Annabella Avery "Bella" Thorne (born October 8, 1997) is an American actress, dancer, singer, and model. She started as a child model and actress who has appeared in more than 20 movies and television series and more than 60 commercials. She is best known for her role as the young dancer CeCe Jones on the Disney Channel series Shake It Up!.

Early life
Bella Thorne was born on October 8, 1997 in Pembroke Pines, Florida.  She is the youngest of four children. Her older siblings are Kaili (born in 1992), Dani (born in 1993), and Remy (born in 1995), who are also actors and models. When Thorne was growing up, Spanish was her first language, but she has forgotten it from not using it.

Career
Thorne's first movie appearance was as a sidelines fan in the 2003 movie Stuck on You, but she was not credited for it. Since then, she has appeared in movie and television projects including Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Entourage, The O.C. (as a younger version of Taylor Townsend), the third-to-last episode of October Road, and five episodes of Dirty Sexy Money (as Margaux Darling). In 2007, Thorne appeared as a young girl who saw visions in The Seer.

In 2008, Thorne starred alongside Christian Slater and Taylor Lautner in the drama series My Own Worst Enemy. She won a Young Artist's Award for her portrayal of the character Ruthy Spivey in this series. She then appeared in the ten-episode web series Little Monk, which showed characters from the series Monk as children. In 2009, she played the antagonist in the horror movie Forget Me Not.

In 2010, Thorne joined the cast of HBO's Big Love in its fourth season. She replaced Jolean Wejbe in the role of Bill Henrickson's daughter Tancy 'Teeny' Henrickson, even though she had actually auditioned for a different role. She also guest starred on Wizards of Waverly Place, as Max's girlfriend Nancy Lukey. Thorne also took on a supporting role in the family drama Raspberry Magic.

Thorne was also a child model. Since appearing in her first picture for a parenting magazine at the age of 6 weeks, Thorne has starred in television ad campaigns for Digital Light Processing, Publix, and KFC, and appeared in print ads for brands including Barbie, ALDO K!DS, JLO by Jennifer Lopez, Kaiya Eve Couture, LaSenza Girl, Tommy Hilfiger, Ralph Lauren, Guess?, Target, Justice and Mudd for Kohls. She also modelled for Sears Back to School. In an interview with Seventeen magazine, Thorne said that her appointment as the spokesperson for Texas Instruments was her big break. She also said that she has lost much more projects than she has booked and said that the support of her family helped her get over disappointments.

Thorne currently co-stars on the Disney Channel sitcom Shake It Up!, (originally titled Dance, Dance Chicago). Thorne plays Cecelia "CeCe" Jones, a dancer who dreams of a career in the spotlight. While she had done a lot of work in television and movie, Thorne had no experience in professional dancing before being cast in this show. After signing onto the show in October 2009, she began taking three dance classes every night.

Personal life

Thorne is from Pembroke Pines, Florida, but has been living with her family in California since early 2006. Her interests include dancing, playing soccer, spending time with her family and playing with her two dogs, six cats and a turtle. She also says that she collects hardcover books, listens to 80s music, and uses YouTube as a research tool for getting into character. Thorne is a strong supporter of the Humane Society, the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, and The Nomad Organization, which provides education, food and medical supplies to children in Africa.

Thorne lost her father to a vehicle accident in 2007.

Thorne was diagnosed with dyslexia in second grade. She is currently being home-schooled. She used to go to a public school, but was abused by other students. Thorne improved in her learning after attending a Sylvan Learning center and is currently reading and writing a grade ahead. Thorne also talked about her dyslexia in an April 2010 interview with American Cheerleader Magazine, and explained that she overcame her dyslexia by reading everything she could find, including the labels of cereal boxes.

Thorne is currently dating YouTuber Sam Pepper. In August 2016, Thorne came out as bisexual.

Filmography

Film

Television

Video games

Awards and nominations

young people

MgM awards

Mundo Jovem

References

Other websites

 Thorne Kids at Life.com

Category:1997 births
Category:Actors from Florida
Category:American artists
Category:American child actors
Category:American child singers
Category:American Christians
Category:American dancers
Category:American LGBT rights activists
Category:American movie actors
Category:American pop singers
Category:American television actors
Category:Bisexual people
Category:Disney people
Category:LGBT actors
Category:LGBT Christians
Category:LGBT models
Category:LGBT musicians
Category:LGBT people from Florida
Category:LGBT singers
Category:Living people
Category:Models from Florida
Category:Musicians from Florida
Category:Pop musicians
Category:Singers from Florida
Category:Voice actors

Bella Thorne


The Olm, or Proteus (Proteus anguinus) is an amphibian, native to the underground waters of the Dinaric karst that flow through the Soča river basin near Trieste in Italy, through to southern Slovenia, southwestern Croatia, and Herzegovina. It is the only species in the genus Proteus, the only European species of the family Proteidae, and the only European cave-dwelling chordate. It is also called the human fish or humanfish, because of its human-like skin (translated literally from Slovenian: Človeška ribica and Croatian: Čovječja ribica), Cave Salamander, or White Salamander.

Category:Amphibians

Olm


This is the list of Chief Rabbis of Israel, including Mandatory Palestine.

There are two Chief Rabbis, one on behalf of the Ashkenazi Jews and one on behalf of the Sephardi Jews.

Together they preside the Chief Rabbinate of Israel.

Ashkenazi Chief Rabbis

Mandatory Palestine:
 Abraham Isaac Kook (1921–1935)
 Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (1936–1949)
State of Israel:
 Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog (1949–1959)
 Isser Yehuda Unterman (1964–1973)
 Shlomo Goren (1973–1983)
 Avraham Shapira (1983–1993)
 Yisrael Meir Lau (1993–2003)
 Yona Metzger (2003–2013)
 David Lau (2013–present)

Sephardi Chief Rabbis

Mandatory Palestine:
 Yaakov Meir (1921–1939)
 Benzion Uziel (1939–1948)
State of Israel:
 Benzion Uziel (1948–1954)
 Yitzhak Nissim (1955–1973)
 Ovadia Yosef (1973–1983)
 Mordechai Eliyahu (1983–1993)
 Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron (1993–2003)
 Shlomo Amar (2003–2013)
 Yitzhak Yosef (2013–present)

Related pages
 List of Chief Military Rabbis

References

*
*
Category:Lists of Israeli people
Category:Religion-related lists

List of Chief Rabbis of Israel


The Daughters of Bilitis , also called the DOB or the Daughters, was the first lesbian civil and political rights organization in the United States.

The organization, formed in San Francisco in 1955 by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, was created to be another hangout area for lesbians other than lesbian bars. This was to avoid raids and police harassment. It later gave support to women who were afraid to come out.

The DOB educated them about their rights, and about gay history.

The Daughters of Bilitis lasted for 14 years, becoming an educational resource for lesbians, gay men, researchers and mental health professionals.

References

Category:1955 establishments in California

Daughters of Bilitis


Pasties (sing. 'pastie') are small pieces of cloth, plastic or metal. They are treated specially so they are sticky. They are used to cover a girl's nipples or genital area. They vary in size and are usually not much larger than the person's areola.

The concept of 'pasties' is to show as much of the breast as possible without making the woman entirely topless. Many exotic dancers in strip clubs are required to wear them by law. Pasties are usually applied with a special glue or tape.  This is the origin of their name, as they are quite literally 'pasted' onto the nipple.

Pasties are worn by many neo-burlesque performers. Burlesque pasties may also feature tassels which hang from the center, performer will sometimes twirl these as part of a performance.

Some women who choose not to wear a bra wear pasties to prevent their nipples from protruding visibly through their shirt.

Pasties in law
The United States Supreme Court held in Erie v. Pap's A.M. that a city ordinance requiring erotic dancers to wear pasties, and a g-string, was constitutional.

References

Category:Clothing
Category:Body art

Pasties


Savanes is one of the five regions of Togo. The regional capital is Dapaong.

Prefectures

There are four prefectures:
 Kpendjal Prefecture
 Oti Prefecture
 Tandjouaré Prefecture
 Tône Prefecture

Category:Regions of Togo

Savanes Region, Togo


An impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a medium-sized African antelope. The name "impala" comes from the Zulu language.

Description
The impala is reddish-brown with white hair inside the ears, over each eye and on the chin, upper throat, underparts and buttocks. A narrow black line runs along the middle of the lower back to the tail, and a vertical black stripe appears on the back of each thigh. Impalas have unique brushlike tufts of black hair that cover a scent gland located just above the heel on each hind leg.

The impala can jump more than 10 meters distance and 3 meters high, and can reach running speeds of about 80 to 90 km/h, to escape from predators.

Habitat
Impalas are found at grassland and woodland edges, usually very close by water.

References

Category:Bovids

Impala


Hip hop soul is a genre of music that fuses hip hop, R&B, soul, and new jack swing. Some notable artist include R. Kelly, Mary J. Blige, Ashanti, Keyshia Cole,  Frank Ocean, Mariah Carey, Ray J and Akon.

Characteristics
Hip hop soul first started as a fusion genre that fused hip hop with soul music, Some of the best songs of hip hop soul include "I'll Make Love to You", "Lonely", "Swim Good" and "Can't Be Without You". It was very popular at first, but then it began to lose commercial success because of its late sexual lyrics and dark themes.

Notable artists

Category:Fusion music genres
Category:Hip hop genres
Category:R&B music

Hip hop soul


Stewart Ernest Cink (born May 21, 1973) is an American professional golfer. Cink won the 2009 Open Championship, beating five-time winner Tom Watson in a four-hole playoff. He spent 39 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2008.

Cink was born in Huntsville, Alabama and grew up in Florence, where he attended Bradshaw High School. He completed high school in 1991 and he attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, where he played golf for the Yellow Jackets; he turned professional in 1995. After winning the Mexican Open and three events on the Nike Tour (now the Nationwide Tour) in 1996, Cink joined the PGA Tour in 1997 and won the Canon Greater Hartford Open in his rookie season. Cink performed consistently on the Tour over the next few years, picking up another win at the 2000 MCI Classic. Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009, 2004 was his career year to date, with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational, which is one of the World Golf Championships events and was the most prestigious win of his career at the time. In 2009 he won his first career major with a playoff victory over 59-year old Tom Watson in The Open Championship.

On February 24, 2008, Cink was the runner-up in the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship played in Marana, Arizona, falling 8 & 7 in the 36-hole final to top-ranked Tiger Woods. In June 2008, he reached his highest ever ranking, sixth, in the Official World Golf Rankings with his victory at the Travelers Championship in suburban Hartford.

On July 19, 2009, Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland, defeating 59 year-old Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff. Cink had birdied the 72nd hole while Watson bogeyed, which forced the playoff.

Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:American golfers
Category:Sportspeople from Huntsville, Alabama

Stewart Cink


ITV (first known as Independent Television) is a public television broadcasting service in the United Kingdom. It was set up in 1955 by the Independent Television Authority (ITA) to provide competition to the BBC.

History
ITV was first set up as one network of television stations and stayed that way until 2002. Then they were split into: ITV, ITV2, ITV3 and ITV4. These channels are also available in High definition.

Current ITV regions
Listed as they were originally named and as they are known now:

Anglia Television (now known as 'ITV Anglia', broadcasting to the East of England)
Carlton Central (now known as 'ITV Central', broadcasting to the English Midlands)
Carlton / London Weekend Television (now known as 'ITV London', broadcasting to London)
Meridian Broadcasting (now known as 'ITV Meridian', broadcasting to South West England)
Tynee Tees Television (now known as 'ITV Tynee Tees', broadcasting to North East England)
Granada Television (now known as 'ITV Granada', broadcasting to North West England)

Related pages
Yorkshire Television

Category:1955 establishments in Europe
Category:1950s establishments in the United Kingdom

ITV


Puy-de-Dôme is a French department in the centre of France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and named after the dormant volcano the Puy de Dôme. Its prefecture is the city of Clermont-Ferrand.

History
Puy-de-Dôme was created in 1790 during the French Revolution, when the whole of France was divided into departments, replacing the old provinces. Puy-de-Dôme was formed with part of the old province of Auvergne.

It was divided in eight districts: Ambert, Besse, Billom, Clermont-Ferrand, Issoire, Montaigu, Riom and Thiers, with Clermont-Ferrand as is capital.

In 1800, with the creation of the arrondissements in France, the eight districts were changed into five arrondissements: Ambert, Clermont-Ferrand, Issoire, Riom and Thiers. On 10 September 1926, the arrondissement of  Ambert was eliminated but, in 1942 Ambert became again an arrondissement of the department.

Geography
Puy-de-Dôme is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, in east-central France, with an area of .

The department borders with 2 other departments in 2 regions:
 Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
 Corrèze (west)
 Creuse (west)
 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
 Allier (north)
 Loire (east)
 Haute-Loire (southeast)
 Cantal (southwest)

The department is in the Massif Central and there are several mountain chains; some of the chains and mountains are:
 Chaîne des Puys, to the northwest of the department; here is the Puy de Dôme.
 Monts Dore, to the southwest of the department. Here is the highest mountain of the department and of the Massif Central: Puy de Sancy (); it is  high.
 Monts du Forez, to the east of the department
 Livradois, to the south.
 Massif des Bois Noirs, to the northeast.
 Cézallier, to the southwest.

Climate
The climate of the Puy-de-Dôme department, in the city of Clermont-Ferrand, is an oceanic climate, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

The average temperature for the year in Clermont-Ferrand, at an altitude of , is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

The average amount of precipitation for the year in Clermont-Ferrand is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .

Administration
Puy-de-Dôme is part of the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The department is managed by the Departamental Council of the Puy-de-Dôme in Clermont-Ferrand.

Administrative divisions
There are 5 arrondissements (districts), 31 cantons and 467 communes (municipalities) in Puy-de-Dôme.

The following is a list of the 31 cantons of the Puy-de-Dôme department (with their INSEE codes), in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:

 Aigueperse (6301)
 Ambert (6302)
 Aubière (6303)
 Beaumont (6304)
 Billom (6305)
 Brassac-les-Mines (6306)
 Cébazat (6307)
 Chamalières (6308)
 Châtel-Guyon (6309)
 Clermont-Ferrand-1 (6310)
 Clermont-Ferrand-2 (6311)
 Clermont-Ferrand-3 (6312)
 Clermont-Ferrand-4 (6313)
 Clermont-Ferrand-5 (6314)
 Clermont-Ferrand-6 (6315)
 Cournon-d'Auvergne (6316)
 Gerzat (6317)
 Issoire (6318)
 Lezoux (6319)
 Maringues (6320)
 Les Martres-de-Veyre (6321)
 Les Monts du Livradois (6322)
 Orcines (6323)
 Pont-du-Château (6324)
 Riom (6325)
 Saint-Éloy-les-Mines (6326)
 Saint-Georges-de-Mons (6327)
 Saint-Ours (6328)
 Le Sancy (6329)
 Thiers (6330)
 Vic-le-Comte (6331)

Demographics
The inhabitants of Puy-de-Dôme are known, in French, as Puydômois (women: Puydômoises).

Puy-de-Dôme has a population, in 2014, of 644,216, for a population density of  inhabitants/km2. The arrondissement of Clermont-Ferrand, with 375,518 inhabitants, is by far the largest.

Evolution of the population in Puy-de-Dôme

The most important cities in the department are:

Gallery

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Puy-de-Dôme department
 Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department

References

Other websites

 Departamental Council website
 Prefecture website

Puy-de-Dome

Puy-de-Dôme


Mark Holton is an American actor. His movies include Hoboken Hollow (2007), Gacy, The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000) and Little Giants (1994).

Holton went to school at Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma.

References

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:Actors from Oklahoma

Mark Holton


A power station (or power plant) is a place where electricity is produced. Most do this by  a big spinning electrical generator. In big powers stations the spinning is usually driven by a steam turbine. The steam may come from:

 Burning fossil fuels
 Nuclear power, using radioactive sources
 Using the earth's heat, called geothermal energy
 Using the sun's heat

Some do not use steam engines to spin the generator. Rather they use:
 Hydropower, which uses the power of moving water to drive turbines
 Using the wind to drive wind turbines
 Internal combustion engine power

A few power stations use the sun's rays to generate solar power without motion.  There are many power stations around the world, because many things need electricity to work.

Stations may be operated as Load following power plant, peaking power plant, or base load power plant.

Energy sources

Renewable energy resources
Renewable heat energy
 Solar thermal power
 Geothermal energy

Renewable flow energy
 Hydro-electric power
 Wind power
 Wave power
 Tidal power

Non-renewable energy resources
These all use heat as a source of energy.
 Coal
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Nuclear power

Solid-state electricity sources
These sources have no moving parts. They are more expensive than generators, and are used where other questions are more important.
 Solar cell
 Battery
 Thermocouple

Other websites

Category:Electricity

Power station


Colin Lewes Hanks (born Colin Lewes Dillingham; November 24, 1977) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for his roles such as Shaun Brumder in Orange County, Preston in King Kong, Oliver in The House Bunny, and Troy Gable in The Great Buck Howard.

He is the oldest son of actor Tom Hanks.

References

Other websites

Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Actors from Sacramento County, California
Category:People from Sacramento, California
Category:Movie directors from California
Category:Movie producers from California

Colin Hanks


Hunawihr is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.

Category:Communes in Haut-Rhin

Hunawihr


The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians who work together in the interests of mathematical education, research, and scholarships. It does so with publications, conferences, services, and monetary awards and prizes to mathematicians.

Other websites
The American Mathematical Society website

See also
 Mathematics Subject Classification
 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
 Timeline of women in mathematics in the United States

References

Category:Mathematics

American Mathematical Society


Mount Sunflower is the highest point in the state of Kansas. It is  feet above the state's lowest point in Montgomery County. The mountain is in Wallace County, less than half a mile (0.8 km) from the Colorado state border and close to the lowest point in Colorado.

Category:Geography of Kansas
Category:Mountains of the United States

Mount Sunflower


Hanalei is a census-designated place in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. The population was 450 at the 2010 census. Hanalei means "lei making" in Hawaiian. Hanalei also means "crescent bay," coming from the shape of Hanalei Bay.

Geography

Hanalei is located next to Hanalei River on the north shore of the island of Kauai.

According to the United States Census Bureau, Hanalei has a total area of 0.8 square miles (2.1 km2), of which 0.6 square miles (1.6 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) is water. The total area is 20.73% water.

History

Imperial Russia

People from the Russian Empire lived here in the 19th century. In 1815 the German physician Georg Anton Schäffer, who worked with the Russian-American Company, came to Hanalei to get goods taken by Kaumualii. Schäffer got involved in Hawaiian politics and heard of Kaumualiʻi's plan to take back his kingdom of Kauai from Kamehameha I with the help of the Russian Empire. Kaumualiʻi later signed a "treaty" granting Tsar Alexander I protectorate over Kauai. An area near Hanalei used to be part of Russian America.

Demographics

At the 2000 census, there were 478 people, 193 households and 115 families residing in Hanalei. The population density was 736.7 per square mile (283.9/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 57% White, 18% Asian, 3% Pacific Islander, <1% from other races, and 21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.81% of the population.

There were 193 households of which 25% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40% were married couples living together, 10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40% were non-families.

The median household income was $34,375, and the median family income was $55,750. About 22% of families and 25% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.

Climate

The climate of Hanalei is mild.

References

Category:Census-designated places in Hawaii
Category:19th-century establishments in Hawaii

Hanalei, Hawaii


Torvosaurus was a large carnivorous dinosaur,
from the Upper Jurassic. It lived about 153 to 148 million years ago in what is now Colorado and Portugal.

Torvosaurus, possibly the largest carnivore of its time, was a large, heavily-built, bipedal carnivore. It grew to  9 to 11 meters (30 to 36 ft) in length and an estimated weight of about 2 metric tons (2.2 tons). Its hands and arms were about average for its size. In proportion, Allosaurus had more powerful arms, and T. rex had tiny arms.

Studies suggest that the paleoenvironment of this part of the Morrison Formation had rivers flowing from the west into a basin with a giant, saline alkaline lake. There were extensive wetlands nearby. Fossils from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry of western Colorado show one of the most diverse Upper Jurassic vertebrate assemblages in the world.   The Dry Mesa Quarry has produced the remains of the sauropods Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Barosaurus, Supersaurus, Dystylosaurus, Camarasaurus, the iguanodontid Camptosaurus, and the theropods Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus and Ornitholestes, as well as  Dryosaurus, and Stegosaurus.

References

Category:Jurassic dinosaurs
Category:Megalosauridae

Torvosaurus


AFI (short for A Fire Inside), is an American alternative rock band from Ukiah, California that formed in 1991.

Members

Current
 Davey Havok - vocals (1991-present)
 Jade Puget - guitar, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1998-present)
 Hunter Burgan - bass, backing vocals, programming, keyboard (1997-present)
 Adam Carson - drums, backing vocals (1991-present)

Former
 Mark Stopholese - guitar, backing vocals (1991-1998)
 Geoff Kresge - bass, backing vocals (1992-1997)
 Vic Chalker - bass(1991-1992)

Studio Albums
 Answer That and Stay Fashionable (1995) (re-released in 1997)
 Very Proud of Ya (1996)
 Shut Your Mouth and Open Your Eyes (1997)
 Black Sails in the Sunset (1999)
 The Art of Drowning (2000)
 Sing the Sorrow (2003)
 Decemberunderground (2006)
 Crash Love (2009)

Related pages
 Blaqk Audio

References

Other websites
 AFI Series
 AFI's official site
 AFI's official myspace
 AFI official fanclub
 AFI Biography and Lyrics
 Blaqk Audio official site

Category:1990s American music groups
Category:2000s American music groups
Category:2010s American music groups
Category:American punk bands
Category:Post-hardcore bands
Category:Musical groups from California
Category:Musical groups established in 1991
Category:1991 establishments in California

AFI (band)


Humeston is a city in Iowa in the United States.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Humeston, Iowa


Muntzenheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.

Category:Communes in Haut-Rhin

Muntzenheim


Marc-Antoine Charpentier (born near Paris,  1643; died  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer.  He lived in the period known as the Baroque period.  His most famous music is his  Te Deum.  This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular.  It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest.  It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.

Life
We do not know much for certain about his early life.  He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers.  He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.

When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians.  He worked for her for many years, both as a singer  (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an “haute-contre”), and as a composer.  When the great playwright Molière stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him.  He wrote music for several plays by Molière including Le malade imaginaire. After Molière's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Visé.  He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king’s composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances).  In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.

In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king’s son, the Dauphin.  The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him.  In 1683 he was given a royal pension.  In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.

From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was maître de musique to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players.  He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.

In 1698 he was made maître de musique at the  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.  This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles).  He kept this job until his death in 1704.  After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed.  This was the usual procedure when a maître de musique died.   His famous Mass Assumpta Est Maria has survived.  Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.

His music
Charpentier’s compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works.  He also wrote a lot of music for plays.   Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called air sérieux or air à boire if they are in French, but cantata if they are in Italian.

Bibliography
The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

Category:1643 births
Category:1704 deaths
Category:French composers
Category:Baroque composers

Marc-Antoine Charpentier


Masullas (Masùddas) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Province of Oristano in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 1,071 people lived there. Its area is 18.68 km². It is 129 meters above sea level.

References

Other websites

Category:Communes of Sardinia

Masullas


Christian terrorism is a form of terrorism where the terrorists claim their motivations lie in their Christian religion.  Very often, such groups use the Old Testament or the New Testament scriptures to legitimize their actions. Sometimes, the religious violence arises from different Christian groups fighting for dominance.

Christian terrorism


John Smith (c. January 1580 – 21 June 1631) was a English soldier, explorer, and author. Smith was a leader of the first settlements at the Virginia Colony in 1608-1609.  He explored the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay and drew a map of the Chesapeake Bay area and New England.

Smith's books and maps were very important in supporting Englishmen living in the New World.  He wrote, "Here every man may be master and owner of his own labour and land and if he has nothing but his hands, he may still grow rich."

At Jamestown Smith trained the people to farm and work so they would have food to eat.  He told them "he who shall not work, shall not eat."  Smith's strength of character and his determination overcame many problems including the harsh weather, lack of water, living in a wilderness, with people who did not want to work, and attacks from the Powhatan Indian tribes.

Early adventures

Smith was born in January 1580 at Willoughby, Lincolnshire where his parents rented a farm. He claimed descent from the ancient Smith family of Cuerdley.

Smith left home at the age of 16 and went to sea. He served as a soldier in the army of Henry IV of France against the Spaniards, fought for Dutch revolt from the Spanish King Philip II of Spain.  He went to the  Mediterranean Sea where he worked in both trade and piracy.  He then fought against the Ottoman Empire in the Ottoman wars and for the Austrian Habsburgs in Kingdom of Hungary in 1600 and 1601.

Smith is reputed to have defeated, killed and beheaded Turkish commanders in 3 duels. He was knighted by the Transylvanian Prince and was given a horse and coat of arms showing 3 Turks' heads. In 1602 he was wounded in a skirmish, captured and sold as a slave. Smith wrote that his Turkish master sent him as a gift to his Greek mistress in Constantinople, who fell in love with Smith. He then escaped from the Ottoman lands and returned to England in 1604.

In Jamestown

In 1606 the Smith was hired by the Virginia Company to settle in Virginia Colony for profit. They set sail in three ships, in December 1606. Smith had a servant named Samuel Collier. Samuel Collier would stay by him most of the way through.

There were problems on the voyage and Smith was charged with mutiny. Captain Newport planned to execute him.  The Captain opened a letter of orders from the Virginia Company which stated that Smith was to be one of the leaders of the new colony, so Smith was not killed.<ref>A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Happened in Virginia (1608), EText, University of Virginia</ref>

The English arrived in April 1607 and Captain Wingfield chose Jamestown to be the location for the colony.  In summer the settlers were still living in temporary housing.  After the four-month ocean trip, food supplies were only enough for each person to have a cup or two of grain-meal per day. Due to the weather and lack of food disease spread through the people and by September, more than half died.

In December 1607, Smith was looking for food and was captured by Native Americans.  He was taken to meet the Chief of the Powhatan tribe.  The village was about 15 miles from Jamestown. Smith was released without harm and gave credit in part to the chief's daughter, Pocahontas, who threw herself across his body. Seeing this, her father took mercy on Smith and he was safely taken back to Jamestown.  This encounter began a friendly relationship between the natives, Smith and the colonists at Jamestown.
In early January 1608, nearly 100 new settlers arrived with Captain Newport, and through carelessness the village was set on fire.  That winter the James River froze over, and the settlers were forced to live in the ruins.  During this time, Newport and his crew wasted much time loading their ships with iron pyrite (fool's gold).  Food supplies ran low and although the Native Americans brought some food, Smith wrote that “more than half of us died.”

In April 1608 a ship brought supplies and 50 new settlers, whom Smith set to build housing and to plant crops.

In the summer of 1608, Smith left Jamestown to explore the Chesapeake Bay region and search for badly needed food.  He made a map that would be of great value to Virginia explorers for over a century. In his absence, Smith left his friend Matthew Scrivener, as governor in his place. Scrivener would later drown in a storm in an ill-fated voyage to Hog Island. Smith was elected president of the local council in September 1608 and instituted strict rules.

In October 1608, a ship arrived with 70 new settlers, including the first women. Some German and Polish craftsmen also arrived, but they brought no food supplies.  After that, Smith tried to get food from the Native Americans and it took threats of military force for them to obey. Powhatan was frightened by the great number of white men coming into the area and was trying to starve them.

Smith found that there were those among both the settlers and Native Americans who did not like his rules and were planning to kill him.  Smith wrote that he was warned by Pocahontas. He called a meeting and told the men who did not work that “he that will not work shall not eat…” After that the situation improved.

For three months in early 1609, February, March and April all was well at Jamestown with many dwellings built, acres of land cleared and much other work done. Then in April, rats and dampness destroyed all their stored corn. They needed food badly and Smith sent a large group of settlers to fish and others to gather shellfish downriver. They came back without food and were willing enough to take the meager rations offered them. This angered Smith and he ordered them to trade their guns and tools for fruit from the Indians and ordered everyone to work or they would have to leave the safety of the fort.  Some left and went to the Native American villages, but Powhatan’s people also went by Smith’s law that he who works not, eats not.  This was in effect until they were near starved and they returned home.

At some point an unexpected ship arrived, captained by Samuel Argall. He had food and wine which Smith bought with a promise to pay back. Argall also brought news that the Virginia Company was sending more supplies and settlers to Jamestown along with a new governor, Lord De la Warr.

In a May 1609 voyage to Virginia, Sir Thomas Smith, Virginia Company treasurer, arranged for about 500 colonists, including women and children to come along. A fleet of nine ships set sail. One sank in a storm soon after leaving the harbor.  The Sea Venture was shipwrecked on the Bermuda islands with the admiral and Stephen Hopkins on board.  One year later, in May 1610, they had arrived at Jamestown in small boats they had made.  Gates soon found that there was not enough food to support all in the colony and decided to abandon Jamestown. As their boats were leaving the Jamestown area, they met a ship carrying the new governor, Lord De la Warr, who ordered them back to Jamestown.

In August 1609 John Smith was quite surprised to see more than 300 new settlers arrive. London was sending new settlers with no planning as to how or where they would live.

Capt. John Smith was severely injured by an accidental gunpowder explosion in his canoe.  Smith sailed to England for treatment in October 1609.  He had spent two and a half years trying to do his best for Jamestown. He never returned to Virginia. History has confirmed his great contribution at Jamestown in its earliest years.

Colonists would continue to die from various illnesses and disease, with an estimated 150 of the 500 surviving that winter.  In spite of this, the Virginia Company continued to finance and transport settlers to sustain Jamestown. For the next five years, Governors Gates and Sir Thomas Dale continued to keep strict discipline, with Sir Thomas Smith in London attempting to find skilled craftsmen and other settlers to send to Jamestown.

 Later years

In 1614, Smith returned to the northeast coast of America and named the region "New England". In that same year a storm destroyed his ship. In 1615, Smith was captured by French pirates off the coast of the Azore Islands.  He escaped after weeks of captivity and made his way back to England, where he wrote an account of his two voyages as [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/4/A Description of New England]. He never left England again. He died in the year 1631 in London at the age of 51.  He is buried in the church of St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in the City of London.

The Captain John Smith Monument currently lies off the coast of New Hampshire on Star Island, part of the Isles of Shoals. Built in 1864 to honor the 250th anniversary of John Smith's visit to what he named Smith's Isles.

In 1914, the New Hampshire Society of Colonial Wars partially restored and rededicated the monument for the 300th anniversary celebration of his historic visit. The monument had weathered so badly in the harsh coastal winters that the words carved in the granite had worn away.

References

Sources

Publications and more reading
 A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Happened in Virginia (1608)
 A Map of Virginia (1612)
 The Proceedings of the English Colony in Virginia (1612)
  A Description of New England (1616)
 New England's Trials (1620, 1622)
 The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles (1624)
 An Accidence, or the Pathway to Experience Necessary for all Young Seamen (1626)
 A Sea Grammar (1627) – the first sailors' word book in English
 The True Travels, Adventures and Observations of Captain John Smith (1630)
 Advertisements for the Unexperienced Planters of New England, or Anywhere (1631)
 Woolley, Benjamin. Savage Kingdom, The True Story of Jamestown, 1607, and the Settlement of America, First Harper Perennial Edition Published 2008
 Horn, James, ed. Captain John Smith, Writings, with Other Narratives of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the English Settlement of America (Library of America, 2007) .
 Philip L. Barbour, The Jamestown Voyages under the First Charter, 1606–1609, 2 vols., Publications of the Hakluyt Society, ser.2, 136–37 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969)
 A. Bryant Nichols Jr., Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia, Sea Venture, 2007
 Philip L. Barbour, The Three Worlds of Captain John Smith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1964)
 Gleach, Frederic W. Powhatan's World and Colonial Virginia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
 Dorothy Hoobler and Thomas Hoobler, Captain John Smith: Jamestown and the Birth of the American Dream (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2006)
 Horn, James. A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America (New York: Basic Books, 2005)
 Jenks, Tudor. Captain John Smith (New York: Century Co., 1904)
 Kupperman, Karen Ordahl ed., John Smith: A Select Edition of His Writings (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988)
 Price, David A., Love and Hate in Jamestown: John Smith, Pocahontas, and the Heart of a New Nation (New York: Knopf, 2003)
 Lemay, J.A. Leo. Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith? Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1992, p. 25.
 Giles Milton, Big Chief Elizabeth: The Adventures and Fate of the First English Colonists in America, Macmillan, New York, 2001
 John Smith, The Complete Works of Captain John Smith (1580–1631) in Three Volumes, edited by Philip L. Barbour, 3 vols. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for The Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, 1986)
 Smith, John. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles. 1624. Repr. in Jamestown Narratives, ed. Edward Wright Haile. Champlain, VA: Roundhouse, 1998. pp. 198–9, 259.
 Smith, John. Letter to Queen Anne. 1616. Repr. as 'John Smith's Letter to Queen Anne regarding Pocahontas'. Caleb Johnson's Mayflower Web Pages. 1997. Accessed 23 April 2006.
 Symonds, William. The Proceedings of the English Colonie in Virginia. 1612. Repr. in The Complete Works of Captain John Smith. Ed. Philip L. Barbour. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986. Vol. 1, pp. 251–2
 Charles Dudley Warner|Warner, Charles Dudley, Captain John Smith, 1881. Repr. in Captain John Smith Project Gutenberg Text, accessed 4 July 2006

Other websites

 Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail Official Website
 Friends of the John Smith Trail
 NGS Then and Now – John Smith
  John Smith Water Trail Blog
  The Captain John Smith Water Trail
 A Description of New England (1616) online text (PDF)
 The Ugliest Monument in New England (seacoastnh.com)
 The Ugliest Monument in New England II
 John Smith Memorial Photo History
 Captain John Smith Chesapeake NHT is administered by the Chesapeake Bay Gateways and Watertrails Network
 Complete text of the Generall Historie American Memory
 Texts of Imagination & Empire, by Emily Rose, Princeton University Folger Shakespeare Library
 Captain John Smith His Life and Legend

Category:1580 births
Category:1631 deaths
Category:British military people
Category:English explorers
Category:Governors of Virginia
Category:Writers from Lincolnshire

John Smith (explorer)


Infamous: Second Son is an action-adventure video game. It uses an open world setting. It was developed by Sucker Punch Productions. The game was published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the third game in the Infamous series. The game was released on March 21, 2014, and only for the Playstation 4. The game was first announced on February 20, 2013.

Plot
The game is set in Seattle, where a 24-year-old graffiti artist discovers he has superhuman abilities. He then dedicates his time to stopping the Department of Unified Protection, who has tried to get rid off people like him. The game is based on the continuing storyline carried out through the previous games, but does not require the player to have played the games to understand the story.

References

Category:PlayStation 4 games

Infamous: Second Son


Woodbury is a city in Kentucky in the United States.

Category:Cities in Kentucky

Woodbury, Kentucky


Alan Willis Thicke (born Alan Willis Jeffery; March 1, 1947 – December 13, 2016) was a Canadian actor, songwriter, and game and talk show host. He was known for his role as Jason Seaver, the father on the ABC television series Growing Pains.

He was the father of singer Robin Thicke.

Thicke died at his home in Burbank, California on December 13, 2016 from a sudden Aortic dissection, aged 69.

References

Other websites

 Alan Thicke in NNDB
 Alan Thicke in biography.com

Category:1947 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Actors from Ontario
Category:Canadian movie actors
Category:Canadian songwriters
Category:Canadian television actors
Category:Canadian television presenters
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in Los Angeles County, California
Category:Deaths from aortic dissection
Category:Writers from Ontario

Alan Thicke


Yves F. Meyer (; born 19 July 1939) is a French mathematician. He is known for proposing the Meyer wavelet. Meyer was awarded the Abel Prize in 2017.

He was teacher at the Prytanée national militaire (1960–1963), a teaching assistant at the Université de Strasbourg (1963–1966), a Professor at Université Paris-Sud (1966–1980), a Professor at École Polytechnique (1980–1986), a Professor at Université Paris-Dauphine (1985–1995), a Senior Researcher at the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) (1995–1999), an Invited Professor at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (2000), a Professor at École Normale Supérieure de Cachan (1999–2003), and has been a Professor Emeritus at Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan since 2004.

References

Other websites
Gauss prize 2010

Category:French mathematicians
Category:Abel Prize winners
Category:1939 births
Category:Living people

Yves Meyer


Firewall may refer to:
 Firewall (networking), a device which prevents unwanted communication between private and public networks
 Firewall (movie), a 2006 action movie starring Harrison Ford

eu:Suhesi

Firewall (disambiguation)


The mandarin duck (Aix galericulata) is a duck that breeds in eastern Siberia, China and Japan and winters in southern China and Japan. There is a small free-flying population in Britain which grew from the release of captive bred ducks.

Description
In full plumage, the male mandarin duck has a pair of "sail" feathers that are raised vertically above the back, a crest of orange and cream feathers, and a broad white eye-stripe that is bounded above and below by darker feathers. The female mandarin duck is duller in color and has an overall grey appearance that is marked by a curving white stripe behind the eye and a series of white blotches on the underparts. In flight, both sexes display a bluish-green iridescent speculum.

Habitat
The mandarin duck lives in the forests of China and Japan. They prefer to live around wooded ponds and fast flowing rocky streams to swim, wade, and feed in.

category:Birds of China
category:Ducks

Mandarin duck


Sarai Alamgir () (pop. 50,000) is the chief town of the tehsil of the same name. It is part of Gujrat District in the north of Punjab province. The town is located on the eastern bank of the Jhelum River across from the larger town of Jhelum. East of the town is the Upper Jhelum Canal.

Category:Tehsils of Punjab (Pakistan)

Sarai Alamgir Tehsil


Anthony "Romeo" Santos (born July 21, 1981) is an American singer. Romeo was the lead singer of the Bachata group Aventura. As part of Aventura, Romeo became an important figure for making Bachata music popular. His songs were on the top of the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks charts and the top of music charts in Europe. In 2002, the band's song "Obsesión" was at number one in Italy for 16 weeks.

Romeo was born in The Bronx, New York. His father is Dominican while his mother is Puerto Rican. When he was 12 years old, Romeo was a member of the church choir. On May 9, 2011, Romeo released his lead single "You" from his first album. The song debuted at number one on the Hot Latin Tracks and Tropical Songs chart. The second single, "Promise" a duet with Usher, reached number one on both charts as well.

Discography

Studio albums
 2011: Formula, Vol. 1
 2012: The King Stays King: Sold Out at Madison Square Garden
 2014: Formula, Vol. 2 2017: Golden 2019: UtopíaSingles

References

Books
Rosen, Jody. "Crossover Dreams of a Bronx Bachatero". New York Times. Arts:Music. June 3, 2009
Symkus, Ed. "Listen to the Tale of Aventura". The Edge. The Boston Herald.com'' December 1, 2009

Category:Singers from New York City
Category:American R&B singers
Category:Reggaeton
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people

Romeo Santos


Cottonwood Shores is a city in Burnet County, Texas.

Category:Cities in Texas

Cottonwood Shores, Texas


Henri (, ; born 16 April 1955) is the Grand Duke of Luxembourg since 7 October 2000. He is the eldest son of Grand Duke Jean and Princess Joséphine-Charlotte of Belgium.

References

Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Luxembourgian people
Category:Dukes and duchesses

Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg


A quine is a special kind of computer program, which accepts no inputs and outputs its own source code. They are named after the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine.

Quine's Paradox
Quine was very interested in the "liar paradox", "this statement is false", which can't be either true or false. This paradox appears in lots of other places. In the mathematics of set theory it is called Russell's paradox, it is a set which contains sets which don't contain themselves.

All of those examples before Quine were 'self-referential'. This means that they define an object in terms of itself, like the liar paradox starting with the words "this statement". Lots of people thought that you could ignore the liar paradox if you just decided to ignore all self-referential statements. Quine saw that you would also have to ignore quotation, which is the process that happens when you put a phrase in quote marks. When you say a phrase, you are talking about its meaning; but when you quote a phrase, you are talking about that phrase, and not what it means.

Quine's paradox was, '"Yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation" yields falsehood when preceded by its quotation.' This is a more complicated liar paradox which is not self-referential. It is a simple statement about some phrase, telling you what happens when you write a statement where you write the phrase in quote marks and then write the phrase again outside of them.

Quines as programs
Most programming languages have quotation too: you can put quotes around some code and then the computer does not run that code, but instead just stores it as a string.

The trick to writing a quine involves writing a string which somehow has a "hole" in it, then outputting that string, with the "hole" filled in with its own quotation. For example in Python the function which quotes a string is called repr, and the % operator fills in a hole which is written as %s in the string, while converting %% to %:
def quine():
    "Returns its own source code"
    s = 'def quine():\n    "Returns its own source code"\n    s = %s\n    return s %% repr(s)\n'
    return s % repr(s)
Or in JavaScript, we can use JSON.stringify to quote an array, and the "hole" can be the space between the two array elements:
function quine() {
    var a = ["function quine() {\n    var a = ", ";\n    return a[0] + JSON.stringify(a) + a[1];\n}"];
    return a[0] + JSON.stringify(a) + a[1];
}
In CoffeeScript you can write a quine as a phrase followed by its own quotation, which looks a lot like Quine's paradox:
quine = -> ((t) -> t + JSON.stringify t) "quine = -> ((t) -> t + JSON.stringify t) "
Category:Computer programming

Quine


Willer is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in eastern France.

References

Category:Communes in Haut-Rhin

Willer


Carpals are bones found in the hand. They are also called wrist bones as they are in the wrist. There are eight carpals in each hand.  Any easy way to remember the eight bones in order is "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle." for Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Individual Carpals
The eight carpals are:
 Pisiform
 Triquetrum (also called Triangular)
 Hamate
 Capitate
 Scaphoid
 Trapezium
 Trapezoid
 Lunate

Category:Bones

Carpals


Barbra Karine "Bab" Christensen (8 January 1928 – 10 April 2017) was a Norwegian actress.

Christensen was born in Kristiania, Norway. She made her stage debut in 1947 at the National Theatre, and was employed at Den Nationale Scene from 1949, the National Theatre from 1952, Trøndelag Teater from 1963, Fjernsynsteatret from and Det Norske Teatret from 1970.

Christensen appeared in a small number of movies, but her best known work was in Stevnemøte med glemte år (1957).

She was married to Lasse Kolstad from 1957 until his death in 2012.

Christensen died on 10 April 2017 in Oslo, aged 89.

References

Other websites

Category:1928 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Norwegian movie actors
Category:Norwegian stage actors

Bab Christensen


Ford Cortina was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1962 through 1982. From 1970 onwards, it was almost identical to Ford Taunus. It was a very popular and common car in the UK during its time. It was still selling well by the time the Sierra replaced it in 1982, but stocks of the Cortina continued for a while afterwards.

Category:1960s automobiles
Category:1970s automobiles
Category:1980s automobiles
Cortina

Ford Cortina


This is a list of ten cities in North Korea with the most people.

References
 All population figures come from the 2008 North Korean census.

Category:North Korea
Korea, North
Korea

List of cities in North Korea


A streetlight is a light bulb on a pole used for lighting streets. Streets can be lit for safety or visibility reasons, so people can see where they are walking at night. Streetlights are normally either orange or blue. The blue ones are mercury-vapor lamps. They are older and last longer. The orange ones are sodium vapor lamps. They are newer and more efficient.

Related pages
Incandescent bulb, rarely used in streetlights
Fluorescent bulb

Category:Light sources

Streetlight


"The Sweet Escape" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album of the same name (2006). It was written by Stefani, Akon, and Giorgio Tuinfort. Akon was featured on the song and also produced and created the songs beat. As both Stefani and Akon wrote the song, Stefani was surprised how the song ended up as it was a doo-wop song and not a hip hop song.

Track listings
 UK and German CD single
 "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
 "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
 Australian and German CD maxi single
 "The Sweet Escape" (featuring Akon) – 4:06
 "Hollaback Girl" (Harajuku Lovers Live Version) – 4:49
 "Wind It Up" (Robots to Mars Remix) – 3:34
 "The Sweet Escape" (video) – 4:05
 US 12" single
A1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:03
A2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version) (featuring Akon) – 4:06
B1. "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Instrumental) – 4:03
B2. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Instrumental) – 4:06
B3. "The Sweet Escape" (Album Version Acappella) – 3:51
 Digital download – Konvict Remix
 "The Sweet Escape" (Konvict Remix) (featuring Akon) – 4:01

Credits and personnel
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape.

 Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
 Akon – keyboards, production, programming, songwriting, vocals
 Yvan Bing – assistant engineering
 Alex Dromgoole – assistant engineering
 Bojan Dugic – recording
 David Emery – assistant engineering
 Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering

 Mark "Exit" Goodchild – recording
 Keith Gretlein – recording
 Tony Love – guitar
 Kevin Mills – recording
 Mark "Spike" Stent – mixing
 Giorgio Tuinfort – co-production, keyboards, programming, songwriting

Charts

Weekly charts

References

Category:2006 songs
Category:Gwen Stefani songs
Category:R&B songs

The Sweet Escape (song)


Dave Sims (born February 14, 1953) is an American sportscaster.

He is the voice of the Seattle Mariners, College Basketball on Westwood One/Dial Global, and the voice of Sunday Night Football on Westwood One/Dial Global with James Lofton. Sims was a play-by-play voice for the United Football League on Versus.  He hosts "Basketball and Beyond with Coach K". He was a sports anchor for WCBS-TV in New York City. Sims called college football and basketball games for ESPN and ESPN Plus.  He was the preseason announcer for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.

He called Philip Humber's perfect game on April 21, 2012. He also called Major League Baseball games. Sims called another perfect game in 2012, this time by Felix Hernandez. Vin Scully has called four perfect games in his career.

References

Category:College basketball broadcasters
Category:College football broadcasters
Category:National Football League broadcasters
Category:Major League Baseball broadcasters
Category:Living people
Category:1953 births

Dave Sims


Freetown Christiania, commonly just called Christiania, is a Danish special community. The village is partially self-governing with 850 inhabitants, and has an area of 85 acres near the capital of Denmark, Copenhagen. The Freetown has often been in the centre of controversies since its creation in an empty military area in 1971. In the Freetown, cannabis was legal until 2004. Inhabitants of Christiania are called "Christianites". Christiania has become home to several businesses such as carpenters, blacksmiths, a bikeshop, as well as several cafés, restaurants, jazz, blues and night clubs.

Area protection
In 2007, the National Heritage Agency proposed protection status for some of military buildings, now in Christiania. These are:
 Den grå hal ('The grey hall')
 Den grønne hal ('The green hall'), originally a smaller riding house
 Mælkebøtten ('The dandelion')
 The Commander's house
 The 17th and 18th century powder magazines on the bastions.

Born of Christiania
After the military had left, the area was only guarded by a few watchmen and sometimes of homeless people went in the area for sleep or for living there.On 4 September, 1971, neighbours of the area broke down a wall for making a place where their children could play.On 26 September, 1971, Christiania was opend to people by Jacob Ludvigsen, a well-known provo and journalist who published a magazine called Hovedbladet ('The main paper'). In the paper, Ludvigsen wrote an article in which he and five others went on exploration into what he called 'The Forbidden City of the Military'. The spirit of Christiania quickly developed into one of the hippie movement, the squatter movement, collectivism and anarchism, in contrast to the site's previous military use.

The Community
Meditation and yoga have always been popular activities for the Christianites, and for many years Christiania had their own internationally acclaimed theater group Solvognen, who, beyond their theater performances, also staged many happenings in Copenhagen and even throughout Sweden. Ludvigsen had always talked about drugs, hard drugs (now are illegal in Christiania) and soft drugs. The "problem" of drugs made Christiania really famous, and the most know part of the Freetown.
The neighbourhood of the Freetown is accessible through many entrances and cars are not allowed.Danish authorities have repeatedly removed the large stones blocking the main entrance claiming they need access to the area for fire trucks and ambulances in the event of a fire or medical emergency, yet the residents respond by placing them back each time as they feel attacks by the authorities. The people in Christiania have developed their rules, without the Danish government. The rules forbid stealing, violence, guns, knives, bulletproof and hard drugs. A famous street in the Freetown is known as Pusher Street, where hash and Skunk weed were sold openly from permanent stands until 2004, it nevertheless does have rules forbidding hard drugs, such as cocaine, speed, ecstasy and heroin. The commerce is not really clean, but since the rules require a consensus they cannot be removed unless everybody agrees. The Since 1994, residents have paid taxes and fees for water, electricity, trash disposal, etc. The future of the area remains in doubt. In the street photos are forbidden.

Important pieces of the Freetown's History

2005 shooting and murder
On April 24, 2005, a 26-year-old Christiania resident was killed and three other residents injured in a violent gang assassination on Pusher Street. The reason for this was a fight between few Christianites and people from the hash, market of Copenhagen.

Riots after demolition of house
On May 14, 2007 workers from the governmental Forest and Nature Agency with help from the police, entered Christiania to destroy the abandoned building of Cigarkassen ('the cigar box'). They were met by angry and scared Christianites who feared that the police were going to demolish other houses too. Road blocks were built and the trucks were sabotaged so that they could not move. After the police then entered the Freetown and Christianites attacked the policemen with fireworks and stones, and built barricades in the street outside Christiania gate. The police used tear gas on the people. The police later had to retreat from Christiania. The riot continued over night. At the entrances the Christianites bombarded the police with stones and Molotov cocktails forcing them to retreat. More than 50 Christiania activists and rioters from outside were arrested.

Gay house
Since the 1970s the Gay House (Bøssehuset), one of Christiania's autonomous institutions, had been a centre for gay activism, parties and theatre. The house was very famous in Denmark for humorist and artistic variety shows, and became a meeting point for all homosexuals in Copenhagen. During the 1980s and 1990s the original pioneers aging and some deceased, the house was left with little activity which was not revived until the early 2000s, when a group of young gay performers and activists, Dunst, were invited to take over the house so it could remain a centre for gay creativity. However, after 9 months they were asked to leave Christiania again. Primarily due to noise complaints. According to Dunst, neighbors would never readily accept them and the newcomers were accused of not understanding "the Christiania lifestyle" despite Dunst claim that they introduced a democratic management form and established open workshops for photography, art, music, dance, video. In 2004 Dunst participated in 'Christiania Distortion' (an event supported by Christiania) in a bus circling around the Freetown.

A Biker gang in the Freetown
Around 1984 a biker gang had arrived in Christiania and conquered a part of the hash market. Violence on the premises increased at this period and many Christianites felt unsafe and unhappy with the new residents. This resulted in sabotage acts directed towards the bikers as well as the publication of several provocative manuscripts urging the Christianites to throw out the powerful and armed bikers. This tension culminated when the police found a murdered individual who had been sliced to pieces and buried beneath the floor of a building. Christiania reacted with two colossal community meetings—one outside the building—where it was agreed that the bikers had to leave. They did, and have never returned.

Cars in the Freetown
In Christiania cars are prohibited. However, 132 cars are owned by residents and need to be parked on the streets near the Freetown. In 2005, a parking space for only 14 cars outside the Freetown was created. In 2001 a few residents in one of Christiania's sections proposed to construct a parking lot for their cars which was rejected by other Christiania residents.

Drugs

Since its opening, Christiania has been famous for its open cannabis trade, taking place in the famous central street called 'Pusher Street' - now Green Zone. Since 2003, however, the 'officially' open hash trade has been ended by authorities. However cannabis is still sold in the Freetown. Hard drugs, including heroin and cocaine, have been banned from Christiania since 1979 by the community's own rules.

Governmental measures
In January 2006, the government proposed that Christiania would be turned into a mixed alternative community and residential area adding condominiums for 400 new residents. Current residents, now paying DKK 1450 (USD 250) per month, would be allowed to remain but need to begin paying normal rent for the facilities. Christiania has rejected this, fearing the Freetown would turn into a normal Copenhagen neighborhood. In particular, the concept of privately owned dwellings is claimed to be incompatible with Christiania's collective ownership.

Architectural competition
In order to present a reasonable use of area after an eventual "cleaning", the Danish government commissioned an architectural competition. 17 proposals were received, of which only eight have met the formal competition requirements. All of the proposals were rejected by ojudges. The cost of the architectural competition was 850,000 Danish Kroner (113,000 Euro, 145,000 USD).

Related pages
 Squatting
 Ungdomshuset

Other websites
 Christiania you have my Heart, Documentary 1991 (google video)
 Danish Palaces and Properties Agency about Christiania
 Loppen - Rock and blues venue in Christiania
 Article about Christiania, The Independent (UK), May 31, 2007.

Category:Buildings and structures in Denmark

Freetown Christiania


Shart is the name of several Bollywood and Tollywood movies.

Shart (1954), directed by Bibhuti Mitra, starring Deepak and Shashikala
Shart (1969), directed by Kewal Misra, starring Sanjay Khan and Mumtaz
Shart (1986), directed by Ketan Anand, starring Naseeruddin Shah and Shabana Azmi
Shart: The Challenge (2004), directed by Puri Jagannadh, starring Amrita Arora and Snehal Dabi

Shart


Barbour County is a county in north-central West Virginia, USA. At the 2010 census, the population was 16,589. The county seat is Philippi.

References

Category:West Virginia counties

Barbour County, West Virginia


Italia 1 is an Italian commercial television station on the Mediaset network.
It is oriented especially at young people.

Programs

North American TV series
 15/Love
 24 - from season 5 - the previous seasons aired on Rete 4.
 3rd Rock from the Sun (1999-2005)
 7th Heaven (Settimo Cielo)
 According to Jim (La vita secondo Jim)
 Angel
 Arrested Development (Ti presento i miei...)
 Automan
 Barney & Friends (Barney) (1994)
 Beverly Hills, 90210 (1992-2001)
 Bionic Woman
 Blue Water High
 Boston Public
 Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Buffy l'Ammazzavampiri) (2000-2005)
 Californication (2008-present)
 CHiPs (1982-1989)
 CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (CSI: Scena del Crimine)
 CSI: Miami
 CSI: NY
 Dawson's Creek (2000-2003)
 Dexter (2008-present)
 Dharma & Greg
 Diff'rent Strokes (Arnold) (1984-1990)
 Drake & Josh (2009-present)
 Everwood
 Family Matters (8 sotto un tetto) (1992-2001)
 The Flash (Flash)
 Flipper (Le nuove avventure di Flipper)
 The Fresh Prince of Bel Air (Willy il principe di Bel Air) (1992-1999)
 Full House (Gli amici di papà) (1996-2002)
 Gilmore Girls (Una mamma per amica)
 Gossip Girl
 Grey's Anatomy
 Growing Pains (Genitori in blue jeans) (1989-1996)
 H2O: Just Add Water (2008-present)
 Hannah Montana (2007-present)
 Happy Days (1982-1991)
 Heroes (2007-present)
 House (Dr. House - Medical Division) - seasons 1-2 and first 15 episodes of season 3 - the remaining episodes aired on Canale 5.
 How I Met Your Mother (E Alla Fine Arriva Mamma)
 iCarly (2008-present)
 The Incredible Hulk (Hulk) (1982-1986)
 Instant Star
 The Invisible Man (2003-2006)
 The Jeffersons (I Jefferson) (1982-1990)
 Kyle XY
 Killer Instinct
 Kingdom Hospital
 Knight Rider (Supercar) (1987-1992)
 Life (2008-present)
 Life Goes On (Una famiglia come tante)
 Living with Fran (A casa di Fran) (200?-200?)
 MacGyver (1988-1996)
 Magnum P.I. (1982-1990)
 Major Dad (Agli ordini papà)
 Malcolm in the Middle (Malcolm) (2004-2008)
 Manimal
 Melrose Place (1996-2003)
 Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (Power Rangers) (1996-2000)
 Millennium (2000-2004)
 My Secret Identity (Il mio amico Ultraman) (1991-1995)
 My Wife and Kids (Tutto in famiglia)
 The Nanny (La Tata) (1998-2000)
 Nash Bridges (1999-2003)
 Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide (Ned, scuola di sopravvivenza)
 Nip/Tuck (2006-present)
 The O.C. (OC) (2006-present)
 Oz
 Pacific Blue
 Phil of the Future (Phil dal futuro) (2007)
 Power Rangers (1996-present)
 Prison Break (2007-present)
 The Prisoner (Il prigioniero) Roseanne (Pappa e Ciccia) Relic Hunter
 Renegade (1995-2000)
 Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (Sabrina, vita da strega) (1998-2004)
 Saved by the Bell (Bayside School) (1992-1997)
 Six Feet Under The Six Million Dollar Man (L'Uomo da 6 milioni di Dollari) Smallville (2002-present)
 Small Wonder (Super Vicky) (1988-1992)
 Stacked (Una pupa in libreria) Step by Step (Una bionda per papà) (1994-2001)
 Street Hawk (Street Hawk - Il falco della strada) Summerland Sweet Valley High Taken
 Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles That's So Raven (Raven) (2006-present)
 The A-Team (A-Team) (1986-1991)* The Dukes of Hazzard (Hazzard) (1983-1990)
 The Inside The Shield The Sopranos (I Soprano) - only season 6. The previous seasons aired on Canale 5.
 Third Watch (Squadra emergenza) Thunder in Paradise Two T.J. Hooker (1985-1990)
 Tru Calling Ugly Betty Veronica Mars Walker, Texas Ranger Will & Grace Wizards of Waverly Place (I Maghi di Waverly)
 Wonder Woman (1982-1993)
 The X-files (X-Files) (1995-2002)
 The Suite Life of Zack and Cody (Zack e Cody al Grand Hotel) (2007-present)
 Zoey 101 (2006-present)

Spanish TV series
 Paso adelanteItalian TV series
 La Figlia di Elisa Camera Café Love Bugs Schillerstraße (Buona la prima!) The Odd Couple (La strana coppia - Italian remake) Belli dentro Medici miei VIA Rebelle(Lá coppia Remake italian Rebelde Way)

Cartoons/Anime
 6teen Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (Ace Ventura)
 Action Man(Action Man) Ah! My Goddess (Oh, Mia Dea!) Ai Shite Knight (Kiss me Licia) Alf (ALF) Attacker You! (Mila e Shiro) Attack No. 1 (Mimì e la nazionale di pallavolo) Batman (Batman) The New Batman Adventures (Batman, cavaliere della notte) Bakusou Kyoudai Let's & Go (Let's & Go - Sulle ali di un turbo) B-Daman Beethoven (Beethoven) Belle and Sebastian (Belle e Sebastien) Ben tornato Topo Gigio! Berserk Beyblade (Beyblade!) Beverly Hills Teens (Siamo quelli di Beverly Hills)
 Candy Candy Captain Tsubasa (Holly & Benji) Cardcaptor Sakura (Pesca la tua carta Sakura) Case Closed (Detective Conan) Cat's Eye (Occhi di Gatto) Cattivik (Cattivik) Chaotic (Caotici) Crayon Shin-chan (Shin-chan) Creepy Crawlers (La fabbrica dei mostri) Princess Comet (Gira il mondo principessa stellare) Denver, the Last Dinosaur (Ti voglio bene Denver) Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) Doraemon Dragon Ball Dragon Ball Z (What's my destiny, Dragon Ball?) Dragon Ball GT Fancy Lala Family Guy (2000-present)
 The Flintstones (I Flintstones) Foofur (Foofur superstar) Futurama (Futurama)
 The Twins of Destiny (I Gemelli del Destino) Gokinjo Monogatari (Cortili del cuore) Lady Georgie! (Georgie) Hamtaro (Hamtaro Ham-Ham) Hime-chan's Ribbon (Un fiocco per Sognare, un fiocco per Cambiare) Hungry Heart: Wild Striker (Hungry Heart: La squadra del cuore) HunterXHunter Inspector Gadget (l'ispettore Gadget) Iznogoud (Iznogoud - Chi la fa l'aspetti) Kaibutsu-kun (Carletto il principe dei mostri) Keroro Gunso (Keroro) Kimagure Orange Road (È quasi magia Johnny) Kirby: Right Back at Ya! (Kirby) Kodocha (Rossana) Lupin III Magical Angel Creamy Mami (L'incantevole Creamy) Magical DoReMi (Magica Doremì) Magical Princess Minky Momo (Benvenuta Gigì) Magical Star Magical Emi (Magica Magica Emi) Magic Knight Rayearth (Una porta socchiusa ai confini del sole) The Magic School Bus [Cartoon Version] (Allacciate le cinture - Viaggando si impara) Maison Ikkoku (Cara dolce Kyoko) Marmalade Boy (Piccoli problemi di cuore) Miracle Girls (Un po magia per Terry e Meggy) Mizuiro Jidai (Temi d'amore fra i banchi di scuola)
 Mo~tto! Ojamajo Doremi (Magica Doremì)
 Mr. Magoo (Mr. Magoo)
 Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (Il mistero della pietra azzura)
 Nanako SOS (Nana Supergirl)
 Naruto
 Naruto: Shippūden
 Ned's Newt (Un tritone per amico)
 Ojamajo Doremi Sharp (Ma che magie Doremì)
 One Piece (One Piece - All'arrembaggio!)
 Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) Pokèmon (from season 1 to 9) Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl (Pokémon: Diamante e Perla) The Real Ghostbusters (The Real Ghostbusters) Robinson Sucroe (Robinson Bignè) Sailor Moon (anime)|Sailor Moon (Sailor Moon) Saint Seiya (I Cavallieri dello Zodiaco) Shaman King The Simpsons (I Simpson) (1998-present)
 The Smurfs (I Puffi) The Snorks(Gli Snorky) Princess Sarah (Lovely Sara) Slayers (Un incantesimo dischiuso tra i petali del tempo per Rina) Sonic X South Park SpongeBob SquarePants (SpongeBob) Tazmania (Tazmania) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (Tartarughe Ninja alla riscossa) Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation (Tartarughe Ninja - L'avventura continua) Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (TMNT - Tartarughe Ninja) Tex Avery Show (Tex Avery Show) The Mask: The Animated Series (The Mask)
 Three Delivery (Tre Consegna)
 Tongari Boushi no Memore (Memole sono io)
 Total Drama Island (Totale Dramma Isola)
 Totally Spies (Che Magnifiche Spie)
 Versailles No Bara (Lady Oscar)
 Wedding Peach
 Widget the World Watcher (Widget, un alieno per amico)
 W.I.T.C.H (Le super Witch)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (first series anime) (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! (second series anime) (Yu-Gi-Oh!)
 Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
 Zoids: Chaotic Century (Zoids)
 Zoids: Guardian Force (Zoids)

Shows
 Candid Camera
 Cronache Marziane (Crónicas Marcianas)
 Distraction
 Festivalbar
 Frankenstein (The Big Experiment)
 Le Iene (Caiga Quien Caiga)
 Mai Dire... (Never say...)
 Mercante in fiera (The Black Cat)
 Monster Jam
 Non è la Rai
 Sarabanda
 Top of the Pops
 Voglia!

Reality shows
 Saranno Famosi (2001-2002-2003-2004-2005-2006-2007-2008) from the 2nd season onwards the show's name was changed in '"Amici" di Maria de Filippi' (Fame)
 Survivor (2001) (Survivor)
 Popstars (2001, 2003) (Popstars)
 Operazione Trionfo (2002-2008) (Operación Triunfo)
 Campioni, il sogno (2004-2006)
 La Fattoria (2004-2005-2006-2009) (The Farm)
 La Talpa (2004-2005-2008) (The Mole)
 La Pupa e il Secchione (2006) (Beauty and the Geek)

Game shows
 La Ruota Della Fortuna (Wheel of Fortune) (1980s-2003, 2006-present)
 OK, il prezzo è giusto! (The Price Is Right) (1980s-2001)

Cancelled Reality shows
 Personality (2003, Never Started)
 Diario - Esperimento D'amore (2004, Only Four Episode)
 Comedy Club (2006, Only One Episode)

News
 Studio Aperto
 Lucignolo

Sports
 Controcampo
 Domenica stadio
 Grand Prix
 Guida al Campionato
 Studio sport
 Direttissima
 Internazionali di Tennis - Rome Tennis Master Series

References

Category:Television networks
Category:Italian television

Italia 1


Harlan is a city and the county seat of Harlan County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,745 at the 2010 census.

Harlan is one of three Kentucky county seats to share its name with its county, the others being Greenup and Henderson.

References

Category:Cities in Kentucky
Category:County seats in Kentucky
Category:Harlan County, Kentucky

Harlan, Kentucky


Arthur Boggess Culvahouse Jr. (born July 4, 1948) is an American attorney and politician. He is has been the United States Ambassador to Australia since March 13, 2019 under the Donald Trump administration. Before, he was the White House Counsel from 1987 through 1989 during the Ronald Reagan presidency.

He was an important figure in John McCain's 2008 presidential campaign. He helped picked McCain's running mate.

In May 2016, Donald Trump, the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, chose Culvahouse to head the search for his running mate.

In November 2018, Trump nominated Culvahouse to be the U.S. Ambassador to Australia. He was confirmed by the United States Senate in January 2019.

References

Other websites
Culvahouse's profile at the OMM website
Reagan Archives at University of Texas

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:American lawyers
Category:Ambassadors of the United States
Category:Politicians from Tennessee
Category:US Republican Party politicians

Arthur B. Culvahouse Jr.


A wiki farm is a site where you can create your own wiki. Getting web space is usually as easy as requesting an e-mail account. An account will generally allow a certain number of wiki sites and some are free. Most wiki farms let you create wikis that run Mediawiki software.

Comparing some wiki farms

This table is not complete

References

Category:Websites
Category:Wiki communities

Wiki farm


Eloisa Cianni, born Eloisa Aloisa Stukin Cianni (Rome, 21 June 1932), is a former Italian actress elected Miss Italy 1952 and Miss Europa 1953.

Biography

After being elected Miss Italy in 1952 in Merano, and Miss Europe in 1953 in Istanbul, she got a part in the film "Villa Borghese" directed by Gianni Franciolini, imposing herself for her beauty.

Linked by friendship with the stylist Vincenzo Ferdinandi, she posed for him on the catwalk and in photo shoots.

In the next ten years she continued to work in the cinema and as model until she gave up his film career when she was not yet thirty.

References

Eloisa Cianni


On the morning of 11 April 2019, Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir was removed from power by the Sudanese Armed Forces following the ongoing protests after holding the office for nearly 30 years. 11 people were killed.

State media reported that all political prisoners, including anti-Bashir protest leaders, were being released from jail. Al-Bashir's National Congress party responded by announcing that they would hold a rally supporting the ousted president.

References

Category:2019 in Africa
Category:April 2019 events
Category:Sudan

2019 Sudanese coup d'état


Saint-Louis is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department. In 2015, 20,401 people lived there. The inhabitants are the Ludoviciens.

It is at the German and Swiss borders, just north of Basel. The EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg is there. The commune of Saint-Louis also has the former villages of Bourgfelden and Neuweg in it.

Category:Communes in Haut-Rhin

Saint-Louis, Haut-Rhin


Reinhart Fuchs (September 28, 1934 — December 16, 2017) was a German chess player, international master (1962). In the national team of the GDR party of six Chess Olympiads (1956-1966) and  IV European team championship (1970) in Kapfenberg. He was born in Berlin.

Fuchs died on December 16, 2017 in Berlin at the age of 83.

References

Other websites
Reinhart Fuchs at Chessgames.com

Category:1934 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:East German sportspeople
Category:German chess players
Category:People from Berlin

Reinhart Fuchs


Constrained comics are comics on which restrictions are intentionally placed.

A similar idea is constrained writing, a style of writing that also features restrictions that are intentionally placed. Using that idea, writers have attempted to do things such as write novels that are palindromes or do not feature the letter "e". Some of these ideas are sorted into their own genres of poetry, such as haiku or sonnet.

Examples
Some notable examples of constrained comics are listed here:
 Gustave Verbeek's The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo, a comic strip with six panels in each comic strip in which the first half of the story is right-side-up, then the second half of the story is told when the story is turned up-side-down, for a total of twelve panels.
 The Angriest Dog in the World, a comic strip with six panels in each comic strip by David Lynch. The only difference between each comic strip is what the dog says in the first three panels.
 Dinosaur Comics, which uses the same artwork in each comic strip, and only what the characters say to each other changes.
 Watchmen is created with various restrictions, especially the fifth issue, which is called "Fearful Symmetry", which is a palindrome.
 Partially Clips, a comic strip with three panels in each comic strip that uses three identical panels based on clipart.
 The many comics created by the group Oubapo.
 Matt Madden's 99 Ways to Tell a Story.
 Garfield Minus Garfield, which features Jon Arbuckle without his pet cat Garfield, who is the main character of the original comic strip.

See also
 Infinite canvas, a style of comics that, in a way, is the opposite of constrained comics.

Further reading
 Baetens, Jan. Comic Strips and Constrained Writing. Image & Narrative. Issue 7. October 2003. Retrieved on 2008-09-24.

Other websites
 Article about constraint on ComixTalk

Constrained comics


Daniel Chicoine (born November 30, 1957) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 31 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Cleveland Barons and the Minnesota North Stars.

Career
Before playing in the NHL, Chicoine played 4 seasons with the Sherbrooke Castors of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). Chicoine ended up being drafted 23rd overall by the Cleveland Barons in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft and was also drafted 81st overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1977 WHA Amateur Draft.

He spent time between their AHL-affiliate team, the New Haven Nighthawks. He spent 6 games with the Barons and 17 games with the Phoenix Roadrunners of the Central Hockey League (CHL). On June 13, 1979, Chicoine was claimed as a fill-in during Expansion Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. He played 25 games with the North Stars and 117 games with their CHL-affiliate team, the Oklahoma City Stars. On June 9, 1981, he was traded to Quebec by Minnesota for Nelson Burton. He never played for them and spent 21 games with the Sherbrooke Jets of the AHL before retiring from professional ice hockey in 1983.

References

Other websites

Category:1957 births
Category:American Hockey League players
Category:Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Category:Cleveland Barons (NHL) players
Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec
Category:Living people
Category:Minnesota North Stars players
Category:Quebec Major Junior Hockey League players

Dan Chicoine


An aldehyde () is an organic compound.  It contains a formyl group. A formyl group is a part of a molecule with the structure R-CHO.   It is made of a carbon double bonded to oxygen.  The oxygen is also bonded to hydrogen and an R group. A side chain is the rest of the molecule.
The group without the side chain is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes are different from ketones because the formyl group is at the end of the molecule in an aldehyde.  Ketones have the formyl group in the middle of the molecule. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances (smell producing compounds) are aldehydes.

Structure and bonding
Aldehydes have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen.  Because of this, they are slightly polar.  This causes aldehydes to have a number of properties.  One of the most important of these is solubility in water.

Nomenclature

IUPAC names for aldehydes
The common names for aldehydes are not always the official names.  The IUPAC names are useful, however. IUPAC recommends the following nomenclature for aldehydes:
 Aldehydes without rings of carbon are named based on the longest carbon chain containing the aldehyde. Thus, HCHO is named based on methane, and CH3CH2CH2CHO is named based on butane. The name is formed by changing the ending -e of the parent alkane to -al.  HCHO is named methanal.  CH3CH2CH2CHO is named butanal.
 If a -CHO group is attached to a ring, then -carbaldehyde is added to the end of the name. Because of this, C6H11CHO is known as cyclohexanecarbaldehyde.  If there are other names that need to be added to the end of the word because other functional groups are present, formyl- is added to the beginning of the word. Methanoyl-is sometimes added instead, but formyl- is better.g ghjhghfhbkugvjogtjlghgg

Etymology

The word aldehyde comes from Latin.  It was shortened from alcohol dehydrogenatus (dehydrogenated alcohol).   The word aldehyde was created by Justus von Liebig. In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, vinous aldehyde for acetaldehyde. (Vinous is from the Latin word for wine, which is the traditional source of ethanol.)

The term formyl group comes from the Latin or Italian word formica which means ant.

Physical properties and characterization
Aldehydes have many different properties.  These properties change a lot if the rest of the molecule changes.  Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are completely soluble in water.  Many aldehydes have strong smells.  Aldehydes will break down in air.

Two of the most important aldehydes, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, tend to form long chains.  This is called polymerization.

Naturally occurring aldehydes
Many aldehydes are found in essential oils and are the reason for their smells.  Cinnamaldehyde, cilantro, and vanillin all get their smells from aldehydes.

Common reactions
Aldehydes are highly reactive and participate in many reactions."  In industry, aldehydes are used to prepare plasticizers, polyols, and alcohols. In biology, aldehydes are used to replace amine groups and form sugars.

Dialdehydes
A dialdehyde is a molecule with two aldehydes. The names of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or -dialdehyde. Some dialdehydes are  named after the acid that they are similar to. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succinic acid).

Examples of aldehydes
 Methanal (formaldehyde)
 Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
 Propanal (propionaldehyde)
 Butanal (butyraldehyde)
 Benzaldehyde
 Cinnamaldehyde
 Tolualdehyde
 Furfural
 Retinaldehyde

Dialdehydes
 Glyoxal
 Malondialdehyde
 Succindialdehyde
 Glutaraldehyde
 Phthalaldehyde

Uses
Of all aldehydes, formaldehyde is produced the most. About 6 million tons per year are made.  It is mainly used to make resins when mixed with urea, melamine, and phenol. Bakelite is made like this.   Another commonly made aldehyde is butyraldehyde. 2 and a half million tons per year are made. A lot of acetaldehyde once was once made, but much less is made today.  This is because chemicals that used to be made from acetaldehyde are now made in other ways.

Related pages
 Enol

References

Other websites
Entrancei https://www.entrancei.com/chapter-aldehydes-and-ketones/type-of-chemical-reactions-in-carbonyl-compounds

Aldehyde synthesis - Synthetic protocols from organic-reaction.com

Category:Organic compounds
Category:Functional groups

Aldehyde


General of the Armies John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), was a general officer in the United States Army. He led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army. The rank is known as General of the Armies. (a retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976 promoted George Washington to the same rank but with higher seniority). Pershing holds the first United States officer service number (O-1). He was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II. These include George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley, and George S. Patton.

Summary of service

Dates of rank

Assignment history

 1882: Cadet, United States Military Academy
 1886: Troop L, Sixth Cavalry
 1891: Professor of Tactics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
 1895: 1st Lieutenant, 10th Cavalry Regiment
 1897: Instructor, United States Military Academy, West Point
 1898: Major of Volunteer Forces, Cuban Campaign, Spanish–American War
 1899: Officer-in-Charge, Office of Customs and Insular Affairs
 1900: Adjutant General, Department of Mindanao and Jolo, Philippines
 1901: Battalion Officer, 1st Cavalry and Intelligence Officer, 15th Cavalry (Philippines)
 1902: Officer-in-Charge, Camp Vicars, Philippines
 1904: Assistant Chief of Staff, Southwest Army Division, Oklahoma
 1905: Military attaché, U.S. Embassy, Tokyo, Japan
 1908: Military Advisor to American Embassy, France
 1909: Commander of Fort McKinley, Manila, and governor of Moro Province
 1914: Brigade Commander, 8th Army Brigade
 1916: Commanding General, Mexican Punitive Expedition
 1917: Commanding General for the formation of the National Army
 1917: Commanding General, American Expeditionary Forces, Europe
 1921: Chief of Staff of the United States Army
 1924: Retired from active military service
 1925: Chief Commissioner assigned by the United States in the arbitration case for the provinces of Tacna and Arica between Peru and Chile.

References
Notes

Sources

Further reading
Richard Goldhurst, Pipe Clay and Drill: John J. Pershing, the classic American soldier, (Reader's Digest Press, 1977)
Gene Smith, Until the Last Trumpet Sounds: The Life of General of the Armies John J. Pershing (Wiley, New York, 1998)
Donald Smythe, Guerrilla Warrior: The Early Life of John J. Pershing (Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1973)
Donald Smythe, Pershing: General of the Armies (Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1986)
Frank E. Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing - Volume I (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977)
Frank E. Vandiver, Black Jack: The Life and Times of John J. Pershing - Volume II (Texas A&M University Press, Third printing, 1977)

Other websites

Pershing Museum
Biography of John J. Pershing
New York Times obituary
Black Jack Pershing in Cuba
CHAPTER IV, General of the Armies John J. Pershing, State Funeral, 15-19 July 1948 in The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark, United States Army Center of Military History

Category:1860 births
Category:1948 deaths
Category:American generals
Category:American military personnel of the Spanish-American War
Category:American military personnel of World War I
Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure
Category:Deaths from coronary artery disease
Category:People from Missouri

John J. Pershing


Vilakkuvettom is a village situated near Punalur in Kollam district, Kerala state, India.

Politics
Vilakkuvettom is a part of Punalur assembly constituency in Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency). INC, CPM, CPI, BJP etc are the major political parties.

Demographics
Malayalam is the native language of Vilakkuvettom.

References

Category:Villages in India
Category:Settlements in Kerala

Vilakkuvettom


Bagh-e-Jinnah (used to be called Lawrence Gardens) is a large park in Lahore, Pakistan. It includes a  botanical garden and other popular facilities, which were made during the British Raj. The Gardens were originally named after Sir John Lawrence, who was the first Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and who did much to develop the city of Lahore in colonial times.

After Pakistan's independence, some people demanded that the Gardens be renamed with a more 'patriotic' name so during the 1980s, their name was finally changed to Bagh i Jinnah (Jinnah's Gardens), after Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of the country. However, many people in Lahore still continue to call the Gardens as 'Lawrence Gardens', for the sake of historical accuracy.

Category:Lahore
Category:Parks in Pakistan

Bagh-e-Jinnah


An absinthe spoon is simply a special spoon, placed over a glass of absinthe. There are holes in the spoon, over which a sugar cube is placed. Then, cold water is poured over the sugar to dilute and sweeten the absinthe.

Category:Alcoholic spirits

en:Absinthiana#Absinthe spoon

Absinthe spoon


In sports broadcasting, a commentator is the person who is saying what is happening in the game.  In the case of television commentary, the commentator is usually only heard and not often seen.   In North American English,  a commentator is also called an announcer or sportscaster.  Often, the main commentator (called a play-by-play in North America) works with a color commentator and sometimes a sideline reporter. With big events, many sideline reporters are used.

Types of sports broadcasters
Play-by-play announcers are the primary speakers. It is important for them to be easy to understand. They also have a good ability to describe the what is happening quickly during fast-moving sport. Play-by-play announcers are more likely to be a professional broadcast journalist. The name comes from the fact that they describe each play of the game as it happens.
Color commentators bring experience and insight into the game. They are often asked questions by the play-by-play announcer to give them a topic for talk about.  Color commentators were often players or coaches in the sport being talked about. The name from the fact that they provide more color to the broadcast. They provide extra interesting information that makes the broadcast more entertaining.
Sideline reporters are reporters who are put in different spots around the venue. They give the color commentator more information to give to the audience. For example, some sideline reporters could be in the dressing room area while others could be at the team benches. The often interview players and coaches before, during and after the game. They also try to get more information on things such as injuries to players.

Most sports television broadcast have one play-by-play announcer and one color commentator.  An example is NBC Sunday Night Football in the United States. It is called by Cris Collinsworth, a former American football receiver, and Al Michaels, a professional announcer. In the United Kingdom,  there is not as much of a difference between play-by-play and color commentary. Two-man commentary teams usually have a person formal journalistic training but little or no sports experience leading the commentary, and an expert former (or current) competitor dealing with analysis. There are exceptions to this. All of the United Kingdom's major cricket and snooker commentators are former professionals in their sports. The well known Formula One racing commentator Murray Walker had no formal journalistic training and only a small amount of racing experience of his own.

Using a play-by-play announcer and one or more color commentators is standard . In the past it was much more common for a play-by-play announcer to work alone.

United States
Although sports broadcasts started in 1912, the first sports commentary was broadcast in April 1921. It was done by Florent Gibson of the Pittsburg Star newspaper. He was covering the fight between Johnny Ray and Johnny "Hutch" Dundee at the Motor Square Garden, Pittsburgh.

In the United States, nearly all professional sports teams, most collegiate teams have their own Sports commentators. These people are usually thought of as the voice of the team on radio broadcasts. They are often considered a part of the team like the players or the coaches. Television networks and cable channels will also have their own group of play-by-play announcers that work with different teams.

References

Other websites
 Sportcaster Chronicles - Internet radio show in which John Lewis interviews leading American sports announcers.

Sports commentator


Gingerbread is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history.

Etymology
Before, gingerbread (from Latin zingiber, then Old French gingebras) meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices.

History
Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis (Gregory Makar) (Grégoire de Nicopolis) brought ginger bread to Europe in 992. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, in Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy (France) and stayed seven years. He showed French priests and Christians how to cook gingers. He died in 999 Armenian genocide.

German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444.
The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window decorations. Records show that gingerbread biscuits were sold in monasteries, pharmacies and town square farmers' markets in the 16th century.

Related pages
Gingerbread man
Victorian architecture - Gingerbread house example

References

Category:Cakes

Gingerbread


Ezio Vendrame (21 November 1947 – 4 April 2020) was an Italian writer, manager, and footballer, who played as a midfielder. He was born in Casarsa della Delizia, Province of Pordenone, Italy. He was known for playing for Lanerossi Vicenza, Napoli and Padova.

Vandrame died on 4 April 2020 in Treviso, Italy of cancer at the age of 72.

References

Category:1947 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Cancer deaths in Italy
Category:Italian footballers

Ezio Vendrame


Vassalboro is a town in Kennebec County, Maine. It was founded in 1771. 4,047 people live there. Several highways go through the city, U.S. Highway 201, U.S. Highway 202, Maine State Highway 3, Maine State Highway 9, Maine State Highway 32, and Maine State Highway 100. It is surrounded by several cities, China to the east, Augusta to the south, Winslow to the north, and Sidney to the west. It is home to the Grand View Topless Coffee Shop, which was featured heavily in the media.

Notable people from the city
 Holman Day, author and editor
 Henry H. Goddard, psychologist and eugenicist
 Alfred Atmore Pope, industrialist and art collector

References

Category:Towns in Maine

Vassalboro, Maine


Pope County is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. In the 2010 census, 4,470 people lived there. The county seat is Golconda.

Category:Illinois counties

Pope County, Illinois