Alcoholic proof is a measure of how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. It is commonly used the world over, on the basis that 100 degrees proof is the equivalent of    50 % alcohol by volume (ABV or Alc/Vol). In the United States, it is double the percentage of ABV.

Where it comes from
This system was introduced in the 18th century. The British claim that this term has a nautical background. Every evening, sailors would line up for their daily quota of grog/rum. This had to first be proved to be as strong as promised and not watered down. The spirit was tested with gunpowder: a mixture of water and alcohol proved itself when it could be poured on a small amount of gunpowder and still light up the wet powder. If the powder did not ignite, the mixture had too much water in it and the  grog was considered below proof. It might have happened  earlier, as the Americans claim that this definition came about in the 17th century when European traders began making a large quantity of distilled spirits and wine available to American Indians. The very same process led to the nickname firewater, this time given by Native Americans. There is no record of the finite strength of the distilled spirits in the context of its sale to or consumption by Native Americans.
A "proven" solution was defined as 100 degrees proof (100°). People have found out that this takes 57.15% ethanol. This value is still used as the British definition. A simpler ratio to remember is seven to four: 70° proof is 40% alcohol by volume.

A hydrometer can be used to measure the precise proof of a spirit. This test has gone through many formal changes.

Laws

EU
The European Union member nations have broadly adopted the recommendation of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) which measures percentage of alcohol by volume at 20 °C.

British proof spirits
In Britain, this replaced the Sikes hydrometer system (based on proof spirit) which was used since 1816, although officially the Customs and Excise Act of 1952 defined "spirits of proof strength" (or proof spirits):

"Spirits shall be deemed to be at proof if the volume of the ethyl alcohol contained therein made up to the volume of the spirits with distilled water has a weight equal to that of twelve-thirteenths of a volume of distilled water equal to the volume of the spirits, the volume of each liquid being computed as at fifty-one degrees Fahrenheit."

Previously, Clarke's hydrometer had been used since the 1740s when Customs and Excise and London brewers and distillers began to use Clarke's hydrometer.

United States
In the definition of the United States, the proof number is twice the percentage of the alcohol content measured by volume at a temperature of 60°F (15.5°C). Therefore, "80 proof" is 40% alcohol by volume (most of the other 60% is water). If a 150 proof beverage is mixed half-and-half with water, the drink is 75 proof.

US Federal regulation (CFR 27 5.37 Alcohol Content) requires that liquor labels state the percentage alcohol by volume (sometimes abbreviated ABV). The regulations permit (but do not require) a statement of the degrees proof as long as it is right next to the percentage alcohol by volume.

Alcohol during production
Alcohol is produced by yeast during the process of fermentation. The other product of fermentation is carbon dioxide, which is the gas that can make beer bottles explode or blow their tops off. The amount of alcohol in the finished liquid depends on how much sugar there was at the beginning for the yeast to convert into alcohol. In beer, the alcohol is generally 3% to 12% (6 to 24 proof) and usually about 4% to 6% (8 to 12 proof). Depending on the strain of yeast, wines top out at about 14% to 16% (28 to 32 proof), because that is the point in the fermentation process where the alcohol concentration denatures the yeast. Since the 1990s, a few alcohol-tolerant 'superyeast' strains have become commercially available, which can ferment up to 20%.

Very few microorganisms can live in alcoholic solutions. The main three are yeast, Brettanomyces, and Acetobacter. In what is essentially disinfection, yeast keeps multiplying as long as there is sugar to "eat", gradually increasing the alcoholic content of the solution and killing off all other microorganisms, and eventually themselves. There are "fortified" wines with a higher alcohol concentration than that because stronger alcohol has been mixed with them.

Stronger liquors are distilled after fermentation is complete to separate the alcoholic liquid from the remains of the grain, fruit, or whatever it was made from. The idea of distillation is that a mixture of liquids is heated, the one with the lowest boiling point will evaporate (or "boil off") first, and then the one with the next lowest boiling point, and so on. The catch is that water and alcohol form a mixture (called an azeotrope) that has a lower boiling point than either one of them, so what distills off first is that mixture of 95% alcohol and 5% water.  Thus a distilled liquor cannot be stronger than 95% (190 proof); there are other techniques for separating liquids that can produce 100% ethanol (or "absolute alcohol"), but they are used only for scientific or industrial purposes. 100% ethanol does not stay 100% for very long, because it is hygroscopic and absorbs water out of the atmosphere.

References

Other websites
History of the Sikes Hydrometer

Category:Alcoholic drink

Alcoholic proof


Braine-le-Château is a municipality in the Belgian province of Walloon Brabant.

In 2007, 9517 people lived there.

It is at 50° 40 North, 04° 16 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of Walloon Brabant

Braine-le-Château


Roger Yonchien Tsien (; February 1, 1952 – August 24, 2016) was a Chinese-American biochemist. He was a professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego. He was awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein with organic chemist Osamu Shimomura and neurobiologist Martin Chalfie.

References

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese scientists
Category:American biologists
Category:American chemists
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:Scientists from New York City
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Scientists from Oregon
Category:People from Eugene, Oregon

Roger Y. Tsien


is a former Japanese football player.

Club statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Oita Trinita||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||1||0||||||||||||
|-
|2000||0||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||
1||0||||||||||||
|}

References

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture

Ryohei Koike


A storm is a violent meteorological phenomena in which there is heavy rain, and wind due to moisture in the air. Hail and Lightning are also common in storms. More rarely, Tornadoes can occur in storms.

Hurricanes, typhoons, and tornadoes are, often, called storms too but they have special names because they are very, very strong. Storms are studied by scientists called meteorologists. The idea of shipping forecasts started with a concern to save ships from unexpected storms in the North Atlantic. A storm is associated with severe weather and may be marked by strong wind,  thunder, lightning and heavy precipitation such as ice. Therefore, the knowledge of the weather condition is extremely important.

There are many varieties and names for storms: icestorm, blizzard, snowstorm, ocean-storm, firestorm, etc. The storms called thunderstorms develop in hot, humid tropical areas like India very frequently. The rising temperatures produce strong upward rising winds. These winds carry water droplets upwards, where they freeze, and fall down again. The swift movement of the falling water droplets along with the rising air create lighting and sound.

Notes

Category:Severe weather

Storm


The arrondissement of Blois is an arrondissement of France, in the Loir-et-Cher department of the Centre-Val de Loire region. Its capital is the city of Blois.

History
When the Loir-et-Cher department was created on 1800, the arrondissement of Blois was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Blois is a central arrondissement in the Loir-et-Cher department. It  is the second largest arrondissement of the department, , but it is the one with more people living in it, with 173,125 inhabitants.

It is bordered to the north by the Eure-et-Loir department, to the northeast by the Loiret department, to the east and south by the arrondissement of Romorantin-Lanthenay, to the west by the Indre-et-Loire department and to the northwest by the arrondissement of Vendôme.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

The cantons in the arrondissement of Blois are:

 La Beauce (4101)
 Blois-1 (4102)
 Blois-2 (4103)
 Blois-3 (4104) (partly)
 Chambord (4105) (partly)
 Onzain (4108)
 Vineuil (4115)

Communes
The arrondissement of Blois has 94 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

Autainville (41006)
Avaray (41008)
Averdon (41009)
Bauzy (41013)
Beauce-la-Romaine (41173)
Binas (41017)
Blois (41018)
Boisseau (41019)
Bracieux (41025)
Briou (41027)
Candé-sur-Beuvron (41029)
Cellettes (41031)
Chailles (41032)
Chambord (41034)
Champigny-en-Beauce (41035)
La Chapelle-Saint-Martin-en-Plaine (41039)
La Chapelle-Vendômoise (41040)
Chaumont-sur-Loire (41045)
La Chaussée-Saint-Victor (41047)
Cheverny (41050)
Chitenay (41052)
Conan (41057)
Concriers (41058)
Cormeray (41061)
Courbouzon (41066)
Cour-Cheverny (41067)
Courmemin (41068)
Cour-sur-Loire (41069)
Crouy-sur-Cosson (41071)
Épiais (41077)
La Ferté-Saint-Cyr (41085)
Fontaines-en-Sologne (41086)
Fossé (41091)
Françay (41093)
Herbault (41101)
Huisseau-sur-Cosson (41104)
Josnes (41105)
Lancôme (41108)
Landes-le-Gaulois (41109)
Lestiou (41114)
Lorges (41119)
La Madeleine-Villefrouin (41121)
Marchenoir (41123)
Marolles (41128)
Maslives (41129)
Maves (41130)
Menars (41134)
Mer (41136)
Mesland (41137)
Monteaux (41144)
Monthou-sur-Bièvre (41145)
Les Montils (41147)
Montlivault (41148)
Mont-près-Chambord (41150)
Muides-sur-Loire (41155)
Mulsans (41156)
Neuvy (41160)
Oucques la Nouvelle (41171)
Le Plessis-l'Échelle (41178)
Rhodon (41188)
Rilly-sur-Loire (41189)
Roches (41191)
Saint-Bohaire (41203)
Saint-Claude-de-Diray (41204)
Saint-Cyr-du-Gault (41205)
Saint-Denis-sur-Loire (41206)
Saint-Dyé-sur-Loire (41207)
Saint-Étienne-des-Guérets (41208)
Saint-Gervais-la-Forêt (41212)
Saint-Laurent-des-Bois (41219)
Saint-Laurent-Nouan (41220)
Saint-Léonard-en-Beauce (41221)
Saint-Lubin-en-Vergonnois (41223)
Saint-Sulpice-de-Pommeray (41230)
Sambin (41233)
Santenay (41234)
Séris (41245)
Seur (41246)
Suèvres (41252)
Talcy (41253)
Thoury (41260)
Tour-en-Sologne (41262)
Valaire (41266)
Valencisse (41142)
Valloire-sur-Cisse (41055)
Veuzain-sur-Loire (41167)
Vievy-le-Rayé (41273)
Villebarou (41276)
Villefrancœur (41281)
Villeneuve-Frouville (41284)
Villerbon (41288)
Villermain (41289)
Villexanton (41292)
Vineuil (41295)

The communes with more inhabitants in the arrondissement are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Loir-et-Cher department
 List of arrondissements of France

References

Blois

Arrondissement of Blois


BeatrIX is a GNU/Linux,live CD-based Linux distribution started by Steven Watsky, it was designed to look very simple, in order to be as easy to use as possible to new users. A new BeatrIX desktop has just four icons (e-mail, instant messaging, word processing and web browser). Hence, anyone who has some computer experience will be able to use BeatrIX.

BeatrIX is a small operating system, taking up only 200MB. The liveCD fits into 80 mm discs that can store up to 184 MB of data.

BeatrIX uses Linux 2.6.7 and GNOME 2.8 as its GUI desktop. It has productivity tools such as OpenOffice.org 1.1.2, Mozilla Firefox (version 1.0) web browser, Gaim (version 1.0), etc.

BeatrIX has been discontinued since 2005 due to Steven Watsky's lapse in health. Another distro called BeaFanatIX is using the code of BeatrIX and continuing development.

Related pages
 GNU/Linux
List of Linux distributions

Other websites
Softpedia BeatrIX Linux
BeaFanatIX home page
Download BeatriX

Category:Linux distributions
Category:Debian-based Linux distributions

BeatrIX


Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith II (November 2, 1860 - July 8, 1898) was an American confidence trickster and gangster. He was a major figure in organized crime in Colorado and Skagway, Alaska.

He was born in Coweta County, Georgia. He was killed in a shootout in Skagway when he was 37.

References

Category:1860 births
Category:1898 deaths
Category:American gangsters
Category:Deaths by firearm in the United States
Category:People from Georgia (U.S. state)

Soapy Smith


Foss is a town of Oklahoma in the United States.

Category:Towns in Oklahoma

Foss, Oklahoma


Akihiro Sakata (born 16 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Cerezo Osaka||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||4||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2008||1||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||6||0||1||0||7||0
|-
|2010||J. League 1||||||||||||
11||0||1||0||12||0
11||0||1||0||12||0
|}

References
Shonan Bellmare

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Kyoto

Akihiro Sakata


Peter Michael Whittingham  (8 September 1984 – 19 March 2020) was an English professional footballer. His primary position was as a central midfielder.

He was part of the Aston Villa team that won the FA Youth Cup in 2002, and a year later he made his Premier League debut. Whittingham had loans at Championship clubs Burnley and Derby County in 2005. In January 2007, he signed for Cardiff City for a fee of £350,000.

In eleven seasons at Cardiff, Whittingham played 457 competitive matches and scored 96 goals, putting him seventh all-time appearances list.

Whittingham died on 19 March 2020, aged 35, at a Cardiff hospital, after suffering a head injury three days before.

References

Category:1984 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Accidental deaths from falls
Category:English footballers
Category:Sportspeople from Warwickshire

Peter Whittingham


Accessibility is  equal access for people with disabilities to any environment, movement, information or communication. It means that a person with a disability should be able to use a product or service to access society at the same level as a person without a disability.

Examples of accessibility include:

 Buildings that have access ramps for people in wheelchairs or motorised scooters
 Close captioning on television and subtitles on DVD's for people who cannot hear
 Sign language that allows deaf people to communicate other people
 Braille for people with a vision impairment to help them read books
 Modified computer software and hardware that allows people with a disability or disabilites to access the Internet and use a personal computer

The word accessibility is used in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, mostly in article 9.

Related pages
Digital rights
Disability
Web accessibility
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

Category:Disability

Accessibility


Ottawa county is a small county in the beautiful state of Michigan. It’s four most populous cities are Grand Haven, Holland, Jenison and Hudsonville. Ottawa established one 1831, and its quite small.

Category:Michigan counties

Ottawa County, Michigan


Pat Benatar (born Patricia Mae Andrzejewski on 10 January 1953) is a four-time Grammy Award-winning American rock singer with seven platinum and three gold albums to her credit, as well as 19 Top 40 singles. Pat Benatar was eligible for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2004.
Benatar is also known for her mezzo-soprano vocal range.

References

Other websites
 Pat Benatar Pictures

Category:American rock musicians
Category:Singers from New York City
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Mezzo-sopranos
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people

Pat Benatar


Georgia State University is a public university in Atlanta, Georgia. The university has about 31,533 students. It was founded in 1913. The current president of the university is Mark P. Becker.

Sports
The athletics teams of the university are called the Panthers. They have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Sun Belt Conference.

Other websites
Georgia State University's Official website
Georgia State Panthers' Official athletics website

Category:Sun Belt Conference
Category:Colleges and universities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Atlanta, Georgia
Category:1913 establishments in the United States
Category:20th-century establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia State University


In Christianity, the Great White Throne Judgment is the time when the dead people that did not live during the 1,000 years that Satan was inside the bottomless pit come back to life and are judged by God according to their works using the 66 books of the Bible. This judgment is for those people who are not found written in the Book of Life, a book where the names of those who are going to heaven are written. Once the judgment has been finished, Death, Hades, and those who are not found written in the Book of Life will be cast into the Lake of Fire.

Below, Revelation 20:11-15 is written to show the section of the Bible this judgment appears in.

11 Then I saw a Great White Throne and the one sitting on it. The earth and the heavens fled away from His presence, and there was no place found for them. 12 And I saw the dead, small and great, standing before the throne, and the books were opened. Another book was opened, which is the
Book of Life, and the dead were judged according to their works, which are the things recorded inside the books. 13 The sea gave up the dead which were in it, and Death and Hades gave up the dead which were in them: and they were each judged according to their works. 14 Then Death and Hades were cast into the Lake of Fire, which is the second death. 15 Anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the Lake of Fire.

Category:Christian theology
Category:New Testament
Category:Afterlife

Great White Throne Judgment


One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269 (OG269), on September 16, 2007, a McDonnell Douglas MD-82 crashed after an aborted landing. It hit an embankment next to runway 27 at Phuket International Airport. The aircraft burst into flames on impact at about 3:45pm. The crash killed 89 of the 130 persons on board. OG269 was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Bangkok to Phuket, Thailand.

A two-year investigation by the NTSB resulted in a report. It was based in part on the crash report published by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Committee of the Ministry of Transport. The probable cause of the accident was determined to be crew error.

References

Category:2007 aviation disasters
Category:2007 in Asia
Category:21st century in Thailand

One-Two-GO Airlines Flight 269


Issa J. Boullata (; February 25, 1929 – May 1, 2019) was a Palestinian scholar and writer. He was noted for his translation of Arabic writing. He was professor of Arabic literature and language at Hartford Theological Seminary (Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.) from 1968 to 1975, and McGill University (Montreal, Quebec, Canada) from 1975 to 1999. He was a two-time winner of the Arabic Translation Award by the University of Arkansas Press in 1993 and 1997.

Boullata was born in Jerusalem. He was a Palestinian Arab and Orthodox Christian. He was married to Marita Seward. The couple had three children. Boullata died on May 4, 2019 in Montreal, at the age of 90.

References

Category:1929 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Christians
Category:Educators
Category:People from Jerusalem
Category:Translators

Issa J. Boullata


Blen Mesfin (Amharic: ብሌን መስፍን) is an official in Ethiopia’s opposition Semayawi (Blue) Party.   In 2016 she was named one of twenty women political prisoners in the FreeThe20 campaign by Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.

Mesfin was arrested at a protest in Addis Ababa in April 2015.  The protest was for 26 Ethiopians killed by the a group called Islamic State in Libya.  More than 30 members of the Semayawi Party were arrested before an April 27  political rally.

Two other members of the Semayawi Party, Meron Alemayehu (ሜሮን አለማየሁ ) and Nigist Wondifraw (ንግስት ወንዲፍራው), were also arrested.  They were #5 and #6 in the FreeThe20 campaign.  They are now free.

Mesfin was released in December 2016, along with a mass release of 9,800 people detained under the state of emergency. According to Ethiopian journalist Tesfalem Waldyes she was re-arrested during a wave of arrests in October 2016.

Other websites

Ethiopia: Semayawi Party (Blue Party), including origin, mandate, leadership. (UNHCR)

References

Category:Ethiopian people
Category:Living people
Category:Political activists
Category:Political prisoners

Blen Mesfin


Warship was an extremely popular British television drama series produced by the BBC between 1973 and 1977.

The series was about life on board a Royal Navy warship, the fictional HMS Hero. It was mainly filmed aboard the Leander-class frigate HMS Phoebe.

Four Leander class frigates played the role of HMS Hero. They were HMS Phoebe, HMS Dido, HMS Hermione and HMS Jupiter. All the crews of these warships were given HMS Hero cap tallies for filming purposes.

The creator of the series was a serving Royal Navy officer, Ian Mackintosh. He wrote three books based on episodes of the series. They were simultaneously published in hardback and paperback. The books were:
 Warship (published in 1973);
 HMS Hero (published in 1976);
 and Holt RN (published in 1977).

The opening music of the series was a march played by the Royal Marines, called Warship, and written by Anthony Isaac. It is still played by Royal Marine bands.

Related pages
 Ian Mackintosh
 HMS Hero
 HMS Phoebe (F42)
 HMS Dido (F104)
 HMS Hermione (F58)
 HMS Jupiter (F60)
 Leander class frigate
 Royal Navy
 Royal Marines
 Fleet Air Arm
 Frigate

Other websites
 Warship Episode Guide
 British Film Institute site on Warship
 Royal Navy leaflet on Warship, from the HMS Phoebe Association website
 Comments on Warship by series Director Michael Briant
 Webpage (at Home > Scriptwriting > Warship) about Michael J Bird's scripts for Warship
 HMS Phoebe Association website
 HMS Dido Association website
 HMS Jupiter Association website
 HMS Hermione Association website
 Ian Mackintosh's Royal Navy service record on Opsromm.org

Category:Royal Navy
Category:Naval transport
Category:Ships

Warship (TV series)


Early is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Early, Iowa


{{Infobox motor race|Race title=Pennzoil 400|Track map=Las Vegas Motor Speedway.PNG|Series long=Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|Venue=Las Vegas Motor Speedway|Location=Las Vegas, NevadaUnited States|Sponsor=Pennzoil|First race=1998|Last race=|Distance=|Laps=267 (Stage 1: 80Stage 2: 80Stage 3: 107)|Previous names=Las Vegas 400 (1998-1999)CarsDirect.com 400 (2000)UAWDaimler Chrysler 400 (2001-2007)UAWDodge 400 (2008)Shelby 427 (2009)Shelby American (2010)Kobalt Tools 400 (2011-2013)Kobalt 400 (2014-2017)|Most wins driver=Jimmie Johnson (4)|Most wins team=Roush Fenway Racing (7)|Most wins manufacturer=Ford (10)|Surface=Asphalt|Length mi=1.5|Turns=4}}

The Pennzoil 400 is a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race. It is held every year at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in Las Vegas, Nevada, it is first of two races on the Cup Schedule. (The other one is the South Point 400 in the NASCAR playoffs,) The first Pennzoil 400 race was in 1998.

The winners receive a championship belt instead of a trophy. The race was part of the No Bull 5 challenge from 1999 to 2002.

Sponsors and names

Since this race started, it has had different sponsors. Each sponsor changed the name of the race.
 2001-2008: The race was sponsored by Chrysler. It was called the UAW-Daimler Chrysler 400. In 2008, the race was renamed to UAW-Dodge 400.
 2009-2010: Shelby Enterprises became the sponsor. They renamed the race Shelby American in 2010.
 2011-2017: Lowe's, through its subsidiary Kobalt, became the sponsor. From 2011 to 2013, the race was called the Kobalt Tools 400. From 2014 to 2017, it was called the Kobalt 400.
 2018: The race became the Pennzoil 400.

 Past winners

References
 2000: Race shortened due to rain.
 2006: Race extended due to a NASCAR Overtime finish. Last race to use old track layout.
 2007: First race to use on new track layout.
 2013:''' Matt Kenseth won on his 41st birthday.

Multiple winners (drivers)

Multiple winners (teams)

References

Other websites
 Offical site
 Pennzoil 400

Category:NASCAR tracks
Category:1998 establishments in the United States
Category:20th-century establishments in Nevada
Category:Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series races

Pennzoil 400 (Las Vegas)


Ainsley Harriott (born 28 February 1957) is a British celebrity chef, television presenter and entertainer. He is known for his BBC cooking shows Ready Steady Cook (1994–2010) and Can't Cook, Won't Cook (1995–2000). In 2013, he was a contestant on Strictly Come Dancing.

Harriott was born in Paddington, London. His father was the Jamaican-born pianist Chester Harriott (1933–2013). He is separated from his wife Clare Fellows. The couple have two children.

References

Other websites

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Black British people
Category:British chefs
Category:People from Paddington
Category:Television personalities from London

Ainsley Harriott


Augustin "Tin" Ujević (5 July 1891 – 12 November 1955) was a Croatian poet, considered one of the most important poets in Croatian language of all time.

When Ujević was young, he thought to dedicate his life to politics. After having been involved in various activities related to the nationalism of Yugoslavia between 1912 and 1916, he began a life with a bohemian style, developing a great interest in literature.

Ujević classified his works in 3 different fields: translation, assays and poetry.

He translated many works of various authors into the Croatian language, like Walt Whitman, Marcel Proust and Joseph Conrad.

Works
 Lelek sebra/Cry of a slave, (1920)
 Kolajna/Necklace, (1926)
 Skalpel kaosa/Scalpel of chaos (1938)
 Žedan kamen na studencu/Thirsty stone at the wellspring, (1954)
 Auto na korzu/Car on the street

Category:1891 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:Croatian writers
Category:Poets

Tin Ujević


Katherine Laverne Starks (July 21, 1922 – November 3, 2016), known as Kay Starr, was an American pop and jazz singer. She was popular in the 1940s and 1950s. She is best remembered for introducing two songs that became #1 hits in the 1950s, "Wheel of Fortune" and "The Rock And Roll Waltz".

Starr died on November 3, 2016 at her home in Beverly Hills, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 94.

References

Other websites

The Kay Starr homepage
Biography of Kay Starr (in Spanish)
The Iceberg site
Kay Starr discography
Kay Starr interview on KUOW 94.9 (NPR) Seattle, 2006

Category:1922 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Category:Disease-related deaths in California
Category:American pop singers
Category:Singers from Oklahoma

Kay Starr


Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

Early life
Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent.  He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois.  He went to college and to law school at Penn State University.  Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.

U.S. senate (1995-2007)
Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995.  With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate.  He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007.  In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage.  Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II.  After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

2012 presidential campaign
In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

2016 presidential campaign

Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

Personal life
Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.

References

Other websites

 Rick Santorum for President
 Column archives at Townhall.com

Category:American lawyers
Category:American political commentators
Category:American Roman Catholics
Category:Politicians from Virginia
Category:United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Category:United States senators from Pennsylvania
Category:2012 United States presidential candidates
Category:2016 United States presidential candidates
Category:1958 births
Category:Living people

Rick Santorum


The Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Tour is the number one tier professional tennis tour for women's tennis competition. The 2010 WTA Tour calendar comprises the Grand Slam tournaments (organised by the International Tennis Federation (ITF)), the WTA Premier tournaments (Premier Mandatory, Premier 5 and regular Premier), the WTA International tournaments, the Fed Cup (organised by the ITF), and the year-end championships (the Commonwealth Bank Tournament of Champions and the WTA Tour Championships). Also included in the 2010 calendar is the Hopman Cup, which does not distribute ranking points, and is organised by the ITF.

Schedule
This is the complete schedule of events on the 2010 calendar, with player progression documented from the quarterfinals stage.

Key

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

Other websites
Women's Tennis Association (WTA) official website

WTA Tour
Category:WTA seasons

2010 WTA Tour


The Guangzhou Metro () is the metro system of Guangzhou, Guangdong in China. It is operated by the Guangzhou Metro Corporation. It was the fourth metro system that was built in mainland China. The Guangzhou Metro was planned many times. The planning of the metro began in the 1980s and in 1993 the construction of the first line began. In 1997 the metro opened. The first line was Line 1.

The metro system has 13 lines. They are Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 5, Line 6, Line 7, Line 8, Line 9, Line 13, Line 14, Guangfo Line, and the Zhujiang New Town APM. All of these lines connect the urban core and the suburbs. The Guangfo Line connects Guangzhou and Foshan. Over seven million people ride the metro everyday and it was used 2.56 billion times. This makes the metro the fourth busiest metro in the world.

History

First ideas and planning
Chen Yu, who was the Governor of Guangdong from 1957 to 1967, first had an idea for a metro system in Guangzhou. In 1960 he had the groundwater levels of Guangzhou checked. In 1965 Chen Yu and Tao Zhu put out the idea to build a tunnel in Guangzhou for evacuations during war or for creating a metro. The project was called "Project Nine".

The metro system was supposed to have two lines. Chen Yu planned for a north-south line and an east-west line. The plans for these lines are very similar to Line 1 and Line 2. The east-west line was never built. The north-south line was supposed to be built by Project Nine. There wasn't enough time, money, or materials so instead of having a subway, they planned to use trolleybuses. The tunnel was finished in 1966 but it couldn't be used. This was because there was an unsafe section of the tunnel. There were many attempts to restart Project Nine in the 1970s, but none of these attempts restarted Project Nine.

Construction of Line 1

The metro project was started as the Preparation Office of Guangzhou Metro. It was created in 1979 to try and restart Project Nine. The project was going to help reduce the traffic in Guangzhou. Before the 1980s, most underground projects in China were to prepare for war. This was the first time that something like the Guangzhou Metro was focused on traffic. China and France worked together to design the metro. Four designs were released in the Guangzhou Daily on 14 March 1988. One of the designs were chosen after getting feedback from other people. It showed a design that would become Line 1 and Line 2.

The construction of Line 1 officially began on 28 December 1992. Before that, in October 1992, workers began on a trial part of the line. Many construction techniques were used when building the metro. They were new to China and included immersed tubes and tunnel boring machines. Line 1 needed ¥12.75 billion to be built and the city government of Guangzhou raised all the money. The mayor at the time, Li Ziliu wanted to use cut-and-cover tunnels. This meant that almost 100,000 people had to leave their homes and almost  of buildings had to be destroyed.

On 28 June 1997 the  section of Line 1 opened for a trial. The  part that was not opened was finished on 28 December 1998. The whole line was opened for sightseeing between 16 February and 2 March 1999. Line 1 was officially opened on 28 June 1999.

References

Other websites

Category:Rapid transit systems
Category:1997 establishments in Asia
Category:Rail transport in China
Category:Transport in the People's Republic of China

Guangzhou Metro


Joan Miró (20 April 1893  25 December 1983) was a Spanish painter, sculptor and ceramicist. He was born in Barcelona. He died of heart disease in Palma, Majorca. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundacio Joan Miró, was opened in Barcelona in 1975.

Joan Miró started painting when he was fourteen he attended an art school. He then started to develop his own style to draw scenes of trees and landscapes. In around the 1930s Joan started to make rapid changes to his style of painting. Influenced by Pablo Picasso, Miro developed more surrealist works.

Miró was a significant influence on late 20th-century art, in particular the American abstract expressionist artists.

References

Category:1893 births
Category:1983 deaths
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in Spain
Category:People from Barcelona
Category:Spanish painters
Category:Sculptors

Joan Miró


Mulholland Drive is an American neo-noir mystery drama movie set in and around Los Angeles. David Lynch wrote and directed this movie. Lynch won the Best Director Award for it at the 2001 Cannes Film Festival.

These actors star in the movie: Naomi Watts, Laura Harring, Justin Theroux, Ann Miller and Robert Forster.

Other websites
 Mulholland Drive on IMDb

Category:2001 drama movies
Category:2000s LGBT movies
Category:2000s mystery movies
Category:American drama movies
Category:American LGBT movies
Category:American mystery movies
Category:LGBT drama movies
Category:Movies set in Los Angeles, California
Category:Mystery drama movies

Mulholland Drive (movie)


The honeyeaters are a large family of small to medium sized birds which feed on nectar. They are most common in Australia and New Guinea, but are also found in New Zealand, the Pacific islands as far east as Samoa and Tonga, and the islands to the north and west of New Guinea. Bali, on the other side of the Wallace Line, has a single species.

Honeyeaters and the Australian chats (Epthianura) make up the family Meliphagidae. In total there are 182 species in 42 genera. About half of them live in Australia, and many of the others are from  New Guinea.  Although honeyeaters look and behave much like other nectar-feeding birds around the world (such as the sunbirds and flowerpeckers), they are not related.

There is an important partnership between honeyeaters and Australian flowering plants. A great many Australian plants are fertilised by honeyeaters, particularly the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, and Epacridaceae. It is known that the honeyeaters are important in New Zealand as well, and scientists believe they are just as important in other areas.

Description

Unlike the hummingbirds of America, honeyeaters do not usually hover (beat their wings fast to stay in the same air space). However, smaller members of the family do hover hummingbird-style to collect nectar from time to time. Usually honeyeaters move quickly from perch to perch in the outer leaves, stretching up or sideways or hanging upside. Many honeyeaters have a highly developed brush-tipped tongue, covered with bristles which soak up liquids readily. The tongue is flicked rapidly and repeatedly into a flower, the upper mandible then squeezes liquid out when the bill is closed.

As well as nectar, all or nearly all honeyeaters take insects and other small creatures, usually by catching them in the air, sometimes by picking them off plants. A few of the larger species, such as the white-eared honeyeater, and the strong-billed honeyeater of Tasmania, search under bark for insects. Many species also eat fruit, and a small number eat large amounts of fruit, particularly in tropical rainforests and in semi-arid scrubland. The painted honeyeater is a mistletoe specialist. Most, however, live on a diet of nectar and insects. In general, the honeyeaters with long, fine bills eat more nectar, the shorter-billed species less so, but even specialised nectar eaters like the spinebills take extra insects to add protein to their diet when they are breeding.

The movements of honeyeaters are poorly understood. Many follow the flowering of favourite food plants. Arid zone species appear to travel further and less predictably than those of the more fertile areas. It seems probable that no single explanation will emerge: the general rule for honeyeater movements is that there is no general rule.

References

 Christidis L. and Boles W.E. 1994. The taxonomy and species of birds of Australia and its territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Monograph 2. Melbourne: RAOU.
 Del Hoyo J. et al 2006. Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions.  (Epthianura and Ashbyia only)
 Driskell A.C. and Christidis L. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of the Australo-Papuan honeyeaters (Passeriformes, Meliphagidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 943–960.
 Sibley C.G. and Monroe B.L. Jr. 1990. Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Other websites
Honeyeater videos on the Internet Bird Collection
 Meliphagoidea - Highlighting relationships of Maluridae on Tree Of Life Web Project

Category:Birds
Category:Birds of Australia
Category:Birds of New Zealand
Category:Birds of Oceania

Honeyeater


Giganotosaurus is a large theropod dinosaur. It lived during the Upper Cretaceous, about 10095 million years ago in what is now Argentina. 70 percent of the skeleton has been found. Giganotosaurus was probably the second largest carnivorous dinosaur of all time. Another large carnivore, Mapusaurus, also lived in the same territory. They were both relatives of the North African  Carcharodontosaurus.

The largest specimen is  long, and 12.8 feet [3.9m] feet tall at the hip. Its weight is estimated as .

Titanosaur fossils belonging to Andesaurus and Limaysaurus have been found near the remains of Giganotosaurus. The huge titanosaur Argentinosaurus also lived in the area. Probably, the titanosaurs were the main prey of the large theropods.

References

Category:Carnosaurs

Giganotosaurus


Pepingen is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 4357 people lived there.

It is at 50° 45 North, 04° 09 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of Flemish Brabant

Pepingen


Armenian may mean:

 Armenia, a country in South Caucasia (Transcaucasus)
 Armenians, the Armenian people
 Armenian language
 Armenian alphabet
 historical Armenian Kingdom:
 Orontid Dynasty, 6th Century BC to 200 BC
Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) also known as Artaxiad or Arsacid Armenia, 190 BC to AD 387/428.
Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) also known as Bagratid Armenia, AD 885 to 1045.
 Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1078 to 1375
 Armenian Apostolic Church
 Armenian Catholic Church
 Armenian Evangelical Church
 Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem
 Armenian Genocide
 Armenian Highland

Related pages
 Kingdom of Armenia
 Arminianism

Armenian


Rusk is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.

Category:Cities in Texas
Category:County seats in Texas

Rusk, Texas


Jewish-American organized crime emerged within the American Jewish community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been referred to variously in media and popular culture as the Jewish Mob, Jewish Mafia, Kosher Mafia, Kosher Nostra, or Undzer Shtik ().

References

Notes

Category:Mafia

Jewish-American organized crime


RNA is an acronym for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid. Many different kinds are now known.

RNA is physically different from DNA: DNA contains two intercoiled strands, but RNA only contains one single strand. RNA also contains different bases from DNA. These bases are the following:

(A) Adenine
(G) Guanine
(C) Cytosine
(U) Uracil

Adenine forms bonds with uracil, and guanine forms bonds with cytosine.  In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine. The first three bases are also found in DNA, but uracil replaces thymine as a complement to adenine.

RNA also contains ribose as opposed to deoxyribose found in DNA. These differences result in RNA being chemically more reactive than DNA. This makes it the more suitable molecule to take part in cell reactions.

RNA is the carrier of genetic information in certain viruses, especially the retroviruses like the HIV virus. This is the only exception to the general rule that DNA is the hereditary substance.

Protein synthesis RNAs

Messenger RNA

The main function of RNA is to carry information of amino acid sequence from the genes to where proteins are assembled on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

This is done by messenger RNA (mRNA). A single strand of DNA is the blueprint for the mRNA which is transcribed from that DNA strand. The sequence of base pairs is transcribed from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. Then the mRNA moves from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to form proteins. The mRNA translates the sequence of base pairs into a sequence of amino acids to form proteins. This process is called translation.

DNA does not leave the nucleus for various reasons. DNA is a very long molecule, and is bound in with proteins, called histones, in the chromosomes. mRNA, on the other hand is able to move and to react with various cell enzymes. Once transcribed, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and moves to the ribosomes.

Two kinds of non-coding RNAs help in the process of building proteins in the cell. They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

tRNA
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a short molecule of about 80 nucleotides which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain at a ribosome. There is a different tRNA for each amino acid. Each one has a site for the amino acid to attach, and an anti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA. For example, codons UUU or UUC code for the amino acid phenylalanine.

rRNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time. rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80% of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cytoplasm.

snRNAs
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) join with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.
Genes code for proteins in bits called exons. The bits can be joined together in different ways to make different mRNAs. Thus, from one gene many proteins can be made. This is the process of alternative splicing. Any unwanted versions of the protein get chopped up by proteases, and the chemical bits re-used.

Regulatory RNAs
There are a number of RNAs which regulate genes, that is, they regulate the rate at which genes are transcribed or translated.

miRNA
Micro RNAs (miRNA) act by joining an enzyme and blocking mRNA, or speeding its breakdown. This is called RNA interference.

siRNA
Small interfering RNAs (sometimes called silencing RNAs) interfere with the expression of a specific gene. They are quite small (20/25 nucleotides) double-stranded molecules. Their discovery has caused a surge in biomedical research and drug development.

Parasitic and other RNAs

Retrotransposons
Transposons are only one of several types of mobile genetic elements.
Retrotransposons copy themselves in two stages: first from DNA to RNA by transcription, then from RNA back to DNA by reverse transcription. The DNA copy is then inserted into the genome in a new position. Retrotransposons behave very similarly to retroviruses, such as HIV.

Viral genomes
Viral genomes, which are usually RNA, take over the cell machinery and make both new viral RNA and the protein coat of the virus.

Phage genomes
Phage genomes are quite varied. The genetic material can be ssRNA (single-stranded RNA), dsRNA (double-stranded RNA), ssDNA (single-stranded DNA), or dsDNA (double-stranded DNA). It may be between 5 and 500 kilo base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.

Phage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes.

References

Category:Cell biology

RNA


The DF4B (4B) is a kind of diesel locomotive used in China. It was built by Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works.It has been in production since 1984 and is still produced as of 2012.It is the most common locomotive in China and is used for both passenger and freight services.

Nickname
DF4B is called "Armed Police" or "Watermelon" (freight version), and "Orange" (passenger version).

Gallery

Manufacturers
DF4B have been manufactured by several companies:
Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works(1001~1999;2101~2685;7001~7793)
CSR Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co., Ltd.(7701~7732, former DF4E)
CSR Ziyang Locomotive Works(3101~3999;9001~9597)
Datong locomotive factory(6001~6587)

References

Category:Co-Co locomotives
Category:Locomotives of China

Chinese Rail DF4B


The Happiest Millionaire is a 1967 musical movie, based upon the true story of Philadelphia millionaire Anthony J. Drexel Biddle. The movie received an Academy Award nomination for Costume Design by Bill Thomas. The musical song score is by Robert and Richard Sherman. The screenplay is by AJ Carothers based on the play that was based on the book My Philadelphia Father by Cordelia Drexel Biddle. This was the last live-action musical comedy movie produced by Walt Disney, who died during its production.

Songs
 "Fortuosity"
 "What's Wrong with That?"
 "Watch Your Footwork"
 "When a Man Has a Daughter"
 "Strengthen The Dwelling"
 "I'll Always Be Irish"
 "Bye-Yum Pum Pum"
 "Are We Dancing"
 "Valentine Candy"
 "Detroit"
 "I Believe in This Country"
 "There Are Those"
 "Let's Have A Drink On It"
 "It Won't Be Long 'Til Christmas (Let Them Go)" (Roadshow version only)

The songs "Let's Have A Drink On It" and "Fortuosity" are used in the Main Street USA loops at the Disneyland-style parks.

Category:1967 movies
Category:Disney movies
Category:1960s musical movies
Category:Movies based on books
Category:English-language movies

The Happiest Millionaire


This is a list of the 353 communes of the Gard département, in France.

 (CAN) Communauté d'agglomération Nîmes Métropole, created in 2002.
 (CAC) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Alès en Cévennes, created in 2000.
 (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Avignon, created in 2001, most of which is located in the Vaucluse  département.

*
Gard

Communes of the Gard department


Rio Grande do Norte is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern part of the country. It is on the edge of the South American continent.

Geography
Rio Grande do Norte has a large coastline. The state is well known for its beaches and sand dunes. The air is the cleanest in South America.

Because of a large mountain chain called Serra da Borborema, Rio Grande do Norte has two main climates. The area along most of the coastline is very tropical. Inland, much of the state is very dry.

The dry climate is not only because by the low amount of rainfall but also because of the fact that it rarely rains at all. Often years go by with no or very little rain. Most of the interior of the state is part of the Polygon of Droughts. This is an area which gets special attention from the federal government.

Rocas Atoll belongs to the state of Rio Grande do Norte. It is in the Atlantic Ocean, 260 km Northeast of Natal.

History

The first European to come to the region may have been the Spaniard Alonso de Ojeda in 1499. The northeastern tip of South America, cape São Roque, was first seen by European navigators in 1501. This was during a 1501-1502 Portuguese expedition led by Amerigo Vespucci. He named the spot after the saint of the day. The Vespucci expedition also named the Potengi river, "Rio Grande". The name is Portuguese for "Great River". The area and state were named after the river. For decades, no permanent European settlement was made in the area.

In the 16th century (between 1535 and 1598), the area was explored by French pirates. In 1598, the Portuguese built the Forte dos Reis Magos. The next year, they created the city of Natal.

In 1633, the area was fought over between the Portuguese and the Dutch. In 1654, the Dutch were finally cast out.

During World War II, Rio Grande do Norte was used as an Allied airbase. The base was used to attack German-occupied North Africa.

In 1964, Latin America's first space launch site was built in Rio Grande do Norte; Barreira do Inferno (Hell's Barrier). It is often called the "Brazilian NASA".

Economy
Historically, the economy of Rio Grande do Norte has been based on sugar and cattle. In the 1980s, the state government has realised that tourism is a very good industry. Since then, more money is being used to build placed for tourists and repairing colonial buildings in major cities.

Fruit is also grown in Rio Grande do Norte. The state grows 70% of Brazil's melons. The state is famous for its mango and cashew fields. The world's largest cashew tree is there. It has a circumference of 500 metres and an area of 7,300m². It is 70 times the size of average cashew trees.

Cities
Natal is the capital and largest city in the state. Other cities include:
 Açu
 Angicos
 Apodi
 Ceará-Mirim
 Currais Novos
 Parnamirim
 Japi
 Mossoró
 Caicó
 São Fernando

Flag
The flag was adopted on December 3 1957. It is based on a design by Luis de Camara Cascudo. In the middle of the flag is the coat of arms of the state. The coat of arms was adopted on July 1 1909. It shows a sailing boat at the coast in the middle. This is for the fishing and salt industries. Above this is a bar which shows two flowers on the sides and two cotton bolls in the center. To the sides of the shield are a coconut palm to the right and a carnauba palm to the left. The two palms are connected by two branches of sugar cane. The star above represents the state as part of Brazil.

Notes

Other websites
 Rio Grande do Norte Official Website (in Portuguese)

Category:1499 establishments
Category:Establishments in Brazil

Rio Grande do Norte


Cargo cult is a name given to several religions. There are many cargo cults in Melanesia and New Guinea. These religions are started when tribal societies come into contact with Western civilisation. When the first contact happened, the tribespeople saw Western manufactured goods, like radios. These things are called cargo. The tribespeople did not know how the manufactured goods worked nor how they were made.

They imitate the behaviour they saw the Westerners do, in the hope that some spirits will send them more cargo.  In other cases, such as on the island of Tanna in Vanuatu, cult members worship Americans who brought the cargo.

During the age of colonialism, the colonial powers came in contact with many technologically less advanced societies. The first cargo cults were documented in New Guinea, and other countries of Micronesia, Melanesia and the West Pacific Ocean.

The people who are part of the cargo cults think that the cargo was created by their deities and ancestors. They think that the cargo was made for the members of the cargo cult, but the foreigners have it. For this reason, the efforts and rituals of cargo cults are done so that the foreigners should get less of these goods and the cult members more of them.

Related pages
Vailala Madness - a cargo cult active between 1919 and 1922, possibly the first documented cargo cult.
Ghost Dance - a similar movement that happened when Native Americans came in contact with the European settlers.

References

Other websites
 Vanuatu cargo cult marks 50 years (BBC News)
 Information on the Jon Frum Cargo Cult (still active)
 Contemporary Cargo Cults by John FitzGerald
 Western Oceanian Religions

 Cargo cults includes a bibliography
 Account of a Visit to a Jon Frum Village in 2005
 Air Force Magazine, January 1991, Vol. 74, No. 1. Summary from the guys who fly those Cargoes.

Category:New religious movements

Cargo cult


Selena y Los Dinos is the debut album by Mexican-American Tejano pop band Selena y Los Dinos. The album was released on July 16, 1984 under Freddie Records, an independent studio label in South Texas. Selena's father, Abraham Quintanilla Jr, removed his children from Freddie Records after he had told him that Selena would never become a famous singer, could not bring in large crowds, and wasn't professionally ready to release a full-length album. Selena was also underpaid because she was a female in a male-dominate genre and no could understand a female singer lead a Tejano band. She was made fun of and even booed off-stage by Tejano fans. Undetermined, Abraham moved his children to Cara Records. The album was re-released in 1995, after Selena's murder, entitled Mis Primeras Grabcaciones (English: My First Recordings)

Track listing

Release history

Other websites
Selena official website
http://www.selenaforever.com/Site_Guide/Music_Information.html
http://www.selenaforever.com/Selenamusic/selenadiscography.html

Category:1984 albums
Category:Selena albums
Category:Tejano albums
Category:Latin pop albums

Selena y Los Dinos (album)


North  Kosovo is a Serbian enclave  in Kosovo.  It has  over  80,000 residents, at least 98% of them are Christian Serbs. There are about 3,000 Albanians, and about 2000 Turks, Greeks, Gorans, Romas and others.

Unlike the Strpce municipality which is autonomous, North Kosovo is directly run by the Government of Belgrade.

In North Kosovo, Serbian car plates are still used and the Serbian dinar is used as the official currency.

The  enclave consists of the 3 municipalities of Zvecan, Leposavic, Zubin Potok (as well as part of Mitrovica. The enclave's area is  (11% of the country's total area). Lake Gorazdevac is also in the enclave.

The United Nations does not recognize Kosovo as a country because of the 1999 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244. Other world governing bodies do not recognise it as a country, either.

References

Category:Kosovo

North Kosovo


Nicky Butt (born 21 January 1975) was an English footballer. He played for Newcastle United.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||rowspan="12"|Manchester United||rowspan="12"|Premier League||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1993/94||1||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1994/95||22||1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||22||1
|-
|1995/96||32||2||7||1||0||0||2||0||41||3
|-
|1996/97||26||5||0||0||0||0||9||0||35||5
|-
|1997/98||33||3||1||0||0||0||7||0||41||3
|-
|1998/99||31||2||5||0||2||0||8||0||46||2
|-
|1999/00||32||3||colspan="2"|-||0||0||6||0||38||3
|-
|2000/01||28||3||2||0||0||0||11||1||41||4
|-
|2001/02||25||1||2||0||0||0||9||0||36||1
|-
|2002/03||18||0||2||0||1||0||8||0||29||0
|-
|2003/04||21||1||5||0||2||0||5||1||33||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Newcastle United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||18||1||2||0||1||0||7||0||28||1
|-
|2005/06||0||0||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2005/06||Birmingham City||Premier League||24||3||2||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||29||3
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Newcastle United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||31||1||2||0||2||0||12||0||47||1
|-
|2007/08||35||3||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||39||3
|-
|2008/09||33||0||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||37||0
|-
|2009/10||League Championship||||||||||||||||||||
411||29||34||1||15||0||86||2||546||32
411||29||34||1||15||0||86||2||546||32
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||10||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||8||0
|-
!Total||39||0
|}

References

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:Sportspeople from Manchester
Category:Premier League players

Nicky Butt


Masato Harasaki (born 13 August 1974) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993||Fujita||Football League||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||10||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||12||0
|-
|1996||17||3||0||0||7||0||24||3
|-
|1997||5||0||0||0||4||0||9||0
|-
|1998||8||1||1||0||3||0||12||1
|-
|1999||rowspan="5"|Omiya Ardija||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||30||4||3||1||2||0||35||5
|-
|2000||39||9||3||1||2||0||44||10
|-
|2001||43||2||1||0||2||0||46||2
|-
|2002||36||3||4||0||colspan="2"|-||40||3
|-
|2003||30||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||30||0
|-
|2004||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||9||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||9||0
227||22||14||2||20||0||261||24
227||22||14||2||20||0||261||24
|}

References

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Aomori Prefecture

Masato Harasaki


Christine Anu (born 15 March 1970) is an Australian pop singer and actress. She studied dancing at  National Aboriginal and Islander Skills Association (NAISDA) Dance College in Sydney. She began to sing backing vocals with Australian band, Neil Murray and the Rainmakers. Murray wrote the song "My Island Home", which became Anu's first big hit. Anu won an Australian Recording Industry Award (ARIA) for her first album,  Stylin' Up.

Anu was born in Cairns, Queensland. Her mother is a Torres Strait Islander.

Discography

 Stylin Up (1995 - Mushroom Records)
 Wanem Time
 "Island Home" (released as a single)
 "San E Wireless"
 "Monkey & the Turtle" (released as a single)
 "Come On" (released as a single)
 "Rain"
 "Party" (released as a single)
 "Tama Oma"
 "Dive"
 "Stylin' Up"
 "Photograph"
 "Love That Heals"
 "Sik O"

 Come My Way (2000)
Singles: Sunshine on a Rainy Day, Jump To Love, 'Coz I'm Free

 45 Degrees (2003)
Singles: Talk About Love

 Acoustically (2005)

 Chrissys Island Family (2007)

Acting/TV Career

 Dating The Enemy (1996)
 Little Shop of Horrors (1997)
 Rent (1998-99)
 Moulin Rouge! (2001)
 The Matrix Reloaded (2003)
 It's a Wiggly Wiggly World - Children's DVD by the Wiggles
 Enter The Matrix (2003)
 Popstars Live (2004)
 Play School (2004)
 Toasted TV (2007)

Other websites
Christine Anu official web site
NAISDA Dance College website

References

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Queensland
Category:Australian pop musicians
Category:Australian singers
Category:Australian television actors
Category:Indigenous Australian musicians
Category:Musicians from Queensland
Category:People from Cairns, Queensland

Christine Anu


Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri (1937-December 18, 2006) was the 'spiritual leader' of Bahrain's Twelver Shi'a population and the 1990s Intifada. He is the father of Mansoor Al-Jamri, editor-in-chief of the Al Wasat daily newspaper.

Biography
Al-Jamri was born in the village of Bani Jamra, Bahrain, in 1937.  In 1962 he went to school at the Najaf Religious Institute in Iraq. In 1973 al-Jamri became a member of Bahrain's parliament, the National Assembly of Bahrain.

Beginning in 1977, al-Jamri was a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain. In 1992, al-Jamri joined with Islamists, liberals and leftists to ask the ruler of Bahrain to make a new parliament.  In 1994, he asked again.

On April 1, 1995, al-Jamri was placed under house arrest for two weeks.  He then went to jail. He was let go on September 25, 1995. On January 21, 1996 he went to jail again. On July 7, 1999 al-Jamri was given 10 years imprisonment and fined $15 million.  He was let go a day later and placed under house arrest until January 23, 2001.  Less than one month later he called on the people to support the reforms of the King of Bahrain, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah.

In June 2002, al-Jamri suffered a stroke.  He died at home on December 18, 2006.

Category:1937 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Muslims
Category:Bahraini people
Category:Religious leaders

Abdul Amir al-Jamri


Lindon Oscar Crow (April 4, 1933 – October 25, 2018) was an American football cornerback.

Biography
He played professionally in the National Football League. He was named to three Pro Bowls. He was born in Denison, Texas. Crow played for the New York Giants and the Los Angeles Rams.

Crow died on October 25, 2018 in Exeter, California from complications of a stroke at the age of 85.

References

Category:1933 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:American football cornerbacks
Category:Deaths from cerebrovascular disease
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Category:Los Angeles Rams players
Category:New York Giants players
Category:People from Denison, Texas
Category:Sportspeople from Texas

Lindon Crow


Lierde is a municipality in the Belgian province of East Flanders.

In 2007, 6454 people lived there.

It is at 50° 49 North, 03° 50 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of East Flanders

Lierde


Fraggle Rock is a British/American/Canadian children's live action puppet television series. It was created by Jim Henson. Fraggle Rock is about a society of Muppet creatures called Fraggles. It was shown from 1983–1987. Down at Fraggle Rock (Down in Fraggle Rock) is an opening and ending song. In 1993 versions of some episodes, at the end of some scenes of some episodes and some episodes, the 1993 Fraggle Rock "Stay tuned" screen/logo plastered/replaced the 1982–1987 Fraggle Rock ending credits and at the end of 1993 versions of some episodes, 1993 Fraggle Rock ending credits replace/plastered 1982–1987 Fraggle Rock ending credits. The intro was shortened on The Hub in 2010–2013, and Hub Network in 2013–2014 and Discovery Family since 2014. In the cartoonish/animated intro, the Roland D-50 patch "Piano-Fifty" was heard. In some versions of the theme, the Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Electric Bass 1" was heard in 1983–1987. It got cartoonish/animated in season 6 (1987).

Fraggle Rock was co-produced by British television company Television South (TVS), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, U.S. pay television service Home Box Office and Henson Associates. Unlike Sesame Street, it was intended from the start to be an international production. Henson described the Fraggle Rock series as "a high-energy, raucous musical romp. It's a lot of silliness. It's wonderful." While the program proved accessible to audiences of all ages, it used the fantasy creatures as examples to deal with serious issues. These included prejudice, spirituality, personal identity, the environment, and social conflict.

References

Category:1983 television series debuts
Category:1987 television series endings
Category:1980s American television series
Category:1980s British television series
Category:1980s Canadian television series
Category:American children's television series
Category:British children's television series
Category:Canadian children's television series

Fraggle Rock


Terry Gou (; born 8 October 1950) is a Taiwanese businessman. He is the founder and chairman of Foxconn, the world's largest contract manufacturer of electronics, where it employs 1.2 million people and is its largest private employer and exporter.

On 17 April 2019, Gou announced his plans to run for President in the Kuomintang primary for the 2020 presidential election. He lost the Kuomintang nomination to Han Kuo-yu on 15 July 2019. He is thinking of running for President under an Independent bid.

References

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:Business people
Category:Taiwanese politicians

Terry Gou


Dhayam is a Indian Tamil movie written and directed by Kannan Rangaswamy. The film was theatrical released on 24th March 2017. A. R. S. Sunder is the producer of the movie. Music composed by Sathish Selvam and cinematography by A. Packiaraj.

Cast
 Santhosh Prathap
 Samaira Sandhu
 Jayakumar
 Shyam Krishnan
 Jeeva Ravi
 Aira Agarval
 Kadhal Kannan
 Aanchal Singh
 Ajay Raj

Plot
The entire movie was shot inside a single room, the film stars Santhosh Prathap, Jayakumar, Samaira Sandhu, Shyam Krishnan and Aira Agarval are in leading roles.

Soundtrack

Quick Facts
Dhayam is one of the few movies that uses special optical Zoom lens.
All the characters appear in one single costume throughout the movie
The whole movie was shot in one single room

References

Category:Indian movies

Dhayam


Donald Sternoff Beyer Jr. (; born June 20, 1950), is an American businessman, diplomat and politician. He is the United States Representative for  since 2015.

His party's nominee for governor in 1997, he lost to Republican Jim Gilmore, who was then the Attorney General of Virginia. From 2009 to 2013, he was United States Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein.

References

Other websites

 Congressman Don Beyer official U.S. House site
 Don Beyer for Congress

Category:1950 births
Category:Living people
Category:United States representatives from Virginia
Category:Ambassadors of the United States
Category:Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

Don Beyer


Chunkappara is a small town in the Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state, India.

Schools

St. George High School, Kottangal.
C.M.S. L.P. School
Christu Raja English Medium School
St.Joseph U.P School
Alaprakkad govt Lps
Kottangal govt Lps
Al Hind public school
St.Joseph HS, Kulathoor
Assisi Center, For mentally retarded Children .

Transport

The main roads passing through

Distance between Chunkappara and nearby towns:

Manimala - 8 km
Mallapally - 14 km
Ranni - 14 km
Erumely - 15 km
Kozhenchery - 18 km
Kanjirappally - 21 km
Ponkunnam - 22 km
Chengannur - 24 km
Thiruvalla - 26 km
Pathanamthitta - 29 km
Changanassery - 30 km
Kottayam - 35 km
Palai - 45 km
Kochi - 110 km.

Hospitals

1.Shareena Medical Centre,
Ponthanpuzha road, Chunkappara

2.Anugraha Hospital,
Ponthenpuzha Road, Chunkkapara

3. Government Hospital,
Thundiapara Junction, Kadikavu Road, Chunkappara

3.Government Homeo Hospital,
Perumpetty Road, Chunkappara

Places for worship
Kottangal devi temple
Little flower church
St. George Malankara church
Marthoma church, Alaprakadu church
Kottangal church
Chunkappara Juma masjid
Kottangal Jumah Masjid (Vettukallummuri Jumah Masjid)
Perumpetty Mahadeva temple
Alapra Jumah Masjid (Urumbath Palli)

References

Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district

Chunkappara


Liz Fraser (born Elizabeth Joan Winch; 14 August 1930 – 6 September 2018) was an English actress. She was best known for her comedy roles as a provocative "dumb blonde" in British movies of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. She was born in London.

Fraser was known for her roles in I'm All Right, Jack, Carry On Regardless, and in Dad's Army.

Fraser died at a London hospital from complications of cancer-related surgery on 6 September 2018 at the age of 88.

References

Other websites

 Official Website of the Carry On films

Category:1930 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from surgical complications
Category:People with cancer
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:Actors from London

Liz Fraser


Scotland national football team is the national football team of Scotland, currently managed by former Dundee United manager Craig Levein who took over from George Burley on 23rd December 2009.

Scotland has the joint oldest national football team in the world as they played England in the first ever international football match in 1872.

Stadium
Hampden Park in Glasgow is the home of the Scotland national team and is described by the Scottish Football Association as the National Stadium. The stadium, which can hold 52,000 people, is one of several stadiums to have used the name. Hampden and its predecessors have hosted international matches since 1878. A record of 149,415 people was set by the Scotland v England match in 1937. Hampden is one of only two Scottish football stadiums to receive a UEFA 5–star rating.

Since the last redevelopment to Hampden was completed in 1999, Scotland have played all but one of their competitive matches there. Only when Celtic Park hosted the first Euro 2008 qualification match against the Faroe Islands. Celtic Park was used because the fixtures were decided by a random draw and Hampden had already been booked for a Robbie Williams concert on the same date.

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Football in Scotland

Scotland national football team


In the parliamentary systems of government, primary legislation and secondary legislation are two forms of law. Primary legislation consists of Acts of Parliament or statute. Secondary legislation (also called delegated legislation) is the granting of additional law-making powers to another branch of government by an Act or statute. In the European Union, primary and secondary legislation are two of the three processes of law. The third is supplementary law which includes International law and covers any gaps between primary and secondary legislation.

Primary legislation
In parliamentary systems, of three branches of government—executive, legislative and judicial—the legislative branch is the most powerful. In other forms of government, such as democracy for example, the three branches of government are equal in power. When a parliament makes a law, called an act, it is binding on the other two branches of government. Acts are made by a majority vote of the legislature. The exact process differs in different parliamentary systems. In a bicameral (two-chamber) system there is usually a lower house (such as the House of Commons in the UK) and an upper house (such as the House of Lords). A new law starts out as a bill, usually in the lower house. It must pass both houses before it can become an act. Other systems use a unicameral or one-chamber legislation. In either system, an act becomes the law. Judges and the courts have almost no authority to challenge the validity of a law.

In the United States, primary legislation is, at the federal level, an Act of Congress. A statute that delegates authority or responsibility to an agency is called an authorizing statute. A law created by the executive branch of the United States Government or that of a state government as the result of primary legislation is called a regulatory law.

Secondary legislation
Secondary (also called subordinate) legislation is all other forms of legislation that are not Acts of Parliament. It is very similar to administrative law in the United States. The legislative branch of governments often delegates power to allow ministers to make secondary legislation. Secondary legislation also includes directives, regulations and decisions by commissions or councils. Most Acts of Parliament in the UK contain provisions to allow secondary legislation.

The two types of secondary legislation are delegated legislation and prerogative legislation.
 Delegated legislation allows other branches of a government to make changes to a law as they become necessary. There is no need to start a new bill in a parliament.
 Prerogative legislation are those powers given to certain officials to create laws, rules or regulations.

References

Category:Law

Primary and secondary legislation


Niclas Alexandersson (born 29 December 1971) is a former Swedish football player. He has played for Sweden national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1989||rowspan="7"|Halmstad||rowspan="3"|Allsvenskan||4||0
|-
|1990||22||2
|-
|1991||16||3
|-
|1992||Division 1||27||7
|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Allsvenskan||25||4
|-
|1994||25||4
|-
|1995||26||5
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Göteborg||rowspan="2"|Allsvenskan||26||7
|-
|1997||26||6

|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="3"|Premier League||6||0
|-
|1998/99||32||3
|-
|1999/00||37||5
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="3"|Everton||rowspan="3"|Premier League||20||2
|-
|2001/02||31||2
|-
|2002/03||7||0
|-
|2003/04||West Ham United||First Division||8||0

|-
|2004||rowspan="5"|Göteborg||rowspan="5"|Allsvenskan||26||4
|-
|2005||26||6
|-
|2006||24||0
|-
|2007||20||2
|-
|2008||23||6
316||55
141||12
457||67
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||8||2
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||12||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||10||3
|-
|2000||8||0
|-
|2001||8||1
|-
|2002||12||1
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||11||0
|-
|2006||13||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||6||0
|-
!Total||109||7
|}

References

Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swedish footballers

Niclas Alexandersson


Antonio Hardy (better known as Big Daddy Kane; born September 10, 1968) is an American rapper. He began his rapping career in 1986 with rap group the Juice Crew. In the late 1980s, Kane released his album It's a Big Daddy Thing. As of 2014, that was his biggest album. That album included songs like "Smooth Operator".

Kane was born in Brooklyn, New York.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Category:American rap musicians
Category:Musicians from New York City
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people

Big Daddy Kane


Disney Legends Awards are given to individuals whose work has made significant contributions to The Walt Disney Company. The award was created in 1987. It was designed to honor those employees whose accomplishments have helped create Disney magic. More than 200 people have received the Disney Legends award. A selection committee chooses who will receive the award. It is given out at a special ceremony.

References

Category:Disney
Category:Awards

Disney Legends


Chippenham railway station is a main train station in Chippenham, Wiltshire, South West England.

Services

The station has trains to , Didcot,  and London; and trains to Bristol, Bath and Wales.  These trains are every half an hour in both directions, and, there are also trains to stations further away.

There are also trains to Trowbridge, Melksham and Westbury. These trains go to Southampton Central around Westbury and Salisbury. Trains in the other direction start from Westbury, services to Southampton come from Great Malvern or from Cheltenham Spa. There is a train to Cheltenham Spa which goes around Swindon and Gloucester in the morning and late afternoon. There are also two Saturday trains each way (but at different times to the weekday ones) and a single train each way on Sundays.

In 2010, Go-Op wanted to run trains from Birmingham Moor Street, around Oxford and Swindon, to Yeovil, which would call at Chippenham. They wanted to start running trains in December 2011, but they haven't started yet.

Future

There are plans to electrify the line Chippenham's on, which would bring faster and bigger 'Super Express' trains on the line. This would make the journey shorter.

Chippenham is one of many stations that will be made better as part of the 'Access for All scheme' (AfA). When it is done in 2013, it will help disabled and less abled passengers to catch trains more easily with lifts, bridges and tactile paving.

Awards

In 2004, the station was given an award to show how safe the station was. The award, which was for 2 years, was given to the station as a passenger vote said that 98% of the passengers who went from Chippenham said they felt 'safe' or 'very safe' whilst at the station. The station has 24 hour CCTV and is alarmed.

References

Category:Chippenham
Category:Railway stations in England

Chippenham railway station


Rome is a city and county seat in Floyd County, Georgia, United States. As of 2010, the population is 36,303.

Category:Cities in Georgia (US)
Category:County seats in Georgia

Rome, Georgia


The , is an 8-bit handheld video game console, first released in Japan in April 1989. It was later released in North America in July 1989 and then in Europe in September 1990. It is Nintendo's first handheld. The Game Boy is also the first portable console to use game cartridges, meaning the games are interchangeable. The Game Boy family eventually extended to include the Game Boy Color, Game Boy Advance, Game Boy Advance SP and Game Boy Micro.

The Game Boy has a green screen that displays four shades of dark green (gray for the Game Boy Pocket). Like the NES, the Game Boy has four buttons and a cross-shaped direction pad. The console has a single speaker, and it can be used with stereo headphones. As many as four Game Boys can be connected together with the Game Boy Link Cable.

The Game Boy was invented by Gunpei Yokoi, who also was responsible for creating the unsuccessful Virtual Boy and the successful Game & Watch games.

Recently, the Game Boy was compared to all Nintendo handhelds and systems released between 1989 and 2016 to see how long each one's battery life lasted, and the Game Boy beat all the other systems with 30 hours of battery life. The Game Boy provided the most game play at its time, and currently still does.

Best-selling games
 Super Mario Land
 Tetris (Included with the Game Boy)
 Alleyway
 Baseball
 Tennis

Sources

Game Boy


Pope John VII (650 – 18 October 707) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 1 March 705 until 18 October 707 when he died.

His father was Plato was a curator of the Palatine Hill. This makes him the first pope to be the son of a Byzantine official.

He had bad relations with the Quinisext council of 692 but had good relations with the Lombards, who had ruled much of Italy at the time. Liber Pontificalis criticized Pope John VII for not signing Canons which were really unpopular in Italy at the time.

Liber Pontificalis said:
"He [Emperor Justinian II] despatched two metropolitan bishops, also sending with them a mandate in which he requested and urged the pontiff [John VII] to gather a council of the apostolic church, and to confirm such of them as he approved, and quash and reject those which were adverse. But he, terrified in his human weakness, sent them back to the prince by the same metropolitans without any emendations at all."

He died on 18 October 707 and was buried in Chapel of the Blessed Virgin Mary. He was succeeded by Pope Sisinnius.

References

Category:650 births
Category:707 deaths
Category:Greek people
Category:Italian popes

Pope John VII


Happy Shopper is a British wholesaler. The brand was first owned by Nurdin and Peacock. Nurdin and Peacock is brought by Booker Group in November 1996.

The name was also widely used for a convenience store franchise between 1971 and 1998. As of 2013, very few stores still operate as Happy Shopper. Most Happy Shopper stores names were changed to Premier Stores brand during 2000s. Premier store is another brand by Booker Group.

Happy Shopper convenience products are sold to independent convenience stores,  discount stores, as well as cash and carry companies. Products include groceries, frozen foods, carbonated drinks, prepackaged/dried foods and confectionery, and are an own brand by Premier.

Happy Shopper's first logo was a smiling face with golden hair. In 2000, that logo was changed to a new design by Partners In Communication, a design consultant company. The new logo caused some controversy.

References

Other websites
 Booker Group website

Category:1996 establishments in England
Category:Companies of the United Kingdom
Category:Food companies

Happy Shopper


Manchester is a parish in Jamaica. It is in the county of Middlesex. The parish capital is Mandeville.

References

Category:Parishes of Jamaica

Manchester Parish, Jamaica


Eileen Evelyn Greer Garson (29 September 1904 – 6 April 1996) was an English actress. She was very popular during the 1940s. She was born in Manor Park, Essex.

After many stage appearances, Greer Garson was signed to a contract with MGM. She became one of the studio's top ten box office draws. Garson received seven Academy Award nominations and she won the award for Mrs. Miniver (1942). After the 1940s, her career declined.

Garson moved to the United States and in 1951 became an American citizen. She died from heart failure at Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, Texas, on 6 April 1996 at the age of 91.

Other websites

Category:1904 births
Category:1996 deaths
Category:Academy Award winning actors
Category:Actors from Essex
Category:American movie actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Deaths from heart failure
Category:English movie actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:English television actors
Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States

Greer Garson


Communism  is a social political movement. Its aim is to set up a version of society based on the common ownership of the means of production and would not rely on social classes, or money.

According to communist writers and thinkers, the goal of communism is to create a stateless, classless society. Communist thinkers believe this can happen if the people take away the power of the bourgeoisie (the ruling class, who own the means of production) and establish worker control of the means of production.

Communism is not anti-individualist.  However, it does say that decisions should be good for the population as a whole, instead of just being good for only some part of people in the country.

Since 1992, there have been five nations remaining governed officially by communist ideologies. Four of these follow different forms of Marxism-Leninism - Vietnam, China, Cuba and Laos. The fifth, North Korea, now officially follows Juche communism, but also called itself Marxist-Leninist before 1991. Many other nations abandoned Marxism around that time since it's failed execution resulted in corruption of ideals and led to authoritarianism, mass poverty and violent civil conflict.

History

In 1848, Karl H. Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto. It was a short book with the basic ideas of communism. Most socialists and communists today still use this book to help them understand politics and economics. Many non-communists read it too, even if they do not agree with everything in it.

Karl Marx said that for society to change into a communist way of living, there would have to be a period of change. During this period, the workers would govern society. Marx was very interested in the experience of the Paris Commune of 1870, when the workers of Paris ran the city following the defeat of the French Army by the Prussian Army. He thought that this practical experience was more important than the theoretical views of the various radical groups.

Many groups and individuals liked Marx's ideas. By the beginning of the twentieth century, there was a worldwide socialist movement called Social Democracy. It was influenced by his ideas. They said that the workers in different countries had more in common with each other than the workers had in common with the bosses within their own countries. In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky led a Russian group called the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution. They got rid of the temporary government of Russia, which was formed after the February Revolution against the Tsar (Emperor). They established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also called the Soviet Union or USSR.

The Soviet Union was the first country claiming to have established a workers' state. In reality, the country never became communist in the way that Marx and Engels described.

During the 20th century, many people tried to establish workers' states. In the late 1940s, China also had a revolution and created a new government with Mao Zedong as its leader. In the 1950s, the island of Cuba had a revolution and created a new government with Fidel Castro as its leader. At one time, there were many such countries, and it seemed as though communism would win. But communist party governments didn't use democracy in their governments, a very important part of socialism and communism. Because of this, the governments became separated from the people, making communism difficult. This also led to disagreements and splits between countries.

By the 1960s, one-third of the world had overthrown capitalism and were trying to build communism. Most of these countries followed the model of the Soviet Union. Some followed the model of China. The other two-thirds of the world still lived in capitalism, and this led to a worldwide divide between capitalist countries and communist countries. This was called the "Cold War" because it was not fought with weapons or armies, but competing ideas. However, this could have turned into a large war. During the 1980s, the United States and the Soviet Union were competing to have the biggest army and having the most dangerous weapons. This was called the "Arms Race". President Ronald Reagan called communist countries like the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire" because he did not like communism.

Since 1989, when the Berlin Wall was torn down, most countries that used to be communist have returned to capitalism. Communism now has much less influence around the world. In 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. However, around a fifth of the world's people still live in states controlled by a communist party. Most of these people are in China. The other countries include Cuba, Vietnam, Laos, and North Korea. There are also communist movements in Latin America and South Africa.

Disputes
Many people have written their own ideas about communism. Vladimir Lenin of Russia thought that there had to be a group of hard-working revolutionaries (called a vanguard) to lead a socialist revolution worldwide and create a communist society everywhere. Leon Trotsky, also from Russia, argued that socialism had to be international, and it was not important to make it happen first in Russia. He also did not like Joseph Stalin, who became the leader of the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924. Trotsky was made to leave the Soviet Union by Stalin in 1928, and then killed in 1940. This scared many people, and lots of communists argued about whether this was right and whose ideas should be followed.

Mao Zedong of China thought that other classes would be important to the revolution in China and other developing countries because the working classes in these countries were small. Mao's ideas on communism are usually called Maoism or Mao Zedong Thought. After Stalin's death in 1953, Mao saw himself as the leader of worldwide communism until he died in 1976. Today the Chinese government is still ruled by the Communist Party, but they actually have what is called a mixed economy. They have borrowed many things from capitalism. The government in China today does not follow Maoism. However, revolutionaries in other countries like India and Nepal still like his ideas and are trying to use them in their own countries.

Term usage
The word "communism" is not a very specific description of left-wing political organizations. Many political parties calling themselves "communist" may actually be more reformist (supportive of reforms and slow change instead of revolution) than some parties calling themselves "socialists". Many communist parties in Latin America have lost many members because these parties do different things than what they promised once they get into power. In Chile, between 1970-1973, under the left-wing Coalition (groups of parties) of Popular Unity, led by Salvador Allende, the Communist Party of Chile was to the right of the Socialist Party of Chile.  This means it was more reformist than the socialist party.

Many communist parties will use a reformist strategy. They say working-class people are not organized enough to make big changes to their societies. They put forward candidates that will be elected democratically. Once communists become elected to parliament or the Senate, then they will fight for the working class. This will allow working-class people to change their capitalist society into a socialist one.

Symbols and culture
The color red is a symbol of communism around the world. A red five-pointed star sometimes also stands for communism. The hammer and sickle is a well-known symbol of communism. It was on the flags of many communist countries (see top of article). Some communists also like to use pictures of famous communists from history, such as Marx, Lenin, and Mao Zedong, as symbols of the whole philosophy of communism.

A song called The Internationale was the international song of communism. It has the same music everywhere, but the words to the song are translated into many languages. The Russian version was the national anthem of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1944.

The sickle in the Soviet Union's flag shows the struggle of the worker. The hammer in the flag represents the struggle for the workers. Both of them crossing shows their support for each other.

There is also a special kind of art and architecture found in many communist and former communist countries. Paintings done in the style of socialist realism are often done for propaganda to show a perfect version of a country's people and political leader. Art done in the socialist realism style, such as plays, movies, novels, and paintings show hard-working, happy, and well-fed factory workers and farmers. Movies, plays and novels in this style often tell stories about workers or soldiers who sacrifice themselves for the good of their country. Paintings often showed heroic portraits of the leader, or landscapes showing huge fields of wheat. Stalinist architecture was supposed to represent the power and glory of the state and its political leader. Some non-communists also enjoy this kind of art.

Notable People
 Fidel Castro
 Nicolae Ceauşescu
 Mikhail Gorbachev
 Che Guevara
 Erich Honecker
 Vladimir Lenin
 Karl Marx
 Friedrich Engels
 Joseph Stalin
 Ho Chi Minh
 Mao Tse-Tung
 Leon Trotsky
 Josip Broz Tito
 Kim Jong Un
 Deng Xiaoping

Related pages
 Anti-capitalism
 Karl Marx
 Marxism
 Trotskyism
 Capitalism
 Socialism

References

Other websites

Communism


Hesiod (Hesiodos, ) was an Ancient Greek poet. He is probably the second Greek poet whose work has survived; like Homer, his dates are not known for certain. As with Homer, there are numerous legends, none of which are supported by hard evidence. He may have lived around 700 BC in Askra in Boeotia, as a farmer. Today his writings are one of the main sources for Greek mythology, and everyday life in Ancient Greece, such as farming techniques, astronomy and ancient time-keeping. The complete surviving works were published in 1493, and by Aldus Manutius in 1495.

Works
Works and days
Theogony
Catalogue of women (or Eoiae)
The Shield of Heracles

Other websites

 Web texts taken from Hesiod, the Homeric Hymns and Homerica, edited and translated by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, published as Loeb Classical Library #57, 1914, :
Scanned text at the Internet Archive, in PDF and DjVu format
 Perseus Classics Collection: Greek and Roman Materials: Text: Hesiod Greek texts and English translations for Works and Days, Theogony, and Shield of Heracles with additional notes and cross links.
 Versions of the electronic edition of Evelyn-White's English translation edited by Douglas B. Killings, June 1995:
 Project Gutenberg plain text.
 Berkeley Digital Library SunSITE: The Online Medieval and Classical Library: Hesiod
 Sacred Texts: Classics: The Works of Hesiod (Theogony and Works and Days only)
 Hesiod and the Arcadian theme in the paintings Shepherds of Arcadia – Et in Arcadia Ego

Category:Ancient Greek poets
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown

Hesiod


The Broadly Applicable Tracking System, also called BATS, is a very small, lightweight tool shaped like a backpack.  Scientists glue the BATS onto the back of a bat or other small animal and then use GPS and wireless internet to see where the animal goes.

The scientists who invented BATS say it is different from other systems because it is lighter, uses less power and can track animals even inside caves or hollow trees.

BATS can be made with a 3D printer, and it is so light that it does not slow down small bats when they fly.  It also falls off after about fourteen days.  Scientists can collect fallen BATS to reuse the parts.

Scientists used BATS to show that vampire bats can make social bonds when being kept by humans that they remember after being released.

Name

Scientists named the tool "broadly applicable tracking system" because they believe it can be used in a broad range of animals: bats, rodents, amphibians and reptiles. "Broadly applicable" means "can be used in many ways." As of April 2020, BATS has only been used on bats.

Invention

The team that invented BATS includes scientists from the Museum of Natural History in Berlin and universities in Germany and Ohio State University.

References

Category:BatsCategory:Technology

Broadly Applicable Tracking System


The Pink Line is an  rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) as part of the Chicago "L" system.

It is CTA's newest rail line and began operation for a 180-day trial period on June 25, 2006, running between 54th/Cermak Station in Cicero, Illinois and the Loop in downtown Chicago. The route to the Loop follows tracks shared with Green Line trains on Lake Street, connected by the previously non-revenue Paulina Connector. In September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Pink Line was 33,737. The Pink Line does not make any 'L' train transfers on the Douglas Branch.

The Pink Line operates between 54th/Cermak and the Loop, weekdays from 4:05 a.m. to 1:25 a.m., and Saturdays and Sundays from 5:05 a.m. to 1:25 a.m.

Other websites
 Pink Line at CTA official site
 CTA Selects Winning Essay of Name the Line Contest - CTA Press Release on the Pink line

Category:Transport in Chicago
Category:2006 establishments in Illinois

References

Pink Line (CTA)


Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) was an acclaimed German psychiatrist. He was a behaviorist and a leading opponent of Freudianism. He wrote many books, including attacking Freud called Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire in 1985. He also wrote Causes and Cures of Criminality.

References

Category:1919 births
Category:1997 deaths
Category:German psychiatrists

Hans Eysenck


Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Croisilles, Pas-de-Calais


Hedi Turki (15 May 1922 – 31 March 2019) was a Tunisian artist. He was thought to have been an important figure of abstract painting in Tunisia. He was an influential member of the School of Tunis. He was born in Tunis and was of Turkish origin. In 1959, he traveled for three months in the United States, where he discovered th abstract art at Columbia University.

From 1963 to his retirement in 1985, he taught art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Tunis. He continued to travel and to study and work during his career, particularly in England (1971), Nigeria (1977) and the United States (1979).

Turki died on 31 March 2019 in Tunis, aged 96.

References

Category:1922 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Tunisian artists
Category:Tunisian academics

Hedi Turki


Pete Shelley (born Peter Campbell McNeish; 17 April 1955 – 6 December 2018) was an English singer-songwriter and rock guitarist. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire, but was raised in Bolton, Manchester. Shelley was best known as the founder and bandleader of Buzzcocks. His best known song was "Homosapien" (1981).

Shelley died on 6 December 2018 from a heart attack at his home in Estonia, aged 63.

Discography

Albums
 Sky Yen (1980) Groovy Records
 Hangahar (1980) Groovy Records
 Homosapien (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista
 XL1 (1983) Island/Arista (UK #42)
 Heaven and the Sea (1986) Mercury
 Cinema Music and Wallpaper Sounds (2016) (Caroline True Records)

Singles
 "Homosapien" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (AUS #4) (CAN #6) (US Dance #14)
 "I Don't Know What Love Is" (1981) Genetic-Island/Arista (US Dance #22)
 "Witness the Change" (1981) (US Dance #63)
 "Qu'est-Ce Que C'est Que Ça" (1982)
 "Homosapien" (1982) Genetic-Island/Arista
 "Telephone Operator" (1983) Island/Arista (US Dance #22) (UK #66)
 "Millions Of People (No One Like You)" (1983) (UK #94)
 "Never Again" (1984) Immaculate
 "Waiting For Love" (1986) Mercury
 "On Your Own" (1986) Mercury (US Dance #10)
 "Blue Eyes" (1986) Mercury
 "I Surrender" (1986) Mercury
 "Your Love" (1988)
 "Homosapien. Pete Shelley Vs. Power, Wonder and Love" (1989) Immaculate

References

Other websites
Interview with Pete Shelley

Category:1955 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:English singer-songwriters
Category:English rock guitarists
Category:English rock singers
Category:English pop singers
Category:Musicians from Lancashire
Category:Singers from Lancashire
Category:Writers from Lancashire
Category:Musicians from Manchester

Pete Shelley


is a Japanese manga series. It was written by Jinsei Kataoka and illustrated by Kazuma KondouIt. It was published in Shōnen Ace since 2008. Tokyopop got the licensing rights to distribute the manga in English. It released the first 5 volumes of the manga before the company shut down its North American Publishing division in 2011. Viz Media announced that it had licensed the series for English language release in North America on July 7, 2013. It released the first volume on February 11, 2014; new volumes were released every two months after that.

An anime based on this manga aired between April and July 2011. The content from first 21 chapters were used in the anime. The anime is licensed by Funimation and aired on Adult Swim's Toonami block on May 26, 2012. It finished its run on August 11, 2012.

References

Deadman Wonderland