Body Count are an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California.

The band was formed in 1990 by rapper Ice-T and some of his friends. They released their self-titled debut album, Body Count, on March 31, 1992. The album featured the controversial song "Cop Killer".

Band member Beatmaster V died in died of leukemia in 1996, Mooseman was killed in a drive-by shooting in 2001 and D-Roc the Executioner died in 2004 from lymphoma.

Cop Killer controversy
Their debut album featured the controversial song "Cop Killer" which received negative reactions from political figures like then-President George H.W. Bush, then-Vice President Dan Quayle and Tipper Gore, co-founder of Parents Music Resource Center. Ice-T decided to re-release the album with the song "Cop Killer" on it saying "I didn't want my band to get pigeon-holed as that's the only reason that record sold. It just got outta hand and I was just tired of hearing it. I said, 'fuck it,' I mean they're saying we did it for money, and we didn't. I'd gave the record away, ya know, let's move on, let's get back to real issues, not a record but the cops that are out there killing people."

Band members
Current
Ice-T – vocals (1990—present)
Ernie C – lead guitar (1990—present)
O.T. – drums (1997—present)
Vincent Price – bass (2001—present)
Bendrix – rhythm guitar (2004—present)

Former
Beatmaster V – drums (1990—1996)
Mooseman – bass (1990—2001)
D-Roc the Executioner – rhythm guitar (1990—2004)
Griz – bass (2001)

Discography

Studio albums
Body Count (1992)
Born Dead (1994)
Violent Demise: The Last Days (1997)
Murder 4 Hire (2006)
Manslaughter (June 9, 2014)

References

Other websites

Official website

Category:1990 establishments in the United States
Category:1990s American music groups
Category:2000s American music groups
Category:2010s American music groups
Category:Musical groups from Los Angeles, California
Category:Speed metal bands
Category:Thrash metal bands

Body Count


Thnks fr th Mmrs is a 2007 song by Fall Out Boy. It is the second single from Infinity on High, the band's fourth album. It was released on March 27, 2007 in the United States. The title is short for "Thanks for the Memories". It has been certified Gold by RIAA. It was used by Network Ten in Australia to promote the 2007 AFL Finals Series.

Category:2007 songs
Category:Fall Out Boy songs

Thnks fr th Mmrs


The E.N.D (an abbreviation of The Energy Never Dies) is the fifth studio album by American hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas. It was released on June 3, 2009. The album's music was different to the groups previous sound as it was a bit more "futuristic" sounding and was heavily rooted in dance music.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Weekly charts

Certifications

Year-end charts

Chart procession and succession

|-

|-

|-

|-

References

Category:The Black Eyed Peas albums
Category:2009 albums
Category:Hip hop albums
Category:Dance albums

The E.N.D.


Primates are a group of mammals that contains all lemurs, monkeys and apes including humans.

There are about 400 species of primates. All primates are similar to humans in some ways, but language is an important difference. Primates have hands with five fingers and flat fingernails (most other animals have claws). Primates are split into two groups: Strepsirrhini and Haplorhini. Haplorrhini includes monkeys, tarsiers and apes including humans. Strepsirrhini includes lemurs, lorises, galagos (also called bush babies) and the Aye-Aye.

Primates are one of the few eutherian groups which re-evolved full colour vision.

Classification
Order Primates
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Lemurs
Lorises
Suborder Haplorhini
Tarsiers
Platyrrhini: New World monkeys
Catarrhini:
 Old World monkeys
 Apes and humans

Clade

Related pages

Category:Primates

Primate


Trojany is a village in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. It has about 490 inhabitants.

Category:Towns in Poland

Trojany (Masovian Voivodeship)


The Hermitage cats are a group of cats living in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The museum has a secretary for the news media about the cats. Three people take care of their daily needs.

The cats live in the museum's basement. In the summer, they also go along the river bank and on the plaza. Cats have been guarding the museum for more than 200 years, since the Tsars ruled Russia. In earlier times, they roamed freely through all the museum galleries.

In 2010, Maria Haltunen ("Khaltunin" in Russia), who directs the museum's cat program, said that there were 60 cats on the museum grounds. The museum staff joked that officially the museum is only supposed to have 50 cats.

In May 2013, the count had grown to 74 cats, of both sexes, Haltunen said. (All have been "fixed" so they can't have kittens).  There are kitchens for cooking their food ("they all have different preferences"), and even a small hospital.

Donations, charity gifts and sponsorship from a cat food company pay for the care of the cats.

History
The cats have been in the museum, that was once a palace, since the 18th century. In 1774, Empress Elizabeth of Russia gave an order for cats to come live in the palace to control the mice population. James Rodgers of the BBC said it is thought that the cats first came from Kazan, a city known for having cats good at catching mice. The cats stayed in St. Petersburg except during World War II, when the existing cat population was killed. After the war, a new group of cats was brought in because the rat population had increased.

In the 1990s Haltunen began a program to actively take care of the cats. Before this, they had lived in poor conditions.

Beginning in 2007, the museum adopts cats needing homes. The cats are an attraction for tourists.

In 2011, the museum began a "Catfest", a celebration of its cat population. "Catfest" has cat painting contests and games for children.

References

Other websites
 Hermitage Cats

Category:Art museums
Category:Cats
Category:Saint Petersburg
Category:History of Russia

Hermitage cats


Rachael Ann MacFarlane (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress best known for her voice roles in Codename: Kids Next Door as supreme leader Numbuh 362, The Powerpuff Girls voicing various characters and Blossom in outside of media series, and the FOX television animated series Family Guy and American Dad!, both created by her brother Seth MacFarlane. She was born in Kent, Connecticut. She has been married to Spencer Laudiero since 2008. They have two daughters.

Other websites

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:American video game actors
Category:Actors from Connecticut

Rachael MacFarlane


A ship is a large vehicle used to travel on water. It is bigger than a boat. Most are cargo ships, which carry most of the world's international trade. There are also many warships, passenger ships and other kinds for different purposes.

History

Early ships
The first ships used oars or the wind (or both) to make them move.

From about 4000 BC the Ancient Egyptians were making wooden sail boats. By 1200 BC the Phoenicians and Greeks had begun to make bigger sailing ships which were about 30 metres (100 feet) long and could carry 90180 tonnes of cargo. The Romans made even bigger ships which could carry up to 1,000 people and 1,000 tonnes of cargo. The 8th century saw the rise of the Vikings, who were famous for their "longships" and which were mainly used for raiding other countries, but also for trading. The longships had flat bottoms so they could move in shallow (not deep) rivers.

Age of sail
Sailing ships were used for thousands of years, but they were very important from the Age of Discovery to the 19th century. The Chinese admiral Zheng He commanded a fleet of large 'treasure ships' on seven voyages all over Asia up to East-Africa in the early fifteenth century. The most successful and largest fleet in the 17th century was the Dutch fleet (see the Netherlands). For trade and transport the Dutch often used a particular kind of trading ship, called a flute (fluyt in Dutch). Transport of people and cargo on sailing ships became rare in the early 20th century.

Some famous ships from this era include:
 Niña, Pinta, Santa Maria - Christopher Columbus' ships
 The Mayflower - The ship that carried the Pilgrims to Massachusetts
 Queen Anne's Revenge - The pirate Blackbeard's ship
 HMS Bounty - Captain Bligh's ship. Site of the most famous mutiny of all time
 USS Constitution - The most powerful ship in the early United States Navy
 HMS Victory - Admiral Horatio Nelson's flagship at the Battle of Trafalgar

The age of steam
In the 19th century, steamboats became commonplace.

At one time, the steamships Titanic, Olympic, and Britannic were the largest ships in the world, Titanic sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg, becoming one of the most famous shipwrecks of all time, the Olympic was Titanic 's nearly identical twin, and actually set sail before Titanic and was scrapped in the 1930s after a very successful career including her being a passenger liner and a warship in World War I. The Britannic was the largest of these three sister ships, and was supposed to be more grand and elegant than the Titanic, but before she set sail on her maiden voyage, WWI broke out and she was stripped of her elegant furniture and elaborate paneling and became a hospital ship. During her term as a hospital ship, she was sunk by either a mine or torpedo, no one knows for sure. The Titanic lies at the bottom of the North Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Nova Scotia, and the Britannic lies in the Aegean Sea, off the coast of the Island of Kea.

Modern ships
After World War II ships with diesel engines became commonplace. Passenger airliners replaced passenger ships for long trips in the late 20th century. Cargo ships became much bigger. The main kinds are container ships for mostly manufactured goods, and bulk carriers including oil tankers.

Largest ship
The world's largest ship is the Prelude, owned by Shell. It is being built on Geoje Island, South Korea. It is 488m long and has the internal capacity greater than the total volume of four large aircraft carriers. What it will do is collect natural gas off the coast of Australia, and liquify it. When liquified, the hydrocarbon takes up 600 times less space than its gas. Smaller tankers will take the liquid gas to its buyers. The ship will do liquifying and temporary storage, which is usually done on land. Shell believes this justifies the cost of the ship.

The shipping yard builds all kinds of structures for the oil industry. It employs 30,000 workers.

Some names for parts of a ship

 Amidships - near the middle of the ship.
 Bow - the front of the ship.
 Stern - the back of the ship.
 Aft - in the direction of the stern.
 Astern - behind the ship.
 Starboard - the right side of the ship.
 Port - the left side of the ship.
 Bridge - the room in which the ship is controlled.
 Cabin - a room where a crew member lives.
 Decks - the floors.
 Galley - the kitchen.
 Hold - an area inside the ship used to carry goods.
 Hull - the main body of the ship.
 Keel - a beam running from stern to bow.
 Mast - a central pole on which sails are hung.
 Brig - Prison cells in the ship.

Some types of ships

 Bulk carrier - very large ship used for carrying very heavy cargo.
 Catamaran - a ship with two hulls.
 Cruise ship - a large passenger ship that takes people on holiday or vacations.
 Ferry - a passenger ship which often carries vehicles as well as people.
 Supertanker - a very large ship usually used for carrying oil.
 Warship
 Aircraft carrier - a warship which carries aircraft
 Battleship - a large warship
 PT boat- a small warship
 Submarine - an underwater boat

References

Category:Basic English 850 words

Category:Navigation

Ship


Events

Up to 1900
 211 – Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies, leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons, Caracalla and Geta.
 960 - Song Taizu, founder of the Song Dynasty in China, comes to power in a coup.
 1169 - Mount Etna on Sicily erupts. It is known exactly how many people were killed.
 1454 – In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederacy sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.
 1546 - The Siege of Pskov in the Livland War ends with the last Polish-Lithuanian forces leaving the city.
 1703 – The day that forty-six of the forty-seven ronin committed sepuku.
 1783 – American Revolutionary War: The United Kingdom formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.
 1789 – George Washington is unanimously elected to be the first President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
 1792 – George Washington is unanimously elected to a second term as President of the United States by the U.S. Electoral College.
 1794 – The French legislature abolishes slavery throughout all territories of the French Republic.
 1797 - An earthquake in Riobamba, Ecuador, kills up to 40,000 people.
 1801 – John Marshall is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States.
 1810 – The British Navy seizes Guadeloupe.
 1820 - The Chilean Navy completes the 2-day long capture of Valdivia, with just 300 men and 2 ships.
 1825 - A flood along North Sea coasts kills around 800 people.
 1846 - The first Mormon pioneers leave Nauvoo, Illinois, westward to what later became Salt Lake City.
 1859 – Codex Sinaiticus discovered in Egypt.
 1861 – American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama the Confederate States of America is formed by delegates from six break-away United States.
 1862 – Bacardi, one of the world's largest spirits company, was founded as a small distillery in Santiago de Cuba in eastern Cuba.
 1897 - Germany's first-known ice hockey game takes place in Berlin.
 1899 – The Philippine-American War begins.
 1899 - The German football club Werder Bremen is founded.

1901  1950
 1915 – Germany establishes a submarine blockade around the UK and declares any vessel in it a legitimate target.
 1927 – The first talkie is released – The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson.
 1932 – World War II: Japan occupies Harbin, China.
 1932 – 1932 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.
 1932 – Asteroid 1239 Queteleta discovered by Eugène Joseph Delporte.
 1934 – Asteroid 2824 Franke discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth.
 1936 – Radium E. becomes the first radioactive element to be made synthetically.
 1938 – Thornton Wilder's play Our Town opens (New York City).
 1938 – Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released, and it went on to become a major box-office success, making more money than any other movie in 1938.
 1941 – World War II: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.
 1943 – Battle of Stalingrad ends.
 1945 – World War II: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin begin the Yalta Conference.
 1948 – Ceylon (later renamed Sri Lanka) becomes independent within the British Commonwealth.

1951  2000
 1957 – USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, logged her 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional Nautilus described in Jules Verne's novel "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea".
 1960 – Lorraine, Quebec is founded.
 1962 – Ian Fleming's The Living Daylights first published.
 1966 – All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 jet plunges into Tokyo Bay killing 133.
 1967 - Lunar Orbiter 3 launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida.
 1968 – Bowie Kuhn becomes the fifth commissioner of Major League Baseball, replacing William Eckert.
 1969 – Yasser Arafat takes over as chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
 1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army kidnaps Patty Hearst in Berkeley, California.
 1975 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake occurs in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.
 1976 – In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.
 1976 – 1976 Winter Olympics open in Innsbruck, Austria.
 1977 – Fleetwood Mac releases one of the biggest-selling albums of all time, Rumours.
 1980 – Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.
 1991 – The Baseball Hall of Fame votes to ban Pete Rose.
 1992 - Future-President Hugo Chávez leads a failed coup in Venezuela against Carlos Andres Perez.
 1996 – A major snowstorm paralyzes the Midwestern United States. Milwaukee, Wisconsin ties its all-time record low temperature at −26 °F. (−32 °C)
 1997 – O. J. Simpson is found to be civilly liable for the deaths of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
 1997 – En route to Lebanon, two Israeli Sikorsky CH-53 troop-transport helicopters collide in mid-air over northern Galilee, Israel killing 73.
 1997 – After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.
 1998 – An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter Scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000.
 1999 – Unarmed West African immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by four plainclothes New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race-relations in the city.
 2000 – USS Iwo Jima (LHD-7) launched.
 2000 – German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion in connection with sabotage of German railway lines.

From 2001
 2002 - The charity Cancer Research UK is founded.
 2003 - The Hindu minority of Bangladesh declares the independence of Bangabhumi.
 2003 – The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is officially renamed to Serbia and Montenegro and adopts a new constitution.
 2004 - The social networking site Facebook is founded by Mark Zuckerberg.
 2006 - A stampede at the ULTRA Stadium in Manila kills 71 people.
 2007 – Super Bowl XLI takes place from Dolphins Stadium in Miami, Florida, USA.
 2013 - It is announced that the remains dug up in a car park in Leicester are those of King Richard III of England.
 2014 - The Scottish Parliament approves the legalization of same-sex marriage in Scotland, after England and Wales had also legalized it, in 2013.
 2015 - TransAsia Airways Flight 235 crashes shortly after take-off from Taipei, Taiwan, killing 31 people.
 2018 - American football: The Philadelphia Eagles win the Super Bowl for the first time, defeating the New England Patriots.

Births

Up to 1900
 1483 - Ridolfo Ghirlandaio, Italian painter (d. 1561)
 1505 - Nicolaus Rey, Polish poet (d. 1580)
 1620 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (d. 1667)
 1639 - Alessandro Melani, Italian composer (d. 1703)
 1646 – Hans Erasmus Assmann, Freiherr von Abschatz, German statesman and poet (d. 1699)
 1676 - Giacomo Focco, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1753)
 1677 – Johann Ludwig Bach, German composer (d. 1731)
 1740 - Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet and composer (d. 1795)
 1746 – Tadeusz Kosciuszko, Polish general and national hero of Poland and Lithuania (d. 1817)
 1808 – Josef Kajetan Tyl, Czech playwright (d. 1856)
 1811 – Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, French organist (d. 1899)
 1831 - Oliver Ames, 35th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1895)
 1840 - Hiram Stevens Maxim, American inventor (d. 1916)
 1846 - Nikolay Umov, Russian physicist (d. 1915)
 1848 - Jean Aicard, French poet, author and playwright (d. 1921)
 1849 - Jean Richepin, French poet (d. 1926)
 1860 - Jackson Showalter, American chess player (d. 1935)
 1868 - Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz, Irish political activist (d. 1927)
 1871 – Friedrich Ebert, President of Germany (d. 1925)
 1872 – Gotse Delchev, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1903)
 1873 - Mikhail Prishkin, Soviet-Russian writer (d. 1954)
 1875 – Ludwig Prandtl, German physicist (d. 1953)
 1881 - Yakov Protazanov, Soviet-Russian movie director (d. 1945)
 1881 - Kliment Voroshilov, Soviet-Russian politician (d. 1969)
 1881 - Fernand Léger, French artist (d. 1955)
 1881 - Eulalio Gutiérrez, Interim President of Mexico (d. 1939)
 1882 - Princess Louise of Orléans (d. 1958)
 1883 - Jakob Sildnik, Estonian photographer and movie maker (d. 1973)
 1891 - M. A. Ayyangar, Indian politician, Speaker of the Lok Sabha (d. 1978)
 1892 - Andreu Nin, Catalan politician (d. 1937)
 1893 - Raymond Dart, Australian scientist (d. 1988)
 1895 – Nigel Bruce, English actor (d. 1953)
 1896 – Friedrich Hund, German physicist (d. 1997)
 1897 – Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977)
 1897 – Emperor Iyasu V of Ethiopia (d. 1935)
 1900 – Jacques Prévert, French poet (d. 1977)

1901  1925
 1902 – Charles Lindbergh, American pilot (d. 1974)
 1902 – Hartley Shawcross, British lawyer and politician (d. 2003)
 1904 - Deng Yingchao, wife of Chinese leader Zhou Enlai (d. 1992)
 1904 - MacKinlay Kantor, American writer (d. 1977)
 1906 – Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German theologian (d. 1945)
 1906 - Sabine Bonhoeffer, twin sister of Dietrich Bonhoeffer (d. 1999)
 1906 – Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997)
 1906 - Colette Darfeuil, French actress (d. 1998)
 1907 - Otto Ohlendorf, German SS group leader and war criminal (d. 1951)
 1912 – Byron Nelson, American golfer (d. 2006)
 1912 - Louis-Albert Vachon, Canadian archbishop (d. 2006)
 1913 – Rosa Parks, American Civil Rights activist (d. 2005)
 1915 – Norman Wisdom, British actor and comedian (d. 2010)
 1917 – Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, Last President of United Pakistan (d. 1980)
 1918 – Ida Lupino, English actress and movie director (d. 1996)
 1920 - Morton Deutsch, American social psychologist (d. 2017)
 1920 - Janet Waldo, American actress (d. 2016)
 1921 - Lotfi A. Zadeh, Soviet-born mathematician and computer scientist (d. 2017)
 1921 – Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist and writer (d. 2006)
 1922 – Bhimsen Joshi, Indian singer and musician (d. 2011)
 1923 - Conrad Bain, Canadian-American actor (d. 2013)
 1923 - Bonar Bain, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
 1923 - Belisario Betancur, 53rd President of Colombia
 1925 - Jutta Hipp, German-American jazz pianist, composer and painter (d. 2003)
 1925 - Christopher Zeeman, British mathematician (d. 2016)

1926  1950
 1926 – Gyula Grosics, Hungarian footballer (d. 2014)
 1927 - Horst Ehmke, German politician (d. 2017)
 1927 - John Martinkovic, American football player (d. 2018)
 1928 – Kim Yong-nam, North Korean politician
 1929 – Jerry Adler, American actor
 1929 – Eduard Zimmermann, German journalist and television presenter (d. 2009)
 1930 - Arthur E. Chase, American businessman and politician (d. 2015)
 1930 - Jim Loscutoff, American basketball player (d. 2015)
 1931 – Isabel Perón, former President of Argentina
 1932 - Gerhard Hund, German chess player, son of Friedrich Hund
 1935 - Martti Talvela, Finnish bass (d. 1989)
 1936 - David Brenner, American comedian, actor and author (d. 2014)
 1936 – Gary Conway, American actor
 1938 - Donald W. Riegle, Jr., United States Senator
 1940 - George A. Romero, American movie director (d. 2017)
 1941 - Jiri Raska, Czech ski jumper (d. 2012)
 1941 – John Steel, British musician
 1943 - Wanda Rutkiewicz, Polish mountaineer (d. 1989)
 1943 – Ken Thompson, American computer scientist
 1945 - Tony Haygarth, English actor (d. 2017)
 1947 - Dennis C. Blair, American admiral, 3rd Director of Central Intelligence
 1947 – Dan Quayle, 44th Vice President of the United States
 1948 – Alice Cooper, American musician
 1948 – Ram Baran Yadav, 1st President of Nepal

1951  1975
 1951 - Patrick Bergin, Irish actor
 1952 – Jenny Shipley, 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand
 1953 - Kitaro, Japanese composer
 1954 - Andrei Karlov, Russian diplomat (d. 2016)
 1955 – Mikulas Dzurinda, former Prime Minister of Slovakia
 1960 - Mark Dawson, English-American talent manager and producer
 1962 – Clint Black, American musician
 1962 - John Gordon Sinclair, Scottish actor
 1962 - Stephen Hammond, English politician
 1963 - Pirmin Zurbriggen, Swiss skier
 1964 – Noodles, American guitarist
 1966 - Viatcheslav Ekimov, Russian cyclist
 1967 - Sergei Grinkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1995)
 1969 - Dallas Drake, Canadian ice hockey player
 1970 - Gabrielle Anwar, English actress
 1971 - Eric Garcetti, 42nd Mayor of Los Angeles, California
 1971 - Rob Corddry, American actor, director and producer
 1972 – Giovanni Silva de Oliveira, Brazilian footballer
 1972 – Dara Ó Briain, Irish comedian
 1973 – Oscar de la Hoya, Mexican-American boxer
 1974 - Mijntje Denners, Dutch field hockey player
 1975 – Natalie Imbruglia, Australian singer and actress
 1975 – Vittorio Arrigoni, Italian activist (d. 2011)

From 1976
 1976 – Cam'ron, American rapper and actor
 1977 – Gavin DeGraw, American singer
 1979 – Andrei Arlovski, Belarussian mixed martial artist and actor
 1980 – Raimonds Vaikulis, Latvian basketball player
 1981 – Jason Kapono, American basketball player
 1982 – Ivars Timermanis, Latvian basketball player
 1982 – Kimberly Wyatt, American singer (Pussycat Dolls)
 1982 – Chris Sabin, American professional wrestler
 1983 – Miguel Garcia, Portuguese footballer
 1983 – Lee Stempniak, American ice hockey player
 1984 – Mauricio Pinilla, Chilean footballer
 1985 – Bug Hall, American actor
 1986 – Asif Ali, Indian actor
 1987 – Darren O'Dea, Irish footballer
 1987 – Lucie Safarova, Czech tennis player
 1988 – Jeff Horn, Australian professional boxer
 1988 – Carly Patterson, American gymnast
 1989 – Shogo Suzuki, Japanese actor and musician
 1990 – Haruka Tomatsu, Japanese voice actress and singer
 1991 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer

Deaths

Up to 1900
 211 – Septimius Severus, Emperor of Rome (born 146)
 708 – Pope Sisinnius
 784 – Hrabanus Maurus, German poet
 856 – Rabanus Maurus, Bishop of Mainz
 869 – Saint Cyril, after whom the Cyrillic alphabet is named (born 827)
 1161 - King Inge I of Norway (b. 1135)
 1615 - Giovanni Battista della Porta, Italian polymath (born 1535)
 1694 - Natalya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, Tsaritsa of Russia (born 1651)
 1713 – Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (born 1671)
 1774 - Charles Marie de La Condamine, French mathematician and geographer (born 1701)
 1781 – Josef Myslivecek, composer (born 1737)
 1843 - Theodoros Kolokotronis, Greek general (born 1770)
 1894 – Adolphe Sax, Belgian instrument maker, inventor of the saxophone (born 1814)

1901  2000
 1905 – Louis-Ernest Barrias, French sculptor (born 1841)
 1928 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate (born 1853)
 1928 - Manche Masemola, South African girl and Christian martyr (born 1913)
 1933 – Archibald Sayce, educator (born 1846)
 1935 - J. Henry Birtles, English rugby player (born 1874)
 1936 – Wilhelm Gustloff, German leader of the Swiss Nazi party (born 1895)
 1941 - Louis Lincoln Emmerson, 27th Governor of Illinois (born 1863)
 1943 - Frank Calder, first NHL President (born 1877)
 1944 – Yvette Guilbert, French singer and actress (born 1867)
 1953 - Antonio Conte, Italian fencer (born 1867)
 1956 - Savielly Tartakower, Polish chess player (born 1887)
 1958 – Henry Kuttner, science fiction writer (born 1915)
 1967 - Albert Orsborn, 6th General of the Salvation Army (born 1886)
 1968 – Neal Cassady, writer (born 1926)
 1968 – Gilbert H. Grosvenor, President of the National Geographic Society (born 1875)
 1969 – Thelma Ritter, actress (born 1905)
 1974 – Satyendra Nath Bose, Indian physicist (born 1894)
 1975 – Louis Jordan, musician (born 1908)
 1983 – Karen Carpenter, U.S. singer, musician (Carpenters) (born 1950)
 1984 – Anna Anderson, claimant to the throne of Russia (born 1896)
 1987 – Liberace, American musician (born 1919)
 1987 – Carl Rogers, psychologist (born 1902)
 1992 - Lisa Fonssagrives, Swedish model (born 1911)
 1995 – Godfrey Brown, athlete and teacher (born 1915)
 1995 – Patricia Highsmith, American writer (born 1921)
 1999 – Amadou Bailo Diallo, shot by New York City police (born 1975)
 2000 – Doris Coley, singer, member of the Shirelles (born 1941)
 2000 – Carl Albert, former Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (born 1908)

From 2001
 2001 – Iannis Xenakis, Greek-French composer (born 1922)
 2001 – J. J. Johnson, jazz trombonist and jazz composer (born 1924)
 2002 - Agatha Barbara, Maltese politician (born 1923)
 2002 - George Nader, American actor (born 1921)
 2005 – Ossie Davis, American actor (born 1917)
 2006 - Betty Friedan, American feminist, activist and writer (born 1921)
 2007 - Barbara McNair, American singer and actress (born 1934)
 2008 - Stefan Meller, Polish politician (born 1942)
 2009 - Lux Interior, American musician (born 1946)
 2011 - Lena Nyman, Swedish actress (born 1944)
 2011 - Martial Celestin, Haitian lawyer, diplomat and politician (born 1913)
 2012 - Mike deGruy, American documentary movie maker (born 1951)
 2012 - Andrew Wight, Australian screenwriter and producer (born 1960)
 2012 - Florence Green, British supercentenarian and last-surviving World War I service veteran (born 1901)
 2013 - Reg Presley, English singer-songwriter (born 1941)
 2013 - Essie Mae Washington-Williams, American educator (born 1925)
 2014 - Wu Ma, Chinese-Hong Kong actor and director (born 1942)
 2014 - Keith Allen, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1923)
 2015 - Sajida Mubarak Atrous al-Rishawi, Iraqi terrorist (born 1970)
 2015 - Eduardo Laborde, Argentine rugby player (born 1967)
 2015 - Fitzhugh L. Fulton, American NASA research pilot (born 1925)
 2015 - Wes Cooley, American politician (born 1932)
 2016 - Maurice White, American singer (born 1941)
 2016 - Marlow Cook, American politician (born 1926)
 2016 - Edgar Whitcomb, American politician, 43rd Governor of Indiana (born 1917)
 2016 - Axl Rotten, American professional wrestler (born 1971)
 2016 - Dave Mirra, American BMX rider (born 1974)
 2016 - Edgar Mitchell, American astronaut (born 1930)
 2017 - Basil Hetzel, Australian medical researcher (born 1922)
 2017 - Bano Qudsia, Pakistani writer (born 1928)
 2017 - Georgi Taratorkin, Russian actor (born 1945)
 2017 - Hans van der Hoek, Dutch footballer (born 1933)
 2017 - John Howes, American professor of Asian Studies (born 1924)
 2017 - Steve Lang, Canadian rock musician (born 1949)
 2017 - Marc Spitz, American writer (born 1969)
 2018 - Alan Baker, English mathematician (born 1939)
 2018 - Martin Grüner, German politician (born 1929)
 2018 - Edwin Jackson, American football player (born 1991)
 2018 - John Mahoney, British-American actor (born 1940)
 2018 - Séamus Pattison, Irish politician (born 1936)
 2018 - Wojciech Pokora, Polish actor (born 1934)

Observances
 Independence Day (Sri Lanka)
 Rosa Parks Day (United States)
 Day of the Armed Struggle (Angola)
 World Cancer Day

February 04

February 4


Le Veurdre is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Allier

Le Veurdre


Raw milk is milk which is not pasteurized. Raw milk was consumed before the invention of pasteurizing in 1864. Medical groups strongly recommend against eating or drinking raw milk. In Asia, rules and laws about raw milk are rarely enforced; in most of the European Union raw milk products are legal; in France raw milk and its products are legal and essential as high quality food. Around the United States, however, there are restrictions and warnings about raw milk and its products.

Category:Milk

Raw milk


Opto-isolator is an electronic component that can be used for galvanic isolation. It uses light for separating two circuits from each other.

Category:Electronic components

Opto-isolator


Prairie View A&M University is a public university in Prairie View, Texas, United States.  It has about 8,000 students enrolled and it was founded in 1876.  It is an historically African-American school with ties to Texas A&M University, though any person of any race may attend.

References

Other websites
Prairie View A&M University

Category:Colleges and universities in Texas
Category:1876 establishments in the United States
Category:1870s establishments in Texas

Prairie View A&M University


Frank Finley Ledford Jr. (April 22, 1934 – May 15, 2019) was an American orthopedic surgeon. He served as the 37th Surgeon General of the United States Army from 1988 to 1992. He reached the U.S. Army rank of lieutenant general. He also held positions as a clinical professor at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS). He was born in Jacksonville, Florida.

Ledford died after a short illness on May 15, 2019 in San Antonio, Texas. He was 85.

References

Category:1934 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:American generals
Category:American physicians
Category:Disease-related deaths in Texas
Category:Military people from Florida
Category:Scientists from Jacksonville, Florida

Frank F. Ledford Jr.


A pseudonym (soo-do-nim) or alias is a fake name a person uses instead of their real name. Many people use pseudonyms, including authors (pen names) and performers (stage names). People use pseudonyms for several different reasons: to hide identity, gender, and/or race. People (such as rappers) also use pseudonyms to match their stage personality better. Pseudonyms can include stage names, screen names, ring names, pen names, nicknames, aliases, superhero identities and code names.

Pseudonym comes from the Greek word  (pseudṓnymon), which means "false name".

Use and Examples of Pseudonyms
There are three main types of pseudonyms: pen names, stage names and user-names. Pen names are used by authors, usually to hide identity. Many famous books, such as The Outsiders and A Series of Unfortunate Events, have been written by authors using a pseudonym. Daniel Handler wrote A Series of Unfortunate Events under the pseudonym Lemony Snicket both because he wanted to make the author a character in the story and because he wanted to hide his real name. When she published The Outsiders, Susan Eloise Hinton decided to use her initials, S. E., instead of her first and middle names, because she did not want readers to guess her gender. The Brontë sisters (Anne, Emily and Charlotte) used pseudonyms to hide the fact that they based many of their characters on their neighbors.

Musicians, actors and performers also use pseudonyms, called stage names, both to hide their identity and to give themselves a "cooler" name. For example, rapper Sean Combs is currently known by Diddy, but used to call himself P Diddy and Puff Daddy. He says that he changed his name from P Diddy to Diddy because the name "caused confusion and he wanted to 'simplify things'."

Many people on the Internet use pseudonyms. There are many names for these pseudonyms, including user-names, user IDs and handles. These pseudonyms help people stay anonymous on the internet, and they also protect people from identity theft and phishing. When people log into an account on sites like Wikipedia, MySpace or Facebook, their user-name helps identify them without entering their real name. If people used their real name instead of a user-name, it would create confusion for two people with the same name. Usernames make this simple, because people create their own user-names. Also, if someone used their real name, it would make it easier for people to guess their passwords and for other people to find them in real life.

Sometimes criminals would use a pseudonym. For example, com man Jefferson R. Smith was also known as Soapy Smith.

Related pages
 Pen name
 Stage name

Reference

Pseudonym


Alliance '90/The Greens (German: Bündnis 90/Die Grünen), commonly referred to as (The) Greens, is a political party in Germany. It was formed in 1992 by the Western German party Die Grünen and the Eastern German Bündnis '90. Its main interests are ecology, civil rights, equality between men and women and the chances of immigrants in the German society. Their motto is now, for tomorrow.

History

Early years
In the 1970s, there were a lot of protests against nuclear power in Germany. The protesters had no support in the political parties in Germany. So they got the idea to found their own party.

This Party was founded under the Name Die Grünen in Karlsruhe on January 13th, 1980.

Since their aims were for civil rights and ecology, a lot of former Anti Vietnam War protesters joined the party.
The Greens were pacifists and strictly against nuclear weapons. They wanted to reach a de-militarized Europe.

Leaders
First chiefs of the party were Herbert Gruhl and Petra Kelly. After a short while some right-winged people left the party, so they became a left-winged party.

Influence
In the old GDR, a Green party was founded in 1989 and joined to the Western Greens in 1990. In 1993 the Bündnis 90 - a civil rights movement from the former GDR - and Die Grünen joined them.

In 1998 they joined the federal government under Gerhard Schröder together with the Social democrats.

Programme
The Greens are interested in ecology, so one of their main issues is saving the earth - especially the climate - without using nuclear power.

The second main issue of the Greens is gender mainstraming.

The third issue are the integration and the chances of immigrants in Germany.

In the foreign policy the Green changed their position in their first period in federal government. Before that time they wanted German soldiers only to allow peace keeping missions of the United Nations, many Greens wanted a de-militarized Germany. After their legislative period - with main influence of foreign secretary Fischer - they accepted to join international military missions e.g. in Afganisthan. But their main issue is to avoid conflicts by development policy and international cooperation. Main issues of foreign policy are international envoirementional and climate saving projects like the Kyoto protocoll, the development of the European Union and a reform of the international law like the installing of the International Crime Court in The Hague.

Prominent Green politicians

 Joschka Fischer, former foreign secretary and vice chancellor of Germany
 Petra Kelly, pacifist, first chairman of the Greens
 Jürgen Trittin, former environmental secretary of Germany
 Otto Schily, later SPD and home secretary of Germany
 Renate Künast, former secretary for agriculture of Germany
 Hans-Christian Ströbele, lawyer and former chairman of the Greens, only successful direct candidate of the Greens in the Bundestag
 Cem Ozdemir, co-chairman of the Alliance'90/The Greens party
 Winfried Kretschmann, current Minister President of Baden-Württemberg

Category:Alliance '90/The Greens

Alliance '90/The Greens


Wall Lake is a city in Iowa, in the United States.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Wall Lake, Iowa


Gron is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Yonne

Gron, Yonne


Monona County is a county located in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 9,243. The county seat is Onawa. It was founded in 1851 and named for an Indian word meaning "beautiful valley."

References

Category:1851 establishments in Iowa
Category:Iowa counties

Monona County, Iowa


Sir Godfrey Kneller, 1st Baronet (8 August 1646 – 19 October 1723) was the leading portrait painter in England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries.  He was court painter to English and British monarchs from Charles II to George I.

His major works include The Chinese Convert (1687); a series of four portraits of Isaac Newton; a series of ten reigning European monarchs, including King Louis XIV of France; over 40 "Kit-cat portraits" of members of the Kit-Cat Club; and ten "beauties" of the court of William III. The beauties series was to match a similar series of ten beauties of the court of Charles II. The earlier portraits were painted by court painter before him, Sir Peter Lely.

Selected works

References

Category:1646 births
Category:1723 deaths
Category:English painters
Category:People from Lübeck

Godfrey Kneller


Meijer is a chain of hypermarkets. There are Meijer stores in Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Indiana. Meijer sells other products as well as their own brands. The chain was ranked Number 13 on Forbes' 2011 list of "America's Largest Private Companies".

References

Category:Companies of the United States

Meijer


Kali is one of the goddesses in Hinduism and aspect of Durga. She is the goddess of creation, destruction, time and commonly presented as dark and violent. Various Shakta Hindu cosmologies, as well as Shakta Tantric beliefs, worship her as the ultimate reality or Brahman.
Kali is represented as the consort of Lord Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like Durga, Bhadrakali, Sati, Rudrani, Parvati and Chamunda. She is the foremost among the Dasa Mahavidyas, ten fierce Tantric goddesses.

Origin of the word "Kali"
The name Kali comes from kāla (meaning black, time, death, lord of death, Shiva). Kālī is the feminine of kāla ("black, dark coloured"). Kāla primarily means "black," but also means "time." Kālī means "the black one" and also "time", "beyond time" and "power of time". Since Shiva is called Kāla - the eternal time, Kālī, his consort, also means "the Time" or "Controller of Time". Hence, Kali is considered the goddess of time and change.
She has many names like Kālarātri ("black night"), Kālikā ("relating to time"), or Bhadrakali ("a gentle form of Kali").

References
 Encyclopedia International, by Grolier Incorporated Copyright in Canada 1974. AE5.E447 1974 031 73-11206  page 95

Category:Hindu gods and goddesses

Kali


Jean-Louis Pierre Tauran (; 5 April 1943 – 5 July 2018) was a French cardinal of the Catholic Church. At his death he had been president of the Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue since 2007.

He was made a cardinal in 2003 and was the Cardinal Protodeacon from 2011 to 2014. He was the Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church since 20 December 2014 until his death.

Tauran died on 5 July 2018 from complications of Parkinson's disease in Hartford, Connecticut at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
Catholic-Hierarchy
Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
Catholic-pages.com
Al Jazeera interview

Category:1943 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease
Category:Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
Category:Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church
Category:French Roman Catholics

Jean-Louis Tauran


the schizocarp is a large, hard object that origionated from south east Oregano

Category:Fruits
Category:Plant anatomy

Schizocarp


A tea bag is a small bag of tea leaves. It is put in a cup with boiling water to turn it into tea. They can be made of paper or silk. A tea bag is often removed with a teaspoon, some have a string to remove it.

Category:Tea

Tea bag


Benoît Assou-Ekotto (born 24 March 1984) is a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and Cameroon national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="3"|Lens||rowspan="3"|Ligue 1||3||0||||||||||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2004/05||29||0||||||||||colspan="2"|-||29||0
|-
|2005/06||34||0||||||||||7||0||41||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="4"|Premier League||16||0||1||0||3||0||5||0||25||0
|-
|2007/08||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2008/09||29||0||1||0||4||0||2||0||36||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
66||0||||||||||7||0||73||0
46||0||2||0||7||0||8||0||63||0
112||0||2||0||7||0||15||0||136||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||||
|-
!Total||5||0
|}

References

Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cameroonian footballers

Benoît Assou-Ekotto


Americium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Am. It has the atomic number 95. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Americium is a transuranic element (Transuranic means after uranium. All the elements used after uranium are man-made). It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Americium has to be made. It has a silver color. Americium is made by bombarding a plutonium target with neutrons.

It was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for America, like Francium was named for France.

The longest half life of any type of americium is 7370 years.

Americium is used in most smoke detectors. The level of radioactivity is not enough to cause cancer, so it is safe to for the people in an area where smoke detectors with americium are in use.

Category:Actinides
Category:Chemical elements

Americium


In physics, parity is a transformation in which the mirror image of a system (meaning experiment) is considered.  If the system behaves in the mirror image as it normally would, it is said to respect parity symmetry, usually shortened to "P symmetry."   Most types of physics respects P symmetry.  One type of interaction that often does not respect this symmetry is the weak interaction.

Category:Quantum mechanics
Category:Symmetry
Category:Nuclear physics
Category:Conservation

Parity


The Nissan Micra is a subcompact car produced by Nissan Motor Company since 1982. It entered its second generation in 1992 and its third generation in 2002. It entered its fourth generation in 2010. It can have three or five doors and three or four cylinder engines. The Micra is called the March in some countries including Japan.

Gallery

Micra
Category:Front wheel drive vehicles
Category:1980s automobiles
Category:1990s automobiles
Category:2000s automobiles
Category:2010s automobiles

Nissan Micra


Freeport is a town in northern Maine. It has the largest L.L. Bean outlet store.

References

Category:Towns in Maine

Freeport, Maine


Juliet is a closer moon to Uranus. It was found from the images taken by Voyager 2 on 1986-01-03, and was given the designation S/1986 U 2. It is named after the heroine of William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It is also designated Uranus XI.

Juliet belongs to Portia Group of moons, which also includes Bianca, Cressida, Desdemona, Portia, Rosalind, Cupid, Belinda and Perdita. These moons have similar orbits and photometric properties. Unfortunately, other than its orbit, radius of  53 km and geometric albedo of 0.08 almost nothing is known about it.

At the Voyager 2 images Juliet appears as a stretched object, the major axis pointing towards Uranus. The ratio of axises of the Juliet's prolate spheroid is 0.5 ± 0.3, which is rather an extreme value. Its surface is grey in color.

References

Other websites
 Juliet Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Category:Uranus' moons

Juliet (moon)


Kadir Mısıroğlu (24 January 1933 – 5 May 2019) was a Turkish writer, poet, lawyer, and journalist. He was known for his Islamist, anti-secularist, and monarchist opinions in the period after the one-party period of the Republic of Turkey.

He founded the foundation Osmanlılar İlim ve İrfan Vakfı, an Ottoman monarchist NGO in 1994 and he led it until at least 2014.

References

Other websites

Official website of Kadir Mısıroğlu
Official website of Sebil Yayınevi

Category:1933 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Turkish writers
Category:Poets
Category:Lawyers

Kadir Mısıroğlu


Polymer banknotes were created by the Reserve Bank of Australia, CSIRO and the University of Melbourne and were first used as money in Australia in 1988.  These banknotes are made from polymer (plastic) which makes them last longer without getting ripped or torn, and they are harder to copy. Lots of countries now use polymer banknotes. Seven countries are now fully using polymer banknotes on all of their banknotes instead of paper. It is twice as expensive to make but lasts four times longer than paper banknotes. It is good for countries with lots of humidity, or wet countries, because the notes do not get damaged when it is wet.

Category:Currency

Polymer banknote


Hurricane Inez was a very deadly late season hurricane. This storm happened late September to mid October 1966. Inez had winds of just over 150 miles an hour (almost Category 5 level). The storm went across Cuba, the Florida Keys, Hispaniola and Mexico. Inez killed over 1,000 people. It caused $226.5 million (1966 USD) in damage.

The name Inez was retired the next spring.

Category:Hurricanes in Florida
Category:1960s in Cuba
Category:1966 in the United States
Category:1960s in Florida
Category:1960s in Mexico
Category:Hurricanes in Mexico

Hurricane Inez


Pickens County is a county on the central western border of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2010 census, the population was 19,746. The county seat is Carrollton, in the center of the county. It is a prohibition, or dry county, although the communities of Carrollton and Aliceville voted to become wet in 2011 and 2012, respectively.

History
Pickens County was founded on the western border of Alabama on December 20, 1820, and named for American Revolutionary War hero General Andrew Pickens of South Carolina. The county seat was relocated from Pickensville to Carrollton in 1830.

References

Category:Alabama counties

Pickens County, Alabama


Cwmdonkin Park is a park in Swansea, in south Wales.  Poet Dylan Thomas grew up at 5 Cwmdonkin Drive, not far from here. The fountain in the park is celebrated in his poem "The Hunchback in the park". In 1963, a memorial stone with lines from another poem by Thomas' "Fern Hill", was placed in the park.

The park has water gardens, tennis courts, a bowling green and a children's play area.

References

Category:Parks in the United Kingdom
Category:Swansea

Cwmdonkin Park


Alt St. Johann was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus merged into the new municipality of Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Former municipalities of St. Gallen
Category:Villages in St. Gallen

Alt St. Johann


Bessie Camm or Bessie Kemm (20 June 1904 – 11 May 2018), age , was a British supercentenarian and the oldest living resident of the UK, after the death of Gladys Hooper on 9 July 2016 until her death in 11 May 2018.

Camm was born in Swaledale, North Yorkshire on 20 June 1904. She lives in Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England. She worked as a nurse from 1926 until 1972. She married her husband John shortly before the outbreak of World War II. The couple had no children. When asked what the secret to long life was, she said “hard work, knowing lovely people and good food”. She died on 11 May 2018 at the age of 113.

References

Category:1904 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:British supercentenarians
Category:People from Yorkshire

Bessie Camm


Chess Olympiads are chess  events open to all national teams. They have been run since 1927 by the world chess organisation, FIDE. Since 1950, they have been run every two years. Earlier events were all-play-all. Then, as numbers grew, a system of qualifying sections were used. In recent times, the format has been a Swiss system. This, in chess terms, is a method whereby opponents are chosen each round to have similar scores. It has been widely used for individual tournaments.

Recognised sport
Chess is a recognized sport by the International Olympic Committee with FIDE being the recognized International Sports Federation for chess since June 1999.
As a member of the International Olympic Committee, FIDE adheres to its rules, including controversially having doping tests. The prospects of chess becoming an Olympic sporting event at some future date remain unclear. The naming of FIDE's team championship as the "Chess Olympiad" is of historical origin and implies no connection between this event and the Olympic Games.

The next Chess Olympiad will be held in 2014 in Norway.

Open section

* In 1936 FIDE refused its approval on grounds of Nazi anti-semitism; however, the organisers accepted Jewish players, and many did play in the event.

* In 1976 the USSR and other communist countries did not compete for political reasons.

References

Category:Chess competitions

Chess Olympiad


Staff sergeant is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.

The originated when they were part of the staff of a British Army regiment. They were paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.

United States
Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Army

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Marine Corps

Staff Sergeant insignia
U.S. Air Force
Staff Sergeant (SSG) is the title of the E-6 rank in the U.S. Army and United States Marine Corps. It is just above Sergeant. It is just below Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army or Gunnery Sergeant for the Marine Corps. It is a non-commissioned officer.

In the United States Air Force a Staff Sergeant (SSgt) is the title of an E-5. It ranks just above Senior Airman (SrA) and below Technical Sergeant (TSgt). It is the Air Force's first non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank.

References

Other websites
United States Army Staff Sergeant duties
U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
Enlisted rank insignia

Category:Military ranks

Staff Sergeant


Antonio Henares Sierra (born November 21, 1956 in Málaga) is a wheelchair basketball athlete from Spain.  He has a physical disability: he is 4 point wheelchair basketball player. He played wheelchair basketball at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team was third. They beat the United States 66-60 to finish third.

References

Category:Spanish basketball players
Category:Living people
Category:1956 births
Category:Spanish Paralympic bronze medalists
Category:1996 Summer Paralympics
Category:Basketball players
Category:4 point player
Category:People from Malaga

Antonio Henares Sierra


Packet may refer to:
 Packet (information technology), a formatted block of data carried by a packet mode computer network
 Packet radio, a form of amateur radio data communications using the AX25 protocol
 Packet (sea transport), a packet service is a regular scheduled service, carrying valuable freight and first class passengers
 C-82 Packet, a U.S. military transport aircraft
Packet Newspapers - newspapers with the title including the word "Packet", after a place-name.
 A small parcel e.g. Cigarette packet, Sugar packet

Related pages
 Package

Packet


David Aaron Kessler (born May 13, 1951) is an American pediatrician, lawyer, author, and administrator (both academic and governmental).  He was the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) from November 8, 1990 to February 28, 1997.

References

Other websites
 Official FDA Bio
 David A. Kessler Named New Dean of UCSF School of Medicine
 "Bacon as a Weapon of Mass Destruction" - video by Democracy Now!

Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:Commissioners of the Food and Drug Administration
Category:American lawyers
Category:Writers from New York City

David A. Kessler


Komarno (, , ) is a city in the Horodok Raion (district) of the Lviv Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. 4,000 people live there. It was founded in 1324. In the center of town is an old Polish Kostel (Catholic Church). There is also an old wooden church with ancient icons. The river Vereshytsia flows through the town.

The Hasidic dynasty of Komarno comes from this town.

Category:Cities in Ukraine
Category:1324 establishments
Category:Establishments in Ukraine
Category:1320s establishments in Europe

Komarno


Ministry, in Christianity, is the activity that is done by members of the church to serve the purposes of the church.

It can mean this activity as a whole, or specific activities, or organizations in a church that perform specific activities.

Age-specific Ministry
As churches attempt to meet the needs of their congregations, they often separate their members into groups according to age categories. Age-specific groups meet for religious study including Sunday school programs, fellowship, and other activities. These age divisions may include:
Nursery
Pre-school
Children, generally elementary age students
Youth, generally middle and high school students
College and career, designed for university-age students
Adults, which is often broken up into single adults, couples ministry, men's and women's ministries, and senior adults.

Nearly all churches have some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band.

Service and outreach
Many churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions. There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention.

Related pages
Christianity
Sermon

Category:Church organization
Category:Christian behavior and experience

Religious ministry


Lori Elaine Lightfoot (born August 4, 1962) is an American lawyer and politician. Lightfoot is the 56th Mayor of Chicago since 2019. On April 2, 2019, Lightfoot was elected mayor. She is the first African-American woman and first LGBT individual elected to the position.

Early life
Lightfoot was born in Massillon, Ohio. She studied at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and University of Chicago. Lightfoot took jobs working for Congress members Ralph Regula and Barbara Mikulski.

Legal career
She was the former Chief of Staff and General Counsel of the Chicago Office of Emergency Management and Communications (OEMC). She was the  First Deputy of the Chicago Department of Procurement Services. Lightfoot was known as the President of the Chicago Police Board and former Chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force.

A lawyer, she worked for the Senior Equity Partner in the Litigation & Conflict Resolution Group at Mayer Brown LLP.

Mayor of Chicago

Campaign
On May 10, 2018, Lori Lightfoot announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 Mayoral Election. Lightfoot is the first openly-lesbian candidate in the history of Chicago. She, along with Toni Preckwinkle, advanced to the runoff election on April 2.

On April 2, 2019 Lori Lightfoot was elected the next mayor of Chicago, becoming the first African-American woman and openly lesbian individual elected to lead the country's third-most populous city. She won 77% of the vote versus Preckwinkle's 23%.

Tenure
Lightfoot took office on May 20, 2019. A few days later, Lightfoot picked Tom Tunney as Vice Mayor.

Personal life
Lightfoot resides in the Logan Square neighborhood on Chicago's North Side. She is married to Amy Eshleman. They have an adopted daughter named Vivian who was eleven at the time Lightfoot was elected mayor.

References

Other websites

Category:1962 births
Category:Living people
Category:American lawyers
Category:Mayors of Chicago
Category:Lesbians
Category:LGBT politicians
Category:LGBT people from Ohio
Category:Politicians from Ohio
Category:LGBT people from Chicago
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

Lori Lightfoot


Phoenix is the capital and the largest city in the U.S. state of Arizona. The city is the county seat of Maricopa County. It is the largest capital city in the United States and the only capital with over more than million people. The city is along the normally dry Salt River. It became a city on February 25 1881. People who live in Phoenix are known as Phoenicians.

Phoenix had about 1,475,834 people in 2005. It is the fifth-largest city in the United States in the 2000 census. Phoenix is a very large city. It has an area of 515 square miles. This makes it the 10th largest city by area. As of 2006, the Phoenix Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was the 13th-largest in the United States, with an estimated 4,039,182 people.

History

Native Americans
As early as 700 AD, the Hohokam people lived in the land that would become Phoenix. The Hohokam created about 135 miles (217 km) of irrigation canals. This let them grow things on the land.

It is believed that between AD 1300 and AD 1450 drought and floods caused the Hohokam to no longer live in the area. Spanish and Mexican explorers knew of the area but they did not go as far north as the Salt River Valley.

Early history
In 1867, Jack Swilling of Wickenburg, Arizona came to the area. He saw that the land was good for farming. The only problems he saw were a lack of rain and good irrigation. Swilling corrected the problem by having a series of canals built.  A small community was created about four miles (6 km) east of the where the city is today.

The farming community was named Swilling's Mill. The name was later changed to Helling Mill, Mill City, and East Phoenix. Swilling was a Confederate soldier during the Civil War. He wanted to name the city "Stonewall," after Gen. Stonewall Jackson. Other people had other ideas for names.  Finally, Lord Darrell Duppa suggested the name "Phoenix". The name is the same as the mythological fire bird which is born again from its own ash after it dies. It was a good name for a city born from a former civilization.

Incorporation
On February 25 1881, Phoenix became an incorporated city. At that time it had about 2,500 people. Phoenix held its first city election on May 3 1881. Judge John T. Alsap defeated James D. Monihon, 127 to 107, to become the city's first mayor. In early 1888, the city offices were moved into the new City Hall.

The coming of the railroad in the 1880s was the first of several important events changed the economy of Phoenix.  Phoenix became a trade center. In response, the Phoenix Chamber of Commerce was created on November 4 1888.

Geography

Phoenix is at 33°26'54" North, 112°4'26" West (33.448457°, -112.073844°) in the Salt River Valley, or "Valley of the Sun", in central Arizona. It is at a mean elevation of 1,117 feet (340 m), in the northern reaches of the Sonoran Desert.

Other than the mountains in and around the city, the topography of Phoenix is mostly flat. This allows the city's main streets to run on a precise  with wide, open-spaced roadways.

The Salt River runs westward through the city of Phoenix. The riverbed is often dry or just a trickle due to large irrigation usage. The river is full after infrequent rainstorms or when more water is released from upstream dams. The city of Tempe has built two inflatable dams in the Salt River bed to create a year-round recreational lake, called Tempe Town Lake. The dams are deflated to allow the river to flow unimpeded during releases. Lake Pleasant Regional Park is in Northwest Phoenix in the suburb of Peoria, Arizona.

As with most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe daylight saving time. In 1973, Gov. Jack Williams argued to Congress that energy use would increase in the evening. Refrigeration units were not used as often in the morning on standard time. He went on to say that energy use would rise "because there would be more lights on in the early morning." He was also concerned about children going to school in the dark, which indeed they were. Navajo Nation lands in Northeastern Arizona observe daylight saving time in conjunction with the rest of their tribal lands in other states.

Climate
Phoenix has an arid climate, with very hot summers and temperate winters. The average summer high temperature is among the hottest of any populated area in the United States and approaches those of cities such as Riyadh and Baghdad. The temperature reaches or exceeds 100°F (38°C) on an average of 110 days during the year, including most days from late May through early September, and highs top 110 °F (43 °C) an average of 18 days during the year. On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of 122 °F (50 °C).

On average, Phoenix has only 5 days per year where the temperature drops to or below freezing. Frequently, outlying areas of Phoenix see frost, but the airport does not. The earliest frost on record occurred on November 3, 1946, and the latest occurred on April 4, 1945. The all-time lowest recorded temperature in Phoenix was 16 °F (-8.8 °C) on January 7, 1913.

Cityscape

Since 1986, the city of Phoenix has been divided into urban villages, many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities.  Each village has a planning committee. This committee is appointed directly by the city council.  According to the village planning handbook issued by the city, the purpose of the village planning committees is to work with the city's planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village. The committees also concentrate on development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages.

There are 15 urban villages in the city at this time: Ahwatukee Foothills, Alhambra, Camelback East, Central City, Deer Valley, Desert View, Encanto, Estrella, Laveen, Maryvale, North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley (not to be confused with the town of Paradise Valley), South Mountain and Rio Vista. Rio Vista was created as New Village in 2004 and is currently very sparsely populated, with no large amount of development expected in the near future.

Commonly referred-to Phoenix regions and districts include Downtown, Midtown, West Phoenix, North Phoenix, South Phoenix, Biltmore Area, Arcadia, Sunnyslope, Ahwatukee.

Economy

The early economy of Phoenix was mostly agricultural. It was mostly dependent on cotton and citrus farming. In the last twenty years, the economy has changed as quickly as the number of people has grown. As the state capital of Arizona, many residents in the area are employed by the government. Arizona State University is there. Many high-tech and telecommunications companies have also recently moved to the area. Due to the warm climate in winter, Phoenix benefits greatly from seasonal tourism and recreation, and the golf industry.

Phoenix is currently home to several Fortune 1000 companies. Companies in Phoenix include waste management company Allied Waste, electronics corporation Avnet, Apollo Group (which operates the University of Phoenix), mining company Freeport-McMoRan (recently merged with Phoenix-based Phelps Dodge), retailer PetSmart, development company Tempo Creative, energy supplier Pinnacle West and retailer CSK Auto. Honeywell's Aerospace division is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities. Intel has one of their largest sites here, employing about 10,000 employees and 3 chip manufacturing fabs, including the $3 billion state-of-the-art 300 mm and 45 nm Fab 32. American Express hosts their financial transactions, customer information, and their entire website in Phoenix. The city is also home to the headquarters of U-HAUL International, a rental company and moving supply store, as well Best Western, a hotel chain. Mesa Air Group, a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix.

The military has a significant presence in Phoenix with Luke Air Force Base in the western suburbs. At its height, in the 1940s, the Phoenix area had three military bases: Luke Field (still in use), Falcon Field, and Williams Air Force Base (now Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport), with many other air fields throughout the region.

Government

As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the state legislature. In 1913, the commission form of government was adopted. The city of Phoenix is served by a city council. The city council is made up of a mayor and eight city council members. The mayor is elected in a citywide vote to a four-year term. Phoenix City Council members are elected to four-year terms by voters in each of the eight districts.

The current mayor of Phoenix is Phil Gordon, who was elected to a four-year term in 2003. He was again re-elected to another four-year term in 2007. The mayor and city council members have equal voting power to govern the city.

Phoenix operates under a council-manager form of government, with a strong city manager. The city manage supervises all city departments and executing policies adopted by the Council.

The United States Postal Service operates post offices throughout Phoenix. The main Phoenix Post Office is at 4949 East Van Buren Street.

As of February 9, 2009, Phoenix offers a domestic partnership registry open to opposite- and same-sex couples with no resident requirements for registrants.

Crime
By the 1970s there was rising crime and a decline in business within the downtown core.  The city's crime rates in many categories have improved since that time, but still are higher than state and national averages.  The crime rate in Phoenix has gone down through the years. However, recent kidnappings and human trafficking due to the Mexican drug trade have brought negative attention to the city.

Car theft has been a problem in Phoenix. In 2001, Phoenix was number one for theft rate with 35,161 total thefts, giving a rate of 1,081.25 per 100,000.  However, in 2003, Phoenix dropped to second for with 1,253.71 per 100,000, although it was first for total car thefts with 40,769.

References

Other websites

 Official Government Website
 Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce
 Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau

Category:County seats in Arizona
Category:State capitals in the United States
Category:1881 establishments in the United States
Category:19th-century establishments in Arizona Territory

Phoenix, Arizona


Lombe's Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in England. It was built in an island on the River Derwent in Derby. John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1717 and studied details of the Italian silk throwing machines- the filatoio, and the torcitoio. Then, he returned to England with some Italian craftsmen, and built the mill. George Sorocold designed the building.

Location
Lombe's Mill was built next to Thomas Cotchett's 1704 mill on the west bank of the River Derwent in Derby. At this point a weir had been constructed across the river and the mill was built on an island downstream, which separated the river from the tail race of three corn mills. Derby was an important place, because the river had a fast flow and A6 road (from London to Carlisle) crossed the river here.

History

This mill is significant as it was the first successful silk throwing mill in England, and probably the first fully mechanized factory in the world.

Thomas Cotchett built the first mill in Derby in 1704, but it was unsuccessful. So John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1716 to see the successful silk throwing mill there. This was an early example of industrial spying. He returned to Derby with the knowledge and a group of Italians. He and his half brother Thomas Lombe (born 1685) instructed George Sorocold to build a mill to his design and fitted it with the new machines. It was built to the south of Cotchetts Mill. Thomas Lombe was given a 14 year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines he used. This displeased the King of Sardinia, and he stopped exporting suitable raw silk. It is speculated that he was responsible for John Lombes mysterious death six years later in 1722. His elder brother, Thomas Lombe took over the business. When the patents lost effect in 1732, other mills were built in Stockport and Macclesfield. To the north of the powered Italian Works an unpowered Doubling Shop was built- this happened before 1739. The mill was sold in 1739 to Thomas Wilson, and an inventory of this time is  still exists.

The mill- the Italian Works
Most of the building was rebuilt in after years, and little of the original mill remain. It is known from written sources that it was five storeys high rectangular in plan. It was 17m high, 33.5m long, and 12m wide. The roof was slightly sloped. It was built of brick in Flemish bond, on a series of stone arches that allowed the waters of the River Derwent to flow through. The throwing machines were two storeys high, and fastened on the first floor. The winding machines were placed on the top three floors. All the machines were powered by Sorocolds external undershot water wheel. It was 7m in diameter and 2m in width. Its stem entered the mill through a hole at first floor level. It drove a vertical shaft which was 0.45m square. This drove a line shaft (horizontal shaft or lay shaft) that ran the length of the mill. The torcitoios and filatoios took their power from this shaft. The vertical shaft was extended to a further vertical shaft that reached the top 3 floors to drive the winding machines. The mill needed to be heated in order to process the silk and this was explained in the 1718 patent. It was reported in 1732 that Lombe used a fire engine (steam engine) to pump hot air round the mill. The stair column was 19.5m high, but its layout is unknown. There is no information on how materials were carried up and down between the floors.

The mill- the Doubling Shop
The main range was three storeys high, 42.4m by 5.5m. Each floor was used for doubling- and there were 306 doubling machines.

The silk throwing process
In 1700, the Italians were the most technologically advanced in silk throwing in Europe, and they had developed two machines capable of winding the silk onto bobbins while putting a twist in the thread. They called the throwing machine, a filatoio, and the doubler, a torcitoio. There is an illustration (drawn in 1487) of a circular handpowered throwing machine with 32 spindles. The first evidence of a externally powered filatoio comes from the thirteenth century, and the earliest illustration from around 1500. Filatorios and torcitoios contained parallel circular frames that revolved round each other on a central axis. The speed of the relative rotation determined the twist. Silk would only cooperate in the process if the temperature and humidity were high, in Italy the temperature was elevated by sunlight but in Derby the mill had to be heated, and the heat evenly distributed.

The Silk Mill today

The mill then passed through several hands and has been rebuilt several times, but the modified structure still exists and has been restored to house the Derby Industrial Museum. A Bas relief sculpture of John Lombe may be found at the nearby Exeter Bridge.

Related pages

Silk

References
Notes

Bibliography

Other websites

Category:Manufacturing buildings
Category:Buildings and structures in England

Lombe's Mill


Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon or Sailor Moon is a shojo manga by Naoko Takeuchi. It was adapted to an anime series by Toei Animation CO., LTD. Sailor Moon was one of the most popular anime/manga series during the 1990s, spanning five seasons, four movies, and multiple video games. It continues to hold a strong fanbase with many fansites devoted to it.

Summary
Usagi (Serena in English) is an eighth grader who is clumsy, a crybaby and who also gets bad grades. One day, she meets a talking cat named Luna, who tells her that she is Sailor Moon, a superhero. She has to fight monsters to save people from getting their energy stolen by evil beings. Usagi has some friends who fight evil along with her. They are named Sailor Mercury, Sailor Venus, Sailor Mars, and Sailor Jupiter. They make up a team called the Sailor Senshi (Senshi means soldier or guardian in Japanese). The Sailor Senshi are named after different planets in the solar system. Each of the Sailor Senshi uses magical powers to become a Sailor Senshi. They are also young Japanese girls. Their real names are not Sailor Mercury, Sailor Venus, Sailor Mars, and Sailor Jupiter. For example, when Sailor Mercury is not fighting evil, her name is Ami Mizuno (Amy in English). The name of Sailor Venus is Minako Aino (Mina in English). The name of Sailor Mars is Rei Hino (Raye in English). The name of Sailor Jupiter is Makoto Kino (Lita in English). Each of them has a transformation sequence where they turn into their Sailor Senshi form, with many colourful effects.

Mamoru Chiba (called Darien Chiba in the English manga and Darien Shields in the English anime) is Usagi's boyfriend. He uses magic powers to transform into a man named Tuxedo Mask, who fights evil along with the Sailor Senshi. In the future, Usagi and Mamoru get married and become the king and queen of the earth. Their daughter, named Chibiusa (Rini in the English version), travels through time to help them and the Sailor Senshi.

Usagi has a cat named Luna, named after the Latin word for moon. Minako has a cat named Artemis after the Greek goddess of the moon (although Artemis is a male cat). Luna and Artemis are not ordinary cats. They can talk, and they have moon symbols on their foreheads. They can also turn into humans in the manga, and Luna turns into a human in one of the anime movies. In the future, they have a kitten named Diana (Diana is the name of the Roman moon goddess).

Later on there are some other Sailor Senshi. They are named after the planets Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto (now a dwarf planet). Sailor Saturn's real name is Hotaru Tomoe. Sailor Uranus' real name is Haruka Tenoh (Amara in English). Sailor Neptune's real name is Michiru Kaioh (Michelle in English). Sailor Pluto's real name is Setsuna Meioh (Trista in English). In the manga and anime series, Haruka and Michiru are lesbians, but in the English anime they were changed to cousins. This is because the English anime was made for younger children than the anime series.

Each Sailor Senshi has different powers. Sailor Moon has powers of love and healing. Sailor Mercury has powers of water and ice. Sailor Mars has fire powers, Sailor Jupiter has electricity and plant powers, and Sailor Venus has light and energy powers. Sailor Chibi Moon, (called Sailor Mini Moon in the English version) has love and sugar powers. Sailor Saturn is death and rebirth, Sailor Neptune is water, Sailor Uranus is earth, and Sailor Pluto has time and death powers. Tuxedo Mask can throw roses against enemies.

The Manga
In the manga there are five series: Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon, Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon R(eturn/omance), Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Super Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon SuperS Bishoujo Senshi Sailor Moon Stars. Sailor Moon was originally serialized in the Japanese manga magazine by Kodansha. Afterwards Kodansha published the completed series in volumes. There are eighteen volumes total.

The Anime
The anime stayed close to the story from the manga. However, due to its popularity, Toei made more seasons and produced movies. Sailor Moon was licensed to be aired in the United States by DIC Entertainment (a company that makes TV and film). DIC cut out some scenes and changed some of the dialogue to make it more acceptable for children. Many anime fans did not like the changes. Due to their complaints, ADV Films and later Pioneer Inc. made uncut versions.

The following TV series and movies were made:
 Original TV Series (1992-1997)
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon SuperS
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Stars
 Revived TV Series (2014-present)
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Crystal
 Movies
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon R: The Movie
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon S: The Movie
 Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie

Worldwide date

December 28, 1991 (Japan)
March 3, 1992 (UK)
May 14, 1992 (France)
July 10, 1992 (Italy)
November 24, 1993 (USA)
January 19, 1994 (Australia)
March 10, 1994 (Mexico)
April 3, 1994 (Brazil)
June 28, 1994 (Germany)
July 10, 1994 (Iceland)
October 7, 1994 (New Zealand)
February 5, 1995 (Ireland)
June 19, 1995 (Canada)
August 10, 1995 (Spain)
October 20, 1995 (Portugal)
November 30, 1995 (Turkey)
December 10, 1995 (Taiwan)
March 20, 1996 (South Korea)
May 10, 1996 (Egypt)
July 20, 1996 (Israel)
September 10, 1996 (India)
December 20, 1996 (Russia)
March 10, 1997 (Poland)
May 20, 1997 (Netherlands)
July 10, 1997 (Hungary)

References

Category:Manga
Category:Anime
Category:Animated television series

Sailor Moon


Rolex is a Swiss company that makes watches and additional things for their watches.  Their watches are often used as a status symbol.  The watches are also often counterfeited, meaning people make fake watches that look like Rolexes, but are not.

Other websites
Rolex - The official site of Rolex

Category:Companies of Switzerland

Rolex


Peter Michael Walker  (17 February 1936 – 5 April 2020) was an English cricketer. He played for England in three Test matches against South Africa in 1960. He also played for Glamorgan. He was born in Clifton, Bristol.

Walker died of a stroke on 5 April 2020. He was 84.

References

Other websites
 Peter Walker at CricketArchive

Category:1936 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Deaths from stroke
Category:English cricketers
Category:People from Bristol
Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire

Peter Walker (cricketer, born 1936)


Kaons are a specific type of meson (mesons are particles made of one quark and one antiquark). What makes kaons unique is that they are made of one up quark or down quark, and one strange quark. (One of the two quarks that make of a kaon must be an antiquark, and the other must be normal matter. For example, a kaon can be made of one up quark and a strange antiquark). The discovery of kaons was significant because it proved the existence of yet another flavour (type) of quark, the strange quark.

There are four types of kaons, but two of them are relatively easy to understand. There is the K+ and the K0. The + and 0 above the letter K refer to whether the charge is positive, or 0 (neutral). The K+ is made of one up quark, and one strange antiquark. Since antiparticles have the opposite charge of their counterpart (and since normal strange quarks have a charge of -1/3), 2/3 + 1/3 = a +1 charge, or simply a + charge. (Also because antiparticles have the opposite charge of their counterpart, if you change the up quark in a K+ to an up antiquark and the strange antiquark to a normal strange quark, you get the opposite charge, forming a K–). Since down quarks and strange quarks have the same charge, if either one of them is an antiparticle, the overall charge is zero. Therefore, a K0 can either be made of one down quark and  strange antiquark, or one down antiquark and one normal strange quark.

Category:Subatomic particles

Kaon


Samuel Adams is an American brand of beer. It is brewed by the Boston Beer Company () and its associated contract brewers.  The company was founded in 1984 by Jim Koch, Harry M. Rubin, and Lorenzo Lamadrid in Boston, Massachusetts. The brand name of Samuel Adams (often abbreviated to Sam Adams, even in advertisements), was chosen in honor of Samuel Adams, an American patriot. Samuel Adams was famous for his role in the American Revolution and the Boston Tea Party. According to tradition, he was also a maltster. However, James Koch, founder of the Boston Beer Company, reports having seen a receipt for hops signed by Samuel Adams. This seems to indicate the patriot Adams may have done some brewing. Based on sales in 2011, the Boston Beer Company is tied with Yuengling for the largest American-owned beer-maker.

References

Category:Beer
Category:Companies based in Massachusetts
Category:Boston, Massachusetts

Samuel Adams (beer)


Rafael Bienvenido Cruz y Díaz (born March 22, 1939) is a Cuban-American Christian preacher, public speaker, and father of Texas U.S. Senator and 2016 presidential candidate Ted Cruz. Cruz was born in Matanzas, Cuba.

He is called by many media outlets, including The Wall Street Journal, as an acting surrogate in his son's political campaigns such as his presidential campaign.

About his political involvements in the 1980s, Cruz reflected, "I was on the state board of the Religious Roundtable, a Christian and Jewish religious organization that worked to elect Ronald Reagan." At the time, he told his son, "God has destined you for greatness."

References

Category:1939 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban writers
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:American Christians
Category:Writers from Texas

Rafael Cruz


Subduction is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis.

Areas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones. Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himalaya mountain range in Nepal.

References

Category:Earthquakes
Category:Plate tectonics

Subduction


Republicanism in the United States is a set of ideas that guides the government and politics.  These ideas have shaped the government, and the way people in the United States think about politics, since the American Revolution.

The American Revolution, the Declaration of Independence (1776), the Constitution (1787), and even the Gettysburg Address (1863) were based on ideas from American republicanism.

"Republicanism" comes from the word "republic."  However, they are not the same thing.  A republic is a type of government (one where the people can choose their leaders).  Republicanism is an ideology  set of beliefs that people in a republic have about what is most important to them.

Definition

Republicanism in the United States grew out of some very old ideas.  It includes ideas from ancient Greece, ancient Rome, the Renaissance, and England.

Some of the most important ideas of republicanism are that:
 Liberty and "unalienable" rights (natural rights) are some of the most important things in a society
 Government should exist to protect these rights
 The people who live in a country, as a whole, should be sovereign (they should be able to choose who leads them and have a say in how their government is run)
 Power must always be given by the people, never inherited (like in a monarchy)
 People must all play a role in their government by doing things like voting
 Political corruption is terrible and has no place in a republic

Republicanism is different than other forms of democracy.  In a "pure" democracy, the majority rules.  If a majority of the people voted to take rights away from a certain group, that is what would happen.  Alexis de Tocqueville, a famous French political thinker, called this the "tyranny of the majority."  He meant that a pure democracy could still turn into an unfair, unequal, corrupt society if the majority of the people decided to take away others' rights.

However, republicanism says that people have "unalienable" rights that cannot be voted away.  Republican governments are different than "pure" democracies, because they include protections to make sure people's rights are not taken away.  In a true republican government, one group - even if it is a majority - cannot take another group's unalienable rights away.

The American Revolution
American republicanism was created and first practiced by the Founding Fathers in the 18th century. For them, "republicanism represented more than a particular form of government. It was a way of life, a core ideology, an uncompromising commitment to liberty, and a total rejection of aristocracy."  Republicanism shaped what the Founders thought and did during the American Revolution, and after.

Creating American republicanism
The leaders of colonial America in the 1760s and 1770s read history carefully.  Their goal was to compare governments and how well different types of governments worked. They were especially interested in the history of liberty in England.  They modeled American republicanism partly after the English "Country Party."  This was a political party which opposed the Court Party, which held power in England.

The Country Party was based on ancient Greek and Roman republicanism.  The Party criticized the corruption in the "Court" Party, which focused mostly on the King's court in London.  It did not focus on the needs of regular people in England, or on areas outside of the capital city.

By reading history, The Founders came up with a set of political ideas that they called "republicanism."  By 1775, these ideas were common in colonial America.  One historian writes: "Republicanism was the distinctive political [way of thinking] of the entire Revolutionary generation."

Another historian explains that believers of American republicanism saw government as a threat.  He writes that colonists felt constantly "threatened by corruption."  Government, to them, was "the [biggest] source of corruption and operat[ed] through such means as patronage, faction, standing armies ( [instead of] the ideal of the militia); [and] established churches" which people would have to belong to.

Cause of Revolution

By the 1770s, most Americans were dedicated to republican values and to their property rights.  This helped cause the American Revolution.  More and more, Americans saw Britain as corrupt; hostile; and a threat to republicanism, freedom, and property rights.  Many people thought that the greatest threat to liberty was corruption  not just in London, but at home too.  They thought corruption went along with inherited aristocracy, which they hated.

During the Revolution, many Christians connected republicanism with their religion.  When the Revolution started, there was a major change in thinking that "convinced Americans ... that God was raising up America for some special purpose," according to one historian.  This made the Revolutionists believe that they had a moral and religious duty to get rid of the corruption in the monarchy.

Another historian, Gordon Wood, writes that republicanism led to American Exceptionalism: "Our beliefs in liberty, equality, constitutionalism, and the well-being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era. So too did our idea that we Americans are a special people with a special destiny to lead the world toward liberty and democracy."

In his Discourse of 1759, Revolutionist Jonathan Mayhew argued that people should only obey their governments if they "actually perform the duty of rulers by exercising a reasonable and [fair] authority for the good of human society."  Many American colonists were convinced that British rulers were not using their power "for the good of human society."  This made them want to form a new government which would be based on republicanism.  They thought a republican government would protect  not threaten  freedom and democracy.

Founding Fathers

The "Founding Fathers" were strong supporters of republican values, especially Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, George Washington, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton.

For example, Thomas Jefferson once wrote that a government that had the most possible participation by "its citizens in mass" (all the people together) was the safest kind.  He said a republic is:

In Simple English, Jefferson was saying: 'A republic is a government where all its citizens act together, based on rules that most of them have agreed on.  The government's powers should be divided, and each power should be carried out by representatives that the people choose.  They should serve terms (times in office) that are short enough to make sure they are doing what the people want.  All the people, together, are the best protectors of their own rights.'

The Founding Fathers often talked about what "republicanism" meant.  In 1787, John Adams defined it as "a government, in which all men, rich and poor, magistrates and subjects, officers and people, masters and servants, the first citizen and the last, are equally subject to the laws."

Other ideas

Some other ideas also affected the Founding Fathers.  For example, in the 1600s, John Locke, an English philosopher, had created the idea of the "social contract."  This idea said that people agree to obey governments, and in in return, those governments agree to protect the people and their rights.  This is like a contract made between the people and the government.  If the government breaks this contract, and does not protect the people's rights, then the people have the right to overthrow their leaders.  This idea was important to the Revolutionists.

When they were writing state and national constitutions, the Americans used ideas from Montesquieu, an 18th-century French political thinker.  Montesquieu wrote about how the perfect British constitution would be "balanced."  The idea of a balance of power (also called "checks and balances") is a very important part of the Constitution.  It is one of the strategies the Founders used to make sure their government would be republican and protect the people from government corruption.

The Constitution

The Founding Fathers wanted republicanism because its ideas guaranteed liberty, with limited powers checking and balancing each other.  However, they also wanted change to happen slowly.  They worried that in a democracy, the majority of voters could vote away rights and freedoms.  They were most worried about poor Americans (who made up most of the United States) turning against the rich.  They worried that democracy could turn into "mob rule."

To guard against this, the Founders wrote many protections into the Constitution.  For example:

 They made sure the Constitution can only be changed by a "supermajority": two-thirds of the United States Congress and three-fourths of the state legislatures
 They set up a court system that could help protect people's rights if the majority of Americans decided to take a group's rights away
 They created an Electoral College, where a small number of elite people would select the President
 Soon, political parties controlled elections more than the Electoral College did
 They gave the states control of the United States Senate by letting state legislatures choose Senators (this changed over time)
 They set up a House of Representatives to represent the people

Most adult white males were able to vote.  In 1776, most states required people to own property to be able to vote.  However, at that time, America was 90% rural, and most people owned farms.  As cities grew bigger and people started doing work in the cities, most states dropped the property requirement.  By 1850, this requirement was gone in every state.

Republican motherhood
Under the new government after the Revolution, "republican motherhood" became an ideal.  Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren were held up as the perfect "republican mothers."  This idea said that a republican mother's first duty was to teach her children republican values.  Her second job was to live simply and avoid luxury, which the Founders linked with corruption.

Democracy

Many of the Founders did not think "democracy" was a good idea.  Their idea of "democracy" was the "pure democracy" that de Tocqueville had described.  They worried often about the problem of 'tyranny of the majority' that de Tocqueville had warned about.  They wrote many protections into the Constitution to prevent this from happening.  As historians Richard Ellis and Michael Nelson write: "The principles of republican government embedded in the Constitution represent an effort by the framers to [make sure] that the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness would not be [destroyed] by majorities."  Thomas Jefferson warned that "an elect[ed] despotism is not the government we fought for."

James Madison, in particular, worried about this, and wrote about it in The Federalist Papers.  The Federalist Papers talk about democracy as being dangerous, because it allows a majority to take away the rights of a smaller group.  However, Madison thought that as more people came to the United States, the country would get more diverse, and it would be harder to form a majority big enough to do this.  In Federalist No. 10, Madison also argued that a strong federal government would help protect republicanism.  The United States' first constitution, the Articles of Confederation, gave most power to the states and had a very weak federal government that could not get anything done.  In Federalist No. 10, Madison argued that a small but powerful group might be able to take control of a small area, like a state.  However, it would be much harder to take over an entire country.  The bigger the country, he argued, the safer republicanism would be.

As late as 1800, the word "democrat" still had a very bad meaning to most Americans.  It was mostly used to attack an opponent of the Federalist party.  In 1798, George Washington complained that a "Democrat ... will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the Government of this Country."  This changed over the next few decades.

Property rights
United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story (1779–1845) made the protection of property rights by the courts a major part of American republicanism. James Madison appointed Story to the Court in 1811.  Story and Chief Justice John Marshall made the Court a protector of the rights of property against runaway democracy. Story believed that "the right of the citizens to the free enjoyment of their property" (if they got it legally) was "a great and fundamental principle of a republican government."  Historians agree that Story—as much or more than Marshall or anyone else—reshaped American law in a conservative direction that protected property rights.

Military service
Republicanism saw military service as one of a citizen's most important duties.  John Randolph, a Congressman from Virginia, once said: "When citizen and soldier shall be synonymous terms, then you will be safe."

However, at this time, the word "army" meant "foreign mercenaries."  After the Revolutionary War, Americans did not trust mercenaries.  Instead, they came up with the idea of a national army, made of citizens.  They changed their definition of military service from a choice of careers to a civic duty  something every good republican should do.  Before the Civil War, people saw military service as an important show of patriotism, and a necessary part of citizenship.  To soldiers, military service was something they chose to do, something they had a say in, and it showed that they were good citizens.

Legal terms

Republic
The term republic is not used in the Declaration of Independence.  However, it does appear in Article Four of the Constitution, which "guarantee[s] to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government."

The United States Supreme Court has created a basic definition of what a "republic" is.  In United States v. Cruikshank (1875), the court ruled that the "equal rights of citizens" were inherent to the idea of a republic.  Later, the Court's decision from In re Duncan (1891) ruled that the "right of the people to choose their government" is also part of the definition of a republic.

Democracy

Over time, most Americans changed their opinion about the word "democracy."  By the 1830s, most Americans saw democracy as a great thing, and members of the new Democratic Party proudly called themselves "Democrats."

After 1800, the limitations on democracy (like rules that limited who could vote) were removed one by one:
 By the 1820s, most states had ended rules saying that people had to own property in order to vote.  By 1850, all of them had.
 In 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment gave all men in the United States the right to vote, including ex-slaves.
 In 1913, the Seventeenth Amendment allowed the people to elect their own United States Senators (before this, the state legislatures had chosen U.S. Senators).
 The Nineteenth Amendment, passed in 1920, gave women the right to vote.
 The Voting Rights Act of 1965 made the last rules that kept black people from voting illegal.
 Finally, in 1971, the Twenty-sixth Amendment gave adults ages 18 to 20 the right to vote.

Notes

References

Category:18th century in the United States
Category:American Revolutionary War
Category:Political philosophy
Category:United States Constitution

Republicanism in the United States