Vermont has been represented in the United States House of Representatives by a single at-large congressional district since the 1930 census, when the state lost its second seat.

There were once six districts in Vermont. Bernie Sanders (Independent) held the seat from 1991 until 2007, when he became a U.S. Senator. Democrat Peter Welch has represented the state since 2007.

Category:Vermont

Vermont's at-large congressional district


Dom-2 (House-2) is a Russian reality television show created by TNT channel. In the show, contestants are building a house and trying to find someone to love in the process. Couples then compete for the house itself.

First episode of Dom-2 was aired on May 11, 2004. It remains the most highly-rated, profitable and long-running reality show on television in Russia. Dom-2 broadcasts on the TNT channel at 11 pm every day. It is hosted by Vlad Kadoni, Olga Orlova, and Kseniya Borodina.

After more than 3,000 episodes, as on August, 2012, it is the longest running reality show in the world.

Seasons
 «House-2. Love» — May 11, 2004 — November 6, 2004
 «House-2. Wintering» — November 7, 2004 — February 28, 2005
 «House-2. The First Spring» — March 1, 2005 — May 31, 2005
 «House-2. Heat» — June 1, 2005 — August 31, 2005
 «House-2. That's Love!» — September 1, 2005 — November 14, 2005
 «House-2. New Love» — November 15, 2005 — August 31, 2006
 «House-2. Fallove» — September 1, 2006 — November 30, 2006
 «House-2. About Love» — December 1, 2006 — August 31, 2007
 «House-2. Dreams Come True» — September 1, 2007 — October 31, 2007
 «House-2. City of Love» — November 1, 2007 — November 14, 2010
 «House-2. City of Fat Stu» (Gleb and Danielles) — November 15, 2010 — present

Category:Russia
Category:2004 television series debuts

House 2


Cratfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 299 people living in Cratfield. Cratfield has a church called St Mary.

References
 GENUKI

Category:Villages in Suffolk
Category:Civil parishes in Suffolk

Cratfield


Aikton is a village and civil parish in Allerdale, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 480 people living in Aikton.

References

Category:Villages in Cumbria
Category:Civil parishes in Cumbria

Aikton


Mairengo is a former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

References

Category:Former municipalities of Ticino

Mairengo


Kastlösa is a locality in Mörbylånga Municipality in Kalmar County in Sweden. In 2010, 201 people lived there.

References

Category:Settlements in Kalmar County

Kastlösa


Yuji Mito (born 15 April 1988) is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|2007||Kyoto Sanga||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Grulla Morioka||Regional Leagues||||||||||||
|-
|2008||MIO Biwako Kusatsu||Football League||4||0||colspan="2"|-||4||0
|-
|2009||Grulla Morioka||Regional Leagues||8||1||0||0||8||1
12||1||0||0||12||1
12||1||0||0||12||1
|}

References

Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Kyoto

Yuji Mito


Moosehead Lake is a large lake in Maine. It looks like a moose head. There are over 80 islands in the lake, the largest being Sugar Island.

Category:Lakes of the United States

Moosehead Lake


Perfectly Imperfect is the first album by American singer-songwriter Elle Varner. It was released on August 7, 2012 by RCA Records. Songwriters and producers on the album include Jermaine Lamar Cole, Andrew "Pop" Wansel, Warren "Oak" Felder, Frankie Storm and Darrhyl Camper.

Promotion
On January 23, 2012, Varner released a mixtape, titled Conversational Lush as part of a promotion for the album. The mixtape was released after the first single of the album, "Only Wanna Give It to You". The mixtape includes 13 tracks, and production from J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Bei Maejor, Andrew "Pop" Wansel and Warren "Oak" Felderand.

Singles
There have been three singles to have been released. The lead single "Only Wanna Give It to You" was released on August 16, 2011. It features American rapper J. Cole. It got to number 20 on the US Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The second single "Refill" was released on January 31, 2012. It got to number 10 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "I Don't Care" was released on July 16, 2012, the third single. It got to number 80 on the same chart.

Reviews

Allmusic compared the album to the debuts of American singer Chrisette Michele and Jazmine Sullivan. Allmusic gave a positive review saying "Perfectly Imperfect sounds like the assured work of a singer and songwriter -- one who co-composes and co-produces her material -- who is on her third or fourth album." They also liked Varner's vocals.

Track listing

Charts

Personnel
Credits for Perfectly Imperfect:

Conley Abrams - Engineer
Chuck Amo - Hair Stylist
Adrien Baker - Composer
Leonhard Bartussek - Cello
Robert Bell - Composer
Ronald Bell - Composer
Tanisha Broadwater - Composer, Production Coordination
George Brown - Composer
Jeff Byrd - Percussion
James Cage - Trumpet
Darhyl Camper - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
Charles Parker, Jr. - Violin
Chess Club - Producer
Jermaine Cole - Composer, Featured Artist
Ronald "Flippa" - Colson Programming
Nina Cottman - Violin
Carl Cox, Jr. - Flute, Sax (Tenor)
Kenneth Crouch - Fender Rhodes, Keyboards, Strings
Dru DeCaro - Guitar
Peter Edge - Producer
Alex Evans - Bass
Warren "Oak" Felder - Associate Producer, Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
Dave Foreman - Guitar
Allan Fox - Composer
Chris Galland - Mixing Assistant
Thiannar Gomes - Guitar
Erwin Gorostiza - Creative Director
Marcel Hall - Composer
Frances Hathaway - Make-Up
Donna Johnson - Composer
Olga Konopelsky - Violin
Emma Kummrow - Violin
Gene Lake - Drums
Nayan Lassiter - Bass
Kristin Lum - Art Direction, Design
Erik Madrid - Mixing Assistant
Jonathan Maron - Bass
Manny Marroquin - Mixing

Donald Meadows - Composer
Donnie Meadows - Production Coordination
Melanie Daniels - Vocals (Background)
Robert "Spike" Mickens -Composer
Roy Morgan - Composer
Steve Mostyn - Bass, Guitar, Omnichord
RCA - Record Label
Ramon Rivas - Assistant Engineer
Jeff Robinson - Producer
Mikelyn Roderick - Vocals (Background)
Queen Rose - Violin
Karen Anna Schubert - French Horn
Al Shuckburgh - Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
Stan Slotter - Trumpet
Claydes Smith - Composer
Adonis Sutherlin - A&R
Robert Taylor - Musician
Gregory Teperman - Violin
Dennis Thomas - Composer
Robert Thomas - Musician
Stephen Tirpak - Trombone
Miki Tsutsumi - Assistant Engineer, Engineer
Elle Varner - Composer, Guitar, Guitar (Acoustic), Lyricist, Primary Artist, Producer, Vocals (Background)
Jimmy Varner - Bass, Composer, Keyboards, Piano, Producer, Vocal Producer
The Varners - Vocal Arrangement, Vocal Producer, Vocal Recording
Wouri Vice - Stylist
John Emmet Walsh - Trumpet
Andrew Wansel - Associate Producer, Composer, Instrumentation, Producer
Dexter Wansel - Composer, Horn Arrangements, Horn Conductor, Producer, String Arrangements, String Conductor
Mark Ward - Cello
Stuart White - Engineer
Marlon Williams - Composer
Suzette Williams - A&R, Producer
Dave Wood - Guitar (Acoustic)
Yohimbe - Guitar
Naomi Yusada - Make-Up

References

Other websites

Category:2012 albums
Category:Elle Varner

Perfectly Imperfect


Mojohan is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is in the west of the district.

References

Category:Union Councils of Abbottabad District

fr:Mojohan

Mojohan


3 Days to Kill is a French-American action-thriller movie. This movie is about an experienced CIA agent. He works with a team to capture a criminal called "The Albino". Kevin Costner plays Ethan Renner. Amber Heard plays Vivi Delay. Hailee Steinfeld plays Zoey. Connie Nielsen plays Christine.

This movie was released in February 2014 in the United States. It got negative reviews. It cost $28 million to make. It made over $44 million.

Category:2010s thriller movies
Category:2010s action movies
Category:2010s drama movies
Category:2014 movies

3 Days to Kill


Note:the term "air conditioning" refers to any form of "Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning". This article deals specifically with units used as part of a cooling system.An air conditioner is a system or a machine that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air.

In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC. Whether in homes, offices or vehicles, its purpose is to provide comfort by altering the properties of the air, usually by cooling the air inside.The main function of air conditioner is to change adverse temperature.

History

In the 19th century British scientist and inventor Michael Faraday discovered that compressing and liquefying ammonia could chill air when the liquefied ammonia was allowed to evaporate.

In 1842, American physician Dr. John Gorrie used compressor technology to create ice, which he used to cool air for his patients. He hoped eventually to use his ice-making machine to regulate the temperature of buildings and even considered cooling entire cities with  a system of centralized air conditioning units.

Air conditioning applications
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into comfort and process. Comfort applications aim to provide an indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range preferred by humans despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads. Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for an industrial or a commercial process, regardless of internal heat loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the same comfort range, it is the requirements of  the process that determines conditions, not human preference. Process applications include:

 Hospital operating rooms in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce the risk of infection  and the humidity is controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as open heart surgery require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F), and others such as neonatal relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F).

 Cleanrooms for the production of integrated circuits and pharmaceuticals  etc. in which extremely high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process.

 Facilities for breeding laboratory animals. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms which  mirror spring-like conditions can cause them to reproduce all year round.

 Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and the cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process due to the low air pressure outside the aircraft.
Other examples include:
 Data Processing Centers
 Textile Factories
 Physical Testing Facilities
 Plants and Farm Growing Areas
 Nuclear Facilities
 Mines
 Industrial Environments
 Food Cooking and Processing Areas

In both comfort and process applications, the objective is not only to control temperature (although in some comfort applications this is all that is controlled) but also factors like humidity, air movement and air quality.

 Air conditioning system basics and theories
 Refrigeration cycle

In the refrigeration cycle, a pump transfers heat from a lower temperature source into a higher temperature heat sink. Heat will naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air conditioning.
A refrigerated air conditioning system works in much the same way pumping heat out of the room in which it stands.

This cycle takes advantage of the universal gas law PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, R is the universal gas constant, T is temperature, and n is the number of molecules of gas (1 mole = 6.022×1023 molecules).

The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a compressor. In an automobile the compressor is driven by a pulley on the engine's crankshaft, with both using electric motors for air circulation. Since evaporation occurs when heat is absorbed, and condensation occurs when heat is released, air conditioners are designed to use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two compartments, and actively pump a coolant around an enclosed system. The cooling liquid, or refrigerant is pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil). Low pressure then causes the refrigerant to evaporate taking the heat with it. In the other compartment (the condenser), the refrigerant vapour is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil, condensed into a liquid which then rejects the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.

Health implications

Air conditioning has as much influence on human health as any generic heating system.Poorly maintained air-conditioning systems (especially large, centralized systems) can occasionally promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as Legionella pneumophila,'' the infectious agent responsible for Legionnaire's disease.  Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of allergies and asthma.

In serious heat waves, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. Some local authorities have even set up public cooling centers for the benefit of those without air conditioning at home.

References

Related pages
 Energy
 Heat pump
 Renewable energy

Other websites
How Air Conditioners Work.
History of Automotive Air Conditioning on NYC.net

Energy Efficiency
 Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings - Central Air Conditioners from the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
 Energy Efficiency Program Database from the ACEEE
 Space heating and cooling from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
UK Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme (ECA), a UK Government scheme to provide tax rebates for companies who use products which are ECA approved.
International Energy Agency - Energy Conservation In Buildings And Community Systems
AHAM website on Room-air Conditioners
Top-Rated Energy-Efficient Central Air Conditioners
Energy Star Central Air Conditioners
How to lower the energy usage of central air conditioning

Category:Engineering

Air conditioner


Nevi'im (, "Prophets") is the second section of the Hebrew Bible, the Tanakh.  It includes:

 Book of Joshua
 Judges
 The two Books of Samuel
 The two  Books of Kings
 Isaiah
 Book of Jeremiah
 Book of Ezekiel
 The Twelve "minor prophets":
 Book of Hosea
 Book of Joel
 Book of Amos
 Book of Obadiah
 Jonah
 Book of Micah
 Book of Nahum
 Book of Habakkuk
 Book of Zephaniah
 Book of Haggai
Zechariah
 Book of Malachi

Category:Books of the Hebrew Bible
Category:Judaism

Nevi'im


Quebec City (Ville de Québec in French) is the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec. It is the second largest city in Quebec, behind Montreal. It is known for its winter fair, beautiful churches, and an old hotel called Château Frontenac. It is next to the Saint Lawrence River. There are almost 700,000 people in the whole area.

The city was created in 1608 at a First Nations (native) Canadian place called Stadacona. People came from France to live there. The English captured the city in 1759 during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The walls made to keep the city safe are still there. The walls that surrounded Old Quebec are the only remaining fortified city walls that still exist in the Americas north of Mexico. They were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1985.

Quebec City has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification).

Most people in Quebec City speak French.  Many also speak English.

Media

Quebec City Stations

CKMI Global Television Network

CFCM TVA

CBVT SRC

CFAP TQS

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:World Heritage Sites in Canada

Quebec City


Robert Arum (born December 8, 1931) is an American lawyer, boxing promoter and businessman. He is the founder and CEO of Top Rank, a professional boxing promotion company. He also worked for the US Attorney's Office for the southern district of New York in the tax division during his legal career before moving into boxing promotion.

References

Other websites
BoxingInsider.com Biofile interview with Bob Arum
NSAC Fines Arum
Top Rank
Interview

Category:1931 births
Category:Living people
Category:American lawyers
Category:Business people from New York City

Bob Arum


La bohème (pronounced, "La bo-EM") is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa.

The opera tells the story of a love affair between a poor poet and an equally poor seamstress in 19th century Paris. The opera is based on a book by Henri Murger called Scenes from Bohemian Life ().

Arturo Toscanini conducted the first performance of La bohème on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy. The opera was adapted to a movie in 1965 and the 1996 Broadway musical, Rent.

Henri Murger

Henri Murger was born in 1822 to an immigrant German tailor in Paris.  He worked as a secretary until 1841 when he became a journalist and joined the poor artists and writers who called themselves Bohemians.

From 1845 to 1848, Murger's stories about Bohemian life in Paris were serialized (published in parts) in a French magazine. The book brought Murger little income. Playwright Théodore Barrière suggested making a play of the book, and Murger accepted. The play appeared in 1849. It was a success.

Almost every chapter of Murger's book mentions an incident or event which found its way into Puccini's opera. However, the love affair between the poet and the seamstress appears only as a little tale in the book about a sculptor named Jacques and a seamstress named Francine.

After the publication of the play, adaptations appeared. In 1877, an operetta was staged in Paris. In 1897, an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo was staged in Venice. Another play based on the book was performed in New York in 1896. The first movie was released in 1916, and other movies were released in the following years.

Development

Puccini wrote most of La bohème at Torre del Lago, a village in Tuscany he had just made his home. Most decisions about the opera were made through letters sent back and forth between Ricordi (Puccini's publisher), the two librettists, and the composer. This arrangement was not the best for getting the work done in a timely manner.

Puccini began toying with the idea of writing another work called La lupa (The She-Wolf). The librettists were furious. Puccini was dividing his time between two projects while taking them to task for their slowness on the present one. Giacosa complained that he used more paper and time on La bohéme that he had on any of his other dramas.

Whole scenes were rewritten, revised, and even discarded before going through the cycle again. Despite the turmoil, Puccini was considering the David Belasco play Tosca as yet another project. He briefly interrupted work on La bohème to travel to Florence to see Sarah Bernhardt perform the play.

Puccini and Ruggero Leoncavallo (composer of the 1892 opera I pagliacci) both chose to set Mürger's book to music. Each claimed he was the first to make this decision. Leoncavallo's La Bohème was first performed in 1897, the year after Puccini's opera. Leoncavallo's opera never attained the fame that Puccini's did  probably because Puccini's opera was gaining a popularity in 1897 that left Leoncavallo's opera in the dust.

Performances

La bohème was first performed in Turin, Italy on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In 1946, Toscanini conducted a radio performance that was released to LP records and later compact discs. It is the only recording of a Puccini opera by its original conductor.

Within a few years, the opera was performed in theatres throughout Italy including La Scala and La Fenice. The first performance outside of Italy was in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1896. Other performances followed in the next ten years around the world.

The first performance in United Kingdom took place in Manchester, on 22 April 1897. It was performed by the Carl Rosa Opera Company in English and was supervised by Puccini. On 2 October 1897 the same company gave the opera's first staging at the Royal Opera House in London.

The opera was first performed in the United States by the Carl Rosa Opera Company on October 14, 1897 in Los Angeles, California. It was performed in New York City at Palmo's Opera House on May 16, 1898. The Metropolitan Opera House staged the opera for the first time on December 26, 1900.

Roles

Story of the opera

Act 1

In the four bohemians' attic room

Act 1 takes place in Paris around 1830. A group of bohemians live in a room in an attic. Marcello is painting while Rodolfo gazes out of the window. They are so poor and so cold that they burn a drama that Rodolfo has written. Colline, the philosopher, comes in shivering and cross because he had not been able to pawn some books. Schaunard, the musician of the group, arrives with food, firewood, wine, cigars, and money. He tells his friends that he has got these things because he has a job with an English gentleman. The others hardly listen as they are so hungry that they try quickly to eat the food. Schaunard interrupts them, taking the meal away, and saying that they will all celebrate his luck by having dinner at Cafe Momus instead.

While they drink, Benoit, the landlord, arrives to collect the rent. They give him lots of wine so that he becomes drunk and starts to tell the people his adventures about love. He then says that he is married, but the others throw him out of the room. The money that should have been used for paying the rent is divided among the group so that they can have a good time

The other Bohemians go out, but Rodolfo stays alone for a moment in order to finish a newspaper article, promising to join his friends soon. There is a knock at the door, and Mimì, a seamstress who lives in a flat below, enters. Her candle has blown out, and she has no matches; she asks Rodolfo to light it. She thanks him, but returns a few seconds later, saying she has lost her key. Both candles go out. It is dark, and the couple try to feel their way about. Rodolfo wants to spend time with Mimi. He finds the key, but does not tell her and puts it in his pocket. In two very famous arias (Rodolfo's "Che gelida manina — What a cold little hand" and Mimi's "Sì, mi chiamano Mimì — Yes, they call me Mimì"), they tell each other about their different backgrounds. Rodolfo’s friends call for him to come. He would prefer to stay there with Mimì but she decides they should both go together. They go out singing about their love for one another.

Act 2
Latin Quarter on Christmas Eve

The streets are crowded with happy people. Rodolfo buys Mimi a bonnet. The friends go into a café. Musetta, who used to be Marcello's sweetheart, comes into the cafe with Alcindoro, a rich, old man. She is tired of him. She sings a naughty song, hoping Marcello will notice her.

Marcello becomes mad with jealousy. To be rid of Alcindoro for a bit, Musetta pretends to have a tight shoe and sends him with it to the shoemaker. Musetta and Marcello fall mourning into each other's arms.

The sound of a military parade is heard. Marcello and Colline carry Musetta out on their shoulders while everyone claps. Alcindoro returns with the repaired shoe. The waiter hands him the bill. He is surprised by how much he has to pay, and sinks into a chair.

Act 3

At a toll gate a month or two later

Mimì passes through the toll gate. She is coughing. She finds Marcello, who lives in a little tavern near the gate. She tells him of her hard life with Rodolfo, who has left her that night.

Rodolfo comes out of the tavern looking for Marcello. Mimì hides. She hears Rodolfo telling Marcello why he left her. At first he says Mimì does not love him, but then he says he left her because she is dying of an illness.

Rodolfo is poor and can do little to help Mimì. He hopes that a rich man may fall in love with her and pay for her to have medical treatment. Out of kindness towards Mimì, Marcello tries to stop Rodolfo, but she has already heard everything.

She has to cough, and Rodolfo discovers her. They sing of their lost love, and agree that they should separate. They love one another so much and agree to stay together until the spring. Marcello and Musetta are heard quarreling in the background.

Act 4

The attic room

Marcello and Rodolfo are both sad at losing their loved ones. Schaunard and Colline arrive with a tiny bit of food. They pretend they are having a big feast, and they all dance. Musetta arrives with news: Mimi, who had found a rich gentleman, has now left him and is wandering in the streets feeling very ill and weak.

Musetta has brought Mimi back with her to the attic room. Mimi is helped into a chair. Musetta and Marcello leave to sell Musetta's earrings in order to buy medicine, and Colline leaves to pawn his overcoat. Schaunard leaves quietly to give Mimi and Rodolfo time together. Left alone, the two remember their past happiness.

They remember their first meeting. Rodolfo gives Mimi the pink bonnet he bought her, which he has kept as a souvenir of their love. The others return, with a gift of a muff to warm Mimi's hands and some medicine, and tell Rodolfo that a doctor has been called, but it is too late. As Musetta prays, Mimi dies. Rodolfo collapses in tears.

Orchestra
La bohème is scored for the standard orchestra of the period:
strings: violins I, II, viola, cello, double bass
woodwind: 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in A and B flat, bass clarinet in A and B flat, 2 bassoons
brass: 4 horns in F, 3 trumpets in F, 3 trombones, bass trombone
percussion: harp, timpani, snare drum, triangle, cymbals, bass drum, xylophone, glockenspiel, chimes

Movies
In 1965, a West German movie version of the opera was released. It was filmed on location in Milan and Munich. The movie was produced by conductor Herbert von Karajan and designed by Franco Ziffirelli. It starred Mirella Freni as Mimi, Adriana Martino as Musetta, Gianni Raimondi as Rudolpho, and Rolando Panerai as Marcello. The movie won the 1966 National Board of Review for Top Foreign Film.

Notes

References

Other websites

Vocal Score from the Indiana University School of Music.
Upcoming performances from Operabase.com
Recording of "Mi chimano Mimì" in German by Lotte Lehmann in MP3 format
San Diego OperaTalk! with Nick Reveles: La bohème
Libretto (in Italian) from OperaGlass
  La bohème

Category:Compositions by Giacomo Puccini
Category:Operas

La bohème


Comiskey Park was a baseball park in Armour Square, Chicago, Illinois. For more than 80 years, it was the home field of the Major League Baseball team called the Chicago White Sox. It opened in the middle of the 1910 baseball season, and closed after the end of the 1990 season. It was replaced by the park now known as Guaranteed Rate Field, which was built across the street to the south of Comiskey Park. The old ballpark was made of steel, concrete and bricks. Tearing it down was a slow process. It took all summer of 1991 to finish the job.

Sources
Green Cathedrals, by Philip J. Lowry

Category:Major League Baseball venues
Category:Chicago White Sox
Category:Sports buildings in Chicago, Illinois
Category:1910 establishments in the United States
Category:1910s establishments in Illinois
Category:1991 disestablishments in the United States
Category:1990s disestablishments in Illinois

Comiskey Park


The Seattle Mariners are an American Major League Baseball team based in Seattle, Washington. The Mariners are part of the Western Division of Major League Baseball's American League. Since July 1999, their home stadium has been T-Mobile Park (originally Safeco Field). Until they moved in June 1999, the club's home park was the Kingdome.

Seattle had minor league baseball teams from the early 1900s to the late 1960s, with nicknames such as the "Indians" and the "Rainiers".

The first major league baseball franchise in Seattle was the Seattle Pilots, formed in 1969. The Pilots moved to Milwaukee the next year and became the Milwaukee Brewers. As a result, the city of Seattle, King County, and the state of Washington sued the American League for $32 million dollars in damages. In exchange for dropping the law suit, the American League gave Seattle a Major League Baseball team in 1977.

Seattle is a large and important seaport, a fact which led to the major league teams being called the "Pilots" and the "Mariners".

The Mariner's first winning season was in 1991, and the first time they made the playoffs was in 1995. The Mariners are owned by Nintendo of America, and the general manager of the team is Jack Zduriencik.

References

Other websites

Seattle Mariners official website
Seattle Mariners team statistics

Category:1977 establishments in the United States
Category:1970s establishments in Washington (state)

Seattle Mariners


The Sphinginae are a subfamily of the hawkmoths (Sphingidae), moths of the order Lepidoptera. Notable taxa include the pink-spotted hawkmoth, Agrius cingulata, a very common and easily spotted species, the death's-head hawkmoth (Acherontia spp.) of Silence of the Lambs fame, and Xanthopan morgani with its huge proboscis.

*

Sphinginae


Saint-Alban-Auriolles  is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Category:Communes in Ardèche

Saint-Alban-Auriolles


Genomics is the part of genetics which studies the genomes of organisms. This includes the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping. The field also includes studies of genes working together. Examples are heterosis, epistasis, pleiotropy and other interactions between loci and alleles within the genome.

Genomics applies recombinant DNA, DNA sequencing methods, and bioinformatics to sequence, assemble, and analyze the function and structure of genomes. This is the complete set of DNA within a single cell of an organism).  In contrast, the investigation of the roles and functions of single genes is a primary focus of molecular biology or genetics and is a common topic of modern medical and biological research. Research of single genes unless it involves the entire genome.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency has a somewhat broader definition:
"The term "genomics" encompasses a broader scope of scientific inquiry associated technologies than when genomics was initially considered. A genome is the sum total of all an individual organism's genes. Thus, genomics is the study of all the genes of a cell, or tissue, at the DNA (genotype), mRNA (transcriptome), or protein (proteome) levels".

References

Category:Genetics

Genomics


Hindus believe that the Matsya was the first important avatar of Vishnu. As the Matsya avatar, Vishnu took the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu scriptures. The story tells about a demon (an asura). That asura was very wicked. He snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu changed his form. He became a matsya, that is, a fish. He entered the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may be compared with Noah or Adam.

Category:Hinduism
Category:Hindu mythology

Matsya


Conrad Vernon (born July 11, 1968) is an American movie director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor and comedian. He is best known for his work in DreamWorks animated movies. These include Shrek 2, Monsters vs. Aliens and especially Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted.

Life and career
Vernon was born and raised in Lubbock, Texas. He studied at CalArts. Vernon worked as a storyboard artist in Ralph Bakshi's  Cool World, 2 Stupid Dogs, Rocko's Modern Life, Nightmare Ted and Morto the Magician. Vernon joined DreamWorks in 1996 and worked as a storyboard artist again in Antz. After the success of Antz, he became one of the writers for Shrek, where he also made the voice of Gingerbread Man. He also appeared in Shrek 4-D and Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas. Conrad also worked in Shrek 2, which was his first work as a director. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award. Later, he created the voice of Mason the chimpanzee in the popular DreamWorks movies Madagascar, Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa, Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and the TV show. He also co-directed the third Madagascar movie. Vernon also wrote the original story and directed Monsters vs. Aliens, where he also created the voice of Insectosaurus. He also produced The Annoying Orange TV series.

References

Other websites

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Lubbock, Texas
Category:American movie directors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Comedians from Texas
Category:Movie producers from Texas

Conrad Vernon


Clerkhill is an area of the town of Peterhead in north east Scotland. Surrounded by the areas of Meethill, Dales Park and Coplandhill, it is one of the smaller areas of the town.

Category:Towns in Aberdeenshire

Clerkhill


Ouargla or Warqla is a province in eastern Algeria. Its capital is Ouargla. Other important towns are Temacine, Touggourt, and Hassi Messaoud. It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.

Divisions
The province has 10 districts and 21 communes or municipalities.

Districts
 El Borma
 El Hadjira
 Hassi Messaoud
 Mégarine
 N'Goussa
 Ouargla
 Sidi Khouiled
 Taïbet
 Témacine
 Touggourt

References

Category:Provinces of Algeria

Ouargla Province


Confetti is a lot of small pieces of paper or other material that is thrown into the air at a celebration such as party or a wedding.

In some places, the use of confetti is banned due to health problems of people or animals, or due to the work needed to clean up the confetti afterward.

Confetti comes in a variety of colors and shapes.

References

Category:Parties

Confetti


Eutheria is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.

This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species.

Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans.

The terms 'Eutheria and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. Eomaia is the earliest example.

All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental.

Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.

The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct Eomaia scansoria from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Relevant pages
Mammal for classification.
Theria
Marsupial
Monotreme

Notes and references

Category:Mammals

Eutheria


Gilmore is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Category:Cities in Arkansas

Gilmore, Arkansas


Roe is the ripe eggs of fish and certain marine animals, for example sea urchins, shrimp and scallop.  It is a type of seafood. Roe is used in many different foods. It can be used cooked or raw.

Caviar is a name for sturgeon roe which is eaten as a delicacy.

Soft roe or white roe is not roe. It is the seminal fluid of fish.

Around the world

Asia

Japan
Many different types of roe are used in Japanese cuisine. The following are used raw in sushi:
 Ikura (いくら) - Salmon roe. Large reddish-orange eggs.  Salmon eggs are also used as bait when fishing. People who fish may find this strange when served Ikura for the first time.
 Kazunoko () - Herring roe, yellow or pinkish. It has a firm, rubbery texture and look. It is usually pickled. The roe is in a single mass. This makes it look like a piece of fish.
 Mentaiko () - Alaska pollock roe which is spiced with powdered red pepper. Mentaiko is usually pink to dark red.
 Tarako (たらこ) - Salted Alaska pollock roe. It is sometimes grilled.
 Tobiko () - Flying fish roe. It is very crunchy and reddish orange in color.

 Uni (うに, ) - Sea urchin roe is soft. Color ranges from orange to light yellow. Humans eat the roe either raw or briefly cooked. Sea urchin roe is a popular food in Korean cuisine. It is called "uni" in Japanese sushi cuisine. It is also a food in Chile, called an "erizo".
Karasumi (カラスミ, ) - It is mainly found in Nagasaki. Along with salt-pickled sea urchin roe and Konowata, it is one of the three chinmi of Japan . It is made by removing the salt from salt pickled mullet roe and drying it by the sunlight.

India (Kerala and West Bengal) and Bangladesh
Roe from the Hilsa fish is a delicacy in West Bengal and Bangladesh. The roe is usually deep-fried. Other ways of cooking it such as mashed roe where the roe crushed along with oil, onion & pepper, or curry of roe could also be found. In the state of Kerala, roe is deep fried in coconut oil and is a delicacy. Among the tribal populace, deeply-roasted roe in open fire (much like marshmallows) is a delicacy. In this region, the roe of rohu is also delicacy. It is eaten fried or put inside a fried pointed gourd to make potoler dolma.

Iran
In the Caspian provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, several types of roe are used. Called Ashpal or Ashbal, roe can be eaten grilled, cured, salted, or mixed with other things. If salted or cured, it is eaten as a condiment. If used fresh, it is usually grilled, steamed, or mixed with eggs and fried to make a custard-like dish called "Ashpal Kuku".

Roe from Kutum (also known as Caspian White Fish or Rutilus Frisii Kutum), Roach (called "Kuli" in Gileki), Bream (called "Kulmeh" in Gileki), and Caspian Salmon are liked very much. Roe from Carp is less common and Barbel roe is also used at times.

Europe

Denmark
Lumpfish (stenbider) roe is used in Danish cuisine. It is served on top of halved or sliced hard-boiled eggs, on top of piles of shrimp, or with other fish or seafood.  Another commonly eaten roe is that from the cod (torsk).

Greece
Tarama is carp roe used to make taramosalata. Taramosolata is a Greek and Turkish food that is made of tarama mixed with lemon juice, bread crumbs, onions, and olive oil. Other food is dipped into it and eaten.

Italy
Bottarga is the salted and dried roe pouch of Gray Mullet. It is used as a topping and with pasta.

Sweden

Smoked and salted cod roe paste is very popular in Sweden. The most famous brand is Kalles Kaviar. The paste is commonly served as sandwich topping.

United Kingdom
Roe eaten in the United Kingdom is usually soft roe instead of hard roe. Herring roe is sold in many British supermarkets but it is not very popular. Battered cod roe can also be bought within many fish and chip shops, mainly around the London area.

*

Roe


De La Salle University is a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.

Category:Colleges and universities in the Philippines

De La Salle University


Skydiving is parachuting from an airplane for fun. Skydiving can be done individually and with groups of people.  Training is required.  Unlike most paratroopers, skydivers often wait until they are low, before opening the parachute.  The jump can also be made from a helicopter or a balloon that is high enough in the sky.  Skydiving can be an exciting sport.

Skydiving includes free falling (usually from an aeroplane) through the air prior to opening a parachute.   Typically skydives are carried out from around 4,000m (or 12,500ft) offering 40 to 50 seconds of freefall time.  Longer free fall times can be achieved by exiting an aircraft at altitudes much higher than 4,000m, but such jumps require pressurized oxygen within the aircraft as well as bottled oxygen for very high skydives. During a skydive, total freedom and control of the air can be enjoyed as well as many complex and spectacular manoeuvres including flat turns, somersaults and formation skydiving. Skydiving can be enjoyed either as an individual - doing solo(alone) jumps - or as part of a team carrying out formation skydiving. Generally, the term ‘skydive’ refers to the time spent in freefall from exiting an aircraft to deploying a parachute but skydiving does include some disciplines such as accuracy landings and canopy formation flying which concentrate on the time spent once a canopy has been deployed.

Related pages
 BASE jumping
 Hang gliding

Category:Sports

 Facts about skydiving
 Captain Kittinger recorded the highest skydivefrom a height of almost 102,800 feet, in 1960. ...
 The youngest to accomplish the feat of skydivingwas a four year old. ...
 On 6th of February 2004, a group of 357 skydiversjoined hands and stayed in that formation for 6 seconds in Takhli, Thailand.

Skydiving


Reagan Gomez-Preston (born April 24, 1980 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American television, voice, and movie actress.

She is best known for playing Zaria Peterson, Robert and Jerri Peterson's oldest daughter on The WB sitcom The Parent 'Hood, which was her first acting role. She also makes the voice of Roberta Tubbs on The Cleveland Show.

References

Other websites

Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Actors from Detroit, Michigan

Reagan Gomez-Preston


is a Japanese female athlete.  She is best known as an association football player.

Early life
Asano Nagasato was born in Atsugi, Kanagawa.  She is the sister of footballers Genki Nagasato and Yūki Nagasato.

International competitions
Nagasato was on the women's team which played in the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.  Her play was highlighted when she scored against the German team.

In 2012, she is a member of the Japan women's national football team.  She took part in the process of qualifying for the 2012 Summer Olympics,  but she did not compete in London.

References

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture

Asano Nagasato


Shah Rukh Khan (born 2 November 1965), popularly known as SRK, is a Bollywood  actor. He is also known as the "Badshah of Bollywood", "King of Bollywood" and "King Khan". He was born in New Delhi, his grandparents having moved there from Afghanistan and Peshawar. He started his career appearing on television in the late 1980s. He is Muslim and studied at a Muslim school. He is married to Gauri Khan, a Hindu, and has three children; Aryan, Suhana and AbRam. He also has a sister named Shehnaz Lalarukh. He has a master's degree. He is one of the biggest stars not just in Bollywood, but also around the world. He is also the second richest actor in the world after Jerry Seinfeld, with a net worth of over $600 million

Movies

Awards

References

Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian movie actors
Category:Movie producers
Category:People from New Delhi

Shahrukh Khan


South Jeolla Province, or Jeollanam-do (hangul: 전라남도; hanja: 全羅南道; McCune-Reischauer: Chŏllanam-do; Revised Romanization: Jeollanam-do), is a province in the southwest of South Korea.

The province keeps partnerships with many cities and provinces around the world.

History
The South Jeolla province was formed in 1896 from the southern half of the former Jeolla province, remained a province of Korea until the country's division in 1945, then became part of South Korea.  Gwangju was the capital of the province, until the provincial office moved to the southern village of Namak, Muan County in 2005.

Symbols of the province
The symbols of the province are:
Tree: Ginkgo - 은행나무 (Ginkgo biloba)
Flower: Japanese camellia - 동백나무 (Camellia japonica)
Bird: Oriental Turtle Dove - 멧비둘기 (Streptopelia orientalis)
Fish: Red seabream - 참돔 (Pagrus major)

Geography

The province is part of the Honam region, and is bounded on the west by the Yellow Sea, on the north by Jeollabukdo province, on the south by Jeju Strait, and on the east by Gyeongsangnam-do province

The province has an area of  with a population, as for 2010, of 1,9404,55 and a density of  inhabitants per km².

There are almost 2,000 islands along the coastline, about three quarters of which are uninhabited. The coastline is about  long. Some of the marine products, in particular oyster and seaweed cultivation, are leading in South Korea.

The rivers Somjin, Tamjin and Yeongsam form plains that are very good for growing rice. The largest river is the Yeongsan,  long; it flows to the southwest and forms a estuary in the Yellow Sea at Mokpo.

Climate
In coastal areas, the climate is mild and humid, with annual rainfall of 1,289 mm and average temperatures of . Summer is wet, windy and dry winter. The west side of the Sobaek mountains receives heavy snowfall.

Administrative divisions
Jeollanam-do is divided into 5 cities (si) and 17 counties (gun).  Listed below is the name of each entity in English, hangul, and hanja.

References

Other websites

 Jeollanam-do provincial government English-language home page
 Office of Tourism of South Jeolla
 Official Korea Tourism Organization: Jeollanam-do
 lonely planet: Introducing Jeollanam-do

Category:Provinces of South Korea

South Jeolla


Iraq national football team is the national football team of Iraq.

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Sport in Iraq

Iraq national football team


Kami (神) is a Japanese word for the spirits that are worshipped in the Shinto religion. Not all of Kami are gods of the personified type. Instead, they have to do with phenomena and events like the growth of trees, or rain, or other aspects of Nature; it is believed that these kami live in those natural things.

It is usually said that there are . In Japanese the number "eight-million" is normally used to mean infinity.

Some important kami
 Amaterasu, the sun goddess
 Inari, god of foxes
 Kotoamatsukami, the primary kami trinity
 Izanagi, the first man
 Izanami, the first woman
 Shinigami, kami of death
 Ryūjin, god of the sea
 Susanoo, god of storms
 Sarutahiko, kami of earth

Related pages
 Shinto
 Shinto shrine
 Inugami

Other websites
 Kami at Onmark database

category:Japanese deities
Category:Shinto

Kami


The Top 40 is a radio format that measures the top forty songs in any music genre. The Top 40 became a dominant radio format in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

Music charts
Adult Top 40 (Billboard)
Pop Songs (Billboard)
UK Singles Chart
Dutch Top 40 (is a Dutch music chart)
Los 40 Principales (in Spain)
Ö3 Austria Top 40 (the official Austrian music chart)

Books
 Pete Battistini, "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem The 1970s", Authorhouse.com, January 31, 2005.
 Susan Douglas, Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination (New York: Times Books, 1999)

 Ben Fong-Torres, The Hits Just Keep On Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 1998)
 Elwood F. 'Woody' Goulart, The Mystique and Mass Persuasion: Bill Drake & Gene Chenault’s Rock and Roll Radio Programming (2006)
 David MacFarland, The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format (New York: Arno Press, 1979)

Other websites
Billboard Top 40 Mainstream
Public Radio documentary featuring a history of Top 40

Category:Pop music
Category:Record charts

Top 40


Frances Kidder was the last woman to be publicly hanged in the United Kingdom.  She had murdered 12-year-old Louis Kidder-Staple.  She was hanged on April 2, 1868.

Related pages
Michael Barrett, the last public hanging in the United Kingdom
Robert Smith (murderer), the last public hanging in Scotland and second-to-last public hanging in the United Kingdom

Category:1868 deaths
Category:People executed by hanging

Frances Kidder


John Foster Dulles (25 February 1888–24 May 1959) was a US Secretary of State between 1953 and 1959 under President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

Biography
Dulles was born on 25 February 1888 in Washington, DC. He went to public school in Watertown, New York, and also went to three different colleges.  In 1908, he graduated from Princeton University, went to the Sorbonne in Paris for two years, and after this learned law at the George Washington University until 1911. That same year, he became a lawyer in New York City.

He was part of the US Army in World War I in 1917 and 1918. After the war, he served as part of many groups involved in world and economic issues.

On 7 July 1949, he became part of the United States Senate after Robert F. Wagner left the Senate.  Dulles was part of the Senate until 8 November 1949, when an election for the position was held and he lost. In 1950, he was made a US representative to the United Nations.

In 1953, he became Secretary of State, and served as such until 15 April 1959, when he left the position because of colorectal cancer. He died on 24 May 1959.

Awards and honors
In 1954, Dulles was named the "Man of the Year" by Time Magazine. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1959, just before he died.  Washington Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia is named for Dulles, as is the community of Dulles, Virginia

References

Category:1888 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer
Category:Cancer deaths in Washington, D.C.
Category:United States Secretaries of State
Category:United States senators from New York
Category:Politicians from Washington, D.C.
Category:American lawyers
Category:American diplomats
Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery

John Foster Dulles


Namco Museum Remix is a video game released for the Wii.

This game features 14 classic arcade games which are Cutie Q, Dig Dug, Galaxian, Gaplus, Mappy, Pac & Pal, Pac-Mania, Super Pac-Man, and Xevious. There are a few remixed versions of games which are Pac'N Roll, Galaga, Motos, Rally X, and Gator Panic.

Category:Wii games
Category:Namco video games
Category:Compilation video games

Namco Museum Remix


Thristan "Tum-Tum" Mendoza (born 1989) is a Filipino Prodigious Savant and marimba prodigy.

Mendoza was born in Quezon City, Philippines. He was enrolled at the Philippine Montessori Center. He was diagnosed as autistic at the age of two and a half. During the same year he began to play.

In 1997 the University of the Philippines presented him as a gifted child prodigy.

He is now a college student majoring in percussion.

He has three siblings (Rainier, Victoria Angela, Victorina Francesca)

References

Further reading

Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Autistic savants
Category:People from Quezon City

Thristan Mendoza


Revenue blocks, revenue circles or firka are the local revenue sub-divisions of the various districts of the states of India. These blocks should not be confused with the similar Panchayath union blocks (Blocks) and taluks. The revenue blocks exist to simplify local administration, and each consists of a small number of revenue villages, governed by a Revenue Inspector. The Revenue Inspector is charged with a number of key administrative roles, most notably the identification and collection of tax revenue. Sometimes the land area in a revenue circle is identified as an ILRC (Inspector Land Revenue Circle) for administrative purposes.

While Revenue blocks may be as large as or larger than a tehsil, revenue circles are generally smaller. In the state of Tamil Nadu alone, there are 1,127 revenue blocks.

References

Category:Local government in India

Revenue block


Charles Koechlin (pronounce:”Ke-klin” with “klin” to rhyme with French “vin”), (born Paris,  November 27 1867; died Le Canadel, December 31 1950) was a French composer, teacher and writer on music.  He wrote a very large amount of music, but very little of it was published because he was more interested in helping younger composers than making himself well-known.  Some of his best works include his symphonic poems and his film music.

His life
Koechlin was born in Paris, the youngest child of a large and rich family. His mother’s family came from the Alsace near the French border with Germany, and he was proud of his Alsatian background.  His grandfather on his mother’s side had started a cotton textile firm in Mulhouse and his father worked in the textile business.  When Koechlin was 14 his father died.  He showed an interest in music, but his family wanted him to be an artillery officer. However, he had tuberculosis and had to spent six months getting better in Algeria.  After finishing his schooling he was allowed to enter the Paris Conservatoire in 1890.  Two years later he was studying composition with Massenet, and in 1896 he was a pupil of Gabriel Fauré. Ravel was a pupil in the same class.  Fauré had a big influence on Koechlin who wrote a book about him and helped him to arrange some of his music for orchestra.

Koechlin became a freelance composer and teacher. He married Suzanne Pierrard in 1903 and they had five children.  At first he was comfortably off, but after World War I the family lost a lot of money and they had to sell their country house.

Koechlin had very free views about music, and this is probably why he never got a teaching job at the Piano Conservatoire.  He also agreed with some things that the Communists thought.  He did not like modern inventions like the telephone and radio.  He looked like an old Russian patriarch with his long beard.  He dressed in velvet trousers, sandals and a shepherd’s cape for bad weather.   He liked outdoor activities such as swimming and mountaineering.  He was offered the Legion d’honneur in 1940 but refused it.

His music

Koechlin composed in a variety of styles, even changing the style during a piece.  He often liked quiet music with long chords which are played for the sounds they make rather than for giving the music a traditional shape.  Sometimes there were no barlines in his music.  He often composed in his head while on a train or climbing a mountain.

His works for orchestra include Les Bandarlogs which was based on the Jungle Book by Rudyard Kipling.  Kipling’s “Bandarlog” are a troupe of monkeys in the forest.  The music describes the monkeys, but Koechlin also gives it another meaning: he is criticising music critics, comparing them to monkeys.   In the Seven Stars Symphony each movement is about a famous film star.  They include Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and  Charlie Chaplin.  He wrote a lot of chamber music and piano music, including some dances for Ginger Rogers.

Sources
Robert Orledge, Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works (London, 1989)

Category:1867 births
Category:1950 deaths
Category:20th century composers
Category:French composers

Charles Koechlin


Dangtu is a county in the province of Anhui in China. It is the only county under the jurisdiction of Ma'anshan City.

category:counties of China

Dangtu County


was an old province of Japan in the area of Ishikawa Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Etchū and Kaga provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Nanao.

History

Noto Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Noto Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Shrines and Temples
Keta jinja was the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) of Noto.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Category:Former provinces of Japan
Category:Ishikawa Prefecture

Noto Province


Herbert John Solomon (15 October 1929 – 18 March 2020) was an Australian rugby union player. He played for the Wallabies, Australia's national team, in 14 Test matches between 1949 and 1955. He also led the touring squads to New Zealand and South Africa. In 2016, he was added to the Rugby Australia Hall of Fame.

Solomon was born in Randwick, New South Wales. He died on 18 March 2020, at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
John Solomon at ESPN Scrum

Category:1929 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Australian medical doctors
Category:Australian rugby union players
Category:Sportspeople from Sydney

John Solomon (rugby union)


Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien PC OM CC QC (born January 11, 1934) is a Canadian politician. He was the 20th Prime Minister of Canada from 1993 to 2003 and the leader of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1990 to 2003. During his career, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada for over 35 years.

Chrétien was born in Shawinigan, Quebec. He studied law at Université Laval. He became a politician in 1963, when he was first elected to the House of Commons. While Pierre Trudeau was Prime Minister, Chrétien was a member of his cabinet. He was the Minister of Justice, Minister of Finance, and the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. He was also the Deputy Prime Minister when John Turner was Prime Minister.

Chrétien was elected leader of the Liberal Party in 1990. The Liberals won 177 seats in the House of Commons in the 1993 election, meaning they were the largest party and could form a government. He was re-elected two times in 1997 and 2000 and led a majority government the entire time he was Prime Minister.

Chrétien retired in 2003. He was replaced as the Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party by Paul Martin.

Beginning of career
For the 1963 federal election, Chrétien was chosen to be the Liberal Party's candidate for the riding of Saint-Maurice—Laflèche in Shawinigan. He was elected in this riding and became a Member of Parliament for the first time. After this, he became the parliamentary secretary for the Prime Minister at the time, Lester B. Pearson.

Beginning in 1966, he was the parliamentary secretary for Mitchell Sharp, who was the Minister of Finance at the time. He spent a longer amount of time working with Sharp than he did with Pearson.

Chrétien was chosen by Pearson to be the Minister of National Revenue in January 1968.

In Trudeau's second cabinet
The Liberal Party lost the 1979 federal election. The Progressive Conservatives formed a very short government led by Joe Clark. After Trudeau and the Liberals won the election the year after, Trudeau chose Chrétien to become the Minister of Justice.

Chrétien was a very important person in the 1980 Quebec referendum, when there was a referendum on whether Quebec should leave Canada. He fought very hard for the federal government and was against Quebec leaving Canada.

As Leader of the Opposition
When Chrétien won the Liberal Party leadership election, the Liberals had the second-most seats in the House of Commons. Because of this, he also became the Leader of the Opposition. At first, he had many problems as the leader. For example, some Quebec Liberal MPs chose to leave the party after he became the leader.

Prime Minister, 1993–2003

1993 election

When Brian Mulroney retired in 1993, he was replaced as the Prime Minister and as the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party by Kim Campbell. She was a part of Mulroney's cabinet at the time. Because elections in Canada have to happen at least once every five years, there was going to be an election in October of that year.

One of Chrétien's promises was that a Liberal government would remove the Goods and Service Tax. It was created by Mulroney's government and was not very popular among the Canadian public. Chrétien also promised that they would negotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) a second time, and to bring down Canada's deficit.

Chrétien and the Liberal Party won the election. The Liberals won 177 seats and became the largest party in the House of Commons. The Progressive Conservatives lost almost all their seats in that election, winning only two seats.

Political views
Chrétien was part of the Liberal Party's left-wing in the beginning of his career. While he was Prime Minister, however, he was very neoliberal and fiscally conservative.

Personal life
His parents were Wellie Chrétien and Marie Boisvert.

Chrétien married Aline Chaîné in 1957. They both knew each other when they were young in Shawinigan. Chaîné became one of the people Chrétien trusted the most when making important decisions. They had 2 sons and 1 daughter.

Offices held

References

Category:1934 births
Category:Living people
Category:Order of Canada
Category:Order of Merit
Category:Politicians from Quebec
Category:Privy Councillors (Canada)
Category:Deputy Prime Ministers of Canada

Jean Chrétien


Cooperative binding is when the number of small molecules binding to a macromolecule depends on the concentration of those small molecules around the macromolecule.

This is a type of molecular binding, which is where molecules attach to each other in a stable way without decaying or breaking that bond rapidly.

Example
A popular example of cooperative binding is between haemoglobin and oxygen. In the lungs, there is a very high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs. So the oxygen bonds to haemoglobin to form oxyhaemoglobin. When this travels around the body in the blood and reaches areas of low oxygen concentration, the oxygen is released from the haemoglobin.

References

Other websites
Khan Academy-Haemoglobin

Category:Biochemistry

Cooperative binding


Joan Jett (born February 1958) is an American singer and guitarist. She is best known for her number one single "I Love Rock n Roll". Jett has a punkish, tomboy appearance and is a Democrat.

In 2015, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

References

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:American rock guitarists
Category:American rock singers
Category:Singers from Pennsylvania
Category:Musicians from Pennsylvania
Category:American punk musicians
Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

Joan Jett


Moÿ-de-l'Aisne is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Moÿ-de-l'Aisne


Robert Thomas Mason (born April 22, 1961) is an American retired professional ice hockey goaltender and current goaltending coach for the Minnesota Wild. Mason played 145 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Washington Capitals, Chicago Blackhawks, Quebec Nordiques and the Vancouver Canucks.

Mason started his career playing with the Green Bay Gamblers of the United States Hockey League. He then played college hockey for 2 years at the University of Minnesota Duluth. Aside from the NHL, Mason played 141 games in the AHL with the Hershey Bears, Binghamton Whalers, Halifax Citadels, Baltimore Skipjacks, and Hamilton Canucks. He also played 127 games in the IHL with the Milwaukee Admirals and Fort Wayne Komets.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1995. After retiring, Mason became the goaltending coach for the Minnesota Wild which he still is. He was also the goaltending coach for the Atlanta Thrashers during their first 2 seasons of play.

References

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Category:1961 births
Category:American Hockey League players
Category:American ice hockey players
Category:Chicago Blackhawks players
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Category:Quebec Nordiques players
Category:Sportspeople from Minnesota
Category:Vancouver Canucks players
Category:Washington Capitals players
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Category:International Hockey League (1945–2001) players

Bob Mason


Ichthyosaurs are an extinct order of marine reptiles from the Mesozoic era.

By the Upper Triassic they are similar in shape to dolphins and to fast predatory fish like tuna (convergent evolution). They are found in marine strata from the earliest Triassic to the Cretaceous, though the early proto-ichthyosaurs are sometimes put in the broader category of Ichthyopterygia. After transitional Triassic types like Mixosaurus and Cymbospondylus, they have essentially the same body shape. Californosaurus was one of the first to have the typical dolphin-like body shape.

Although isolated ichthyosaur vertebrae are quite common, the first fossil which showed the ichthyosaur form was found by Mary Anning (1799–1847) and her brother Joseph. Mary Anning was an early British fossil collector, dealer and paleontologist. Many of her finds may be seen today at the Natural History Museum, London.

Early discoveries
The genus Ichthyosaurus was first described in 1699 from fossil fragments discovered in Wales. The first fossil vertebrae were published twice in 1708. The first complete ichthyosaur fossil was found in 1811 by Mary Anning in Lyme Regis, along the Jurassic Coast. She later discovered three separate species.

The first major find
Mary Anning's first great discovery was made shortly after her father's death when she was just twelve. In 1810 her bother Joseph found what he thought was a crocodile skull, but the rest of the animal was not in evidence. Mary kept searching and a year later a storm weathered away part of the cliff and exposed part of the rest of the skeleton of the 17 ft (5.2m) long creature, which she was able to dig out of the cliff and collect with a little help from local quarrymen.p33–41 Anning later discovered three more species.

Interpretation
In 1821 William Conybeare and Mary’s old friend Henry De la Beche, published a paper which analyzed the specimens found by Mary and others. They concluded that ichthyosaurs were a previously unknown kind of marine reptile, and they decided there had been at least three species.

Anatomy
Ichthyosaurs were reptiles that evolved fish-shaped body outlines. Some of their characteristics were unique: they had enormous eyeballs, sometimes more than 25 cm in diameter. They had large hands ('manus') with up to 20 bones in a single digit, and up to 10 digits per manus.

They had streamlined form, paddles, fish-like tail, and no neck. Ichthyosaurs averaged about 2–4m (6–13 ft) in length; a few were smaller, and some species grew much larger. They had a porpoise-like head and a long, toothed snout. Built for speed, like modern tuna, some ichthyosaurs appear also to have been deep divers, like some modern whales. It has been estimated that ichthyosaurs could swim at speeds up to . Similar to modern cetaceans such as whales and dolphins, they were air-breathing.

Weight
According to weight estimates by Ryosuke Motani, a  Stenopterygius weighed around  whilst a  Ophthalmosaurus icenicus weighed 930–950 kg (1.03–1.04 short tons).

Convergent evolution
Biologist Stephen Jay Gould said the ichthyosaur was his favourite example of convergent evolution. Its similarities to fish are not homologous, caused by common descent, but analogous, caused by selection in the same environment:

"This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a dorsal fin and tail in just the right place and with just the right hydrological design. These structures are all the more remarkable because they evolved from nothing – the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a precursor".

Eyes
The eyes of ichthyosaurs are large in comparison to the size of the body, suggesting they hunted by sight even in dimly-lit waters or at night. In fact, ichthyosaurs hold the record for eye size: the largest was 264mm in diameter (~10.4 inches), from the species Temnodontosaurus platyodon. This is the largest eye ever recorded for any vertebrate; the colossal squid eye is larger still. The eyes of ichthyosaurs are protected by sclerotic rings. These are circlar bony plates inside the outer edges of the cornea of the eye. Their function is mechanical support of the eye. They are well preserved in fossil ichthyosaur skulls.

Fins

At first, the downward-pointing tail bones were hard to interpret. Then, later in the 19th century, a remarkable find was made. Some specimens of Mixosaurus and Stenopterygius were well preserved in the black mudstones of Germany. These fossils were preserved in such fine sediment that the fossils were almost perfect, with only a few bones disturbed or missing. The outline of the body shape could be seen as a thin carbon film.p10 Even though the soft parts had rotted away long ago, they left their imprint behind. For the first time, scientists could see clearly that the tail of ichthyosaurus was shaped like the tail of a fish. And on its back, like a shark, there was a dorsal fin.

Live birth

Live birth was always assumed for ichthyosaurs, because with their paddles they could never have manoeuvred on land to lay eggs like turtles do. As reptiles, they produced cleidoic eggs, but they were entirely aquatic and their eggs developed inside the mother. Once more, evidence came from the early Jurassic of Germany, where several fine examples clearly show embryos inside the rib cage of the adult. Other examples exist of the young actually being born.p125 They came out tail first. No doubt, some complication of birth had killed both mother and offspring together.

A recent study of the earliest ichthosaur, Chaohusaurus, from the Lower Triassic shows an early example of live birth. A remarkable feature was a baby close to emerging head-first. The authors comment:
"Its headfirst birth posture... strongly indicates a terrestrial origin of viviparity, in contrast to the traditional view. The tail-first birth posture in derived ichthyopterygians, convergent with the conditions in whales and sea cows, therefore is a secondary feature". They comment "obligate marine amniotes appear to have evolved almost exclusively from viviparous land ancestors".

In other words, ichthyosaurs gave live birth when they were still land dwellers. Then, later, they adapted to an aquatic life.

Extinction

Ichthyosaurs became extinct during the Upper Cretaceous, about 30 million years before the K/T extinction event. There was an ocean anoxic event at the Cenomanian–Turonian stage boundary. The deeper layers of the seas became anoxic and poisoned by hydrogen sulphide (H2S). As life died off in the lower (benthos) levels of the sea, so did the predators at the top of the food chain. The last pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs became extinct.p251

Ichthyosaurs had been dwindling in numbers for some time; they were no longer the force they once were in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic. By the middle Jurassic, it was thought thought they all belonged to the single clade, the Ophthalmosauridae. By the Cretaceous it was thought that only three genera survived. For the last 50+ years it has been thought that only one genus, Platypterygius, was known at the time of the anoxic event in the Upper Cretaceous.

However, a recent review looked at the main collections in western European museums. This review found evidence for four genera of ichthyosaur only a few million years before the extinction event.

These genera occupied various "feeding guilds". They were:
Platypterygius: a top predator
Sisteronia: a "pierce-oriented" feeder on soft and small prey
Cetarthrosaurus, a generalist
 an undertermined Ophthalmosaur: a generalist feeder

This means that there was still diversity in ichthyosaurs a few million years before the extinction event. They may have survived right up to the extinction event.

It is true, though, that the ichthyosaurs had declined from their peak. By the Cretaceous they certainly had more competitors than in the Triassic, and more elusive prey. The adaptive radiation of teleost fish meant their new prey were fast swimming and highly evasive. The teleosts also included fast-swimming predatory fish, which must have been competitors. From what we know now, the ocean anoxic event must have ended the last ichthyosaurs.

The ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs were replaced in the marine ecology by the giant mosasaurs. The mosasaurs were probably ambush hunters, whose sit-and-wait strategy apparently proved most successful.

References

Ellis, Richard 2003. Sea Dragons: predators of the prehistoric oceans. University Press of Kansas.
McGowan C. & Motani R. 2003. Ichthyopterygia. Handbook of Paleoherpetology, Part 8, Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
Motani R. 2000. Rulers of the Jurassic seas. Scientific American vol.283, #6.

Category:Fossils

Ichthyosaur


The first generation iPad Mini (sold as iPad mini) is a tablet computer that is made and sold by Apple Inc. It is the first of the iPad Mini line of mini tablet computers. It has a screen size of 7.9 inches, compared to the 9.7 inch screen on a regular iPad. It was released on November 2, 2012. It received many good reviews, with reviewers talking about the device's size, design, and the number of applications that are available.

It was succeeded by the second generation iPad Mini in 2013. The first generation iPad Mini is no longer being sold. The first generation iPad mini was discontinued in 2015.

References

Category:IPad

IPad Mini (1st generation)