The NASCAR Hall of Fame showcases drivers who have given large contributions to the sport of NASCAR. It also shows people who have been great grew chiefs, car owners, and others who have made big positive changes to NASCAR. Construction on the Hall of Fame began on January 26, 2007, and it officially opened on May 11, 2010. The City of Charlotte built and owns the NASCAR Hall of Fame. The Hall is run by the Charlotte Regional Visitors Authority. Winston Kelley is the NASCAR Hall of Fame Executive Director. The first class of people who were inducted in the hall of fame were inducted the day after the 2010 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race. Richard Petty and Dale Inman helped unviel the first display at the Hall of Fame, which was the Plymouth Belvedere that Petty drove to 27 race wins in 1967.

Eligibility and selection process

Eligibility
To be inducted into the Hall of Fame, somebody who used to drive in NASCAR had to have driven for at least 10 years. This person must also have been retired for at least three years.
People who did not drive in NASCAR, but were part of the sport in an important way must have also been active for at least ten years. Under special circumstances, somebody may be inducted into the Hall of Fame even if they were not active for 10 years.

Selection process

Nomination
A group of 21 people on a nominating committee chooses nominees from those we meet the requirements to be in the Hall of Fame. This group is made up of:
Seven NASCAR representatives;
NASCAR Hall of Fame Executive Director Winston Kelley;
NASCAR Hall of Fame Historian;
Track owners (Two each from International Speedway Corporation and Speedway Motorsports Incorporated, the Hulman family (Indianapolis Motor Speedway), the Mattioli family (Pocono Raceway), and Dover International Speedway)
Four track owners from historic short tracks: Bowman-Gray Speedway in Winston-Salem, N.C.; Greenville-Pickens Speedway in Greenville, S.C.; Riverhead Raceway in Riverhead, N.Y; and Toyota Speedway at Irwindale in Irwindale, CA.  (While Toyota Speedway opened in 1999, the track is in a market that has long has NASCAR tracks but many no longer exist.)

Induction
After a list of candidates is chosen, a total of 48 votes are cast by another group of people on a voting committee. The voting comittee is made up of the nominating committee and the following:
14 media representatives: Three each from the National Motorsports Press Association, the Associated Press Sports Editors and the Eastern Motorsports Press Association; one each from current media rights holders Fox, Turner Sports (TNT), ESPN/ABC, Motor Racing Network and Performance Racing Network;
One representative each from the current manufacturers - Chevrolet, Dodge, Ford and Toyota;
Three retired drivers;
Three retired owners;
Three retired crew chiefs;
One ballot which will represent the results of a nationwide fan vote.

Inductees into the Hall of Fame

Charter Class: Class of 2010
On October 14, 2009, the NASCAR Hall of Fame panel met at the Charlotte Convention Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, to choose the first group of people to go into the Hall of Fame. Five people were selected. These people were:
Dale Earnhardt, owner-driver and seven time drivers champion;
Bill France, Sr., NASCAR founder and promoter;
Bill France, Jr., promoter who made racing a national sport
Junior Johnson, owner-driver who won six championships as an owner;
Richard Petty, owner-driver who also won seven championships and 200 races as a driver.

The class was inducted on May 23, 2010.

Class of 2011
The members of the Class of 2011 are:
Bobby Allison, driver, 84 career wins and 1983 Winston Cup Series Champion;
Ned Jarrett, driver (1961, 1965 Cup Series Champion) and broadcaster;
Bud Moore, car owner and mechanic;
David Pearson, driver, 3 time champion, and second on the all time win list with 105 wins;
Lee Petty, driver, car owner, 3 time champion,  and winner of the first Daytona 500.

The Class of 2011 was announced on October 13, 2010, and was inducted on May 23, 2011.

Class of 2012
The members of the Class of 2012 are:
Richie Evans, driver, nine time NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour champion (Then NASCAR National Modified Series and Winston Modified Tour);
Dale Inman, crew chief, eight time Winston Cup Series champion (1964, 1967, 1971, 1972, 1974, 1975,1979 with Richard Petty, and 1984 with Terry Labonte);
Darrell Waltrip, driver, 84 career wins, three time Winston Cup Series champion (1981, 1982, 1985), and broadcaster;
Glen Wood, owner, founder of legendary Wood Brothers Racing team, 98 career wins;
Cale Yarborough, driver, 83 career wins, 4-Time Daytona 500 Winner (1968, 1977, 1983, 1984) and three time Winston Cup Series champion (1976, 1977, 1978).

The Class of 2012 was announced on June 14, 2011, and was inducted on January 20, 2012.

Class of 2013
The members of the Class of 2013 are:
Buck Baker, driver, 46 career wins, two time Grand National (now Sprint Cup) Champion (1956, 1957);
Cotton Owens, driver, car owner, 9 career wins, owned cars driven by David Pearson and Junior Johnson.
Herb Thomas, driver, 48 career wins, two time Grand National Champion
Rusty Wallace, driver, 55 career wins, 1989 Winston Cup Champion, and broadcaster
Leonard Wood, crew chief, has 96 wins as crew chief and helped invent the modern pit stop

The Class of 2013 was announced on May 23, 2012 and was inducted on February 8, 2013.

Tickets
The ticket prices are Adult $19.95, Senior (60+) $17.95, Military $17.95, and Children (5-12) $12.95. Open daily 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (closed only Easter, Thanksgiving and Christmas)

References

Other websites
NASCAR Hall of Fame official website
Collection of links to articles for all prospective locations
 USA Today article from May 25
Charlotte basks, boasts at Hall groundbreaking

Category:NASCAR
Category:Sports halls of fame
Category:Sports in Charlotte, North Carolina
Category:Buildings and structures in North Carolina
Category:2010 establishments in the United States

NASCAR Hall of Fame


A monarch is the ruler of a monarchy. Monarchs usually rule because one of their relatives ruled. A male monarch can be a king or emperor. A female monarch can be called a queen or empress.

Where rulers get their power by inheritance because they are a family, they are a dynasty. Monarchs were very common in history. Many countries had a monarch in past centuries, but no longer have them. Some countries that still have monarchs have other leaders that actually have the power.

Monarchs tended to have monarchs of lower honour below them, e.g. a Empire could include several kingdoms, and a kingdom would have several duchies or principalities, nations would rarely include all titles, usually going from duchy to kingdom instead of duchy to principality to kingdom.  Prince/Princess means 'Ruler of a Principality' and 'son of king/queen'.  Some other languages have separate words for them.

Other page

Divine right of kings

Monarch


Jowzjān or Jōzjān or Jawzjan () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan.  It is in the northern area of the country.  The capital is Sheberghan.

Demographics
There are around 485,300 people in the province.

Politics
Jowzjan's current governor is Mohammed Aleem Sayee.

Districts

References

Category:Provinces of Afghanistan

Jowzjan Province


McPherson County is the name of three counties in the United States:
 McPherson County, Kansas
 McPherson County, Nebraska
 McPherson County, South Dakota

McPherson County


Medical marijuana, aka medical cannabis, is cannabis and cannabinoids that are given by doctors to their patients. The use of marijuana as a medicine has not been tested much because it can be difficult to get enough of it to test and because of other governmental regulations.

Medical cannabis can help with nausea and vomiting during chemotherapy. It can improve appetite in people with HIV/AIDS. It can reduce chronic pain and muscle spasms.

Short-term use makes it more likely that there will be side effects. Common side effects include feeling tired, dizziness and hallucinations. Long-term effects of marijuana are not clear. Concerns include memory problems, risk of addiction and children taking it by accident.

The Cannabis plant has been used as medicine for thousands of years in many cultures. Its current use is controversial.

Medical marijuana can be given in different ways. They include vaporizing, smoking dried buds, eating foods that have cannabis in them, taking capsules or using lozenges.

Recreational use of marijuana is illegal in most parts of the world. The medical use of cannabis is legal in some countries, including the Czech Republic, Canada, Austria, the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. Australia is working to pass a law that will allow the use of marijuana for medical and scientific purposes. In the United States, federal law says all use of marijuana is illegal. But more than 30 states and the District of Columbia no longer arrest people for having medical marijuana, as long as they follow a state's medical marijuana rules.

References

Category:Medicine
Category:Law
Category:Drugs

Medical cannabis


Hiroshi Kichise (born 10 July 1983) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||6||0||7||0
|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2005||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||17||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||18||0

|-
|2006||Albirex Niigata Singapore||S. League||15||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0

|-
|2007||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||2||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2008||Gainare Tottori||Football League||22||1||1||0||colspan="2"|-||23||1
57||1||3||0||6||0||66||1
15||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||16||0
72||1||4||0||6||0||82||1
|}

References

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Fukuoka Prefecture

Hiroshi Kichise


Blabbermouth.net is a website that is dedicated to heavy metal and hard rock news, as well as album and music DVD reviews.

Official website
Blabbermouth.net

Category:websites

Blabbermouth.net


Gondwana, formerly called Gondwanaland, was a southern supercontinent. It formed when Pangaea broke up, starting 180 million years ago (mya), in the early middle Jurassic.

The Pangaean global supercontinent was complete 250 million years ago. Then it split into two smaller supercontinents, which were about the same size. The northern part of Pangaea became Laurasia, and the southern part became Gondwana.  Over time, Gondwana drifted south, while Laurasia moved north.

Gondwana included most of the landmasses in today's southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia–New Guinea, and New Zealand. It also included Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere.

Gondwana itself began to break up in the mid-Jurassic period, about 170 million years ago.

History of the name

Gondwana was named by an Austrian scientist, Eduard Suess. He named the supercontinent after the Gondwana region of central northern India.  The name comes from the Sanskrit word "gondavana," which means "forest of the Gonds."  (The Gonds are a group of people who live in the Gondwana area in India.)

The adjective Gondwanan is often used in biogeography to describe where different organisms live.  It is most commonly used when the organisms only live in two or more of the now-separate regions that were once part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora. For example, the Proteaceae, a family of plants, lives only in southern South America, South Africa, and Australia.  This is called a "Gondwanan distribution" (meaning that the Proteaceae live only in the areas that used to be part of Gondwana). This pattern shows that the Proteaceae have existed for a very long time  since the time that Gondwana existed.

Evidence of plant and animal distribution supported the ideas of two scientists: Alfred Russel Wallace and Alfred Wegener. Wallace explained geographical distribution as the result of evolution.  Wegener used geographical distribution as evidence for continental drift.

Breakup of Gondwana
Between 160 and 23 million years ago, Gondwana broke up.  Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 million years ago.  Next, it separated from the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous period (about 125 million years ago).

About 65 million years ago, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, with marsupial fauna. About 40 million years ago, Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica.  This allowed latitudinal currents to separate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear in Antarctica.

During the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide were about 760 parts per million.  They had been decreasing from earlier levels, which were in the thousands of parts per million.

Around 23 million years ago, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated Antarctica. Models of the changes suggest that decreasing levels of carbon dioxide became more important. The ice began to spread through Antarctica, replacing the forests that had covered the continent. Since about 15 million years ago, Antarctica has been mostly covered with ice.  Around six million years ago, the Antarctic ice cap reached the size it is today.

Submerged former lands
There are several submerged (underwater) lands in the Indian Ocean, off the west of Australia. They are under more than  of water. Their rocks show that they used to be part of Gondwana. They are not the type of rocks that are usually found in the ocean, like basalt.  Instead, they are typical land rocks, like granite, sandstone, and gneiss. They also have the type of fossils that are now found on continental areas. Recently, two of these sunken islands were found to the west of Perth, Western Australia. These islands are almost the size of Tasmania, and have flat tops. This shows they were once at sea level before being submerged underwater. It also shows that when India began to break away from Australasia in the early Cretaceous period, the islands formed part of the last link between the two present-day continents.

Naturaliste Plateau
The Naturaliste Plateau is a submerged land off of Western Australia. It has an area of 90,000 square kilometres (34,749 square miles).

The Naturaliste Plateau may have deposits of oil. When it was above land during the Mesozoic era, it had a tropical climate which might have been perfect for creating coal, oil and natural gas.

Kerguelen microcontinent

The Kerguelen Plateau is a submerged microcontinent in the southern Indian Ocean. It is about  to the southwest of Australia, and extends for more than  in a northwest-southeast direction. It is under deep water, but a small part of the plateau is above sea level, forming the Australian Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the French Kerguelen Islands.  The islands are part of a large igneous province (LIP) which started when Gondwana started to break up, 130 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous period.

Volcanic activity occurs sometimes on the Heard and McDonald islands.

References

Gondwana


Brian McBride (born June 19, 1972) is an American soccer player. He has played for United States national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994||Milwaukee Rampage||USISL||18||17

|-
|1994/95||Wolfsburg||2. Bundesliga||12||1

|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|Columbus Crew||rowspan="5"|Major League Soccer||28||17
|-
|1997||13||6
|-
|1998||24||10
|-
|1999||25||5
|-
|2000||18||6

|-
|2000/01||Preston North End||First Division||9||1

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Columbus Crew||rowspan="2"|Major League Soccer||15||1
|-
|2002||14||5

|-
|2002/03||Everton||Premier League||8||4

|-
|2003||Columbus Crew||Major League Soccer||24||12

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="5"|Fulham||rowspan="5"|Premier League||16||4
|-
|2004/05||31||6
|-
|2005/06||38||9
|-
|2006/07||38||9
|-
|2007/08||17||4

|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Chicago Fire||rowspan="3"|Major League Soccer||11||5
|-
|2009||22||7
|-
|2010||||
212||89
12||1
157||37
381||127
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1993||1||0
|-
|1994||0||0
|-
|1995||0||0
|-
|1996||7||2
|-
|1997||7||2
|-
|1998||9||2
|-
|1999||11||3
|-
|2000||10||4
|-
|2001||5||1
|-
|2002||15||6
|-
|2003||7||3
|-
|2004||11||3
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||5||1
|-
!Total||95||30
|}

References

Other websites

Category:1972 births
Category:Living people
Category:American footballers

Brian McBride


Glenn Close (born March 19, 1947) is an American movie and stage actress. Close has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.

Awards

Oscar Nominations
 1983 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The World According to Garp
 1984 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Big Chill
 1985 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, The Natural
 1988 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Fatal Attraction
 1989 Best Actress in a Leading Role, Dangerous Liaisons

Emmy Award/Nominations
 1995 Emmy Award: Lead Actress/ Miniseries - Serving in Silence
 2002 Emmy Nomination: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, Will & Grace

Golden Globe
 2005 Golden Globe Award: Best Actress/ Miniseries - The Lion in Winter

Tony Awards
 1984 Best Actress/ Play - The Real Thing
 1992 Best Actress/ Play - Death and the Maiden
 1995 Best Actress/ Musical - Sunset Boulevard

Other
 1988 People's Choice Award - Favorite Motion Picture Actress
 1992 Golden Camera/ Germany - Best International Actress
 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award/ Outstanding Actress, Television - The Lion in Winter

Other websites

 Glenn Close biography at thespiannet
 Performance Working in the Theatre seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
 Performance Working in the Theatre seminar video atAmerican Theatre Wing.org, April 1986
 TonyAwards.com Interview with Glenn Close

Category:American movie actors
Category:American movie producers
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Emmy Award winning actors
Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors
Category:Actors from Greenwich, Connecticut
Category:Tony Award winning actors
Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:People's Choice Award winners

Glenn Close


Athens is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Athens County.

Category:Cities in Ohio
Category:County seats in Ohio

Athens, Ohio


Anne Veronica Maria Quayle (6 October 1932 – 16 August 2019), known professionally as Anna Quayle, was an English actress.  In 1963, she won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role in the original production of Stop the World – I Want to Get Off.

Her movie roles include A Hard Day's Night (1964), Smashing Time (1967), Casino Royale (1967), and Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968).

Quayle was diagnosed in 2012 with Lewy body dementia. She died on 16 August 2019 at the age of 86.

References

Category:Tony Award winning actors
Category:1932 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Deaths from dementia with Lewy bodies
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:English dancers
Category:English singers
Category:Actors from Birmingham

Anna Quayle


A wooden spoon is a spoon that can be made from wood. Wooden spoons are used for mixing food.  Wooden spoon is also a  term for last place in a sporting contest.

Other websites
Stuart King's collection of carved wooden spoons

Category:Food utensils

sv:Slev

Wooden spoon


The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the Parliament of India. The total number of members are 250. Twelve of the members are nominated by the President of India for their contributions to art, literature, science, and social services. The rest of the house is elected by the state and territorial legislatures. Members sit for six-year terms, with one third of the members retiring every two years.

India
Category:Politics of India

Rajya Sabha


Harry G. Kipke (March 26, 1899 - September 14, 1972) was the head football coach at the University of Michigan from 1929-1937. He is one of only three coaches in school history to direct teams to four consecutive conference championships.

Category:American basketball players
Category:Sportspeople from Michigan
Category:1899 births
Category:1972 deaths

Harry Kipke


Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Municipalities of Ticino

Morbio Inferiore


Alison Mary Cheek (April 11, 1927 – September 1, 2019) was an Australian-born American religious leader. She was known for being one of the first women ordained in the Episcopal Church and the first woman to publicly celebrate the Eucharist in that denomination. Cheek was born in Adelaide, South Australia.

Cheek died at her home in Brevard, North Carolina on September 1, 2019 at the age of 92.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Priests
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:People from Adelaide
Category:People from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Alison Cheek


No Place to Hide is a 1973 American political thriller movie directed by Robert Allen Schnitzer and starring Sylvester Stallone. In 1990, the film was re-edited, this time as a comedy film  titled A Man called Rambo.

Other websites

Category:1973 movies
Category:1970s thriller movies
Category:American thriller movies

No Place to Hide (1973 movie)


A quantum fluctuation is the temporary change in the amount of energy in a point in space, as explained in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. It applies only to quantum physics.

That means that conservation of energy can seem to be violated, but only to allow the creation of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs for exceedingly short period of time.    Like normal matter and antimatter, theoretical electrons and positrons annihilate each other. Unlike normal matter, however, they do not create any energy when they annihilate each other, but instead create an imaginary photon. Normal photons can interact with matter, but theoretical photons do not.

References

Abhyudaya Apoorva - The theory of nothing

Category:Quantum mechanics

Quantum fluctuation


Búri was the first Norse god. He became the father of the other gods. He was married to Hárm. He ruled prehistory. He gave birth to the Nephaeleus. His reign ended when Thor and Loki were born.

Búri was born when the Divine Cow, Audhumla, licked him out of his icy prison. In his life, Búri lived alongside the ice giant Ymir. Ymir was also released from ice in a similar way.

Category:Norse gods and goddesses

Búri


On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated by a former RSS (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) activist, Nathuram Godse. He shot him because he felt that Gandhi was too respectful towards Muslims. As a punishment for this he was hanged.

Category:Assassinations
Category:January events
Category:1948 in Asia
Category:1940s in India

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi


Peyzieux-sur-Saône is a commune. It is found in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Ain department  in the east of France.

Peyzieux-sur-Saône


Soft tennis is major sport in Japan. It is usually played by two players with rackets. It is similar to normal tennis, but the ball is soft.
Young and old of both sexes can enjoy playing soft tennis because the racket and ball are light.

History
Tennis came to Japan from England in about 1880's.

Equipment
Racket
Ball
In Japan, people were not able to make good hard ball those days. Imported balls were expensive. Therefore Japanese people used a rubber ball.

References

Category:Sport in Japan
Category:Tennis

Soft tennis


Andrew Demese Gillum (born July 26, 1979) is an American politician. He has been the Mayor of Tallahassee, Florida from the years 2014 to 2018.

At the age of 23, Gillum became the youngest person ever elected to the Tallahassee City Commission in February 2003.

On August 28, 2018, Gillum won  the Democratic nomination for Governor of Florida when he won the Democratic primary election even though he was losing in the polls. He lost the general election to his Republican opponent Ron DeSantis in the general election.

His campaign for governor has been endorsed by Senator Bernie Sanders.

He was once considered by Hillary Clinton to be her Vice President choice after an email hack released a list of possible picks.

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:American mayors
Category:Politicians from Miami, Florida
Category:People from Tallahassee, Florida
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

Andrew Gillum


Reddit is a website where people share links to articles, media and other things on the web. The website is organized into "subreddits", communities within the Reddit community to discuss certain topics or to look at specific content. The posted links can be voted on, and the links with most votes are displayed on the front page of the website. Reddit was founded in 2005 by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. People in the Reddit community call themselves "redditors". Some examples of subreddits are /r/Pics, /r/Aww, /r/FakeHistory, /r/WritingPrompts, and /r/todayilearned. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like educational, funny, cute pictures of animals, internet memes, and more.

Reddit has occasionally been the topic of controversy due to the presence of subreddits devoted to explicit or controversial material, including subreddits r/Creepshots and r/jailbait.

Site overview
Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content that can be discussed like a forum.

Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users.

Users and moderators
Reddit users are called "redditors."

Subreddits
Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits".

References

Other websites

Category:Websites

Reddit


Ripley is a town in the English county of Derbyshire.

Earliest history

Ripley existed in 1086 when it was held by a man called Levenot. In 1251 Henry III said there could be a weekly market here and two annual fairs. In 1291 there were "two water-mills with fish ponds" in Ripley.

Industry

The Ripley area has been industrialized since the late 18th century.

One of the earliest companies to take advantage of mineral resources around Ripley was the Butterley Company in 1790. One of the early, and most well known, examples of the work of the company includes the graceful arched roof of St. Pancras Station in London, recently restored as an international rail terminal. A recent Butterley achievement was the design and construction of the Falkirk Wheel which lifts large canal boats.

Notable residents
Bombardier Charles Stone who was awarded the VC was born here.
Barnes Wallis, inventor of the 'Bouncing bomb' lived for a time in Ripley. One of the town's parks is named after him.

Education
Ripley Mill Hill School, Peasehill
Swanwick Hall School, Swanwick Hill, Swanwick
John Flamsteed School, Derby Road, Denby

References

Other websites

Category:Towns in Derbyshire

Ripley, Derbyshire


Air pollution is a type of environmental pollution that affects the air and is usually caused by smoke or other harmful gases, mainly oxides of carbon, sulphur and nitrogen.

In other words, air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence or introduction of a substance which has a poisonous effect.

Many of the world's large cities today have polluted air or low air quality.

Even 2,000 years ago, the Romans were complaining about the polluted air in their cities. At that time, the air was thick with smoke from fires and the smell of sewers. Air pollution has been classified as a danger to human health and Earth's many ecosystems for a long time.

Air quality
Pollution can be gas or liquid or solid. It can also be classified chemically, such as:- oxide, hydrocarbon, acid or other kinds. Pollution can also be classified by what makes it.

Many pollutants go into the air from natural sources. These pollutants include dust, sea salt, volcanic ashes and gases, smoke from forest fires, pollen, and many other materials. In fact, there are many more natural pollutants than pollutants that humans make. However, humans and other living things have adapted to most of these natural pollutants.

Air pollution is usually described as either primary pollutants or secondary pollutants.Primary pollutants are pollutants that are put directly into the air by humans or natural sources. Examples of primary pollutants are exhaust fumes (gas) from cars, soot from smoke, dust storms and ash from volcanic eruptions (as seen in the picture on the left).

Secondary pollutants are pollutants that are made from chemical reactions when pollutants mix with other primary pollutants or natural substances like water vapor. Many secondary pollutants are made when a primary pollutant reacts with sunlight. Ozone and smog are secondary pollutants. Ozone is a gas that stops harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.  When it is near the ground, though, it can poison people and other organisms.

Human-made air pollution comes from many things. Most air pollution made by humans today is because of transportation. Automobiles , for instance, make about 60% of the human-made air pollution. The gases inside car exhaust, like nitrogen oxide, make smog and acid rain.

Farmlands and forests sometimes burn in wildfires producing soot (a black powder composed mainly of carbon, produced when coal, grasses, wood etc. is burned) from smoke. Soot can affect people and other life. People start many of those fires.

Industrial air pollution
Many industrial power plants burn fossil fuels to get their energy. However, burning fossil fuels can make a lot of oxides (chemical compounds that have oxygen and other elements inside). In fact, the burning of fossil fuels makes 96% of the sulphur oxides in the atmosphere. Some industries also make chemicals that make poisonous fumes (smoke).

Indoor air pollution
Air pollution is not only on the outside. Homes, schools, and buildings can also have air pollution. Sometimes the air inside a building is even worse than the air outside. Many things which humans use every day can pollute the air. Compounds inside carpets, paints, building materials and furniture also pollute the air, especially when they are new.

In buildings where the windows are tightly shut to stop air leaks, the air inside can be polluted more than the air outside.

Acid precipitation
Acid precipitation is precipitation, like rain, sleet, or snow, that contains acids from air pollution. When fossil fuels are burned, they let out oxides into the air. When these oxides mix with water in the atmosphere, they make acid, which fall as precipitation. Acid precipitation can kill living things like fish and trees, by making the place where they live too acidic. Acid rain can also damage buildings made of limestone and concrete.

Ozone hole
A global concern is the hole in the ozone layer in the stratosphere.  The Earth's ozone layer protects life from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays, but in the 1970s, scientists found out that some chemicals let out into the atmosphere makes the ozone turn into oxygen.  This lets more ultraviolet rays reach the Earth.  During the 1980s, scientists found that the ozone layer above the South Pole had thinned by 50 to 98%.

Human health
On March 17, 1992, in Mexico City, all children under the age of 14 could not go to school because of air pollution. This does not often happen, but being exposed to air pollution every day can make people have many health problems. Children, elderly (old) people, and people with allergies especially, can have a lot of problems because of air pollution. Studies from the University of Birmingham showed that deaths because of pneumonia and air pollution from motor vehicles like cars are related.

The World Health Organization said that 2.4 million people died because of the direct problems of air pollution. Some of the problems include:

Head
Dizziness
Headaches

Face
Burning, scratchy eyes
Runny nose
Coughing and hard breathing

Other
Lung cancer and lung diseases
Sore throat
Chest pains, colds, and allergies

Agricultural effects
In India in 2014, it was reported that air pollution had cut crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2010 when compared to 1980 levels. There can also be increased yield of crops due to some air quality conditions.

References

Other websites

 Air quality science and general information
 UNEP Urban Issues
 European Commission > Environment > Policies > Air >Air Quality.
 UNEP Partnership for Clean Fuels and Vehicles

 Air quality modelling
 Stuff in the air Standard air quality modelling procedure for industrial sources.
 Wiki on Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling. Addresses the international community of atmospheric dispersion modellers — primarily researchers, but also users of models. Its purpose is to pool experiences gained by dispersion modellers during their work.
 Air Dispersion Modeling Conversions and Formulas One of six technical articles devoted to air quality and air pollution dispersion modeling.

 Effects on human health

Air pollution


Acetic acid, or ethanoic acid, (CH3COOH) is a carboxylic acid, which is the main compound of vinegar, other than water. It tastes and smells sour; it has no color. Its melting point is 16.5 °C(61.6 °F) and boiling point is 118.1 °C(244.5 °F). It has a pH of 2.4.

References

2

Acetic acid


Moshe Arens (27 December 1925 – 7 January 2019) was an Israeli aeronautical engineer, researcher and former diplomat and politician. He was a member of the Knesset between 1973 and 1992 and again from 1999 until 2003. Arens was a member of Likud.

He served as Minister of Defense three times and once as Minister of Foreign Affairs. Arens also served as the Israeli ambassador to the U.S. and was professor at the Technion in Haifa.

Arens was born in Kaunas, Lithuania. He studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at the California Institute of Technology. Arens died at his home in Savyon, Israel on 7 January 2019 at the age of 93.

References

Other websites

Charlie Rose – Moshe Arens
Moshe Arens Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Category:1925 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:American engineers
Category:Former Members of Knesset
Category:Government ministers of Israel
Category:Likud politicians
Category:Israeli academics
Category:American academics
Category:Jewish American politicians
Category:Ambassadors of Israel
Category:Jewish academics
Category:Jewish Israeli politicians
Category:Lithuanian Jews
Category:Naturalized citizens of Israel
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:People from Kaunas

Moshe Arens


Rocky is a city in Oklahoma in the United States.

Category:Cities in Oklahoma

Rocky, Oklahoma


Michiko Nishiura Weglyn (November 29, 1926 – April 25, 1999) was a Japanese-American activist and clothing designer, whose goal was to raise awareness about concentration camps during World War II. After United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark lied and said that the concentration camps did not exist in the US, Weglyn made it her goal to tell people the truth about the concentration camps.

Early Life
Weglyn was born on November 29, 1926, on her family’s farm in Stockton, California. She was one of two sisters and had a loving mother and father, Tomojiro and Misao Weglyn. Before going to school in the mornings, Weglyn fed the chickens and the horses to prove to her father she was just as useful as a boy. In 1926, boys were often considered more important than girls.

Concentration Camp
Weglyn was put in a concentration camp, in Gila River, Arizona. This camp was for Japanese Americans during World War II. Many Americans believed that Japanese people were helping Japan, perhaps planning another attack after Pearl Harbor. Later in her life, Weglyn heard the attorney general, Ramsey Clark, deny that America ever had concentration camps. He said that the concentration camps that had affected Weglyn's life never happened. Of course, this was a lie, and Weglyn was telling the truth about her past experiences. Weglyn later decided to write a book called, Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America’s Concentration Camps, to share the horror and torture that she experienced. She wrote to raise awareness. This is why she is considered an activist, who helped inspire others to share their stories.

Life as a Designer
Weglyn was one of the first Japanese-American female designer known internationally. Throughout her career she made beautiful pieces of clothing to fit actors/actresses needs. She was known as a designer who could hide the actors/actresses flaws.

References

Category:1926 births
Category:1999 deaths
Category:Activists
Category:American activists
Category:People from Stockton, California

Michiko Nishiura Weglyn


John J. Farrell (1872 – July 22, 1946) was the Dairy and Food Commissioner of Minnesota in 1917 and president of the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association. By 1921 he was the secretary of National Dairy Products. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate in the United States Senate elections of 1924 for senator from Minnesota. He was the Minnesota Democratic state chair in 1931.

Biography
Farrell was born in 1872 in Ohio to Daniel Farrell and Mary Guyton, both Irish immigrant parents. They migrated to Minnesota in 1886. He married in August of 1901 Mabel Sanborn of Faribault, Minnesota, a daughter of W. N. Sanborn.

By 1917, Farrell was the Dairy and Food Commissioner of Minnesota and president of the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association.

By 1921 Farrell was the secretary of National Dairy Products Committee. In 1924, he was the unsuccessful Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senator from Minnesota.

Farrell died on July 22, 1946 in South Harbor Township, Mille Lacs County, Minnesota.

References

Category:Business people from Ohio
Category:1872 births
Category:1946 deaths
Category:Politicians from Ohio

John J. Farrell


Lee Hoi-chang(Korean:이회창, hanja:李會昌, June 2 1935 - ) is South korean politicians and Judges. Chairman of Comptroller's, 26th prime minister of South Korea. nickname was 'Kyungsa'(경사), 'TaeZZeok'(대쪽).

After 1960, he was served to 30years as a judge, 1993 13th Chairman of Comptroller's of South Korea, prime minister of South Korea December 17 1993 to June 2 1994.

books
 『Beautiful's Principles』(아름다운 원칙)

Related pages
 Park Chung-hee
 Kim Young-sam
 Roh Tae-u
 Roh Moo-hyun
 Chun Doo-hwan

Other websites
 Republic of Korea National Assembly:Lee Hoi-chang
 ChangSarang - Lee Hoi-chang's Fan Club
 Lee Hoi-chang

Category:1935 births
Category:Living people
Category:Prime Ministers of South Korea
Category:Anti-Communists

Lee Hoi-chang


Yehoshua Glazer (29 December 1927 – 29 December 2018) was an Israeli footballer. He played for Maccabi Tel Aviv and for the Israel national football team his entire career. He was born in Tel Aviv.

Glazer died on his 91st birthday on 29 December 2018 in Tel Aviv.

References

Other websites
 National team stats

Category:1927 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Israeli footballers
Category:People from Tel Aviv

Yehoshua Glazer


The following is a list of notable people from Union City, New Jersey. (B) denotes that the person was born there, though births prior to 1925 would have been in West Hoboken or Union Hill which merged in 1925 to form Union City, as noted in some of these entries.
 Akon (born 1973), rapper and R&B singer.
 Andy Bakjian (1914–1986), Hall of Fame Track and Field official and author.(B)
 Fred Barakat (1939-2010), college basketball coach.
 Jose Miguel Battle, Sr. (c. 1930–2007), former Bay of Pigs Invasion operative who became known as "Godfather of the Cuban mafia".
 Harold Bell (1919–2009), creator of Woodsy Owl.(B)
 Ben Blank (c. 1921–2009), television graphics innovator.
 Steve Bula, first-season cast member on the MTV reality television series From G's to Gents.
 James E. Buttersworth (1817–1894), British maritime painter.
 Bobby Cannavale (born 1971), actor known for his roles on Ally McBeal, Third Watch, and Will & Grace.
 Helen Castillo, fashion designer known as one of the cast members on season 12 of the reality television series Project Runway. Castillo was born and raised in Weehawken before later moving to Union City.
 Rene Paul Chambellan (1893–1955), architectural sculptor, known for his work in the Art Deco and Greco Deco styles.
 Gordon Chiesa, basketball coach, who was assistant coach for the Utah Jazz for 16 seasons from 1989–90 to 2004–05.
 Norman Cousins (1915–1990), author and peace advocate.(B)
 Dominick V. Daniels (1908–1987), represented New Jersey's 14th congressional district from 1959–1977.
 Otis Davis (born 1932), Olympic track and field athlete who won two gold medals in the 400-metre dash and the 4 × 400 metres relay at 1960 Summer Olympics, setting a world record in the former event.
 Louis Del Grande (born 1943), television writer and actor, best known for starring in the Canadian mystery/comedy series Seeing Things.
 Vincent John Dellay (1907–1999), represented New Jersey's 14th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1957–1959.(B)
 Pietro Di Donato (1911–1992), Italian American novelist, and author of Christ in Concrete.(B)
 Harvey B. Dodworth (1822–1891), bandmaster.
 Harry Donovan (born 1926), professional basketball player who played for the New York Knicks.
 Henry Escalante, pop musician, and one of the 15 finalists from the 2007 season of the MTV reality show Making Menudo.
 Hank Finkel (born 1942), retired NBA basketball player.(B)
 Marshall Flaum (1925–2010), documentary filmmaker.
 Rafael Fraguela (born 1955), member of the New Jersey General Assembly who also served on the Union City Board of Commissioners.
 Nick Galis (born 1957), retired Greek basketball player and member of the FIBA Hall of Fame.
 Rudy Garcia (born 1964), former Assemblyman and Mayor of Union City.
 Anthony Vincent Genovese (born 1932), architect who practiced in the mid to late-twentieth-century New York and New Jersey as a partner in the architectural firm name Genovese & Maddalene.
 Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam (1905–1994), Rebbe of the Klausenberg Hasidic dynasty.
 Frank Haubold (1906–1985), Olympic gymnast who won a Silver and Gold medal in the 1928 Summer Olympics, and who, with his wife, Irma, were the first married couple to compete in the Olympics.
 Irma Haubold (1908–1996), Olympic gymnast who competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics, and who, with and her husband, Frank, were the first married couple to compete in the Olympics.(B)
 Alexis Hernandez, contestant on season 6 of the Food Network's Next Food Network Star.
 Antonio Jacobsen (1850–1921), maritime artist known as the "Audubon of Steam Vessels".
 Paul Jappe (1898–1989), NFL player born in Union Hill who played for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Lions.(B)
 Joe Jeanette (1879–1958), considered one of the best African American heavyweight boxers of the early 20th Century.(B)
 Vicki Johnson, woman believed to have perpetrated a hoax in which she fabricated a boy afflicted with AIDS, whose autobiography, A Rock and a Hard Place, fooled people such Armistead Maupin, Mr. Rogers and Oprah Winfrey, and became the basis of Maupin's fictionalized novel, The Night Listener, and the feature film of the same name starring Robin Williams.
 Eugene Jolas (1894–1952), writer, translator and literary critic born in Union Hill.(B)
 AJ Lee (born 1987), female professional wrestler, best known for her time in WWE.(B)
 Dennis Locorriere (born 1949), singer, and one of the two frontpersons for the Dr. Hook & The Medicine Show.(B)
 Luigi Lucioni (1900–1988), painter known for his realistic and precisely-drawn still lifes, landscapes, and portraits. Lucioni's family emigrated from Malnate, Italy in 1911 to New York City, and after moving several more times, settled in 1929 at 403 New York Avenue in Union City.
 Herb Maack (born 1917), head coach of the Rhode Island Rams from 1956 through 1960.(B)
 Alicia Menendez (born 1983), TV commentator, radio host, and writer, and daughter of Senator Bob Menendez.
 Bob Menendez (born 1954), Mayor of Union City from 1986 to 1992, and later a United States Senator.
 W. S. Merwin (born 1927), Pulitzer Prize-winning poet. and United States Poet Laureate. In 2006 the city renamed a street near his former home W.S. Merwin Way.
 Otto Messmer (1892–1983), creator of Felix the Cat.(B)
 Erick Morillo (born 1971), DJ and music producer, known for producing the 1993 hit "I Like to Move It", which was features in the Madagascar film franchise.
 Luis Moro (born 1964), actor, filmmaker and writer, best known for his history making-film Love and Suicide, which made him the first American to break the embargo on Cuba to film a feature there.
 William Musto (1917–2006), Mayor of Union City from 1962–1970 and from 1974–1982.
 Oscar Nunez (born 1958), Cuban American actor and comedian who stars in the American TV series The Office.
 Mitchell Olson, songwriter and contestant on Survivor: The Australian Outback, the second season of the reality television show Survivor.
 Joe Oriolo (1913–1985), writer and cartoon animator who co-created Casper the Friendly Ghost and animated Felix the Cat.
 Cliff Osmond (1937–2012), character actor and television screenwriter best known for appearing in films directed by Billy Wilder.
 Togo Palazzi (born 1932), retired NBA basketball player.
 Carol-Lynn Parente, executive producer of Sesame Street and winner of seven Emmy Awards for her work on the program.
 Nick Piantanida (1932–1966), amateur skydiver who died four months after barely surviving a fall from 57,000 feet, in an unsuccessful attempt to break the world parachute jump record.
 Arthur Pinajian (1914–1999), Armenian-American artist and comic book creator, known as the creator of the characters Madame Fatal and Invisible Hood.
 William Ranney (1813–1857), 19th Century Western painter.
 Dan Resin (1931–2010), actor known as Dr. Beeper in the film Caddyshack, and as the Ty-D-Bol man in toilet cleaner commercials.
 Dwayne Sabb (born 1969), football player for the New England Patriots.
 Esther Salas, the first Hispanic woman to serve as a United States magistrate judge in the District of New Jersey, and the first Hispanic woman to be appointed a U.S. District Court judge in New Jersey.
 Renoly Santiago (born 1974) Puerto Rican actor, singer and writer known for his appearances in films such as Dangerous Minds, Hackers and Con Air.
 Pedro Sosa (born 1984) former American football offensive tackle for the Hartford Colonials of the defunct United Football League, and later a member of the Miami Dolphins.
 Brian P. Stack (born 1966), Assemblyman, New Jersey state senator, and mayor of Union City since 2000.
 Aaron Stanford (born 1976), actor known for his role as Pyro in the films X2: X-Men United and X-Men: The Last Stand.
 Allison Strong, actress/singer known for her Broadway work in the musicals Bye Bye Birdie and Mamma Mia!
 Alexandria Suarez, child actor who performs the voice of Backpack on Dora the Explorer, beginning with that show's fifth season.
 Janine Pommy Vega (1942–2010), poet associated with the Beats.
 Walter Walsh (born 1907), FBI agent and Olympic sharpshooter who participated in the capture of outlaw Arthur Barker.(B)
 Gene Wettstone (1913–2013), gymnastics coach, known as the "Dean of Collegiate Gymnastics Coaches", for leading Pennsylvania State University to a record nine N.C.A.A. championships in the sport, and for coaching the United States men's teams in the 1948 and 1956 Summer Olympics. Born in West Hoboken.(B)
 Frank Winters (born 1964), National Football League player (1987–2002) for the Green Bay Packers.
 Jules Witcover (born 1927), author and political journalist for The Baltimore Sun, the now-defunct Washington Star, the Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post and Tribune Media Services.

References

Other websites

Union City
*
Category:New Jersey-related lists

List of people from Union City, New Jersey


Cardinal is a clerical office in the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinals are counselors of the pope.

Pope Innocent IV granted the use of the red hat to the cardinals in 1245. The red hat was a symbol of the cardinal's readiness to shed their blood in the cause of the church.

College of Cardinals
The collective name for cardinals is college of cardinals.  They meet in a Papal conclave to elect a new Pope.

When there is no pope, the cardinals directs the day-to-day affairs of the Church.

References

Other websites

 Catholic Hierarchy,  Cardinal-Bishops, Cardinal-Priests,  Cardinal-Deacons
  Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church

Cardinal (Catholicism)


Ilbe Storage(일베저장소), also known Ilbe(일베) is a website from South Korea.

Related pages
 4chan
 DC Inside

Category:Websites
Category:Crime

Ilbe Storehouse


Tulipa clusiana, the lady tulip, is an Asian species of tulip. It is native to Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and the western Himalayas.

References

Category:Plants of Pakistan
Category:Liliaceae

Tulipa clusiana


F.C. Lorient is a football club which plays in France.

Category:French football clubs
Category:1926 establishments in Europe
Category:1920s establishments in France

F.C. Lorient


Machelen is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant.

In 2007, 12792 people lived there.

It is at 50° 54 North, 04° 26 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of Flemish Brabant

Machelen


Kim Chwa-chin(hangul:김좌진, 金佐鎭, November 24 1889 - January 24 1930) was one of politician, reform activists and independent activists of Korea. nickname was Baikya (백야, 白冶) also Chinese style name was Myungyeo (명여, 明汝).

References
 http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b03g1946b
 http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1073114&mobile&categoryId=200001081
 http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=3887

Category:1889 births
Category:1930 deaths
Category:Anti-Communists
Category:Terrorists
Category:Korean politicians
Category:Murder victims
Category:Autobiographers

Kim Chwa-chin


This is a list of official U.S. state tartans:

References

Category:Lists about U.S. states

List of U.S. state tartans


This is a list of the Roman emperors:

Julio–Claudian dynasty

Year of the Four Emperors

Flavian dynasty

Nerva-Antonine dynasty

Year of the Five Emperors and Severan dynasty

Crisis of the Third Century

The Dominate: Tetrarchy and Constantinian dynasty

Valentinian dynasty

Theodosian dynasty

Western Roman Empire
Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium

Note there were also numerous usurpers ("fake" emperors) including:
 Domitianus II (usurper)

Category:Lists of heads of state
*

List of Roman emperors


The Heat is a 2013 police comedy which stars Sandra Bullock and Melissa McCarthy. Bullock plays a Special Agent and the latter plays a detective. This comedy is set in Boston.

Release dates

References

Category:2013 action movies
Category:2013 buddy movies
Category:2013 comedy movies
Category:American action comedy movies
Category:Buddy comedy movies
Category:Buddy cop movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:Movies set in Boston, Massachusetts
Category:Police comedy movies

The Heat


Mirpur () is a place, a thana of Dhaka city, Bangladesh.

Geography
Mirpur is located at . It has a total area of 58 km2. It is situated to the north-east of Dhaka city.

Category:Dhaka

Mirpur Thana


Estonia first competed in the Olympic Games at the 1920 Summer Olympics after becoming independence from Russia in 1918. The National Olympic Committee was created in 1923. They were a part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country became a part of the Soviet Union in 1940. In the 1980 Summer Olympics,  the Sailing regatta was held in the capital city of Tallinn.  Estonia has taken part in all Olympics since it became independent again in 1991. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing.

Medals by Olympics sport

Medals by Summer Olympics sport

Medals by Winter Olympics sport

Summer Olympics Medal Count

Winter Olympics Medal Count

Related pages
 List of IOC country codes

References

Other websites
 Eesti Olümpiakomitee (Estonian Olympic Committee) website
 Estonia profile at London2012.com

Category:Nations at the Olympics
Category:Sport in Estonia

Estonia at the Olympics


Daishi Hiramatsu (born 3 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.

Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||13||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2007||41||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|-
|2008||38||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||4
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||3||0||5||0||15||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
99||5||8||0||5||0||112||5
99||5||8||0||5||0||112||5
|}

References
Tokyo

Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Tochigi Prefecture

Daishi Hiramatsu


Charles Thomas Vinci Jr. (February 28, 1933 – June 13, 2018) was an American weightlifter and Olympic champion.
He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He won gold medals at the 1955 and 1959 Pan American games. He won a gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, with a world-record three-lift (snatch, clean and jerk, overhead press) total of . He won gold again at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

References

Category:1933 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure
Category:American Olympic gold medalists
Category:Weightlifters
Category:Sportspeople from Cleveland, Ohio

Charles Vinci


Marmaray is a transport project in the city of Istanbul in Turkey. It connects the European and Asian sides of the city by an railway tunnel under the Bosphorus.

Other websites

Category:Transport in Turkey
Category:Istanbul

Marmaray


(, ; born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani politician and business tycoon. He was 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990-July 1993 and February 1997-October 1999. He leads the political party, Pakistan Muslim League (N). He was Chief Minister of Punjab from 1985 to 1990. A businessman and lawyer by profession, he owns Ittefaq Group, a private steel mill enterprise.

He is a rich businessman and a conservative politician. His first term was shortened after the Pakistan Army pressured him to resign. In 1997, he was overwhelmingly elected for a second term by wide margins. During his second term, he notably ordered Pakistan's first nuclear tests in response to India's nuclear tests. He was ousted in an October 1999 military coup by Pervez Musharraf. He returned to Pakistan in late 2007 after eight years of forced exile. He successfully called for Musharraf's impeachment and the reinstatement of former Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. He is an important force in Pakistani politics.

On 28 July 2017, after a direct ruling from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Sharif resigned as Prime Minister due to his role in the Panama Papers leaks.

In December 2019, Sharif was diagnosed with heart disease.

Sources

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Anti-Communists
Category:Billionaires
Category:Business people
Category:Government ministers
Category:Lawyers
Category:Pakistani Muslims
Category:Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Category:Punjabi people

Nawaz Sharif


Ingonish is a Canadian rural community in northeastern Victoria County, Nova Scotia. Ingonish is on the northeast coast of Cape Breton Island along the Cabot Trail. It is about  from the shire town of Baddeck. Ingonish is made up of four communities: Ingonish Ferry, Ingonish Harbour, Ingonish Beach, Ingonish Centre.

Ingonish is located at the eastern entrance to Cape Breton Highlands National Park.  The regional economy is tied to the seasonal tourism and fishing industries. The community is in the federal electoral district of Sydney—Victoria. Ingonish was one of the first areas settled on Cape Breton Island.

Demographics
Total population: 1250
Total dwellings: 652
Total land area

Other websites
Hike the Highlands Festival
Northeast Highlands Chamber of Commerce
Cape Breton Highlands
Visit Victoria County
Municipality of Victoria County
Ingonish Information

Category:Settlements in Nova Scotia

Ingonish


Bliss is a city in Idaho in the United States.

Category:Cities in Idaho
Category:Gooding County, Idaho

Bliss, Idaho


Hugh the Great or Hugues le Grand (895–16 June 956) was duke of the Franks and count of Paris.

Early career

Hugh was the son of King Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. She was the daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois.  Hugh was born in 895 in Paris, France. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987.  Hugh was a member of the family known as the Robertians.

Duke of France

In 922 the barons of western Francia revolted against the Carolingian king Charles the Simple. In his place they elected Robert I, Hugh's father, as King of Western Francia. Robert I died in battle at Soissons in 923. When Hugh refused the crown it went to his brother-in-law, Rudolph of France. Charles the simple asked his cousin Herbert II, Count of Vermandois for help in getting back his crown. But instead of helping the king he put him in prison. Herbert then used the threat of releasing his prisoner to get what he wanted. But Charles died in 929. From then on Hugh the great, acting for King Rudolph, had to struggle with Herbert II. Finally Rudolph and Herbert II came to an agreement in 935.

At the death of King Rudolph in 936, Hugh possessed nearly all of the region between the Loire and the Seine. This was the same territory as Neustria with the exceptions of Anjou and of Normandy. Hugh was one of those who brought Louis IV (d'Outremer) from the Kingdom of England in 936. In 937 Hugh married Hedwige of Saxony, a daughter of Henry I the Fowler of Germany and Matilda of Ringelheim. Very soon however Hugh was quarrelling with King Louis.

In 939 king Louis attacked Hugh the Great and William I, Duke of Normandy. But soon after they made a truce which lasted until June. That same year Hugh, along with Herbert II of Vermandois, Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and Duke William Longsword paid homage to the Emperor Otto the Great. They supported him in his struggle against Louis. When Louis fell into the hands of the Normans in 945, he was handed over to Hugh in exchange for their young duke Richard. Hugh released Louis IV in 946 but made him surrender the fortress of Laon. In 948 at a church council at Ingelheim the bishops excommunicated Hugh even though he was not there. Hugh's response was to attack Soissons and Reims. Hugh finally changed his mind and made peace with Louis IV, and the church.

When Louis IV died Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor. For helping to have him crowned the new king gave Hugh Burgundy and Aquitaine. In the same year Giselbert, Duke of Burgundy acknowledged Hugh as his overlord and gave his daughter in marriage to Hugh's son Otto-Henry. On 16 June 956 Hugh the Great died in Dourdan.

Family

In 922 Hugh married Judith, the daughter of Roger, Count of Maine and Rothilde. She died childless in 925.

Hugh's second wife was Eadhild, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons. They married in 926 and she died in 938, childless.

Hugh's third wife was Hedwig of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim. She and Hugh had:

 Beatrice, married Frederick I, Duke of Upper Lorraine.
 Hugh Capet.
 Emma.(-aft. 968).
 Otto, Duke of Burgundy, a minor in 956.
 Odo-Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (d. 1002).

References

Category:890s births
Category:950s deaths
Category:Dukes and duchesses of France

Hugh the Great


Mohammad Hasan Sharq (born 17 July 1925) is an Afghan politician during the communist regime of Afghanistan. Sharq became Prime Minister of Afghanistan or Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Soviet-backed government, the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

He was selected as a back-up candidate after the Loya Jirga ratified a new constitution in 1987. However, the power of his office was relatively small compared with the ones of the Presidency.

References

Category:1925 births
Category:Living people
Category:Prime ministers
Category:Afghan leaders

Mohammad Hasan Sharq


Station has many meanings, so it is often used with other words to tell people which one is meant:

In transport:
Railway station, a place where trains stop to load or unload passengers or cargo
Bus station, a place where buses stop to load or unload passengers and things
Gas station, a place where gas (petrol) can be bought (also called "filling station" or sometimes "service station")

In communications:
Television station, a business that transmits television signals
Radio station, a business that transmits radio signals

Other buildings:
Police station
Fire station
Power station
Space station

Other uses:
Station (agriculture)
Weather station

Category:Basic English 850 words

Station


Elizabeth McGovern (born July 18 1961 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American movie, television and stage actress. Her movies include Johnny Handsome (1989) and Once Upon a Time in America (1984). Most of her acting has been on stage or in television.

Ms. McGovern was also a member of the "Brat Pack", and unofficial group of young Hollywood actors who gained fame mainly in the 1980s.

Category:People from Evanston, Illinois
Category:American television actors
Category:Actors from Illinois
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people

Elizabeth McGovern


Marina Beach is a natural beach in Chennai, Tamil Nadu along the Bay of Bengal sea. The beach is the first longest beach in India and the second longest in the world. The length of the beach is 13 km.

It is a renowned beach because the memorial of the two chief ministers M.G.Ramachandran and C.N.Annadurai.And now it houses the cemetery of Former Chief Ministers Kalaingar M.Karunanidhi and Amma J.Jayalalitha It is the most crowded beach in the country. More than 10,000 to 25,000 visitors visit the beach on weekdays while more than 50,000 visitors visit the beach during holidays.
one day the whole country just went there to eat chickens

There are many statues erected in the beach like the statues of Triumph of Labour, Robert Caldwell, Kambar, Ilango Adigal, Kannagi, Bharathiyar, Bharathidasan etc.

Category:Beaches
Category:Geography of India
Category:Chennai

Marina Beach


Ruby is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language. It has these qualities:

 Terse. Short, but still easy to understand.
 Dynamic. Easy to change, anytime and anywhere.
 Duck typing. If you think you understand it, you probably understand it.

Many programmers like it because the creator tried to make it easy and nice to use.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) is a web application framework that is implemented using the Ruby language.

Example
An example Hello World program in Ruby:
puts "Hello World!"
An example program in Ruby that asks for your name and then says it:
puts "What's your name?"
name = gets.chomp
puts "Ah hello there, #{name}"
A function in Ruby that joins the 2 strings (or arrays/integers) into one, removes all numbers from it, capitalizes the string and then repeats it 5 times:
def somefunction(arg1, arg2) # creates a function with 2 arguments. the args can be called anything
    arg = arg1 + arg2 # this joins them into 1 string
    arg = arg.tr("1234567890","") # this replaces all the numbers with a nothing. erases them essentially.
    arg = arg.capitalize # read that out loud
    5.times do # read that out loud too
        puts arg # prints it on a new line
    end
end
somefunction("h1e2l6lo7,"," W5o6r8l9d!3") # does the function
Output:
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!
Hello, World!

References

Other websites

 Ruby documentation site
 Ruby Draft Specification- Sep 2010
 Wiki: Ruby language and implementation specification

Category:Programming languages

Ruby (programming language)


Bradford is a town in Gibson County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 1,048 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Towns in Tennessee

Bradford, Tennessee


Schwende District is a district in the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland.

Category:Districts of Appenzell Innerrhoden

Schwende


A tuning fork is a sound resonator which is a two-pronged fork. The prongs, called tines, are made from a U-shaped bar of metal (usually steel). This bar of metal can move freely. It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against an object. It sounds a pure musical tone after waiting a moment to allow some high overtone sounds to die out. The pitch depends on the length of the two prongs. Its main use is as a standard of pitch to tune other musical instruments, and in some tests of hearing.

Description

The tuning fork was invented in 1711 by British musician John Shore. He was the Sergeant Trumpeter to the court, who had musical parts written for him by the composers George Frideric Handel and Henry Purcell.

The fork shape produces a very pure tone. Most of the vibrational energy is at the fundamental frequency, with very few overtones (harmonics). This is not the case with other resonators. The reason for this is that the frequency of the first overtone is about 52/22 = 25/4 = 6¼ times the fundamental (about 2½ octaves above it). By comparison, the first overtone of a vibrating string is only one octave above the fundamental. So when the fork is struck, little of the energy goes into the overtone modes; they also die out correspondingly faster, leaving the fundamental. It is easier to tune other instruments with this pure tone, when listening to compare with the tone of each other instrument.

Another reason for using the fork shape is that, when it vibrates in its principal mode, the handle vibrates up and down as the prongs move apart and together. There is a node (point of no vibration) at the base of each prong. The handle motion is small, allowing the fork to be held by the handle without damping the vibration, but it allows the handle to transmit the vibration to a resonator (like the hollow rectangular box often used), which amplifies the sound of the fork. Without the resonator (which may be as simple as a table top to which the handle is pressed), the sound is very faint. The reason for this is that the sound waves produced by each fork prong are 180° out of phase with the other, so at a distance from the fork they interfere and largely cancel each other out. If a sound absorbing sheet is slid in between the prongs of a vibrating fork, reducing the waves reaching the ear from one prong, the volume heard will actually increase, due to a reduction of this cancellation.

Commercial tuning forks are normally tuned to the correct pitch at the factory, but they can be retuned by filing material off the prongs. Filing the ends of the prongs raises the pitch, while filing the inside of the base of the prongs lowers it.

The most common tuning fork sounds the note of A = 440 Hz. This is the standard concert pitch, used as tuning note by some orchestras. It is the pitch of the violin's second string, the first string of the viola, and an octave above the first string of the cello, all played open. Tuning forks used by orchestras between 1750 and 1820 mostly had a frequency of A = 423.5 Hz, although there were many forks and many slightly different pitches. Standard tuning forks are available for all the musical pitches within the central octave of the piano, and other pitches. Well-known manufacturers of tuning forks include Ragg and John Walker, both of Sheffield, England.

Calculation of frequency
The frequency of a tuning fork depends on its dimensions and the material from which is made:

, and, if the prongs are cylindrical,
Where:
 f is the frequency the fork vibrates at in Hertz.
 A is the cross-sectional area of the prongs (tines) in square metres.
 l is the length of the prongs in metres.
 E is the Young's modulus of the material the fork is made from in pascals.
 ρ is the density of the material the fork is made from in kilogrammes per cubic metre.
 R is the radius of the prongs in metres

Uses
Forks have traditionally been used to tune musical instruments, although electronic tuners are replacing them in many applications. Tuning forks can be driven electrically, by placing electromagnets close to the prongs that are attached to an electronic oscillator circuit, so that their sound does not die out.

In musical instruments
A number of keyboard musical instruments using constructions similar to tuning forks have been made, the most popular of them being the Rhodes piano, which has hammers hitting constructions working on the same principle as tuning forks.

In watches
The Accutron, an electromechanical watch developed by Max Hetzel and manufactured by Bulova beginning in 1960, used a 360-hertz steel tuning fork powered by a battery as its timekeeping element. The fork allowed it to achieve greater accuracy than conventional balance-wheel watches. The humming sound of the tuning fork could be heard when the watch was held to the ear.

Medical uses

Tuning forks, usually C-512, are used by doctors to check a patient's hearing. Lower-pitched ones (usually C-128) are also used to check vibration sense as part of the examination of the peripheral nervous system.

Tuning forks are also used in alternative medicine, such as sonopuncture and polarity therapy.

Medical Tuning Fork 128 Hz

Radar gun calibration
A radar gun, used to measure the speed of cars or balls in sports, is usually calibrated with tuning forks.
Instead of the frequency, these forks are labeled with the calibration speed and radar band (e.g. X-Band or K-Band) for which they are calibrated.

In gyroscopes
Doubled and H-type of tuning forks are used for tactical-grade Vibrating Structure Gyroscopes, like QuapasonTM and different types of MEMS.

Related pages
 Music
 Frequency

References

Other websites

 http://www.onlinetuningfork.com, an online tuning fork using Macromedia Flash Player.
 http://www.usneurologicals.com, numerous examples of medical uses of tuning forks.

Category:1711
Category:Music

Tuning fork


Franklin Shea Whigham Jr. (born January 5, 1969) is an American actor. He played Elias "Eli" Thompson in the HBO drama series Boardwalk Empire, and also had notable supporting roles in Kong: Skull Island, Death Note, Take Shelter, the first season of True Detective, the third season of the anthology television series Fargo, and Joker.

References

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:Actors from Florida
Category:People from Tallahassee, Florida

Shea Whigham


The Mainstream Top 40 is an airplay chart from Billboard magazine. It is also known as Pop Songs on billboard.com. People often mistook it for the now discontinued Pop 100 Airplay chart. The chart is solely based on radio airplay, ranking the week's hottest pop songs based on monitored radio detections from a panel of 200 Top 40/CHR radio stations in the United States as measured by Nielsen BDS Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems. Arbitron sometimes refers to the format as contemporary hit radio.

The chart was launched the week of October 10, 1992, along with the Rhythmic Songs Chart as a way to distinguish stations that played a broad based mix of current hits from those who focused on offering a direction centering on R&B/Hip and Dance material.

Category:Pop music
Category:Billboard charts

Mainstream Top 40


Roseville is a city in Placer County, California, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 118,788.

References

Category:Cities in California
Category:Settlements in Placer County, California

Roseville, California


Fou Ts'ong (), born 10 March 1934, is a Chinese pianist. He is perhaps best known for winning third prize and the Special Mazurka prize at the International Chopin Competition at Warsaw.

References

Category:1934 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese pianists

Fou Ts'ong


The Khazars were a semi-nomadic Turkic people. They formed an empire called Khazaria in Russia from the 6th to 10th century CE. They came from the Western Turkic Khaganate of the Eurasian steppe, after it was conquered by Tang China.

Khazaria was an international trading center. It was an important place on the Silk Road that linked China, the Middle East, and the Kievan Rus'. For three centuries (c. 650–965) the Khazars conquered the area from the Volga-Don steppes to Crimea and the Caucasus.

Khazaria was between the Byzantine Empire, the steppe nomads, and the Umayyad Caliphate. It helped Byzantine defend itself from the Sasanian Persian empire. The alliance ended around 900. Between 965 and 969, the Kievan Rus replaced Khazaria.

Tengrism may have been the main religion, as it was for the Huns and Turkic peoples. Abrahamic religions were also popular. The ruling class may have converted to Judaism in the 8th century.

Some people think that the Cossacks, Muslim Kumyks, Kazakhs, and some Jews, like the Ashkenazi Jews, descended from the Khazars. Some disagree.

Name
Khazar or Xazar may have come from *Qasar. The Turkic root qaz- means "to ramble, to roam" (used in Qazaqsa or Kazakh). It is similar to the Common Turkic kez-.

Others say it is from qas- ("tyrannize, oppress, terrorize") because it is similar to the Uyghur name Qasar.

Others think it is a person or tribe's name. For example the Chinese name Kesa for "Khazars" may be one of the tribal names of the Uyğur Toquz Oğuz (of the Gokturks), namely the Gésà. But others say Kesa was not a tribal name but the name of the chief of the 思结 Sijie tribe of the Toquz Oğuz. Also in Middle Chinese the name "Khazars" always comes before the word Tūjué (Tūjué Kěsà bù: 突厥可薩部; Tūjué Hésà: 突厥曷薩).

Khazar language is extinct. But modern Turkic languages still refer to the Caspian Sea as the "Khazar Sea".

Language
No known records of the Khazar language survive. The state was polyglot (spoke multiple languages) and polyethnic. The ruling elite probably spoke an eastern dialect of Shaz Turkic. The ordinary people may have spoken Lir Turkic, such as Oğuric, Bulğaric, Chuvash, and Hunnish. The Persian historian al-Iṣṭakhrī said that the Khazar language was different from any other known language.

After the Khazars became Jewish they may have written in the Hebrew alphabet. Though they spoke a Türkic language, they may have also spoke Hebrew.

History

Where are they from?
They appear to have came from Mongolia or northern China after the Xiōngnú (Huns) were defeated by Han dynasty of China (Han–Xiongnu war). The tribes probably had Iranian, proto-Mongolic, Uralic, and Palaeo-Siberian people.

The Turkic tribes may have conquered the Western Eurasian steppe as early as 463.

In 552, they conquered the Rouran Khaganate and moved westwards, taking more people from Sogdia.

The ruling family may have came from the Āshǐnà (阿史那) clan of the West Türkic tribes. The Chinese and Arabic records are almost identical, indicating strong support for this theory. The leader may have been Yǐpíshèkuì (乙毗射匱). He died around 651. Moving west, the Khazars reached Akatziroi, one of the important friends of Byzantium fighting Attila's army.

How did it begin?
Khazaria began after 630. It came from the Göktürk Qağanate, after it was crushed by Tang China between 630–650.

Göktürk armies conquered Volga by 549. The Āshǐnà clan whose tribal name was 'Türk' (the strong one) arrived in 552. They overthrew the Rourans and created the Göktürk Qağanate.

The Chinese Tang Dynasty defeated the Turkic Qağanate and established the Anxi protectorate (Tang dynasty in Inner Asia). The Khaganate split into many tribes. Some tribes went west to the Sea of Azov area. Ashina and the Khazars went further west.

In 657, General Sū Dìngfāng (蘇定方) dominated the Turks and Central Asia. They imposed Chinese overlordship to the east of those Turkic tribes. In 659 the Chinese defeated the remaining tribes. The Khazars did not dare return.

Instead the Khazars defeated the Bulgars further west.

And so the Khazars Qaganate was born, from the ruins of a nomadic empire destroyed by the Tang armies to the east. It became the westernmost successor state of the Gokturks.

The Khazars conquered the lower Volga region and the area between the Danube and the Dniepr. In 670, they also conquered the Onoğur-Bulğar union and made the Onogur-Bulgar language the official language of the empire (lingua franca).

The empire is sometimes called a 'steppe Atlantis' (stepnaja Atlantida, Степная Атлантида).

Historians often call this period the Pax Khazarica. The state became an international center of trade.

Ibn al-Balḫî wrote in Fârsnâma (c. 1100) that the Sasanian Shah (ruler), Ḫusraw 1, Anûsîrvân, said there were three kings who had as much power as he did: the King of China, the King of Byzantium, and the king of the Khazars.

References

Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)

Khazars


A night game, also called a nighter, is a sports game that happens at night. Depending on the sport, this can be done either with floodlights or with the usual low-light conditions. The term "night game" is typically used only for sports usually held outdoors. Although indoor sports often happen at night, these events are have lights regardless of the time of day they happen.

Category:Sports

Night game


The British South Africa Company was founded by Cecil Rhodes and chartered by the UK government in 1889 to administer British colonies in southern Africa that later became Rhodesia.

Category:19th century in Africa
Category:1880s in the United Kingdom
Category:Companies of the United Kingdom
Category:1889 establishments in the United Kingdom

British South Africa Company


Jan Krister Allan Henriksson (born 12 November 1946) is a Swedish actor. He is best known for playing Kurt Wallander in the television movies based on the novels by Henning Mankell. He was born in Grisslehamn, Sweden.

References

Other websites

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swedish movie actors
Category:Swedish television actors

Krister Henriksson


A conveyor belt is a mechanism which is able to transport goods (or people) over a distance. It is made of a band, which is held by a number of wheels. On one side, the belt is used for transport, on the other, it travels back the distance. Conveyor belts are commonly used to transport bulk goods, such as sand or coal.

Category:Transport buildings and structures

Conveyor belt


Sir Julian Sorell Huxley FRS (22 June 1887 – 14 February 1975) was an English evolutionary biologist, humanist and internationalist. He was born in London, and died there. He was a proponent of natural selection, and a leading figure in the modern evolutionary synthesis.

He was Secretary of the Zoological Society of London (1935–1942), the first Director of UNESCO, and a founding member of the World Wildlife Fund.

Huxley came from the distinguished Huxley family. His brother was the writer Aldous Huxley, and his half-brother, a fellow biologist and Nobel laureate, Andrew Huxley; and his paternal grandfather was Thomas Henry Huxley, a friend and supporter of Charles Darwin and proponent of evolution.

Huxley was well known for his presentation of science in books and articles, and on radio and television. He was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science in 1953, the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1956, and the Darwin-Wallace medal of the Linnean Society in 1958. He was also knighted in that same year, 1958, a hundred years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced the theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1959 he received a Special Award of the Lasker Foundation in the category Planned Parenthood – World Population. Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society.

Early work

His particular interest was bird behaviour, especially the courtship of water birds. His observations on the ethology of the Great Crested Grebe, published in 1914, was a landmark in avian field research. His invention of vivid labels for the rituals (such as 'penguin dance', 'plesiosaurus race' etc.) made the ideas memorable and interesting to the general reader.

Evolution
Huxley was the most important biologist after August Weismann to insist on natural selection as the primary agent in evolution. A fine communicator, he was a prominent populariser of biological science to the public. In the early 20th century he was one of the minority of biologists who believed that natural selection was the main driving force of evolution, and that evolution occurred by small steps and not by jumps. These opinions are now standard. Though his time as an academic was quite brief, he taught and encouraged a number of evolutionary biologists at the University of Oxford in the 1920s.

Modern evolutionary synthesis
Huxley was a key figure in the modern evolutionary synthesis. This explained how the discoveries of Gregor Mendel on genetics fitted with Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Huxley's

Huxley's first 'trial run' was the treatment of evolution in the Science of Life (1929–30), and in 1936 he published a long and significant paper for the British Association. In 1938 came three lengthy reviews on major evolutionary topics.

Now it was time for Huxley to tackle the subject of evolution at full length, in what became the defining work of his life. His book Evolution: the modern synthesis was written whilst he was Secretary to the Zoological Society, and made use of his remarkable collection of reprints covering the first part of the century. It was published in 1942. Reviews of the book in learned journals were little short of ecstatic; the American Naturalist called it "The outstanding evolutionary treatise of the decade, perhaps of the century. The approach is thoroughly scientific; the command of basic information amazing".

Huxley's main co-respondents in the modern evolutionary synthesis are usually listed as Ernst Mayr, Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, Bernhard Rensch, Ledyard Stebbins and the population geneticists J.B.S. Haldane, Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright. However, at the time of Huxley's book, several of these had yet to make their distinctive contribution. E.B. Ford and his co-workers in ecological genetics were at least as important.

Evolutionary progress
He always believed that on a broad view evolution led to advances in organisation. "Progress without a goal" was one of his favourite phrases.

In the final chapter of his Evolution the modern synthesis he defines evolutionary progress as "a raising of the upper level of biological efficiency, this being defined as increased control over and independence of the environment. "Natural selection plus time produces biological improvement... Improvements in biological machinery... the limbs and teeth of grazing horses... the increase in brain-power... The eyes of a dragon-fly, which can see all round [it] in every direction, are an improvement over the mere microscopic eye-spots of early forms of life". "[Over] the whole range of evolutionary time we see general advance — improvement in all the main properties of life, including its general organization. [But] improvement is not universal. Lower forms manage to survive alongside higher".

Eugenics
Huxley was a prominent member of the British Eugenics Society, and was Vice-President (1937–1944) and President (1959–1962). Huxley was one of many intellectuals at the time who believed that the lowest class in society was genetically inferior. He advocated "the virtual elimination of the few lowest and most degenerate types". In his writing he used this argument several times: no-one doubts the wisdom of managing the germ-plasm of agricultural stocks, so why not apply the same concept to human stocks?.

In the post-war years, after the realisation that eugenic ideas had become tainted by the Nazis, Huxley (1957) coined the term "transhumanism" to describe the view that man should better himself through science and technology, possibly including eugenics, but also, importantly, the improvement of the social environment.

UNESCO and race
In response to the rise of European fascism in the 1930s Huxley was asked to write We Europeans with three other scientists. Huxley suggested the word 'race' be replaced with ethnic group. After the Second World War he was instrumental in producing the UNESCO statement The Race Question, which asserted that:
"A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species Homo sapiens"... "Now what has the scientist to say about the groups of mankind which may be recognized at the present time? Human races can be and have been differently classified by different anthropologists, but at the present time most anthropologists agree on classifying the greater part of present-day mankind into three major divisions, as follows: The Mongoloid Division; The Negroid Division; The Caucasoid Division."... "Catholics, Protestants, Moslems and Jews are not races..."

Books
This is a selection of Huxley's most influential books:
The courtship habits of the Great Crested Grebe (1914) Huxley, Julian 1914. Reprinted by Jonathan Cape, London 1968.
Essays of a Biologist (1923)
Religion without revelation (1927, revised edition 1957)
The science of life: a summary of contemporary knowledge about life and its possibilities (with H.G. & G.P. Wells, 1929–30).
Bird-watching and bird behaviour (1930)
Problems of relative growth (1932)
A scientist among the Soviets (1932)
Elements of experimental embryology (with Gavin de Beer, 1934)
Evolution: the modern synthesis. Allen & Unwin, London. (1942, reprinted 1943, 1944, 1945, 1948, 1955; 2nd ed, with new introduction and bibliography by the author, 1963; 3rd ed, with new introduction and bibliography by nine contributors, 1974). U.S. first edition by Harper, 1943.
Evolution and ethics 1893–1943. Pilot, London. In USA as Touchstone for ethics Harper, N.Y. (1947)
Soviet genetics and World science: Lysenko and the meaning of heredity. Chatto & Windus, London. In USA as Heredity, East and West. Schuman, N.Y. (1949).
Evolution in action (1953)
Evolution as a process (with Hardy A.C. and Ford E.B. eds) Allen & Unwin, London. (1954)
The coming new religion of humanism (1962)
Essays of a humanist (1964) reprinted 1966, 1969, 1992:

References

Category:1887 births
Category:1975 deaths
Category:British zoologists
Category:English evolutionary biologists
Category:English science writers
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:Huxley family
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Scientists from London

Julian Huxley


The  is a river which flows from Gifu Prefecture to Toyama Prefecture in Japan. It is called Miya River (宮川 Miya-gawa) in Gifu. It is 120 km long and has a watershed of 2,720 km².

Category:Rivers of Japan

Jinzū River


Elise Christie (born August 13th, 1990) is a British short track speed skater. She is trained by Nicky Gooch. She is devoted to 1000m short track speed skating. She has won gold medals ten times at European championships in the sport. She has won the entire event in 2015 and 2016.

Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:British Olympians
Category:Scottish sportspeople

Elise Christie


Adílson Dias Batista (born 16 March 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1988||Atlético Paranaense||Série A||21||1||||||||||21||1
|-
|1989||rowspan="5"|Cruzeiro||rowspan="5"|Série A||10||1||||||||||10||1
|-
|1990||15||2||||||||||15||2
|-
|1991||16||2||||||||||16||2
|-
|1992||10||0||||||||||10||0
|-
|1993||0||0||||||||||0||0
|-
|1993||Internacional||Série A||11||2||||||||||11||2
|-
|1994||Atlético Mineiro||Série A||19||2||||||||||19||2
|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Grêmio||rowspan="2"|Série A||5||0||||||||||5||0
|-
|1996||25||2||||||||||25||2

|-
|1997||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||22||5||0||0||11||3||33||8
|-
|1998||23||5||0||0||4||1||27||6
|-
|1999||7||0||0||0||2||0||9||0

|-
|2000||Corinthians Paulista||Série A||5||0||||||||||5||0
137||12||||||||||137||12
52||10||0||0||17||4||69||14
189||22||0||0||17||4||206||26
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1990||3||0
|-
|1991||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

References

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian footballers
Category:Brazilian football managers
Category:People from Curitiba

Adílson Batista


Rechtsstaat is an idea in continental European thought. It is that in a country, the state's power is limited by the laws. This might either be the laws agreed upon, or natural law.  It is similar to the idea of the rule of law.

Category:Law

Rechtsstaat


Alfred the Great (c. 849 - 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. He was the first monarch from the British Isles to style himself as 'King of the Anglo-Saxons' and so he is sometimes considered the first English king. Alfred started the Royal Navy in the 9th century

Early childhood

Alfred was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Oslac, Athelwulf's butler. Alfred was born in 849 in the royal village of Wantage then in Berkshire. In the world he grew up in there was constant talk and fear of Viking raiders. For fourteen years they had been raiding but a year after Alfred's birth they remained all winter. The Viking menace was now settled on the island of Thanet in Kent.

When he was about four, Alfred's mother, Osburga, died. At age twelve, Alfred had difficulty finding a qualified teacher to help him learn to read and write. He finally overcame the problem and learned to read and write by using the writings of the church. At some point in his childhood Alfred was made a consul(a high rank in Anglo-Saxon England styled on the Roman office of consul). The ceremony involved him receiving a red cloak, a jeweled belt and a sword. This ceremony meant he was not destined to join the church, as the younger sons typically were. His life as an adult would be as a nobleman and possibly, if he survived his four older brothers, as king, someday.

Before he was seven years old, he had traveled to Rome twice. In 853, Alfred was sent with an escort and met Pope Leo IV. In 855 King Æthelwulf traveled to Rome taking his young son Alfred with him. They stayed in Rome a year and returned through France. There, king Æthelwulf and his son Alfred stayed at the court of Charles the Bald. Æthelwulf became engaged to Charles's eldest daughter, Judith, then about aged twelve. That same October, they were married at Verberie in northern France.

Succession

While Alfred and his father were in Rome and France, 855-856, his older brother Athelstan had died. On the king's return his son Ethelbald, with his followers. was threatening a civil war. To prevent this from happening Æthelwulf stepped down as king. He gave the rule over Wessex to his son Ethelbald. He took over the rule of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey ruling Wessex as the under-king with his child bride Judith sharing his throne. In 858 king Æthelwulf died.

Ethelbald, now the undisputed king, next did the unexpected. He married his and Alfred's stepmother Judith. According to Asser, all men in England were horrified. Two years later in 860, Ethelbald was dead. Alfred's third brother, Ethelbert, succeeded to the throne. He united all of Wessex into one kingship. Queen Judith sold all of her extensive holdings in England and returned to France.

The next brother to rule Wessex was Ethelbert. In the same year he succeeded his brother there was a great Viking raid on the south coast of England. The Vikings plundered Winchester the chief city of Wessex and obtained a great deal of plunder. As they returned to their ships they were ambushed by Anglo-Saxons from Hampshire and Berkshire. A few survived and returned to their ships. For the next three years Southern England was free of Viking raids. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham.

Meanwhile, King Ethelbert died in early 866. So far all the brothers had been childless and so the succession was passed from brother to brother. The fourth brother in line was Ethelred. He became king in 866. It was at this time Alfred was given the title of Secundarius (Latin for secondary). In effect it meant he was given regal power over part of the kingdom or limited joint authority over the entire kingdom. in 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). But their forces together could not defeat the Danes. By 871 the Mercians and East Anglians had been defeated. Only Wessex could mount an army against the Vikings. That year Wessex was invaded by a large Danish army. After many battles the Anglo-Saxons were able to slow the Danes' progress. Ethelred died. He left a young son named Ethelwald who later rebelled against Edward the Elder.

King of Wessex

Alfred became king in the middle of this conflict. But before the end of the year he succeeded in effecting a peace, probably by paying a sum of money to the invaders.

Alfred earned the name 'the Great' by defending the kingdom from Viking invasions. Alfred was a scholar and encouraged education in the kingdom as well as improving the legal system.

King of the Anglo-Saxons

By the close of the ninth century the four independent kingdoms of England had been reduced to just one. Wessex was the only remaining kingdom not destroyed by the Vikings. Beginning about 886 Alfred claimed to be the king of all the English. The exception was those parts of England that were under Danish rule. This was the beginning of unifying England under a single king. For many Alfred was the first king of the English. But he did not technically rule all of England. That distinction was given to Athelstan (ruled 924–939). King Ethelstan was Alfred's eldest grandson.

In the 880s Alfred formed a marriage alliance with Mercia, still a powerful kingdom. his daughter, Æthelflæd, married king Æthelred, of Mercia. After his death Ethelflaeda ruled as Queen of Mercia.

By 890 Alfred was making literacy among his people a priority. There were still Viking attacks and Alfred was still telling his people to continue fighting and not give up. Alfred died in 899. He was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder who was crowned on Whitsunday (8 June) 900.

Family

In 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Ethelred, surnamed Mucill, Ealdorman of the Gainas. Together they had several children:

 Edward the Elder (–925). Succeeded his father. His son Athelstan is considered to be the first King of England.
 Ethelweard (–922).
 Ethelflaeda (died 919), Lady of Mercia, she married Ethelred, Lord of Mercia.
 Elgiva (Ethelgiva), Abbess of Shaftesbury.
 Elftryth, married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders.
 Edmund (died young).

Notes

References

Other websites
 Britannia: Kings of Wessex

Category:849 births
Category:899 deaths
Category:House of Wessex
Category:Kings of Wessex

Alfred the Great


Hocking County is a county in Ohio. In 2010, 29,380 people lived there. The county seat is Logan.

References

Category:Ohio counties

Hocking County, Ohio


The public school system for the city of Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Schools in the Tulsa school system include(just to name a few):

Elementary Schools:

Eliot Elementary

Eisenhower Elementary

Patrick Henry Elementary

Barnard Elementary

Middle Schools:

Edison Middle School

Carver Middle School

High Schools:

Memorial High School

McClain High School

Edison High School

Booker T. Washington High School

Hale High School

Central

Project 12

http://www.tulsaschools.org/

Category:Oklahoma

Tulsa Public Schools


Loos-en-Gohelle is a commune. It is found in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Loos-en-Gohelle


Van Wert is a city in and the county seat of Van Wert County, Ohio, United States.  The city is in northwestern Ohio about 77 mi (123 km) SW of Toledo and 34 mi (54 km) SE of Fort Wayne, Indiana. The population was 10,846 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Cities in Ohio
Category:County seats in Ohio

Van Wert, Ohio


Leslie Arnold Reed (born 12 December 1952) is an English football coach. He is the technical director of the Football Association (FA) since February 2019. He formerly served as technical director of the FA between 2002 and 2004. He was the manager of Charlton Athletic between 14 November and 24 December 2006. From April 2010 and November 2018, Reed was Head of Football Development and the Vice-Chairman of Football at Southampton.

Reed was born in Wapping, London. He was signed as a player for the clubs Cambridge United, Watford and Wycombe Wanderers but never played. He played as a centre forward.

References

Other websites
 Les Reed at Soccerbase

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:English football managers
Category:Sportspeople from London

Les Reed (football manager)