in the US.

From 2001
 2002  The 14th Asian Games begin in Busan, South Korea.
 2004  The asteroid 4179 Toutatis passes within four lunar distances of Earth.
 2006  A plane collision in Brazil kills 154 people on board a Boeing 737. The cargo plane manages an emergency landing.
 2007  Calder Hall power station at Sellafield, Cumbria, England, is demolished.
 2008  The Dow Jones Industrial Average index falls by 777.68 points in a single day.
 2009  A magnitude 8.1 earthquake causes a tsunami near Samoa and American Samoa, killing at least 189 people, including 9 in Tonga.
 2013  At least 42 people are killed by members of Boko Haram in Gujba, Nigeria.
 2014  Ashraf Ghani is sworn in as President of Afghanistan.

Births

Up to 1800
 106 BC  Pompey the Great, Roman politician and general (died 48 BC)
 1240  Margaret of England, Queen Consort of Scotland (died 1275)
 1276  King Christopher II of Denmark (died 1332)
 1328  Joan of Kent, mother of King Richard II of England (died 1385)
 1388  Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence, son of Henry IV of England (died 1421)
 1511  Michael Servetus, Spanish humanist, theologian, and scientist (died 1553)
 1518  Tintoretto, Italian painter (died 1594)
 1547  Miguel de Cervantes, Spanish writer (died 1616)
 1548  William V, Duke of Bavaria (died 1621)
 1561  Adriaan van Roomen, Flemish mathematician (died 1615)
 1571  Caravaggio, Italian painter (died 1610)
 1636  Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1715)
 1678  Adrien-Maurice, 3rd Duke of Noailles, French soldier (died 1766)
 1691  Richard Challoner, English bishop (died 1781)
 1718  Nikita Ivanovich Panin, Russian statesman (died 1783)
 1725  Robert Clive, 1st Baron Clive, British politician (died 1774)
 1735  James Keir, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1820)
 1758  Horatio Nelson, British admiral (died 1805)
 1766  Charlotte, Princess Royal (died 1828)
 1786  Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (died 1843)

1801  1900
 1803  Jacques Charles Francois Sturm, French mathematician (died 1855)
 1810  Elizabeth Gaskell, English writer (died 1865)
 1810  Hugh Allan, Scottish-Canadian businessman (died 1882)
 1818  Nathaniel B. Baker, 24th Governor of New Hampshire (died 1876)
 1820  Henri, Count of Chambord, claimant to the French throne (died 1883)
 1843  Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (died 1882)
 1844  Miguel Angel Juarez Colman, President of Argentina (died 1909)
 1853  Princess Thyra of Denmark (died 1933)
 1863  Hugo Haase, German politician (died 1919)
 1864  Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer and philosopher (died 1936)
 1866  Mykhailo Hrushevskyi, Ukrainian politician (died 1934)
 1866  J. E. Casely Hayford, Ghanaian politician, lawyer and writer (died 1930)
 1867  Walther Rathenau, German politician (died 1922)
 1880  Liberato Pinto, Portuguese general and politician (died 1949)
 1881  Ludwig von Mises, Austrian-American economist, sociologist and philosopher (died 1973)
 1895  Roscoe Turner, American pilot (died 1970)
 1899  László Biró, Hungarian inventor (died 1985)
 1899  Billy Butlin, South African-British holiday entrepreneur (d. 1980)
 1900  Auguste van Pels, Dutch Holocaust victim (died 1945)
 1900  Michel Koliqi, Albanian cardinal (died 1997)

1901  1950
 1901  Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (died 1954)
 1901  Lanza del Vasto, Italian philosopher, poet and activist (died 1981)
 1902  Miguel Aleman Valdes, President of Mexico (died 1983)
 1903  Diana Vreeland, American fashion designer (died 1989)
 1904  Greer Garson, British actress (died 1996)
 1904  Egon Eiermann, German architect and designer (died 1970)
 1907  Gene Autry, American country music singer and actor (died 1998)
 1908  Eddie Tolan, American athlete (died 1967)
 1910  Virginia Bruce, American actress and singer (died 1982)
 1911  Charles Court, English-Australian politician, 21st Premier of Western Australia (died 2007)
 1912  Michelangelo Antonioni, Italian movie director (died 2007)
 1913  Silvio Piola, Italian footballer (died 1996)
 1913  Stanley Kramer, American movie director (died 2001)
 1913  Trevor Howard, English actor (died 1988)
 1915  Brenda Marshall, American actress (died 1992)
 1916  Antonio Buero Vallejos, Spanish playwright (died 2000)
 1919  Margot Hielscher, German singer and actress (died 2017)
 1919  Kira Zvorykina, Belarussian chess player (died 2014)
 1920  Peter D. Mitchell, English chemist (died 1992)
 1920  Vaclav Neumann, Czech conductor, violinist and violist (died 1995)
 1921  Franny Beecher, American guitarist (died 2014)
 1922  Esther Brand, South African athlete (died 2015)
 1922  Lizabeth Scott, American actress (died 2015)
 1923  Stan Berenstain, American writer and illustrator (died 2005)
 1924  Marina Berti, Italian actress (died 2002)
 1925  Steve Forrest, American actor (died 2013)
 1928  Gerhard Stoltenberg, German politician (died 2001)
 1928  Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, English politician (died 2016)
 1930  Colin Dexter, English writer (died 2017)
 1931  Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (died 2015)
 1931  James Watson Cronin, American nuclear physicist (died 2016)
 1931  Paul Oestreicher, German-English priest and theologian
 1932  Rainer Weiss, German-American physicist, 2017 Nobel laureate
 1932  Mehmood, Indian actor (died 2004)
 1932  Robert Benton, American director
 1933  Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (died 1986)
 1935  Jerry Lee Lewis, American early rock and roll musician
 1935  Mylene Demongeot, French actress
 1935  Ingrid Noll, German writer
 1936  Silvio Berlusconi, former Prime Minister of Italy
 1937  Nina Wang, Chinese businesswoman (died 2007)
 1938  Wim Kok, Dutch politician, former Prime Minister of the Netherlands (died 2018)
 1939  Rhodri Morgan, Welsh politician, former First Minister of Wales (died 2017)
 1939  Jim Baxter, Scottish footballer (died 2001)
 1939  Larry Linville, American actor (died 2000)
 1940  Nicola di Bari, Italian singer
 1940  Carlos Morales Troncoso, Vice President of the Dominican Republic (died 2014)
 1941  Fred West, British serial killer (died 1995)
 1942  Ian McShane, British actor
 1942  Jean-Luc Ponty, French jazz violinist
 1942  Bill Nelson, American politician
 1942  Madeline Kahn, American actress (died 1999)
 1942  Felice Gimondi, Italian cyclist (died 2019)
 1943  Mohammad Khatami, former President of Iran
 1943  Wolfgang Overath, German footballer
 1943  Lech Walesa, former President of Poland
 1945  Nadezhda Chizhova, Russian athlete
 1946  Steve Dalachinsky, American poet (died 2019)
 1946  Patricia Hodge, English actress
 1947  S. H. Kapadia, Chief Justice of India (died 2016)
 1948  Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinet player
 1948  Mike Pinera, American singer-songwriter, guitarist and producer

1951  1975
 1951  Maureen Caird, Australian athlete
 1951  Michelle Bachelet, former President of Chile
 1951  Pier Luigi Bersani, Italian politician
 1951  Jutta Ditfurth, German author and activist
 1952  Gábor Csupo, Hungarian-born animator
 1952  Patrícia Gabancho, Argentine-Spanish writer (d. 2017)
 1952  Monika Zehrt, German athlete
 1954  Debbie Shapiro, American actress and singer
 1955  Ann Bancroft, American adventurer, polar explorer and writer
 1955  Gareth Davies, Welsh rugby player
 1955  Ken Weatherwax, American actor (died 2014)
 1956  Sebastian Coe, English athlete and politician
 1957  Chris Broad, English cricketer
 1957  Andrew Dice Clay, American comedian and actor
 1959  Raffaele Riefoli, Italian singer
 1961  Julia Gillard, Welsh-Australian politician, 27th Prime Minister of Australia
 1961  Stephanie Miller, American comedienne and radio host
 1961  Tom Sizemore, American actor
 1962  Janne Andersson, Swedish footballer and manager
 1966  Helsey Hawkins, American basketball player
 1966  Bujar Nishani, former President of Albania
 1968  Luke Goss, English actor and singer
 1968  Matt Goss, English singer
 1969  Erika Eleniak, American actress and model
 1969  Ivica Vastic, Austrian footballer
 1970  Emily Lloyd, English actress
 1971  Mackenzie Crook, English actor and comedian
 1972  Robert Webb, English comedian, actor and screenwriter (Peep Show)
 1974  Alexis Cruz, American actor
 1975  Albert Celades, Spanish footballer

From 1976
 1976  Andriy Shevchenko, Ukrainian footballer
 1977  Heath Bell, American baseball player
 1978  Aleš Fućak, Croatian comedian
 1979  Gaitana, Ukrainian singer
 1980  Patrick Agyemang, English footballer
 1980  Zachary Levi, American actor
 1980  Dallas Green, Canadian singer-songwriter and guitarist
 1981  Shane Smeltz, New Zealand footballer
 1982  Amy Williams, British skeleton bobsledder
 1984  Per Mertesacker, German footballer
 1984  Rune Almenning Jarstein, Norwegian footballer
 1985  Dani Pedrosa, Spanish motorcycle racer
 1987  Josh Farro, American bassist (Paramore)
 1988  Kevin Durant, American basketball player
 1989  Yevhen Konoplyanka, Ukrainian footballer
 1990  Doug Brochu, American actor
 1990  Sara Björk Gunnarsdóttir, Icelandic footballer
 1990  Lena Wermelt, German footballer
 1993  Carlos Salcedo, Mexican footballer
 1994  Halsey, American singer-songwriter
 1994  Andy Polo, Peruvian footballer
 1999  Juan Valentín Urdangarín, Spanish royal
 2008  Emma Tallulah Behn, member of the extended Norwegian Royal Family

Deaths

Up to 1950
 48 BC  Pompey the Great, Roman general (assassinated) (b. 106 BC)
 722  Leudwinus, Frankish bishop (b. 660)
 855  Lothair I, Emperor of the Romans (b. 795)
 1364  Charles de Blois, Duke of Brittany (b. 1319)
 1560  King Gustav I of Sweden (b. 1496)
 1637  Lorenzo Ruiz, Filipino saint (b. 1600)
 1800  Michael Denis, Austrian poet (b. 1729)
 1804  Michael Hillegas, first Treasurer of the United States (b. 1728)
 1833  King Ferdinand VII of Spain (b. 1784)
 1862  William "Bull" Nelson, American military officer (b. 1824)
 1887  Bernhard von Langenbeck, German surgeon (b. 1810)
 1900  Michael Denis, Austrian priest (b. 1729)
 1902  Émile Zola, French writer (b. 1840)
 1902  William Topaz McGonagall, Scottish poet (b. 1825)
 1908  Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, Brazilian writer (b. 1839)
 1910  Winslow Homer, American painter (b. 1836)
 1913  Rudolf Diesel, German inventor and engineer (b. 1858)
 1925  Léon Bourgeois, French politician (b. 1851)
 1927  Willem Einthoven, Dutch doctor, won the 1924 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1860)
 1930  Ilya Repin, Ukrainian painter (b. 1844)
 1937  Ray Ewry, American athlete (b. 1873)

1951  2000
 1952  John Cobb, British racing driver (b. 1899)
 1953  Ernst Reuter, German politician (b. 1889)
 1958  Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (b. 1893)
 1964  Fred Tootell, American athlete (b. 1902)
 1967  Carson McCullers, American writer (b. 1917)
 1970  Edward Everett Horton, actor (b. 1886)
 1973  W. H. Auden, English poet (b. 1907)
 1975  Casey Stengel, American baseball player and coach (b. 1890)
 1981  Bill Shankly, Scottish football manager (b. 1913)
 1982  Monty Stratton, American Major League Baseball pitcher (b. 1912)
 1987  Henry Ford II, American businessman (b. 1917)
 1988  Charles Addams, American cartoonist (b. 1912)
 1989  August Anheuser Busch, Jr., American brewer (b. 1899)
 1993  Gordon Douglas, American movie director (b. 1907)
 1994  Cheb Hasni, Algerian singer (b. 1968)
 1996  Leslie Crowther, English comedian, actor and game show host (b. 1933)
 1997  Roy Lichtenstein, American artist (b. 1923)
 1998  Tom Bradley, Mayor of Los Angeles, California (b. 1917)

From 2001
 2001  Nguyen Van Thieu, President of South Vietnam (b. 1923)
 2004  Christer Pettersson, Swedish murder suspect (b. 1947)
 2006  Louis-Albert Vachon, French-Canadian cardinal and Archbishop of Quebec (b. 1912)
 2007  Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (b. 1927)
 2009  Pavel Popovich, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1930)
 2010  Georges Charpak, Polish-born physicist (b. 1924)
 2010  Tony Curtis, American actor (b. 1925)
 2010  Greg Giraldo, American comedian (b. 1965)
 2011  Hella Haasse, Dutch writer (b. 1918)
 2012  Hebe Camargo, Brazilian actress, singer and television presenter (b. 1929)
 2012  Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, American publisher (b. 1926)
 2013  Carl Joachim Classen, German scholar (b. 1928)
 2014  Miguel Boyer, French-Spanish economist and politician (b. 1939)
 2014  Luis Nishizawa, Mexican painter (b. 1918)
 2014  George Shuba, American baseball player (b. 1924)
 2015  Phil Woods, American jazz musician, bandleader and composer (b. 1931)
 2015  Hellmuth Karasek, German literary critic and journalist (b. 1934)
 2016  Miriam Defensor Santiago, Filipina politician (b. 1945)
 2017  Tom Alter, Indian actor (b. 1950)
 2017  Ludmila Belousova, Russian skater (b. 1935)
 2017  Magdalena Ribbing, Swedish etiquette expert, writer and journalist (b. 1940)
 2017  Dmitry Smolsky, Belarussian composer and teacher (b. 1937)
 2018  Alves Barbosa, Portuguese cyclist (b. 1931)
 2018  Otis Rush, American blues guitarist and singer (b. 1935)
 2019  Beatriz Aguirre, Mexican actress (b. 1925)
 2019  Busbee, American songwriter (b. 1976)
 2019  Ilkka Laitinen, Finnish military officer and politician (b. 1962)
 2019  Yuriy Meshkov, Russian politician (b. 1945)

Observances
 Christian Feast Day of Michaelmas
 Inventors' Day in Argentina
 International Coffee Day
 Victory of Boquerón Day (Paraguay)

Other websites
 BBC: On This Day

Category:Days of the year

September 29


Hermann Schwörer (1 May 1922 – 24 November 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany.

Schwörer served in the Bundestag between 1958 and 1994. From 1970 to 1979, Schwörer was a member of the European Parliament.

Schwörer died in Berlin on 24 November 2017 at the age of 95.

References

Category:1922 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Former members of the German Bundestag
Category:Former MEPs
Category:MEPs for Germany
Category:Politicians from Berlin
Category:Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

Hermann Schwörer


Common Ground is a nonprofit social services organization. It provides housing for the homeless and others. Their philosophy holds that housing costs less than homeless shelters. It also costs many times less than jail cells or hospital rooms, They also believe that people with psychiatric and other problems can better manage them once they have a place to live. It was started in 1990 by Rosanne Haggerty. Since then the organization has created more than 2,000 units of housing for the homeless. "This is about creating a small town, rather than just a building," according to Haggerty. "It’s about a real mixed society, working with many different people."

Haggerty’s work was recognized in 2001. She was selected as a prize winner and received and award called a MacArthur Fellowship award. The MacArthur Foundation praised her work in saving historic buildings, and fixing them up. She used creative financing which means new ways to deal with banks and other organizations that provide money for housing.

Street To Home
Among Common Ground's activities is documentation of the homeless population. In other words, to study them and write down what is going on so that people can figure out a plan of action. Sometimes this is done while counting the homeless. These counts are sometimes called "enumeration" because they put a number on how many homeless there are.

In these counts, there is a way of writing down who is most vulnerable, who is most in danger from being homeless. This is called a vulnerability index. Workers complete the vulnerability index by asking about medical problems. Then they try to persuade those who spend the most time on the streets to seek permanent housing. They do this even if the people still have drug, alcohol or medical problems. Some of those involved in the issue of homelessness consider Common Ground a pioneer - someone who thinks up new ways to deal with old problems.

However, the count is not an end to itself, but a first step.  According to Becky Kanis, the Director of Common Ground’s "Innovations Department",

The important part is what we do with this information. We want to move from crisis management to lasting solutions. Other cities have done that successfully. We plan to do the same. ... At the real end of the day the only thing that’s going to matter is the people who have been ... unwilling to accept the offers of shelter... Can we reach them and make a positive difference in their lives?... "

Some people have asked if what works in New York will work in other places.

Kanis states: "We don’t know exactly what’s going to work here in New York, but we know what’s worked in other cities. Therefore, we’re going to spend our efforts doing those things, and as we find smarter and better ways to do things we will adopt them.

References

Other websites

Common Ground Relief
 Prince George Ballroom
Common Ground Adelaide
CRISIS UK
Unity of greater New Orleans
Toronto's Homes First Society

Category:Charities

Common Ground


McCammon is a city in Idaho in the United States.

Category:Cities in Idaho

McCammon, Idaho


Vigevano Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.

Category:Italian football clubs
Category:1921 establishments in Italy

Vigevano Calcio


Color television is a television transmission technology that includes information on the color of the picture, so the video image can be displayed in color on the television set.  It was an upgraded form from black and white to color transmission in the 1960s to the 1980s.

The invention of color television standards is an important part of the history of television, and it is described in the technology of television article.

References

Category:Television

Color television


Córdoba usually refers to:
 Córdoba, Argentina (pop. 1,300,000), capital city of the province, and the largest city with this name
 Córdoba, Andalusia, Spain (pop. 338,000), capital of the historic Caliphate of Córdoba, and the city from which the name originates

Córdoba may also refer to:

People

 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador) (d. 1517)
 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua) (d. 1526)
 Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1453–1515), Spanish military leader
 Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba (1585–1645), Spanish military leader
 Iván Córdoba (born 1976), Colombian footballer
 Piedad Córdoba (born 1955), Colombian senator

Places

Argentina
 Córdoba Province, Argentina, one of the country's 23 federal provinces

Colombia
 Córdoba, Quindío, municipality in Quindío Department
 Córdoba, Bolívar, municipality in Bolívar Department
 Córdoba, Nariño, town and municipality in the Nariño Department
 Córdoba Department, one of the country's 32 departments

Mexico
 Córdoba, Veracruz

Spain
 Córdoba Province (Spain)
 Córdoba (Spanish Congress Electoral District)
 Córdoba (Vino de la Tierra), wine producing region in Spain

Historical Islamic states
 Emirate of Córdoba, 756–929
 Caliphate of Córdoba, 929–1031
 Taifa of Córdoba, 11th century

Other
 Great Mosque of Córdoba
 Córdoba (Albéniz), Op. 232, No. 4, a musical composition by Isaac Albéniz
 Córdoba C.F., Spanish football club
 Cordoba Fighting Dog, an extinct Argentine dog breed
 Cordoba Guitars, a guitar manufacturer
 Nicaraguan córdoba, the currency of Nicaragua
 Chrysler Cordoba, a car produced by Chrysler
 SEAT Córdoba, a car manufactured by SEAT

Córdoba


A natural disaster is a major bad event caused by the natural processes of the Earth, consisting of floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions.

And often human activities also make causes of natural disasters, such as climate change and deforestation.

A volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some of the ejected materials.

Eruptions can come from side branches or from the top of the volcano. Some eruptions are terrible explosions that throw out huge amounts of rock and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series.

It is the damage to humans and their property which counts most. Therefore, one can say: "disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability". If a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster.

References

Other websites
  US news site focused on disaster-related news.

Natural disaster


Hoss Ellington (May 12, 1935 – May 31, 2014) was an American NASCAR driver and team owner. He made 31 starts as a driver between 1968 and 1970 in the Grand National (now Sprint Cup). Of those races, he finished in the top 10 four times, all in 1969. He later became a team owner with success. He had five wins, four of them by Donnie Allison and the other one by David Pearson. He fielded cars for drivers such as Fred Lorenzen, Cale Yarborough, A. J. Foyt, Donnie Allison, David Pearson, Kyle Petty, and Dale Jarrett, as well as others.

Ellington was born in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Ellington died from liver cancer on May 31, 2014 in Wilmington, North Carolina, aged 79.

References

Other websites
 Hoss Ellington owner statistics at Racing Reference
 Hoss Ellington driver statistics at Racing Reference

Category:1935 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Cancer deaths in the United States
Category:Deaths from liver cancer
Category:NASCAR drivers
Category:Sportspeople from Raleigh, North Carolina

Hoss Ellington


The Isle of Man Government () is the government of the Isle of Man.  The formal head of the Isle of Man Government is the Lieutenant Governor, representing HM Queen Elizabeth II, Lord of Mann.  The executive head is the Chief Minister.

Douglas, the largest town on the Isle of Man is its capital and seat of government, where the Government offices and the parliament chambers () are located.

The Civil Service has more than 2000 employees and the total number of public sector employees including the Civil Service, teachers, nurses, police, etc. is about 9000 people. This is somewhat more than 10% of the population of the Island, and a full 23% of the working population. This does not include any military forces, as defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

Government structure
The Government consists of nine departments, ten statutory boards and three offices all reporting to the Council of Ministers. The departments all report directly to the Council of Ministers.

Statutory boards and offices are listed below the Department to which they report.

Council of Ministers
The Personnel Office
Civil Service Commission
Whitley Council (for manual workers)
Chief Secretary's Office
Attorney General's Chambers

Departments
Treasury
Financial Supervision Commission
Insurance and Pensions Authority
General Registry
Department of Home Affairs
Communications Commission
Department of Health
Department of Education and Children
Department of Economic Development
Office of Fair Trading
Isle of Man Post Office
Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority
Manx Electricity Authority
Department of Community, Culture and Leisure
Department of Infrastructure
Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture
Department of Social Care
Non-departmental bodies
 Manx National Heritage is a non-departmental organization, run by trustees appointed by Tynwald.
 The Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission is an independent body, originally created in 1960 as the Isle of Man Gaming Board, with members appointed by the Council of Ministers.
 The Isle of Man Data Protection Supervisor is responsible for the administration of data protection in the Isle of Man.

Ministers

Treasury - Hon Anne Craine MHK
Department of Home Affairs - Hon Adrian Earnshaw MHK
Department of Health - Hon David Anderson MHK
Department of Education and Children - Hon Eddie Teare MHK
Department of Economic Development - Hon Allan Bell MHK
Department of Community, Culture and Leisure - Hon David Cretney MHK
Department of Infrastructure - Hon Phil Gawne MHK
Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture - Hon John Shimmin MHK
Department of Social Care - Hon Martyn Quayle MHK

Statutory Boards
Isle of Man Office of Fair Trading
Chairman: Bill Henderson MHK
Chief Executive: Nick Black
Financial Supervision Commission
Chairman: Rosemary Penn
Chief Executive: John Aspden
Insurance and Pensions Authority
Chairman: vacant
Chief Executive: David Vick
Isle of Man Post Office
Chairman: Alan Crowe MLC
Chief Executive: Bill Collister
Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority
Chairman: Tim Crookall MHK
Chief Executive: Patrick Heaton Armstrong
Manx Electricity Authority
Chairman: Quintin Gill MHK
Chief Executive: Ashton Lewis
Communications Commission
Chairman: Adrian Earnshaw MHK (Minister of Home Affairs ex-officio)
Director: Anthony Hewitt

Other Boards and Offices of Government
General Registry
Chief Registrar: Stephen Cregeen
Civil Service Commission
Chairman: John Houghton MHK
Chief Officer: Brenda Skillicorn
Manx Museum and National Trust (commonly called Manx National Heritage)
Chairman: Martin Moore
Director: Edmund Southworth
Isle of Man Gambling Supervision Commission
Chairman: Jane O'Rourke

Brief history

Lieutenant Governor
Before modern times the government of the Isle of Man was in the hands of the Governor (or Lieutenant Governor), who representated the Lord of Man, assisted by his Council, consisting of the other permanent officials (the Bishop, Archdeacon, Deemsters, Attorney General, etc.).  The Council became the Legislative Council, the upper chamber of Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man.

After the Revestment (when the rights of the Lord of Man were "placed in" or "vested" in the King of Great Britain) in 1765, the Lieutenant Governor and his officials were the agents of the British Government, and not democratically responsible to the Manx people. Conflict between the House of Keys (popularly elected after 1866) and the Lieutenant Governor came to a head when Lord Raglan was Lieutenant Governor between 1902 and 1918.

Council of Ministers
After World War I the Lieutenant Governor gradually gave up control to Tynwald, a process guided by the reports of commissions and other bodies in 1911, 1959 and 1969. An Executive Council, chaired by him and including members of Tynwald, was established in 1949, and gradually thereafter became the effective government of the Island. Finance and the police came under local control between 1958 and 1976.  The Lieutenant Governor stopped chairing the Executive Council in 1980, and was replaced by a chairman elected by Tynwald, and the Council was reconstituted in 1985 to include the chairmen of the eight principal Boards; in 1986 they were given the title 'Minister' and the chairman was styled 'Chief Minister'. In 1990 the Council was renamed the 'Council of Ministers'.

Departments
During the 19th century several bodies, which came to be known as 'Boards of Tynwald', were created to exercise functions under democratic control. These included the Board of Education (1872), Highway Board (1874), Asylums Board (1888), Government Property Trustees (1891) and Local Government Board (1894).  However, although direct taxation was levied by Tynwald, the Boards' freedom of action before the 1960s was limited by the Lieutenant Governor's control of the Island's budget and his power to appoint certain of their members.

The structure of the Boards of Tynwald, along with other bodies variously called 'Statutory Boards' and 'Commercial Boards', became increasingly unwieldy after the 1950s, and was eventually reformed in the 1980s, when a system of 'ministerial government' was set up.

Until 1 April 2010 the Departments were as follows.  Created in 1985-87, they were the successors of the former Boards of Tynwald.
Treasury (1985)
Finance Board (1961–1985)
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (1986)
Board of Agriculture (1914–46)
Fishery Conservators (1882–1927), Fisheries Board (1927–46)
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries (1946–86)
Trustees of the Common Lands (1866–1915), Common Lands Board (1915–50), Forestry, Mines and Lands Board (1950–86)
Department of Education (1987)
Board of Education (1872–99), Council of Education (1899–1946), Isle of Man Board of Education (1946–2009) (The Board continued in existence as a popularly elected body, but with reduced functions, after the Department of Education was created in 1987; it was not finally dissolved until June 2009.)
Isle of Man Central Education Authority (1920–23), Isle of Man Education Authority (1923–68)
Department of Health and Social Security (1986)
Asylums Board (1888–1932), Mental Hospital Board (1932–48), Isle of Man Health Services Board (1948–86)
Old Age Pensions and National Health Insurance Board (1920–39), Health Insurance and Pensions Board (1939–46), Isle of Man Board of Social Services (1946–70), Isle of Man Board of Social Security (1970–86)
Department of Transport (1986) (originally Department of Highways, Ports and Properties; renamed 1994)
Committee of Highways (1776–1874), Highway Board (1874–1946), Isle of Man Highway and Transport Board (1946–86)
Commissioners for Harbours (1771–1872), Isle of Man Harbour Commissioners (1872–1948), Isle of Man Harbour Board (1948–86)
Isle of Man Airports Board (1948–86)
Government Property Trustees (1891–1986)
Department of Home Affairs (1986)
Isle of Man Police Board (1962–81), Home Affairs Board (1981–86)
Isle of Man Broadcasting Commission (1965–81)
Civil Defence Commission (1955–81)
Department of Trade and Industry (1986) (originally Department of Industry; renamed 1996)
Industry Board (1981–86)
Department of Local Government and the Environment (1986)
Local Government Board (1894–1946), Isle of Man Local Government Board (1946–86)
Department of Tourism and Leisure (1986) (originally Department of Tourism and Transport; renamed 1994)
Advertising Committee (1897–1904), Board of Advertising (1904–31), Isle of Man Publicity Board (1931–52), Isle of Man Tourist Board (1952–86)
Manx Electric Railway Board (1957–82), Isle of Man Passenger Transport Board (1982–86)

The structure and functions of the Departments were re-organised with effect from 1 April 2010. The existing Departments, except the Treasury and the Departments of Education and Home Affairs, were dissolved, and the Department of Education was renamed "the Department of Education and Children". The Departments and their functions are now as follows:
Treasury
taxation, internal audit, currency, census, elections
Department of Community, Culture and Leisure
passenger transport, culture, sport and recreation
Department of Economic Development
tourism, employment, merchant shipping, civil aviation, trade, industry, intellectual property, companies, information technology, e-business, financial services
Department of Education and Children
education
Department of Environment, Food and Agriculture
agriculture, fisheries, animal health and welfare, plant health, food safety, burial and cremation, water pollution, environmental health, medicinal products
Department of Health
health services
Department of Home Affairs
police, fire services, prisons, probation, emergency planning, civil defence
Department of Infrastructure
local government, road traffic, highways, harbours, airports, health and safety at work, planning and conservation, building control, waste disposal, public utilities, mines and minerals, licensing and registration of vehicles
Department of Social Care
social services, social security, mental health, social housing

Statutory Boards
As noted above, a number of 'Statutory Boards' and 'Commercial Boards' were created at various times.  Some were taken over by the Departments in 1985-1987, but others continued as separate Statutory Boards after 1987:
Isle of Man Office of Fair Trading (1998)
Consumer Council (1972–1981), Board of Consumer Affairs (1981–1998)
Financial Supervision Commission (1982)
Insurance and Pensions Authority (1996)
Insurance Authority (1986–1996)
Isle of Man Post Office (1993)
Isle of Man Post Office Authority (1972–1993)
Isle of Man Water and Sewerage Authority (2010)
Isle of Man Water Board (1946–1972), Isle of Man Water Authority (1972–1974), Isle of Man Water and Gas Authority (1974–1985), Isle of Man Water Authority (1985–2010)
Isle of Man Gas Authority (1972–1974)
Manx Electricity Authority (1983)
Isle of Man Electricity Board (1932–1984)
Communications Commission (1989)
Telecommunications Commission (1985–1989)

References

Category:Government of the Isle of Man

Isle of Man Government


Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 101,492. The county seat is Union. The county was founded in 1818 and is named after Founding Father Benjamin Franklin.

References

Category:1818 establishments in Missouri Territory
Category:Missouri counties

Franklin County, Missouri


Josh Holloway (born July 20, 1969 in San Jose, California) is an American actor most known for his role as James "Sawyer" Ford on ABC's Emmy award-winning show Lost.

Filmography

Film

Television

Music videos and games

Awards and nominations

References

Other websites

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:American television actors
Category:Actors from Santa Clara County, California
Category:People from San Jose, California

Josh Holloway


Andrew Marienhoff Sessler (December 11, 1928 – April 18, 2014) was an American physicist, academic (University of California, Berkeley) and humanitarian. He was the President of the American Physical Society during 1998. He won the Enrico Fermi Award in 2013. He was born in New York City, New York.

Sessler died from cancer on April 18, 2014 in Oakland, California. He was 85.

References

Other websites

Category:1928 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:American academics
Category:American physicists
Category:Cancer deaths in the United States
Category:Columbia University alumni
Category:Harvard University alumni
Category:Scientists from New York City

Andrew Sessler


Taisto Kalevi Sorsa (21 December 1930 – 16 January 2004) was a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland three times: 1972–1975, 1977–1979 and 1982–1987. At the time of his death he still held the record for most days of incumbency as prime minister. He was also a long-time leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland.

Early years
Kalevi Sorsa went to school in Jyväskylä and Lappeenranta.

At the age of 18 Sorsa's involvement with SDP politics started in Lappeenranta. In 1969, he was brought in from relative obscurity by Rafael Paasio, former Finnish prime minister, to assume the influential post of party secretary, despite not having much previous experience of national politics.

A 2008 book by historian Jukka Seppinen suggested that Sorsa was at this date already receiving support from Soviet backers in the KGB. Prior to his political career, Sorsa worked in Paris for UNESCO from 1959 to 1965, and was Secretary-General of the Finnish UNESCO board from 1965 to 1969. In the late 1960s he also was an official in the Ministry of Education.

Prime Minister and Foreign Minister (1972-1989)

Sorsa and domestic politics
Sorsa was a leading political figure during the presidencies of Kekkonen and Koivisto. He was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party from 1975 to 1987 and was Prime Minister of Finland in four cabinets for a total of ten years (1972–1975, 1977–1979, 1982–1983, 1983–1987). He remains Finland's longest-serving prime minister.

After his premiership he was the Speaker of the Finnish Parliament from 1989 to 1991. During his career he also served twice as Deputy Prime Minister, from 1975 to 1976 and from 1987 to 1989. From 1987 to 1996, Sorsa served on the governing board of the Bank of Finland.

Sorsa is regarded as one of Finland's most influential prime ministers, making major contributions to schools and health care, and increasing social security for families with children and pensioners. His governments strengthened the welfare state in Finland, by enacting  many reforms—child care laws, longer maternity leave, the annual vacation benefit act, as well as the public health act.

In domestic politics, Sorsa had a particularly difficult relationship with Paavo Väyrynen, the strong-willed head of the Center Party. Another notable conflict was his rivalry with young rising politician Paavo Lipponen.

In June 1984, Sorsa gave a speech on "infocracy" (i.e. the power of the mass media) at the Social Democratic party convention. Infocracy challenges parliamentary democracy, is unintelligent and avoids discussing social problems, he said: it takes more interest in individual politicians than political issues and is never critical of its own actions.

References

Other websites
Kalevi Sorsa Foundation

Category:1930 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Prime Ministers of Finland
Category:Speakers of the Parliament of Finland

Kalevi Sorsa


Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, also called "white spot disease", "ick" or "ich" is a disease that causes little white spots on fresh water fish. It is one of the most common parasites of fish. It often affects pet fish in tanks and ponds, as well as farm-raised food fish species. Wild fish populations can also get the parasite.

Life cycle
Ich is a parasite, it can only survive by living on the skin of the fish, this is called being "obligate".  The parasite moves by a fish carrying it, other animals, or even humans. The life cycle has three stages: tomont, theront, and trophont. The tomont stage is the adult stage of the parasite.  When this adult tomont leaves the fish, it falls to the bottom of the pond. Once the tomont falls to the bottom, it forms a thin cyst wall. Within that cyst wall the tomont begins to divide, creating thousands of tomites. Once all the tomites are made, they are released into the water. Once this occurs, the tomites then develop into an elongated form and are then known as a theront. Theronts are the developmental stage that then can swim to the fish and burrow itself into the epithelial skin. They do this by using a penetrating gland. What makes them an obligate parasite is that if they are not able to penetrate the fish’s skin they will die, so to survive, they need to get into the fish. Once they are in the fish’s skin they are then known as trophonts. The trophonts are protected from the chemical treatment in aquariums or ponds by the fish’s skin, and therefore it is difficult to get rid of them once the fish is infected. The trophonts then mature by feeding on the fish and become adults. The life cycle continues when the adults fall off again. The only stage that can be killed in the water is the tomonts and the theronts.

Also interestingly, the I. multifiliis life cycle from birth to death depends on the temperature of the water. In warm water, 25 °C (77 °F), the parasite's whole life cycle can take place in seven days. In cold water, 6 °C (43 °F), it can take up to eight weeks.

Disease
The disease starts when the parasite digs into the skin of the fish. This causes swelling and white spots to form. After a few days, the parasite turns into a trophozoite, a jelly-like substance. This falls off the fish and lives on the bottom of the tank. Inside the jelly are hundreds of baby parasites called tomites. These eventually can swim by themselves and go looking for another fish to live in.

Fish may have Ichthyophthirius multifiliis without there being anything to see. Fish owners need to be careful about where they get their fish from, as the disease can spread very easily. There are a number of different ways to try to get rid of the parasite. One method is to heat the water to kill the parasites in the water before they can infect the fish. Another method is to add salt to the water, or put the fish into a salt water bath. The water should be changed frequently to remove the parasites. Chemicals are also available which will kill Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. All these treatments need to be carefully planned for the type of fish species.

Fish with the disease will:
 Stop eating and lose weight
 Breathe quickly
 Hide
 Rest on the bottom of the tank
 Rub and scratch against objects

Treatment
If you find that your fish is infected, here are some simple procedures to follow to help your fish.

 Formalin prolonged immersion
 Formalin/malachite green prolonged immersion
 Salt prolonged immersion
 Copper prolonged immersion (ponds only)
 Raise the temperature to >30 degrees Celsius or 86 degrees Fahrenheit for 10 days.
 Formalin bath weekly (until fish is cured)
 Transfer fish to a new aquarium daily for 7 days at 25 degrees Celsius or 77 degrees Fahrenheit

References

Other websites
White Spot

Category:Fish
Category:Parasites

Ichthyophthirius multifiliis


The Story of Doctor Dolittle is a 1920 book about Doctor John Dolittle and his animals. This book is the first in a series of children's books by Hugh Lofting. The Story of Doctor Dolittle is about   a doctor who can speak with the animals in their own languages. He starts treating animals instead of human patients.

The book is set in Victorian England. Dolittle lives in the English village of Puddleby-on-the-Marsh in the West Country. He has many  friends, like Tommy Stubbins and Matthew Mugg, the Cats'-Meat Man. His house is filled with animals. He owns a parrot called Polynesia, a pig called Gub-Gub, a dog called Jip, a duck called Dab-Dab, a monkey called Chee-Chee,  an owl called Too-Too,  and a white mouse named  "Whitey". He also owns a gazelle-unicorn cross called "pushmi-pullyu" ("push-me—pull-you") that has  two heads, one at the back and one at the front of the body.
The doctor in this first book takes a ship to Africa to cure the animals there.

References

Category:Children's books
Category:British novels
Category:1920s books

The Story of Doctor Dolittle


The diamondback rattlesnake is a very poisonous rattlesnake. Diamondbacks are found from Florida to California. The bite from a big rattlesnake can hold enough poison to kill a person. However, if the victim gets to a doctor quickly enough, he or she can usually survive. People who spend time in regions where diamondback rattlesnakes live should take a few precautions. People must be especially careful around caves. Rattlesnakes sometimes hibernate in caves during cool weather. People can listen carefully for its unusual rattling noise, to know where it is hiding.

References

Category:Vipers
Category:Reptiles of North America

Diamondback rattlesnake


A night terror, also known as a sleep terror, is a sleep disorder that causes extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The person having the night terror wakes up suddenly, usually gasping, moaning, or screaming while waking. It is often impossible to wake up the person fully because they are so concentrated on waking, and after the terror the subject normally settles back to sleep without waking. A night terror can rarely be recalled by the subject. They typically occur during non-rapid eye movement sleep.

Other websites
Night Terror Resource Center
eMedicine Health: Night Terrors
National Institutes of Health, Medline Plus: Night Terrors
National Library of Medicine - Medical Subject Headings: Night Terrors

Category:Sleep disorders
Category:Health problems

Night terror


Girls Aloud was a British girl group created by an ITV television show named Popstars: The Rivals in 2002. The group's members were Cheryl Cole (née Tweedy), Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts and Kimberley Walsh. Girls Aloud have become one of the most successful British pop groups of the 2000s, with a record-breaking twenty consecutive Top 10 singles (including four number ones), six platinum albums (including two number ones) and record sales of more than 4.3 million in the UK.  They have also been nominated for five BRIT Awards, winning Best Single in 2009 for The Promise. The Guinness Book of World Records list them as "the most successful reality TV group of all time".  In March 2013, the group announced that they were splitting up.

Albums
 Sound of the Underground (2003)
 What Will the Neighbours Say? (2004)
 Chemistry (2005)
 Tangled Up (2007)
 Out of Control (2008)

Compilations
 The Sound of Girls Aloud (2006)
 Ten (2012)

Singles
 Sound of the Underground (2002)
 No Good Advice (2003)
 Life Got Cold (2003)
 Jump (2003)
 The Show (2004)
 Love Machine (2004)
 I'll Stand By You (2004)
 Wake Me Up (2005)
 Long Hot Summer (2005)
 Biology (2005)
 See The Day (2005)
 Whole Lotta History (2006)
 Something Kinda Ooooh (2006)
 I Think We're Alone Now (2006)
 Sexy! No No No... (2007)
 Call The Shots (2007)
 Can't Speak French (2008)
 The Promise (2008)
 The Loving Kind (2009)
 Untouchable (2009)
 Something New (2012)
 Beautiful 'Cause You Love Me (2012)

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:2002 establishments in England
Category:2000s British music groups
Category:2010s British music groups
Category:2013 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Category:British girl groups
Category:British pop music groups

Category:Musical groups established in 2002
Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2013
Category:Musical groups from London
Category:Musical quintets

Girls Aloud


is an action-adventure video game made by Konami for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the sequel to Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow for the Game Boy Advance and stars Soma Cruz. It is very popular, and is one of the best DS games.

References

Category:2005 video games
Dawn of Sorrow
Category:Nintendo DS games
Category:Nintendo DS-only games

Castlevania: Dawn of Sorrow


Amyloidosis is a rare and serious disease that could be fatal that is caused by accumulation of proteins in the form of abnormal, insoluble fibres, known as amyloid fibrils, within the tissues of the body.

Amyloid deposits can be confined to only one part of the body or a single organ system in 'local amyloidosis' or they can be widely distributed in organs and tissues throughout the body in 'systemic amyloidosis'. The symptoms of amyloidosis are accordingly highly variable and confirmation of the presence of amyloid in the tissues can be challenging, so that diagnosis is often delayed.

There are many different types of amyloidosis, each caused by formation of amyloid fibrils from different soluble precursor proteins in different patients. About 30 different proteins are known to form amyloid fibrils in humans and amyloidosis is named and classified according to the identity of the respective fibril protein.

Though this disease being rare, many famous people have died from this disease such as: Martin McGuinness, David Lange, Robert Jordan and Robert P. Casey.

References

Other websites
 National Press Club Luncheon with Michael York, August 2016. Michael York who has amyloidosis, speaks from 4:00-60:00

Category:Diseases

Amyloidosis


Hokuto Nakamura (born 10 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.

Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="5"|Avispa Fukuoka||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2005||34||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||34||4
|-
|2006||J. League 1||30||4||1||0||2||0||33||4
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008||38||3||1||0||colspan="2"|-||39||3
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||10||2||2||1||2||0||14||3
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
115||13||4||1||4||0||123||14
115||13||4||1||4||0||123||14
|}

References
Tokyo

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Nagasaki Prefecture

Hokuto Nakamura


Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom (also spelled Strydom) also known as J.G. Strydom or Hans Strydom (July 14 1893-August 24 1958) nicknamed the Lion of the North, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 30 November 1954 to 24 August 1958.<ref
name=BOE_JG_Strijdom /> He was an Afrikaner nationalist, and a supporter of apartheid.

References

Category:1893 births
Category:1958 deaths
Category:Prime Ministers of South Africa

Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom