Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology.  Psychodynamic therapy looks closely at the unconscious drives that motivate people to act in certain ways.

The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly.  The id, ego, and superego are three aspects of the mind, which Freud believes, makes up a person’s personality.  “We are simply actors in the drama of our minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence.  Underneath the surface, our personalities represent the power struggle going on deep within us” (Cash, Psychology for Dummies).

Religion
Freud does not believe there is any supernatural force that affects the way we think or has pre-programmed us to behave in a certain way.  His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego. Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires." (Freud). Freud believes that people rely on religion to give explanations for anxieties and tension they do not want to consciously believe in.  The basis of Christian theology states, “God created humanity in his image” (Genesis 1:27), but Freud argues that humanity created God in their image.  This reverses the idea of any type of religion because he believes that religion is constructed by the mind.   The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. The idea that religion causes people to behave in a moral way is incorrect according to Freud because he believes that no other force has the power to control the ways in which people act.  Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. Freud does a significant amount of research studying how people act and interact in a group setting.  He believes that people act in different ways according to the demands and constraints of the group as a whole.  In his book Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, Freud argues that the church and organized religion forms an “artificial group” which requires an external force to keep it together.  In this type of group, everything is dependent on that external force and without it, the group would no longer exist.  Groups are necessary, according to Freud, in order to decrease the narcissism in all people by creating libidinal ties with others by placing everyone at an equal level.  The commonness among different people with different egos allows people to identify with one another.  This relates to the idea of religion because Freud believes that people created religion in order to create these group ties that they unconsciously seek for.

Greek Mythology
According to Freud’s many theories of religion, the Oedipus complex is utilized in the understanding and mastery of religious beliefs. In Freud’s psychosexual stages, he mentions the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex and how they affect children and their relationships with their same-sex parental figure. According to Freud, there is an unconscious desire for one’s mother to be a virgin and for one’s father to be an all-powerful, almighty figure. Freud’s interest in Greek mythology and religion greatly influenced his psychological theories. The Oedipus complex is when a boy is jealous of his father. The boy strives to possess his mother and ultimately replace his father as a means of no longer having to fight for her undivided attention and affection. Along with seeking his mother’s love, boys also experience castration anxiety, which is the fear of losing their genitalia. Boys fear that their fathers will retaliate and castrate them as a result of desiring one’s mother. While the Oedipus complex presents itself in males, females experience a different form of incestuous rivalry known as the Electra complex. Girls become jealous of their mothers and begin to feel desire towards their fathers. Females also experience penis envy which is the parallel reaction to the male experience of castration anxiety. Females are jealous of their fathers’ penis and wish to have one as well. Girls then repress this feeling and instead long for a child of their own. This suppression leads to the girl identifying with her mother and acquiring feminine traits.

Psychoanalytic theory

Id
According to Freud, the id is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego.  The id is the part of the mind which holds all of humans' most basic and primal instincts.  It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate satisfaction.  The id does not have a grasp on any form of reality or consequence.  Freud explains that the pleasure principle is controlled by the id because it makes people engage in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance to what is right or wrong.  Freud compares the id and the ego to a horse and a rider.  The id is compared to the horse, which is directed and controlled by the ego (the rider).  This example goes to show that although the id is supposed to be controlled by the ego, they often interact with one another according to the drives of the id.

Freud defines the id as: “The id, cut off from the external world, has a world of perception of its own. It detects with extraordinary acuteness certain changes in its interior, especially oscillations in the tension of its instinctual needs, and these changes become conscious as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. It is hard to say, to be sure, by what means and with the help of what sensory terminal organs these perceptions come about. But it is an established fact that self-perceptions—coenesthetic feelings and feelings of pleasure-unpleasure—govern the passage of events in the id with despotic force. The id obeys the inexorable pleasure principle”.

Ego
In order for people to maintain a realistic sense here on earth, the ego is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain.  It is impossible for all desires of the id to be met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and satisfaction. Although the ego does not know the difference between right and wrong, it is aware that not all drives can be met at a given time.   The reality principle is what the ego operates by in order to help satisfy the id’s demands as well as compromising according to reality.  The ego is a person’s “self,” composed of unconscious desires.  The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id.  Although both the id and the ego are unconscious, the ego has close contact with the perceptual system.  The ego has the function of self-preservation, which is why it has the ability to control the instinctual demands from the id.

“The ego is first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself the projection of a surface. If we wish to find an anatomical analogy for it we can best identify it with the ‘cortical homunculus’ of the anatomists, which stands on its head in the cortex, sticks up its heels, faces backwards and, as we know, has its speech-area on the left-hand side. The ego is ultimately derived from bodily sensations, chiefly from those springing from the surface of the body. It may thus be regarded as a mental projection of the surface of the body, besides, as we have seen above (Figure 3), representing the superficies of the mental apparatus.”

Superego
The superego, which develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society.  Freud believes that the superego is what allows the mind to control its impulses that are looked down upon morally.  The superego can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or wrong.  Without the superego Freud believes people would act out with aggression and other immoral behaviors because the mind would have no way of understanding the difference between right and wrong.  The superego is considered to be the “consciousness” of a person’s personality and can override the drives from the id. Freud separates the superego into two separate categories: the ideal self and the conscious.  The conscious contains ideals and morals that exist within society that prevent people from acting out based on their internal desires.  The ideal self contains images of how people ought to behave according to society's ideals.

The unconscious mind
Freud believed that the answers to what controlled daily actions resided in the unconscious mind, despite alternative views that all our behaviors were conscious. Notions of the unconsciousness, gaps in the consciousness, can be explained by other acts of which the consciousness affords no evidence. The unconscious mind positions itself in every aspect our life whether one is dormant or awake. It is more than just a habitat for our undesired memories, we are at loss to what truly exists here. Though unaware of the effect of the unconscious mind, it influences the actions we engage it.  Human behavior should be understood by searching for analysis of mental processes in expressions of individual states. This explanation gives significance to verbal slips and dreams; they are caused by hidden reasons in the mind displayed in concealed forms.

Verbal slips of the unconscious mind are referred to as a Freudian slip. This is a term coined by Freud to explain a spoken mistake derived from the unconscious mind. Traumatizing information of thoughts and beliefs are blocked from the conscious mind, slips expose our true thoughts stored in the unconscious. Sexual instincts or drives have deeply invested roots in the unconscious mind. Instincts act by giving vitality and enthusiasm to the mind through meaning and purpose. The ranges of instincts are in great numbers; therefore, Freud expressed them in two categories. Eros is the self-preserving life instinct containing all erotic pleasures. In contrast, thanatos is the death instinct, full of self-destruction of sexual energy. The main part of human behavior and actions is tied back to sexual drives. Since birth the existent of sexual drives can be recognized as one of the most important incentives of life.

Freud's psychosexual stages
Freud’s theory of psychosexual development is represented amongst five stages. According to Freud, each stage occurs within a specific time frame of one’s life. If one becomes fixated in any of the five stages, he or she will develop personality traits that coincide with the a specific stage and its focus.

Oral stage
The first stage is the oral stage. An infant is in this stage from birth to eighteen months of age. The main focus in the oral stage is pleasure-seeking through the infant’s mouth. During this stage, the need for tasting and sucking becomes prominent in producing pleasure. Oral stimulation is crucial during this stage; if the infant’s needs are not met during this time frame, he or she will be fixated in the oral stage. Fixation in this stage can lead to adult habits such as thumb-sucking, smoking, over-eating, and nail-biting. Personality traits can also develop during adulthood that are linked to oral fixation; these traits can include optimism and independence or pessimism and hostility.

Anal stage
The second stage is the anal stage, which lasts from eighteen months to three years of age. During this stage, the infant’s pleasure seeking centers are located in the bowels and bladder. Parents stress toilet training and bowel control during this time period.  Fixation in the anal stage can lead to anal-retention or anal-expulsion. Anal retentive characteristics include being overly neat, precise, and orderly, while being anal expulsive involves being disorganized, messy, and destructive.

Phallic stage
The third stage in psychosexual development is the phallic stage. This stage begins at 3 years old and ends when the child reaches six years of age. The phallic stage focuses on the genitals as pleasure-seeking areas of the body. Boys in this stage experience the Oedipus complex, while girls experience the Electra complex. In both cases, the child develops incestuous feelings for the parent of the opposite sex. Children tend to develop characteristics of the same-sex parent during this stage. Fixation in the phallic stage has different personality traits depending on one’s gender. Males may take great pride in their masculinity and their sexuality, while women may become flirtatious and promiscuous. In both instances, these personality traits are a sign of low self-esteem and self-worth.

Latency stage
The fourth stage is the latency stage which begins at the age of six and continues until the age of eleven. During this stage there is no pleasure-seeking region of the body; instead all sexual feelings are repressed. Thus, children are able to develop social skills, and find comfort through peer and family interaction.

Genital stage
The final stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage. This stage begins at the age of eleven, lasts through puberty, and ends when one reaches adulthood at the age of eighteen. The onset of puberty reflects a strong interest from one person to another of the opposite sex. If one does not experience fixation in any of the psychosexual stages, once he or she has reached the genital stage he or she will grow into a well-balanced human being.

Anxiety and defense mechanisms
Freud proposed a set of defense mechanisms in one’s body. These set of defense mechanisms occur so one can hold a favorable or preferred view of themselves. For example, in a particular situation when an event occurs that violates one's preferred view of themselves, Freud states that it is necessary for the self to have some mechanism to defend itself against this unfavorable event; this is known as defense mechanisms. Freud’s work on defense mechanisms focuses on how the ego defends itself against internal events or impulses, which are regarded as unacceptable to one’s ego. These defense mechanisms are used to handle the conflict between the id, the ego, and the superego.

Freud noted that a major drive for people is the reduction of tension and the major cause of tension was anxiety. He identified three types of anxiety: reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. Reality anxiety is the most basic form of anxiety and is based on the ego. It is typically based on the fear of real and possible events (for example, being bit by a dog or falling off of a roof). Neurotic anxiety comes from an unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the id will take control of the person, leading to eventual punishment from expressing the id's desires. Moral anxiety comes from the superego. It appears in the form of a fear of violating values or moral codes, and appears as feelings like guilt or shame.

When anxiety occurs, the mind's first response is to seek rational ways of escaping the situation by increasing problem-solving efforts, and a range of defense mechanisms may be triggered. These are ways that the ego develops to help deal with the id and the superego. Defense mechanisms often appear unconsciously and tend to distort or falsify reality. When the distortion of reality occurs, there is a change in perception which allows for a lessening in anxiety resulting in a reduction of tension one experiences. Sigmund Freud noted a number of ego defenses which were noted throughout his work. His daughter, Anna Freud, developed and elaborated on them. The defense mechanisms are as follows:

 Denial: believing that what is true is actually false
 Displacement: taking out impulses on a less threatening target
 Intellectualization: avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects
 Projection: attributing uncomfortable feelings to others
 Rationalization: creating false but believable justifications
 Reaction Formation: taking the opposite belief because the true belief causes anxiety
 Regression: going back to a previous stage of development
 Repression: pushing uncomfortable thoughts out of conscious awareness
 Suppression: consciously forcing unwanted thoughts out of our awareness
 Sublimation: redirecting ‘wrong’ urges into socially acceptable actions

These defenses are not under our conscious control, and our unconscious will use one or more to protect one’s self from stressful situations. They are natural and normal. Without these, neurosis develops (such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria).

Totem and Taboo

Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish parents in a heavily Roman Catholic town. Freud desired to understand religion and spirituality and deals with the nature of religious beliefs in many of his books and essays. He regards God as an illusion, based on the infantile need for a powerful father figure. Freud believed that religion was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress. In some of his writing, he suggests that religion is an attempt to control the Oedipal complex, as he goes on to discuss in his book Totem and Taboo.

In 1913, Freud published the book Totem and Taboo. This book was an attempt to reconstruct the birth and the process of development of religion as a social institution. He wanted to demonstrate how the study of psychoanalysis is important in the understanding of the growth of civilization. This book is about how the Oedipus complex and incest taboo came into being and why they are present in all human societies. The incest taboo rises because of a desire for incest. The purpose of the totemic animal is not for group unity, but to re-enforce the incest taboo. The totemic animal is not a symbol of God, but a symbol of the father and it is an important part of religious development.  Totemism originates from the memory of an event in pre-history where the male group members eat the father figure due to a desire for the females. The guilt they feel for their actions and for the loss of a father figure leads them to prohibit incest in a new way. Totemism is a means of preventing incest and as a ritual reminder of murder of the father. This shows that sexual desire, since there are many social prohibitions on sexual relations, is channeled through certain ritual actions and all societies adopt these rituals so that sexuality develops in approved ways. This reveals unconscious desires and their repression. Freud believes that civilization makes people unhappy because it contradicts the desire for progress, freedom, happiness, and wealth. Civilization requires repression of drives and instincts - such as sexual, aggression, and death instincts - in order for civilization can work.

According to Freud, religion originated in pre-historic collective experiences that became repressed and ritualized as totems and taboos. He states that most, if not all religions, can be traced back to early human sacrifice - including Christianity, in which Christ on the cross is a symbolic representation of killing the father and eating the father figure. This is shown with ‘the body of Christ’, also known as Communion. In this work, Freud attributes the origin of religion to emotions such as hatred, fear, and jealousy. These emotions are directed towards the father figure in the clan from the sons who are denied sexual desires towards the females. Freud attributed totem religions to be a result of extreme emotion, rash action, and the result of guilt.

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is one of the most important books in psychology. It was written by Freud in 1901 and it laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis. The book contains twelve chapters on forgetting things such as names, childhood memories, mistakes, clumsiness, slips of the tongue, and determinism of the unconscious. Freud believed that there were reasons that people forget things like words, names, and memories. He also believed that mistakes in speech, now referred to as Freudian slips, were not accidents but instead the “dynamic unconscious” revealing something meaningful.

Freud suggests that our everyday psychopathology is a minor disturbance of mental life which may quickly pass away. Freud believed all of these acts to have an important significance; the most trivial slips of the tongue or pen may reveal people's secret feelings and fantasies. Pathology is brought into the everyday life which Freud points out through dreams, forgetfulness, and parapraxes. He uses these things to make his case for the existence of an unconscious that refuses to be explained or contained by consciousness. Freud explains how the forgetting of multiple events in our everyday life can be consequences of repression, suppression, denial, displacement, and identification. Defense mechanisms occur to protects one’s ego so in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Freud states, “painful memories merge into motivated forgetting which special ease” (p. 154)

Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
Freud wrote Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, sometimes titled Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, in 1905. It explores and analyzes his theory of sexuality and its presence throughout childhood. Freud’s book describes three main topics in reference to sexuality: sexual perversions, childhood sexuality, and puberty. His first essay in this series is called The Sexual Aberrations. This essay focuses on the distinction between a sexual object and a sexual aim. A sexual object is the object that one desires, while the sexual aim is the acts that one desires to perform with the object.

Freud’s second essay was explained Infantile Sexuality. During this essay he insists that children have sexual urges. The psychosexual stages are the steps a child must take in order to continue having sexual urges once adulthood is reached.

The third essay Freud wrote described The Transformation of Puberty. In this essay he examines how children express their sexuality throughout puberty and how sexual identity is formed during this time frame.

Freud ultimately attempted to link unconscious sexual desires to conscious actions in each of his essays.

Dreams
The Interpretation of Dreams is one Sigmund Freud’s greatest published works known to date because of the stage it set for his psychoanalytic work. During therapy sessions, Freud would ask his patients to talk about whatever would first come to their mind, usually their responses directly related to a dream. He then began to analyze their dreams, believing that this gave him access to their deepest thoughts. He also believed he could find links between his patients' current hysterical behaviors and past traumatic experiences. From here he began to formulate a book to allow others to understand dream interpretation, by using his current theory of the unconscious.

Freud believed that dreams were messages from the unconscious, masked as wishes controlled by internal stimuli. The unconscious mind plays the most imperative role in dream interpretation. In order to remain in a state of sleep, the unconscious mind has to detain negative thoughts and represent them in an edited form. Therefore, when one dreams, the unconscious makes an effort to deal with any conflict.

Freud categorized dreams into different levels in order to better understand the unconscious as the primary standard for dream interpretation. The first level of dreams is the manifest content, which is the dream one remembers after waking up. But Freud believed no attention should be given to this level, because the unconscious mind produced the dream into a different meaning from its original. Latent content is the second level of dreams, which is the real dream amongst your unconscious thoughts. This is where the true meaning of the dream lies and turned into another sense to protect ourselves.  In order for our dreams to convert from latent content to manifest content, four steps are required: condensation, displacement, symbolism, and secondary revision. A special focus on symbolism was emphasized in interpretation. Freud believed that dreams are highly symbolic, with an underlying principle meaning. Most of the symbolic stages focuses on sexually connotation (for example, a tree branch could represent a part of the male genitals). He also believed all human behavior originated from our sexual drives and desires.

Other websites
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic Psychology
Biography on Sigmund Freud
The Last Great Enlightenment Thinker
 Freud's Belief in God

References
 Anxiety and Ego-Defense Mechanisms. (n.d.). Anxiety and Ego-Defense Mechanisms. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://homepages.rpi.edu/~verwyc/defmech.htm
Freuds book. (1998). PBS. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh00fr.html
 Green, C. (n.d.). Classics in the History of Psychology—Freud (1901) Index. Classics in the History of Psychology—Freud (1901) Index. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Freud/Psycho/
 Id, Ego and Superego. (n.d.). Id Ego Superego. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psyche.html
Lapsley, Daniel. "The Id, Ego and Superego." Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, 2nd Ed, 2012. Web. 03 Dec. 2013.
 McLeod, S. (n.d.). Defense Mechanisms. - Simply Psychology. Retrieved December 03, 2013, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/defense-mechanisms.html
McLeod, S. A. (2008). Psychosexual Stages - Simply Psychology. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html
 Roberts, A. (n.d.). Extracts from Sigmund Freud's Totem and Taboo (1913). Extracts from Sigmund Freud's Totem and Taboo (1913). Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://studymore.org.uk/xfre1913.htm
 Sammons, A. (n.d.). Psychodynamic approach: The basics. Psychodynamic Approach: The Basics. Retrieved November, 2013
 Solms, Mark. "The “Id” Knows More than the “Ego” Admits: Neuropsychoanalytic and Primal Consciousness Perspectives on the Interface Between Affective and Cognitive Neuroscience." Www.mdpi.com/journal/brainsci/. Brain Sciences, 16 Apr. 2012. Web. Dec. 2013.
Strachey, J. (Trans.). (1922). Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. The International Psycho-analytical Library, 6. Retrieved December, 2013.
 Strong reading. (2013, August 14). : Sigmund Freud. Retrieved November 28, 2013, from http://strongreading.blogspot.com/2011/08/sigmund-freud-totem-and-taboo.html
The Freud Museum. (n.d.). Freud Museum ~ Education. Retrieved from http://www.freud.org.uk/education/topic/10573/freud-and-religion/
The life of Sigmund Freud. (2004). PBS. Retrieved from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/questionofgod/twolives/freudbio.html
Thornton, S. P. (2001, April 16). Sigmund Freud. Freud, Sigmund []. Retrieved from http://www.iep.utm.edu/freud/
 Understanding the Id, Ego, and Superego in Psychology. (n.d.). - For Dummies. Retrieved from http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-the-id-ego-and-superego-in-psycholog.html
Wilson, K. (n.d.). Introduction to Sigmund Freud's theory of Dreams. Insomnium. Retrieved from http://dreams.insomnium.co.uk/dream-theory/introduction-freud-theory-on-dreams

Category:Psychology

Freud's psychoanalytic theories


The white-tailed deer is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight.  Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long.  It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish or reddish in winter and summer.  Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter.  The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long.  Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years.

This type of deer is quite shy.  When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails.  They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year.  During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.

They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants.  The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.

References

Category:Mammals of North America
Category:Deer

White-tailed deer


Canton is a borough in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,976 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Boroughs in Pennsylvania

Canton, Pennsylvania


A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest Lawrence from the University of California, Berkeley in 1930. It accelerates charged particles by whirling them in a circle. The first cyclotrons were the size of a hand. Some modern circular accelerators use a circle as wide as a city.

Cyclotrons use perpendicular magnetic field to bend electrons and particles through into a semicircular path by an applied electric field. The applied electric field accelerates electrons between the "D" electrodes(also called "dees") of the magnetic field region.

The accelerating electric field reverses just at the time the electrons finish their half circle, so that it accelerates them across the gap. With a higher speed, they move in a larger semicircle. After repeating this process several times, they come out the exit port at a high speed.

Cyclotron Frequency

A moving charge in a cyclotron will move in a circular path under the influence of a constant magnetic field. If the time to complete one orbit is calculated:

.

It is found that the period is independent of the radius. Therefore if a square wave is applied at angular frequency qB/m, the charge will spiral outward, increasing in speed.

When a square wave of angular frequency ω=qB/m is applied between the two sides of the magnetic poles, the charge will be boosted again at just the right time to accelerate it across the gap. Thus the constant cyclotron frequency can continue to accelerate the charge (so long as it is not relativistic).

References

Category:Nuclear physics

Cyclotron


Class 313 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York Works from 1976-77, these being the first second-generation EMUs to be constructed for British Rail. They were also the first dual-voltage units to be built, capable of drawing power via 25 kV AC overhead, or 750 V DC third-rail, and the first units in Britain to have fully automatic couplers which allowed both physical coupling and also the connection of control electric and air supplies to be carried out without the need to leave the cab. Their passenger seats were an improvement on former types.

313
313

British Rail Class 313


Izalco is a volcano in the west part of El Salvador. It is a black color. Izalco is near the Santa Ana volcano, which is three kilometers to the south.

Category:Volcanoes of North America
Category:El Salvador

Izalco (volcano)


The order of operations is a mathematical and algebraic set of rules. It is used to evaluate (solve) and simplify expressions and equations. The order of operations is the order that different mathematical operations are done. The standard mathematical operations are addition (+), subtraction (−), multiplication (* or ×), division (/), brackets (which are grouping symbols, like parentheses () or []) and exponentiation (^n or n, also called orders or indices).

Mathematicians have agreed on a correct order to use operations, and it is very important that they know these rules. When people are solving a problem with more than one operation, they will need to know the correct order to solve the problem correctly. Otherwise the answer will be wrong.

Rules
Follow all the rules in this order from left to right in the equation.

Brackets and indices
Use operations inside brackets and solve any indices. You should always solve brackets first when solving an equation.

Example:
2 * 4 + (9 - 8) + 3
2 * 4 + (9 - 8) + 3
2 * 4 + 1 + 3
2 * 4 + 1 + 3
8 + 1 + 3
8 + 1 + 3
9 + 3
= 12

Exponents
When seeing an exponent, solve it first after solving the Brackets. (53 = 5 * 5 * 5 = 125)

Multiplication and division
Solve any multiplication and division in the problem.
Note that multiplication does not precede division; this is a common mistake. Both are solved from left to right as they occur.

Example:
5 * 4 - 9 / 3
5 * 4 - 9 / 3
20 - 9 / 3
20 - 9 / 3
20 - 3
= 17

Addition and subtraction
Lastly, solve any addition or subtraction.

Two examples of all rules

Example one
(1 + 8) * (4 - 1) + 16 / 23
(1 + 8) * (4 - 1) + 16 / 23
9 * (4 - 1) + 16 / 23
9 * 3 + 16 / 23
9 * 3 + 16 / 8
9 * 3 + 16 / 8
27 + 16 / 8
27 + 2
= 29

Example two
(7 + 3) * (6 - 3) + 216 / 33
(7 + 3) * (6 - 3) + 216 / 33
10 * (6 - 3) + 216 / 33
10 * 3 + 216 / 33
10 * 3 + 216 / 27
10 * 3 + 216 / 27
30 + 216 / 27
30 + 8
= 38

Conclusion
It is in an Acronym of GEMDAS or PEMDAS which means Grouping/Parenthesis, Exponent, Multiply & Divide and Add & Subtract.

Some pupils are confused that it MUST be in its position when solving.

8 - 7 + 5, people say that 7 + 5 must start but that's incorrect. look from left to right for the correct Answer. This rule also applies on Multiplication and Division.

Category:Arithmetics

Order of operations


Red Star F.C. 93 is a football club which plays in France.

Name
 1897-1906 Red Star Club Français
 1906-1927 Red Star Amical Club
 1927-1946 Red Star Olympique
 1946-1948 Red Star Olympique Audonien
 1948-1950 Stade Français-Red Star
 1950-1967 Red Star Olympique Audonien
 1967-1978 Red Star Football Club
 1978-1984 AS Red Star
 1984-2003 AS Red Star 93
 2003-present Red Star FC 93

Category:French football clubs
Category:1897 establishments in Europe
Category:1890s establishments in France

Red Star F.C. 93


"Wild Nights – Wild Nights!" is a poem by Emily Dickinson published in 1861.

References

Category:1861
Category:19th-century American poems

Wild Nights – Wild Nights!


The article about graphical symbols is at Logo
Logo is a programming language that is easy to learn. It is used to teach students and children to program a computer. It was developed to process lists of words. It was like the language LISP.

In 1967, the first Logo ran on a mainframe computer, a machine called a teletype was used to type in and printout the results. There was no screen.

In 1969, it was used to control a Floor Turtle. Commands were added to send the turtle forwards and backwards, and to turn the turtle to left or right. This turtle had pen with different colors. When it moved, it left a trail on the floor.

When a new version of Logo was developed to draw graphics on a screen, it used the same commands. This was called Turtle graphics.

There are 170 versions of Logo. Many of them are open source and free. There are three Logo textbooks that can be downloaded free. Logo is usually an interpreted language.

Examples

Hello World
Load the Logo program. Type the next line in the command box.

 print [Hello World!]

The computer replies.

 Hello World!

Example Showing Graphics and Functional Programming
A spiral drawn using recursion.
Using the editor, type in this new definition.
 to spiral :size
    if  :size > 30 [stop] ; a condition stop
    fd :size rt 15        ; many lines of action
    spiral :size *1.02    ; the tailend recursive call
 end
Type this in the command box.
 spiral 10

On the screen you will see.

Other websites
Logo Programs
MSWLogo For Windows
FMSLogo For Windows
Berkeley Logo (UCBLogo)
Microworlds Microworlds, a commercial Logo for Mac and Windows
Elica a 3D Logo for Windows
Lhogho a Logo compiler for Linux and Windows
 Surf Your Logo Code A modern web based Logo interpreter using HTML5 and JQuery.
MaLT (Machine Lab Turtlesphere) A web based 3D Logo application with the feature of dynamic manipulation (developed in HTML5 & three.js).

Online books
A Logo Tutorial for the OLPC project
The Great Logo Adventure, Jim Muller A book for children.
Computer Science Logo Style, Brian Harvey, MIT Press (3 volumes) , , . Advanced books.

References

Category:Programming languages

Logo (programming language)


Hyperion is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered on September 16, 1848 by William Cranch Bond, George Phillips Bond and William Lassell. It is irregular in shape, and has a sponge-like appearance. It is the second largest irregular (i.e. not spherical) moon in the Solar System, the largest being Proteus. Its rotation is chaotic, meaning its axis of rotation wobbles, unlike how the Earth and the Moon rotate, or any other moon in the Solar System.

Category:Saturn's moons

Hyperion (moon)


Mosbach is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 25,000 people live there. It is between Heidelberg and Heilbronn. There are other big towns nearby: Sinsheim, Eberbach and Osterburken.

In Neckarelz, a suburb of Mosbach, is the most important train station. There are trains running from Mannheim - Heidelberg - Heilbronn, Stuttgart - Heilbronn - Neckarelz and Kaiserslautern - Mannheim - Heidelberg - Mosbach - Osterburken. There are also 2 other stations: Mosbach and Mosbach West. There are only trains from Kaiserslautern to Osterburken.

Mosbach has an area of . The postal codes are from 74801 to 74821, the old one was 6950. The telephone numbers start with +49 6261, The cars have number plates with the letters MOS.

References

Other websites

 Mosbach.de

Mosbach


Chykie Brown (born December 26, 1986 in Houston, Texas) is an American football cornerback for the Baltimore Ravens of the NFL. He was drafted by the Ravens in the fifth round of the 2011 NFL Draft. He played college football for the University of Texas at Austin.

Early Years

Brown was born on March 26, 1986. He grew up around the area of Houston in the USA state of Texas.

College Career

Brown attended the University of Texas at Austin in college. He played cornerback and wore #8. Brown was a reshirt freshman in 2006, and attended college for five years. He had eleven tackles in 2007, eight on special teams in thirteen games. In 2008, Brown recorded 28 tackles and a sack. He was limited by injuries, but returned and regained a starting spot before the Fiesta Bowl. In 2009, Brown had his best year. He recorded 48 tackles (31 solo), had two interceptions, and two sacks. He started just nine games in 2010, and his season ended with a forearm injury against Kansas State University. Brown managed to log in 19 tackles (14 solo), and a sack in his final season with the Texas Longhorns.

Professional Career

Brown was drafted in the 5th Round of the 2011 NFL Draft by the Baltimore Ravens. In the final preseason game, Brown returned an interception for a touchdown. Brown recorded four tackles for Baltimore in 2011. Brown was often used on special teams as he wore #23.

References
 NFL stats, short bio
 Brown to Ravens: Scouting Report

Other websites
 Baltimore Ravens bio

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Baltimore Ravens players
Category:Sportspeople from Houston, Texas

Chykie Brown


The BR standard class 5 4-6-0 was one of the 12 standard classes of steam locomotive built by British Railways in the 1950s. It was essentially a development of the LMS Stanier Class 5 4-6-0. 172 were built between 1951 and 1957 and they were numbered 73000–73171. Five locomotives have been preserved.

Category:British Rail
Category:British Railways steam locomotives

BR standard class 5


The Birds of America is a book by naturalist and painter John James Audubon. It includes illustrations of a wide variety of birds of the United States. It was first published between 1827 and 1838, in Edinburgh and London.

The work is of hand-coloured, life-size prints, made from engraved plates, measuring around . It includes images of six birds that are now extinct: Carolina Parakeet, Passenger Pigeon, Labrador Duck, Great Auk,
Esquimaux Curlew, and Pinnated Grouse.

References

Category:Biology books

The Birds of America


Wilfred de Souza (23 April 1927 – 4 September 2015) was an Indian surgeon and politician. He served as the Chief Minister of Goa three times; 18 May 1993 until 2 April 1994, 8 April 1994 until 16 December 1994 and 30 July 1998 until 26 November 1998.

De Souza was born in Kampala, Uganda. He grew up in Goa. He was a Roman Catholic.

De Souza died after a short illness on 4 September 2015 in Panaji, aged 88.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Disease-related deaths in India
Category:Indian politicians
Category:Roman Catholics

Wilfred de Souza


Matrouh Governorate is a governorate of Egypt. The capital city is Mersa Matruh.

The interior of the Matrouh Governorate is part of Egypt's Western Desert, including the Siwa Oasis. In the center of the Governorate is the Qattara Depression, descending to 133 metres below sea level.

Matrouh Governorate has many historical sites related to World War II.

References

Category:Governorates of Egypt

Matrouh Governorate


Year 24 BC was either a common year starting on Thursday, Friday or Saturday or a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Flaccus.

Events
 Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.
 Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt

24 BC


John Edmund Gardner (20 November 1926 – 3 August 2007) was an English spy and thriller novelist. He was best known for his James Bond novels, but also for his series of Boysie Oakes books and three continuation novels containing Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional villain, Professor Moriarty.

Gardner went on to write over fifty works of fiction, including fourteen original James Bond novels, and the novel versions of two Bond movie. He died from suspected heart failure on 3 August 2007.

Other websites
John-Gardner.com

Category:1926 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:Deaths from heart failure
Category:English writers
Category:People from Northumberland

John Gardner (British writer)


Barnston is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 850 people living in Barnston. It has a church called St Andrew.

References

Category:Uttlesford
Category:Villages in Essex
Category:Civil parishes in Essex

Barnston


The Asian black bear, also called asiatic black bear, white chested bear or himalayan black bear, (Ursus thibetanus or Selenarctos thibetanus) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest. It is also known as the Asiatic black bear, Tibetan black bear, the Himalayan black bear, or the Moon bear.

It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.  Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear.Asian black bears are omnivores. They eat berries, fruit, honey, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts and even deer, buffalo and wild boar. Asian black bears have a few enemies. Predators including tigers, leopards, brown bears, jackals, wolves and dholes.

References

Category:Ursidaes
Category:Mammals of Pakistan

Asian black bear


Orchard Grass Hills is a city of Oldham County in the state of Kentucky, United States.

Category:Cities in Kentucky

Orchard Grass Hills, Kentucky


China Anne McClain (born August 25, 1998) is an American actress, singer, and songwriter. The first movie she acted in was The Gospel. It was released in 2005. Between 2006 and 2012 she played Jazmine Payne in Tyler Perry's House of Payne.

Career
McClain first acted in the 2005 movie The Gospel. Tyler Perry saw the movie and gave her the role of Jazmine Payne in Tyler Perry's House of Payne.
In 2009 McClain played Alana Collins in Hurricaine Season. In 2011 McClain won the prize for Best Performance - Comedy at the NAMIC Vision Awards for her role in the show. McClain started acting in the Disney sitcom A.N.T. Farm in 2011. She played the main character, Chyna Parks. The show lasted three seasons. McClain sung the show's theme song, "Exceptional". It was released on a soundtrack album called A.N.T. Farm in 2011. Two singles were released from the album. It reached number 29 in the American albums chart.

In 2014, McClain played Gabby Harrison in Disney Channel movie How to Build a Better Boy.

Early life
McClain was born in Atlanta to African American parents. Her father is Michael McClain, a music producer. Her mother, Shontell, a songwriter.

References

Category:1998 births
Category:African American actors
Category:African American musicians
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Atlanta, Georgia

China Anne McClain


Gesso is a primer or foundation for art painting on wood or canvas. It is a white paint mixture. It has a binder mixed with a pigment. Traditionally, the binder is glue or gelatin, the pigment is chalk, plaster or gypsum.

Gesso is used in art to prepare a surfaces (wood panels, canvas and sculpture) for painting. Paint and/or other materials are applied on top of the gesso. One reason for covering the surface with gesso is that wood or canvas has a rough or uneven surface, and a colour. Gesso "priming" lets the artist's chosen subject show more clearly than it would otherwise.

Even if a surface has no roughness, many artists still prime it before starting the painting proper, though they might use a paint or "wash" of their own choosing. They do this because the primer, though it cannot be seen directly, may change and help the quality of light reflected from the surface. Gesso, however, is specially useful for a rough or uneven surface.

Acrylic gesso
Acrylic gesso, a widely used "ground", is a modern version which is cheaper and easier to use than the traditional type of gesso. It is a combination of calcium carbonate with an acrylic polymer medium latex, a pigment and other chemicals to ensure flexibility and increase life. It is technically not gesso at all.</sup>p321

The Painter's Handbook notes a problem with using oil paints over an acrylic gesso ground instead of a traditional oil ground, citing a mismatch in flexibility over time that could cause the oil paint to delaminate (flake off).p60

References

Category:Paints

Gesso


A tetrahedron (triangular pyramid) is a three-dimensional shape. It has four corners. It looks like a pyramid. It has six equally long edges, four corners and four equilateral triangular faces. Every two edges meet on one of those corners forming a sixty-degree angle. All of its sides are triangles.

Formulas for a regular tetrahedron

A regular tetrahedron is a tetrahedron where all of its edges are the same length. If the length of an edge is a:

References

Category:Platonic solids

Tetrahedron


Chardonne is a municipality in the district of Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Municipalities of Vaud

Chardonne


The flag of Saudi Arabia is the flag used by the government of Saudi Arabia since March 15, 1973. It is a green flag featuring in white an Arabic inscription and a sword.

The script on the flag is written in the Thuluth script. It is the shahadah or Islamic declaration of faith:

لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
la ilaha ill allah muhammadun rasul allah
"There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his Messenger"

The sword, symbolizes the importance of the inscription by underlining it.

Green flags with this or other Arabic scripts are commonly seen in Islam. They should not be confused with the Saudi national flag. These other flags normally do not have the sword symbol.

The flag is made so that the shahada reads correctly, from right to left, from either side. The sword points from hoist to fly on both sides. The flag is sinister hoisted. This means that the obverse side (front) has the hoist side (flagpole side) to the right.

Saudi Arabia
Category:Saudi Arabia

Flag of Saudi Arabia


A circus is a special kind of entertainment that can be enjoyed by children and adults. Circuses are a group of performers that may include acrobats, clowns, trained animals, trapeze acts, musicians, hoopers, tightrope walkers, jugglers and other artists who perform stunts. Circuses usually travel about to different parts of the country or to different countries. They perform in a huge tent called the “Big Top”. There may be room for hundreds of people in the audience. The seating is tiered (the seats at the back are higher than those in front). In the middle is the circular area where the artists perform. This area is called the “ring”. The person in charge of the whole show is the “ringmaster”. Not all circuses travel about. A few circuses perform in their own building.

Acts
There are many different acts in circuses. Some people do acrobatics and gymnastics. Often a group of gymnasts will finish up standing on top of one another in a pyramid. The gymnasts may also do jumping acts on trampolines. Some people are jugglers, throwing things in the air and catching them. There may be people who walk on stilts or who ride on unicycles. They may perform magic which may include swordswallowing, knife throwing or fireeating. There are always clowns who do funny things to make people laugh. They trip over things and fall over, throw buckets of water over one another or put custard pies into one another’s faces. Sometimes these clowns are also very skilful acrobats, musicians or jugglers. They may pretend to be stupid at first, but they often show that they are very clever.

Animal acts

During the last two centuries, and until recently, the modern circus used many kinds of animals. There were wild animals such as lions, tigers or bears. There may also have been camels, horses, elephants, sea lions and domestic animals such as dogs. In recent years people have changed their ideas. They think that it is unkind to make wild animals perform tricks that are unnatural to them. Many of their trainers used cruel methods to teach these animals to do tricks, e.g. hitting the animals, giving them electric shocks or causing pain in other ways. The animals were always touring around, living in tiny cages. Many countries now do not want to see wild animals in circuses.

History

In Ancient Rome the circus was a round or oval building for showing horse and chariot races, horse shows, staged battles, acts with animals, jugglers and acrobats. The Roman circus had tiered seats. The important people sat at the bottom, near the action. The Latin word circus comes from the Greek word kirkos, meaning “circle" or "ring”.

The first circus in Rome was the Circus Maximus, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. At first it was made of wood. It was rebuilt several times; the last building of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people.

After the period when Rome was powerful, Europe did not have a circus tradition. In China there were shows with acrobatic performances, but they did not influence the Western circus, which started to be popular towards the end of the 18th century. In London there were circuses with horse-riding. These were started in 1768 by Philip Astley. A “Royal Circus” was set up in Lambeth, London by John Hughes. Circuses grew in size and had lots of animals. They were a bit like a zoo. They had wild animals such as lions and elephants. In 1793 a circus building was opened in Philadelphia, USA. Circuses became popular in the USA, especially the circus of Dan Rice. In 1840 Thomas Cooke brought his circus with horses from the USA to England. The circus started to become popular in many countries all over the world. The Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth toured from 1897 to 1902. They showed animal acts and human acts. There were even shows with freaks (people who were physically unusual, e.g. dwarfs and giants). During most of the 20th century this is what circuses were mostly like.

In 1919, Lenin, head of the USSR, said he wanted the circus to be treated as a serious art form, just like opera and ballet. The Moscow Circus School, which was started in 1927, is still one of the best circuses today. The artists are very skilful acrobats, gymnasts etc. Chinese circuses also have artists who are some of the world’s best gymnasts.

Notes

References
 Children’s Britannica 1973;

Circus


This is a list of all countries by Human Development Index as included in a United Nations Development Programme's Human Development Report (released on 2 November 2011, put together based on estimates for 2011. It covers 185 member states of the United Nations (out of 193), along with Hong Kong (of the People's Republic of China), and the Palestinian territories; 8 UN member states are not included because there is not enough data. The average HDI of regions of the World and groups of countries are also included for comparison.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a comparative measure of life expectancy, literacy, education and standards of living for countries worldwide. It is a standard way of measuring well-being, especially child welfare. It is used to distinguish whether the country is a developed, a developing or an under-developed country, and also to measure the effect of economic policies on quality of life. The index was developed in 1990 by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian economist Amartya Sen.

Countries fall into four wide human development categories, each of which has 47 countries: Very High Human Development, High Human Development, Medium Human Development and Low Human Development (46 countries in this category).

From 2007 to 2010, the first two categories was referred to as developed countries, and the last two are all grouped in developing countries. The original "high human development" category has been split into two as above in the report for 2007.

Some older groupings (high/medium/low income countries) that have been removed were based on the gross domestic product (GDP) in purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and have been replaced by another index based on the gross national income (GNI) in purchasing power parity per capita.

The country with the largest decrease in HDI since 1998 is Zimbabwe, falling from 0.514 in 1998 to 0.140 in 2010. The country with the largest decrease since 2009 is Cape Verde, which decreased by 0.170.

Over half of the world's population live in countries with "medium human development" (51%), while less than a fifth (18%) of the world's population are in countries that are in the "low human development" category. Countries with "high" to "very high" human development account for less than a third of the world's total population (30%).

Complete list of countries
  = increase.
  = steady.
  = decrease.

Very high human development

High human development

Medium human development

Low human development

List of countries by continent

Africa

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Asia

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Europe

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

North America and the Caribbean
That is wrong

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

South America

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Oceania

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

List of countries by non-continental region

Arab League

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

Commonwealth of Nations

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

East Asia and the Pacific

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

European Union

10 highest HDIs

10 lowest HDIs

HDI by regions and groups

Countries missing from latest report

UN member states (latest UNDP data)

Note: 2009 publication uses old HDI formula

Non-UN member states (latest UNDP data)

Non-UN members (not calculated by the UNDP)

Notes

References

*Human Development Index

List of countries by Human Development Index


Miguel Galindo Garces (born 1981) is a skier from Spain.  He helps skiers who cannot see by telling them where to go on a mountain.  He skied at the 2011 IPC Alpine Skiing World Championships with Jon Santacana Maiztegui. They were the second skiers to finish in the visually impaired men's downhill race. They were the first skiers to finish in the men's visually impaired Super-G race, the Giant Slalom race and the Super Combined race. They were the second skiers to finish in the slalom race.

References

Category:Spanish skiers
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish Paralympic gold medalists
Category:Spanish Paralympic silver medalists
Category:2010 Winter Paralympics
Category:2006 Winter Paralympics
Category:2002 Winter Paralympics
Category:Sighted guides
Category:Competitors at the 2018 Winter Paralympics

Miguel Galindo Garces


Historians (and sometimes political scientists) are surveyed and asked to give Presidents of the United States number ratings on their overall performance or on different aspects of their leadership.

Several different factors are considered in deciding what makes one a good or bad president.  These include their character, their vision for the country, their relations with congress, their relations with foreign leaders (diplomacy), how they managed the economy, how they managed the military, and their overall political skill.

To make sure the rankings are fair, many surveys equally balance the opinions of liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans.

It is sometimes difficult to accurately rank a president because all of the presidents faced completely different challenges and lived in different times.

Historical opinions of U.S. presidents often change over time. For example, Harry Truman had very low approval ratings right after he left office, but many historians now consider him among the greatest presidents.

General Findings

Highly ranked

The following presidents are usually ranked highly:
George Washington (the first president of the United States and helped the United States win the American Revolutionary War)
John Adams (oversaw the Quasi-War)
Thomas Jefferson (partly because of the Louisiana Purchase and for being the author of the Declaration of Independence)
James Madison (led the United States through the War of 1812)
James Monroe (expanded the United States and supported the founding of colonies in Africa for free African Americans)
James K. Polk (President during the Mexican American War)
Abraham Lincoln (led the United States through the American Civil War and helped end slavery)
Theodore Roosevelt (strengthened the United States Navy and had the Panama Canal built)
Woodrow Wilson (President during World War I, supporting women's rights, and created the Federal Reserve)
Franklin Roosevelt (led the country through the Great Depression by restoring the economy and President during World War II)
Harry Truman (President during the end of World War II, the beginning of the Cold War and the integration of the Armed Forces)
Dwight Eisenhower (President during the Cold War, created NASA, and expanded the United States highway system)
John F. Kennedy (led the United States through the Cuban Missile Crisis and Cold War)
Ronald Reagan (helped restore the American economy by lowering inflation and creating jobs, created better relations with Soviet Russia, helped end the creation of new nuclear weapons, and led the United States through the end of the Cold War)
Bill Clinton (helped recover the American economy by reducing taxes, created a healthcare plan for children, and for creating a waiting period to buy a handgun)

Mixed ratings

Some presidents have mixed ratings.  For example, Andrew Jackson is considered to be a leader who stood for the common man, but at the same time historians criticize him because of the Indian Removal Act. Ulysses S. Grant is thought to be a bad leader since he hired corrupt friends for government jobs, but at the same time he helped African-American to have more rights in the Reconstruction Era.

Recent examples:
 Lyndon B. Johnson, who passed civil rights bills and President during the Great Society, but also escalated the Vietnam War
 Jimmy Carter, who helped pardon Vietnam War draft evaders, created the Education and Energy departments and negotiated a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel, but weakened the American economy through high unemployment and high inflation and oversaw the Iran hostage crisis, an oil crisis and the failed Operation Eagle Claw.
 George H. W. Bush, who successfully led the United States through the Persian Gulf War and for formally ending the Cold War, but the American economy got worse during his presidency.

Low in rankings

Chester Arthur, William Howard Taft, Benjamin Harrison, Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Rutherford B. Hayes, Martin Van Buren, and Richard Nixon are considered to be below average.

John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan are often considered to be among the worst because they failed to prevent the growth of the slavery which resulted in the Civil War.

Andrew Johnson is often ranked among the worst because he was against the Reconstruction.

Warren G. Harding is often considered to be the worst because he hired corrupt friends to become government officials.

George W. Bush, served through the September 11 attacks, but whose presidency weakened the American economy, led the country into the War on Terror, passed the controversial Patriot Act, and caused the Financial crisis of 2007–2008.

Not ranked
William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are often not ranked because they both died shortly after becoming presidents. When they are included, they are usually low in the list.

Also, Donald Trump is not ranked because his presidency has not ended yet.  For the same reason, Barack Obama is not ranked in some polls because his presidency ended less than ten years ago.

Other websites
 C-SPAN
 Opinion Journal
 Times of London

*
Category:History of the United States

Historical rankings of presidents of the United States


Milli Gazette (MG) is an English-language newspaper in India. It is a compact newspaper. It describes itself as the leading English newspaper for Indian Muslims. Feature articles generally cover global news concerning Muslims, focusing especially on Indian Muslim issues.

References

Other websites
Official website
Milli Gazette E-paper
Google Directory Listing of Newspapers from India

Category:English-language newspapers published in India

The Milli Gazette


Lothar Bisky (17 August 1941 – 13 August 2013) was a German politician. He was the chairman of the Left Party.PDS, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany. In June 2007 he became of the leaders of The Left, formed by a merger of Left Party.PDS and Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative.

Bisky was born in Zollbrueck, Pomerania. As a child he was very poor, so when he was 18 he moved from northern West Germany to GDR. He was allowed to join the Socialist Unity Party in 1963, but did not became a leader of the party until just after the fall of communism and the old hardliners were thrown out of the party.

He was rector of the University of Film and Television (Potsdam-Babelsberg) from 1986 to 1990. In 1991 he became a member of the board of directors of regional television channel ORB (now part of RBB.)

In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg.

He was chairman of the PDS from 1993 until his resignation in 2000. He was re-elected chairman in 2003. Bisky was seen to be on the moderate, social democratic wing of the party and he was a long-time close ally of the party's most prominent figure, Gregor Gysi.

The party returned strongly to the Bundestag in the 2005 election. Bisky, one of 54 Left MPs, was going to become one of the six vice presidents of the Bundestag. When the new Bundestag met on October 18, however, he failed three times to be elected. Some MPs explained this with allegations (denied by Bisky) that he was an informant of the Stasi. Later, he failed a fourth time, and gave up his bid to be elected.

Lothar Bisky was married and the father of three sons. The oldest son, Jens Bisky, is a journalist and writer and the middle, Norbert Bisky, is a painter. The youngest died in 2008 in Edinburgh.

Bisky died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 13 August 2013.

References

Other websites

 Homepage from Lothar Bisky
 Biography of party Die Linke Brandenburg

Category:1941 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Former members of the German Bundestag
Category:German politicians of the Left Party
Category:Members of the Volkskammer
Category:People from former German territories
Category:Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany

Lothar Bisky


Arthur Liebehenschel (; 25 November 1901 – 24 January 1948) was a main officer at the Auschwitz and Majdanek concentration camps in World War II. He was guilty of doing war crimes during the war. He was executed by the Polish government in 1948, after the war ended.

SS career
Liebehenschel was born in Posen, a city that was a part of the German Empire. He studied economics and politics when he was in school. Because he was too young to be a soldier in World War I, he joined the German volunteer military in 1919. He was a sergeant major in the German army afterwards. In 1932, he joined the Nazi Party, and in 1934 he joined the SS. In the SS, he was a member of the concentration camp branch, which controlled and regulated the death camps. Liebehenschel was an assistant at the Lichtenburg concentration camp, and two years later became an inspector of camps in Berlin. In 1942, he was put in command of the central office for concentration camps.

On 1 December 1943 Liebehenschel was made leader of the Auschwitz concentration camp. He continued mass killings, and "improved" the camp by removing prisoner cells for standing, and stopping regular prisoners from going to gas chambers.

Criminal arrest
At end of the war, Liebehenschel was arrested by the U.S. Army and was given to Poland. After being found guilty of crimes against humanity at the Auschwitz Trial in Kraków, he was sentenced to death and was executed by hanging on 24 January 1948.

References

Category:Waffen-SS people
Category:SS officers
Category:Executed German people
Category:People from Poznań
Category:1948 deaths
Category:1901 births
Category:Articles with hAudio microformats
Category:Pages with unreviewed translations

Arthur Liebehenschel


Piero Chiambretti (born 30 May 1956) is an Italian television presenter. He was born in Aosta. He has presented many different TV shows since 1977. His credits include Non siamo gazzose, Va Pensiero, Markette – tutto fa brodo in tv, Chiambretti Night, Chiambretti Supermarket and Striscia la Notizia.

In March 2020, during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic, Chiambretti tested positive for COVID-19.

References

Other websites

Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian entertainers
Category:People from Turin
Category:Television presenters
Category:Valle d'Aosta

Piero Chiambretti


Pitkin County is one of the 64 counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,148. The county seat is Aspen.  The county is named in honor of the late Colorado Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin. Pitkin County has the seventh-highest per capita income of any county in the United States.

References

Category:Colorado counties

Pitkin County, Colorado


An art exhibition is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin exhibere, which means to show. This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common theme.

Category:Art

Art exhibition


Ballota (horehound) is a genus of about 35 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, north Africa and western Asia, with the highest diversity in the Mediterranean region. They are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera including Coleophora case-bearers: C. ballotella, C. lineolea (which has been recorded on B. nigra) and C. ochripennella.

Species
Ballota acetabulosa
Ballota frutescens
Ballota hirsuta
Ballota nigra - Black Horehound
Ballota pseudodictamnus

The genus is closely related to Marrubium, with some species having been included in that genus in the past.

Category:Lamiaceae

Ballota


The Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography (Rosreestr; ) is the Russian federal agency of geodesy, cartography and real estate. It was established in 2008 in Moscow after the closure of the previous organization that was established during the Soviet period.

Other websites
  The Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography

Category:Moscow
Category:National mapping agencies
Category:2008 establishments in Asia


Tenna used to be a municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Tenna,
Valendas, Versam and Safien joined and became the new municipality of Safiental.

Category:Former municipalities of Graubünden
Category:2013 disestablishments in Switzerland

Tenna, Switzerland


Flula Borg (born March 28, 1982) is a German actor, comedian, musician, and YouTube personality who is better known as DJ Flula or simply Flula (sometimes stylized as f|u|a). He currently lives in Los Angeles, California. Borg has appeared in several feature movies, including Pitch Perfect 2, and a number of popular TV shows. He has collaborated with both well-known YouTubers, including Rhett and Link, Miranda Sings, Smosh, Jacksfilms, and many more, and mainstream celebrities such as Sir Mix-A-Lot, RZA, and Dirk Nowitzki. In 2015, he was named one of The Hollywood Reporters Top 25 Digital Stars as well as one of Variety's 10 Comics to Watch.

Other websites

 Flula's official website

Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:German comedians
Category:German musicians
Category:Actors from Bavaria
Category:DJs

Flula Borg


An emergency medical dispatcher is a person who answers telephone calls to the emergency medical services and sends out the ambulances. For each call they much decide if an ambulance is needed and which one should be sent. They also help the caller with their problems until the ambulance arrives.

Category:Medical emergencies

Emergency medical dispatcher


Columbia is the parish seat of Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, United States.

Category:Parish seats in Louisiana
Category:Towns in Louisiana

Columbia, Louisiana


Happisburgh, pronounced "Hazeborough", is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is on the coast, to the east of a north-south road, the B1159. Its population is under 1,000.

This small place became a site of national archaeological importance in 2010. Flint tools over 800,000 years old were unearthed. This is the oldest evidence of human occupation anywhere in the UK. In May 2013, a series of early human footprints were discovered on the beach at the site, providing direct evidence of early human activity at the site. Rough seas had eroded the sandy beach. This uncovered some elongated hollows.

Related pages
 Timeline of prehistoric Britain

References

Category:Villages in England
Category:Norfolk
Category:Archaeological sites in the United Kingdom

Happisburgh


is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as a football player.

Club career statistics

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|2004||rowspan="3"|Júbilo Iwata||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
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|2004||rowspan="2"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="2"|J. League 2|| || || || || || || || || ||
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References

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Shizuoka Prefecture

Tatsuya Okamoto


Ronald Houston Griffith (March 16, 1936 – July 18, 2018) was an American general in the United States Army. He was Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army (VCSA) from 1995 to 1997. He was born in LaFayette, Georgia. He fought in the Vietnam War and the Gulf War.

Griffith died on July 18, 2018 in Lexington, Virginia at the age of 82.

References

Other websites
Allied Defense Group bio
Military Professional Resources bio
Virginia Military Institute bio

Category:1936 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War
Category:People from Georgia (U.S. state)

Ronald H. Griffith


Ole Ivars is a dansband, established 1964 in Hamar, Norway. Their 1967 breakthrough came with the song Regnets rytme. Tore Halvorsen and William Kristoffersen are singers in the band, and William Kristoffersen also acts as a songwriter. Ole Ivars has won the Spellemannprisen awards several times, and in 2004, NRK labeled them as "Norway's dansband of all times". The band has received several cultural awards, and played in church buildings and concert halls throughout Norway

In 2007 the band had their first gold record, in Sweden, there they are mostly famous for the Kikki Danielsson duets "Jag trodde änglarna fanns" and "I mitt hjärta brinner lågan".

With the song Som i himmelen, the band participated at Melodi Grand Prix 2008, making it to the final, where the song was knocked out in the first round.

Members
Tore Halvorsen, guitar and vocals (from 1988)
William Kristoffersen, bass, vocals and lyrics
Bjørn Elvestad, guitar, accordion
Ole Ødegård, piano
Arne Willy Foss, flute, saxophone
Arild Engh, drums
Lasse Johansen, vocals and guitar (1973–1978)
Ivar Grønsveen, vocals and guitar (until his 17 October 1973 death)

Discography

Albums
 12 beste - (1968) (NO #18)
 Ole Ivars - (1968) (NO #1)
 Ole Ivars Vol. 2 - (1968) (NO #8)
 Jeg vil se deg smile - (1969)
 Flydur og andre tonearter - (1972)
 Ole Ivars på farten - (1974)
 Ole Ivars på farten igjen - (1975) (NO #17)
 Ole Ivars farter videre - (1975)
 Bli vår gjest - (1976)
 Sangen vi fant - (1977)
 Ole Ivars - (1978)
 Kvelden venter på oss - (1979)
 Venner av oss - (1980)
 En prestkrage i min hand - (1982)
 Jubileum - (1984)
 Skolefri - (1986)
 Jubileums-swing - (1989)
 Jul - (1989)
 Bære musikk - (1990)
 På en - to - tre - (1991)
 Lørdagskveld - (1992)
 Spellemannsblod - (1993)
 Kavalkade 40 låter gjennom 30 år - (1994)
 Juleplata tel Ole Ivars - (1995)
 Dans på Skjermertopp - (1997)
 På cruise og tvers - (1998) (NO #30)
 Ole Ivars 20 beste - (1999)
 Ole Ivars i 2000 - (1999)
 Medisin mot det meste - (2000) (NO #17)
 Gull - (2000) (NO #18)
 En får væra som en er - (2001)
 40 Beste - (2002)
 Hverdag & fest - (2003) (NO #20)
 Ole Ivars' Jul - (2003)
 Gull 2 - (2004)
 En annen dans - (2004)
 Heldiggriser - (2004) (NO #18)
 Vi tar det tel manda’n - (2005) (NO #12)
 Fri Willy - (2006)
 På en-to-tre - (2006)
 Ole Ivars så klart! - (2006) (NO #19)
 Jag trodde änglarna fanns - (2007) (NO #27)
 Vi lever i håpet - (2007) (NO #11)
 Platina - (2008) (NO #11)
 Femten ferske - (2009) (NO #6)
 Stjerneklart - (2010: (NO #9)
 34 - (2011) - (NO #6)
 Ole Ivars 50 år - (2013) (NO #4)

DVD
 Dans på Skjermertopp - (2006)

References

Other websites
 Official website
 Biografy from Norsk pop- og rockleksikon

Category:Dansbands
Category:1964 establishments in Europe
Category:Norwegian musical groups
Category:1960s establishments in Norway

Ole Ivars


Bregenz is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. About 27.000 people live in the city proper, its agglomeration has about 60.000 people. Together with Lindau, the settled area (which reaches into the south of Germany, and into Switzerland) has about 120.000 people. The city has a port on Lake Constance and is a railway hub.

Humans have lived in the area since about 1500 BC. During Roman times, there was an Oppidum. Parts of the city are fortified. Bregenz has the right to hold a market once a week since 1330.

The borders of Switzerland and Germany are less than 10 km away.

The main ethnic groups are Austrians, Turkish, Italians, Serbians, and Germans.

Category:Austrian state capitals
Category:Cities and towns in Vorarlberg

Bregenz


Vanderhoof is a district municipality in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Vanderhoof is found near the geographical centre in the Interior Plateau region. The population of Vanderhoof was 4,480 in 2011. The mayor of Vanderhoof is Gerry Thiessen.

Vanderhoof is known for their bird sanctuary which is found along the Nechako River. During their yearly migration, the river is passed through by Canada geese, swan, as well as other birds.

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:Settlements in British Columbia

Vanderhoof, British Columbia


Anastasia Valeri'yevna "Nastia" Liukina (simply credited as Nastia Liukin, born 1989, Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian born American artistic gymnast. She is daughter of Anna Kotchneva, former rhythmic gymnast and Valeri Liukin, a former artistic gymnast. He is also her coach. The family moved to America when Nastia was a baby. She trains in Texas. Liukin won the all-around Olympic gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. She is fluent in both Russian and American English.

References

Other websites

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:American gymnasts
Category:American Olympic bronze medalists
Category:American Olympic gold medalists
Category:American Olympic silver medalists
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Russian gymnasts
Category:Sportspeople from Moscow
Category:Sportspeople from Texas

Nastia Liukin


Shawinigan is a city on the Saint-Maurice River in Quebec, Canada. In 2011, 50060 people lived there.

Michel Angers was elected as mayor in the 2009 municipal election.

The name of the city has also been spelled different over periods of time: Chaouinigane, Oshaouinigane, Assaouinigane, Achawénégan, Chawinigame, Shawenigane, Chaouénigane and could either mean "portage", "portage of beeches", "angular portage" or "summit" or "crest".

Famous residents
Jean Chrétien, 20th Prime Minister of Canada
Jacques Plante, Former ice hockey goaltender

Other websites
City of Shawinigan - Official city website

Category:Cities and towns in Quebec

Shawinigan


is a Japanese naval officer, academic, writer and senior fellow in the Asia Center at Harvard University.

Early life
Koda was born in December 1949 at Tokushima Prefecture.  He studied at the Defense Academy at Yokosuka in 1968-1972.

Career
Koda served on several JMSDF ships, including the Yudachi (DD-108), the Shirayuki (DD-123), and the Sawayuki (DD-125).

Timeline
 1973: Commissioned as Ensign in the  or JMSDF
 1982-1984: Exchange officer at United States Naval Academy
 1983: Lieutenant Commander
 1987: Commander
 1990-1991: Commanding Officer, Destroyer Sawayuki (DD-125)
 1991-1992: Naval Command College at U.S. Naval War College
 1997: Rear Admiral
 1997-1999: Chief of Staff, Commander Fleet Escort Force
 2003: Vice Admiral
 2005-2007: Commandant, Sasebo JMSDF District
 2007-2008: Commander in Chief, Self Defense Fleet

Admiral Koda retired from JMSDF in August 2008.

Selected works
  "The Russo-Japanese War: Primary Causes of Japanese Success," Naval War College Review (Spring 2005)
 "A New Carrier Race? Strategy, Force Planning, and JS Hyuga," Naval War College Review (Summer 2011)

Honours
 Griffith Asia Institute in Brisbane, Australia: 2011 Synnot Lecture

References

More reading
 Chun, Tarryn.  "Profile: Retired Vice-Admiral Yoji Koda, Asia Center Senior Fellow, 2009-2011," Harvard Asia Newsletter (Winter 2010), p. 5.

Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:Academics
Category:Admirals
Category:Japanese military people
Category:Japanese writers
Category:People from Tokushima Prefecture

Yoji Koda


The seventh generation of video game consoles began in 2005. Also known as the first motion gaming era, the seventh generation began on November 22, 2005 with the release of the Xbox 360. The PlayStation 3 was released on November 11, 2006. The Wii was released on November 19, 2006. Each new console introduced a new type of breakthrough in technology. The Xbox 360 had games at HD resolutions. The PlayStation 3 included FHD gaming, HD movie playback and a built-in 3D Blu-ray disc player. The Wii's controllers had movement sensors as well as joysticks.

Sony released the PlayStation Move in September 2010. This was to compete with Nintendo's other motion controllers. Microsoft released the Kinect. The Kinect does not use any controllers and makes the users the "controller". Kinect sold 8 million unites in its first 60 days. The Guinness World Record named it the "fastest selling consumer electronic device". Both the Playstation 3 and Xbox 360s controllers can be used wired or wirelessly. The first handheld game consoles was the Nintendo DS.

Video game systems

Comparison

Worldwide Sales

Handheld systems

Handheld comparison

Note: First year of release is the first year of the system's worldwide availability.

Other systems

Handhelds

Released in China only

Released in South Korea only

Popular games

Assassin's Creed II
Batman: Arkham Asylum
BioShock
 Gears of War
 Grand Theft Auto IV
 Halo 3
 LittleBigPlanet
Mass Effect 2
Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots
 Portal
 Super Mario Galaxy
 Super Smash Bros. Brawl
 Uncharted 2: Among Thieves
 Wii Sports

References

Category:Video game consoles

History of video game consoles (seventh generation)


César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo (; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician. He was the 28th President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994 under the Colombian Liberal Party.

Gaviria was born on 31 March 1947 in Pereira, Risaralda. He studied at the University of the Andes until 1969.

References

Other websites

César Gaviria biography

Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:Presidents of Colombia

César Gaviria


The arrondissement of Périgueux is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Dordogne département in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Périgueux.

History
When the Dordogne department was created on 17 February 1800, the arrondissement of Périgueux was part of that original department.

Geography
The arrondissement of Périgueux is the central western part of the department and it is the largest of the arrondissements of the Dordogne department, with an area of . It has 189,301 inhabitants and a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The arrondissement of Périgueux is bordered to the north by the arrondissement Nontron, to the east by the Corrèze department, to the southeast by the arrondissement Sarlat-la-Canéda, to the south by the arrondissement Bergerac, to the west by the Gironde and Charente-Maritime departments and to the northwest by the Charente department.

The Isle river, a tributary of the Dordogne river, and its tributaries Dronne, Lizonne, Auvézère and Loue flow through the arrondissements of Périgueux.

Composition

Cantons
After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the arrondissements so they could have communes that belong to different arrondissements.

The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and arrondissements:

Communes
The arrondissement of Périgueux has 146 communes; they are (with their INSEE codes):

 Agonac (24002)
 Allemans (24007)
 Annesse-et-Beaulieu (24010)
 Antonne-et-Trigonant (24011)
 Bassillac et Auberoche (24026)
 Beaupouyet (24029)
 Beauregard-et-Bassac (24031)
 Beauronne (24032)
 Beleymas (24034)
 Bertric-Burée (24038)
 Boulazac Isle Manoire (24053)
 Bourg-des-Maisons (24057)
 Bourg-du-Bost (24058)
 Bourgnac (24059)
 Bourrou (24061)
 Bouteilles-Saint-Sébastien (24062)
 Campsegret (24077)
 Celles (24090)
 Chalagnac (24094)
 Champagne-et-Fontaine (24097)
 Champcevinel (24098)
 Chancelade (24102)
 Chantérac (24104)
 Chapdeuil (24105)
 Chassaignes (24114)
 Château-l'Évêque (24115)
 Cherval (24119)
 Clermont-de-Beauregard (24123)
 Comberanche-et-Épeluche (24128)
 Cornille (24135)
 Coulounieix-Chamiers (24138)
 Coursac (24139)
 Coutures (24141)
 Creyssac (24144)
 Creyssensac-et-Pissot (24146)
 Douchapt (24154)
 Douville (24155)
 Douzillac (24157)
 Échourgnac (24159)
 Église-Neuve-de-Vergt (24160)
 Église-Neuve-d'Issac (24161)
 Escoire (24162)
 Eygurande-et-Gardedeuil (24165)
 Fouleix (24190)
 Gout-Rossignol (24199)
 Grand-Brassac (24200)
 Grignols (24205)
 Grun-Bordas (24208)
 La Chapelle-Gonaguet (24108)
 La Chapelle-Grésignac (24109)
 La Chapelle-Montabourlet (24110)
 La Douze (24156)
 Issac (24211)
 Jaure (24213)
 La Jemaye-Ponteyraud (24216)
 Lacropte (24220)
 Laveyssière (24233)
 Les Lèches (24234)
 Léguillac-de-l'Auche (24236)
 Lisle (24243)
 Lusignac (24247)
 Manzac-sur-Vern (24251)
 Marsac-sur-l'Isle (24256)
 Maurens (24259)
 Ménesplet (24264)
 Mensignac (24266)
 Montagnac-la-Crempse (24285)
 Montagrier (24286)
 Montpon-Ménestérol (24294)
 Montrem (24295)
 Moulin-Neuf (24297)
 Mussidan (24299)
 Nanteuil-Auriac-de-Bourzac (24303)
 Neuvic (24309)
 Parcoul-Chenaud (24316)
 Paunat (24318)
 Paussac-et-Saint-Vivien (24319)
 Périgueux (24322)
 Petit-Bersac (24323)
 Le Pizou (24329)
 Razac-sur-l'Isle (24350)
 Ribérac (24352)
 La Roche-Chalais (24354)
 Saint-Aulaye-Puymangou (24376)
 Saint-Amand-de-Vergt (24365)
 Saint-André-de-Double (24367)
 Saint-Aquilin (24371)
 Saint-Astier (24372)
 Saint-Barthélemy-de-Bellegarde (24380)
 Saint-Crépin-d'Auberoche (24390)
 Saint-Étienne-de-Puycorbier (24399)
 Saint-Front-de-Pradoux (24409)
 Saint-Georges-de-Montclard (24414)
 Saint-Germain-du-Salembre (24418)
 Saint-Geyrac (24421)
 Saint-Hilaire-d'Estissac (24422)
 Saint-Jean-d'Ataux (24424)
 Saint-Jean-d'Estissac (24426)
 Saint-Jean-d'Eyraud (24427)
 Saint-Julien-de-Crempse (24431)
 Saint-Just (24434)
 Saint-Laurent-des-Hommes (24436)
 Saint-Léon-sur-l'Isle (24442)
 Saint-Louis-en-l'Isle (24444)
 Saint-Martial-d'Artenset (24449)
 Saint-Martial-Viveyrol (24452)
 Saint-Martin-de-Ribérac (24455)
 Saint-Martin-des-Combes (24456)
 Saint-Martin-l'Astier (24457)
 Saint-Maime-de-Péreyrol (24459)
 Saint-Méard-de-Drône (24460)
 Saint-Médard-de-Mussidan (24462)
 Saint-Michel-de-Double (24465)
 Saint-Michel-de-Villadeix (24468)
 Saint-Pardoux-de-Drône (24477)
 Saint-Paul-de-Serre (24480)
 Saint-Paul-Lizonne (24482)
 Saint-Pierre-de-Chignac (24484)
 Saint Privat en Périgord (24490)
 Saint-Sauveur-Lalande (24500)
 Saint-Séverin-d'Estissac (24502)
 Saint-Sulpice-de-Roumagnac (24504)
 Saint-Victor (24508)
 Saint-Vincent-de-Connezac (24509)
 Saint-Vincent-Jalmoutiers (24511)
 Salon (24518)
 Sanilhac (24312)
 Sarliac-sur-l'Isle (24521)
 Savignac-les-Églises (24527)
 Segonzac (24529)
 Servanches (24533)
 Siorac-de-Ribérac (24537)
 Sorges-et-Ligueux-en-Périgord (24540)
 Sourzac (24543)
 Tocane-Saint-Apre (24553)
 La Tour-Blanche-Cercles (24554)
 Trélissac (24557)
 Val de Louyre et Caudeau (24362)
 Vallereuil (24562)
 Vanxains (24564)
 Vendoire (24569)
 Vergt (24571)
 Verteillac (24573)
 Veyrines-de-Vergt (24576)
 Villamblard (24581)
 Villetoureix (24586)

The communes in the arrondissement with more inhabitants are:

Related pages
 Arrondissements of the Dordogne department
 Communes of the Dordogne department

References

Perigueux

Arrondissement of Périgueux


Adolf Born (12 June 1930 – 22 May 2016) was a Czech painter, illustrator, caricaturist, animator and film-maker. He was known as a children's illustrator for most of his career. Born was a finalist for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 2008. The asteroid 17806 Adolfborn is named after him.

Born died on 22 May 2016 in Prague at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

Born at Galerie Krause
Born at ArtForum
2008 Exhibition in Greece
Interview in Athens News

Recently illustrated world classics
Review by Czech Business Weekly

Category:1930 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Czech entertainers
Category:Illustrators
Category:Animators
Category:Painters
Category:Cartoonists

Adolf Born


The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic or in short, the Ukrainian SSR or Soviet Ukraine was in the southwestern part of the Soviet Union. It had the second largest population of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union. This lasted from 1922 to 1991.

The Ukrainian SSR was a founding member of the United Nations. It did not really have much power because it was tightly controlled by Moscow authorities. When the Soviet Union broke apart, the Ukrainian SSR became Ukraine.

During its 72-year history, the republic's borders changed many times.   The eastern city of Kharkiv was the republic's first capital. However, in 1934, it was moved to the city of Kiev.  Kiev is still the capital of Ukraine.

References

Category:20th century in Ukraine
Category:1919 establishments
Category:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Category:Republics of the Soviet Union
Category:Former republics
Category:1910s establishments in the Soviet Union

Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic


The San Diego City Council is the legislative branch of government in San Diego, California. The council has a Strong-mayor system. The council was made in 1850. There are nine members of the council. City council members serve a four-year term and can only have two back to back terms.

The make up of the council is five Democratic Party members and four Republican Party members.

Council members earn $75,386 a year. The Salary Setting Commission wanted to make their salaries $175,000 instead, but the city council all decided to vote against it.

Duties

The members of the council have the power to introduce and pass laws. They also vote on new laws presented to them. For a law to pass, the council must have at least five votes for the law. The mayor, executive branch, can veto laws. The council can remove his veto with at least six members voting against the veto.

2016-2018 council

References

Other websites
 San Diego City Council Official Website

Category:Local government in the United States
City Council
Category:1850 establishments in California

San Diego City Council


Sir  Colin Rex Davis, CH, CBE, (Weybridge, Surrey, 25 September 1927 – London, England 14 April 2013), was a British conductor. He was born in Weybridge, Surrey, UK. Davis went to school at Christ's Hospital before studying the clarinet at the Royal College of Music in London. He was not allowed to take conducting lessons there because he did not play the piano well enough. He still managed to get some experience as conductor of the Kalmar Orchestra with other music students.

In 1952 Davis worked at the Royal Festival Hall, and in the late 1950s conducted the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. He started to become well-known when he was suddenly asked to conduct Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera Don Giovanni at the Royal Festival Hall because Otto Klemperer was ill. A year later, in 1960, he conducted Mozart's The Magic Flute at Glyndebourne because Thomas Beecham was ill.

In the 1960s he worked at Sadler's Wells Opera and with the London Symphony Orchestra. He was Chief Conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra. In 1971 he took over from Georg Solti as principal conductor at the Royal Opera House. He stayed there until 1986. He particularly liked conducting the operas of Michael Tippett, giving the first performances of The Knot Garden (1970), and The Ice Break (1977). In 1977 he became the first English conductor to appear at the Bayreuth Festival where he conducted Tannhäuser.

Davis was Principal Guest Conductor of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1972 to 1984. He was Chief Conductor at the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra from 1983 to 1993. In 1991, Davis was given the honorary title 'Conductor Laureate' of the Staatskapelle Dresden, the first conductor in the orchestra's history to hold that title. In 1995, Davis became Principal Conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra. He stayed there until 2006, when the orchestra gave him the title of President. From 1998-2003, he was also Principal Guest Conductor of the New York Philharmonic.

He has received many honours, including CH and CBE

In 1949, Davis married the soprano April Cantelo. They had two children, Suzanne and Christopher. Their marriage ended in 1964, and in that same year, Davis married the young Iranian woman who had been the family au pair, Ashraf “Shamsi” Naini. To satisfy both the Iranian and British authorities, the couple were married three times, once in Iran and twice in the UK, in the Iranian Embassy as well as in a regular UK civil ceremony. They have five children.

On 14 April 2013, it was announced via the London Symphony Orchestra, of which Davis had been the president, that he had died that evening, aged 85, after a short illness.

Davis was not related to the conductor Sir Andrew Davis.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:British conductors
Category:Companions of Honour
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Grammy Award winners
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Musicians from Surrey
Category:Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany

Colin Davis


Insulin glargine (better known as Lantus) is a diabetic insulin medicine of long-lasting origin that is used to control high blood sugar. The medication is used during the evening or night hours by people having Type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults or, rarely, in Type 2 diabetes. The medication is used with other insulins, including mealtime insulin.

Category:Biochemistry

Insulin glargine


Connellan Airways (later called Connair) was an Australian airline that operated in northern Australia. It was founded by Edward Connellan (1912–1983) on 23 July 1943. The airline flew planes between remote areas of the outback. They worked a lot with the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

The name was changed to Connair in 1970. Connair had money problems in the 1970s. The company was sold to another airline company on 14 March 1980. It was liquidated (turned into money and dismantled) shortly after.

References

Category:Airlines of Australia
Category:1943 establishments
Category:1980 disestablishments
Category:1940s establishments in Australia

Connellan Airways


Xenophanes of Colophon,  c.570 – c.475 BC, was a Greek philosopher, poet, and social and religious critic.

Our knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers. To judge from these, his poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas. This included Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' love of athletics and athleticism. He is the earliest Greek poet who claims explicitly to be writing for future generations, creating "fame that will reach all of Greece, and never die while the Greek kind of songs survives".

Philosophy
Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the 4th century BC. He satirized the polytheistic beliefs of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries. "Homer and Hesiod" one fragment states, "have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception". Sextus Empiricus reported that such ideas were savored by Christian apologists.  Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in Clement of Alexandria, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic:
But if cattle and horses and lions had handsor could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,horses like horses and cattle like cattlealso would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodiesof such a sort as the form they themselves have....Ethiopians say that their gods are snubnosed and blackThracians that they are pale and red-haired.

Monotheist?
His remark "God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind". led some to claim he was the first monotheist. Others pointed out that he still referred to other gods.

References

Category:Skepticism
Category:Ancient Greek philosophers

Xenophanes


Sentience is being capable of feeling, consciousness or having some form of mind. Eighteenth-century philosophers used the concept to distinguish the ability to think (reason) from the ability to feel (sentience).

Intelligence and sentience
In simple English, to be sentient means displaying and/or having the ability to:
Feel
Perceive
Desire
possibly Will, though this goes beyond some definitions.

Philosophy and sentience
In the philosophy of consciousness, sentience can refer to the ability of any thing to have subjective perceptual experiences, or as some philosophers refer to them, "qualia".

Animal rights and sentience
Thinking about sentience is important when studying animal rights. This is because feeling is needed in order to suffer. The basis of animal rights is that some animals have emotions, can feel pain and also feel happy and well.

Reference

Category:Philosophy
Category:Animal rights

Sentience


A clamp is a device used to hold things tightly together and to prevent movement and/or separation of objects.

Clamps are used in technical work, such as woodworking. There are also special types of clamps used in medicine.

References

Category:Tools

Clamp


Toshio Irie (, Irie Toshiō, January 10, 1901 – July 18, 1972) was a Japanese politician and bureaucrat. He was born in Tokyo. He went to college at Tokyo University. After he graduated from college he joined Japan's Ministry of Home Affairs. He then worked for the Cabinet Legislation Bureau as Counselor in the year 1927. He worked under Shigeru Yoshida. In 1946, Toshio earned a new job and became Director-General of the Bureau. As Director-General he worked on writing the Constitution of Japan after World War II. Toshio was added to the House of Peers. Two years later he had a new job as Commissioner General for the House of Representatives. From the year 1952 until 1970 he was a Justice for the Supreme Court of Japan. He worked as a Justice longer than any other Justice in Japanese Supreme Court history.

He retired from working in politics in 1971. He then became a teacher at Komazawa University. He died in 1972.

References

Category:1901 births
Category:1972 deaths
Category:People from Tokyo
Category:Japanese politicians

Toshio Irie