Keezhuvaipur is a village in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala state in India.

Demographics

Malayalam is the native language in Keezhuvaipur.

Politics

Keezhuvaipur is the part of Pathanamthitta Loksabha constituency. Mr. Anto Antony is the current Member of Parliament of the constituency.

Climate

The climate of the place is moderate and pleasant. Tropical climate is prevailed here throughout the year.

Transportation

The major transportation service of this place is provided by Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC).

References

Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district

Keezhuvaipur


Pedro Gregorio Armendáriz Hastings (May 9, 1912 – June 18, 1963), better known as Pedro Armendáriz, was a Mexican-American actor who made movies in both Mexico and the United States. He was known for his role as Kerim Bey in From Russia with Love (1963).

Armendáriz was born on May 9, 1912 in Mexico City, Mexico. His father was Mexican and his mother was American. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Armendáriz studied at the California Polytechnic State University. He was married to Carmelita Bohr from 1938 until his death in 1963. They had one son, actor Pedro Armendáriz, Jr..

Armendáriz was diagnosed with cancer and later moved to Los Angeles, California. He was in great pain and he didn't want his family to suffer financially. Armendáriz shot himself directly in his heart on June 18, 1963 in Los Angeles, California, aged 51. He was later buried at Panteón Jardín, Mexico City, Mexico.

Other websites

 Pedro Armendáriz  at the Cinema of Mexico site of the ITESM

Category:1912 births
Category:1963 deaths
Category:Suicides by firearm
Category:Mexican movie actors
Category:Mexican television actors
Category:Mexican stage actors
Category:Mexican voice actors
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Actors from Mexico City
Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California

Pedro Armendáriz


Park Geunhye (born February 2, 1952) is a South Korean politician. She served as the President of South Korea from 2013 until her impeachment in 2017. She is the second daughter of Park Chung-hee, former President of South Korea.  On December 19, 2012, she was elected president of
the country. She was the first woman president of South Korea, having taken office on February 25, 2013.
In 2013 and 2014, Park was named the world's 11th most powerful woman and the most powerful woman in East Asia by Forbes magazine.

Park was impeached on 10 March 2017 and was replaced by Prime Minister of South Korea Hwang Kyo-ahn.

Impeachment and suspension
On 9 December 2016, Park was impeached by the National Assembly on charges related to influence peddling by a top aide. Her presidential powers and duties have been suspended since the ratification of the impeachment proposal, and Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-ahn has assumed those powers and duties as Acting President. She was officially removed from office on 10 March 2017.

On 6 April 2018, a three-judge panel of the Central District Court in Seoul sentenced Park to 24 years in prison and a fine of ₩18,000,000,000 (US$16,798,683).  The panel said she was guilty of 16 out of 18 charges brought against her.

References

Other websites
 Park Geunhye
 Park Geunhye
 Park Geunhye
 Park Geunhye:facebook

Category:Living people
Category:1952 births
Category:Anti-Communists
Category:Current national leaders
Category:Presidents of South Korea

Park Geun-hye


Kenneth Lee Lay (April 15, 1942 – July 5, 2006) was an American businessman and fraudster. He is best known for being involved in the Enron scandal. Lay was indicted by a grand jury in Houston, Texas, for his role in Enron's collapse and was charged with 11 counts of securities fraud, wire fraud, and making false and misleading statements.

On May 25, 2006, he was found guilty on all six counts of conspiracy and fraud by a jury of eight women and four men and in a separate bench trial, The judge ruled that he was guilty of four counts of fraud and false statements. The sentencing was scheduled to take place on 11 September 2006, but it was later rescheduled for 23 October 2006. The scheduled sentencing never took place because Lay died of a heart attack while vacationing in Snowmass, Colorado on July 5, 2006.

References

Other websites
Kenneth Lay at nndb.com

Category:1942 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:American fraudsters
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Business people from Missouri

Kenneth Lay


Wolfgang Schüssel (born June 7, 1945) was the Chancellor of Austria from February 4, 2000 until January 11, 2007. From January 2006 until June 2006 he was the president of the European Union.

Other websites
Official page about Dr. Schüssel, at the site of the Austrian parliament (in German)

References

Category:1945 births
Category:Living people
Category:Austrian Roman Catholics
Category:Chancellors of Austria
Category:Government ministers of Austria

Wolfgang Schüssel


al-Qaeda (, al-qāʿidah, "the base"), is an armed Islamic group that was started between August 1988 and late 1989.p75 It works as a network, as a stateless army, and a radical Sunni Muslim movement calling for global Jihad. Most of the world thinks it is a Takfiri and terrorist organization.

Members of al-Qaeda have performed many acts of terrorism. Most of these have been done against the United States and Shias. Some of its most well-known attacks have been the September 11 attacks, the bombings of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania in 1998, and the attack on the U.S. Navy ship USS Cole in 2000. al-Qaeda has done suicide attacks and simultaneous (at the same time) bombings of different targets.

Among al-Qaeda's goals is for other countries to stop influencing Muslim countries and for a new Islamic caliphate to be made. There have been reports that al-Qaeda believes that Christian and Jewish Islamophobia is trying to destroy Islam and that the killing of bystanders and civilians is religiously justified in jihad.

There have been guesses that there are 500–1,000 operatives in Afghanistan and around 5,000 worldwide. However, there is no confirmation of this.

History
In June 2001, al-Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.

"...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure Ayman al-Zawahiri have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I., Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States".

Death of Osama bin Laden and current leadership
Egyptian Ayman al-Zawahiri is the highest-ranking surviving member of al-Qaeda's leadership after Osama bin Laden was killed on May 2, 2011.

Death of Abu Yahya al-Libi
Senior al-Qaeda leader Abu Yahya al-Libi was killed in a drone strike on June 4, 2012. He ranked second to Ayman al-Zawahiri at the time. The strike was carried out in the northwest tribal area of Waziristan. The Pakistan Government has protested to the U.S. about the strike.

References

Other websites
 Council on Foreign Relations al-Qaeda

Category:1980s establishments

Category:Rebel militia groups
Category:Shiaphobia
Category:Sunni organizations

Al-Qaeda


Caesium 137 is an isotope of caesium. It is radioactive. It is often a by-product of nuclear fission. It has a half life of about 30 years. Many areas where nuclear accidents have occurred, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima, are contaminated with caesium-137.

Category:Chemistry

Caesium-137


Louis Vuitton is a French fashion house formed in 1854 by Louis Vuitton. It sells shoes, watches, jewellery, accessories, sunglasses and books.  It sells its products in boutiques. The products are still made by hand. In 1867, the company participated in the universal exhibition in Paris. To protect the duplication of his look, he changed the Trianon design to a beige and brown in 1876. The company opened its first store in London, England on Oxford Street. In 1959 he created purses, bags and wallets. In 1977, the company had an annual income of 70 million francs.

References

Category:French fashion houses
Category:1854 establishments in Europe
Category:1850s establishments in France

Louis Vuitton


John Graves Simcoe was a British General and politician.  Simcoe's father John Simcoe died of pneumonia shortly after the Battle of Quebec during the Seven Years War while serving in the Royal Navy.  To honour his late father, John Graves Simcoe enlisted as an Ensign in the British Army.  John Graves Simcoe was then sent to Boston in the 1770's on the eve of the American Revolution.  Simcoe fought for the British Empire against the Rebels during the Siege of Boston.  Simcoe was then promoted to Captain.  Captain John Graves Simcoe then fought for the Empire against the Rebels in Pennsylvania in the Battle of Brandywine.  Rumour has it that at Brandywine Simcoe commanded his men not to shoot at a number of fleeing rebels one of whom was George Washington. Simcoe wanted to raise a Black Loyalist regiment made entirely of freed slaves.  Instead, Simcoe was asked to replace Robert Rogers as the commander of the Queen's Rangers.  Lieutenant-Colonel John Graves Simcoe, Commander of the Queen's Rangers participated in several important battles of the Revolutionary War.  Simcoe was at one point captured by the French and later freed by the Rangers. Simcoe also tried to expose Washington's Culper spy ring.  Simcoe was shot in the Battle of Yorktown and sent back to England where he wrote a history of the revolutionary war from a British perspective.  Simcoe got married to Elizabeth Posthuma Gwillim and he was elected to the House of Commons as a supporter of Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger.  Simcoe supported banning the slave trade and having Warren Hastings removed from his position as Governor of India.  Simcoe also voted in favour of the Constitutional Act of 1791 which split Quebec into two provinces called Upper Canada and Lower Canada.  Simcoe offered to lead the British in their war with Spain but instead he was named Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada.  Simcoe was opposed to slavery and wanted to get rid of it.  Because Simcoe wanted to abolish slavery a group of Upper Canadians sold a woman named Chloe Cooley to Americans and forcibly dragged her onto a boat to the United States of America.  Simcoe was horrified by the Chloe Cooley Incident and used it to justify abolishing slavery.  Simcoe said " The principles of the British Constitution are fundamentally at odds to that vile practice of slavery which Christianity condemns, when I assume the governorship of Upper Canada I shall never allow discrimination by dishonest practice against those of African, Indian or American descent." Because a number of people in the Legislative Assembly were slaveowners Simcoe wasn't able to ban Slavery outright. Instead Simcoe issued An Act to Prevent the Further Introduction of Slaves also known as the Act to Limit Slavery which said that from now on one who was born in Upper Canada could not be born a slave and it became illegal to buy or sell slaves.  Since there were not that many slaves in Upper Canada Simcoe's law abolished slavery within his own lifetime.  After that a lot of slaves fled the United States to Upper Canada where they would be free to escape giving rise to what became known as the Underground Railroad.

John Graves Simcoe


Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic medical disorder. It causes a problem with how the human body deals with amino acids. It is also called branched chain ketoaciduria. Maple syrup urine disease affects about 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide.

The most noticeable symptom of the disorder is an infant with sweet-smelling urine. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth. If the disease is not treated, the person will suffer severe brain damage and eventually die. MSUD is much more common in children of Amish and Mennonite descent.

From a very early age, the condition can be recognised by poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy, seizures, and mental health issues. The urine of infants with this disease has a very sweet odor, much like burned caramel or maple syrup. This is what gives the condition its name.

Other websites
 Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Overview on NLM)
 MSUD Family Support Group

Category:Genetic disorders

Maple syrup urine disease


North Hero is a town and county seat of Grand Isle County, Vermont, United States. The population was 803 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Towns in Vermont
Category:County seats in Vermont

North Hero, Vermont


Nélida Romero (17 January 1926 – 14 January 2015) was an Argentine actress. She starred in the movies Madame Bovary (1947), Arroz con leche (1950), and The Honourable Tenant (1951).

Romero was born in Lanús. She was married to the movie director Carlos Schlieper from 1944 to 1957.

Romero died on 14 January 2015 in Buenos Aires, aged 88.

References

Other websites

Category:1929 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Argentine actors
Category:Movie actors
Category:People from Buenos Aires
Category:Stage actors
Category:Television actors

Nélida Romero


Eldon Thomas George  (May 10, 1931 – November 29, 2018) was a Canadian fossil collector and amateur geologist. He was born in Parrsboro, Nova Scotia. He made many important discoveries on the shores of the Minas Basin and the Bay of Fundy in the 1940s.

George found the world's smallest dinosaur tracks in 1984 near Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, Canada. His other finds include many fossilized amphibian and dinosaur prints that were displayed, along with the world's smallest dinosaur tracks, at his Parrsboro Rock and Mineral Shop and Museum.

One of them is a 17-inch (45-cm) track that may have been made by a primitive, two-legged, crocodile-like creature that was nearly 20 feet (6 m) long. George's other discoveries include a fossilized insect with three pairs of wings and a tiny horseshoe crab that supplies a missing link in evolutionary history.

George died on November 29, 2018 in Parrsboro at the age of 87.

References

Other websites
Order of Nova Scotia recipients - 2013

Category:1931 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Canadian scientists
Category:Geologists
Category:People from Nova Scotia

Eldon George


Dear Mr. Gacy is a 2010 Canadian crime drama movie thriller directed by Svetozar Ristovski. The movie stars William Forsythe as American serial killer John Wayne Gacy. It is based on a book by Jason Moss, The Last Victim. The movie was rated "R" by the Motion Picture Association of America.

References

Other websites

Category:2010 crime movies
Category:2010 drama movies
Category:2010 thriller movies
Category:2010s biographical movies
Category:2010s crime drama movies
Category:2010s drama thriller movies
Category:2010s serial killer movies
Category:Antisocial personality disorder in fiction

Category:Canadian drama movies
Category:Canadian thriller movies
Category:Movies based on books
Category:Movies based on real life events
Category:Movies set in Illinois
Category:Serial killer movies

Dear Mr. Gacy


Bristol is a city and ceremonial county in England. It is home to nearly 430,000 people. The River Avon runs through it to the Severn estuary.

It is between the counties of Gloucestershire and Somerset. In 1373, King Edward III ordered that it should be a county itself forever. However, it lost county status in 1974, the year after its 600-year celebrations. It became the largest district within the new Avon county. Avon was never popular and was abolished in 1996, when county status returned to Bristol, which became a unitary council.

The Bristol name means "the place where the bridge is" in Old English. It has been a port for 800 years. Now, ships are too big to reach it. It has a new seaport at Avonmouth.

It has many historic churches and other buildings. The Clifton Suspension Bridge crosses high above the river. The University of Bristol is also in Clifton.

Bristol was a centre for the slave trade.

Bristol was badly damaged during World War II. It now has many new factories and offices. The Concorde supersonic airliner was made here.

It is also the birthplace of the music genre trip hop., with 3 trip hop bands originating there: Massive Attack, Portishead (named after a North Somerset town) and Tricky.

The famous graffiti artist Banksy is originally from Bristol.

References

Other websites

Category:Slavery
Category:Unitary authorities

Category:Ceremonial counties of England
Category:Ports and harbours of the United Kingdom

Bristol


The Okinawa Urban Monorail, or the Yui Rail, is a monorail train line in Naha, the capital of Okinawa, Japan. It is the only public train line in the entire prefecture, and right now the entire line is only in Naha. It has 15 stops, beginning from Naha Airport and ending in Shuri Station. There are plans to extend the line to Urasoe City. There are also plans to allow passengers to pay using Suica by the spring of 2020.

Category:Okinawa Prefecture
Category:Japanese railways

Okinawa Urban Monorail


Andrew Barry Casson Gaze (born 24 July 1965) is a famous Australian basketball player. He has been very successful in his career.

Andrew is the son of Lindsay Gaze, who coached and played basketball himself. Andrew started playing in the NBL when he was 18 years old. He won the 'rookie of the year' prize in 1984. He scored the most points out of everyone in a season 14 times. This was because he was very good at shooting, including 'three-point' shots. Gaze played with Lanard Copeland at the Melbourne Tigers for most of his career. He often through 'alley oop' passes to Copeland. Gaze helped the Tigers reach the finals almost every year. He also helped them win two championships.

Gaze played in the Olympic Games for Australia in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1996 and 2000. In 2000 he became only the third basketball player to play in 5 Olympic Games. He led the team to 4th place at the 1988, 1996 and 2000 Olympics.) He was chosen to be the flag-bearer for the Australian team at the opening ceremony at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. He has scored more points at the Olympics than any other player. He is the second-highest scorer of all-time in World Championship play.

In 1988–99, Gaze played for a season college basketball at Seton Hall. His team reached the 1989 NCAA finals. They lost in overtime to Michigan. He tried out with the NBA's Seattle SuperSonics, but did not make the team. In 1993–94 he played seven games for the Washington Bullets. He also played with the San Antonio Spurs in 1998, but became hurt at the end of the season. The Spurs won the title and Gaze was given a championship ring.

After the Sydney Olympics, Gaze retired from playing overseas. He retired from the NBL on May 12th 2005. He had played for more than 20 years. Soon after, he wrote his autobiography, A Kid, a Ball, a Dream, with help from Grantley Bernard.

Nowadays, Gaze often takes part in TV advertisements. He also commentates for channel 7, SEN 1116 and (occasionally) Fox Sports.  Gaze now coaches for the Melbourne Tigers' junior basketball club. Gaze took part in series five of Dancing with the Stars He is now also working as a presenter on Channel Seven's Guide to the Good Life.

Records and awards
Record for most Olympic Games for an Australian basketballer (5)
Scored 18,908 points in the NBL over 612 games in a 22-season span at an average of 30.9 points per game
Received Most Valuable Player (MVP) award a record 7 times
Australian International Player of the Year (1990, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000)
won the NBL Most Efficient Player award every year from 1990 to 1997. The award was then stopped, making Gaze the only ever person to win the award.
Crowned Moomba Monarch (usually called King of Moomba) by the Melbourne festival committee in 1994.
Former Consultation Committee Member of the Human Rights Consultation Committee of Vicotria which formulated the Draft Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities, a precursor to the Victorian Charter of Rights.

Sources

Web links
http://www.interbasket.net/players/gaze.htm
 Sports-Reference Profile
 Andrew Gaze's Full Biography
 Gaze.com.au – Official Homepage
 Follow the Bouncing Ball – interview with Andrew Gaze Radio Interview
 Gaze's NBA Statistics

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Basketball players
Category:Autobiographers
Category:Sportspeople from Melbourne

Andrew Gaze


Asbury Park is a city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean on the Jersey Shore. Asbury Park is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. In the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 16,116.

Asbury Park started as a borough on March 26, 1874. It included parts of Ocean Township. Asbury Park became a city as of March 25, 1897.

The city is known for music. Bruce Springsteen comes from the city and started his career there.  The New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium called Asbury Park the sixth best beach in New Jersey in the 2008 Top 10 Beaches Contest.

References

Category:Cities in New Jersey
Category:Monmouth County, New Jersey
Category:1874 establishments in the United States
Category:19th-century establishments in New Jersey

Asbury Park, New Jersey


Uinta County is a county in the U.S. state of Wyoming. As of the 2010 census, 21,118 people lived there. Its county seat is Evanston.

Communities

City
 Evanston (county seat)

Towns
 Bear River
 Lyman
 Mountain View

Census-designated places
 Carter
 Fort Bridger
 Lonetree
 Robertson
 Urie

Unincorported communities
 Aspen

Ghost towns
 Almy
 Bear River City
 Piedmont

References

Other websites

 Official county website

Category:1860s establishments in Wyoming Territory
Category:1869 establishments in the United States
Category:Wyoming counties

Uinta County, Wyoming


Chalatenango is a department of El Salvador, in the northwest of the country. The capital city is also named Chalatenango. Chalatenango was made a department on February 14, 1855.

The highest point in the country, El Pital with an elevation of 2730.06 m, is in Chalatenango Department.

Municipalities

 Agua Caliente
 Arcatao
 Azacualpa
 Chalatenango
 Citalá
 Comalapa
 Concepción Quezaltepeque
 Dulce Nombre de María
 El Carrizal
 El Paraíso
 La Laguna
 La Palma
 La Reina
 Las Vueltas
 Nombre de Jesús
 Nueva Concepción
 Nueva Trinidad
 Ojos de Agua
 Potonico
 San Antonio de la Cruz
 San Antonio Los Ranchos
 San Fernando
 San Francisco Lempa
 San Francisco Morazán
 San Ignacio
 San Isidro Labrador
 San José Cancasque
 San José Las Flores
 San Luis del Carmen
 San Miguel de Mercedes
 San Rafael
 Santa Rita
 Tejutla

Category:Departments of El Salvador
Category:Establishments in El Salvador
Category:1850s establishments in North America
Category:1855 establishments

Chalatenango Department


Mega Man Xtreme is a platform video game made by Capcom for the Game Boy Color game console in 2000. It is a spin-off game in the Mega Man X series which started on the Super NES. It was followed by a sequel, Mega Man Xtreme 2, in 2001.

The game has three difficulty levels. Normal has four levels, Hard has four different levels, and Xtreme has all eight levels. Stages, enemies, bosses, and music from Mega Man X and Mega Man X2 are re-used in the game.

References

Category:Mega Man games
Category:Game Boy Color games
Category:Capcom games
Category:2000 video games
Category:Video game spin-offs

Mega Man Xtreme


Sohu (Chinese: 搜狐) is a Chinese Internet company. On August 1996, it is founded by Charles Zhang. The general headquarters of Sohu is in Haidian District, Beijing.

Sohu has been listed on NASDAQ since 2000. In 2019, Sohu ranked as the 7th most visited site in the world according to the Alexa internet ranking site. Sohu’s Sogou.com is a famous webisite in China now. The company also have other services, such as Sogou Pinyin, which is used by a lot of Chinese now.

References

Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ

Sohu


A Trebuchet was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults.

How it works
The trebuchet works in a simple way.  The basket of the trebuchet is filled with heavy rocks.  This acts as a counterweight for the other end, which is usually filled with one large rock.  Several men arm the trebuchet by raising the counterweight up and the firing arm down.  At this point the arm is released, the heavy basket swings down and the arm swings up, launching the rock far and fast.
The sling adds an additional 10-15 feet of arm length and gives the projectile a whip like speed then releases. The sling gives the projectile most of its speed.

Other websites

 Secrets of Lost Empires: Medieval Siege (building of and history of trebuchets), from the NOVA website
 article on Trebuchet Mechanics (in PDF format)
 The Finnish Trebuchet
 Homemade Trebuchet
 Homemade Spring Trebuchet
 Medieval Trébuchet
 Animated Trebuchet
 Evolution of Sling Weapons

Category:Weapons

Trebuchet


Jon Shepodd (December 19, 1924 – August 16, 2017) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Paul Martin in the television series Lassie.

Shepodd died on August 16, 2017 at his London, England home at the age of 92.

References

Other websites

Category:1924 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Actors from Birmingham, Alabama
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors

Jon Shepodd


The province of Ferrara () is a province in the Emilia-Romagna region in Northeast Italy, on the Adriatic Sea. Its capital is the city of Ferrara.

Geography

The province of Ferrara is the most northerly province in the Emilia-Romagna region. It has an area of . The provincial capital, the city of Ferrara, is on a branch of the Po river and at about  northeast of Bologna, the capital of the region.

The province is bordered to the north by the province of Rovigo in the Veneto region, to the northwest by the province of Mantua in Lombardy, to the west by the Modena and Bologna provinces, to the south by the province of Ravenna and to the east by the Adriatic Sea.

The province is completely flat, with an altitude that goes from 0 m to less than  high in the west of the province, on the border with the Modena province. Most comuni have less of  of average altitude; the comune with a higher average altitude is Sant'Agostino.

The main rivers in the province are the Po and the Reno. The Po forms the north border of the province with the province of Rovigo. In Ferrara, the river has three main branches: the Po di Volano, that flows through the city of Ferrara, the Po di Primaro and the Po di Goro.

The Reno river is the longest of the region without being a tributary of the Po.

The main lakes in the province are the Lago delle Nazioni ("Nation's Lake), an artificial lake, and the Lago del Quaternario.

Population
There are 348,362 persons living in the province (January 2017), for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population in the province

Municipalities
The following shows the 23 comuni (municipalities) with the population, and the area and altitude.

References

Ferrara

Province of Ferrara


"Waltzing Matilda" is one of Australia's best known songs. The bush ballad, a country folk song, has been called "the unofficial national anthem of Australia".
The title, Waltzing Matilda, is Australian slang for walking through the country looking for work, with one's goods in a "Matilda" (bag) carried over one's back.

The song tells the story of a traveling farm worker making a drink of tea at a bush camp and capturing a sheep to eat. When the sheep's  owner arrives with three policemen to arrest the worker for taking the sheep (a crime punishable by hanging), the worker drowns himself in a small watering hole. The worker's ghost stays to haunt the site.

The words to the song were written in 1895 by a poet and nationalist Banjo Paterson. It was first printed as sheet music in 1903. There are many stories about the song and how it was written. The song has its own museum, the Waltzing Matilda Centre in Winton, Queensland.

History

Writing of the song
The music, based on a folk song, was written by Christina Macpherson. Paterson wrote the words while staying at the Dagworth Homestead, farm in Queensland. While he was there the owners played him an old Celtic folk tune called "The Craigeelee". Paterson decided that it would be a good tune to write words for and completed during his stay at the farm.

The tune is probably the Scottish song "Thou Bonnie Wood Of Craigielea", which Macpherson heard played by a band at the Warrnambool steeplechase. Robert Tannahill wrote the words in 1805 and James Barr wrote the music in 1818. In 1893 it was arranged for brass band by Thomas Bulch. The tune may have been based on the melody of "Go to the Devil and Shake Yourself", written by John Field (1782–1837) sometime before 1812. It is sometimes also called: "When Sick Is It Tea You Want?" (London 1798) or "The Penniless Traveller" (O'Neill's 1850 collection).

There is also an idea that tune may be similar to "The Bold Fusilier" (also called Marching through Rochester), a song sung to the same tune and dated by some back to the eighteenth century but first printed in 1900.

A bold fusilier came marching back through Rochester
Off from the wars in the north country,
And he sang as he marched
Through the crowded streets of Rochester,
Who'll be a soldier for Marlboro and me?

Lyrics
There are no "official" words to "Waltzing Matilda", and slight differences can be found in the sources. This version uses the famous "You'll never catch me alive said he" variation introduced by the Billy Tea company. Paterson's original words use 'drowning', which the tea company felt was too negative.

Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong
Under the shade of a coolibah tree,
And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me"

Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me"
And he sang as he watched and waited 'til his billy boiled,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".

Down came a jumbuck to drink at that billabong,
Up jumped the swagman and grabbed him with glee,
And he sang as he shoved that jumbuck in his tucker bag,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".

Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me"
And he sang as he shoved that jumbuck in his tucker bag,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".

Up rode the squatter, mounted on his thoroughbred,
Down came the troopers, one, two, three,
"Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag?"
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".

Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me"
"Where's that jolly jumbuck you've got in your tucker bag?",
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".

Up jumped the swagman and sprang into the billabong,
"You'll never catch me alive", said he,
And his ghost may be heard as you pass by that billabong,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me".

Waltzing Matilda, Waltzing Matilda
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me"
And his ghost may be heard as you pass by that billabong,
"You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me."
"Oh, You'll come a-Waltzing Matilda, with me."

References

Category:Australian music
Category:Australian folklore

Waltzing Matilda


The Upper Peninsula (UP), also known as Upper Michigan, is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U.S. state of Michigan. The peninsula is north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin.

The Upper Peninsula has 29% of the land area of Michigan but just 3% of its total population. Residents are frequently called Yoopers.

The peninsula's largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain.

Maple syrup is a highly prized local delicacy.

References

Category:Geography of Michigan
Category:Peninsulas

Upper Peninsula of Michigan


"Spoonman" is a song by the American grunge band Soundgarden, from their fourth studio album Superunknown, which was released in 1994. The song describes Artie the Spoonman, a real-life musician who makes music with spoons. He was also featured in the song's music video. "Spoonman" won the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance at the 1995 Grammy Awards.

References

Category:1994 songs
Category:Grammy Award winning songs
Category:Soundgarden

Spoonman


The following is a list of the 404 communes of the Charente département in France.

 (CAA) Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Angoulême, created in 2000.

*
Charente

Communes of the Charente department


The Me 262 was a German fighter aircraft flown during late World War II. It was the first jet to be used in war. It began test flights in 1942, but was not used in combat by the German air force, the Luftwaffe, until 1944. Very few were built because Germany's enemies were bombing factories. It saw little action because the war was nearly over. The jet engines of the new machine often caused problems, that's why a lot of machines had deathly accidents.

Related pages
 Jet aircraft

References

Category:World War II German aircraft

Messerschmitt Me 262


Philadelphia liberty medal  (1993)
Gandhi-king award (1999)
Isitwalandwe medal  (1992)
Arthur Ashe courage award (2009)
Ambassador of conscience award (2006)
Felix Houphouët- Boigny peace prize(1991)
Princess of Asturias award for international cooperation

List of awards and honours bestowed upon Nelson Mandela


Air India (AI/AIC) () (officially known as Air India Air Transport Services Limited) is the national airline company of India. Air India is part of the National Aviation Company of India Limited

History

Air India was founded in 1932 under the name Tata Air Line by the company Tata Sons. In 1946 the name of the company changed to Air India International. Its name changed again in 1953, this time to the current name Air India. By that time Air India was owned by the government of India. From 1999 a lot of attempts were made to merge India Air and Indian Airlines. Air India kept its name regardless of the merge.

Accidents
 2010: Flight 812 goes beyond the runway and crashes. 160 people are killed.

Category:1932 establishments in India
Category:Star Alliance
Category:Airlines of Asia
Category:Companies of India
Category:Transport in India

Air India


Timothy James Rice-Oxley (born 2 June 1976, in Oxford, England) is an English musician. He is the pianist of rock band Keane. He plays piano and bass. He also writes the songs for the band.

He took piano lessons which he hated. This because he had to play classic music and he thought it was boring. Later, he began playing the piano listening to The Beatles. In 2004, he won the Ivor Novello award for Best composer of the year.

In 1995, his friend Dominic Scott told him to make a band. The band was called "The Lotus Eaters". They asked Richard Hughes to play the drums. Tom Chaplin would play bass. Rice-Oxley and Chaplin had been friends since they were children. In 1997, Rice-Oxley asked Chaplin to sing. The band changed its name to "Keane". When Scott left the band in 2001, Rice-Oxley started playing piano again and recording bass separately. He still does that.

Rice-Oxley married in February 2005.

Equipment list
Complete list: Equipment list
Yamaha CP70 (Piano)
Nord Lead 3 (Synthesizer)
Fender Precision (Bass)
Apple Computer PowerBook G4
Apple PowerMac G5

References

Other websites
 Nezz-Media! - Dedicated to Keane

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:english pianists
Category:English guitarists
Category:English rock musicians
Category:Keane
Category:Musicians from Oxfordshire
Category:People from Oxford

Tim Rice-Oxley


Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine. A chiropractor is a person who went to school to learn chiropractic. A chiropractor may diagnose and treat many conditions relating to muscles, joints, and nerves of the body. He may give what is called an "adjustment" to the body. An adjustment is a fast short push to an area of the patient's spine or other joints to help their condition. A chiropractor does not use drugs to treat patients. They will look into using natural treatments such as nutrition, exercise, physical therapy, adjustments, and massage in order to help their patients. Chiropractic has changed since it was created over 100 years ago as new facts and research are learned by chiropractors. Today, chiropractors have many different ways to treat their patients. They all have one thing in common. This is to use drug free treatments. Chiropractic is most famous for helping people with spine pain, but chiropractors can also help other problems.

Other websites/
 Information regarding Chiropractic Medicine and Treatment of Musculoskeletal and Neuromuscular Conditions

Category:Alternative medicine

Chiropractic


Lane is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) of Oklahoma in the United States. It is in Atoka County.

Category:Census-designated places in Oklahoma
Category:Unincorporated communities in Oklahoma

Lane, Oklahoma


Wilbur Louis Ross, Jr. (born November 28, 1937) is an American politician, investor, businessman and former banker. Ross is the 39th and current United States Secretary of Commerce since February 28, 2017.

Ross is known as the "King of Bankruptcy” for his experience in buying bankrupt companies, primarily in the manufacturing and steel industries, and later selling them for a large profit after operations improve. He was known for restructuring failed companies in industries such as steel, coal, telecommunications, foreign investment and textiles.

Early life
Ross was born on November 28, 1937 in Weehawken, New Jersey. He grew up in suburban New Jersey. His father, Wilbur Louis Ross, Sr., was a lawyer who later became a judge, and his mother, Agnes (O'Neill), was a school teacher.

Ross earned his B.A. degree from Yale University and M.B.A. degree at Harvard University.

Business career
In 2002, Ross founded International Steel Group after purchasing the assets of several bankrupt steel companies.

Ross had support of the local Steelworkers Union, negotiating a deal with them to "save" Pennsylvania's steel industry. Leo Gerard, international president of the United Steelworkers union stated about Ross that "he was open and accessible and candid and honest and he put a lot of money back into the mills, so literally tens of thousands of jobs were saved." Ross sold International Steel Group to Mittal Steel Company for $4.5 billion, half in cash and half in stock, in April 2005.

Ross combined Burlington Industries and Cone Mills in 2004 to form International Textile Group. ITG operates five businesses, all of which operate under separate brand names: Cone Denim, Burlington Apparel Fabrics, Home Furnishings, Carlisle Finishing and Nano-Tex. In 2005, Ross purchased 77.3% of Safety Components International for $51.2 million. In 2006, Ross merged the firm into his International Textile Group.

Ross founded the International Coal Group, which was formed after several coal companies went bankrupt. The United Mine Workers of America protested the bankruptcy reorganization as it led to changes in health care and pensions for the existing employees.

United States Secretary of Commerce (since 2017)
On November 24, 2016, it was reported by the Associated Press that Ross will be tapped for United States Secretary of Commerce by the incoming Trump Administration. The Trump transition team confirmed the intent to nominate him on November 30, 2016.

Ross was confirmed by the United States senate on February 27, 2017 by a 72-27 vote from the United States senate. He was sworn in by Vice President Mike Pence the next day.

Paradise Papers

In November 2017, a leaked database of documents known as the Paradise Papers revealed that after becoming commerce secretary, Ross had investments in a Navigator Holdings he once controlled that has significant business ties to Russia which was subject to American sanctions and President Vladimir Putin’s son-in-law.

Personal life
Ross married Judith Nodine in 1961. They had two daughters. Ross and Nodine divorced in 1995. His second wife was former New York Lt. Governor Betsy McCaughey. They married in 1995 and divorced in 2000.

On October 9, 2004, Ross married his third wife, Hilary Geary, a society writer for Quest magazine.

He now lives in Palm Beach, Florida and Washington, D.C.

References

Other websites

Category:1937 births
Category:Living people
Category:Business people from New Jersey
Category:Politicians from New Jersey
Category:American billionaires
Category:United States Secretaries of Commerce
Category:US Republican Party politicians

Wilbur Ross


Kuru or Kurus may be:

Kuru (kingdom), a powerful Indian kingdom during the Vedic period and later a republic during the Mahajanapada period
Kuru Kingdom, a kingdom based on the historic Kuru kingdom in Indian epic literature
Kuru (disease), a type of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy with the cannibalistic funeral practices of the Fore people.
Kuru (archaeology), Indian ethnic group and their kingdom
Kuru (mythology) is part of African mythology
Kuru (Hinduism), imputed ancestral king
Kuru, Finland, municipality
Kuruş, Turkish currency
Kuru, Turkish dried-bean dish kurufasulye
Kuru school, in Kuru, Nigeria
Kuru (band), British punk band during the late 1990s
KURU (movie), an indy movie in development by The Enemy
S/S Kuru, a Finnish lake steamer
kuru, Finnish word for a type of canyon
Interbreeding IX: Kuru, a various artists CD compilation

Related pages
 Kourou, a town in French Guiana

Kuru


Gyalo Thondup (), (born c.1928) is the second-eldest brother of the 14th Dalai Lama. He often acted as the Dalai Lama's unofficial ambassador, and was involved in many political controversies around the Tibetan society.

In recent years, Thondup has repeatedly said that the only way to achieve progress is with China. In 1998, the Central Tibetan Administration (the political arm of the Dalai Lama's anti-China diaspora faction) criticized Thondup for not letting the Dalai Lama know about the CIA's involvement in Tibet.

References

Category:1928 births
Category:Living people
Category:Tibetan people
Category:Prime ministers

Gyalo Thondup


Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).

This method works in many cases where X-ray crystallography does not. The latter needs large 3-D crystals to work.

Protein structures are usually done from 2-dimensional crystals (sheets or helices), polyhedrons such as viral capsids, or dispersed proteins. Electrons can be used in these situations, whereas X-rays cannot, because electrons interact more strongly with atoms than X-rays do.

Electron crystallography is a method to determine the arrangement of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The method was invented by Aaron Klug, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this, and his studies on virus structures and transfer RNA, in 1982.

The first electron crystallographic protein structure to be solved was bacteriorhodopsin in 1990.
Since then, several other high-resolution structures have been done by electron crystallography, including the light-harvesting complex, and the bacterial flagellum.

Related pages
Crystallography
X-ray crystallography
Spectroscopy

References

Category:Technology
Category:Chemistry
Category:Molecular biology
Category:Physics

Electron crystallography


Mary Arizona "Zonia" Baber (1862-1955) was an American geographer and geologist.  She is best known for forming a way for teaching geography.

Baber first worked as a teacher of geography and as a principal in a private school. She began working at the University of Chicago in 1895.  She got her Bachelor's degree there in 1904.

In 1898 Baber formed the Geographic Society of Chicago.  She was the President and helped the Society for 50 years.  In 1948 she received a lifetime achievement award.

Baber also cared about social issues.  She was called a feminist, anti-racist and anti-imperialist.  In 1926 she represented the women of Puerto Rico to help women get the right to vote.  She worked as chairman of the Pan-American Committee of the International League for Peace and Freedom.

References

Further reading

Category:1862 births
Category:1955 deaths
Category:American geologists
Category:American geographers

Zonia Baber


Search Engine Watch (SEW) is a website with news and information about search engines and search engine marketing.

Search Engine Watch website was started by Danny Sullivan in 1996. In 1997, Sullivan sold it to MecklerMedia (now Jupitermedia). In 2005 the website and Search Engine Strategies were sold to Incisive Media for $43 million. On November 30, 2006 Danny Sullivan left Search Engine Watch. Rebecca Lieb became editor-in-chief next month.

Google's Matt Cutts has named Search Engine Watch "a must read." Yahoo's Tim Mayer has said that Search Engine Watch is the "most authoritative source on search."

Related pages
 List of search engines
 Pay per click

References

Other websites

Category:Websites

Search Engine Watch


Potlatch is a city in Idaho in the United States.

Category:Cities in Idaho

Potlatch, Idaho


The 12 cantons (, German: Kantone,  ) of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg are areas of local government. They are subdivisions of the three districts of Luxembourg. The cantons are in turn subdivided into 106 communes.

The cantons were created, together with the districts, on 24 February 1843.

List of cantons

References

Related pages

 Districts of Luxembourg
 Communes of Luxembourg
 List of cities in Luxembourg

Cantons of Luxembourg


The province of L'Aquila () is a province in the Abruzzo region of Southern Italy. Its capital is the city of L'Aquila.

It is the largest province of the region but the one with fewest people living in it; it is a landlocked province, that is, surrounded by other provinces by all sides.

Geography

L'Aquila is the largest province in the Abruzzo region with almost half of the area of the region; it has area of . The province is bordered to the north with Tuscany, to the northeast by the province of Teramo, to the east by the Pescara and Province of Chieti provinces, to the south and southeast with the Molise region (province of Isernia), and to the west and southwest by the Lazio region (province of Frosinone, Rome and province of Rieti).

The main river in the province is the Aterno-Pescara river, known here as Aterno; it starts in the Monti della Laga and flows through the province.

L'Aquila is the province of the Abruzzo region with more mountains; there are three mountain ranges that go from the northwest to the southeast, and that are parallels to the coastline: Monti della Gaga, Gran Sasso and Majella massif. The highest mountain in the province is Monte Amaro,() in the Majella massif, Apennines; it is  high and is the highest mountain of three provinces: Chieti, L'Aquila and Pescara of the Abruzzo.

Population
There are 301,910 persons living in the province (January 2017), for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Evolution of the population

Municipalities
There are 108 municipalities (or comuni) in the province; they are:

 Acciano
 Aielli
 Alfedena
 Anversa degli Abruzzi
 Ateleta
 Avezzano
 Balsorano
 Barete
 Barisciano
 Barrea
 Bisegna
 Bugnara
 Cagnano Amiterno
 Calascio
 Campo di Giove
 Campotosto
 Canistro
 Cansano
 Capestrano
 Capistrello
 Capitignano
 Caporciano
 Cappadocia
 Carapelle Calvisio
 Carsoli
 Castel del Monte
 Castel di Ieri
 Castel di Sangro
 Castellafiume
 Castelvecchio Calvisio
 Castelvecchio Subequo
 Celano
 Cerchio
 Civita d'Antino
 Civitella Alfedena
 Civitella Roveto
 Cocullo
 Collarmele
 Collelongo
 Collepietro
 Corfinio
 Fagnano Alto
 Fontecchio
 Fossa
 Gagliano Aterno
 Gioia dei Marsi
 Goriano Sicoli
 Introdacqua
 L'Aquila
 Lecce nei Marsi
 Luco dei Marsi
 Lucoli
 Magliano de' Marsi
 Massa d'Albe
 Molina Aterno
 Montereale
 Morino
 Navelli
 Ocre
 Ofena
 Opi
 Oricola
 Ortona dei Marsi
 Ortucchio
 Ovindoli
 Pacentro
 Pereto
 Pescasseroli
 Pescina
 Pescocostanzo
 Pettorano sul Gizio
 Pizzoli
 Poggio Picenze
 Prata d'Ansidonia
 Pratola Peligna
 Prezza
 Raiano
 Rivisondoli
 Rocca di Botte
 Rocca di Cambio
 Rocca di Mezzo
 Rocca Pia
 Roccacasale
 Roccaraso
 San Benedetto dei Marsi
 San Benedetto in Perillis
 San Demetrio ne' Vestini
 San Pio delle Camere
 San Vincenzo Valle Roveto
 Sant'Eusanio Forconese
 Sante Marie
 Santo Stefano di Sessanio
 Scanno
 Scontrone
 Scoppito
 Scurcola Marsicana
 Secinaro
 Sulmona
 Tagliacozzo
 Tione degli Abruzzi
 Tornimparte
 Trasacco
 Villa Sant'Angelo
 Villa Santa Lucia degli Abruzzi
 Villalago
 Villavallelonga
 Villetta Barrea
 Vittorito

The largest comune is L'Aquila, with  and the smallest is Villa Sant'Angelo, with . The comune with fewest people living in it is Carapelle Calvisio with 88 inhabitants.

Main comuni
The following table shows the 10 comuni with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.

Gallery

Related pages
 List of comuni of the Province of L'Aquila

References

Other websites

 Province of L'Aquila official website

L'Aquila

Province of L'Aquila


The Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes known as Hindu–Arabic numbers, is the system of numbers used by almost all the world today. It is a positional notation system. This system has ten basic symbols, they are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. It represent numbers in the decimal number system. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system was first developed by the Hindus. Later, It was introduced to the western world by the Arabs. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is one of the few numeral systems that use a place value system. This system is now commonly used all over the world.

They originated in India in the 6th or 7th century and were introduced to Europe through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians, especially al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi, about the 12th century.  They are very different from previous methods of counting, such as the abacus, and paved the way for the development of algebra.  In the past many other systems were used.

References

Category:Mathematics
Category:Numerals

Hindu–Arabic numeral system


Colombier was a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges joined together to become a municipality called Echichens.

References

Category:2011 disestablishments in Switzerland
Category:Former municipalities of Vaud

Colombier, Vaud


The Beth Yaacov Synagogue is a synagogue in Madrid, Spain. It is the main center of the Jewish community of Spain.

Other websites
 Artículo de El País
 Federación de las Comunidades Judías de España
 Comunidad Judía de Madrid

Category:Synagogues
Category:Buildings and structures in Madrid

Beth Yaacov Synagogue


Racial segregation means separating people because of their races. Segregation was legal and normal in many countries across the world, for many years. For example, until 1964, it was still legal to separate white and African-American people in some states. In South Africa, from the 1940s until the 1990s, a system called apartheid kept white and black South Africans separate. Racial segregation has happened in many other countries, throughout history.

Segregation is not as simple as having "separate but equal" places for people of different races. Segregation happens when a country or a society views one race as better than another. The goal of segregation is to keep the "inferior" race away from the "better" race. Because one race is seen as "inferior," people of that race are not treated well. They go through discrimination. Often they are not given basic rights, like the right to vote. As a United States Supreme Court judge said in a case about segregation in schools: "separate facilities are [always] unequal." Things did stop segregation, like Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks. They helped a lot by speaking up for their side, even though they knew that they would get in trouble. Rosa Parks made every black person stop using the buses until the bus company ran out of money (most of their money came from black people). This worked and the black people were allowed to use the buses without separation.

Anglo-Saxon England
Segregation may have existed in early Anglo-Saxon England. When the Anglo-Saxons arrived in England in the 4th century, they may have created an "apartheid-like society," according to some historians. They may have treated the native British people like slaves, and had rules against marrying them. Some historians say Anglo-Saxons were much richer and had a higher social status than Celtic Britons.

Australia
From the early 1800s to the late 1980s, the Australian government took many Aboriginal children away from their families. Their families had not agreed to let their children go. However, the government had decided to force Aboriginal children to "assimilate" into Australian society. The children where placed in white homes or on missions. There, they were forced to learn Christianity, leave behind their Aboriginal culture, become a part of white society, and marry white people. The goal of this program was to "breed out" Aboriginal traits so that they no longer existed in Australia. Later, in 1951, the United Nations would define this type of program as genocide.

From about 1900 to the 1970s, Australia followed what became known as the "White Australia Policy." This policy kept non-white people from immigrating to Australia by making immigration tests too hard to pass.

In the early- to mid-twentieth century, many Aborigines were forced to live on missions. The goal of this policy was to get the Aborigines off their lands, because white settlers wanted to use them.

In the 1960s, Australia changed its official policy to "integration." This meant that the Aborigines had to be able to live in Australian society or on missions. However, many Aborigines refused to follow these orders and kept living far away from cities. In these areas, they were segregated from the rest of Australian society, and were also poorer. At the time, some people called the situation "apartheid," and even suggested that the Australian government's policies inspired the apartheid program in South Africa.

English settlers in Ireland
In 1366, the King of England passed thirty-five laws called the Statutes of Kilkenny. Their goal was to prevent English settlers in Ireland from mixing with the Irish people or becoming too much like the Irish. The laws made it illegal the English to marry native Irish people, have Irish children, adopt Irish children, use Irish names or clothes, or speak anything but English.

French Algeria
In 1830, France took control of Algeria from the Ottoman Empire. For over a hundred years, Algeria was a French colony. The French rulers kept an apartheid-like system in Algeria. For example, Arab and Berber Algerians were allowed to apply for French citizenship (which would give them the right to vote and other rights) only if they abandoned their Muslim religion and culture.

Algerian Muslims were not willing to go along with this "system of apartheid," and this system was one of the main causes of the Algerian War in 1954.

Germany

In fifteenth-century north-east Germany, "Wendish" (Slavic) people were not allowed to join some guilds. According to Wilhelm Raabe, "into the eighteenth century no German guild accepted a Wend."

In 1935, after the Nazi Party had taken control of the German government, they passed the Nuremberg Laws. The Nazis, led by Adolf Hitler, believed that the "Aryan" race was better than any other races. The Nuremberg Laws made it illegal for "Aryan" and "non-Aryan" people to marry or have sex. At first, the laws were mostly meant to keep "Aryans" from mixing with Jewish people (who the Nazis viewed as an inferior race). However, the Nazis later added "Gypsies, Negroes and their bastard [children]" to the Laws. Aryans who broke these laws could be sent to concentration camps; non-Aryans could be executed. To keep German blood "pure," after World War II began, the Nazis made it illegal for any non-German to marry or have sex with a German person.

In 1939, the Nazis invaded Poland and took it over. They divided the Polish people into different ethnic groups. Based on how "Germanic" they were, each group had different rights. For example, the different groups were allowed different amounts of food; and were only allowed to live in certain places and use certain public transportation.

During the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis made Jews wear yellow ribbons or stars of David with the word "Jude" ("Jew") on them. Racial laws discriminated against Jews and Roma people (Gypsies). For example, Jewish doctors were not allowed to treat Aryan patients; Jewish professors were not allowed to teach Aryan students. Jews were not allowed to use any public transportation, besides the ferry; ride bicycles; or ride in cars. They were allowed to shop only from 3:00pm to 5:00pm, and only in stores owned by Jews. They could not go to theaters, swimming pools, or any other places for entertainment.

During the Holocaust, the Nazis tried to kill all of the Jews and Roma in Europe. They also killed millions of Slavic people (including Ukrainian, Soviet, and Polish people), because they saw Slavs as an inferior race. First the Nazis forced Jews and Roma to live in ghettoes, apart from everyone else. Then they sent millions of Jews, Roma, and Slavs to concentration camps and death camps.

Also, between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish people were deported to Nazi Germany for forced labour. Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe. However, Polish people and other Eastern Europeans who the Nazis viewed as racially inferior were treated much worse. They were forced to wear a cloth tag on their clothing with the letter "P" on it, which showed that they were Polish. They had to follow a curfew and could not use public transportation. Usually, they had to work longer hours, for lower pay, than Western Europeans. In many cities, they had to live in segregated barracks, behind barbed wire. They were not allowed to talk to Germans outside of work. If they had sexual relations with Germans, they would be executed.

Imperial China

Tang dynasty
During the Tang Dynasty, the Han Chinese passed several laws that segregated non-Chinese people from Chinese people. In 779, the Tang Dynasty made a rule which forced Uighurs to wear their traditional ethnic clothing, not Chinese clothing. It also banned them from 'pretending' to be Chinese, and from marrying Chinese women. The Han Chinese disliked the Uighurs because they loaned money for interest.

In 836, when Lu Chun was appointed governor of Canton, he was disgusted to find Chinese living with foreigners and marrying them. Lu made segregation the law. He made it illegal for non-Chinese people to marry Chinese people or to own property. The law specifically banned Chinese from forming relationships with "Dark peoples" or "People of color." This meant foreigners like "Iranians, Sogdians, Arabs, Indians, Malays, Sumatrans", and others.

Italy
In 1938, Italy was ruled by a fascist regime led by Benito Mussolini. The regime was allied with Nazi Germany. Under pressure from the Nazis, the regime passed several laws that said the Italian Empire would now practice segregation. They called these laws the 'provvedimenti per la difesa della razza' (norms for the defence of the race).

The laws especially targeted Jews. For example, Jews could not:

 Teach or study in schools or universities
 Own industries that were important to the country
 Work as journalists
 Enter the military
 Marry non-Jews

Because of these laws, Italy lost some of its best scientists. Some were fired. For example, Rita Levi-Montalcini, who would later win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, was told she could no longer work at her university. Others left Italy because of the laws. For example, Enrico Fermi, who worked on the first nuclear reactor and won the Nobel Prize for Physics, left the country. (His wife was Jewish.) Many other well-known scientists, physicists, mathematicians, and other scholars lost their jobs or left Italy because of the race laws.

Albert Einstein resigned from his honorary membership at the Accademia dei Lincei, an Italian science academy, to protest the race laws.

After 1943, when Northern Italy was occupied by the Nazis, Italian Jews were taken to Nazi concentration camps and death camps.

Jewish segregation

For centuries, Jews in Europe were often forced to live in segregated ghettos and shtetls (small towns where mostly Jews lived). In 1204, the Pope ordered Jews to segregate themselves from Christians and to wear clothing that marked them as Jews. Forced segregation of Jews spread throughout Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries.

In the Russian Empire, starting in the 1790s, Jews were only allowed to live in the Pale of Settlement. This was the Western frontier of the Russian Empire, about where Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine are today. By the early 20th century, most European Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement.

In Morocco, beginning in the 15th century, Jewish people were segregated in mellahs. In cities, a mellah was a separate area for Jews, surrounded by a wall with a fortified gateway. Rural mellahs were separate villages where only Jews lived.

In the middle of the 19th century, historian J.J. Benjamin wrote about the life of Persian Jews:

Latin America
When Spanish people came to the Americas and made Latin American countries into colonies, they created a caste system based on race. They came up with fifteen different categories of people based on their race mixtures, including categories like "mulatto" and "mestizo". People who were "whiter" or more "Spanish" had a higher social status than people who were "darker" or more Native American. People who were "darker" were treated as inferior and faced discrimination  for example, they had to pay higher taxes than "whiter" people.

Usually, when they won their independence from Spain, most Latin American countries made laws against caste systems. However, prejudice based on race remains.

South Africa

Background
Racial segregation in South Africa began when the country was a Dutch colony. The Dutch landed at Cape Town in 1652 and gradually took over more and more of the country. Segregation continued when the British Empire took over the Cape of Good Hope in 1795.

Slavery existed in South Africa until 1833. However, two years later, the government passed a law that changed slaves into indentured servants. This system was not very different from slavery. Throughout the rest of the 1800s, the South African colonies passed laws that limited these worker's rights and freedoms.

In 1894 and 1905, the government passed laws saying that "Indians" and 'blacks" had no right to vote. Other laws discriminated against non-whites, but were not as bad as the apartheid laws that would come within the next 50 years.

Beginnings of apartheid
Apartheid in South Africa started in 1948. At that time, the National Party won control of the South African government. This political party was made up of Afrikaner people. Afrikaners are the descendants of Dutch settlers who came to South Africa in the 1600s and 1700s. The National Party believed in Afrikaner nationalism.

Apartheid laws

The National Party passed apartheid laws to make racial segregation the law in South Africa. Some of the most important laws included:

 The Population Registration Act (1950), which put South Africans into four racial categories: "black," "white," "Coloured" (mixed-race), and "Indian" (South Asians from the former British India).
 People had to register with the government and get identification cards that said what racial group they were in.
 The Group Areas Act (1950), which assigned a part of South Africa for each racial group to live in. People were forced to live in their assigned part of the country.
 Going into another part of the country was illegal without a permit. Black people could not enter cities unless they had permission from a white employer.
 The Reservation of Separate Amenities Act (1953), which created separate public places, like hospitals, universities, and parks, for the different races
 The Bantu Education Act (1953), which segregated education

Under these apartheid laws, between 1960 and 1983, 3.5 million non-white South Africans were forced to leave their homes and move into segregated neighborhoods. This is one of the largest mass removals in modern history.

Other laws made it illegal for a person to marry or have sex with a person of a different race. Then, in 1969, the government took away "Coloured" people's right to vote. Since "Indians" and "blacks" had not been allowed to vote for decades, this meant that whites were the only people in South Africa who were allowed to vote.

In 1970, non-whites were banned from having representatives in the government. That same year, black people's South African citizenship was taken away.

Protests
Protests against apartheid started right after apartheid did. As early as 1949, the youth wing of the African National Congress (ANC) suggested fighting against racial segregation using many different strategies. Over the next 45 years, hundreds of anti-apartheid actions occurred. They included protests by the Black Consciousness Movement; student protests; labor strikes; and church group activism. In 1991, the Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act was passed, reversing laws about racial segregation, including the Group Areas Act. In 1990, President Frederik Willem de Klerk started trying to end apartheid. Nonwhites were given the right to vote in 1993. South Africa had its first multiracial elections (where non-whites were allowed to be candidates in 1994. Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress won. Mandela and de Klerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for working together to end apartheid.

United States

The United States has a long history of racial segregation, starting when the first European settlers came to North America. First through slavery, then through racist laws, and then through racist attitudes, African-American people in the United States have faced segregation for centuries. People of other races have been segregated too. For example, during World War II, the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt, ordered almost the entire Japanese-American population to be segregated in internment camps.

People of all races have fought against segregation and discrimination in the United States. Thanks to movements like the African-American Civil Rights Movement, segregation is now against the law in the United States. However, prejudice against minority groups still exists. This has led to new types of segregation caused by people's prejudices and behavior.

Notes

References

Category:20th century in Poland
Category:American civil rights
Category:Apartheid
Category:Discrimination
Category:History of China
Category:History of Germany
Category:History of Ireland
Category:History of Italy
Category:History of Russia
Category:History of South Africa
Category:History of the United Kingdom
Category:History of the United States
Category:Human rights abuses
Category:Jewish history
Category:Race

Racial segregation


Boris Godunov () is an opera by Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881). It was the only opera that Mussorgsky finished.  It is his most famous work and one of the most famous of all Russian operas.  It was composed between 1868 and 1873.

What the opera is about

The story of the opera is based on something that really happened in Russian history.  The Russian people were ruled by a tsar (an emperor).  The previous tsar Tsar Ivan IV was known as “Ivan the Terrible”.  He was terribly cruel and the Russian people suffered badly under his rule.  They were hungry, they were tortured and killed.  When he died his son became Tsar, but he was mentally retarded (he had “learning difficulties”) so a group of powerful people including Boris Godunov had to rule for him.  Ivan also had another son, but he disappeared.  He was almost certainly murdered, and Boris Godunov, who wanted to become tsar himself, had probably ordered him to be murdered (for the sake of the opera, Mussorgsky assumes that he was indeed guilty of his murder).   Then he persuaded the Russian people that they should choose him to be their tsar.

Some years later a young monk escapes from his monastery and pretends to be the murdered son of Ivan the Terrible.  He gets a Polish army to help him to fight Boris Godunov.  Boris Godunov feels terribly guilty about the murder.  He suffers so much that he dies.  The young monk arrives in Moscow and makes himself tsar (Tsar Dimitri II).  The ordinary Russian people remain desperately poor.  It is their fate to suffer, ruled by cruel tyrants.

How the opera was composed

The composer wrote the words (the libretto) himself.  It was based on a play by Aleksandr Pushkin. Mussorgsky also read a famous book on the history of Russia: Nikolay Karamzin's History of the Russian State and used some of the historical material from this book.

Originally Mussorgsky composed the opera in 1869, but in those days it had to be approved by the censors before it was allowed to be performed.  The opera was rejected by the censors.  The main reason they gave was that there were no female characters in the opera.  Mussorgsky made lots of changes, including adding a whole new act with Dimitry in love with a Polish princess.  Another reason why the opera had been rejected was that composers and dramatists were not allowed to have the character of a tsar on stage.  However, Tsar who then ruled said he did not mind, so the opera was first performed in 1874 in Saint Petersburg.

The opera Boris Godunov can either be performed in the first version of 1869, or in the second version of 1874.  In actual fact performances of the opera have often been something of a mixture, as opera directors have often made cuts, or changes to the music or the order of scenes.  The composers Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Dmitri Shostakovich have both made new editions of the opera in which they thought they could improve some of Mussorgsky’s harmony or orchestration.  For many years it was these editions that were usually performed.  Nowadays people realize more and more that Mussorgsky’s harmonies and orchestrations, which were very original for their time, were quite deliberate and very effective. Modern performances therefore often go back to what Mussorgsky originally wrote.

By the close of 1868, Mussorgsky had already started two operas, but never finished them  These were Salammbô and Marriage, which was influenced by Alexander Dargomyzhsky's opera The Stone Guest. Mussorgsky was breaking away from the Romantic style that many composers used at the time.  He had learned a lot by trying to write these operas and he used some of the musical ideas in Boris Godunov.

Vladimir Nikolsky, a professor of Russian history, suggested to Mussorgsky the idea of writing an opera about Boris Godunov, based on Pushkin’s play.  Mussorgsky worked very fast on the opera, finishing the vocal score (i.e. without the orchestration) in 9 months.  During this time he was also working as a civil servant.  When he state censor rejected the opera he worked another two years on it, adding a female role as required, and making other changes he felt necessary: adding three scenes, cutting one and changing another, adding songs for the Hostess, Fyodor and the Nurse.  In 1873 three scenes were performed, and on 27 January 1874 the first performance of the whole opera took place.  The conductor, Nápravník, was a good conductor, but he often made cuts in the operas he performed.  He cut the whole of the Cell Scene because he thought the opera was too long.  Nevertheless, it was a great success among many people, although some critics hated it.  It was performed 21 times in Mussorgsky’s lifetime.

Famous interpreters of the main role

During the early 20th century the Russian bass singer Fyodor Shalyapin was a very singer who often sang the role of Boris.

Roles

The story of the opera
The opera is divided into a prologue and 4 acts.

Setting
Time: The years 1598 to 1605
Place: Moscow; the Lithuanian frontier; a castle in Sandomierz; Kromï

Prologue

In the first scene of the prologue a large crowd has come to the courtyard of a monastery.  Chelkalov comes and talks to the crowd.  He tells them that Boris has not yet accepted the throne, but that they should pray that he will.
The second scene is the famous coronation scene.  The crowd are kneeling in front of two cathedrals in the centre of Moscow.  The church bells are ringing.  The boyars cross the stage.  Boris has agreed to be Tsar.  Boris appears on stage, but he is rather gloomy.  He tells the crowd to pray for guidance.

Act I
Scene i.  This takes place five years later in a monastery.  An old monk, Pimen is writing the history of Russia.  He has nearly finished, and he has got to the year when the Tsar’s son seems to have been murdered.  He is reading what he has written to a young monk, Grigory.  Grigory then has a dream.  In the dream he is standing on top of a high tower and looks down on the people who are laughing at him. He feels guilty and falls from the tower.  Pimen tries to comfort him. He says that Boris murdered the Tsar’s son.  Grigory learns that the Tsar’s son, if he had still been alive, would have been the same age as he is now.  He decides to pretend to be the Tsar’s son and to claim the throne as his.

Scene ii takes place in an inn on the border of Russia with Lithuania.  The hostess sings a silly song.  Two monks, Varlaam and Missail, come in.  Grigory is with them.  He has run away from the monastery.  The two wandering monks were showing him the way to the Lithuanian border.  The two monks start to get drunk and sing.  Grigory does not join in, his just sits there.  Two guards (like policeman) appear.  They are looking for Grigory because they know that the runaway monk is a going to be a threat to the Tsar.  They have a description of the wanted man.  They ask whether anyone can read (hardly anyone could read in those days, except monks).  Dimitri says he can read, so he takes the piece of paper and starts to read the description of the wanted man.  He is describing Varlaam.  Varlaam realizes this and snatches the paper from him.  He decides he can read after all.  He starts to read a description of Dimitri.  Dimitri escapes through the window.

Act II
The scene is the Tsar’s apartments in the Kremlin in Moscow.  The Tsarevich Fyodor is reading, his sister sings sadly a song about a man she loved who died before they could get married.  The Nurse tries to comfort her.  Fyodor tries to cheer her up by singing a jolly clapping song.  The Nurse joins in.  Then Boris comes in.  He tells him to concentrate on his lesson.  One day he will rule the country and he will need to be wise.  Boris sings of his terrible feelings of doubt and agony (because he is guilty of murder).  A boyar enters and tells Boris that Shuisky wants to speak to him.  He warns Boris that Shuisky is on the side of the Poles who are against him.  When Shuisky enters he tells Boris that a pretender has come who claims to be the Tsar’s son who is thought to have been murdered.  Boris asks Shuisky whether it really was the Tsar’s son who was killed and buried.  Shuisky says that it definitely was, and that he had watched over the body for five days.  Boris cannot bear to hear any more and tells Shuisky to leave.  He then sinks back in a chair.  A clock chimes and the figures on the clock move.  Boris thinks they are aghost of the murdered child.  He goes mad.

Act III
The scene takes place in the royal palace in Poland.  Dimitri has gone to Poland to persuade the Polish army to support him in his fight against Boris.  The Poles are glad to do this because they often fought Russia when they thought they could take a bit of their land.  They want the Polish Princess Marina to marry Dimitri (they think, of course, that he really is the Tsar’s son Dimitri, they don’t know that he is really a young monk called Grigory).  Princess Marina sings of her love for Dimitri.  She has not met him yet, but she would like to be Tsarina (the wife of the Tsar) because that would bring her power. Rangoni tells Dimitri that the Princess is in love with him.  A meeting is arranged in the garden.  Princess Marina is horrible to him.  She persuades him to act quickly to get an army together to march to Moscow and get the throne.  They embrace.  Rangoni is pleased, because it will be a triumph for his church.

Act IV
Scene i takes place in the palace in the Kremlin.  Shuisky tells the assembled noblemen that he saw Boris who seemed to be having a mad fit.  He was shouting “Away! Away!” and waving his arms.  Just at that moment Boris enters doing just that.  He does not seem to notice any of the boyars who are standing there.  Shuisky manages to persuade him to sit down on his throne.  Shuisky then says that there is a holy man outside who has something to say to everyone. The man is let in.  It is Pimen.  He tells a strange story.  It is about a shepherd who was blind.  He had a dream in which he was told to go to the tomb where the murdered Tsar’s son Dimitri lies buried.  He went there and prayed.   Immediately he was able to see.  Boris becomes terribly distressed at this story.  He calls for light, he collapses in the arms of the boyars, and he sends for his son Fyodor.  Boris asks to be left alone with him.  He then says goodbye to his son and tells him to take good care of the Russian people.  Monks behind the scene pray for the soul of Boris. Boris dies.

Scene ii takes place in the forest of Kromy.  Dimitri has marched into Russia leading his troops.  The Russian people are starving and law and order has broken down.  A very simple man (the Simpleton) sings a simple song.  A group of children tease him and steal his money (just one kopek).  Varlaam and Missail sing in praise of Dimitri.  They point out two men who are Jesuits, and the people get ready to hang them.  Dimitri enters and frees the Jesuits.  The people rejoice because Dimitri is to be their new tsar.  He tells the people to follow him to Moscow.  All exit and the Simpleton is left alone on stage.  He sings a simple song which expresses the sadness of the poor, hungry Russian people.

Order of the scenes in the last act
There has been a lot of discussion about the order of the two scenes in Act IV: scene i which shows the death of Boris and scene ii which shows the Russian people in the forest.  The order given above is what Mussorgsky wanted.  For him, the most important thing about the opera was to express the tragedy of the Russian people who are always doomed to be ruled by cruel tyrants.

When Rimsky-Korsakov edited the opera after Mussorgsky’s death he put Boris’s death scene last.  Finishing the opera with Boris’s death meant that the personal tragedy of Boris was the most important thing.  Certainly, famous singers who sang the role of Boris, such as  Chaliapin, liked the opera to finish with Boris’s death.  Nowadays the opera is nearly always performed with the forest scene finishing the opera.  This was Mussorgsky’s intention.  It is about the tragedy of the people, and this is put into words by the Simpleton, who expresses the truth through his simple words.

Discography
 1948: Mark Reizen (Boris), Georgi Nelepp (Grigory), Maria Maksakova (Marina), Maxim Mikhailov (Pimen); Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra, Nikolay Golovanov - (Arkadia)
 1949: Aleksandr Stepanovich Pirogov (Boris), Georgi Nelepp (Grigory), Maria Maksakova (Marina), Maxim Mikhailov (Pimen); Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra, Nikolay Golovanov - (Opera d'Oro)
 1952: Boris Christoff (Boris, Pimen), Nicolai Gedda (Grigory), Eugenia Zareska (Marina); Chœurs Russes de Paris, Orchestre National de la Radiodiffusion Française, Issay Dobrowen - (EMI Classics)
 1954: Miroslav Changalovich (Boris), Miro Branjnik (Grigory), Melanie Bugarinovic (Marina), Branko Pivnichki (Pimen); Belgrade National Opera Chorus and Orchestra, Kresimir Baranovich - (Decca)
 1962: Boris Christoff (Boris, Pimen), Dimiter Uzunov (Grigory), Evelyn Lear (Marina); Chorus of the Sofia National Opera, Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, André Cluytens - (EMI Classics)
 1962: Ivan Petrov (Boris), Vladimir Ivanovsky (Grigory), Irina Arkhipova (Marina), Mark Reshetin (Pimen); Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra, Alexander Melik-Pasheyev - (Melodiya)
 1963: George London (Boris), Vladimir Ivanovsky (Grigory), Irina Arkhipova (Marina), Mark Reshetin (Pimen); Bolshoi Theatre Chorus and Orchestra, Alexander Melik-Pasheyev - (Sony)
 1970: Nicolai Ghiaurov (Boris), Ludovic Spiess (Grigory), Galina Vishnevskaya (Marina), Martti Talvela (Pimen); Wiener Sängerknaben, Sofia Radio Chorus, Wiener Staatsopernchor, Wiener Philharmoniker, Herbert von Karajan - (Decca)

Related pages
Boris Godunov
pretender

References
Notes

Sources
Brown,D."Musorgsky: His Life and Works, The Master Musicians, Oxford 2002;
The New Kobbe's Opera book, ed The Earl of Harewood and Antony Peattie; Ebury Press

Other websites
 Archiv.recording "Scene an inn" from "Boris" (1947, Lenradio, cond.E.Grikurov, P.Zhuravlenko-Varlaam)

Category:Operas
Category:Compositions by Modest Mussorgsky

Boris Godunov (opera)


Lake Blanche is a large salt lake in the north east corner of South Australia. It is normally dry, but can be filled by local flooding or when the Strzelecki Creek flows into it. It covers an area of about . When Lake Blanche was first seen by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1840, he believed it was part of a large horse shoe shaped lake at the end of the Flinders Ranges. This lake stopped the explorers from being able to travel any further to the north. When Charles Sturt visited the lake shore in 1845 he also thought it was part of a larger lake. In 1858 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory was the first European to find a path between Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonna. Lake Blanche was named after the wife of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell. The area near the lake had been called Blanchewater Plains by explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage in 1856. In August 1857, Captain Freeling attempted to explore the flooded lake by boat. The water was not deep enough to float the boat, and even after walking more than  into the lake it was still only ankle deep.

The area around Lake Blanche is now being explored for development of a uranium mine.

References

Category:Lakes of South Australia

Lake Blanche


Cyprus national football team is the national football team of Cyprus.

Most appearances

Top scorers

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Cyprus

Cyprus national football team


Saint-Martin is a municipality of the district Veveyse in canton of Fribourg, in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2004 by the former municipalities of Besencens and Fiaugères merged to form Saint-Martin.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Municipalities of Fribourg

Saint-Martin, Fribourg


Pierre Laurent Renoudet (born June 9, 1935), better known as Peter Renaday, is an American actor. He was born in New Iberia, Louisiana.

Renaday was known for his roles in The Batman Superman Movie: World's Finest, The Lion King II: Simba's Pride, Antz (1998), The Odd Couple II (1998), Mulan (1998), The Prince of Egypt (1998), Ringmaster (1998), Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost (1999), The Road to El Dorado (2000), Shrek (2001), Madagascar (2005) and The Princess and the Frog (2009).

References

Other websites
 Peter Renaday at Behind the Voice Actors

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Peter Renaday


63 Building is a skyscraper on Yeouido (island) in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul in South Korea. Despite its name, it actually has 66 floors – 63 floors above ground and 3 floors underground. Construction started in February 1980, and was completed in May 1985. At that time, the name of the building was “Daehanlife 63 Building”, but the name of this has changed to “63 City.” It was the highest building in Asia at the moment of being built. It is now the 5th highest building in even Korea – the highest building in Korea is Northeast Asia Trade Tower in Incheon. But from now on, 63 Building is known as the most famous landmark in Korea.

Before it was built, South Korea was in the period of development. Therefore, it was decided to build the highest building in Asia to beat Sunshine 60 in Tokyo, Japan. There were also no buildings which were higher that 31 floors in South Korea. The process of building was chosen very fast.

63 building is actually a building for Hanhwa Group but it also has some cultural areas for visitors. Except for the top 3 floors, visitors can enjoy all of the building. There is an aquarium named “63 Sea World”, IMAX theater, and observatory with museum named “63 Sky-art.” There are also many areas like food courts and restaurants.

63 Sea World was opened at July 27th, 1985, and has over 400 species and 20,000 marine lives in there. It also has a coelcanth and oarfish. The theater in 63 Building is the first IMAX theater in Korea. The “63 Buffet Pavilion” is known as one of the greatest restaurants in Seoul.

There are six elevators which were made by Mitsubishi in 63 Building, and their speed is about 540 meters per minute. It is the fastest elevator in Korea. For subway, there are two stations, Noryangjin station in Line 1 and Line 9.

Other websites
Official English-language website

Category:Skyscrapers
Category:Buildings and structures in Seoul

63 Building


Viktor Vasilyevich Gorbatko (; December 3, 1934 – May 17, 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut who flew on the Soyuz 7, Soyuz 24, and Soyuz 37 missions. He was awarded twice for the Hero of the Soviet Union and Order of Lenin. He was born in Ventsy-Zarya, Azov-Black Sea Krai.

Gorbatko died of stomach cancer at his home in Moscow on May 17, 2017 at the age of 82.

References

Other websites

 The official website of the city administration Baikonur - Honorary citizens of Baikonur

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Viktor Gorbatko


is an adventure video game that Capcom released for the Nintendo DS game console. It is a spin-off of the Ace Attorney games starring Miles Edgeworth and Dick Gumshoe, two main characters in the series.

Gameplay
Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth plays differently from the other games. The games in the Ace Attorney series are courtroom dramas, but Ace Attorney Investigations: Miles Edgeworth focuses on pointing and clicking around the area, moving Edgeworth around the crime scenes to find evidence.

Development
When it was being developed, it was called NEW Gyakuten NOT Saiban because it used the same setting and characters, but different gameplay. It is being directed by Tsuyoshi Yamazaki instead of Shu Takumi, who directed the other games were. By April 2008, they said that the game was 40% complete.

References

Other websites
 Gyakuten Kenji's official web site

Category:Ace Attorney
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Category:Nintendo DS games


The Sound of Music Live! was a live television production of the musical The Sound of Music. It was telecast on NBC Thursday evening December 5, 2013 between 8 and 11 p.m. ET.

Characters
The production starred Carrie Underwood as Maria von Trapp. Others in the cast included Stephen Moyer as Georg von Trapp, Audra McDonald as Mother Abbess, Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader, and Christian Borle as Max Detweiler.

Background
The production was based on the original 1959 Broadway musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, rather than the 1965 movie adaptation starring Julie Andrews.

Reviews
Critics said that Underwood sang well, but she received poor reviews for her acting. The New York Times wrote that Underwood's "bloodless performance put a damper on the night" and described her as "sleepwalking". The greatest praise was given to Laura Benanti as Elsa Schrader who was said to have "had all the sparkle and mischief that Ms. Underwood, as Maria, lacked." The Times closed their review with, "It was a live performance of a legendary musical that felt muted and a little sad."

References

Category:Musicals
Category:Television programs
Category:2013 in the United States

The Sound of Music Live


Carole Landis (January 1, 1919 – July 5, 1948) was an American actress. She acted mostly in movies. Her movies include Fly Away Baby and Broadway Melody of 1938. She was born in Fairchild, Wisconsin. Landis later committed suicide by overdose of drugs.

References

Category:Actors from Wisconsin
Category:1919 births
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Carole Landis


Kuntaur is one of eight Local Government Areas in the Gambia.

The town of Kuntaur is the last inland port for large ships. It had about 3,000 people living there in 2013.

Category:Local Government Areas of the Gambia
Category:Cities in the Gambia

Kuntaur (Gambia)


Beaver Dam is a city in Dodge County, Wisconsin, United States, along Beaver Dam Lake and the Beaver Dam River. The population was 16,214 at the 2010 census, making it the largest city in Dodge County.

References

Category:Cities in Wisconsin

Beaver Dam, Wisconsin


The Harlem Shake is an Internet meme that became popular in February 2013. It started with a video by a YouTube user named Filthy Frank. The trend spread with people trying to replicate the video. The videos feature the song Harlem Shake by electronic musician Baauer, and a dance. Normally, each video begins with one person (often wearing a mask) dancing to the song alone, surrounded by other people who seem to be unaware of the person dancing. When the bass drops, the entire crowd starts doing the dance. The video tends to be 30 seconds long.

Several reports have compared the Harlem shake to the Gangnam Style meme that was popular during 2012.

References

Other websites

 YouTube: Here's How 'Harlem Shake' Went Viral, Mashable

Category:Internet memes
Category:Dances

de:Harlem Shake

Harlem Shake