A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection caused by bacteria in part of the urinary tract. In the lower urinary tract, it is known as a simple cystitis (a bladder infection). In the upper urinary tract, it is known as pyelonephritis (a kidney infection). Symptoms from a lower urinary tract infection include painful peeing and either frequent peeing or wanting to pee (or both). Symptoms of a kidney infection also include fever and side and back pain. In old people and young children, the symptoms are not always as clear. The main cause for both types is the bacteria Escherichia coli. Other bacteria, viruses, or fungus may be the cause in rare cases.

Women get urinary tract infections more often than men. Half of women have an infection at some point in their lives. It is common to have repeated infections. Risk factors include sexual intercourse as well as family history. Sometimes a person who had a bladder infection will get a kidney infection. Kidney infection also can be caused by bacteria in the blood. Diagnosis in young healthy women can be based on symptoms alone. Sometimes, the urine needs to be tested. A person with frequent infections can take low-dose antibiotics to prevent future infections.

Antibiotics are used to treat simple cases of urinary tract infections. resistance to many of the antibiotics used to treat this condition, however, is increasing. People who have complicated urinary tract infections sometimes have to take antibiotics for a longer time, or might take antibiotics intravenously (through the veins). If symptoms have not improved in two or three days, a person will need further tests. In women, urinary tract infections are the most common form of bacterial infection. Ten percent of women develop urinary tract infections yearly.

Signs and symptoms

Lower urinary tract infection is also known as a bladder infection. The most common symptoms are burning with peeing and having to pee frequently (or wanting to pee) without vaginal discharge or significant pain. These symptoms can vary from mild to severe. In healthy women, the symptoms last an average of six days. Some people will have pain above the pubic bone (lower abdomen) or in the lower back. People who have an upper urinary tract infection, or pyelonephritis (a kidney infection), can have flank pain, fever (a high temperature), or nausea and vomiting. Those symptoms are in addition to the normal symptoms of a lower urinary tract infection. In rare cases the urine looks bloody or contains visible pyuria (pus in the urine).

In children
In young children, fever can be the only symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI).  Many medical associations recommend a urine culture for females younger than two year old or uncircumcised males who are younger than a year  and have a fever. Infants with UTI sometimes eat poorly, vomit, sleep more, or show signs of jaundice ( a yellow coloring of the skin). Older children can have new urinary incontinence (loss of bladder control).

In the elderly
Urinary tract symptoms are frequently not seen in those who are old. Sometimes, the only symptoms are incontinence (loss of bladder control), a change in mental status (ability to think), or feeling tired. The first symptom for some old people is sepsis, an infection of the blood. Diagnosis can be difficult because many old people are incontinent (cannot hold their pee) or have dementia (poor thinking abilities).

Cause
E. coli is the cause of 80–85% of urinary tract infections. Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the cause in 5–10% of cases. In rare cases, viral or fungal infections cause urinary tract infections Other bacterial causes of UTI include:
Klebsiella
Proteus
Pseudomonas,
Enterobacter
These bacterial causes are not common and usually happen when the person has an abnormal urinary system or the person has a urinary catheterization (tube inserted into the bladder. Urinary tract infections due toStaphylococcus aureus usually happens after the person has had a blood infection.

Gender
Sexual intercourse is the cause of 75–90% of bladder infections in young, sexually active women. The risk of infection is related to how often they have sex. With UTIs so frequent when women first get married, the term "honeymoon cystitis" is often used. In post-menopausal women (women who have stopped menstruating), sexual activity does not affect the risk of developing a UTI. Using spermicide (a gel or cream to kill sperm) increases the risk of UTIs.

Women get more  UTIs than men because women have a urethra that is much shorter and closer to the anus. As a woman's estrogen (a hormone) levels decrease with menopause, the risk of urinary tract infections increases due to the loss of protective vaginal flora (good bacterial that live in the vagina).

Urinary catheters
A urinary catheter is a tube that is put into the bladder to drain the urine. Using a catheter increases the risk for urinary tract infections. The risk of bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) is 3% - 6% every day the catheter is used. Antibiotics do not stop these infections. The risk of an infection can be decreased by:
  using a catheter only when necessary
 making sure everything is very clean (sterile) when putting the catheter in
 making sure that nothing blocks the catheter.

Others
Bladder infections are more common in some families. Other risk factors include diabetes, being circumcised,  and having a large prostate (a gland around the urethra in males). Complicating factors are not completely clear. These factors may include some anatomic problems (relating to physical narrowing), functional, or metabolic problems. A complicated UTI is more difficult to treat and usually needs more aggressive evaluation, treatment, and follow-up. In children, UTIs are linked to vesicoureteral reflux (an abnormal movement of urine from the bladder into ureters or kidneys) and constipation.

Mechanism
The bacteria that cause urinary tract infections usually go into the bladder from the uretha. It is believed these bacteria come from the bowel. Females are at greater risk because they have a short urethra that is close to their anus). After entering the bladder, E. Coli are able to stick to the bladder wall. They form a biofilm, which is a coating of microorganisms, that resists the body's immune response. However, infections can also come through the blood or lymph.

Prevention
The following activities do not cause a UTI or make them happen less frequently:
 using birth-control pills or condoms
 peeing immediately after sex
 the type of underwear worn
 personal cleaning methods used after peeing or defecating
 whether a person usually bathes or showers.
 holding onto urine and not peeing
 tampon use
 douching

People who often get UTIs and who use spermicide or a diaphragm for birth control should use a different type of birth control. Cranberry (juice or capsules) may decrease the number of infections, but some people cannot use cranberries for long periods of time.  Gastrointestinal (stomach) upset occurs in more than 30% of people who regularly drink cranberry juice or take capsules. As of 2011, probiotics used intravaginally (in the vagina) require further study to determine if they are helpful.

Medications
For people who keep getting infections, taking antibiotics for a long time is helpful. Drugs frequently used include nitrofurantoin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. If infections are related to sexual intercourse, some women find it useful to taking antibiotics after sex. In post-menopausal women, using topical vaginal estrogen (a hormone applied to the skin of the vaginal) has been found to reduce getting a UTI. Unlike topical creams, the use of vaginal estrogen from pessaries (medical devices put in the vagina is not as useful as low-dose antibiotics. A number of vaccines are being developed (as of 2011).

In children
There is little evidence that using preventative antibiotics decreases urinary tract infections in children. It is rare for people who have no problems with their kidneys to develop kidney problems from frequent UTIs. Having frequent urinary tract infections as a child causes less than a third of a percent (0.33%) of chronic kidney disease in adults.

Diagnosis

In most cases, UTIs can be diagnosed just from the symptoms and there is no need for laboratory testing.  Urinalysis (testing the urine) can be used to confirm the diagnosis in complicated cases. The urine is tested for urinary nitrites, white blood cells (leukocytes), or leukocyte esterase.  Another test, urine microscopy, looks for red blood cells, white blood cells, or bacteria. Urine culture is considered positive if it shows a bacterial colony count of greater than or equal to 103 colony-forming units per mL of a typical bacteria that causes infections of the urinary tract.  Cultures can also be used to test which antibiotic will work. However, women with negative cultures can still improve with antibiotic treatment. UTI symptoms in old people can be vague, and diagnosis can be difficult as there is no really reliable test.

Classification
A urinary tract infection in the lower urinary tract is known as a bladder infection. A UTI in the upper urinary tract is known as pyelonephritis or kidney infection. If the urine has significant bacteria, but there are no symptoms, the condition is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria.

A urinary tract infection is said to be complicated if:
 it is in the upper tract
 the person has diabetes mellitus
 the person is pregnant
 the person is male
 the person has a weakened immune system (immunocompromised) because of another illness.

Otherwise if a women is a healthy and before menopause, the infection is said to be uncomplicated. When children also have a fever, the urinary tract infection is considered to be an upper urinary tract infection.

In children
To diagnose a urinary tract infection in children, a positive urinary culture is required. Contamination poses a frequent challenge so a cutoff of 105 CFU/mL is used for a "clean-catch" mid-stream sample, 104 CFU/mL is used for catheter-obtained specimens, and 102 CFU/mL is used for suprapubic aspirations (a sample drawn directly from the bladder through the stomach wall with a needle). The World Health Organization does not like the use of “urine bags” to collect samples because there is a high rate of contamination when that urine is cultured. Catheterization is preferred if an individual is unable to use a toilet. Some medical groups, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, recommend renal ultrasound and voiding cystourethrogram (watching a person's urethra and urinary bladder with real time X-rays while they urinate) in all children who are younger than 2 years old and have had a urinary tract infection.Other medical groups such as the National Institute for Clinical Excellence recommend routine imaging only in babies younger than 6 months old or who have unusual findings.

Differential diagnosis
In women with cervicitis (inflammation of the cervix) or vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) and in young men with UTI symptoms, a Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrheae infection may be the cause. Vaginitis may also be due to a yeast infection. Interstitial cystitis (chronic pain in the bladder) can be the cause for people who have UTI symptoms many times, but whose urine cultures remain negative and do not improved with antibiotics. Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) may also be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Treatment
Phenazopyridine can be used in addition to antibiotics to help ease the burning pain of a bladder infection. However, phenazopyridine is no longer commonly recommended due to safety concerns. It can cause methemoglobinemia, which means there is higher than normal level of methemoglobin in the blood. Acetaminophen can be used for fevers.

Women who keep getting simple UTIs can benefit from self-treatment; these women should get medical treatment medical only if the initial treatment fails. Health care providers may also prescribe the antibiotics by phone.

Uncomplicated
Simple infections can be diagnosed and treated based on symptoms alone. Oral antibiotics such as trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), cephalosporins, nitrofurantoin, or a fluoroquinolone will shorten the time to recovery. All these drugs are equally effective. A three-day treatment with trimethoprim, TMP/SMX, or a fluoroquinolone is usually enough. Nitrofurantoin needs 5–7 days. With treatment, symptoms should improve within 36 hours. About 50% of people will get better without treatment within a few days or weeks. The Infectious Diseases Society of America does not recommend fluoroquinolones as first treatment because of concerns that overuse will lead to resistance to this class of drugs, making these drugs less effective for more serious infections. Despite this precaution, some resistance has developed to all of these drugs because to their widespread use. In some countries, trimethoprim alone is deemed to be equivalent to TMP/SMX. Children with simple UTIs are often helped by a three-day course of antibiotics.

Pyelonephritis
Pyelonephritis (kidney infection) is treated more aggressively than a simple bladder infection using either a longer course of oral antibiotics or intravenous antibiotics. Seven days of the oral fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin is typically used in geographic areas where the resistance rate is less than 10%. If the local resistance rates are greater than 10%, a dose of intravenous ceftriaxone often is prescribed. People with more severe symptoms are sometimes admitted a hospital for ongoing antibiotics. If symptoms do not improve following two or three days of treatment, it can mean that the urinary tract is blocked by a kidney stone.

Likelihood
Urinary tract infections are the most frequent bacterial infection in women. They occur most frequently between the ages of 16 and 35 years. Ten percent of women get an infection yearly; 60% have an infection at some point in their lives. Nearly half of people get a second infection within a year. Urinary tract infections occur four times more frequently in females than males. Pyelonephritis (a kidney infection) occurs between 20–30 times less frequently than bladder infections. Pyelonephritis is the most common cause of hospital acquired infections, accounting for approximately 40% of hospital-acquired infections. Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine increase with age from 2% to 7% in women of childbearing age to as high as 50% in elderly women in care homes. Rates of aysmtomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are 7-10%.

Urinary tract infections can affect 10% of people during childhood. Urinary tract infections in children are the most common in uncircumcised males younger than 3 months of age, followed by females younger than one year. Estimates of frequency among children, however, vary widely. In a group of children with a fever, ranging in age between birth and 2 years, 2- 20% were diagnosed with a UTI.

Society and culture
In the United States, urinary tract infections lead to nearly seven million office visits, a million emergency department visits, and 100,000 hospitalizations every year. The cost of these infections is high due to both lost time at work and costs of medical care. The direct cost of treatment is estimated at 1.6 billion USD yearly in the United States.

History
Urinary tract infections have been described since ancient times. The first written description, found in the Ebers Papyrus, dates to around the 1550 BC. The Egyptians described a urinary tract infection as "sending forth heat from the bladder." Herbs, bloodletting, and rest were the common treatments until the 1930s, when antibiotics became available.

In pregnancy
Pregnant women with UTIs have a higher risk of kidney infections.During pregnancy, high progesterone (a hormone) levels decreased muscle tone of the ureters and bladder. Decreased muscle tone leads to a greater likelihood of reflux, where urine flows back up the ureters and toward the kidneys. If bacteria are present, pregnant women have a 25-40% risk of a kidney infection. Thus treatment is recommended if urine testing shows signs of an infection—even in the absence of symptoms. Cephalexin or nitrofurantoin are typically used because those medications are generally considered safe in pregnancy. A kidney infection during pregnancy may result in premature birth or pre-eclampsia (a state of high blood pressure, kidney dysfunction, or seizures).

References

Category:Diseases caused by bacteria
Category:Urinary system
Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system

Urinary tract infection


A fall is, in everyday language and thought, a movement down that happens due to gravity.  An example is when something rolls off a table and falls down to the floor.

Scientific and universal definition
Falling is a motion towards a place where an object will have a lower total potential energy or lower potential.  Total potential energy being the sum of all potential energies -- those from gravitational fields, electric fields, and magnetic fields.

The idea of falling in natural human language(s) as falling down begs the definition of what down really is.  What is down in natural human language(s)?  Down may be straight towards your feet, or if you are on a hill, be off at an angle.  Often an attempt is made to correct this definition by saying down is towards the center of the Earth.  But that definition only works here on Earth. The idea of falling using common everyday language as being in the direction of down does not work in places in the universe other than Earth.  In space, somewhere between the Earth and it's moon, an object may fall to the earth or fall to the moon.  At other places an object may fall towards the Sun or Jupiter.  At other places in the universe an object may even fall to a point in space between stars and planets.

Falling using common everyday language is also true only due to gravity.  What about an electrically charged object?  A balloon rubbed on your hair and held close to the ceiling will fall up towards the ceiling.  Electrically charged objects do not always fall due to the force of gravity, but due to electric forces.  (Thank goodness or our electronics would not work and life would not even exist.)  As masses fall in gravitational fields, charges or charged objects will fall to a place where they have less total potential energy.  Magnetic objects will fall in a magnetic field to a place where they have less total potential energy.

Falling people
Falling is a very common cause of people's injuries, possibly the most common cause.  This is especially the case for elderly people, people with various conditions causing a loss of balance, and for people who do sports and other leisure activities requiring significant motion.

In many cases, elderly people become less steady on their feet and if they fall they are at a greater risk of having serious injuries, such as breaking their hip, because of the more brittle condition of their bones.

During sports and other recreational activities such as bicycling or skateboarding, people are more likely to fall.  Some bicyclists and skateboarders wear protective clothing to protect their body in the event of a fall, such as a helmet, elbow pads, and knee pads.

Category:Force
Category:Safety
Fall

Fall (motion)


The President of Germany (German: Bundespräsident, literally: federal president) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. His functions are mostly supervising and representative, because of the negative experiences with the office of its predecessor the Reich President (Reichskanzler).

The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.

List of Presidents
 Theodor Heuss (FDP), 1949 – 1959
 Heinrich Lübke (CDU), 1959 – 1969
 Gustav Heinemann (SPD), 1969 – 1974
 Walter Scheel (FDP), 1974 – 1979
 Karl Carstens (CDU), 1979 – 1984
 Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), 1984 – 1994
 Roman Herzog (CDU), 1994 – 1999
 Johannes Rau (SPD), 1999 – 2004
 Horst Köhler (CDU), 2004 – 2010
 Christian Wulff (CDU), 2010 – 2012
 Joachim Gauck (Independent), 2012 – 2017
 Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD), since 2017

References

Category:Politics of Germany
Category:Lists of heads of state
Category:Germany-related lists

President of Germany


The Bronx is the northern part of New York City, United States. The name came from Bronck's Farms, owned by a settler called Jonas Bronck. The Bronx was once the southern part of Westchester County, but is now one of the five boroughs of New York City as well as a county in New York State called Bronx County. The Bronx River flows south out of Yonkers and Mount Vernon, New York, through the middle of The Bronx, and into Long Island Sound.

Two places to visit in The Bronx are the Bronx Zoo and Yankee Stadium, where the New York Yankees baseball team plays.

Related pages

 South Bronx

References

Other websites

 I Love The Bronx
 The Bronx Zoo
 The New York Botanical Garden
 Wave Hill: New York Public Garden and Cultural Center
 Arthur Avenue (little italy)

Category:County seats in New York

Category:1898 establishments in the United States
Category:1890s establishments in New York (state)

The Bronx


Wild at Heart is a 1990 American crime thriller movie. It is about a young couple from Cape Fear, North Carolina who go on the run. Nicolas Cage plays Sailor, Laura Dern plays Lula Fortune, Diane Ladd plays Marietta, Isabella Rossellini plays Perdita.

This movie was released on August 17, 1990. It got mostly good reviews by the critics.

Other websites

Category:1990 crime movies
Category:1990s crime thriller movies
Category:1990s road movies
Category:American crime thriller movies
Category:American road movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:Movies about couples

Wild at Heart


Jillian Faye Hall (born Jillian Faye Fletcher; September 6, 1980 in Ashland, Kentucky) is an American retired female professional wrestler and singer. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she competed under the ring name Jillian Hall.

She released a Christmas album titled A Jingle with Jillian, which was sung completely in her character of a terrible singer. The album reached #20 on the UK Holidays Top 100 shortly after its release. During her time in the WWE, She was a one-time WWE Divas Champion.

On November 19, 2010, her WWE contract expired and WWE announced that they were not going to renew it. After being released, she wrestled on the independent circuit until announcing her retirement on January 21, 2014.

References

Other websites
WWE profile

Category:1980 births
Category:American professional wrestlers
Category:Female professional wrestlers
Category:Former WWE wrestlers
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Kentucky

Jillian Hall


Scranton might mean:

Cities in the United States:
Scranton, Arkansas
Scranton, Iowa
Scranton, Pennsylvania

Scranton


Kimmie Meissner (born 4 October 1989) is a figure skater from the United States. She won the World Championships in 2006 and the United States national championships in 2007. She is the second American woman and the sixth woman worldwide to do a triple Axel jump.

Life

Career

Early career
Meissner was a very good skater as a child. In 2003, she won the Novice title at the United States nationals. In 2004, she won the Junior title. In 2005, she won the bronze medal at the Senior level. While this would normally have given her a spot to the World Championships, Meissner was too young to go.

Olympics
In 2006, she went to the 2006 Olympics, where she placed 6th. At the Olympics, she was called the future of American skating. The future came quickly. The next month, she won the World Championships, placing ahead of the Olympic silver medalist Sasha Cohen.

Four Continents Figure Skating
In 2007, Meissner won the United States championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships, a competition for skaters from countries that are not in Europe.

Popularity
Meissner is a very popular skater, especially in Baltimore, where she is from. She has done shows in Baltimore and is a local celebrity. Meissner has many endorsements, which means she gets money from telling people she uses products. She is also involved with the Cool Kids, which is an organization to help kids with cancer.

Other websites

 U.S. Olympic Team bio
 U.S. Figure Skating biography
 International Skating Union biography

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:American figure skaters
Category:Sportspeople from Maryland

Kimmie Meissner


Vladimir Aleksandrovich Teplyakov () (November 6, 1925- December 10, 2009) was a Russian physicist who is best known for his work with particle accelerators. He, working with his friend I.M. Kapchinsky, created the Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) principle, which was very important dealing with the speed of low energy ion beams.

Life
Teplyakov was born in the USSR on November 6, 1925. He was made to join the Red Army in January 1943 and fought in the Second World War on the Ukrainian front. After the war ended, he went to and graduated from the All-Union Correspondence Polytechnic Institute in Moscow. After leaving school, he began work at the Institute of Chemical Physics. From 1959-1966, he worked at Chelyabinsk-70, where he kept up his study of high-current proton . In 1966, he and several of the people that he worked with were moved to the Institute of High Energy Physics in Protvino, Russia.

Civilian honours
Lenin Prize in 1998 for his work on creating the RFQ.
Order of Lenin and the Order of the October Revolution.

Military honours
Order of Glory, 3rd class the
Order of the Patriotic War, 2nd Class
medal for the Capture of Vienna.

Notes and references
 "Vladimir Alexsandrovich Teplyakov" Translation from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 99, pp. 396-397, November 2005.
 "The Linear Accelerator Structures With Space-Uniform Quadrupole Focusing" June 1979
 "RFQ pioneer celebrates 80th birthday" November 2, 2005
 "Teplyakov’s Proposal for the IFMIF Accelerator RFQ" Retriever on December 11, 2009
 "Циклы научных работ, выполненные в ГНЦ ИФВЭ и удостоенные высших государственных премий" Retrieved on December 11, 2009
 "Vladimir Teplyakov" Retrieved on December 12, 2009
 "Wapedia: Lenin Prize" Retriever on December 13, 2009
 "Accelerator Application To Medicine And Technology" Retrieved on December 13, 2009
 "Победа в Великой Отечественной войне" Retriever on December 12, 2009
 "Путь к УРАЛу. История ускорителя и человека." Retrieved on December 11, 2009

Category:Russian physicists

Category:1925 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin

Vladimir Teplyakov


Reginald Crundall Punnett FRS (Tonbridge, Kent, 20 June 1875 – Bilbrook, Somerset, 3 January 1967) was a British geneticist. He became Professor of Biology and then Professor of Genetics at the University of Cambridge.

He co-founded, with William Bateson, the Journal of Genetics in 1910. Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring. His Mendelism (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.

Life and work
Reginald Punnett was born in 1875 in the town of Tonbridge in Kent, England. While recovering from a childhood bout of appendicitis, Punnett became acquainted with Jardine's Naturalist's Library and developed an interest in natural history.

Attending the University of Cambridge, Punnett earned a degree in zoology in 1898, and a masters in 1902. Between these degrees he worked as a demonstrator and part-time lecturer at the University of St Andrews Natural History Department. However, by 1902 Punnett was back at Cambridge working in zoology, primarily the study of nematode worms. It was during this time that he and William Bateson began a research collaboration, which lasted several years.

When Punnett was an undergraduate, Gregor Mendel's work on inheritance was largely unknown and unappreciated by scientists. However, in 1900, Mendel's work was rediscovered. William Bateson became a proponent of Mendelian genetics, and had Mendel's work translated into English. It was with Bateson that Reginald Punnett helped establish the new science of genetics at Cambridge. He and Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage through experiments with chickens and pea plants.

In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become fixed and ubiquitous in a population, Punnett introduced his problem to the mathematician G. H. Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.

In 1910 Punnett became professor of biology at Cambridge, and then the first Arthur Balfour Professor of Genetics when Bateson left in 1912. In the same year, Punnett was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.  He received the society's Darwin Medal in 1922.

During World War I, Punnett successfully applied his expertise to the problem of the early determination of gender in chickens.  Since only females were used for egg-production, early identification of male chicks, which were destroyed or separated for fattening, meant that limited animal-feed and other resources could be used more efficiently.  Punnett's work in this area was summarized in Heredity in Poultry (1923).

Punnett squares

Punnett squares are used by biologists to determine the probability of offspring having a particular genotype.

If B represents the allele for having black hair and b represents the allele for having white hair, the offspring of  two Bb parents would have a 25% probability of having two white hair alleles (bb), 50% of having one of each (Bb), and 25% of having only black hair alleles (BB). The phenotype (in this case the appearance) of the offspring would depend on whether and to what extent one of the alleles was dominant.

References

Selected writings

  – a scanned copy of the second edition is here.

 Heredity in Poultry 1923

Further reading

Other websites
 A brief biographical sketch of Punnett
 A briefer biographical sketch of Punnett
 A brief history of the University of Cambridge's Department of Genetics

Category:1875 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:English biologists
Category:English geneticists
Category:English science writers

Reginald Punnett


Lebanon national football team is the national football team of Lebanon.

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Sport in Lebanon

Lebanon national football team


Elstree is a village in Hertfordshire, England. The television show EastEnders is made there at Elstree Studios.

Category:Villages in Hertfordshire

Elstree


Crossover thrash, also known as punk metal or simply crossover, is a form of thrash metal. It is a mixture of punk and metal.

Bands
Bands associated with the crossover genre include:

Acid Reign
Agnostic Front
Anti Feminism
Attitude Adjustment
Aversion
Bad Acid Trip
Beowülf
Birth A.D.
Biohazard
Blast!
Blunt Force Trauma
Body Count
Bones Brigade
The Brood
Carnivore
Cerebral Fix
Charged GBH
Circle Jerks
Clown Alley
Concrete Sox
The Cooters
Corrosion of Conformity
Cro-Mags
Cross Examination
The Crucified
Crumbsuckers
Cryptic Slaughter
Cynic
Degenerates
Dead Horse
Dead Serious
Discharge
Dr. Know
Dr. Living Dead
Dresden 45
Electro Hippies
English Dogs
Excel
Eyesburn
The Exploited
Final Conflict
Gadnium
Gang Green
Gama Bomb
Generation Kill
Ghoul
Green Jellÿ
Gwar
Hogan's Heroes
Hellbastard
Hirax
Holier Than Thou
Impulse Manslaughter
Lawnmower Deth
Leeway
Lifeless
Lobotomia
Lost Generation
Ludichrist
M.O.D.
Matanza
Madball
The Mentors
Mindsnare
Mucky Pup
Mortal Sin
Municipal Waste
Neurosis
Nuclear Assault
No Mercy
No Warning
Oi Polloi
Poison Idea
Post Mortem
Probot
Prong
Ratos de Porão
Rigor Mortis
Ritam Nereda
S.O.B.
Sacrilege
Send More Paramedics
Septic Death
Shell Shock
Sick Mother Fakers
Sick of It All
Snake Nation
The Prophecy 23
The Stupids
Suicidal Tendencies
Swashbuckle
Sworn Enemy
This Is Hell
Toxic Holocaust
Verbal Abuse
Vitamin X
Void
Wasted Youth
Wehrmacht
What Happens Next?
U.T.I.
X-Cops

References

Category:Heavy metal subgenres
Category:Punk rock
Category:Hardcore punk

Crossover thrash


The Dice snake (Natrix tessellata) is a European non-venomous snake belonging to the family of Colubridae, subfamily Natricinae.

The Dice snake lives a lot in eastern Europe and western Asia, though not as much as the grass snake. Only one species, N.t.heinrothi, is recognized, from the island of Serpilor (Osrov Zminyi) in the Black Sea. Dice snakes are better in water and they have a more slender body. They are mostly able to see easily in a woodland or desert, and sometimes in mountain streams. They usually eat fish, and sometimes they may also eat amphibians. The dice snake is a bit shy. They may grow up to 90 cm long, and has a brown or grey colouring. Although Dice snakes can be seen in Asia, they do not live a lot on Crete. Dice snakes do not have any venom. They can let out a very bad smell, however, for defense. Another thing they use for defending themselves is playing dead. Dice snakes go into dry holes next to the water, and sleep from October to April. This is called hibernating.

Distribution
The Dice snake lives in Europe and Asia:
Lebanon, Palestine, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, France, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Italy, Czech Republic, Poland, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Turkey, Greece, Cyprus, Afghanistan, Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Yemen, Egypt, Pakistan, and China.

References

Category:Colubrids
Category:Reptiles of Pakistan

Dice snake


Robert Knox (4 September 1791 – 20 December 1862) was a Scottish anatomist, zoologist, ethnologist and doctor. He is best known for the Burke and Hare murders. Some of his work had controversy because he tried to prove that Anglo-Saxons were superior to other people.

Life

Robert Knox was born in Edinburgh's North Richmond Street to Mary and Robert Knox. His father was a teacher of mathematics and philosophy. He had smallpox as an infant, which blinded his left eye and changed his face. He was educated at the Royal High School, where he bullied his friends.

In 1810, he joined medical classes in Edinburgh. He became interested in transcendentalism.

Knox graduated from Edinburgh University in 1814.

Knox married his wife Susan in 1824.

References

Other websites
Robert Knox MD, FRCSEd, FRSEd 1791–1862: The first Conservator of the College MuseumThe Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, Historical Review, 2000. Accessed 23 February 2007.
Collection of prints related to the Burke and Hare murders

Category:1791 births
Category:1862 deaths
Category:People from Edinburgh
Category:Anatomists

Robert Knox


Amaṯa is an Aboriginal community in the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands in South Australia. It is in the north of the APY, between Umuwa and Nyapari. It is at the base of the Musgrave Ranges, about  west of the Stuart Highway. Amaṯa was established under the name of Musgrave Park in 1961. The community was set up to take the pressure off the growth of nearby Pukatja (then known as Ernabella). The goal was to use it to teach the Aborigines in how to work in the livestock industry. A school was opened 7 years later, in 1968.

About 319 people lived at Amaṯa in the 2006 census. It appears to have a growing population, which is not the usual pattern for Aboriginal communities in Australia. From 180 residents in 1981, it has grown steadily past 350 in the 1990s, to 536 in 1996.

Amaṯa is made up of about 60 houses. There is a school, a general store and a health clinic. Supplies are delivered once per week and mail is delivered twice per week. Water comes from bores and is stored in tanks. The school was renovated by the state government from 2003–2005. A swimming pool was opened in June 2007. Amaṯa also has a community centre, a community church, and an airstrip.

There is a police station at Amaṯa, but they are not always there; state police are based in Marla and run patrols to the area. Some night patrols by residents have been done in the past to help policing of the community. In the absence of police, the community is served by 2 community constables. Tony Abbott suggested in 2007 there should be police at Amaṯa permanently. In response, the state government said it would spend A$7.5 million at Amaṯa and Pukatja for new police stations, court facilities and prison cells. It would also provide housing for police officers.

The sale of local artwork is important to the economy of the Amaṯa community. Tjala Arts, founded in 1999, displayed the works of seven Amaṯa artists in Canberra in 2006. In the 2007 State Budget, the South Australian Government announced $350,000 for a new arts centre in Amaṯa.

References

Other websites
Profile at PY Media

Category:Towns in South Australia
Category:Indigenous Australian communities
Category:Pitjantjatjara
Category:1961 establishments in Australia

Amata, South Australia


Mesoamerica (literally, "central  America") is a geographical region. It begins from around the Tropic of Cancer in central Mexico and ends near Costa Rica. The term is especially used to mean the native peoples and cultures that were there before the Spanish took over that region.

Mesoamerica


Deep frying is a way of cooking food by putting it in hot oil or fat. Deep frying cooks food very quickly. Deep frying is popular is the United Kingdom a dish known as Fish and Chips.

Technique

If done well, deep-frying does not make food too greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water in the food, steaming it from the inside out. The water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface of the oil. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not in the oil for too long, oil will only enter the surface of the food. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but is usually between 175 and 190 °C (345–375 °F).

Some fried foods are given a coating of batter or breading prior to frying. This makes the outside of the food crispy and browned, while the inside becomes tender, moist, and steamed. Some foods – such as potatoes or whole, skin-on poultry – have a natural coating and do not require breading or battering.

Disadvantages
Deep frying makes large amounts of waste oil. Getting rid of the oil properly may be a problem. Waste oil is increasingly being recycled into biodiesel.

Some deep fry shortenings contain trans fat.

Cooking oil can burn well  and may catch fire if it is used at too high a temperature. Trying to put out an oil fire with water makes the fire worse. Instead, oil fires must be put out with a fire extinguisher or by smothering.

Related pages
 French fried potatoes

References

Category:Cooking methods

Deep frying


Isonoe or , is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation .

Isonoe is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,833,000 km in 751.647 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.166.

It was named in October 2002 after Isonoe, one of the Danaides in Greek mythology, and a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Isonoe belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.

References

Category:Jupiter's moons

Isonoe (moon)


Brigitte Kronauer (29 December 1940 – 22 July 2019) was a German writer. She was born in Essen, Germany. In 2005, she was awarded the Georg Büchner Prize for her literary works.

Kronauer died on 22 July 2019 in Hamburg from a long-illness at the age of 78.

References

Other websites
 Brigitte Kronauer in: NRW Literatur im Netz

Category:German writers
Category:People from Essen
Category:1940 births
Category:2019 deaths

Brigitte Kronauer


Vaxholm Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Vaxholm.

References

Other websites

 Vaxholm Municipality

Category:Municipalities of Sweden

Vaxholm Municipality


The Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Russian: Не́нецкий автоно́мный о́круг, Nyenetskiy avtonomnyy okrug, Nenets:  Ненёцие автономной ӈокрук, Nenjocije awtonomnoj ŋokruk) is a federal subjects of Russia. It is located in northwestern Russia. The capital is Naryan-Mar. The okrug has a population of 44,110 (2020 census), making it the least populated federal subject in Russia.

Economy

The oil and gas industry make up 99% of the okrug's industrial activity. In 2015, the okrug had the highest gross domestic product in Russia.

Climate

Much of the okrug has Subarctic climate. This means the okrug experiences mild and short summers, along with long and very cold winters. Most of the okrug is also above the arctic circle, meaning polar nights occur every year.

Demographics

In 2010, ethnic Russians were 66.1% of the population. Nenets were 18.6% of the population, the Komi people were 9.0% of the population and other ethnicities were 6.3% of the population.

In 1989, the population was at 54,840 people, but a rapid decrease in population occurred shortly afterwards. The population has seen a slow increase since 2002.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Category:Federal subjects of Russia

Nenets Autonomous Okrug


Clinton County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, 33,224 people lived there. The county seat is Frankfort.

References

Category:1830 establishments in Indiana
Category:Indiana counties

Clinton County, Indiana


Anadarko is the county seat of Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 6,645 at the 2000 census.

Category:County seats in Oklahoma
Category:Cities in Oklahoma

Anadarko, Oklahoma


Will Young (born 20 January 1979) is an English singer and actor. He was born in Berkshire.

He became famous in 2002 when he won the British singing competition, Pop Idol. Since then, he has had a successful music career.

Young has released three albums so far and has had four number one singles in the United Kingdom. He acted in the film Mrs. Henderson Presents.

He is openly gay.

Discography

Albums
From Now On
Friday's Child
Keep On

Singles

"Anything Is Possible/Evergreen"
"Light My Fire"
"The Long and Winding Road/Suspicious Minds" (a duet with Gareth Gates)
"Don't Let Me Down/You and I"
"Leave Right Now"
"Your Game"
"Friday's Child"
"Switch It On"
"All Time Love"
"Who Am I"

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Official Myspace
 Will Young interview at musicOMH.com

Category:Actors from Berkshire
Category:English LGBT people
Category:English movie actors
Category:English pop musicians
Category:English singers
Category:English television actors
Category:Gay men
Category:LGBT actors
Category:LGBT singers
Category:Musicians from Berkshire
Category:1979 births
Category:Living people

Will Young


Jean-Claude Boulard (28 March 1943 – 1 June 2018) was a French politician. He was Mayor of Le Mans from 2001 until his death, Senator from 2014 to 2017, and Deputy from 1988 to 1993 and again from 1997 to 2002. He was born in Nantes, France.

Boulard died in Le Mans on 1 June 2018 of a long-illness, aged 75.

References

Other websites

Category:1943 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Disease-related deaths in France
Category:Mayors
Category:French politicians

Jean-Claude Boulard


The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.

Events

 March 3 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and in all of Europe and Africa.
 March 19 - A partial solar eclipse happened that could be seen in Asia.
 April 25 - The planet Gliese 581 c was found.
 August 28 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and all of Australasia and the Pacific Ocean.
 September 27 - NASA's spacecraft Dawn is launched.

Deaths
 July 23 - Ernst Otto Fischer

Category:2007
Category:Years in science

2007 in science


The coat of arms of Ghana was adopted on 4 March 1957 by Ghanaian artist Amon Kotei.

Ghana
Category:Ghana

Coat of Arms of Ghana


was a  after Kashō and before Saikō.  This period started in April 851 and ended in November 854.  During this time, the emperor was  .

Events of the Ninju era

 852 (Ninju 2, 2nd month): A broom star was seen in the west.

 853 (Ninju 3, 2nd month): The emperor visited the home of  Fujiwara Yoshifusa, who was the grandfather of his designated heir.

 853 (Ninju 3, 5th month): Asama Shrine in Suruga province is given national ranking in the lists of shrines and temples.

Related pages
 Heian period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Category:Japanese eras
Category:850s establishments in Japan
Category:850s disestablishments in Japan
Category:851 establishments
Category:854 disestablishments

Ninju


Orangeburg County is a county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, 92,501 people lived there. Its county seat is Orangeburg. The county was formed in 1769.

References

Category:18th-century establishments in South Carolina
Category:1769 establishments in the Thirteen Colonies
Category:South Carolina counties

Orangeburg County, South Carolina


was a  after Kenji and before Shōō.  This period started in February 1278 and ended in April 1288. During this time, the emperor|emperors were  and .

Events of the Kōan era
 1281 (Kōan 4): Second invasion attempt by Mongol forces. This is called the Kōan War (Kōan no Eki).

 1297 (Kōan 10, 10th month): In the 14th year of Go-Uda's reign, the emperor abdicated; and his cousin became the new emperor.

Related pages
 Kamakura period
 Kōan (Muromachi period), 1361-1362

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

Category:Japanese eras
Category:1278 establishments
Category:13th-century establishments in Japan
Category:1288 disestablishments
Category:13th century disestablishments in Japan

Kōan (Kamakura period)


was a old province of Japan on the island of Hokkaido.  The history of the province started in 1869 and ended in 1882.

The boundaries of this ancient province are generally mirrored in what is today called Nemuro Subprefecture.

History

After 1869, the northern Japanese island was known as Hokkaido. Regional subdivisions were established. Nemuro Province was one of the new entities which were created in 1869.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan including Nemuro Province were reformed in the 1870s.

In 1882, Nemuro and the other ten provinces of Hokkaido were reorganized as Hakodate Prefecture, Sapporo Prefecture and Nemuro Prefecture.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Category:Former provinces of Japan
Category:Hokkaido Prefecture

Nemuro Province


Virgin Interactive was a British video game publisher. It was formed as Virgin Games Ltd. in 1981. The company became much larger after purchasing the budget label, Mastertronic in 1987. It was part of the Virgin Group. In 1994 it was renamed Virgin Interactive.

Summary

General summary
It published games for PC and systems, including the Amiga, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, C64, Sega Master System, Sega Mega Drive, Sega Game Gear, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Saturn, Sony PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Dreamcast.

It helped the career of many developers, including Westwood Studios (who developed Command & Conquer Series and the PC port of Resident Evil) and Synergistic. Also, many workers for Shiny Entertainment, including David Perry, worked for Virgin before splitting off to create Earthworm Jim.
Also among Virgin Interactive alumni are famed video game composer Tommy Tallarico, artist Doug TenNapel, designer David Bishop, animator Bill Kroyer, animator/artists Andy Luckey and Mike Dietz and programmer Andy Astor.

In 1993 Virgin Interactive created the "Digicel" process, originally for an unpublished game called "Dynoblaze". Key to developing the process were Dr. Stephen Clarke-Willson, David Perry, designer David Bishop, animator Bill Kroyer, animator artists Andy Luckey, animator Mike Dietz and programmer Andy Astor. The technology was first released to the general public in Disney's Aladdin for the Sega Mega Drive/Sega Genesis and subsequently on such projects as The Lion King video game.

The worldwide operations were acquired in a management buyout backed by Mark Dyne who became its Chief Executive Officer in 1998. Tim Chaney, the former Managing Director was named as President. The U.S. operations were spun out to Electronic Arts as part of its acquisition of Westwood Studios that same year.

The Company's assets were acquired by the French publisher Titus Software -- its name was changed to Avalon Interactive on July 1, 2003.

In May 2002, the Spanish division of Virgin Interactive, known as Virgin Interactive España, was purchased by Tim Chaney along with former Spanish president and founder Paco Encinas. The branch was then separated from the main Virgin Interactive company, already part of Titus Software, and kept its own identity as a Virgin brand. Renamed Virgin Play in October 2002, this Spanish publisher remains as the sole representation of the Virgin Group in the video game industry.

Popular games
 Falcon Patrol (1983)
 Doriath (1985)
 Hunter Patrol (1985)
 Dan Dare: Pilot of the Future (1986)
 Action Force (1987)
 Falcon Patrol II (1987)
 Action Force II (1988)
 Wonderland (1990)
 Realms (1991)
 Corporation (1991)
 M.C. Kids (1991)
 Dune II (1992)
 Global Gladiators (1992)
 The 7th Guest (1992)
 Jeep Jamboree: Off Road Adventure (1992)
 The Terminator (1992)
 Cannon Fodder (1993)
 Cool Spot (1993)
 Disney's Aladdin (1993)
 Lands of Lore series (1993)
 Reach for the Skies (1993)
 RoboCop Versus The Terminator (1993)
 Super Slap Shot (1993)
 Goal! (1994)
 Doom II: Hell on Earth (1994) (European PC version only)
 The Lion King (1994)
 Walt Disney's The Jungle Book (1994) *Earthworm Jim (Europe only) (1994) *Command & Conquer (1995)
 Cyberia 2 (1995)
 Hyper 3D Pinball (1995)
 Super Karts (1995)
 Zone Raiders (1995)
 World Masters Golf (1995)
 Command & Conquer: Red Alert (DOS Version Only) (1996)
 Broken Sword: The Shadow of the Templars (1996)
 Toonstruck (1996)
 Resident Evil (Europe and PC versions only, PC versions made by Westwood Studios) (1996)
 Agile Warrior F-111X (1997)
 Broken Sword II: The Smoking Mirror (1997)
 Subspace (1997)
 Mega Man X3 (Europe only) (1997)
 Nanotek Warrior (1997)
 Ignition (1997)
 Resident Evil 2 (Europe only) (1998)
 Magic & Mayhem (Europe only) (1998)
 Super Dany (Europe only) (1998)
 Dino Crisis (Europe only) (1999)
 Resident Evil 3: Nemesis (Europe only) (2000)
 Dino Crisis 2 (Europe only) (2000)
 Project Justice (Europe only) (2001)
 Screamer 4x4 (2001)
 Resident Evil: Gaiden (Europe only) (2001)
 Devil May Cry (Europe only) (2001)
 Now Games compilation series (1985-1988)

Other websites
 Virgin Interactive profile on MobyGames

Category:Video game companies
Category:Virgin Group
Category:1981 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:Defunct companies of the United Kingdom

Virgin Interactive


Rapilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

Category:Communes in Calvados

Rapilly


Lynching in the United States is murder in which a certain person is hanged, usually by the neck. Lynching is usually performed by a group. United States lynchings rose in number after the American Civil War in the early-to-mid 1860s.

Although lynchings went down in the 1920s, they have continued into the 21st century.

Most lynchings were of African American men in the South. But women were also lynched. Also, white lynchings of blacks happened in the Midwest and Border States.

Lynchings were not limited to African Americans. There were also lynchings of Native Americans, Hispanics and Asian Americans in the West, including California. Even white people were occasionally lynched.  In its early years, white victims actually outnumbered black.  92 women were lynched in the United States between 1882 and 1927.

The stereotype of lynching is hanging. Hangings are what crowds of people saw. Hanging is also easy to photograph. But there are other methods related to lynching. They include being shot repeatedly, being burned, dragged behind cars and being forced to jump from a bridge.

Lynching demographics (worst years for lynchings in the United States)

References

Category:History of the United States
Category:Crime

Lynching in the United States


Against Me! is a punk rock band. Laura Jane Grace started the band in Gainesville, Florida, in 1997. The band has released six albums. The band started their own record label in 2011. The band's first album, Against Me! Is Reinventing Axl Rose, was released in March 2002 by No Idea Records. The band's most recent album Transgender Dysphoria Blues was released in 2014. The album is the first released by the band since Laura Jane Grace came out as a trans woman.

Other websites
Against Me! official website

Category:1990s American music groups
Category:1997 establishments in the United States
Category:2000s American music groups
Category:2010s American music groups
Category:American punk bands
Category:1990s establishments in Florida

Against Me!


Christine Maria Kaufmann (11 January 1945 – 28 March 2017) was a German-Austrian actress, author, and businesswoman. She won the Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year – Actress in 1961, the first German to be so honoured.

Kaufmann was known for her roles in The White Horse Inn (1952), Rose-Girl Resli (1954), The Last Days of Pompeii (1959), Town Without Pity (1961) and in Escape from East Berlin (1962).

At age 18 in 1963, Kaufmann married Tony Curtis. They had two daughters, Alexandra and Allegra. The couple divorced in 1968.

Kaufmann was called the "most beautiful grandmother in Germany".

Kaufmann died on 28 March 2017 in Munich from leukemia at the age of 72.

References

Other websites

Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors
Category:1945 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from leukemia
Category:Cancer deaths in Germany
Category:German movie actors
Category:German television actors
Category:German writers
Category:Business people
Category:Austrian movie actors
Category:Austrian television actors
Category:Austrian writers
Category:People from Styria

Christine Kaufmann


Mahmoud al-Ayyubi () (born 1932) is a Syrian politician. He was Prime Minister of Syria from 21 December 1972 to 7 August 1976 under the presidency of Hafez Al-Asad.

He also was Vice President of Syria from February 1971 to August 1976.

References

Category:1932 births
Category:Living people
Category:Prime Ministers of Syria

Mahmoud al-Ayyubi


The historical method are the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write history.

Guidelines

Following Garraghan (in: A Guide to Historical Method, 168) puts six questions that should be answered as minimal standard for a sound historical method:

 When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
 Where was it produced (localization)?
 By whom was it produced (authorship)?
 From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)?
In what original form was it produced (integrity)?
 What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?

References

Gilbert J. Garraghan, A Guide to Historical Method, Fordham University Press: New York (1946).   .
Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method, Alfred A. Knopf: New York (1950). .
Martha Howell and Walter Prevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, Cornell University Press: Ithaca (2001). .
C. Behan McCullagh, Justifying Historical Descriptions, Cambridge University Press: New York (1984). .
R. J. Shafer, A Guide to Historical Method, The Dorsey Press: Illinois (1974). .

Related pages
Historiography
Scientific method

Other websites
Historical Sources Online by Marc Comtois
Philosophy of History by Paul Newall
The Historian's Sources, online lesson by the Library of Congress
Federal Rules of Evidence in United States law

Category:History

Historical method


The name Atom applies to a pair of related standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds. The Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based system of rules for creating and updating web resources.

Category:Internet

Atom (feed)


is an American singer, musician, actor and writer.

He was born at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father.

Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel.  Lennon had been engaged to musican Bijou Phillips.

Groups involved in
Lennon has worked  with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.
He has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume.

Filmography

References

Category:Singer-songwriters from New York
Category:American rock guitarists
Category:Singers from New York City
Category:Musicians from New York City
Category:Actors from New York City
Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:John Lennon

Sean Lennon


Mission Impossible is a 1996 American spy/action adventure thriller movie starring Tom Cruise and directed by Brian De Palma. It is set in London, Prague and Virginia. It was followed by Mission: Impossible II, Mission: Impossible III, Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol, Mission: Impossible - Rogue Nation and Mission: Impossible - Fallout.

Release dates

Other websites

 Mission: Impossible at The Numbers

Category:1996 movies
Category:1990s action thriller movies
Category:1990s adventure movies
Category:1990s spy movies
Category:American action thriller movies
Category:American adventure movies
Category:American spy movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:Movies directed by Brian De Palma
Category:Movies set in London
Category:Movies set in Virginia
Category:Prague

Mission: Impossible (movie)


Rotterdamse Voetbalvereniging "Hillesluis" (translated:Rotterdam's Football Society "Hillesluis") was a football club in Rotterdam. It was located near the Feyenoord stadium. It was created in 1932 in a Rotterdam's town with the same name. It was disestablished in 2012.

This club has 21 teams from which:
4 senior teams
6 junior teams
7 pupil teams
1 lady's team
1 futsal team
2 disabled teams

Other websites
RVV Hillesluis

Category:1932 establishments in Europe
Category:2012 disestablishments in Europe
Hillesluis
Category:Rotterdam

RVV Hillesluis


True Star: A Private Performance is a two-track EP by American R&B singer Beyoncé. Produced by herself and Tommy Hilfiger, it was released exclusively in Austria in 2004 (see 2004 in music), solely available with limited edition purchases of her fragrance by Hilfiger entitled True Star.

Track listing

References

Category:2004 albums
Category:Beyoncé albums

en:True Star (perfume)#True Star: A Private Performance

True Star: A Private Performance


Teulada (Teulàda) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Sud Sardegna in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 3,604 people lived there. Its area is 246.19 km². It is 50 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites

Category:Communes of Sardinia

Teulada, Sardinia


The Sugar Act (1764) was a tax passed by the British to pay for the Seven Years War, called the French and Indian War in America.

It taxed sugar and decreased taxes on molasses in British colonies in America and the West Indies. This restricted smuggling. It was also a use of mercantilism. It was one of the first taxes that led to protests in the Thirteen Colonies. The Sugar and Stamp Acts were done away with in 1766.

Category:1764
Category:1760s in the Thirteen Colonies
Category:Taxation
Category:1760s in the Kingdom of Great Britain

Sugar Act


Carolyn M. Squires (September 25, 1940 – March 21, 2016) was an American politician. She was a member of the Democratic Party.

Squires was a member of the Montana House of Representatives for the 96th district from 2010 to 2015. From 2002 to 2010, she was a member of the Montana Senate, representing District 48, where she served as Majority Whip. Earlier she was a member of the Montana House of Representatives from 1987 through 2000.

Squires died in Missoula, Montana from colorectal cancer at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
Project Vote Smart - Senator Carolyn M. Squires (MT) profile
Follow the Money - Carolyn Squires
2008 2006 2002 Senate campaign contributions
1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 House campaign contributions

Category:1940 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer
Category:People from Whitefish, Montana
Category:Politicians from Montana
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

Carolyn Squires


Caswell County is a county  in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2000, 23,501 people lived there.  Its county seat is Yanceyville.

History
Caswell County was made in 1777 from the northern part of Orange County.  In 1792  the eastern half of Caswell County was made into Person County.

Government
Caswell County is part of the local Piedmont Triad Council of Governments.

Connected counties
These counties are connected to Caswell County:
Pittsylvania County, Virginia - north
Halifax County, Virginia - northeast
Person County, North Carolina - east
Orange County, North Carolina - southeast
Alamance County, North Carolina - southwest
Rockingham County, North Carolina - west

Cities and towns
These cities and towns are in Caswell County:
Milton
Yanceyville

Other websites
 Caswell County government official website
 Caswell County Historical Association

Category:North Carolina counties
Category:1777 establishments in North Carolina

Caswell County, North Carolina


Zillis-Reischen is a municipality of the district Hinterrhein in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

References

Other websites

 Official website
St Martin's official site
St Martin in Zillis, Switzerland

Category:Municipalities of Graubünden

Zillis-Reischen


Evritania is one of 51 prefectures of Greece.  The capital of Evritania is the Karpenisi.

Category:Prefectures of Greece

Evritania


Petr Hapka (13 May 1944 – 25 November 2014) was a Czech composer. He was one of the most important composers of Czech movie music industry. He was known for working with the lyricist Michal Horáček. He composed over 60 movies and 40 songs during his career.

Hapka died in Okoř, Czech Republic, aged 70.

References

Other websites

Category:1944 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Composers
Category:Czech musicians
Category:Musicians from Prague

Petr Hapka


Accrington is a town in Lancashire, England. It is in North West England. The town had a population of 35,203 in the 2001 census. The Accrington Stanley Football Club play here.

Category:Towns in Lancashire

Accrington


Jubaland is the southern-most state in Somalia. It lies between Koofur Orsi and the Somali Sea. Before 1925, Jubaland was called British Jubaland. At that time, British Jubaland was controlled by the British empire. Afterwards it was given away to Italy for 15 years. In the 21st century Jubaland was again created. The men who created Jubaland were Barre Adan Hiraale, Cabdicasiis Aganje Garamgaram, Abdulahi Faratag, Mohamed Gandhi and Maxamed Boodhe. A person from Jubaland is called a Jubalander. Some Jubalander politicians was to secede (separate) from Somalia.

See also
Puntland

References

Category:Somalia

Jubaland


Moza bint Nasser (Arabic:موزا بنت ناصر)(Born on  8 August 1959 in Doha, Qatar ) is the wife of former Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and mother of current Emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani.she is chairperson of Qatar Foundation and founder of Silatech.she was UNESCO's Special Envoy for Basic and Higher Education in 2003.also, she has been named as one of Forbes' 100 Most Powerful Women at #75.

Early Life
Sheikha Moza was born on August 8, 1959 in Al-Khor, Qatar. She married with Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani in 1977 at the age of 18.she would eventually earn her Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology from Qatar University in 1986.

The Sheikh Hammad has seven children with the Sheikha Mozah:

Sheikh Jasim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of Qatar
Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani
Sheikh Joaan bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani
Sheikha Hind bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani.

Honours

Among Sheikha Moza’s many honours are :

Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) (2010, UK).
Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts (2009, France).
Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (07/11/2007, Italy).
Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Virginia Commonwealth University (2003, Richmond, Virginia).
Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Carnegie Mellon University (2006, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).
Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (20/04/2011, Spain).
Dame of the Order of the Smile (2012).

References

Category:Living people
Category:1959 births
Category:Qatar Foundation people

Moza bint Nasser


Ramon Harewood (born February 3, 1987 in St. Michael, Barbados) is an Barbadian-American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). Harewood was drafted out of Morehouse College by the Baltimore Ravens with the 194th overall pick in the 6th round of the 2010 NFL Draft.

Websites
Ramon Harewood at baltimoreravens.com

Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Harewood, Ramon
Category:American football offensive tackles
Category:Barbadian sportspeople

Ramon Harewood


Cale is a town in the US state of Arkansas.

Category:Towns in Arkansas

Cale, Arkansas


Fueled by Ramen is an independent record label started by John Janick and Vinnie Fiorello (drummer and song writer of Less Than Jake) in August 1996 in Gainesville, Florida.

References

Category:Independent record labels
Category:1996 establishments in Florida

Fueled by Ramen


Peter Gordon MacKay  (born September 27, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1997 to 2015 and was Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007) in the Cabinet of Canada under Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

In January 2020, MacKay announced his candidacy for Conservative Party leader in the 2020 leadership election.

References

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian lawyers
Category:Diplomats
Category:Canadian politicians
Category:People from Nova Scotia

Peter MacKay


MTV Unplugged is an acoustic live album by Canadian musician Bryan Adams.  The album was recorded in September, 1997 at the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City.  Adams was joined by Irish piper Davy Spillane and Michael Kamen who wrote orchestrations for many of the songs and brought students from the Juilliard School to play them.

The album includes only thirteen of the songs recorded at the show. Many more are included on the MTV Unplugged DVD and the song order is also different than the CD.

Track listing

Category:1997 albums
Bryan Adams
Category:Bryan Adams albums

MTV Unplugged (Bryan Adams album)


David Nathaniel Baker Jr. (December 21, 1931 – March 26, 2016) was an American symphonic jazz composer. He worked at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music in Bloomington.  He has more than 65 recordings, 70 books, and 400 articles to his credit. He was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Baker was nominated for the 1973 Pulitzer Prize. He has also been nominated for a Grammy Award (1979).

Baker died in Bloomington, Indiana on March 26, 2016, aged 84.

References

Other websites
Indiana University webpage on Professor Baker
Trombone Page of the World webpage on Professor Baker
NPR program about Baker's jazz compositions
Herzig, Monika. David Baker: A Legacy in Music. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011.

Category:1931 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:American composers
Category:American jazz musicians
Category:Musicians from Indianapolis, Indiana

David Baker (composer)


So Close is the first album by British singer-songwriter Dina Carroll. It was released in January 1993 on the A&M label. It entered the charts at #2. The album eventually sold 1.5 million copies in the UK. So Close won the Mercury Prize as Album of the Year in 1996.

Track listing
All tracks composed by Dina Carroll and Nigel Lowis unless stated.
 "Special Kind of Love" (David Cole, Robert Clivillés) 4:42
 "Hold On" 4:51
 "This Time" 5:21
 "Falling" 3:33
 "So Close" 4:54
 "Ain't No Man" 3:54
 "Express" 4:34
 "Heaven Sent" 3:46
 "You'll Never Know" 5:56
 "Don't Be a Stranger" (Coral Gordon, Geoff Gurd) 4:22
 "Why Did I Let You Go?" 3:29
 "If I Knew You Then" 4:18

Credits
Arranged By [Strings] – Nigel Lowis (tracks: 3 9)
Design – Jeremy Pearce
Drum Programming – CJ Mackintosh (tracks: 4, 6 to 8), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 3 10)
Engineer, Producer [Additional Production] – Steve Boyer (tracks: 3, 8)
Guitar – Nigel Lowis (tracks: 4 6 7)
Keyboards – Nigel Lowis (tracks: 3 4 6 7 10)
Leader [Strings] – David Nadien (tracks: 3, 8)
Mixed By – CJ Mackintosh (tracks: 2 4 6 7 9), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 2, 4 to 7, 9, 10)
Mixed By [Assistant] – Howie B. (tracks: 6 7 9), Niall Flynn (tracks: 4, 7, 10, 11)
Performer [All Instruments] – CJ Mackintosh (tracks: 2 9), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 2 5 9)
Photography By – Simon Fowler (2)
Producer – CJ Mackintosh (tracks: 2 9), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 2 to 12)
Saxophone – Jimmy Gallagher (tracks: 2 9)
Written-By – Dina Carroll (tracks: 2 to 9), Nigel Lowis (tracks: 2 to 9)

References

Category:1993 albums
Category:Debut albums
Category:Dance albums
Category:R&B albums
Category:Soul albums

So Close


Keith Urban is the first studio album by Austalian country singer Keith Urban. It was released in 1991. The producer of the album was Peter Blyton and Keith Urban.

Track Listing for Keith Urban

"Only You" - 3:35
"Got It Bad" - 4:25
"Blue Stranger" - 3:26
"Without You" - 3:43
"Arms of Mary" - 3:14
"Yesterday" - 4:25
"Don't Go" - 4:04
"Hold On to Your Dreams" - 4:13
"Lovin' on the Side" - 4:01
"Future Plans" - 3:42
"Love We Got Goin'" - 2:57
"Clutterbilly" - 2:45
"The River" - 4:52
"What Love Is That Way" - 3:17
"I Never Work on a Sunday" - 3:44

Category:1991 albums
Category:Debut albums
Category:Keith Urban albums
Category:Country albums

Keith Urban (1991 album)


Giuseppe Guglielmo Umberto Caselli (July 5, 1893 – December 19, 1976) was an Italian painter. He studied under Felice Del Santo and Antonio Discovolo. In 1913, Caselli was imprisoned in a concentration camp in Austria. After that, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. In 1938 he participated in the Premio del Golfo (Gulf Award), organized by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

Caselli was one of the best known painters from La Spezia. He painted thousands of works during his long career. In his paintings, Caselli showed the life of La Spezia. He painted the life in the Cinque Terre (Five Lands), a portion of coast on the Italian Riviera.

Exhibitions and awards
 The "Company Promoters of Genoa"
 The Second Exhibition of the Provincial Fascist Union in 1931
 1965 at the Exhibition of Figurative Arts of Corsairs Circle, La Spezia
 1967, the exhibition of the Salon Arengario Broletto in Novara

 Awarded the national prize for his painting "La Spezia Gulf" in 1933
 Awarded prizes of the "Gulf of La Spezia" from 1949 to 1955; in 1959 and 1961;

References

Category:1893 births
Category:1976 deaths
Category:Italian painters

Giuseppe Caselli


Qatar Stars League is a football league which is top division in Qatar.

Club 2009/10
 Al-Gharafa
 Al-Sadd
 Al-Rayyan
 Qatar
 Al-Khor
 Umm-Salal
 Al-Arabi Doha
 Al-Wakrah
 Al-Sailiya
 Al-Kharitiyath
 Al-Shamal
 Al-Ahli Doha

Category:Football leagues
Category:Sport in Qatar

Qatar Stars League


The Reagan Doctrine was a document by the United States under the Reagan Administration. It was about being against the global influence of the Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold War. The doctrine lasted for less than a decade, it was the most important document of United States foreign policy from the early 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

Category:Official documents of the United States
Category:Politics of the United States
Category:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Category:Cold War
Category:20th century in the United States

Reagan Doctrine


A digital signature or digital signature scheme is a type of asymmetric cryptography. For messages sent through an insecure channel, a good implementation of digital signature algorithm is the one that makes the receiver believe that the message was sent by the claimed sender, and trust the message.

Digital signatures are equivalent to traditional handwritten signatures in many respects; properly implemented digital signatures are more difficult to copy than the handwritten type. Digital signature are implemented using cryptography. Digital signatures can also provide acknowledgement, meaning that the signer cannot successfully claim they did not sign a message, while also claiming their private key remains secret. Digital signatures are regularly used in USA, European countries and India in government as well as private offices. In India certificate called Digital Signing Certificate (DSC) is widely used for e-filing the business related documents and income tax return filing etc.

Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures, a broader term that refers to any electronic data that holds a meaning of a signature, but not all electronic signatures use digital signatures. In some countries, including the United States, and in the European Union, electronic signatures may have legal significance. In India electronic signature do not have any legal significance but digital signature does have legal validity and considered as legally valid signature as per the information technology  act, 2000.

Digital signatures scheme
A digital signature system typically consists of three algorithms:

 A signing algorithm which inputs a message and a private key to output a signature.
 A signature verifying algorithm which given a message, public key and a signature, decides either to accept or reject.

Two main properties are required by the digital signature system:
 A signature generated from a fixed message and fixed private key should verify on that message and the corresponding public key.
 It should be computationally infeasible to generate a valid signature for a person who does not own the private key.

Digital signature security and attacks
The GMR signature scheme:

In 1984, Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Ronald Rivest became the first to strictly define the security requirements of digital signature schemes. They described a hierarchy of attack models for signature schemes, they also present the GMR signature scheme. GMR scheme was proven to be secure against adaptive chosen-message attacks — even when an attacker receives signatures for messages of his choice, this does not allow him to copy a signature for a single additional message.

In their foundational paper, Goldwasser, Micali, and Rivest lay out a hierarchy of attack models against digital signatures:

 In a key-only attack, the attacker is only given the public verification key.
 In a known message attack, the attacker is given valid signatures for a variety of messages known by the attacker but not chosen by the attacker.
 In an adaptive chosen message attack, the attacker first learns signatures on arbitrary messages of the attacker's choice.

They also describe a hierarchy of attack results:

 A total break results in the recovery of the signing key.
 A universal forgery attack results in the ability to forge signatures for any message.
 A selective forgery attack results in a signature on a message of the adversary's choice.
 An existential forgery merely results in some valid message/signature pair not already known to the adversary.

The strongest notion of security, therefore, is security against existential forgery under an adaptive chosen message attack.

Related pages
 Electronic signature
 Cryptography

References

Other websites
 Introduction to cryptography from the PGP international website

Category:Cryptography

Digital signature


Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.

It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.

History
This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.

A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.

Station Information
There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.

For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.

Related pages
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

References

Other websites

Category:Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations

Paya Lebar MRT station


Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World is an aquarium in Auckland, New Zealand. It is all underground and within the walls of Auckland City's sewage holding tanks, unused since 1961. It opened on January 25 1985.

Kelly Tarlton, an avid diver, treasure hunter and undersea explorer, was responsible for the Underwater World concept and construction.

Construction took 10 months and cost $3 million. Kelly Tarlton died suddenly of a heart attack on March 17, 1985, seven weeks after the Underwater World opened.

Large sharks, stingrays and 1500 fish of forty different species may be viewed through a 114 metre-long underwater plexiglass tunnel in a figure-of-eight shape. The plexiglass is 7 centimetres thick.

Other websites
 Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World

Category:Aquariums
Category:Auckland
Category:1985 establishments
Category:20th-century establishments in New Zealand
Category:1980s establishments in Oceania


Michael Adrian Carrick (born 28 July 1981) is an English football player. He plays for Manchester United and the English national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1999/00||West Ham United||Premier League||8||1||0||0||0||0||0||0||8||1
|-
|1999/00||Swindon Town||First Division||6||2||0||0||0||0||0||0||6||2
|-
|1999/00||Birmingham City||First Division||5||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="4"|West Ham United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||33||1||4||0||4||0||0||0||41||1
|-
|2001/02||30||2||1||0||1||0||0||0||32||2
|-
|2002/03||30||1||2||0||2||0||0||0||34||1
|-
|2003/04||First Division||39||1||4||0||1||0||0||0||44||1
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||29||0||6||0||3||0||0||0||38||0
|-
|2005/06||35||2||1||0||1||0||0||0||37||2
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Manchester United||rowspan="4"|Premier League||33||3||7||1||0||0||12||2||52||6
|-
|2007/08||31||2||4||0||1||0||12||0||48||2
|-
|2008/09||28||4||3||0||1||0||9||0||41||4
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
308||19||32||1||14||0||33||2||387||22
308||19||32||1||14||0||33||2||387||22
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||0||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||20||0
|}

References

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:Manchester United F.C. players
Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Category:Sportspeople from Tyne and Wear
Category:Premier League players

Michael Carrick


Balkavi Bairagi (10 February 1931 – 13 May 2018) was an Indian  poet and politician. He was born in Manasa, Madhya Pradesh. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party. He was the Member of Parliament of Rajya Sabha from Madhya Pradesh from 1998 to 2004. He died on 13 May 2018.

Bairagi died at his Manasa home on 13 May 2018 of a heart attack at the age of 87.

References

Category:1931 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Indian politicians
Category:Indian poets

Balkavi Bairagi


Sea Hunt (1958-1961) is an adventure television series. It stars Lloyd Bridges.

Category:1950s television series
Category:1960s television series

Sea Hunt


Sioux Falls (pronounced "sue falls") is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the largest city in the state; 153,888 people lived there at the 2010 census. The city is in the eastern part of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County, where most of the city is located. The southern part of the city is in Lincoln County. Sioux Falls became a city in 1876. The city is built around the Big Sioux River, and it gets its name from a set of waterfalls along the river that are located in a park in the city.

Sports
Sioux Falls is home to four major sports teams. The Sioux Falls Skyforce play basketball in the NBA Development League, the Sioux Falls Canaries play baseball in the American Association, the Sioux Falls Stampede play ice hockey in the United States Hockey League, and the Sioux Falls Storm play American football in the Indoor Football League.

Transport
Two major Interstate highways go through Sioux Falls. Interstate 90 goes from east to west, and Interstate 29 goes from north to south. Sioux Falls also has a shorter route, Interstate 229, that serves the eastern part of the city and connects Interstate 90 to Interstate 29. The city is also home to the Sioux Falls Regional Airport, which has flights to many big cities across the country.

References

Other websites
 City of Sioux Falls government website

Category:County seats in South Dakota

Category:1876 establishments in the United States
Category:1870s establishments in Dakota Territory

Sioux Falls, South Dakota


Jared Borgetti (born 14 August 1973) is a Mexican football player. He has played for Mexico national team. He is the top scorer for the Mexican National Team. He is known for his great header goals, especially the one that he scored in the 2002 FIFA World Cup, against Italy.

Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Atlas||rowspan="3"|Primera División||2||0
|-
|1994/95||28||13
|-
|1995/96||31||8
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="8"|Santos Laguna||rowspan="8"|Primera División||33||14
|-
|1997/98||27||13
|-
|1998/99||32||15
|-
|1999/00||33||19
|-
|2000/01||33||31
|-
|2001/02||29||22
|-
|2002/03||36||24
|-
|2003/04||33||21
|-
|2004/05||Dorados Sinaloa||Primera División||14||8
|-
|2004/05||Pachuca||Primera División||15||8

|-
|2005/06||Bolton Wanderers||Premier League||19||2

|-
|2006/07||Al-Ittihad Jeddah||Professional League||15||10

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Cruz Azul||rowspan="2"|Primera División||14||4
|-
|2007/08||5||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Monterrey||rowspan="2"|Primera División||12||4
|-
|2008/09||11||2
|-
|2008/09||Guadalajara||Primera División||7||0
|-
|2009/10||Puebla||Primera División||13||4
|-
|2009/10||Monarcas Morelia||Primera División||||
408||210
19||2
15||10
442||222
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||1||1
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||6||4
|-
|2001||18||6
|-
|2002||9||4
|-
|2003||11||3
|-
|2004||11||10
|-
|2005||16||9
|-
|2006||5||1
|-
|2007||9||5
|-
|2008||3||3
|-
!Total||89||46
|}

References

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Mexican footballers
Category:People from Sinaloa

Jared Borgetti


Messier 54 (or M54 or NGC 6715) is a globular cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1778. Later, he included it in his catalog of comet-like objects.

M54 was thought to belong to our Milky Way galaxy, but in 1994 it was discovered that M54 belongs to the Sagittarius dwarf elliptical galaxy ('Sag DEG'),

M54 is some 87,000 light-years from us, and has a radius of 150 light-years across. It is one of the most dense globulars. It shines with the luminosity of roughly 850,000 times that of the Sun and has an absolute magnitude of −10.0.

M54 is easily found in the sky, being close to the star ζ Sagittarii. Individual stars cannot be seen with amateur telescopes.

It is on or near SagDEG's center. Some authors think it actually may be its core; but others do not.

In July 2009, a team of astronomers found evidence of a medium-sized black hole in the core of M54.

References

Category:Star clusters

Messier 54


Saxe-Coburg () was a country in today's Bavaria, Germany. It was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach after the Division of Erfurt in 1572. In 1596 Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was split, Johann Casimir got Saxe-Coburg and Johann Ernst got Saxe-Eisenach. When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach both countries until he died in 1638. Saxe-Coburg was then given to other Ernestine duchies.

It became again a duchy in 1681. From 1699, when Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg died without sons until 1735 it shared a ruler with the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld. In 1735 the two duchies were merged as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

References

 Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Royal Family

Category:1596 establishments
Category:1590s establishments in Europe
Category:16th century establishments in Germany
Category:1633 disestablishments
Category:Disestablishments in Germany
Category:1681 establishments
Category:1680s establishments in Europe
Category:17th century establishments in Germany
Category:1699 disestablishments
Category:House of Wettin
Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire

Saxe-Coburg


Karelia is an area in eastern Fennoscandia. It is to the east from where Finnish people live. There are many opinions about what places exactly belong to Karelia.

Most of Karelia belongs to Russia today. Small parts of Karelia belong to Finland. On the Russian side of Karelia is the Republic of Karelia. On the Finnish side are the provinces of North Karelia and South Karelia.

The original people of Karelia are Karelians. Karelian people speak Karelian, a Finnic language very close to Finnish. Karelians knew many old poems. Many poems of the Finnish book Kalevala are from the Karelians. Today in the Republic of Karelia, Karelians are a minority and Russians are a majority. Some people fear Karelian culture and language will die out.

Most of Karelia was part of Finland until the Soviet Union took it in the Winter War. East Karelia was not. To make peace after World War II, Finland had to give most of Karelia to the Soviet Union. After peace, many people from the Soviet Union went to live in Karelia.

Category:History of Russia
Category:History of Finland

Karelia


Free love is when people are free to have sexual relations with anyone without getting married. This has been used as early as in the 19th century. It is a social movement that rejects marriage as a form of social and financial bondage (slavery)..

References

Category:Human sexuality
Category:Sociology
Category:Marriage

Free love


Rosario "Rosie, Lolo" Couture (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 8 seasons in the NHL; 7 seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks and 1 season for the Montreal Canadiens.

Couture won the Stanley Cup with the Black Hawks in 1934. Couture along with Leroy Goldsworthy were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August of 1934.

Other websites

Category:1905 births
Category:1986 deaths
Category:Ice hockey people from Manitoba
Category:Chicago Blackhawks players
Category:Montreal Canadiens players
Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Category:Stanley Cup champions

Rosario Couture


Lee Nak-yeon (, born 20 December 1951), also known as Lee Nak-yon, is a South Korea politician. He was the 45th and current Prime Minister of South Korea.

References

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Current national leaders
Category:Prime Ministers of South Korea

Lee Nak-yeon


Danny Gabbidon (born 18 August 1979) is a football player. He plays for West Ham United.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|West Bromwich Albion||rowspan="2"|First Division||2||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|1999/00||18||0||2||0||5||0||colspan="2"|-||25||0
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="5"|Cardiff City||Third Division||43||3||4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||49||3
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="2"|Second Division||44||3||4||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||49||3
|-
|2002/03||27||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|2003/04||First Division||41||3||1||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||44||3
|-
|2004/05||League Championship||45||1||2||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||49||1
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="5"|West Ham United||rowspan="5"|Premier League||32||0||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|-
|2006/07||18||0||1||0||1||0||2||0||22||0
|-
|2007/08||10||0||0||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2008/09||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
280||10||21||0||18||0||2||0||321||10
280||10||21||0||18||0||2||0||321||10
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
|2004||8||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||9||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
!Total||43||0
|}

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Welsh footballers

Danny Gabbidon


Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British-American astronomer and astrophysicist.

Early life
Payne was born in Wendover, England. In 1919, she won a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge University. She studied  botany, physics, and chemistry. She was not given a degree because women were not given degrees by Cambridge until 1948. In 1923 she moved to the United States. She became an American citizen in 1931.

Personal life
In 1933, she met Russian-born astrophysicist Sergei I. Gaposchkin in Germany. She married him in 1934.

Category:1900 births
Category:1979 deaths
Category:Astrophysicists
Category:American astronomers
Category:British astronomers
Category:People from Buckinghamshire
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin


Santiago de Cuba Province is the second most populated province in the island of Cuba. It has a population of about 1.2 million people. The largest city Santiago de Cuba (554,000) is its main administrative center. Other large cities include Palma Soriano (125,000), Contramaestre (88,000), Mayarí Arriba (80,000), San Luis (65,000) and Songo-la Maya (50,000).

The province has many material resources such as iron and nickel. The economy, however, relies mostly on agriculture, with large plantations growing bananas, cacao and coffee dotting the landscape. Industry is growing around the capital, as is tourism. The natural beauty of the area is attracting many tourists from both the rest of Cuba and from overseas.

Santiago de Cuba province has been the site of many battles, both during the war for independence and the 1959 Cuban Revolution, where much of the guerrilla fighting took place in the mountainous province.

Municipalities

 Contramaestre
 Chivirico
 Mella
 Palma Soriano
 San Luis
 Santiago de Cuba
 Mayarí Arriba
 La Maya
 Cruce de los Baños

Historical use of the name
Before 1976, Cuba was divided into six provinces. One of these was Oriente province, which was, prior to 1905, known as Santiago de Cuba province. See Historical provinces of Cuba.

Other websites
 Santiago.cu (in spanish)
 Travel info on Santiago de Cuba
 santiagoencuba.com (in spanish)

Category:Provinces of Cuba

Santiago de Cuba Province


Mahaska County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2010 census, 22,335 people lived there. The county seat is Oskaloosa.

Category:1843 establishments in Iowa Territory
Category:Iowa counties

Mahaska County, Iowa


Laura Pausini,  (; born 16 May 1974) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter. She sings both in Italian and Spanish, but also in Portuguese, English, French, Catalan and Latin.

Discography

 Laura Pausini (1993)
 Laura (1994)
 Le cose che vivi / Las cosas que vives (1996)
 La mia risposta / Mi respuesta (1998)
 Tra te e il mare / Entre tú y mil mares (2000)
 The Best of Laura Pausini - E ritorno da Te / Lo mejor de Laura Pausini - Volveré Junto a Ti (2001)
 From the Inside (2002)
 Resta in ascolto / Escucha (2004)
 Live in Paris 05 (2015)
 Io canto / Yo canto (2006)
 San Siro 2007 (2007)
 Primavera in anticipo / Primavera anticipada (2008)
 Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09 (2009)
 Inedito / Inédito (2011)
 20 - The Greatest Hits / 20 - Grandes Éxitos (2013)
 Simili / Similares (2015)
 Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)

References

Other websites

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian singers
Category:Musicians from Emilia-Romagna
Category:Pop singers
Category:Singer-songwriters
Category:Latin Grammy Award winners
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Atlantic Records artists

Laura Pausini


An  ice shelf is a large platform of ice, where a glacier flows down to a coastline. An ice shelf is usually very thick, usually  or more. Some ice shelves float on the water. Ice shelves that float are usually much thinner.

The biggest areas of ice shelf are in Antarctica:
Ross Ice Shelf , as of 2013
Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf,

Other websites

Category:Geography

Ice shelf