John Dennis Spellman (December 29, 1926 – January 16, 2018) was an American politician. Spellman was born in Seattle, Washington. He was the 18th Governor of Washington between 1981 and 1985 and the first King County Executive from 1969 to 1981. As of 2015, he was the last Republican to serve as Governor of Washington.

Spellman died on January 16, 2018 at a hospital in Seattle of pneumonia caused from a fall at the age of 91.

References

Category:1926 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Disease-related deaths in Washington (state)
Category:Accidental deaths from falls in the United States
Category:Governors of Washington
Category:Politicians from Seattle, Washington
Category:US Republican Party politicians

John Spellman


A cyclohexene is a six-sided (hexagonal) shaped hydrocarbon ring made when carbon atoms join with hydrogen atoms. It is flammable, toxic, and colourless liquid which does not dissolve in water. It will, however, dissolve in alcohol.

References

Category:Organic chemistry

Cyclohexene


Nanalan' is an American–Canadian television show broadcast by the Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. programming block in the US and CBC Television in Canada. Nanalan''' is "designed to foster children's curiosity and love of learning, with the hope they will carry it with them as they grow". Excerpts from the show also air on Fox Kids UK. The series premiered airs at 9:30 a.m. ET/PT times on November 28, 1999 on Nickelodeon's Nick Jr. block in the United States.Nanalan'  began airing on November 28, 1999 and on September 22, 2005, it was nominated for the following three Gemini Awards: Best Performance in a Pre-School Program or Series; Best Writing in a Children's or Youth Program or Series; and Best Pre-School Program or Series. Nanalan won Best writing and Best performance, an award shared by Jamie Shannon (the voice of Mona), Jason Hopley (the voice of Nana and Russell), Marty Stelnick (the voice of Mrs. Bea), Todd Doldersum (the voice of Mr. Wooka), and Ali Eisner (the performer of Russell).

Several compilation DVDs of the show and a CD of musical highlights are also available.

The main character is a green puppet named Mona. She is known for her lollipop and orange Nana''', who is Mona's main caretaker.

Series overview

Category:American animated television series
Category:Lists of animated television series episodes

List of Nanalan' episodes


Sursk (, 53°05'N 45°42'E) is town in Penza Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 7,500 (2005). The town was founded in 1860.

Sursk is located on the Sura River's left bank. It is 92 km from Penza.

Other websites
 Site about Sursk

Category:Towns in Russia
Category:1860 establishments
Category:19th century establishments in Russia

Sursk


A dollhouse (or doll house) is a toy home made in miniature. Dollhouses have been mainly for children. Making and collecting them, however, is also a hobby for many adults. In the United States and Canada, the term dollhouse is used. In the United Kingdom, the term doll's house is used.

Early dollhouses were seen more than 400 years ago as baby house display cases in Europe. Smaller dollhouses that looked like real houses on the outside appeared in Europe in the 18th century.

Early dollhouses were hand-made. After the Industrial Revolution and World War II, doll houses were mass produced. They became more standard and cost less to buy.

Mass-produced dollhouses include those related to the Barbie doll.

One famous dollhouse is Queen Mary's dollhouse. It took four years to build. Another is Colleen Moore's dollhouse. It took seven years to build.

References

Category:Toys

Dollhouse


Comano is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 www.comano.ch

Category:Municipalities of Ticino

Comano, Switzerland


Ming Erh Chang (; April 20, 1932 – October 3, 2017) was a Chinese-born American military naval officer. He was born in Shanghai, China. He served in the U.S. Navy for 34 years. He became the Department of the Navy Inspector General in 1987. When Chang left the navy, he became vice president and corporate director for the Pacific region at Raytheon International and then president of MEC International, LLC.

Chang died on October 3, 2017 from complications of Parkinson's disease in McLean, Virginia at the age of 85.

References

Category:1932 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Category:Disease-related deaths in Virginia
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:Military people from Virginia
Category:People from Shanghai

Ming Chang


Looze is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Yonne

Looze


The English Civil War happened in the middle 17th century. The term civil war is a war where the sides involved in the fighting are from the same country.

At the centre, there was a struggle between King Charles I and the Parliament of England over how England should be ruled. The King wanted to rule without Parliament telling him what to do. At first Parliament wanted to reduce the King's power, but later it decided that the country did not need a king. King Charles's supporters were known as the Royalists, and were nicknamed "Cavaliers". Parliament's supporters were known as the Parliamentarians, and were nicknamed "Roundheads".

From 1639 to 1653, there was fighting in England, Scotland and Ireland, three separate countries that were ruled by the same king. The fighting that took place in each of these countries broke out at different times and for different reasons. In England, it lasted from 1642 to 1651. Some people think of this as one big war, while others think of it as three separate wars: the First English Civil War (1642-46), the Second English Civil War (1648) and the Third English Civil War (1649-51). The wars are also sometimes known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, including the Bishops' Wars in Scotland in 1639 to 1640 and the Irish Rebellion from 1641 to 1653.

The Parliamentarians won the war. Charles I was captured, put on trial and in 1649 he was executed. His son Charles II then tried to take over the country, but lost and escaped abroad. As a result, the three kingdoms spent 11 years without a king. For most of this time, they were run by Oliver Cromwell, a former Parliamentarian general. After Cromwell's death, the monarchy was restored under Charles II. However, kings were never as powerful as they had been before the war.

Causes

The reasons for the fighting were mostly to do with power, money and religion.

Power and money
In the 17th century, the king had a lot of power over England with one exception: he could only raise taxes if the English Parliament agreed to it. This was because Parliament represented the gentry (middle class), and no king could raise taxes without the help of the gentry. Scotland and Ireland also had parliaments, but with not nearly as much power. When King James VI of Scotland inherited the throne (becoming James I of England), he disliked having to work with parliament. He was more used to ruling in Scotland, where the king was far more powerful. James I also spent more money than previous kings and queens.

Both James I and his son Charles I believed in the "divine right of kings", meaning that they believed that God gave kings the right to do anything they wanted over their lands. But there was a difference between the two: James I accepted that he could not get what he wanted all the time, whereas Charles I always wanted to get his own way.

After becoming king in 1625, Charles I quickly got into arguments with members of Parliament. From 1629 to 1640, he shut Parliament down and ruled without it. This was legal, as long as he did not raise taxes. He used some legal tricks to raise money without bringing back Parliament. For example, he used "ship money", a tax that had been paid by coastal towns in times of war. Charles I started charging it to all towns when there was no war. This was unpopular, but judges decided that it was legal. The period from 1629 to 1640 was known as the "Eleven Years' Tyranny" by the king's enemies.

Religion
In the previous century, the Protestant Reformation and England's break with the Catholic Church had encouraged new ideas and struggles. In England, there was movement called the Puritans, because they wanted a "pure" religion. They believed that the Church of England was too much like the Roman Catholic Church it had broken away from. In particular, they did not want the church to have bishops. There was a similar movement in Scotland. The Church of Scotland also had bishops, but it had many differences with the Church of England.

On the other hand, Charles I and Archbishop William Laud tried to change the Church of England. They brought back incense, bells and decorations to churches. These were things that were found in Catholic churches. This worried the people who hated Catholicism, especially the Puritans. Charles I also married a French princess, Henrietta Maria, who was a Catholic.

Build-up
In 1637, Charles I tried to introduce a new prayer book in Scotland that was very similar to the English Book of Common Prayer, without asking Scotland's Parliament or church. Many Scots hated the prayer book, seeing it as an attempt to change the religion of their country. Riots broke out in Edinburgh, and unrest spread throughout Scotland. A rebellion movement began in Scotland, which became known as the Covenanters.

In 1639, the rebellion led to the Bishops' Wars in Scotland. The war cost so much money that the King called a new Parliament in England to raise taxes. But the members of Parliament did not want to work with Charles, and instead they complained about the king's actions (such as ship money) during the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". He shut Parliament down again, but the King struggled to stop the Covenanters without new taxes. The Covenanter army invaded England and marched into Northumberland and County Durham. They refused to leave unless they were paid money. To raise that money, the King had no choice but to call another Parliament. This became known as the "Long Parliament". Over two-thirds of the elected members of the Long Parliament were opposed to the king. John Pym was their leader.

The Long Parliament passed laws to stop the king from shutting it down and removed many of the king's allies. They even had his friend Earl of Strafford executed. In 1641, a rebellion broke out in Ireland. The rebellion was caused by Irish Catholics who were fearful of the Protestants in the Long Parliament and the Scottish Covenanters. The need to raise money to fight the rebellion strengthened Parliament. Parliament also took control of the army in 1642, to deal with the Irish Rebellion.

In January 1642, Charles I marched into Parliament with guards, to arrest five members of Parliament (including Pym) who disagreed with him. The five men found out he was coming and escaped. No king had ever entered the main chamber of Parliament before, and many members were shocked he would do this. It was disaster for Charles. He failed to catch his enemies, and many members of Parliament who had not been enemies of the king became afraid of him. They decided that the only way to protect themselves was a raise an army against the King.

The wars

First English Civil War (1642-46)

In mid-1642, both sides started travelling around the country to gather supporters and weapons. On 22 August, King Charles raised the royal flag in Nottingham. By doing this, he was announcing that he was at war with Parliament.

The King found more support in the countryside, poorer parts of the country and northern and western England. Parliament found more support in most cities, ports, richer parts of the country and southern and eastern England. People who were secretly Catholic mostly supported the King. The Royal Navy and most Puritans supported Parliament. Some areas supported Parliament because of local problems, such as the land drainage works in The Fens.

The Royalist armies were led by Prince Rupert, the King's nephew. The Parliamentarian armies were at first led by the Earl of Essex. The Royalists decided they would try to fight the Parliamentarians quickly, and so went to meet them in Warwickshire. The first major battle was the Battle of Edgehill in October 1642. The battle ended in a draw. The King tried to return to London but was blocked by the Parliamentarian army. He moved with his armies to Oxford, where he had more loyal followers.

The first year of the war went fairly well for the Royalists. They strengthened their control over the north and west, but were less successful in the Midlands. After mid-1643, the Parliamentarians started to do better. They won battles in Lincolnshire, in the east and at Newbury to the west of London.

King Charles made a deal with the Irish rebels to stop the fighting in Ireland, freeing up soldiers that could fight for him. Parliament made a deal with the Scottish Covenantors, who would help them. Parliament were also helped by a talented army leader called Oliver Cromwell. He led a cavalry (horse riders) unit called the "Ironsides". The Ironsides were better organised than most cavalry units, which made them far better at fighting.

Helped by the Scots and the Ironsides, Parliament won a major victory the Battle of Marston Moor in July 1644. They took control of northern England. The Royalists were weakened but not yet defeated. They won the Battle of Lostwithiel in Cornwall, defeating Essex's soldiers. They also managed to fight to a draw at a second Battle of Newbury in October.

In 1645, Parliament organised its soldiers into the New Model Army. The Earl of Essex was replaced by Sir Thomas Fairfax. Oliver Cromwell became Fairfax's deputy. The New Model Army was better organised than any army that had come before it. They defeated the King's largest army at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645. Most of the Royalist soldiers at Naseby were taken prisoner.</small> King Charles escaped Naseby but left behind his baggage, which had letters inside them. The Parliamentarians opened them and found out that the King was trying to get help from the Irish Catholics and from Catholic countries. The King lost support because of this.

The other main Royalist army was defeated at the Battle of Langport in Somerset, one month later. The Parliamentarians took control of South West England, where they been weak. King Charles tried gather his remaining supporters in the Midlands. Many fortress towns in the area from Oxford to Newark-on-Trent were still loyal to him. In May 1646, Charles met a Scottish army in Nottinghamshire. The Scots took him prisoner.

Second English Civil War (1648)
Although the Parliamentarians had won, they were divided on how to run the country. One big argument was over religion. Most members of Parliament wanted a Presbyterian national church. The New Model Army favoured allowing local churches to run themselves without there being a national church. The defeated Royalists supported the existing Church of England, though some were secretly Catholic. Parliament and the Army both tried to win support of the King and the Scottish Presbyterians. King Charles was in prison and was passed between the groups. He refused to make a deal any of them, because he believed that only he had the right to rule over England. He pretended he was interested in making a deal while he planned to take back control of the country. The divisions became worse when Parliament tried to disband the New Model Army.

A second war broke out when some Scottish Presbyterians (called the Engagers) and some English Presbyterians allied with the King. They agreed to support him in return for making the English and Scottish churches into Presbyterian churches. The Scots invaded England, while Royalist rebellions broke out in various parts of England. Some of the rebellions were defeated very easily. The rebellions in Wales, Kent, Essex and Cumberland were stronger but were put down by the New Model Army. The Royalists and Scots were defeated at the Battle of Preston in August 1648.

Execution of King Charles I

The New Model Army was in control. In an event called "Pride's Purge", army Colonel Thomas Pride removed all members of Parliament who had not supported the Army. Only 75 few members were left. The Army put them in charge of the country, and this Parliament was called the Rump Parliament.

The Rump Parliament decided they would not work with King Charles any more. They put him on trial. On 27 January 1649, the trial found him guilty of treason and called him a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy". He was beheaded three days later.

Many historians say that the execution of King Charles was an important moment in English history, and even in the history of the Western World. No European monarch had ever been put on trial by their own people before. Other countries in Europe said the execution was wrong, but they did not do much else. Not all Parliamentarians supported the execution. Fairfax thought it was wrong. He resigned as leader of the New Model Army, and was replaced by Oliver Cromwell.

The next king would have been Charles' son Prince Charles, the future King Charles II. Parliament announced instead that England would become a republic, called the Commonwealth of England. However, Prince Charles could still become King of Scotland.

Third English Civil War (1649-51)
The third English Civil War was actually more of a fight between Scottish and English armies, and much of it was fought in Scotland.

In 1649, the Marquess of Montrose started a rebellion in Scotland in support of King Charles II. Rather than support Montrose, Charles decided to ally with the Scottish Covenantors. They feared the Commonwealth of England would stop Scotland from having a Presbyterian church. Montrose was defeated by Scottish armies in April 1650. In June, Charles landed in Scotland and signed an agreement with the Scottish Covenantors.

Cromwell travelled to Scotland and arrived the following month. Over the next year, it took control of the main parts of Scotland. When Charles fled to England, Cromwell followed him, leaving George Monck to finish winning the war in Scotland. When this was done, Scotland became part of the Commonwealth of England.

Charles' army marched across England to the western regions where the Royalists had the most support. However, they could not find as many supporters as they wanted. Cromwell found them and defeated them at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651. Charles fled to The Netherlands. He would not return until 1660.

Irish rebellion

The Irish rebellion that started in 1641 would continue until 1652. It was mainly fought by Irish Catholics against armies of the English Parliamentarians, Scottish Covenantors and Protestant settlers in Ireland. At first the rebels fought English Royalist armies as well, but this mostly stopped after September 1843. Seven months after the rebellion began, the rebels created their own government in Kilkenny. This was known as the Irish Catholic Confederation.

In 1649, Oliver Cromwell went to Ireland and put down their rebellion. Cromwell was remembered in Ireland as a brutal invader, particularly because of the large numbers of people killed at the Siege of Drogheda. Some fighting continued in Ireland until 1653.

Afterwards

The next nine years
The wars left England, Scotland and Ireland all as part of the Commonwealth of England, one of the few countries in Europe without a monarch. After the wars ended, Cromwell disbanded the Rump Parliament and took over the country. He chose to be "Lord Protector" rather than King, because he did not think the country needed another king. His government was called "the Protectorate" or "the Commonwealth". The time period from 1849 to 1860 is also called the English Interregnum (meaning gap between kings).

Oliver Cromwell ruled the country until he died in 1658. Cromwell's son, Richard, took over as Lord Protector. However, the Army did not think he was a good ruler. After seven months, the Army removed Richard, and in May 1659 it re-installed the Rump Parliament. However, the Army did not get on with the Rump Parliament either and disbanded them a second time. There were fears that England would not have a proper government.

George Monck, a key leader in the Army, arranged for a new Parliament to be elected. On 8 May 1660, the new Parliament decided to restore the monarchy with Charles II as the king. He returned to England later that month. This event is known as the English Restoration. Scotland and Ireland went back to being separate countries and the pre-war churches returned.

Long term
Although the monarchy returned, the Civil War had long-lasting effects. The war made it clear that an English monarch could not rule without the support of Parliament. The law was not changed to limit the monarch's power (this was done after the 1688 Glorious Revolution) But historians consider the Civil War to be stage on England and Scotland's long journeys from rule by one king to becoming a democracy.

In Ireland, the defeat of the rebellion strengthened the power of the Protestants. This was one of the reasons why Ireland would be ruled by Protestants from the late 17th century until the 20th century, even though most Irish people were Catholic.

Tactics
The English Civil War was fought with "pike and shot" tactics. These were used in most wars from the late 15th century to the late 17th century. Armies were divided into three main groups:
Musketeers: They fired a type of gun called a musket. Muskets were not as powerful or easy to use as modern guns.
Pikemen: They carried a very long spear, called a pike. Their main job was to stop the enemy's cavalry.
Cavalry: They were horse riders who would charge at the enemy's musketeers. A very skilled cavalry could charge at the enemy's pikemen.

At first, the Royalists had a better cavalry. Their riders were faster and more skilled. Prince Rupert had fought in the Eighty Years War in The Netherlands and used the lessons learned there to improve his cavalry. However, sometimes the Royalist cavalry failed to work as a team. At the Battle of Edgehill, many of them decided to chase fleeing soldiers or steal from the Parliamentarian baggage wagons. The Royalists might have won this battle if their cavalry had stayed together.

Cromwell's "Ironside" cavalry were slower, but worked better as a team. They helped the Parliamentarians win some key battles. The Parliamentarians sometimes had a problem that pikemen would run away when cavalry charged at them. Cromwell and Fairfax trained them to stay in place.

Notes

References

Other websites

 English Civil War -Citizendium

Category:Wars involving England
Category:Civil wars
Category:Rebellions in Europe
Category:17th century rebellions
Category:17th century in England
Category:History of Scotland
Category:History of Ireland
Category:1640s in Europe
Category:1650s in Europe

English Civil War


Florina is a city in Greece in the region of Macedonia.  It is the capital of the Florina prefecture. Its population is 15,265 inhabitants. Florina is build at the foot of Varnus mountain. It is built at an altitude of 600 meter approximately. Around Florina there are many forests.

Category:Cities in Greece

Florina


The Latin Kings is an organized Hispanic street gang based in Chicago and New York City.

Category:Gangs
Category:People from Chicago
Category:People from New York City

en:Latin Kings

Latin Kings


Aubin-Saint-Vaast is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Aubin-Saint-Vaast


Error detection and correction is about methods to make sure that information or data is not corrupted, and still makes sense. The techniques help reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels.

Detecting an error
There are different ways to make sure an error can be detected. This is done by adding more data or information to the data transmitted. Adding more data than needed is called redundancy.

Repetition codes: The data is broken up into blocks. Each block is then sent a number of times.
Parity bits can be used. The parity bit is 1 for an odd number of ones, and 0 for an even number (or vice versa)
Checksums
Cyclic redundancy checks
Hamming codes
Hash function
Longitudinal redundancy check
Transverse redundancy check
Polarity schemes

Correcting an error
There are two main ways to correct an error:
 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) - The receiver detects an error and automatically requests a repetition
 Forward error correction

Other websites
 Error control --Citizendium

Category:Computer science

Error detection and correction


Colombes is a town in the northwest suburbs of Paris, France. Its in the region Île-de-France and the department Hauts-de-Seine. Its population is about 77,000.

Twin town
  Frankenthal in Germany

Category:Communes in Hauts-de-Seine

Colombes


The Little Carpathians or Lesser Carpathians are a mountain range that are about 100 kilometers long. They are found in the western part of Slovakia, between Bratislava and Nové Mesto nad Váhom, and in Northeastern Austria.

Category:Mountain ranges of the Carpathians
Category:Mountains of Austria
Category:Geography of Slovakia

Little Carpathians


Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making.  The word comes from the Latin word for "chapel".  In German "Kapelle" got the meaning: "choir" (because they sang in a chapel).  "Meister" means "master".

The French word is maître de la chapelle.  In Italian he is Maestro di Capella.  In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.

The Kapellmeister's job

The word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman.  Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras.  The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music.  He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.

Many famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister.  Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-Cöthen. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterházy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire.

A Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church.  Sometimes, this would be called "Kantor" in Germany.  Johann Sebastian Bach was called "Kantor" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750.

By the 19th century, society in Europe had changed.  The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer.  Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.

Sometimes, the word "Kapellmeister" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it.

Category:Musicians
Category:Occupations

Kapellmeister


Maisons-lès-Soulaines is a commune of the Aube département in the north-central part of France.

Maisons-lès-Soulaines

Maisons-lès-Soulaines


Russell T Davies, OBE (born Stephen Russell Davies, 27 April 1963), is a critically acclaimed British television producer and writer from Swansea, Wales. He is known for television programmes such as Queer as Folk and The Second Coming, and for bringing back the popular science-fiction television series Doctor Who, and creating its spin-off series Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures. He wrote the Book Doctor Who: The Writer's Tale. In 2015 three new shows by Davies, Cucumber, Banana, and Tofu, started.

Davies is openly gay.

References

Other websites

Category:British screenwriters
Category:British television producers
Category:British television writers
Category:LGBT writers
Category:People from Swansea
Category:Welsh LGBT people
Category:Writers from Glamorgan
Category:1963 births
Category:Living people

Russell T Davies


Ebrahim Amini (30 June 1925 – April 24, 2020) was an Iranian politician. He was a member of the Assembly of Experts from 1983 to 2007 and again from 2016 to 2020. He was also a member of the Expediency Discernment Council. He was a possible candidate to become the next Iranian Supreme Leader.

Amini was known as a critic of the government of former president Mahmoud Ahmedinejad.

Amini died at a hospital on April 24, 2020 in Qom, Iran at the age of 94.

References

Category:1925 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Iranian politicians
Category:Critics

Ebrahim Amini


Homblières is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Homblières


Hancock is a 2008 American superhero comedy movie directed by Peter Berg and starring Will Smith, Charlize Theron, and Jason Bateman. It tells the story of a vigilante superhero, John Hancock (Smith) from Los Angeles whose reckless actions routinely cost the city millions of dollars. Eventually one person he saves, Ray Embrey (Bateman), makes it his mission to change Hancock's public image for the better.

Cast
 Will Smith as John Hancock
 Charlize Theron as Mary Embrey
 Jason Bateman as Ray Embrey
 Eddie Marsan as Kenneth "Red" Parker, Jr.
 Johnny Galecki as Jeremy
 Thomas Lennon as Mike

Release dates

Category:2008 movies
Category:2000s action movies
Category:2000s comedy movies
Category:Superhero movies
Category:American action movies
Category:American comedy movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:Movies composed by John Powell

Hancock (movie)


The early modern period is a time from 15001800 (roughly). This time follows the Middle Ages. It is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.

In the history of Europe, the early modern period follows the Medieval period. It begins around the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and includes the Renaissance period, and the Age of Discovery. It includes the discovery of America, and the discovery of the sea route to the East. It ends around the French Revolution in 1789.

Europe
In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Science, transport, and communications improved. This is also called the Renaissance. For European countries with many ships, this was the Age of Discovery. Europe was beginning to expand to the New World.
Trade with Asia was common, after Europeans found their way around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. Late in this period the European countries started setting up colonies there.

Asia
The Mughal Empire began in 1526. This Empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. At this time Asia was flourishing in Math and Science. Also the Ottoman Empire was ruling the Middle East, along with the Persian Empire.

Related pages
 Renaissance

References
 Discussion of the medieval/modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering Cambridge Modern History (1903)
 Society for Renaissance Studies

Category:Periods and ages in history

Early modern period


The ZhuZhus (originally titled Polly and the Zhu Zhu Pets) is a Canadian/American animated television series produced by Cepia LLC and Nelvana, and the YTV. The series aired in the United States on Disney Channel on September 12, 2016.

Premise
The ZhuZhus is about a young girl named Frankie Pamplemousse, her mom and dad, and her four talking hamsters: Pipsqueak, Mr. Squiggles, Num Nums, and Chunk. The group of five go on adventures in their town, Anytown.

Characters

Main characters
 Frankie Pamplemousse (originally named Polly Pamplemousse; voiced by Jenna Warren) is the 8-year-old owner of the Zhu Zhu pets.
 Pipsqueak (voiced by Tajja Isen) is the first Zhu Zhu pet. She is unofficially the leader of the Zhu Zhus. She loves adventuring. Her birthmark is a shooting star.
 Mr. Squiggles (voiced by Richard Binsley) is the second Zhu Zhu pet. He is smart. His birthmark is a spiral.
 Num Nums (voiced by Stephany Seki) is the third Zhu Zhu pet. She thinks about things before she does them. Her birthmark is a heart.
 Chunk (voiced by Robert Tinkler) is the last Zhu Zhu pet. He is strong, has style, and loves to eat food. His birthmark is a sun.
 Jilly and Bean are two naughty twins. They have appeared in the series.

Recurring
 Ellen Pamplemousse or "Mom" (voiced by Stacey DePass) is Frankie's mother and a professional plumber for Pamplemousse Plumbing. She used to be part of the Power Badge Girls.
 Stanley Pamplemousse or "Dad" (voiced by Zachary Bennett) is Frankie's father and also a professional plumber for Pamplemousse Plumbing. He loves music and was previously a Wilderness Teen Ranger. Thus, he knows a lot about nature.
 Wilfred P. Kerdle or Mr. Kerdle (voiced by Patrick McKenna) is the cranky janitor of Frankie's school. He tries to stop the Zhus from coming into the school and insults them.
 Cindy and Mindy Gelato (voiced by Rebecca Brenner and Samantha Weinstein) are twins and Frankie's friends.
 Madge (voiced by Brianna D'Aguanno) is Frankie's neighbor and worst enemy. She always tries to beat Frankie at everything. She has blue hair and brown eyes and a cat named Princess Tickyboo.
 Whendy Sails (voiced by Nicole Stamp) is a celebrity and news reporter for Channel 5.
 Jessica Beeker (voiced by Addison Holley) is Frankie's favorite popstar.
 Dr. Phelmholz (voiced by Ron Rubin) is an Austrian doctor from Vienna.

Episodes

Series overview

Season 1 (2016–17)

Zhu's News (2017)
A webseries called "Zhu's News" was released to YTV's YouTube channel starting July 17, 2017. Each episode stars Whendy Sails of Channel 5 recapping moments in the series.

Season 2 (2019)

International broadcasts

Notes and references

Notes

References

Other websites

  on Disney Channel

Category:American animated television series
Category:American children's television series
Category:American fantasy television series
Category:Canadian animated television series
Category:Canadian children's television series
Category:Disney Channel shows

The ZhuZhus


Sebastian Deisler (born 5 January 1980) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||Borussia Mönchengladbach||Bundesliga||17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="3"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||20||2||1||0||8||0||29||2
|-
|2000/01||25||4||0||0||4||0||29||4
|-
|2001/02||11||3||1||0||1||0||13||3
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="5"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||8||0||2||0||0||0||10||0
|-
|2003/04||11||4||2||0||1||0||14||4
|-
|2004/05||23||4||4||0||5||0||32||4
|-
|2005/06||16||0||3||0||6||3||25||3
|-
|2006/07||4||0||0||0||1||0||5||0
135||18||15||0||26||3||176||21
135||18||15||0||26||3||176||21
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||9||1
|-
|2001||7||1
|-
|2002||3||1
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||2||0
|-
|2005||13||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
!Total||36||3
|}

References

Category:1980 births
Category:German footballers
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Baden-Württemberg
Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players

Sebastian Deisler


Croisette, Pas-de-Calais is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Croisette, Pas-de-Calais


is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1990/91||rowspan="2"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="2"|JSL Division 1||9||0||0||0||0||0||9||0
|-
|1991/92||21||2||3||0||0||0||24||2
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||3||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|1993||29||1||3||0||6||0||38||1
|-
|1994||25||1||0||0||2||0||27||1
|-
|1995||Urawa Red Diamonds||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996||Brummell Sendai||Football League||19||2||3||1||colspan="2"|-||22||3
103||6||12||1||8||0||123||7
103||6||12||1||8||0||123||7
|}

Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Fukushima Prefecture

Masanaga Kageyama


Revolt of the Zombies is a 1938 horror movie. It was directed and produced by brothers Victor and Edward Halperin. It stars Dean Jagger and Dorothy Stone. It was conceived as a sequel to the Halperins' 1932 White Zombie. Revolt is regarded as a disappointment.

Category:1936 movies
Category:Zombie movies
Category:American horror movies
Category:Movies directed by Victor Halperin
Category:English-language movies

Revolt of the Zombies


The Ermenonville Forest () is a forest in Oise, France. On 3 March 1974, a Turkish Airlines flight crashed in the forest and in the commune of Fontaine-Chaalis. There is a memorial in the forest to the victims of that flight.

Category:Forests of France
Category:Hauts-de-France

Ermenonville Forest


A fire pump is part of a fire fighting system. It brings water from water sources such as groundwater or static water. It supplies the water to a sprinkler system to extinguish fire with high water pressure. The pump is run by a motor.

Category:Firefighting
Category:Machines

Fire pump


Bannu Division () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. The division was created in the 1990s when it was removed from Dera Ismail Khan Division, at abolition it contained the districts of Bannu and Lakki Marwat.

Category:Districts of British India

Bannu Division


The Abel Prize  () is a Norwegian prize awarded every year by the Government of Norway to one or more outstanding mathematicians.  It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel (1802–1829) and modelled after the Nobel Prizes, the award was established in 2001 by the Government of Norway and complements its sister prize in the humanities, the Holberg Prize.

It comes with a monetary award of 6 million Norwegian kroner (NOK) (around €650,000).

Winners

References

Category:Science awards

Abel Prize


Career has various meanings, mostly having to do with a job.

The word comes from a French word meaning "road". It came to mean someone's path through life, or through a particular part of life, for example one's time in school. Later many people used the word  only for someone's work and, later yet, a profession, or a job that has an opportunity for advancement. Alternatively, "a career" often means a sequence of related jobs within a single industry or sector, such as "a career in medicine" or "a career in the building trade".

Career


The Edwards Plateau is a region of west-central Texas which is bounded by the Balcones Fault to the south and east, the Llano Uplift and the Llano Estacado to the north, and the Pecos River and Chihuahuan Desert to the west. San Angelo, Austin, San Antonio and Del Rio roughly outline the area. The eastern part of the plateau is known as the Texas Hill Country.

The Edwards Plateau has 41 counties.

References

Category:Regions of the United States
Category:Geography of Texas

Edwards Plateau


Viking metal is a heavy metal music subgenre inspired by Norse mythology. Swedish metal band Bathory's fourth album, released in 1988 and called Blood Fire Death, was the first Viking metal album.

Viking metal bands
Bathory
Enslaved
Amon Amarth
Graveland

References

Category:Heavy metal subgenres

Viking metal


Porto-Vecchio () is a town and commune of the Corse-du-Sud department, on the island of Corsica, in France.Porto-Vecchio is the third largest town in Corsica after Bastia and Ajaccio.Porto-Vecchio is also a tourism city, tourists come from many countries around the world, in particular from Italy, Germany or the Netherlands. Porto-Vecchio has 10,000 inhabitants, 40,000 in the summer.

History and Politics
The town of Porto-Vecchio is also called the city of salt, because this one was built on salt-water marshes which were drained in order to develop itself.

Food
Corsican gastronomy is rich and varied. Many of food are seasonal like clementines or citrus. Corsica is the only region of France producing this variety of oranges, around 25,000 tonnes per year and 40% of this production comes from Porto-Vecchio or its area. This fruit is very famous for its freshness and the vitamins which it brings. Another fruit very significant in Corsica and in particular in Porto-Vecchio is the chestnut because they are used in many Corsican dishes, for example, it is used to make bread or crepe. A typically Corsican dish is the pig that is cooked in a lot of version, and that has famous part really good, like: coppa, lonzu or prizuttu, which one is similar to a parma ham but the most famous is figatelli, which is smoked. The most typical cheese is called brocciu.

Other websites
 Porto-Vecchio, pictures of Porto-Vecchio

Category:Communes in Corse-du-Sud

Porto-Vecchio


Takayuki Odajima (born 15 September 1977) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||23||0||||||1||0||24||0
|-
|2001||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="4"|Thespa Kusatsu||Prefectural Leagues||14||2||||||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2003||Regional Leagues||14||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||2
|-
|2004||Football League||29||7||5||1||colspan="2"|-||34||8
|-
|2005||J. League 2||20||0||||||colspan="2"|-||20||0
100||11||6||1||1||0||107||12
100||11||6||1||1||0||107||12
|}

References

Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture

Takayuki Odajima


Rosvopaisti is a traditional Finnish food. It is cooked in a 50 cm-deep hole. At the bottom of the hole is put a camp fire. It is cooked there for 3-4 hours. After that, a steak is put in the hole. Cooking takes about 8-12 hours.

Other websites
 Rosvopaisti receipt with advices for making rosvopaistiowen

Category:Finnish culture
Category:Finnish food
Category:Foods

Rosvopaisti


Ōnojō is a small city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Kyūshū.

People from Ōnojō
 Aska - musician
 Yu Eto - footballer
 Yuichi Honda - baseball player

Other websites

Category:Cities in Japan
Category:Settlements in Fukuoka Prefecture

Ōnojō


Key Largo is a census-designated place in the Florida Keys. It is on Key Largo. In 2000, about 11,886 people lived here. The name comes from the Spanish Cayo Largo, or "long cay".

Category:Census-designated places in Florida

Key Largo, Florida


Ayanavaram taluk is a taluk of the city district of Chennai in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was formed in December 2013 from parts of the erstwhile Perambur-Purasawalkam taluk. It comprises the neighbourhoods of Ayanavaram, Kolathur and Peravallur.

References
 Taluks of Chennai district

Category:Chennai District

Ayanavaram taluk


The Doctor in Spite of Himself is a play by Molière. It was first performed in 1666. It is about a drunkard who pretends to be a doctor.

Category:Plays by Molière

The Doctor in Spite of Himself


John Charles Bryan Barnes  (born 7 November 1963) is an English former footballer, rapper, manager and now commentator. He played as a left winger. He was best known for playing for Liverpool between 1987 and 1997. He won three league titles, an FA Cup and a League Cup during his time playing at Liverpool. He also played for Watford, Newcastle United, Charlton Athletic and the England national team. He also managed Celtic, the Jamaica national team and Tranmere Rovers.

Barnes was born in Kingston, Jamaica. He moved to London at the age of 12. He was married to Suzy until their divorce. They had four children. With his second wife, Andrea, he has three children. He lives in Wirral.

Honours

As player
Liverpool
Football League First Division (2): 1987–88, 1989–90
FA Cup (1): 1988–89
League Cup (1): 1994–95
FA Charity Shield (3): 1988, 1989, 1990

As manager
Jamaica
Caribbean Cup (1): 2008

References

Other websites

 John Barnes at LiverpoolFC.com

Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:1986 FIFA World Cup players
Category:1990 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Black British sportspeople
Category:British rap musicians
Category:English footballers
Category:English football managers
Category:Liverpool F.C. players
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Musicians from London
Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Category:People from Kingston, Jamaica
Category:Sportspeople from London
Category:Premier League players

John Barnes (footballer)


Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

Auriac, Pyrénées-Atlantiques


Kenneth Lauren "Ken" Burns (born July 29, 1953) is an American director and producer of documentary movies. He is known for his style of using archival footage and photographs. Burns is also a historian and writer.

His most widely known documentaries are The Civil War (1990), Baseball (1994), Jazz (2001), The War (2007), The National Parks: America's Best Idea (2009), Prohibition (2011) and The Central Park Five (2012)

Burns' documentaries have been nominated for two Academy Awards and have won  Emmy Awards, among other honors.

Burns was born on July 29, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York. He studied at Hampshire College. Burns was married to Amy Stechler from 1982 until they divorced in 1993. Then he was married to Julie Deborah Brown since 2003.

Burns said that he is influenced by Shelby Foote and Errol Morris.

References

Other websites

Florentine Films—Ken Burns's production company

Ken Burns on PBS
Ken Burns bibliography
Ken Burns at Library of Congress Authorities — with 54 catalog records

Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:American historians
Category:Movie directors from New York
Category:Movie producers from New York
Category:Writers from New York City

Ken Burns


The West Fertilizer Plant explosion was an explosion in West, Texas, near Waco. It happened just before 7:50 pm CDT. There was a lot of damage to buildings and houses. Fourteen people were killed and over 160 injured. The cause of this blast was ammonium nitrate. However, the cause of the fire that took place before the explosion is currently unknown.

References

Category:2013 in the United States
Category:2010s in Texas
Category:April 2013 events

West Fertilizer Plant explosion


The Czech Wikipedia () is the Czech-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2002.

It is the 26th largest edition.

, it has over 302,000 articles.

References

Other websites

 Czech Wikipedia main page

Category:Wikipedias
Category:Websites established in 2002

Czech Wikipedia


Encephalitis is sudden inflammation (swelling) in the brain.  It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens.  As the brain swells, it can get damaged when it gets crushed against the skull.  Encephalitis can cause serious symptoms, like seizures and strokes, and can be fatal.  In 2013, encephalitis killed about 77,000 people in the world.

Signs and symptoms
Usually, adults with encephalitis have a fever that starts suddenly, a headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures.  Younger children or infants may be irritable (easily upset), not want to eat, and have a fever.  Usually, patients are either very tired or confused.

A stiff neck is a sign that the person has either meningitis (inflammation of the meninges, which cover the brain) or meningoencephalitis (swelling of both the meninges and the brain).

Causes

Viruses
Viral encephalitis can happen when a virus infects the brain.  The most common causes are the rabies virus, Herpes Simplex Virus(HSV), the polio virus, and the measles virus.  Viral encephalitis can also be caused by a latent virus - a virus that hides from the body's immune system the brain's nerve cells.  Two examples of viruses that cause latent infection are the varicella-zoster viruses, which can hide in the brain after causing chicken pox, and the herpes simplex virus.

About 100 different viruses can infect the brain.  Other examples include West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus.

Bacteria
Encephalitis can happen when a person gets a bacterial infection, like bacterial meningitis.  It can also be a complication of an infectious disease that a person already has, like syphilis.  This is called "secondary encephalitis."

Examples of other bacteria which can cause encephalitis are Staphylococcus aureus, which causes toxic shock syndrome; Bordetella pertussis, which causes pertussis (whooping cough); and types of Borellia bacteria, which cause Lyme disease.

Parasites
Some parasites can infect the brain, especially in people who have weak immune systems.  Examples include Toxoplasma gondii, which causes toxoplasmosis; two parasites from the species Trypanosoma brucei, which cause African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness); and Plasmodium parasites, which cause malaria.

Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune diseases can cause encephalitis if the body's immune system attacks the brain, the spinal cord, and their nerves.  Two examples are autoimmune encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalitis.

Diagnosis
Encephalitis can be diagnosed in a few different ways:

 An MRI (brain scan) can show brain swelling, and also show whether there are other brain problems causing a patient's symptoms
 An EEG (a picture of the brain's electrical activity) will show signals that are not normal
 A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) will show whether there is an infection in the cerebrospinal fluid (which bathes the brain and spinal cord)
 Blood tests or urine tests may show whether a person has encephalitis, or if they have another illness instead

Treatment
Some treatments for encephalitis depend on the cause:
 Viral encephalitis is treated with anti-viral medications
 Bacterial encephalitis is treated with antibiotic medications

Other treatments are "supportive" - they treat the symptoms of encephalitis.  For example:
 Steroid medications are used to decrease swelling in the brain
 Anticonvulsant medications can stop seizures
 Sedative medications can help with restlessness and irritability
 Acetaminophen can decrease fever and headache
 Physical therapy and speech therapy can help if the person has trouble moving or speaking after their infection is gone

Prevention
Vaccines have made encephalitis from some diseases much less common.  These diseases include measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), polio, varicella (chicken pox), and pertussis (whooping cough).  There are also vaccines for rabies, bacterial meningitis, Japanese encephalitis, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and some other diseases that can cause encephalitis.

People can protect themselves from diseases that are spread by insects, like Lyme disease and malaria, by avoiding insect bites.  For example, they can use bug spray; wear long sleeves and long pants; sleep under a mosquito net; and make sure they have good window and door screens.

References

Category:Diseases and disorders of the brain

Encephalitis


Kasturbai "Kasturba" Mohandas Gandhi ( born Kasturbai Makhanji Kapadia on (11 April 1869 – 22 February 1944) was an Indian political activist. She was the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Like her husband, she was involved in the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India.

References

Category:1869 births
Category:1944 deaths
Category:Indian writers
Category:Political activists

Kasturba Gandhi


European School of Strasbourg () is a European school in Strasbourg, France, serving levels nursery through secondary.

Category:Schools in France
Category:2008 establishments in France

European School of Strasbourg


is a city in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan.

As of January 1, 2010, about 164,294 people lived there. That was 295.83 people per km². The total area is 555.35 km².

Ishinomaki was one the cities most seriously affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. Between 1 March and 31 August 2011, many people left Ishinomaki. 6,500 fewer people, or 4%, lived there.

References

Category:Cities in Japan
Category:Settlements in Miyagi Prefecture

Ishinomaki


Övre Svartlå is a locality in Boden Municipality in Norrbotten County in Sweden. In 2010, 201 people lived there.

References

Category:Settlements in Norrbotten County

Övre Svartlå


Edward James Corbett (popularly known as Jim Corbett) (1875-1955) was a British hunter, author and naturalist. He is famous for his hunting exploits in British India, which he recorded in his books.

Edward James Corbett was born of Irish ancestry in the town of Nainital in the Kumaon of the Himalaya (now in the Indian state of Uttarakhand). Jim grew up in a large family of 13 children and was the eighth child of Willam Christopher and Mary Jane Corbett. His parents had moved to Nainital in 1862, after Christopher Corbett had been appointed postmaster of the town.

Category:1875 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:British writers
Category:People of British India
Category:British naturalists

Edward James Corbett


The Giant octopus is Enteroctopus, and one of its species is the largest octopus. There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus (E. dofleini), the Southern Giant Octopus (Enteroctopus magnificus), E. megalocyathus, and E. zealandicus.

The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is Enteroctopus dofleini. This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual. This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft).

The remaining members of the genus are much smaller. E. megalocyathus has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. E. magnificus has a total length of around 1.5 m.

References

Category:Cephalopods

Giant octopus


The Auld Alliance (Scots) () was an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a major role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI. By the late 14th century, the treaty was renewed even when France or Scotland was not at war with England.

The alliance dates from the treaty signed by John Balliol and Philip IV of France in 1295 against Edward I of England. The treaty said that if either country was attacked by England, the other country would invade England. That happened at the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513. The alliance played an important role in conflicts between both countries and England, such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the League of Cambrai and the Rough Wooing.

Legacy

In a speech which he delivered in Edinburgh in June 1942, Charles de Gaulle described the alliance between Scotland and France as "the oldest alliance in the world":
In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people have ever been more generous than yours with its friendship.
In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries for the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.

References

Category:History of Scotland
Category:History of France
Category:13th century in Europe
Category:14th century in Europe
Category:15th century in Europe
Category:16th century in Europe

Auld Alliance


Frederick Law Olmsted (April 26, 1822 – August 28, 1903) was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is considered to be the father of American landscape architecture. He helped Calvert Vaux design Central Park in New York City. Later he designed many parks.

References

Category:1822 births
Category:1903 deaths
Category:American journalists
Category:American architects

Frederick Law Olmsted


Wihr-au-Val is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in eastern France.

Category:Communes in Haut-Rhin

Wihr-au-Val


Clubul Sportiv Universitatea Craiova is a professional association football club from Craiova, Romania.

Two teams were founded in Craiova in the year 1921: Craiovan Craiova and Rovine Griviţa Craiova. These two clubs merged to form the very successful team, FC Craiova. The team dissolved in 1949. Finally in 1948, Universitatea Craiova was formed by a group of students and professors.

Since it's founding, the club has won 4 Liga I titles, 6 Cupa României titles, 2 Liga II titles and 1 Liga III title. They also reached the quarter-finals of the 1981–82 UEFA Champions League tournament.

The team's colours are blue and white.

Honours

Liga I

Winners (4): 1973–74, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1990–91
Runners-up (4): 1972–73, 1981–82, 1982–83, 1993–94

Cupa României
Winners (7): 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1990–91, 1992–93, 2017–18
Runners-up (3): 1974–75, 1984–85, 1993–94

Liga II
Winners (2):  1963–64, 2013–14
Runners-up (1): 1960–61

Liga III
Winners (1): 1957–58

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:Romanian football clubs
Category:1948 establishments in Europe
Category:1940s establishments in Romania

CS Universitatea Craiova (football)


The 1932 Winter Olympics, officially known as the III Olympic Winter Games, were held in 1932 in Lake Placid, New York, United States. The games started on February 4 1932. The 1932 Winter Olympic Games were going to be in Big Pines, California, but because of poor snow conditions, the games were moved to Lake Placid.

Olympics
Category:1932 in the United States
Category:1930s in New York
Category:Lake Placid, New York
Winter Olympics 1932
Winter Olympics 1932

1932 Winter Olympics


Cincinnati is a city in Iowa in the United States. In 2000, the population was 428. It is in Appanoose County.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Cincinnati, Iowa


Neuhof an der Zenn is a small village in the Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim district of Bavaria, Germany.

Category:Villages in Bavaria
Category:Municipalities in Bavaria

Neuhof


James Sturgess (born 1981) is a British actor. He has acted in both television and movies as well as radio. He is perhaps most famous for playing Jude in Across the Universe and the younger Charlie in The Quest series of television movies.

Sturgess was born in London. He is a former member of the National Youth Music Theatre (1993-95) and studied at the University of Salford's School of Media, Music and Performance.

Sturgess recently worked on the movie Fifty Dead Men Walking. In the movie, he plays Martin McGartland, the writer of the book on which the movie is based.

Performances
 The Browning Version (1994) as Bryant
 The Scarlet Pimpernel (1999, TV series) as Erik (2 episodes)
 Thursday the 12th (2000, TV movie) as Martin
 A Touch of Frost (2003, TV series) as Laurence (1 episode)
 Turning the Hut (2003, radio play) as Jimmy
 Hawk (2004, short movie)
 Heading It Like Mooney (2004, radio play)
 Measure for Measure (2004, radio play) as the Duke
 Mouth to Mouth (2005) as Red
 Little Pictures (2005, radio play) as Gal
 Caesar! (2005, radio series) guest starring
 Troilus and Cressida (2005, radio play) as Patroclus
 Across the Universe (2007) as Jude
 The Other Boleyn Girl (2008) as George Boleyn
 21 (2008) as Ben Campbell
 Fifty Dead Men Walking (2008) as Martin McGartland
 Crossing Over (2009) as Gavin Kossef
 Heartless (2009) as Jamie Morgan
 The Way Back (2010) as Janusz
 Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole (2010) as Soren
 Upside Down (2011) as Adam
 The Promised Land (2011) as Thomas Wilkin
 One Day'' (2011) as Dexter Meyhew

Other websites
Jim Sturgess on Twitter

JimSturgessOnline.com

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:Singers from London
Category:Actors from London

Jim Sturgess


Epicurus (Samos, 341 BC – Athens, 270 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher. He started a school of philosophy called Epicureanism.

Life
As a boy he studied philosophy under the Platonist teacher Pamphilus for about four years. At the age of 18 he went to Athens for his two-year term of military service. Epicurus never married and had no children, so far as we know.

Teachings

Epicurus helped in the development of science and the scientific method because he said that nothing should be believed except what we can test through direct observation and logical deduction. His ideas about nature and physics hinted at scientific concepts developed in modern times.

Works
Epicurus' only surviving complete works are three letters, which can be found in book X of Diogenes Laertius' Lives of Eminent Philosophers, and two groups of quotes: the Principal Doctrines, reported as well in Diogenes' book X, and the Vatican Sayings, preserved in a manuscript from the Vatican Library.

Many pieces of his thirty-seven volume treatise On Nature have been found in the burnt papyrus fragments at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum.

References

Further reading

Bailey C. (1928) The Greek Atomists and Epicurus, Oxford.
Bakalis Nikolaos (2005) Handbook of Greek Philosophy: From Thales to the Stoics Analysis and Fragments, Trafford Publishing,
Digireads.com The Works of Epicurus, January 2004.
Eugene O’ Connor The Essential Epicurus, Prometheus Books, New York 1993.
Edelstein Epicureanism, Two Collections of Fragments and Studies Garland Publ. March 1987
Farrington, Benjamin.  Science and Politics in the Ancient World, 2nd ed.  New York: Barnes and Noble, 1965.  A Marxist interpretation of Epicurus, the Epicurean movement, and its opponents.
Gottlieb, Anthony.  The Dream of Reason: A History of Western Philosophy from the Greeks to the Renaissance.  London: Penguin, 2001.
Inwood, Brad, tr. The Epicurus Reader, Hackett Publishing Co, March 1994.
Oates Whitney Jenning, The Stoic and Epicurean philosophers, The Complete Extant Writings of Epicurus, Epictetus, Lucretius and Marcus Aurelius, Random House, 9th printing 1940.
Panicha, George A. Epicurus, Twayne Publishers, 1967
Prometheus Books, Epicurus Fragments, August 1992.
Russel M. Geer Letters, Principal Doctrines, Vatican Sayings, Bobbs-Merrill Co, January 1964.
Diogenes of Oinoanda. The Epicurean Inscription, edited with Introduction, Translation and Notes by Martin Ferguson Smith, Bibliopolis, Naples 1993.

Other websites
Epicurus.info – Epicurean Philosophy Online: features classical e-texts & photos of Epicurean artifacts.
Epicurus.net – Epicurus and Epicurean Philosophy
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Entry for "Epicurus"
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Entry for "Epicurus"
Epicurus & Lucretius – Small article by "P. Dionysius Mus"
 The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature – Karl Marx’s doctoral thesis.
 "Epicurus on Happiness" – A documentary about the philosophy of Epicurus.
 Principal Doctrines
 Vatican Sayings
 The Garden of Epicurus – useful summary of the teachings of Epicurus
 Letters
 Letter to Herodotus
 Letter to Pythocles
 Letter to Menoeceus

Category:Ancient Greek philosophers

Epicurus


Exorcism is the practice of evicting demons or other spiritual beings. This practice is quite ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. There are different types of exorcisms. Exorcisms can be performed on people, animals and places. These rituals are done by people called exorcists. Exorcisms are usually done for religious reasons. The reasons vary, and the exorcisms can be different based on religions and which exorcists does them.

Category:Theology

Exorcism


Emily Jordan Osment (born March 10, 1992 Los Angeles, California) is an American actress and singer. She is most famous for her roles of Gerti Giggles in the Spy Kids trilogy, and Lilly Truscott in Hannah Montana. The younger brother of former child actor Haley Joel Osment, actress/vocalist Emily Osment launched her career at a young age, having landed a role in the 1999 film The Secret Life of Girls when she was only seven years old. The Los Angeles native furthered her career by also appearing in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams, Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, and the Disney Channel series Hannah Montana, where she enjoyed a recurring role as Lily Truscott. Osment also tried her hand at singing, kicking off that aspect of her career by performing alongside Billy Ray Cyrus on his 2007 album Home at Lastand contributing a song to the soundtrack of R.L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: Don't Think About It, in which she also starred. After making appearances on several Disney compilations, she began voicing a desire to tackle more rock-influenced music, and writing sessions with members of Eve 6 and Plain White T's helped her compile enough material for her debut EP, 2009's All the Right Wrongs. Osment switched directions for her full-length debut, though, leaving rock music behind and embracing electronic dance-pop on 2010's Fight or Flight.

Other websites

Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California
Category:American child actors
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Disney actors

Emily Osment


Speak Now is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on October 25, 2010 by Big Machine Records. The album was written by Swift herself (other writers helped write her previous albums).

Speak Now is in a country-pop style similar to Swift's other work. A deluxe edition was sold in Target stores. That version has three new songs (including the single "Ours") and two acoustic versions of songs on the original. Throughout 2011, Swift promoted the album on the Speak Now World Tour.

References

Category:2010 albums
Category:Pop albums
Category:Taylor Swift

Speak Now


The Browning Automatic Rifle (BAR) was a group of American automatic rifles and light machine guns. It was used by the United States and several other countries. The most-used type of BAR was the M1918. It was designed by John Browning in 1917. It was supposed to replace the French Chauchat and the M1909 Benet-Mercie machine guns.

The BAR was designed to be carried by soldiers that were moving forward. It was supposed to be put over the shoulder on a strap and fired from the hip. This was called "walking fire". It was thought that walking fire was needed for trench warfare. However, it was usually used as a light machine gun and fired from a bipod.

History

When the United States joined World War I, they did not have very good machine guns. One reason for this was because there was no military doctrine for their use. The U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. At this time, the commanders were told that the U.S. only had 670 M1909 Benet-Mercies, 282 M1904 Maxims and 158 Colts, M1895 to fight the war. After a lot of arguments, they decided that the U.S. would have to build up more American weapons. However, until then, U.S. soldiers would have to take what the French and British could give them. The machine guns given to the U.S. by the French were often not very good. They also fired different cartridges from what the U.S. soldiers usually used. This meant that soldiers and machine gunners had to be given different kinds of cartridge.

Development

In 1917, before the United States joined the First World War, John Browning brought two weapons to Washington, D.C. These were: a water-cooled machine gun (later named the M1917 Browning machine gun) and an automatic rifle. Back then, this automatic rifle was called the Browning Machine Rifle or BMR. Both of these weapons fired the standard U.S. cartridge. John Browning had set up a demonstration of the weapons at Congress Heights. Congress Heights is just outside of Washington D.C. On 27 February 1917, Browning tested the automatic rifle in front of 300 people. The crowd was so impressed that he was immediately given a contract for the weapon. It was quickly brought into service. The water-cooled machine gun was tested further.

More tests were done for U.S. Army weapon officers at Springfield Armory in May 1917. Both weapons were recommended to be brought into service immediately. So that the BAR was not confused with the M1917 machine gun, it was officially named the M1918 or Rifle, Caliber .30, Automatic, Browning, M1918. On 16 July 1917, 12,000 BARs were ordered from Colt's Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company. They were allowed to make the BAR under Browning's patents (Browning's patent 1293022 was owned by Colt). However, Colt was already making as many weapons as they could (as they were making the Vickers machine gun for the British Army). They asked for the military to wait a while, as they were opening a new factory in Meriden, Connecticut. Because of how much the weapon was needed, the request was turned down. The Winchester Repeating Arms Company (WRAC) would make the weapons instead. Winchester also helped out with the BAR's final design.

Making of the M1918

Since work on the gun did not begin until February 1918, Winchester was hurrying to make many BARs. They were in such a rush that the first 1,800 guns were delivered with things wrong. The contract with Winchester said that they had to make 25,000 BARs. Winchester were making many BARs by June 1918. By July, they were making 9,000 guns a month.

Colt and Marlin-Rockwell Corp. also began making BARs just after Winchester started making a lot of them. Marlin-Rockwell had a contract to make BARs for the Belgian government. They bought the Mayo Radiator Co.'s factory. They only used it to make the BAR. The first BAR from Marlin-Rockwell was delivered on 11 June 1918. The company eventually started making 200 BARs per day. Colt had only made 9,000 BARs when the armistice was signed. This was because they were busy with other orders. Together, the three companies made 706 BARs every day. Around 52,000 BARs were delivered by all companies by the end of WWI. Between 1918 and 1919, 102,125 BARs were made. Colt made 16,000, Winchester made 47,123 and Marlin-Rockwell made 39,002 BARs.

By July 1918, the BAR had arrived in France. The first unit to get BARs was the U.S. Army's 79th Infantry Division. The division used them for the first time on 13 September 1918. Even though it was brought in very late in the war, the BAR made a large effect. It was used a lot during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive. The other Allies were impressed by the BAR. France asked for 15,000 BARs to replace their Chauchat.

Design

The M1918 is a selective fire automatic rifle. It fires from an open bolt.

The weapon's barrel can not be removed quickly. The M1918 gets its ammunition from a 20-round box magazine. 40-round magazines were also used to shoot down aircraft. However, these stopped being used in 1927. Not many bayonets for the BAR were made. Because of this, they are very rare.

Because the M1918 was supposed to be used as a support weapon, it did not have a place to put a bayonet. No bayonets were ever used on a BAR.  Winchester did make one BAR with a place to put a bayonet, but it was only for testing.

Different types of M1918

During its long time in service, the M1918 was developed further and further. It was upgraded many times. The first big try at making the M1918 better made the M1922 light machine gun. The M1922 was taken into service with the United States Cavalry in 1922. The weapon used a new type of barrel. It also had a bipod with spikes on the end. The handguard was also changed.

In 1931, the Colt Arms Co. made the Colt Monitor Automatic Machine Rifle (R 80). This was mostly meant to be used by prison guards and the police.  The Colt Monitor did not have a bipod. The Colt Monitor weighed around 16 lb. 3 oz. without any ammunition in it. It had a rate of fire of around 500 rpm.  Around 125 Colt Monitor automatic rifles were made. 90 of these were bought by the FBI.  Eleven rifles went to the U.S. Treasury Department in 1934. The rest went to many prisons, banks, security companies and police departments.

In 1932, a much shorter version of the M1918 BAR designed for 'bush warfare' was made by USMC Major H.L. Smith. Captain Merritt A. Edson wrote a report on this rifle. Edson was the Ordnance officer at the Quartermaster's Depot in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.  The barrel was made nine inches shorter (229 mm), and there were some other changes as well.  The changed BAR weighed 13 lb. 12 oz. and was only  long.  This version was more accurate than the BAR when firing automatically and while lying down, it was less accurate when fired from the shoulder. It was also very loud.  Though the report written by Edson said that six of the 'jungle' BARs should be built for testing, no more work was done on the project.

The M1918A1 had a light bipod with spikes on it, along with some other new features. It was brought into service on 24 June 1937. Not many M1918s were rebuilt to be M1918A1s.

In April 1938, work was started on an improved BAR for the U.S. Army. Early prototypes had bipods that were put onto the barrel. It also had a special mechanism to make the rate of fire less. However, in 1939 the Army

Final development of the M1918A2 started on 30 June 1938.  The M1918A2's buttstock (the part of the gun which sticks out at the back) is about one inch longer than the M1918 BAR buttstock. Late in the war, a handle was put onto the barrel to carry the weapon around.

Because the companies did not have a lot of money, the first M1918A2s were just older M1918 BARs that were changed. A small amount M1922s and M1918A1s were also changed.  After WWII started, it was tried to make more M1918A2s. However, the World War I tools used to make the M1918 were either worn out or could not be used with modern machines.  In 1942, there was not enough wood to make the buttstocks, so a black plastic buttstock was made for the BAR.  Firestone Rubber and Latex Products Company made the plastic buttstock for the U.S. Army. This was brought into service on March 21, 1942.

Other models
In 2008, one company made a modern, semi-automatic version of the Browning Automatic Rifle. This was called the 1918A3 SLR ("self-loading rifle").

Civilian use
When the war ended, Colt Arms Co. were given the Browning patents to make the BAR that was not given out during the war.  This allowed Colt to make the BAR for sale to civilians. This BAR was called the Colt Automatic Machine Rifle Model 1919. It was first made up of M1918s from the contract with the military which were not delivered. It was one of several Colt BARs. However, the weapon had a high price. It was also not very useful to civilians. Because of this, it did not sell much. Ad Topperwien was a famous shooter of the early 1920s. He bought one of the first Colt BARs to shoot things out of the sky.  When the National Firearms Act of 1934  was passed, civilian BARs were restricted. Machine guns for U.S. civilians were banned in 1968. Also, making machine guns for U.S. civilians was banned in 1986.

Criminal and police use
Clyde Barrow, a gangster, liked the army's M1918. He got his BARs by robbing the Army National Guard. Barrow taught his girlfriend Bonnie Parker to fire the M1918 as well.

Automatic weapons were becoming more popular with gangsters in the United States. Because of this, FBI director J. Edgar Hoover told the FBI to train agents with automatic weapons. Examples were the Thompson submachine gun and the BAR. The FBI bought its BARs from Colt. Colt sold 90 BARs to the agency. Some of the FBI's BARs were sent to FBI offices. They were to be used as support weapons if they were needed. The rest were kept at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. They were there for training.  Colt sold another 11 BARs to the U.S. Treasury Department in 1934. 24 guns were sold to prisons, banks, security companies and police departments.

It has sometimes been said that the M1918 or M1918A2 BAR was used by Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA) members in a shootout with Los Angeles police. This happened on 17 May 1974. However, no SLA members ever used such a weapon.  This confusion happened because Browning decided to call its semi-automatic hunting rifle the Browning BAR.  The SLA changed a Browning BAR hunting rifle to automatic fire. It was this weapon that was used in the shootout.

The M1918 in U.S. service

World War I
When it first came into service, the M1918 was supposed to be fired from the shoulder. It was meant to be a rifle that could give both semi-automatic and fully automatic fire. The M1918 was first given out in September 1918.

As well as being fired from the shoulder, M1918 gunners were given a belt which had pouches on it for the magazines. They were also given a sidearm.

The BAR was not used much during World War I. This was partly because of the Armistice, and also because the U.S. Army did not want the enemy to be able to capture an M1918. 85,000 BARs were built by the war's end.

In between World War I and World War II
In between World War I and World War II, the M1918 was given to all U.S. naval landing forces.  The weapon could be found on board most U.S. ships. Each BAR had a spare barrel.  Big ships often had over 200 BARs on board.  Many of the U.S. Navy BARs were still used until the 1960s.

World War II
When the threat of a new war rose, U.S. Army Ordnance realized they did not have a squad light machine gun that could be moved around easily. They tried to use the M1918 BAR as a light machine gun when the M1918A2 was brought into service with the U.S. Army on 30 June 1938.  The BAR was given as the only automatic gun for a squad of eight soldiers. All men were trained how to use the BAR in case the gunner(s) were killed or injured.  At the start of the war, most BAR teams were two or three people. These were a gunner and one or two assistants who carried extra magazines for the gun.  By 1944, some units' BAR teams were just one person, with the other people in the squad carrying ammunition.

Users

 : Made under license as FN MLE 30.

 : A large number of BARs were taken from the Republic of China during the Chinese Civil War.

 : The Wehrmacht captured some Polish BARs. They used them until the end of World War II. They were named the IMG 28(p).

 :Captured from Chinese Army and U.S. Army during World War 2.

 : Made under license as 'Browning WZ.1928'

 : Given to the Home Guard in World War II

 : Used by ARVN Force.
 : Used by Viet Minh and Viet Cong during Vietnam War.

Notes

References

 Hogg, Ian V. and Weeks, John, Military Small Arms of the 20th Century, DBI Books Inc.
 FM 23–15: Basic Field Manual — Browning Automatic Rifle, Caliber .30, M1918A2 (27 Aug 1940).

Other websites

 Modern Firearms

Category:7.62 mm firearms
Category:Battle rifles
Category:Light machine guns
Category:Automatic rifles
Category:Machine guns of the United States

M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle


Dauphin is a borough in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 791 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Boroughs in Pennsylvania

Dauphin, Pennsylvania


Sid Caesar (Isaac Sidney Caesar; September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2014) was an American comedian and actor. Caesar stared in Your Show of Shows from 1950 until 1954 and in Grease as Coach Calhoun. Before becoming a comedian, Caesar was a musician. He won two Emmy Awards during his career.

Caesar was born on September 8, 1922 in Yonkers, New York. He was of Polish-Russian-Jewish descent. Caesar was married to Florence Levy from 1943 until her death in 2010. They had three children.

Caesar died on the morning of February 12, 2014 in Beverly Hills, California from natural causes, aged 91.

References

Other websites

 Official Sid Caesar website

 Sid Caesar Biography from Museum of Broadcast Communications
 Sid Caesar Biography from New York Times
 Archival Television Audio on Sid Caesar

Category:1922 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Actors from New York
Category:American movie actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Comedians from New York
Category:People from Yonkers, New York
Category:Deaths from natural causes
Category:Emmy Award winning actors
Category:Jewish American actors
Category:Musicians from New York

Sid Caesar


Tabari might mean:

Something from the region of Tabaristan
Mazandarani language, also called Tabari
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari

Tabari


Taufkirchen is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

References

Other websites

Category:Munich Rural District

Taufkirchen (bei München)


Bohain-en-Vermandois is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Related pages
 Communes of the Aisne department

References
 INSEE

Other websites

Category:Communes in Aisne

Bohain-en-Vermandois


Steina Vasulka (born Steinunn Briem Bjarnadottir in 1940) and Woody Vasulka (born Bohuslav Vasulka on 20 January 1937 – 20 December 2019) are early known figures of video art. They are known for producing work since the early 1960s.

The couple met in the early 1960s and moved to New York City in 1965, where they began showing video art at the Whitney Museum and founded The Kitchen in 1971. Steina and Woody both became Guggenheim fellows: Steina in 1976, and Woody in 1979.

Woody died on 20 December 2019 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
 Vasulkas' web-presence
Steina and Woody Vasulka in the Video Data Bank
 Steina and Woody Vasulka, Mediateca Media Art Space
 Video Out, documentary about VJing's roots in video out and influence of Vasulkas. Features interview with Steina Vasulka.
 Steina and Woody Vasulka portfolio at Imai
 Tools Thomas Dreher: History of Computer Art Chap. IV.1.2 Video Synthesizers.www.listasafn.is
 Switch! Monitor! Drift! (3:45) (1976) on UbuWeb
 The Kitchen: Steina and Woody Vasulka

Category:1937 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Artists

Steina and Woody Vasulka


Márta Kurtág (), née Márta Kinsker, often Marta Kurtag; 1 October 1927 − 17 October 2019) was a Hungarian classical pianist and academic piano teacher. In 1947, she married composer György Kurtág. They often played from his collection Játékok, which they also recorded.

Kurtág died on 17 October 2019, just a week after her 92nd birthday.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Hungarian people
Category:Pianists

Márta Kurtág


Crescent City is the county seat of Del Norte County, California in the United States.

Category:Cities in California
Category:County seats in California
Category:Del Norte County, California

Crescent City, California


Messier 7, also known as NGC 6475 or the Ptolemy cluster, is an open star cluster in the constellation of Scorpius. It is about 980 light-years away from Earth.

Category:Star clusters

Messier 7


José María Plácido Caamaño y Gómez-Cornejo (5 October 1837 – December 31, 1901) was President of Ecuador from 23 November 1883 to 1 July 1888.

Caamaño was born in Guayaquil. He studied law and theology in the seminary of his native city, and was educated in Quito. Subsequently he was mayor of Guayaquil, and chief of the custom-house service. He was a member of the Progresistas, a liberal Catholic party.

An attempt was made to assassinate him in 1886, and he narrowly escaped death by throwing himself into a river. Under his administration telegraphs, railways, an institute of sciences, several Colleges, and many new schools were added to the resources of Ecuador.

After his term ended, he served as ambassador to US from 1889 to 1890.

Caamaño died on December 31, 1901 from complications of a heart attack in Seville, Spain, aged 63.

Other websites
 Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History

Category:1837 births
Category:1901 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Presidents of Ecuador
Category:People from Guayaquil

José Plácido Caamaño


is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol. He has played for the Japanese national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="6"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||6||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|1998||9||2||0||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||12||2
|-
|1999||17||7||4||2||6||2||colspan="2"|-||27||11
|-
|2000||30||18||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||34||18
|-
|2001||28||7||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||33||8
|-
|2002||18||2||1||1||6||0||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2003||rowspan="3"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||18||2||2||0||2||0||2||1||24||3
|-
|2004||27||5||0||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||34||5
|-
|2005||3||0||2||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||6||1
|-
|2006||rowspan="5"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 2||24||7||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||24||7
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||12||1||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2008||12||1||1||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|2009||22||4||2||0||5||2||colspan="2"|-||29||6
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||||||
226||56||16||3||39||6||2||1||283||66
226||56||16||3||39||6||2||1||283||66
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||3||1
|-
!Total||3||1
|}

References

 Japan Football Association
 Japan National Football Team Database
 National Football Teams

Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Chiba Prefecture

Hideaki Kitajima


Rashida Jones (born February 25, 1976 in Los Angeles) is an American actress, producer and writer who has starred in many movies and television programs. She starred in the shows Boston Public, The Office, Angie Tribeca and the movie Our Idiot Brother. She wrote the screenplay for Toy Story 4.

Jones sung on the songs  "Tangled", "Secret" and "Not Coming Home" on Maroon 5's first album. In 2013 Jones directed the music video for "Brave" by Sara Bareilles.

Early life
Jones was born to Quincy Jones and Peggy Lipton in Los Angeles. Her father is African-American. Her mother is Ashkenazi Jewish. She went to the Buckley School in California. She then went to Harvard University.

References

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California
Category:African-American movie actors
Category:African-American television actors
Category:Jewish American actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Movie producers from Los Angeles, California
Category:Screenwriters from Los Angeles, California
Category:Harvard University alumni

Rashida Jones


Don Toliver (born 12 June 1994 in Houston, Texas, U.S.) is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. He is currently signed to Atlantic, Cactus Jack, and We Run It. He released his first mixtape in 2017.

Category:American rap musicians
Category:American singers
Category:American songwriters
Category:Living people
Category:1994 births

Don Toliver


Contour lines or isolines are used when plotting a function. All the points where the function has the same value are connected. Two well-known examples, where such lines are commonly are height lines on topographical maps, and showing areas with the same pressure or temperature on weather charts. Contour lines are an application of level sets.

Category:Statistics
Category:Cartography

Contour line


An undrafted sportsperson or undrafted free agent is a type of sportsperson who plays, or tries to play, in a professional sports league. Every eligible player who is not chosen in their league's draft is an undrafted sportsperson.

Notable undrafted sportsperson
Note: These lists are not complete:

Undrafted basketball players
 Ben Wallace
 Raja Bell

Undrafted hockey players
Ed Belfour
Wayne Gretzky

Undrafted football players
 Adam Vinatieri
 Antonio Gates
 Jake Delhomme
 Kurt Warner
 Priest Holmes
 Rod Smith
 Tony Romo

Category:Sports words
Category:Lists of sportspeople

en:Free agent#Undrafted free agent

Undrafted sportsperson


Theravada is the oldest-surviving denomination of Buddhism.

History of Theravada Buddism
Theravada was founded in Nepal. It is relatively conservative, and generally closest to early Buddhist practice. For many centuries it has been the main religion of Sri Lanka (now about 70% of the population) and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand). Theravada is also practiced  by minorities in parts of southwest China (by the Shan and Tai ethnic groups), Vietnam (by the Khmer Krom),  Bangladesh (by the ethnic groups of Baruas, Chakma, and Magh), Malaysia and Indonesia.

Theravada today
Recently this oldest-surviving denomination of Buddhism gaining popularity in Singapore and the Western world. Today Theravada Buddhists, who are also known as Theravadins, number over 100 million worldwide; in recent decades Theravada has begun to take root in the West and in the Buddhist revival in Nepal.

International Buddhist Meditation Center operates in Kathmandu.

References

Category:Buddhism
Category:Buddhist terminology

Theravada


Renwick is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Renwick, Iowa


Sanghen is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Sanghen


Tamás Nádas (20 March 1969 – 7 March 2014) was a Hungarian aerobatics pilot and world champion air racer. He was born in Kiskunlacháza, Hungary.

Nádas was killed when his plane crashed during an inverted (upside down) flyover at the Al Khor Airport in Al Khor, Qatar. He was 44 years old.

References

Other websites

Category:1969 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Aviation deaths
Category:Aviators
Category:Hungarian sportspeople

Tamás Nádas


Harpersville is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama.

Category:Towns in Alabama

Harpersville, Alabama


Jesse Washington was lynched in Waco, Texas, on May 15, 1916. Washington was a teenage African American who worked on a farm. The event became a well-known example of racially motivated lynching. Washington was accused of raping and killing Lucy Fryer. Fryer was the wife of Washington's white boss in rural Robinson, Texas. No one saw Washington commit the crime. During his interrogation by the McLennan County sheriff, he signed a confession and described the location of the weapon used to kill Fryer.

Washington was tried for murder in Waco. There were angry locals in the courtroom. Washington pleaded guilty and was quickly sentenced to death. Washington was dragged out of the court by observers and lynched in front of Waco's city hall. Over 10,000 people, including city officials and police, gathered to watch the attack. People enjoyed the attack, many children attended the event. Members of the mob removed his testicles, cut off his fingers, and hung him over a bonfire. Washington was lowered and raised over the fire for about two hours. The fire was extinguished and his burnt torso was dragged through the town. Parts of his body were sold as souvenirs. Pictures of the event were taken by a professional photographer. This provided rare pictures of a lynching while the event was going on. These pictures were printed and sold as postcards in Waco.

Lynching was supported by many Waco residents. It was, however, not supported by newspapers around the United States. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) hired Elisabeth Freeman to investigate. Freeman gathered many details, despite that many residents did not want to talk about what had happened. After receiving Freeman's report, NAACP co-founder and editor W. E. B. Du Bois published an in-depth report featuring photographs of Washington's burnt body in The Crisis. The NAACP also featured his death in their anti-lynching campaign. Waco was known as a modern and a progressive city. However, the lynching demonstrated that the city did not mind racial violence. The event was nicknamed the "Waco horror". The city then gained a reputation for racism. City leaders tried to stop violence several times in the following decades.

Historians believe that Washington's death helped change the way people view lynching. The media attention the event received made people become against lynching. It was seen as "barbarism" (ruthless) rather than as an acceptable form of justice. In the 1990s and 2000s, some Waco residents wanted a monument for the event. The idea did not gain support in the city.

References

Other websites
The New York Times
The Washington Post
Modernist Journals Project
  (Archive)
Goodwyn, Wade. "Waco Recalls a 90-Year-Old 'Horror'." National Public Radio. May 13, 2006. (Transcript of radio story)

Category:1916 in the United States
Category:Executed American people
Category:1910s in Texas
Category:Murder in Texas
Category:Murdered African-American people
Category:Rape
Category:Waco, Texas

Lynching of Jesse Washington


Sir John Warcup "Kappa" Cornforth, Jr., AC, CBE, FRS, FAA (7 September 1917 – 14 December 2013) was an Australian-British chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1975 for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalysed reactions.

Cornforth died on 14 December 2013 from natural causes at his Brighton home, aged 96.

References

Other websites
 Face To Face Interview With John Cornfoth by The Vega Science Trust (audio)
 How to be right and wrong with John Cornforth by The Vega Science Trust
 vega.org.uk/video/programme/19

Category:1917 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Australian scientists
Category:British scientists
Category:British chemists
Category:People from Sydney
Category:Australian of the Year Award winners
Category:Deaths from natural causes

John Cornforth


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender rights in the United States have changed over time, and different states have different rules about them. Sexual acts between adults (depending on the age of consent in each state. This varies from age 16 to 21), and adolescents of an age close to an adult, of the same sex have been legal in the U.S. since 2003.

Family, marriage, and anti-discrimination laws are different in every state. On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court said that states could not have laws against same-sex marriage. This decision is called Obergefell v. Hodges. Before Obergefell v. Hodges, same-sex marriage was legal in 36 states and in Washington, D.C.

Twenty-one states plus Washington, D.C. have made discrimination because of sexual orientation illegal. Sixteen states plus Washington, D.C. have made discrimination because of gender identity or expression illegal. Hate crimes because of sexual orientation or gender identity can also be punished under Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009.

Human Rights Campaign is the biggest LGBT-rights group in the U.S.

References

United States
Category:LGBT in the United States
Category:Politics of the United States

LGBT rights in the United States


Joshua son of Nun is a person in the Bible.  Joshua is used as a general against Amalek after Amalek attacks the Israelites.  When Moses goes up Mount Sinai to get the Torah from God, Joshua stays at the bottom of the mountain waiting for Moses to come back and doesn't realise that the people are worshiping a Golden Calf as an idol until after Moses tells him.  When two people named Eldad and Medad become prophets, Joshua is annoyed because he thinks only Moses should be a prophet though Moses tells Joshua that if it were up to him every Israelite would be a prophet. Joshua, it turns out was once named Hosea but then Moses sends him as one of Twelve spies to Canaan after first renaming him Joshua.  Ten of the spies try to convince the Israelites that it would be better to go back to being slaves in Egypt than enter the Promised Land because if they tried to conquer Canaan they'd get killed.  Joshua and Caleb said that if they came to the Promised Land, God would make sure they would survive against their enemies just like He had saved them from Egypt.  When Moses dies, he, at the command of God, appoints Joshua leader of the Israelites. Joshua mourns Moses for many months after his death but then God commands Joshua to conquer Canaan.  Joshua enters the Promised Land as a general kills 39 kings and manages to take over most of the country.  He then divides the land among the Twelve Tribes of Israel and then dies. There is a book in the Bible named after him called the Book of Joshua.

Joshua


Ústí nad Labem (, ) is the seventh-largest city in the Czech Republic. The area has many mountains. The city is where the Bílina and Elbe rivers join.

Twin towns – Sister cities
Ústí is twinned with:
  Halton, United Kingdom
  Chemnitz, Germany
  Vladimir, Russia

References

Other websites

 Official Website

Category:Cities in the Czech Republic

Ústí nad Labem


The Axeman of New Orleans was an American serial killer active in New Orleans, Louisiana from May 1918 to October 1919. The killer was never identified, and the murders remain unsolved.

The victims usually were attacked with an axe, which often belonged to the victims themselves. In most cases, a panel on a back door of a home was removed by a chisel, which were both left on the floor near the door, followed by an attack on one or more of the residents with either an axe or straight razor.

Notes

Other websites
Vice interview of Miriam C. Davis about the Axeman murders
Prairie Ghosts: The Axeman of New Orleans
1919: A serial killer had New Orleans on edge Times-Picayune

Category:1910s in the United States
Category:1918
Category:1919
Category:American serial killers
Category:20th century in New Orleans, Louisiana

Axeman of New Orleans


Anatoly Andreyevich Gromyko (, 15 April 1932 – 25 September 2017) was a Soviet and Russian scientist and diplomat. He was born in Barysaw, Soviet Union. He specialized in American and African studies as well as international relations. He was a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Union of Russian Artists.

Between 1961 and 1965 worked at the Soviet Embassy to the United Kingdom. After that he took leading positions at the Institute for African Studies and Institute for US and Canadian Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He then returned to diplomacy and acted as the Soviet deputy ambassador in the United States (1973–74) and East Germany (1974–75).

References

Category:1932 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Ambassadors
Category:Russian politicians
Category:Russian scientists

Anatoly Gromyko


Hinds County is a county located in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2010 census, the population was 245,285. It is the most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seats are Raymond and Jackson, the state capital. The county was created in 1821. It is named for General Thomas Hinds, a hero of the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.

References

Other websites

 Hinds County - Official website

Category:1820s establishments in Mississippi
Category:1821 establishments in the United States
Category:Mississippi counties

Hinds County, Mississippi