is the day before the beginning of Spring in Japan.

Custom
Setsubun is a traditional event in Japan and it celebrates the end of winter and the beginning of spring. It takes place on February 3 or 4 and there are a lot of ways to celebrate the day. People take part in a traditional mame-maki ceremony. People throw roasted soybeans (mame) and shout ‘‘Oni wa Soto Fuku wa Uti’’(Get out Ogre! Come in Happiness!). After the ceremony, each person eats the number of beans that is the same as their age in order to get happiness in the coming year. Another traditional custom is putting a head of a sardine and hiiragi on the door to get rid of Oni (ogre). In addition, people living in the Kansai area eat Nori Maki (a special sushi roll) while facing the ‘’lucky direction’’ and not saying a word .

Origin
Setsubun means “division of the seasons” in the literal sense. In ancient times the beginning of each season was called Setsubun. On the Setsubun day, various rituals were conducted to drive away devil’s sprits. Nowadays, however, Setsubun only refers to Risshun (beginning of spring) because the day is the most important than the other Setsubun day since the day is a new year’s day in lunar calendar.It is said that both of beans and rice have spiritual power in it, and to throw these things is a good way to drive demons from our own and our house. People used to throw rice in ancient time, but people started to throw beans instead of rice since Chinese folkway was introduced. Since then, people throw beans to drive demons on Setsubun day.
As we said above, people usually eat an Ehomaki, which is a kind of makizushi, on Setsubun. Makizushi means “call over happiness”. We usually eat it without cutting because if we cut it, it implies “break up”. People usually put 7 kinds of ingredients in it after the Seven Gods of Fortune.
We eat it without saying anything. Generally, it’s because it would be rudeness for the Seven Gods of Fortune if we are talking while we eat it, but anyone doesn’t know the fact.

History
"Setsubun" means separating seasons, and indicated each day before the first day of spring, summer, autumn and winter.
However, the event "Setsubun" is very famous, so it became the word to indicate the day before the first day of spring
only.
Setsubun was a ceremony to drive of ancient China and gods who brought misfortune. Originally, it was the folk event
to hope talisman and good crop of private sector. This ceremony came down to Japan in the Nara era.
In the Hiean era, Tsuina that the event of New Year's Eve held in the palace, changed into the ceremony to drive demons.
It died out in the Muromachi era, but the event gradually spread among commoner and remained as Mamemaki of Setsubun.
In the evening of Setsubun, people set up branches of holly with sardine at the entrance of house, and scatter parched beans.
However, nowadays households which adorn with them decreased, and only scatter parched beans.
In the meantime, Ehomaki started as a custom to pray for te prosperous business at the harbor of Osaka in the end of Edo era. The custom died out temporarily, but Osaka Nori Kyodo Kumiai revived it in the event of Dotonbori in the late 1970's. Therefore, it was famous in the Kansai district. Also, it began to sell in the part of supermarkets and convenience stores in 1990's. In addition, it became rapidly popular among the whole country because Ehomaki was advertised considerably in stores.

Related events
There are a lot of events related to Setsubun in big shrines. For example, Narita-san   Shinsho-ji in Chiba holds on big events every year. Some believers of Toshi-otoko (a man who was born in a year with the same sign of the Chinese Zodiac as the current year.) or big names are invited to the event and they perform mame-maki ceremony to gather people. Because of the bad economy in Japan, these events are crowed with a lot of people who try to call in happiness.

References

Category:Events

Setsubun


Events

Up to 1900
238 - The Praetorian Guard storm the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus, who are then dragged through the streets of Rome and executed.
904 - Sack of Thessaloniki - Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessaloniki, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.
1014 - Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine Emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army. The way he treats 15,000 prisoners is said to have caused Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria to die of a heart attack just over two months later, on October 6.
1030 - Battle of Stiklestad: King Olaf II of Norway fights and dies trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
1565 - Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh.
1567 - King James VI of Scotland, barely a year old, is crowned in the Church of the Holy Rude in Stirling.
1588 – The Spanish Armada is defeated.
1793 - John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.
1836 - Inauguration of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris, France.
1848 - Tipperary Revolt during the Irish Potato Famine: An unsuccessful national revolt against British rule is put down by police.
1851 - Annibale de Gasparis discovers asteroid 15 Eunomia.
1864 - American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained in Old Capitol Prison, Washington, DC.
1894 - First Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops defeat Chinese troops in the Battle of Seonghwan.
1899 - The first Hague Convention is signed.
1900 – King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by anarchist Gaetano Bresci.

1901  2000
1907 - Robert Baden-Powell sets up the Brownsea Island Scout Camp in Dorset on the South coast of England. This is regarded as the founding of the Scouting movement.
1914 - The first transcontinental telephone service begins with first conversation between New York City and San Francisco.
1921 – Adolf Hitler becomes leader of the Nazi Party.
1937 - Tongzhou Incident: In Tongzhou, China, the East Hopei Army attacks Japanese troops and civilians.
1948 - The 1948 Summer Olympics in London begin.
1954 - J. R. R. Tolkien's novel, Lord of the Rings is first published.
1957 - The International Atomic Energy Agency is founded.
1958 - Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a bill creating the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
1959 - Hawaii holds its first elections to the United States Congress. It becomes a state on August 21.
1967 - Off North Vietnam the military ship USS Forrestal catches fire, killing 134 people.
1967 – An earthquake strikes Caracas and kills 500 people.
1968 - The Arenal volcano in Costa Rica erupts, destroying settlements in Pueblo Nuevo and Tabacon.
1973 - Most voters in Greece choose to get rid of their monarchy and become a republic.
1973 - At the Dutch Grand Prix, Roger Williamson is killed in the race, after his car hits the barriers at high speed.
1976 – The first victims of the Son of Sam serial killer are murdered.
1980 - The Flag of Iran is modified.
1981 – Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales marry.
1987 - Margaret Thatcher and Francois Mitterrand sign an agreement to build a tunnel under the English Channel.
1987 - Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan Prime Minister J. R. Jayewardene sign the Indo-Sri Lankan Accord on ethnic issues.
1993 - The Israeli Supreme Court acquits John Demjanjuk, who is later found guilty of war crimes.

From 2001
2004 - Italy decides to get rid of conscription from July 1, 2005.
2005 – The discovery of the dwarf planet Eris is announced.
2006 - Declaration of Montreal for human rights of LGBT is adopted.
2010 - Start of a major flooding disaster in Pakistan.
2010 - A overloaded passenger ferry capsizes on the Kasai River, Bandundu province, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing over 80 people.
2014 - Israel-Gaza Conflict: Over 100 people in the Gaza Strip are reported to have been killed in a single day.
2015 - Microsoft Windows 10 launches.
2018 - Geraint Thomas becomes the first Welsh cyclist to win the Tour de France.
2019 - A prison riot in Altamira, Pará, Brazil, results in 57 people being killed.

Births

Up to 1900
1166 - Henry II, Count of Champagne, King of Jerusalem (d. 1197)
1356 - Martin of Aragon (d. 1410)
1580 - Francesco Mochi, Italian sculptor (d. 1654)
1605 - Simon Dach, German poet (d. 1659)
1793 - Jan Kollar, Slovakian writer (d. 1852)
1794 - Thomas Corwin, Governor of Ohio (d. 1865)
1796 - Christian Winther, Danish writer and poet (d. 1876)
1801 – George Bradshaw, English publisher (d. 1853)
1805 – Alexis de Tocqueville, French historian and political scientist (d. 1859)
1814 - Hermann Bonitz, German philosopher (d. 1888)
1817 - Ivan Aivazovsky, Armenian-Russian painter (d. 1900)
1817 - Wilhelm Griesinger, German psychiatrist (d. 1868)
1825 - George Pendleton, American legislator (d. 1889)
1836 - Wilhelm Kress, Austrian aviation pioneer (d. 1913)
1841 – Gerhard Armauer Hansen, Norwegian doctor and scientist (d. 1912)
1843 – Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901)
1846 - Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil (d. 1921)
1846 - Sophie Menter, German pianist and composer (d. 1918)
1849 – Max Nordau, writer, philosopher and Zionist leader (d. 1923)
1860 - Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington, Governor of Queensland (d. 1940)
1865 – Alexander Glazunov, Russian composer (d. 1936)
1869 – Booth Tarkington, writer (d. 1946)
1874 – James Shaver Woodsworth, Methodist minister, social worker, and politician (d. 1942)
1876 – Maria Ouspenskaya, actress (d. 1949)
1878 – Don Marquis, writer (d. 1937)
1879 - Giuseppe Garibaldi II, Italian adventurer (d. 1950)
1883 – Benito Mussolini, Italian dictator (d. 1945)
1883 – Porfirio Barba-Jacob, Colombian poet and writer (d. 1942)
1884 – Ralph A. Bard, U.S. Navy Under Secretary (d. 1975)
1885 - Theda Bara, American silent movie actress (d. 1955)
1887 – Sigmund Romberg, composer (d. 1951)
1888 - Vladimir Zworykin, Russian-American physicist and inventor (d. 1982)
1889 - Ernst Reuter, German politician (d. 1953)
1891 - Bernhard Zondek, German-Israeli gynecologist (d. 1966)
1892 – William Powell, actor (d. 1984)
1897 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British general (d. 1983)
1898 – Isidor Isaac Rabi, Hungarian-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988)
1900 – Eyvind Johnson, Swedish writer (d. 1976)
1900 - Don Redman, American composer and bandleader (d. 1964)

1901 - 1950
1904 - Mahasi Sayadaw, Burmese Buddhist monk and meditation master (d. 1982)
1904 - J. R. D. Tata, French-Indian pilot and businessman (d. 1993)
1905 – Clara Bow, American actress (d. 1965)
1905 – Dag Hammarskjöld, Swedish UN Secretary-General (d. 1961)
1905 – Thelma Todd, American actress (d. 1935)
1905 – Stanley Kunitz, American poet (d. 2006)
1906 – Diana Vreeland, fashion editor (d. 1989)
1907 – Melvin Belli, lawyer and actor (d. 1996)
1911 - Foster Furcolo, 60th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1995)
1913 - Erich Priebke, German SS officer (d. 2013)
1914 - Irwin Corey, American comedian, actor and activist (d. 2017)
1915 - Francis W. Sargent, 64th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1998)
1916 - Rupert Hamer, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Victoria (d. 2004)
1917 - Rochus Misch, German SS officer (d. 2013)
1921 - Richard Egan, American actor (d. 1987)
1921 - Chris Marker, French movie maker (d. 2012)
1923 - Edgar Cortright, American scientist and engineer (d. 2014)
1923 - Jim Marshall, English founder of Marshall Amplification (d. 2012)
1924 – Lloyd Bochner, Canadian actor (d. 2005)
1924 - Robert Horton, American actor (d. 2016)
1925 – Mikis Theodorakis, Greek composer and political activist
1926 – Don Carter, bowler
1927 - Harry Mulisch, Dutch writer (d. 2010)
1929 – Julio Botelho, Brazilian footballer (d. 2003)
1930 – Paul Taylor, American dancer and choreographer (d. 2018)
1932 – Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker, U.S. Senator
1933 - Lou Albano, American professional wrestling manager (d. 2009)
1933 - Robert Fuller, American actor
1934 - Albert Speer Jr., German architect and urban planner (d. 2017)
1935 – Peter Schreier, German tenor
1936 – Elizabeth Dole, former United States Senator
1937 – Daniel McFadden, American economist
1937 – Ryutaro Hashimoto, former Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2006)
1938 – Peter Jennings, Canadian-American television news anchor (d. 2005)
1938 - Klaus Töpfer, German politician
1940 - Ole Lund Kirkegaard, Danish children's book author (d. 1979)
1941 – David Warner, actor
1942 - Fitzhugh Mullan, American physician and medical writer (d. 2019)
1942 – Tony Sirico, American actor
1943 – David Taylor, English snooker player
1945 – Mircea Lucescu, Romanian football manager
1945 - Sharon Creech, American author
1946 - Neal Doughty, American musician
1947 - Bill Forsyth, Scottish movie director
1949 – Vida Blue, American Major League Baseball player
1949 – Jamil Mahuad, former President of Ecuador
1949 – Marilyn Quayle, wife of former US Vice President Dan Quayle
1949 - Sergio Martini, Italian mountaineer
1950 - Jenny Holzer, American conceptual artist

1951  1975
1951 – Susan Blackmore, British writer, lecturer and psychologist
1951 - Jack Blessing, American actor (d. 2017)
1951 - Dean Pitchford, American songwriter, movie maker and journalist
1952 - Norman Blackwell, Baron Blackwell, English businessman and politician
1953 – Ken Burns, American television producer and director
1953 – Geddy Lee, musician (Rush)
1953 - Patti Scialfa, rock singer
1953 - Tim Gunn, American television presenter
1955 - Stephen Timms, English politician
1955 - Eusèbe Jaojoby, Malagasy composer and singer
1956 - Ronnie Musgrove, 62nd Governor of Mississippi
1957 - Liam Davison, Australian novelist (d. 2014)
1957 – Nellie Kim, Soviet-Russian gymnast
1957 - Viktor Gavrikov, Lithuanian-Swiss chess player
1957 - Ulrich Tukur, German actor and musician
1958 - Piero Marazzo, Italian journalist and politician
1959 – Ruud Janssen, teacher, writer, and artist
1959 – Sanjay Dutt, Indian actor
1963 – Graham Poll, English football referee
1965 – Chang-Rae Lee, writer
1966 – Martina McBride, American country singer
1966 – Sally Gunnell, British athlete
1966 - Richard Steven Horvitz, American voice actor
1967 – Matthew C. Henderson, American actor and baseball player
1968 - Paavo Lötjönen, Finnish cellist
1969 - Joel Fan, American pianist
1971 - Lisa Ekdahl, Swedish singer
1972 – Wil Wheaton, American actor
1973 – Stephen Dorff, American actor
1974 - Josh Radnor, American actor
1974 – Steve-O, American musician and actor

From 1976
1977 – Danger Mouse, American DJ
1979 – Abs Breen, singer
1980 - Rachel Miner, American actress
1980 – Fernando González, Chilean tennis player
1981 - Troy Perkins, American soccer player
1981 – Fernando Alonso, Spanish race car driver
1982 - Allison Mack, American actress
1982 - Prince Azim of Brunei
1983 - Alexei Kaigorodov, Russian ice hockey player
1984 - Oh Beom-Seok, South Korean footballer
1984 – Hanna Bessenova, Ukrainian gymnast
1984 – Wilson Palacios, Honduran footballer
1984 - Viktoria Tolstoy, Swedish jazz singer
1988 - Alexander Lee Eusebio, Hong Kong-South Korean singer
1988 - Sabrina van der Donk, Dutch model
1990 - Shin Se-kyung, South Korean actress
1990 - Valentina Golubenko, Russian-Croatian chess player
1990 - Matt Prokop, American actor
1990 - Joey Essex, English television personality
1993 - Dak Prescott, American football player
1998 - Anna Murashige, Japanese singer

Deaths

Up to 1900
238 – Pupienus and Balbinus, Roman emperors (assassinated)
1030 – King Olaf II of Norway (b. 995)
1099 – Pope Urban II (b. 1042)
1095 - King Ladislaus I of Hungary (b. 1040)
1108 – King Philip I of France (b. 1081)
1507 – Martin Behaim, navigator and geographer (b. 1459)
1573 - John Caius, English physician (b. 1510)
1644 – Pope Urban VIII (b. 1568)
1694 - Sufi, Shah of Persia (b. 1647)
1781 - Johann Kies, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1713)
1833 – William Wilberforce, campaigner against slavery (b. 1759)
1844 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
1856 – Robert Schumann, German composer (b. 1810)
1857 - Charles Lucien Bonaparte, French zoologist and ornithologist (b. 1803)
1887 - Agostino Depretis, 9th Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1813)
1890 – Vincent van Gogh, Dutch painter (b. 1853)
1895 - Floriano Peixoto, 2nd President of Brazil (b. 1839)
1900 – King Umberto I of Italy (b. 1844)

1901  2000
1913 - Tobias Asser, Dutch writer (b. 1838)
1918 - Ernest William Christmas, Australian painter (b. 1863)
1924 - Sotirios Krokidas, Greek law professor and acting Prime Minister (b. 1852)
1934 - Didier Pitre, French-Canadian ice hockey (b. 1883)
1938 - Nikolai Krylenko, Russian lawyer, jurist and politician (b. 1885)
1951 - Ali Sami Yen, Turkish sports official (b. 1886)
1954 – Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (b. 1879)
1956 - Ludwig Klages, German philosopher and psychologist (b. 1872)
1960 - Robert P. Bass, Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1873)
1966 - Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, Nigerian military leader (b. 1924)
1970 – John Barbirolli, conductor (b. 1899)
1970 – George Szell, Hungarian conductor (b. 1897)
1973 - Roger Williamson, racing driver (b. 1948)
1974 – Mama Cass Elliot, American musician (b. 1941)
1974 – Erich Kästner, German writer (b. 1899)
1979 – Bill Todman, American game show producer (b. 1916)
1981 – Robert Moses, New York public works official (b. 1888)
1982 – Vladimir Zworykin, Russian-American physicist and inventor (b. 1889)
1983 – David Niven, British actor (b. 1910)
1983 – Raymond Massey, Canadian actor (b. 1896)
1983 – Luis Buñuel, Spanish director (b. 1900)
1984 – Fred Waring, band leader, inventor (b. 1900)
1990 – Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1911)
1992 - Michel Larocque, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1952)
1994 - Dorothy Hodgkin, British chemist (b. 1910)
1995 - Severino Varela, Uruguayan footballer (b. 1913)

From 2001
2001 – Edward Gierek, Polish politician (b. 1913)
2001 – Wau Holland, German hacker (b. 1951)
2003 – Foday Sankoh, Sierra Leonean rebel leader (b. 1937)
2004 – Rena Vlahopoulou, Greek comedienne and actress (b. 1923)
2007 – Mike Reid, British actor (b. 1940)
2007 - Michel Serrault, French actor (b. 1928)
2007 - Tom Snyder, American television personality (b. 1936)
2010 – Zheng Ji, Chinese nutritionist and biochemist (b. 1900)
2013 - Christian Benítez, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1986)
2014 - M. Caldwell Butler, American politician (b. 1925)
2014 - Giorgio Gaslini, Italian jazz pianist and composer (b. 1929)
2014 - Jon R. Cavaiani, American soldier (b. 1943)
2014 - Idris Muhammad, American jazz musician (b. 1939)
2014 - Péter Kiss, Hungarian politician (b. 1959)
2014 - María Antonia Iglesias, Spanish writer (b. 1945)
2015 - Peter O'Sullevan, Irish-British horse racing commentator (b. 1918)
2016 - Lucille Dumont, Canadian singer and television host (b. 1919)
2017 - Yuri Alekseevich Ryzhov, Soviet-Russian scientist and politician (b. 1930)
2017 - Redha Malek, Algerian politician, Prime Minister of Algeria (b. 1931)
2017 - Charley Marouani, Tunisian impresario and celebrity agent (b. 1926)
2017 - Olivier Strebelle, Belgian sculptor (b. 1927)
2017 - Stephen T. Worland, American economist (b. 1923)
2018 - Hans Kristian Amundsen, Norwegian politician and newspaper editor (b. 1959)
2018 - Brickhouse Brown, American professional wrestler (b. 1960)
2018 - Brian Christopher, American professional wrestler (b. 1972)
2018 - Ron Dellums, American politician (b. 1935)
2018 - Abbas Duzduzani, Iranian politician (b. 1942)
2018 - Vibeke Skofterud, Norwegian cross-country skier (b. 1980)
2018 - Nikolai Volkoff, Croatian-American professional wrestler (b. 1947)
2019 - Egil Danielsen, Norwegian javelin thrower (b. 1933)
2019 - Enrique Lafourcade, Chilean writer, critic and journalist (b. 1927)
2019 - Mona-Liisa Nousiainen, Finnish cross-country skier (b. 1983)
2019 - Tuvya Ruebner, Israeli poet and translator (b. 1924)

Observances
 Olavsoka, feast day of Olaf II of Norway - Faroe Islands
 International Tiger Day
 National Anthem Day (Romania)
 National Thai language Day (Thailand)

Category:Days of the year

July 29


An enterotype is a classification of gut flora. It is based on the ecosystem in the human intestinal system. The classification is done by identifying the bacteria and protists which live there. This is called the "human gut biome".

Research shows there are three distinct ecosystems in the guts of people. People can be classified into one of three groups based on the bacteria in their intestines. The enterotype of each person is set while the person is an infant.

The enterotype affects how well a person can digest food or absorb drugs. Chimpanzees have enterotypes that look similar to human enterotypes.

Type 1 has high levels of Bacteroides. Prevotella are common in Type 2. Type 3 has high levels of Ruminococcus.

References

Category:Microbiology

Enterotype


The g-force of an object is its acceleration relative to free fall. On earth this is 1g, or 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s^2) or equivalently  newtons of force per kilogram of mass (N/kg). Astronauts experience unusually high and low g-forces. G-force can also be seen on rollercoasters. When the coaster goes down the drop, you are pushed back into your seat because of g-force.

Category:Physics

G-Force


Chaim Yisroel Belsky (August 22, 1938 – January 28, 2016) was an American rabbi and posek of Orthodox and Haredi Judaism. He was one of the roshei yeshivas at Yeshiva Torah Vodaas, and rabbi of the summer camp network run by Agudath Israel of America. He was born in Brooklyn, New York.

Belsky was criticized by other rabbis for his repeated defense of sexual abusers. Some have claimed that he intimidated victims of abuse. Belsky has publicly stated that victims should not report their rape to the police.

Belsky was taken to hospital on January 22, 2016 in Brooklyn. He had a "serious illness". He died eight days later on January 30, at the age of 77.

References

Category:1938 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:American rabbis
Category:People from Brooklyn

Yisroel Belsky


Jacques Barrot (February 3, 1937 – December 3, 2014) was a French politician. He served as European Commissioner for Justice between 2008 and 2010, after having spent four years serving as Commissioner for Transport (2004–2008) and Commissioner for Regional Policy for eight months (2004).

He was also a minister, and mayor of Yssingeaux.

Other websites
Official website

Category:1937 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:European Commissioners
Category:French mayors
Category:Government ministers of France
Category:People from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes

Jacques Barrot


Rems-Murr is a rural district (Landkreis) in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The capital is Waiblingen.

Towns and municipalities

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Districts of Baden-Württemberg

Rems-Murr-Kreis


Joshua John Bidwell (born March 13, 1976 in Winston, Oregon) used to be an American Football punter.

Bidwell was drafted out of the University of Oregon by the Green Bay Packers with the 133rd pick in the fourth round of the 1999 NFL Draft. He was diagnosed with testicular cancer on September 1, 1999. Bidwell played with the Packers from 1999 to 2003. He was then signed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and he played with them from 2004 to 2009. He played for the Washington Redskins in 2010.

References

Other websites
Josh Bidwell at nfl.com

Category:1976 births
Category:Living people
Category:Green Bay Packers players
Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Category:Washington Redskins players
Category:American football punters
Category:Sportspeople from Oregon

Josh Bidwell


Scott City is a city in Scott County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Scott County. In 2010, 3,816 people lived there.

History

Early history
Scott City was created in 1885. Like Scott County, the city is named after United States General, Winfield Scott. In October 1884, two women from Chicago claimed the land that Scott City is on. They built a cabin. In February 1885, two men from Chicago came to the cabin and settled. Soon after, many people started coming to the county. Scott City was then created in 1885. Before being created, Mrs. M.E. De Geer, one of the women that came from Chicago, started a newspaper called the Western Times in March 1885. The county then started to fill quickly.

The Kansas Legislature created Scott County in 1873. At this time it was named in honor of General Winfield Scott. Since it was such a small town with so few people, there was no need for a local government. Therefore, it was connected to Ford County for judicial things.

Geography
Scott City is at  (38.4825192, −100.9070949). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. It is located in the Great Plains and at the elevation of 2979 ft.

Climate
The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Scott City has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The average temperature is 52.4 °F (11.34 °C) and has an average rain fall of 20.16 inches per year. The average snow fall for a year is 23 in. (.58 m).

People

2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 3,816 people, 1,583 households, and 1,029 families living in Scott City.

Education

The USD 466 Scott County mascot is the beaver. A giant welded beaver is on display at the football field.

Infrastructure

Transportation
K-96 and US-83 highways go through the Scott City.

The Scott City Airport is a publicly owned airport. It is in the south east part of Scott City.

Media
The Scott County Record is the local newspaper. This weekly publication has been in business since 1993. In 2016, editor Rod Haxton was honored by the Kansas Press Association with the Clyde M. Reed Master Editor Award.

Famous people
Ron Baker, former NBA player for the New York Knicks and Washington Wizards

Related pages
 El Quartelejo Ruins

References

Other websites
City

 Scott City - Directory of Public Officials
 Lake Scott State Park
 El Quartelejo Museum - local history
Schools
 USD 466, local school district
Maps
 Scott City Map, Scott City CofC
 Scott City Map, KDOT

Category:Cities in Kansas
Category:County seats in Kansas
Category:1885 establishments in Kansas

Scott City, Kansas


Nine Network, also known as Channel Nine or simply Nine, is an Australian commercial free-to-air television network. It is one of the three major television networks in Australia. It was launched on 16 September 1956.

Programming
 The Backyardigans
 ¡Mucha Lucha!: Gigante
 Looney Tunes
 Duck Dodgers
 DuckTales
 Thomas and Friends
 My Friend and Me

Other websites

Category:Australian television networks

Nine Network


The horn is a brass instrument.  It developed from the horns that some animals have on their heads.  Modern horns are often called French horns.

The hunting horn
Horns were often used during hunting.  These early brass instruments were round so that the hunter could put his arm through it and carry it on his shoulder and blow it while riding a horse.  The riders could send messages to one another by blowing particular notes.

The horn in the orchestra
In the 17th century the modern orchestra was developing.  Orchestras played for operas.  Opera stories in those days were usually about gods and goddesses or kings and queens. There was often a hunting scene in the story.  Hunters were asked to come and play their horns in the orchestra for these scenes.  This is how the horn became an orchestral instrument.

A brass instrument gives one basic note.  Changing the pressure with the lips produces a few other notes.  Gradually horn players discovered that if they put their right hand in the bell they could change the basic note.  This made it possible to play lots of different notes.  When Mozart wrote his horn concertos he was writing for a hand horn.  When a note is played using the hand in the bell it makes the note sound different: more muffled (a bit like speaking while covering your mouth with your hand).  A Mozart horn concerto sounds very different when played on a modern horn.

Another way to change the notes on a horn was to use crooks.  These are like extensions to the horn.  The longer the tube the lower the note, so adding a crook (an extra circle) would give a lower basic note.

The modern horn

By the 1830s the modern horn with three valves had been invented.  These valves change the length of the tube, so that the horn had now become chromatic i.e. it could play all the notes including sharps and flats.  Composers like Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss wrote complicated music for the horn which would never have been possible on the natural, valveless instruments.  However, some composers preferred the sound of the natural horn.  Brahms wrote for the natural horn when he wrote his Horn Trio for piano, violin and horn.  Benjamin Britten, in his Serenade for tenor, horn and strings, asks for the horn to played naturally (without valves) for the fanfare at the beginning to make it sound like a hunting horn.

The horn has a conical bore.  This means that the tubing gradually becomes wider (a trumpet and trombone have a cylindrical bore): the tubing is the same thickness all the way along.  The modern horn has 6.4 metres of tubing.   It makes a beautiful, warm sound, but it is quite hard to play because the mouthpiece is small and the harmonics (the notes that can be played by changing the lip pressure) are very close together.  The horn is a transposing instrument, usually in F (a written C sounds like the F below).

At the end of the 19th century the so-called “double horn” was invented, which was like a combination of a horn in F and a horn in B flat.

In the 18th century there were generally two horns in an orchestra.  This became three or four in the 19th century, and some large orchestras now may have up to eight horns.

Some famous horn players

Hermann Baumann (Soloist)
Stefan Dohr (Berlin Philharmonic)
Dennis Brain (1921-1957) (Royal Philharmonic and Philharmonia Orchestras)
Barry Tuckwell (b.1931) (London Symphony Orchestra)
David Pyatt (London Symphony Orchestra)

References

Category:Brass instruments

Horn (musical instrument)


The 2006 Hengchun earthquake happened on Tuesday December 26, 2006 at 12:25 UTC (20:25 local time) near Taiwan. On the surface the center of the earthquake was about 22.8 km west southwest of Hengchun, Pingtung County, Taiwan.  The center of the earthquake underground was 21.9 km deep in the Luzon Strait ().

Reports of the strength of the quake do not all agree. Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau reported 7.0 ML  The United States Geological Survey estimated the quake to be 7.1 Mw  The Hong Kong Observatory   and the Japan Meteorological Agency  said 7.2 Mw. Taiwan's Central News Agency reported that it was the strongest earthquake to hit Hengchun in one hundred years. The earthquake hurt and killed many people and damaged many buildings. It also damaged several undersea cables. The broken cables were a problem for telecommunication services in parts of Asia.

The date of the earthquake was unusual. The earthquake happened exactly two years after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that caused terrible damage to the coastal communities across Southeast and South Asia. It was also exactly three years after the 2003 earthquake that almost destroyed the southern Iranian city of Bam.

Tsunami warning

Taiwan
This earthquake was the first time Taiwan detected a tsunami. The water level changed only 25 cm and did not damage anything.

Warning from agencies in other areas
An early tsunami warning came from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). They reported that the earthquake caused a 1-meter tsunami. It was moving towards the east coast of the Philippines. The Hong Kong Observatory also reported a tsunami that would probably not affect Hong Kong.

Related pages
 List of earthquakes
 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

References

Other websites

 US Geological Survey (USGS) earthquake report
 Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau earthquake report
 Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan The CWB maintains an up-to-date record of earthquakes and their aftershocks.
 Reuters article
 BBC NEWS article
 CNN article
  International Herald Tribune article
 Singapore's Channel NewsAsia report on 28 December 2006

Category:2006 in Asia
Category:2000s in Taiwan
Category:Earthquakes in Asia
Category:Earthquakes in the 2000s
Category:December events

2006 Hengchun earthquakes


The term minority rights refers to the rights of minority groups. This includes the individual rights of a group's members and the collective rights of the group itself. These groups can be racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or sexual minorities.

For the rights of ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, Article 27 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights protects their identities. For people with disabilities, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities  exists to protect them, and for LGBT people, the Yogyakarta Principles were written down by the United Nations.

Also, the Council of Europe, European Union and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe also affirm protection of minority rights as part of human rights and the rule of law.

Other Page
International human rights law

Category:Politics
Category:Rights

Minority rights


These are some important events that happened in the years from 1400 to 1410.

__NOTOC__

1400
 Henry IV stops the Epiphany Rising.  He kills the people who try to have Richard II of England restored as King.
 The princes of the German states remove Wenceslaus as Holy Roman Emperor.
 Rupert is elected as Holy Roman Emperor.
 Owain Glyndŵr is called Prince of Wales by his followers.  He begins attacking Englishplaces in north-east Wales.
 Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the first (and last) Byzantine Emperor to visit England.
 The Medici family becomes powerful in Florence.

Births
 Luca della Robbia, Florentine sculptor
 Owen Tudor, Welsh courtier (d. 1461)

Deaths
 January 5 – John Montacute, 3rd Earl of Salisbury, English politician (executed)
 January 5 – Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey, English politician (executed)
 January 13 – Thomas le Despenser, 1st Earl of Gloucester, English politician (executed)
 January 16 – John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, English politician (executed)
 February 14 – King Richard II of England (probably murdered)
 April 28 – Baldus de Ubaldis, Italian jurist
 June 5 – Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, rival Holy Roman Emperor
 October 25 – Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet
 December 24 – Archibald the Grim, Scottish magnate
 Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematician

1401
 Timur raids the city of Baghdad in the Jalayirid Empire.
A civil war starts in the Majapahit Empire in present-day Indonesia.

Births
 May 12 – Emperor Shoko of Japan
 October 27 – Catherine of Valois, queen of Henry VI of England
 December 21 – Tommaso Masaccio, Italian painter

Deaths
October 20 – Klaus Störtebeker, German pirate
Anabella Drummond, queen of Scotland

1402
 King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania union marries Anna of Celje.  She is a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.
 May 21 – Following the death of Queen Maria of Sicily, her husband Martin I of Sicily marries Blanche of Navarre.
 The University of Würzburg, Germany, is founded.
 The Great Comet of 1402 is sighted.

Births
 September 29 – Fernando, the Saint Prince of Portugal
 Leonor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal

Deaths
 March 26 – David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland
 May 3 – João Anes, Archbishop of Lisbon
 July 13 – Jianwen Emperor of China

1403
 February 7 – King Henry IV of England marries Joanna of Navarre.
 Henry 'Hotspur' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glyndŵr.
 July 21 – Battle of Shrewsbury:  King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by "Hotspur" Percy.  Percy is killed in the battle by an arrow in his face.
 In China, the Ming Emperor Yongle moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.
 The world's first quarantine station is built in Venice.  It is to protect against the Black Death.
 Stefan Lazarević makes Belgrade the capital of the Serbian Despotate.

Births
 January 17 – George Kastrioti of Albania
 February 22 – King Charles VII of France
 June 11 – John IV, Duke of Brabant
Robert Wingfield, English politician
Louis III of Naples

Deaths
 May 10 – Katherine Swynford, widow of John of Gaunt
 May 12 – William de Lode, English prior
 July 23 – Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (executed)
 Beyazid, Ottoman Sultan
 Hajji Zayn al-Attar, Persian physician
 Đurađ II Stracimirović, Serbian nobleman

1404
 June 14 – Rebel leader Owain Glyndŵr allies with the French against the English.
 October 17 – Pope Innocent VII succeeds Pope Boniface IX as the 204th pope.
 November 19 – St. Elizabeth's flood ruins parts of Flanders, Zeeland and Holland.
 Jean de Béthencourt becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands.
 Stephan Tvrtko II succeeds Stefan Ostoja as King of Bosnia.
 The University of Turin is founded.

Births
 February 9 – Constantine XI, last Byzantine Emperor
 February 18 – Leon Battista Alberti, Italian painter, poet, and philosopher
 March 25 – (baptism) – John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, English military leader
 June – Murad II, Ottoman Sultan
 July 25 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant
 September 10 – Gilles de Rais, French aristocrat
 October 14 – Marie of Anjou, queen of Charles VII of France
 Yamana Sōzen, Japanese warlord and monk

Deaths
 April 27 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy
 September 14 – Duke Albert IV of Austria
 September 23 – Eleanor of Arborea, ruler of Sardinia
 September 27 – William of Wykeham, English bishop and statesman
 October 1 – Pope Boniface IX
 October 15 – Marie Valois, French princess
 December 13 – Albert, Count of Holland

1405
 June 8 – Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, were executed in York on Henry IV's orders.
 Bath Abbey is built in England.
 First written record of whiskey being drank is recorded in Ireland.  It was distilled by Catholic monks.
 Early feminist Christine de Pizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies.

Births
 March 6 – King John II of Castile
 May 6 – George Kastrioti, Albanian national hero
 October 18 – Pope Pius II

Deaths
 February 14 – Timur, Turco-Mongol monarch and conqueror
 May 29 – Philippe de Mézières, advisor to Charles V of France

1406
 April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland.
 October 26 – Eric of Pomerania marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England.
 November 30 – Pope Gregory XII succeeds Pope Innocent VII as the 205th pope.
 December 25 – John II becomes King of Castile.
 Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing.

Births
 September 26 – Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros, English soldier and politician
 Ulrich II of Celje
 Lorenzo Valla, humanist

Deaths
 January 6 – Roger Walden, English bishop
 March 19 – Ibn Khaldun, Arab historian
 April 4 – King Robert III of Scotland
 May 4 – Coluccio Salutati, Chancellor of Florence
 July 15 – Duke William of Austria
 August 28 – John de Sutton V
 November 1 – Joanna, Duchess of Brabant
 November 6 – Pope Innocent VII
 December 25 – King Henry III of Castile

1407
 April 10 – The fifth Karmapa finally visits the Ming Dynasty capital, then at Nanjing.
 November 23 – The Duke of Orleans is killed; war starts again between the Burgundians and his followers.
 Rudolfo Belenzani leads a revolt against Bishop Georg von Liechtenstein in Trento, Italy.

Births
 March 15 – Jacob, Margrave of Baden-Baden
 August 27 – Ashikaga Yoshikazu, Japanese shogun
 Thomas de Littleton, English judge

Deaths
 March 7 – Francesco I Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua
 April 23 – Olivier de Clisson, French soldier
 November 23 – Louis of Valois, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI of France
 Pero López de Ayala, Spanish soldier
 Tokugawa Chikauji, Japanese nobleman

1408
 December 13 – The Order of the Dragon is founded under King Sigismund of Hungary.
 Henry, Prince of Wales retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glyndŵr.

Births
 April 8 – Jadwiga of Lithuania, Polish princess

Deaths
 May 31 – Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, Japanese shogun
 Pope Matthew of Alexandria
 Elizabeth le Despenser, English noblewoman
 John VII Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor
 Miran Shah, son of Timur

1409
 January 1 – The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English.
 December 2 – The University of Leipzig opens.
 Martin I of Aragon becomes King of Sicily.
 Ulugh Beg becomes governor of Samarkand.
 Venice buys the port of Zadar from Hungary.

Births
 January 16 – René of Anjou
 October 1 – Karl Knutsson, King of Sweden
 Bernardo Rossellino, Florentine sculptor and architect

Deaths
 May 13 – Jan z Tarnowa, Polish nobleman
 May 22 – Blanche of England, sister of King Henry V
 July 25 – King Martin I of Sicily
 Thomas Merke, English bishop

1400s


1972 (MCMLXXII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events
 February 17 – U.S. President Richard Nixon visits China.
 May 15 – Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama is shot by Arthur H. Bremer at a Laurel, Maryland political rally.
 June 13-22 – Hurricane Agnes strikes Florida and moves through the East Coast of the United States. In Pennsylvania and New York, Agnes causes heavy flooding that kills many people. Total damage from the storm is $3 billion.
 June 29 – The United States Supreme Court rules that the death penalty is unconstitutional.
 July 25 – The first newspaper stories about the Tuskegee syphilis experiment are published.  This will lead to the end of the experiment, where poor African-Americans were infected with syphilis and not given treatment.
 September 17 – The television comedy series M*A*S*H premieres in the United States.
 Writer and pen club president Heinrich Böll receives the Nobel Prize for literature.

Births
 January 2 – Adam Elliot, Australian animator
 January 11 – Amanda Peet, American actress
 February 17 – Billie Joe Armstrong, American singer (Green Day)
 February 17 – Yuki Isoya, Japanese singer (Judy and Mary)
 March 6 – Shaquille O'Neal, professional basketball player, actor and rapper
 March 15 – Mark Hoppus, American musician (Blink 182)
 March 17 – Oksana Grishuk, Ukrainian figure skater
 March 23 – Jonas Björkman, Swedish tennis player
 April 17 – Jennifer Garner, American actress
 April 20 – Carmen Electra, American model
 May 2 – Dwayne Johnson, Retired professional wrestler and actor
 May 4 – Mike Dirnt, American musician (Green Day)
 May 6 – Martin Brodeur, Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender
 June 23 – Zinedine Zidane, French footballer
 August 6 – Geri Halliwell, English singer (Spice Girls)
 August 9 – Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez, Colombian singer ad songwriter
 August 15 – Ben Affleck, American actor
 August 25 – Rachael Ray, American talk show host and cook
 August 27 – Denise Lewis, English athlete
 August 27 – Dalip Singh Rana, Indian professional wrestler and actor
 August 30 – Cameron Diaz, American actress
 September 28 – Gwyneth Paltrow, American actress
 October 17 – Eminem, American rapper
 December 9 – Tré Cool, American musician (Green Day)
 December 19 – Alyssa Milano, American actress
 December 28 – Pat Rafter, Australian tennis player

Deaths
 January 16 – Ross Bagdasarian, American pianist and actor (b. 1919)
 April 27 – Kwame Nkrumah, first President of Ghana (b. 1909)
 May 5 – Martiros Saryan, Russian-Armenian painter (b. 1880)
 May 28 – HRH the Duke of Windsor, formerly Edward VIII King of the United Kingdom (b. 1894)
 December 26 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (b. 1884)
 December 27 – Lester Pearson, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1897)

Movies released
 Deliverance
 Super Fly
 The Godfather
 The Posiedon Adventure
 What's Up, Doc

Hit Songs
"People Need Love" – ABBA
"He Is Your Brother" – ABBA
"Starman" – David Bowie
"Take It Easy" – The Eagles
"Jealous Guy" – John Lennon
"All The Young Dudes" – Mott the Hoople
"You're So Vain" – Carly Simon
"Me and Julio Down By The Schoolyard" – Paul Simon
"Mother and Child Reunion" – Paul Simon
"Duncan" – Paul Simon
"America" – Simon and Garfunkel
"You Wear It Well" – Rod Stewart
"Ben"- Michael Jackson
"Parle plus bas (Le Parrain)"- Dalida
"Les choses de l'amour"- Dalida
"Baby Don't Get Hooked on Me" – Mac Davis
"For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her" – Simon and Garfunkel
"American Pie" – Don McLean
"Horse With No Name" – America
"Ventura Highway" – America
"Crocodile Rock" – Elton John
"Rocket Man" – Elton John
"Layla" – Derek & the Dominoes
"Rock & Roll Part 2" – Gary Glitter
"You Don't Mess Around With Jim" – Jim Croce
"The Candyman" – Sammy Davis Jr.
"Lean on Me" – Bill Withers
"Freddie's Dead (Theme From Superfly)" – Curtis Mayfield
"If You Don't Know Me By Now" – Harold Melvin & the Bluenotes
"I Gotcha" – Joe Tex
"Without You" – Harry Nilsson
"Let's Stay Together" – Al Green
"Brand New Key" – Melanie
"Signs" – The Drifters
"My Ding-A-Ling" – Chuck Berry
"Morning Has Broken" – Cat Stevens
"I Can See Clearly Now" – Johnny Nash
"The First Time I Ever Saw Your Face" – Roberta Flack
"I'll Take You There" – The Staple Singers
"Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" – Looking Glass
"Long Cool Woman (In a Black Dress)" – Hollies
Papa Was a Rollin' Stone – The Temptations
"Heart of Gold" – Neil Young
"Alone Again (Naturally)" – Gilbert O'Sullivan
"Nights in White Satin" – The Moody Blues
"Back Stabbers" – The O'Jays
"I'm Stone in Love With You" – The Stylistics
"I Am Woman" – Helen Reddy
"I Gotcha" – Joe Tex
"Song Sung Blue" – Neil Diamond
"The Candy Man" – Sammy Davis Jr.
"The Lion Sleeps Tonight" – Robert John
"Rock and Roll" – Led Zeppelin
"Metal Guru" – T.Rex
"Two Divided By Love" – The Grass Roots
"Burning Love" – Elvis Presley
"Joy" – Apollo 100

New Books
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas – Hunter S. Thompson

1972


A railway track or railway line is a set of two parallel rows of long pieces of steel. They are used by trains to transport people and things from one place to another. (In America, people say railroad as well as railway.  It means the same thing.) Often, there is more than one set of tracks on the railway line.  For example, trains go east on one track and west on the other one.

The rails are supported by cross pieces set at regular intervals (called sleepers or ties), which spread the high pressure load imposed by the train wheels into the ground. They also maintain the rails at a fixed distance apart (called the gauge). Ties are usually made from either wood or concrete. These often rest on ballast, which is a name for very small pieces of broken up rock that are packed together and keep the railway tracks in place. Tracks are often made better by ballast tampers.

The upper surfaces of the rails are inclined slightly towards each other, typically on a slope of 1 in 20, and the rims of the train wheels are angled in the same way ("coning").  This helps guide the vehicles of the train along the track. Each wheel also has a flange, which sticks out from one edge all the way around. This makes sure the train does not "derail" (come off the track) and helps guide the train on sharp curves.

Category:Rail transport

Railway track


Nicholas Sand (May 10, 1941 – April 24, 2017) was an American chemist. He was a cult figure known in the psychedelic community for his work as a clandestine chemist from 1966 through 1996 for the Brotherhood of Eternal Love. He was born in New York City.

Sand was part of the League for Spiritual Discovery at the Millbrook estate in New York, has been credited as the "first underground chemist on record to have synthesized DMT" and was known for creating and selling large amounts of LSD.

Sand died in his sleep at his home in California of a suspected heart attack on April 24, 2017 at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 Erowid Character Vaults: Nick Sand
 Erowid Character Vaults: Nick Sand Extended Biography
 Audio (MP3): Nick Sand at Mind States II in 2001
 Audio (MP3): Nick Sand giving his 2006 Palenque Norte lecture at Burning Man

Category:1941 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Category:American chemists
Category:Scientists from New York City

Nicholas Sand


The Sun is the star in the center of our solar system. It is a yellow dwarf star. It gives off energy as light. That includes light, infra-red energy (heat), ultraviolet light and radio waves. It also gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as "solar wind". The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy.

The Sun is a star like many others in our Milky Way galaxy. It has existed for a little over 4.5 billion years. It is going to continue for at least as long. The Sun is about a hundred times as wide as the Earth. It has a mass of . This is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. The Earth can fit inside the Sun 1.3 million times.

Physics of the Sun

Origin
Scientists think that the Sun started from a very large cloud of dust and small bits of ice about  4.567 billion years ago.

At the center of that huge cloud, gravity caused the material to build up into a ball. Once this got big enough, the huge pressure inside started a fusion reaction. The energy this released caused that ball to heat and shine.

The energy radiated from the Sun pushed away the rest of the cloud from itself, and the planets formed from the rest of this cloud.

How it works
 At its very center, hydrogen atoms collide together at great temperature and pressure so that they fuse to form atoms of helium. This process is called nuclear fusion.
The sun can also be used as a source of solar energy.

Orbit
The sun and everything that orbits it is located in the Milky Way. As the sun orbits it takes everything in the solar system. The sun moves at 820,000 km an hour. At that speed, it still takes 230 million years for a full orbit.

Visible features
Since the Sun is all gas, surface features come and go. If the Sun is viewed through a special solar telescope, dark areas called sunspots can be seen. These areas are caused by the Sun's magnetic field. The sunspots only look dark because the rest of the Sun is very bright.

Some space telescopes, including the ones that orbit the Sun have seen huge arches of the Sun's matter extend suddenly from the Sun. These are called solar prominences. Solar prominences come in many different shapes and sizes. Some of them are so large that the Earth could fit inside of them, and a few are shaped like hands. Solar flares also come and go.

Sunspots, prominences and flares become rare, and then numerous, and then rare again, every 11 years.

Photosphere
This is the surface of the Sun. The light that the Earth receives from the Sun is radiated from this layer. Below this layer, the Sun is opaque, or not transparent to light.

Atmosphere
Five layers make up the atmosphere of the Sun. The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the outer photosphere surface of the Sun. It is believed that Alfvén waves may pass through to heat the corona.

The minimum temperature zone, the coolest layer of the Sun, is about  above the photosphere. It has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water to form. These molecules can be seen on the Sun with special instruments called spectroscopes.

The chromosphere is the first layer of the Sun which can be seen, especially during a solar eclipse when the moon is covering most of the Sun and blocking the brightest light.

The solar transition region is the part of the Sun's atmosphere, between the chromosphere and outer part called the corona.  It can be seen from space using telescopes that can sense ultraviolet light. The transition is between two very different layers. In the bottom part it touches the photosphere and gravity shapes the features. At the top, the transition layer touches the corona.

The corona is the outer atmosphere of the Sun and is much bigger than the rest of the Sun. The corona continuously expands into space forming the solar wind, which fills all the Solar System. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about . In the hottest regions it is . We do not understand why the corona is so hot. It can be seen during a solar eclipse or with an instrument called a coronagraph.

The heliosphere is the thin outer atmosphere of the Sun, filled with the solar wind plasma. It extends out past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause, where it forms a boundary where it collides with the interstellar medium.

Eclipses
A solar eclipse appears when the moon is between the Earth and Sun. The last partial eclipse seen in Britain was on the 21st of August, 2017.

A lunar eclipse happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon.The number of lunar eclipses in a single year can range from 0 to 3. Partial eclipses slightly outnumber total eclipses by 7 to 6.

Fate of the Sun
Astrophysicists say our Sun is a G-type main-sequence star  in the middle of its life. In a billion years or so, increased solar energy will boil away the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. In a few more billion years, they think the Sun will get bigger and become a red giant star. The Sun would be up to 250 times its current size, as big as  and will swallow up the Earth.

Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery. In the long term, the Earth's future depends on the Sun, and the Sun is going to be fairly stable for the next 5 billion years.  Calculations suggest that the Earth might move to a wider orbit. This is because about 30% of the Sun's mass will blow away in the solar wind. However, in the very long term the Earth will probably be destroyed as the Sun increases in size. Stars like the Sun become red giants at a later stage. The Sun will expand beyond orbits of Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. In any event, the ocean and air would have vanished before the Sun gets to that stage.

After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will lose its layers and form a planetary nebula. Eventually, the Sun will shrink into a white dwarf. Then, over several hundred billion or even a trillion years, the Sun would fade into a black dwarf.

More reading

References

Category:Basic English 850 words
Category:Stars
Category:Solar System

Sun


Elytra  are the modified, hardened front wings of beetles and some bugs (Heteroptera). In most true bugs, the forewings are called hemelytra, as only the basal half is thickened while the apex is membranous.

Description
The elytra act as protective wing-cases for the hind wings underneath, which are used for flying. To fly, a beetle opens the elytra and then extends the hindwings, flying while still holding the elytra open, though some beetles in the families Scarabaeidae and Buprestidae can fly with the elytra closed.

In some groups, the elytra are fused together, and the insect is flightless. Some of the ground beetles (family Carabidae) are a good example of this.

References

Category:Insects

Elytra


The Izu islands are a group of small Japanese islands south of Tokyo. Nine of them have people living there. The largest is Oshima.

Other websites
Map and travel info

Category:Islands of Japan
Category:Tokyo Prefecture

Izu Islands


The King and I is a two-act musical. It is based on the novel, Anna and the King of Siam by Margaret Landon.  Oscar Hammerstein II wrote the musical's book and lyrics. Richard Rodgers wrote the music. The musical received the 1952 Tony Award for Best Musical.

The King and I opened on Broadway at the St. James Theatre on 29 March 1951, and closed on 20 March 1954 after 1246 performances. The original production starred Gertrude Lawrence and Yul Brynner. It was directed by John Van Druten, and choreographed by Jerome Robbins. Scenery and lighting were designed by Jo Mielziner.

The King and I opened on the West End at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 8 October 1953, and closed after 926 performances. In 1956, the musical was released as a Twentieth Century Fox movie starring Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr.

References
 Broadway Musical Home: the King and I
 Guide to Musical Theatre: The King and I
 Imagi-nation: The King and I
 IBdb: The King and I
 BEV: The King and I

Category:1950s musicals
Category:Broadway musicals
Category:West End musicals
Category:Musicals based on books
Category:Musicals by Rodgers and Hammerstein
Category:Musicals adapted to movies

The King and I


1st Division or First Division can mean:

1st Division (military), a military or naval division
First Division (sport), a division of a sporting league, typically the highest
Belgian First Division
Football League Championship, formerly called Football League First Division
Russian First Division
Scottish Football League First Division, a professional football competition in Scotland
USL First Division

en:1st Division
ru:1-я дивизия

First Division


Lake Sevan is a lake in Armenia. The entire lake is inside the eastern Armenian province of Gegharkunik. It is fed by 28 rivers and streams.

History
Sevan was one of the three great lakes of the historical Safavid Empire, collectively referred to as the Seas of Armenia, and it is the only one within the boundaries of today's Republic of Armenia. Sevanavank is the historic area near the lake. "Sevan" translation to Azerbaijan language "Goycha".

Category:Geography of Armenia
Category:Lakes of Asia

Lake Sevan


Michael Omari (born 26 July 1993), better known by his stage name Stormzy, is a British rapper from London. He has collaborated with Ed Sheeran on the singles "Take Me Back to London" and "Own It" (alongside Burna Boy). In 2017, he released his debut album Gangs, Signs, & Prayers, which included the single "Blinded By Your Grace" featuring MNEK. In December 2019, he released his second album Heavy Is The Head, which included the singles "Vossi Bop" and "Own It" (feat. Ed Sheeran and Burna Boy). He has worked with other artists like Charlie Sloth. He performed music like grime and British hip hop.

Category:British rap musicians
Category:British R&B musicians
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from London
Category:1993 births

Stormzy


Fritz Wintersteller (21 October 1927 – 15 September 2018) was an Austrian mountaineer. He made the first ascent of Broad Peak together with Hermann Buhl, Kurt Diemberger, and Marcus Schmuck in 1957. He was born in Innsbruck, Austria.

Wintersteller died on 15 September 2018 at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
Team member of Austrian OEAV Karakoram expedition 1957
Skil Brum on Summitpost.org

Category:1927 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Mountain climbers
Category:Austrian sportspeople

Fritz Wintersteller


The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) is an image of a small part of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. It is in the direction of the constellation Fornax. The image shows the deepest optical view into space.

The XDF image was released on September 25, 2012.  The image combined 10 years of images. It shows galaxies that are over 13.2 billion years old. The exposure time was two million seconds, or about 23 days. The least bright galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. Many of the smaller galaxies are very young galaxies. Some of there became the major galaxies, like the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood.

The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field adds another 5,500 galaxies to Hubble's 2003 and 2004 view into a very small part of the farthest universe.

eXtreme Deep Field

Related pages
 Big Bang
 Universe
 Hubble Deep Field
 Hubble Deep Field South
 Hubble Ultra Deep Field
 Hubble Space Telescope

References

Category:Astronomy

Hubble Extreme Deep Field


Custer County is a county found in the U.S. state of Montana. As of the 2010 census, there were 11,699 people. Its county seat is Miles City. The county was formed in 1877 and named in honor of George Armstrong Custer.

References

Category:Montana counties
Category:19th-century establishments in Montana
Category:1877 establishments in the United States

Custer County, Montana


James Buchanan Jr. (April 23,  1791 - June 1, 1868) was the 15th President of the United States. He was the only President not to have married. His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady.  He was an experienced politician and he became president in 1857.

Early life

James Buchanan was Born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, into a prosperous merchant family. He had four sisters and three brothers, and studied at the Old Stone Academy before entering Dickinson College in 1807. There he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1812. He was engaged to Anne C. Coleman but she died before they were married, and he never had children. He served in both the House and Senate, representing Pennsylvania, as well as the Minister to Russia, under Andrew Jackson, before stepping taking the presidential career.

Presidency

During the beginning of his presidency, he called slavery an issue of little importance.  This was clearly not the case at the time; Northerners and Southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war. Buchanan is the only United States President who was never married.

The Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not American citizens and that the states were allowed to keep slavery legal.  James Buchanan supported that decision because he did not want the pro-slavery states to stop being part of the United States.

Buchanan supported the rights of slave owners to keep their slaves and wanted Kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery.  Because of that, the Democratic Party was divided on that issue and after the 1858 Congressional election, there were more Republicans in Congress than Democrats.  He did not get along with the Republicans.

He ordered troops to fight against Utah based on untrue information that Utah was planning a revolt.  Buchanan later realized that he made a mistake and apologized.

During his term, the country was becoming more and more divided over the slavery issue.  A few months before his term ended, some of the southern states decided that they were going to not be a part of the United States any more.

Buchanan believed that it was a bad thing, but he did nothing about it because he felt that using force against the south was against the Constitution.  He did not even prepare the country for war.

At the end of his term, he left the next president, Abraham Lincoln, to face the greatest crisis in United States history, the Civil War.

References

Other websites
 Buchanan's White House biography

Category:1791 births
Category:1868 deaths
Category:Deaths from respiratory failure

Category:United States senators from Pennsylvania
Category:United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Category:United States Secretaries of State
Category:US Democratic Party politicians
Category:American diplomats
Category:19th-century American politicians

James Buchanan


In music, a riff is an ostinato; a repeated chord progression, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments. The riff is the base of the musical composition. They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.

Some of famous riffs in rock music can be found in the following songs:

Deep Purple – "Smoke On The Water"
AC/DC – "Highway To Hell"
Nirvana – "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
Metallica – "Enter Sandman"
Michael Jackson – "Beat It"
Chuck Berry – "Johnny B. Goode"
The White Stripes – "Seven Nation Army"
Black Sabbath – "Iron Man"
Jimi Hendrix – "Purple Haze"
The Rolling Stones – "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
Guns n Roses – "Sweet Child O'Mine"
 Queen – Bohemian Rhapsody

Category:Musical terminology

en:Ostinato#Riff

Riff


Cheseaux-Noréaz is a municipality in Jura-Nord vaudois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

References

Category:Municipalities of Vaud

Cheseaux-Noréaz


Argeș () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Wallachia. The capital of Argeș County is Piteşti.

Geography
This county has a total area of 6,862 km².

The main river that croses the county is the Argeș River. In the south, the main rivers are the Vedea River and the Teleorman River.

Main sights
The main sights of Argeș County include:
 The city of Piteşti
 The city of Curtea de Argeş, where one of the most beautiful monasteries in Romania is located
 The Câmpulung - Rucăr area
 The Făgăraş Mountains - the Transfăgărăşan
 The Leaota Mountains
 The Poienari Castle
 The Cotmeana monastery.

Divisions
Argeș County has 3 municipalities, 4 towns and 95 communes.

Municipalities
 Piteşti
 Câmpulung
 Curtea de Argeş

Towns
 Mioveni
 Costeşti
 Topoloveni
 Ştefăneşti

Communes

References

Category:Counties of Romania

Argeș County


Kate Wilhelm (June 8, 1928 –  March 8, 2018) was an American author. She wrote works in science fiction, fantasy and mystery, including the Hugo Award-winning Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang, and established writer workshops with her husband Damon Knight. She won a Hugo Award in 1977 and won multiple Nebula Awards in 1968, 1986 and 1987.

Wilhelm died in Eugene, Oregon on March 8, 2018 at the age of 89.

References

Other websites
 Infinity Box Press, Wilhelm's publishing company

Category:1928 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:American science fiction writers
Category:Writers from Ohio
Category:Writers from Oregon
Category:People from Toledo, Ohio
Category:People from Eugene, Oregon

Kate Wilhelm


Narrative poetry is a type of poetry that tells a story. Narrative poems can be short or long. Some are novels or short stories written in verse form. Many older narrative poems were designed to be passed on through generations as a way of recording history.

Category:Poetry
Category:Oral tradition

yi:דיכטונג#פאעמע

Narrative poetry


Yokohama Flügels is a former football club which has played in Japan.

Name
1964-1992 All Nippon Airways S.C.
1992-1998 Yokohama Flügels

League title
Japan Soccer League Division 2 : 1
1987/88

League position

References

Category:Japanese football clubs

Yokohama Flügels


Dedrick D. Gobert (born Dedrick Dwayne Fontenot; November 25, 1971 – November 19, 1994) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in the John Singleton movies Boyz n the Hood (1991), Poetic Justice (1993), and Higher Learning (1995). He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana.

Gobert was murdered on November 19, 1994 in Mira Loma, California. He was 22.

Other websites

Category:1971 births
Category:1994 deaths
Category:Actors from Louisiana
Category:American movie actors
Category:Murdered African-American people
Category:Murders by firearm in California
Category:People from Shreveport, Louisiana
Category:People murdered in California

Dedrick D. Gobert


The Hilton Hotels brand was re-united internationally after more than 40 years in February 2006, when United States-based Hilton Hotels Corporation purchased the lodging arm of United Kingdom-based Hilton Group PLC, which had acquired Hilton's international operations in 1987 (the companies had been severed originally in 1966).

Hilton Hotels became America's first coast-to-coast hotel chain in 1943. The company places marketing emphasis on business travel, but owns and operates a number of resorts and leisure-oriented hotels as well.

As of April 2007, the chain has 229 Hilton branded hotels across the world and has partnerships with many airlines and car rental companies.

Gallery of Hilton Hotels buildings around the world

Category:Companies of the United States
Category:Hotel chains

Hilton Hotels


This article concerns the electric multiple unit used by South West Trains. For the diesel multiple unit used by Northern Ireland Railways see NIR Class 450

The British Rail Class 450 third rail DC EMU (or 4Des) began service during 2003. They are a part of the Siemens Desiro modular train family and are more popularly known as the 'Blue Desiro'. In standing with requirements of all new rolling stock for the South East region, provision has been made for future conversion to 25 kV AC overhead supply or dual voltage, although at present no trains have been fitted with a pantograph. Used for outer suburban services, the Class 450 is fitted with Standard and First accommodation. The unit has a maximum speed of .

450

British Rail Class 450


Dennis M. Daugaard (pronounced DEW-guard; born June 11, 1953) is an American politician. He was the 32nd Governor of South Dakota from January 2011 to January 2019.

References

Other websites

Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:American Lutherans
Category:Governors of South Dakota
Category:US Republican Party politicians

Dennis Daugaard


Tetris DS is a 2006 puzzle game that was developed and published by Nintendo and was distributed by Nintendo. It was released on March 20, 2006 in North America, April 13, 2006 in Australasia, April 21, 2006 in Europe, April 27, 2006 in Japan and July 7, 2007 in South Korea. The game has Nintendo themed levels: Balloon Fight, Super Mario Bros., Metroid, The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi's Cookie and the game received mostly positive reviews, selling over 2.05 million copies worldwide.

Ratings
Tetris DS has been rated very well by many top ranking sites:

IGN - 9/10
GamePro - 5/5
Nintendo Power - 9.5/10
1UP.com - 9/10
Gamespot - 7.5/10
Game Informer - 9.25/10
GameSpy - 9/10
Nintendo World Report - 9/10
Official Nintendo Magazine - 82%
Metacritic - 84%
Game Rankings - 87%

Other websites
 Tetris DS' Official website

Category:2006 video games
Category:Nintendo DS games

Tetris DS


Marco Dezzi Bardeschi (September 30, 1934 - November 4, 2018) was an Italian architect. He was born in Florence, Italy.

Biography
Bardeschi was a professor of Architectural Restoration at the Polytechnic University of Milan. He wrote many books. He was the founding editor of ANANKE, an architectural magazine.

Bardeschi died in Milan on November 4, 2018 from throat cancer at the age of 84.

References

Category:1934 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from throat cancer
Category:Educators
Category:Italian business people
Category:Italian architects
Category:People from Florence
Category:People from Milan

Marco Dezzi Bardeschi


Georgetown is a city in eastern South Carolina on the Atlantic Ocean. The city is midway between Charleston and Myrtle Beach.

Category:Cities in South Carolina
Category:County seats in South Carolina

Georgetown, South Carolina


Brünisried is a municipality of the district Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Municipalities of Fribourg

Brünisried


Take That are an English boy band from Manchester. They formed in 1989, and between then and 1996, when they broke up, they sold 19 million records.

They reformed in 2006 and went on tour, without Robbie Williams. Williams rejoined the band in 2009, doing the Progress sessions. However, Williams left the band for a second time in 2014 during the band's time off.

Jason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band. Take That released their seventh album called III in 2014.

Members
Current
 Gary Barlow (1989–96, 2005–)
 Howard Donald (1989–96, 2005–)
 Mark Owen (1989–96, 2005–)

Former

 Robbie Williams (1989–95, 2010–2014)
 Jason Orange (1989–96, 2005–2014)

Albums
 Take That & Party (1992)
 Everything Changes (1993)
 Nobody Else (1995)
 Beautiful World (2006)
 The Circus (2008)
 Progress (2010)
 III (2014)

Career
Gary Barlow, Howard Donald, Mark Owen, Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That. Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996. Take That returned to the music business in 2005, released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006. 2010 saw the return of Williams and in 2011 Take That took a hiatus and Barlow become a judge on the British TV talent show The X Factor UK in that year. Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show Got To Dance in 2013. Williams left the band in 2012. Barlow ended his time on The X Factor UK to focus on the group in 2013. In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014. In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band. The group then became a 3-piece boy band without Orange or Williams. Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014. Their first single of III called "These Days" was released in November 2014. The second single of III called "Get Ready For It" was released in January 2015 and was also featured in the 2015 film Kingsman: The Secret Service. The third single of III called "Let in the Sun" will be released in March 2015.

Other websites
 TakeThatTV.com Official website (Polydor)
 TakeThat.com (SonyBMG)
 TakeThat4ever.dk Danish fan website

Category:1990 establishments in England
Category:1990s British music groups
Category:2000s British music groups
Category:2010s British music groups
Category:Brit Award winners
Category:British boy bands
Category:English pop music groups
Category:Musical groups established in 1990

Take That


Michael Michele (born August 30, 1966 near Evansville, Indiana) is an American television and movie actress. She played Selina in the 1991 movie New Jack City. She acted in the medical drama ER and in Gossip Girl.

category:Actors from Indiana
category:Living people
category:1966 births
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:People from Evansville, Indiana

Michael Michele


Neil Christopher Sanderson (born December 17, 1978) is a Canadian musician. He is the current drummer of the Canadian rock band Three Days Grace and the original drummer of the Canadian Christian rock band Thousand Foot Krutch from 1996 to 1997.

References

Category:1978 births
Category:Canadian drummers
Category:Canadian rock musicians
Category:Rock drummers
Category:Heavy metal musicians
Category:Musicians from Ontario
Category:Canadian Christians
Category:Living people

Neil Sanderson


Woodburn is a city in Indiana in the United States.

Category:Cities in Indiana

Woodburn, Indiana


The Vedic period (Vedic age) c. 1500 – c. 600 BC is a period in the history of the Indian subcontinent between the end of the Indus Valley Civilization, and about  BC.

It gets its name from the Vedas, which are religious texts. They do contain some details of life during this period. They are the main sources for understanding this period.

The Vedas were composed and orally transmitted by speakers of an Old Indo-Aryan language. They had  migrated into the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent early in this period. The associated Vedic culture was tribal and pastoral until  c. 1200 or 1100 BC, and centred in the Punjab.

The society then spread eastward to the Ganges Plain, becoming more agricultural and settled. The Vedic period saw the emergence of social classes, and developed into kingdoms known as the Janapada. Archaeological cultures show phases of Vedic culture such as the Ochre Coloured Pottery culture, the Gandhara Grave culture, the Black and red ware culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture.

References

Category:History of India

Vedic period


Michel de Nostredame (14 or 21 December 1503 – 2 July 1566), also known as Nostradamus, was a French apothecary and allegedly a doctor. He was born in Provence. He is famous as a 'seer' who wrote collections of prophecies that have since become famous around the world. His best known book was called Les Propheties (The Prophecies) and first appeared in 1555. Since its first publication the book has rarely been out of print. Over the years, many people have come to believe that Nostradamus predicted a range of events in history. People often reached this conclusion by applying methods similar to the Bible code - i.e. by twisting the texts in such a way as to suggest that they predicted the future. He died of edema in Provence.

Most academics say that these associations between Nostradamus' quatrains and world events are the result of misinterpretations, or bad translations, that are so far-fetched that they are useless as a source of genuine prediction. What is more, no interpretation has yet managed to predict any event before it happened.

Fake Nostradamus prophecies
Some people have written prophecies that were wrongly assumed to be by Nostradamus. For example, in 1997 a college student in Canada wrote an essay that included a fake English quatrain (a four-line verse) written in the same style that Nostradamus used in French. The quatrain ended up on the Internet, where it was soon assumed that it was a verse by Nostradamus himself predicting the events of 9/11. So many people e-mailed it to their friends, thinking that it was by Nostradamus, that the associated websites and discussion forums were soon overwhelmed.

References

Sources
Lemesurier, Peter, The Nostradamus Encyclopedia, 1997; The Unknown Nostradamus, 2003; Nostradamus: The Illustrated Prophecies, 2003

Other websites

Category:1503 births
Category:1566 deaths
Category:Astrologers
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in France
Category:Deaths from cerebral edema
Category:French esotericists
Category:French physicians
Category:Writers from Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur
Category:Pharmacists

Nostradamus


Michelin is a French tyre company. It is based in Clermont-Ferrand, France. It is the second largest tyre manufacturer in the world. In addition to the Michelin brand, it also owns the BFGoodrich, Kleber, Tigar, Riken, Kormoran and Uniroyal (in North America) tyre brands. The mascot is Bibendum, colloquially known as the Michelin Man.

In 2012, the Group produced 166 million tyres at 69 facilities located in 18 countries.

The company was founded in 1889.

References

Other websites

 Official website

Category:1880s establishments in France
Category:1889 establishments in Europe
Category:Tire manufacturers
Category:Companies of France

Michelin


The Plastic Ono Band was a rock and roll band formed by Yoko Ono with husband (and former Beatle) John Lennon. They were active from 1969 until 1974.

Lennon and Ono recorded their first single together, titled "Give Peace A Chance", in a Montreal hotel with a roomful of guests, including Tommy Smothers, Allen Ginsberg, Norman Mailer, Timothy Leary, and the local Hare Krishna chapter. The pair were in an auto accident before the single was to debut (be played in public for the first time), and they had to stay in the hospital. Not wanting to cancel the debut, they sent the first version of their "new band" – a set of plastic cases that held the sound equipment – which played in their place. It was a strange kind of debut for a new band, but the song (a protest against the Vietnam War) became a minor hit that year, in England and in the United States.

The second version of the Plastic Ono Band included Ono and Lennon in person, along with musicians Eric Clapton, Klaus Voormann and Alan White. They performed together at a rock concert in Toronto in September 1969, and it was the first time Lennon had played in public with a band other than the Beatles. The show went well, and helped Lennon decide to leave the Beatles, which he had thought about doing for some time. A second single, "Cold Turkey", was recorded with this lineup.

After the Beatles ended, Lennon decided he did not want to have another permanent band, and he and Ono used the Plastic Ono Band name to refer to any musicians who appeared on the records they made together. Even listeners were called a part of the band, especially when the band gave a concert. An advertisement for one of their records included a page from a telephone book, and the words "YOU are the Plastic Ono Band".

Ono and Lennon separated for a time during 1973 and 1974. Lennon still used forms of the band name on the two albums he released during their separation, while Ono's records of the time appeared under her name alone. When they got back together in 1975, Ono became pregnant, and both decided to retire from music to be parents. Their son Sean Lennon was born on October 9, 1975, which was Lennon's 35th birthday.

In 1980, Lennon and Ono decided to restart their music careers, but this time their records appeared under their own names, and the Plastic Ono Band name was retired.

Category:English rock bands

Plastic Ono Band


Naegleria fowleri is a free-living form of protist typically found in warm fresh water, from 25–35 degrees Celsius. It belongs to a group called the Percolozoa or Heterolobosea.

N. fowleri can invade and attack the human nervous system; although this occurs rarely, such an infection will nearly always result in the death of the victim.

category:Parasites
Category:Protista

Naegleria fowleri


Nauru, ( ) officially the Republic of Nauru, is a sovereign island nation located in the Micronesian South Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in the Republic of Kiribati,  due east. Nauru is the world's smallest island nation, covering just , the smallest independent republic, and the only republican state in the world without an official capital. With 10,670 residents, it is the third least-populated country after Vatican City and Tuvalu.

It sells phosphate (a chemical) to Australia. English and Nauruan are the official languages of Nauru. The current president of Nauru is Lionel Aingimea. There are 14 districts in Nauru: Aiwo, Anabar, Anetan, Anibare, Baiti, Boe, Buada, Denigomodu, Ewa, Ijuw, Meneng, Nibok, Uaboe and Yaren.

Geography

Nauru is a  oval-shaped island in the southwestern Pacific Ocean,  south of the Equator. The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles. The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a seaport, although channels in the reef allow small boats access to the island. A fertile coastal strip  wide lies inland from the beach.

Coral cliffs surround Nauru's central plateau. The highest point of the plateau, called the Command Ridge, is  above sea level. The only fertile areas on Nauru are on the narrow coastal belt, where coconut palms flourish. The land surrounding Buada Lagoon supports bananas, pineapples, vegetables, pandanus trees, and indigenous hardwoods such as the tomano tree.

Nauru was one of three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean (the others were Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati and Makatea in French Polynesia). The phosphate reserves on Nauru are now almost entirely depleted. Phosphate mining in the central plateau has left a barren terrain of jagged limestone pinnacles up to  high. Mining has stripped and devastated about 80 per cent of Nauru's land area, and has also affected the surrounding Exclusive Economic Zone; 40 per cent of marine life is estimated to have been killed by silt and phosphate runoff.

There are only about 60 recorded vascular plant species native to the island, none of which are endemic. Coconut farming, mining, and introduced species have caused serious disturbance to the native vegetation. There are no native land mammals, but there are native insects, land crabs, and birds, including the endemic Nauru Reed Warbler. The Polynesian rat, cats, dogs, pigs, and chickens have been introduced to Nauru from ships.

There are limited natural fresh water resources on Nauru. Rooftop storage tanks collect rainwater, but the islanders are mostly dependent on three desalination plants housed at Nauru's Utilities Agency. Nauru's climate is hot and very humid year-round because of its proximity to the equator and the ocean. Nauru is hit by monsoon rains between November and February, but does not typically experience cyclones. Annual rainfall is highly variable and is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, with several significant recorded droughts. The temperature on Nauru ranges between  and  during the day and between  and  at night.

As an island, Nauru is vulnerable to climate and sea level change. Nauru is the seventh most global warming threatened nation due to flooding. At least 80 per cent of the land of Nauru is well elevated, but this area will be uninhabitable until the phosphate mining rehabilitation programme is implemented.

References

Other websites

 Nauru, Permanent Mission to the United Nations
 Asian Development Bank Country Economic Report, Nauru, November 2007
 Our Airline - the former Air Nauru
 Discover Nauru The Official Nauru Tourism Website
 CenPac - The ISP of the Republic of Nauru
 Radio program "This American Life" featured a 30-minute story on Nauru

 High resolution aerial views of Nauru on Google Maps
 Nauru country information on globalEDGE

Category:Commonwealth member states

Nauru


Gregorio Martínez Sacristán' (19 December 1946 – 20 September 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. Martínez Sacristán was ordained to the priesthood in 1971. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zamora in Spain from 2006 until his death in 2019.

Martínez Sacristán died on 20 September 2019 in Madrid at the age of 72.

References

Category:1946 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Bishops
Category:Spanish Roman Catholics
Category:People from Madrid

Gregorio Martínez Sacristán


Saturday Night's Main Event was a professional wrestling television show that was aired as a special 36 times by World Wrestling Entertainment. Saturday Night's Main Event was a tremendous ratings success for NBC during its heyday, most notably on the March 14, 1987 show, which drew an 11.6 rating, which to this day remains the highest rating any show has ever done in that time slot. That show was headlined by a battle royal featuring Hulk Hogan and André the Giant, who were slated to face each other at WrestleMania III. As Hogan rarely wrestled on the WWF syndicated and cable television shows, Saturday Night's Main Event was the program on free television where most viewers were able to see him in action.

The Main Event
The success of Saturday Night's Main Event led to several Friday night prime time specials, known as The Main Event. The first of these, on February 5, 1988 featured a WrestleMania III rematch between Hogan and André and drew 33 million viewers and a 15.2 rating, which is still the highest-rated television show in professional wrestling history. This event was shown live. The late night shows however were always taped 1–2 weeks prior to airing.

References

Category:World Wrestling Entertainment television programs
Category:1985 American television series debuts
Category:1992 television series endings
Category:1992 disestablishments in the United States

Saturday Night's Main Event


The Black Arrow: A Tale of the Two Roses is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1888.  It has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.

References

Category:1888 books
Category:Books by Robert Louis Stevenson
Category:British novels

The Black Arrow


Julieta Susana "Julie" Gonzalo (; born September 9, 1981) is an Argentine-American actress and producer. She was born in Buenos Aires. She starred as Pamela Rebecca Barnes in the TNT drama series Dallas (2012–14).

Gonzalo is also known for her roles in movies, including Freaky Friday, A Cinderella Story, and Christmas with the Kranks, and on television series Veronica Mars and Eli Stone.

References

Other websites

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Argentine movie actors
Category:Argentine television actors
Category:People from Buenos Aires

Julie Gonzalo


Manoel Island () is a small island which forms part of Gżira in Marsamxett Harbour, Malta. It is named after the Portuguese Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena.

Manoel Island is a flat island shaped roughly like a leaf. The island is connected to mainland Malta by a bridge. The whole island can be viewed from the bastions of the capital Valletta.

References

Category:Islands of Malta

Manoel Island


Vaishali or Vesali (Pali)  was a city in what is currently Vaishali District, Bihar, India. The city was the capital of the Licchavi and the Vajjian Confederacy. At the time of the Buddha, Vesali was a very large and rich city. It was crowded with people and with much food. There were seven thousand seven hundred and seven pleasure grounds and the same number of lotus ponds.

Category:Cities in India
Category:History of India
Category:Settlements in Bihar

Vaishali


"Hark! the Herald Angels Sing" is a song connected with the Christmas season which dates back to around 1739. This song has been altered numerous times during the decades. Many musicians have covered this song during the years, including though not limited to Amy Grant.

Category:Christmas music

Hark the Herald Angels Sing


Igor Dodon (; born 18 February 1975) is a Moldovan politician. He has been the President of Moldova since 23 December 2016. He was the leader of the Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova.

He was Minister of Trade and Economics in the governments of Vasile Tarlev and Zinaida Greceanîi from September 2006 to September 2009 and was a member of the Parliament of Moldova from 2009 to 2016.

Notes

References

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:Presidents of Moldova
Category:Current national leaders

Igor Dodon


Whistling by people can be done without a whistle. Hard to describe, it is done by creating a small opening with one's lips and then blowing or sucking air through the hole. The air is moderated by the lips, curled tongue, teeth or fingers (placed over the mouth).

The use of pursed lips, tongue and sometimes fingers is to create turbulence The curled tongue acts as a resonant chamber, acting as a type of Helmholtz resonator. The art of whistling is a hard task to accomplish but is much easier once mastered.

Whistling is done to make people at a distance hear your signal. Sometimes used to call a cab, it can be used in dense forest or on hill-tops. It is a non-verbal method of communication which says, in effect, "take notice, I'm here". Whistling is widely used by shepherds to control their dogs.

References

Category:Non-verbal communication

Category:Stubs
Category:Sound

Whistling


The Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC, also called "dub-dub") is an event held every year for software developers who create software for MacOS and iOS. The first WWDC took place in 1987. After 13 years of being held in early June in San Francisco, California, WWDC returned to San Jose, California in 2017. Sometimes new products are announced at the conference.

References

Category:Apple Inc.
Category:San Francisco
Category:June events
Category:1987 establishments in California

Apple Worldwide Developers Conference


Bradley John Walsh (born 4 June 1960) is an English actor, comedian, singer, and television presenter.

People know him for his roles as Danny Baldwin in Coronation Street, DS Ronnie Brooks in Law & Order: UK, and Graham O'Brien in Doctor Who. Walsh also hosts the ITV game shows The Chase and Cash Trapped.

Walsh is a former professional footballer for Brentford.

Other websites
 Official website

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:English television actors
Category:English comedians
Category:English television presenters
Category:English footballers
Category:Actors from Hertfordshire

Bradley Walsh


William Sheldrick Conover II (born August 27, 1928) is an American politician. He is a former Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1972 to 1973.

References

Other websites
 The Political Graveyard

Category:1928 births
Category:Living people
Category:United States representatives from Pennsylvania
Category:Politicians from Virginia
Category:People from Richmond, Virginia
Category:Politicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Category:US Republican Party politicians

William Sheldrick Conover


Albert is a rural municipality in Manitoba, Canada.

Category:Settlements in Manitoba

Albert, Manitoba


Prunoy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.

References
INSEE

Category:Communes in Yonne

Prunoy


Dettelbach is a town in Bavaria, Germany where about 4500 people live. It is famous for its wine.

References

Other websites

Category:Kitzingen Rural District

Dettelbach


Thomas Shi-Tao Huang (, June 26, 1936 – April 25, 2020) was a Chinese-born American electrical engineer and computer scientist. He was a researcher and professor emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Huang was one of the important scientist in computer vision, pattern recognition and human computer interaction. Huang was born June 26, 1936, in Shanghai, Republic of China.

References

Category:1936 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:Chinese scientists
Category:American engineers
Category:American computer scientists
Category:Scientists from Illinois

Thomas Huang


This page lists census-designated places (CDPs) in the U.S. state of Wyoming. At the 2010 census, there were 104 census-designated places in Wyoming.

By name (alphabetically)

By county
Twenty-one of Wyoming's twenty-three counties contain census-designated places.

Albany County (Albany, Centennial, Fox Park, Woods Landing-Jelm)
Big Horn County (Hyattville, Shell)
Campbell County (Antelope Valley-Crestview, Sleepy Hollow)
Carbon County (Arlington, Ryan Park)
Converse County (Esterbrook, Orin)
Crook County (Beulah)
Fremont County (Arapahoe, Atlantic City, Boulder Flats, Crowheart, Ethete, Fort Washakie, Jeffrey City, Johnstown)
Goshen County (Hawk Springs, Huntley, Veteran)
Hot Springs County (Lucerne, Owl Creek)
Lincoln County (Alpine Northeast, Alpine Northwest, Auburn, Bedford, Etna, Fairview, Fontenelle, Freedom, Grover, Nordic, Oakley, Osmond, Smoot, Taylor, Turnerville)
Laramie County (Carpenter, Fox Farm-College, Hillsdale, Ranchettes, South Greeley, Warren AFB)
Natrona County (Alcova, Antellope Hills, Brookhurst, Bessemer Bend, Casper Mountain, Hartrandt, Homa Hills, Meadow Acres, Mountain View, Powder River, Red Butte, Vista West)
Niobrara County (Lance Creek)
Park County (Garland, Mammoth, Ralston)
Platte County (Chugcreek, Lakeview North, Slater, Westview Circle, Whiting, Y-O Ranch)
Sheridan County (Arvada, Big Horn, Parkman, Story)
Sublette County (Bondurant, Boulder, Cora, Daniel)
Sweetwater County (Arrowhead Springs, Clearview Acres, Eden, Farson, James Town, Little America, McKinnon, North Rock Springs, Purple Sage, Reliance, Table Rock, Washam)
Teton County (Alta, Hoback, Kelly, Moose Wilson Road, Rafter J Ranch, South Park, Teton Village, Wilson)
Uinta County (Carter, Fort Bridger, Lonetree, Robertson, Urie)
Weston County (Hill View Heights, Osage)

By population

Places with more than 1,000 people
Antelope Valley-Crestview
Arapahoe
Ethete
Fort Washakie
Fox Farm-College
Hoback
Moose Wilson Road
North Rock Springs
Rafter J Ranch
Ranchettes
Sleepy Hollow
South Greeley
South Park
Warren AFB
Wilson

Places with 500 to 1,000 people
Clearview Acres
Hartrandt
James Town
Lucerne
Nordic
Purple Sage
Reliance
Story
Vista West

Places with 100 to 500 people
Alpine Northwest
Alpine Northeast
Alta
Auburn
Bedford
Bessemer Bend
Big Horn
Boulder Flats
Boulder
Brookhurst
Casper Mountain
Centennial
Chugcreek
Cora
Crowheart
Daniel
Eden
Etna
Fairview
Farson
Fort Bridger
Freedom
Garland
Grover
Hill View Heights
Homa Hills
Johnstown
Kelly
Mammoth
Meadow Acres
Osage
Osmond
Parkman
Ralston
Red Butte
Smoot
Teton Village
Turnerville
Urie
Y-O Ranch

Places with fewer than 100 people
Albany
Alcova
Antellope Hills
Arlington
Arrowhead Springs
Arvada
Atlantic City
Beulah
Bondurant
Carpenter
Carter
Esterbrook
Fontenelle
Fox Park
Hawk Springs
Hillsdale
Huntley
Hyattville
Jeffrey City
Lakeview North
Lance Creek
Little America
Lonetree
McKinnon
Mountain View
Oakley
Orin
Owl Creek
Powder River
Robertson
Ryan Park
Shell
Slater
Table Rock
Taylor
Veteran
Washam
Westview Circle
Whiting
Woods Landing-Jelm

Related pages
List of municipalities in Wyoming

References

Other websites
Population Finder: US Census Bureau

Category:Lists of settlements in the United States

List of census-designated places in Wyoming


Spinach is a green, leafy vegetable. It comes from southwestern and central Asia. Its flowers are small and yellow. Spinach is rich in vitamin K, vitamin A, vitamin C, and folate, making it healthy. Spinach, along with other green, leafy vegetables, is rich in iron.

Here are some perceptions about spinach that come from popular culture:
Spinach is traditionally unpopular with children.
The cartoon character Popeye eats spinach in order to become strong.

References

Category:Leaf vegetables
Category:Amaranthaceae

Spinach


Louis Persinger (b. Rochester, Illinois, USA, 11 February 1887; died New York 31 December 1966)  was an American violinist and pianist.

Louis Persinger first performed in public when he was 12 years old.  He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory with Hans Becker,  and later with  Eugène Ysaÿe in Brussels, and for two summers with Jacques Thibaud in France. He became leader of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra and the Royal Opera Orchestra in Brussels.  In 1912 he returned to the USA and played with the Philadelphia Orchestra conducted by Leopold Stokowski.  In 1915 he was appointed leader and assistant conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra. He followed Leopold Auer in 1930 as a teacher at the Juilliard School, in New York.

Besides his work performing with orchestras he played chamber music, forming his own string quartet and directing the Chamber Music Society of San Francisco.

Persinger is particularly remembered now as the teacher of several great violinists, including Yehudi Menuhin, Ruggiero Ricci, Isaac Stern.   His way of teaching was different from that of most other teachers.  He focussed on things that would make his pupils interested and used simple words.

As a piano accompanist he played with Ruggiero Ricci for many recitals and recordings.  He also played for Yehudi Menuhin when the 10 year old boy gave his first recital in New York.

On his 75th birthday he gave a recital at the Julliard School of Music, playing half the programme on the violin and the other half on the piano.

References
 The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed Stanley Sadie vol 14 (1980)
 Unfinished Journey, Yehudi Menuhin (1976), Macdonald and Jane's.

Category:American violinists
Category:Concertmasters
Category:American pianists
Category:1887 births
Category:1966 deaths

Louis Persinger


The  is the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors is the upper house.

The House of Representatives has 465 members, elected for a four-year term.

List of Speakers

Other websites
 House of Representatives Website (in English) – Official site of the House of Representatives
House of Representatives Internet TV- Official site

Category:Politics of Japan

House of Representatives (Japan)