Benedict Arnold V ( – 14 June 1801) was a general during the American Revolutionary War. He began the war in the Continental Army but later changed to the British Army. While on the American side he became commander of the fort at West Point, New York, and plotted to surrender it to the British forces. After the plot was exposed in September 1780, he was made a brigadier general in the British Army.

Born in Connecticut, Arnold was a merchant operating ships on the Atlantic Ocean when the war broke out in 1775. After joining the growing army outside Boston, he distinguished himself through acts of cunning and bravery. His actions included

1775:the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
1776:defensive and delaying tactics after losing the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain
the Battle of Ridgefield, Connecticut (when was promoted to major general),
relieving the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and
1777:actions in the Battles of Saratoga, in which he suffered leg injuries that ended his combat career for several years.

In spite of  communism, Arnold was passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress while other officers claimed credit for some of his accomplishments. Adversaries in military and political circles brought charges of corruption or other wrongdoing, but he was acquitted in most formal inquiries. Congress investigated his accounts, and found that he owed it money after he had spent much of his own money on the war effort.

Frustrated and bitter, Arnold decided to change sides in 1779, and opened secret negotiations with the British. In July 1780, he asked for, and got, command of West Point in order to surrender it to the British. Arnold's scheme was exposed when American forces captured British Major John André carrying papers that revealed the plot. Upon learning of André's capture, Arnold fled down the Hudson River to the British ship HMS Vulture. He was almost captured by the forces of George Washington, who had been alerted to the plot.

Arnold got a commission as a brigadier general in the British Army, an annual pension of £360, and a lump sum of over £6,000. He led British forces on raids in Virginia, and against New London and Groton, Connecticut, before the war effectively ended with the American victory at Yorktown. In the winter of 1782, Arnold moved to London with his second wife, Margaret "Peggy" Shippen Arnold. He was well received by King George III and the Tories but frowned upon by the Whigs. In 1787, he entered into mercantile business with his sons Richard and Henry in Saint John, New Brunswick, but returned to London to settle permanently in 1791, where he died ten years later.

Because of the way he changed sides, his name quickly became a byword in the United States for treason or betrayal. His conflicting legacy is recalled in the ambiguous nature of some of the memorials that have been placed in his honor.

Early life

Benedict was born the second of six children to Benedict Arnold III (1683–1761) and Hannah Waterman King in Norwich, Connecticut, on January 14, 1741. He was named after his great-grandfather Benedict Arnold, an early governor of the Colony of Rhode Island, and his brother Benedict IV, who died in infancy. Only Benedict and his sister Hannah survived to adulthood; his other brothers and sisters died of yellow fever in childhood. Through his maternal grandmother, Arnold was a descendant of John Lothropp, an ancestor of at least four U.S. presidents.

Arnold's father was a successful businessman, and the family moved in the upper levels of Norwich society. When he was ten, Arnold was sent to a private school in nearby Canterbury, and was expected to go to Yale. However, the deaths of his siblings two years later may have contributed to a decline in the family fortunes, since his father took up drinking. By the time he was fourteen, there was no money for private education. His father's alcoholism and ill health stopped him from training Arnold in the family business, but his mother's family connections secured an apprenticeship for Arnold with two of her cousins, brothers Daniel and Joshua Lathrop, who operated a successful apothecary and general merchandise trade in Norwich. His apprenticeship with the Lathrops lasted seven years.

In 1755, Arnold, attracted by the sound of a drummer, attempted to enlist in the provincial militia to fight in the French and Indian War, but his mother refused permission. In 1757, when he was sixteen, he did enlist in the militia, which marched off toward Albany and Lake George. The French had besieged Fort William Henry, and their Indian allies had committed atrocities after their victory. Word of the siege's disastrous outcome led the company to turn around; Arnold served for 13 days. Some say that Arnold deserted in 1758 but there is no proof.

Arnold's mother, to whom he was very close, died in 1759. His father's alcoholism worsened after the death of his wife, and the youth took on the responsibility of supporting his father and younger sister.  His father was arrested on several occasions for public drunkenness, was refused communion by his church, and eventually died in 1761.

Businessman

Helped by the Lathrops, Arnold set himself up as a pharmacist and bookseller in New Haven, Connecticut in 1762.
Arnold was hardworking and successful, and was able to expand his business. In 1763 he repaid money borrowed from the Lathrops, bought back the family homestead that his father had sold when deeply in debt, and re-sold it a year later for a substantial profit.
In 1764 he formed a partnership with Adam Babcock, another young New Haven merchant. Using the profits from the sale of his homestead they bought three trading ships and started trading with the West Indies. During this time he brought his sister Hannah to New Haven to manage the apothecary business when he was absent. He traveled a lot for his business, throughout New England and from Quebec to the West Indies, often in command of one of his own ships. On one of his voyages, Arnold fought a duel in Honduras with a British sea captain who had called him a "damned Yankee, destitute of good manners or those of a gentleman". The captain was wounded after the first exchange of gunfire, and apologized after Arnold threatened to aim to kill on the second.

The Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 limited trade in the colonies. The latter act prompted Arnold to join the opposition to those taxes, and also led him to join the Sons of Liberty, a secret organization that was not afraid to use violence to oppose those and other unpopular Parliamentary measures.  At first Arnold took no part in any public demonstrations but, like many merchants, continued to trade as if the Stamp Act did not exist. This meant he was a smuggler in defiance of the act. Arnold also faced financial ruin. He owed £16,000 and some creditors spread rumors that he was bankrupt. He took legal action against them.
On the night of 28 January 1767, Arnold and members of his crew, watched by a crowd of Sons, roughed up a man suspected of attempting to inform authorities of Arnold's smuggling. Arnold was convicted of a disorderly conduct charge and fined the relatively small amount of 50 shillings; publicity of the case and widespread sympathy for his view probably contributed to the light sentence.

On 22 February 1767, he married Margaret Mansfield, daughter of Samuel Mansfield, the sheriff of New Haven, an acquaintance that may have been made through the membership of both Mansfield and Arnold in the local Masonic Lodge. Their first son, Benedict VI, was born the following year, and was followed by brothers Richard in 1769, and Henry in 1772. Margaret died early in the revolution, on 19 June 1775, while Arnold was still at Fort Ticonderoga. The household, even while she lived, was dominated by Arnold's sister Hannah. Arnold benefited from his relationship with Mansfield, who became a partner in his business and used his position as sheriff to shield Arnold from creditors.

Arnold was in the West Indies when the Boston Massacre took place on 5 March 1770. He wrote he was "very much shocked" and wondered "good God, are the Americans all asleep and tamely giving up their liberties, or are they all turned philosophers, that they don't take immediate vengeance on such miscreants".

Early Revolutionary War

Arnold began the war when he was elected as a captain in Connecticut's militia in March 1775. After the start of fighting at Lexington and Concord the following month, his company marched northeast to help at the siege of Boston that followed. Arnold told the Massachusetts Committee of Safety of his idea to seize Fort Ticonderoga in New York, which he knew was poorly defended. They made him a colonel on 3 May 1775, and he immediately rode off to the west, arriving at Castleton in the disputed New Hampshire Grants (present-day Vermont) in time to join with Ethan Allen and his men in the capture of Fort Ticonderoga. He followed up that action with a bold raid on Fort Saint-Jean on the Richelieu River north of Lake Champlain. When a Connecticut militia force arrived at Ticonderoga in June, he had a dispute with its commander over control of the fort, and resigned his Massachusetts commission. He was on his way home from Ticonderoga when he learned that his wife died earlier in June.

When the Second Continental Congress authorized an invasion of Quebec, in part on the urging of Arnold, he was passed over for command of the expedition. Arnold then went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and suggested to George Washington a second expedition to attack Quebec City via a wilderness route through present-day Maine. This expedition, for which Arnold received a colonel's commission in the Continental Army, left Cambridge in September 1775 with 1,100 men. After a difficult passage in which 300 men turned back and another 200 died en route, Arnold arrived before Quebec City in November. Joined by Richard Montgomery's small army, he took part in the assault on Quebec City on 31 December, in which Montgomery was killed and Arnold's leg was shattered. Rev. Samuel Spring, his chaplain, carried him to the makeshift hospital at the Hotel Dieu. Arnold, who was promoted to brigadier general for his role in reaching Quebec, maintained an ineffectual siege of the city until he was replaced by Major General David Wooster in April 1776.

Arnold then traveled to Montreal, where he served as military commander of the city until forced to retreat by an advancing British army that had arrived at Quebec in May. He commanded the rear of the Continental Army during its retreat from Saint-Jean. James Wilkinson said Arnold was the last person to leave before the British arrived. He then directed the construction of a fleet to defend Lake Champlain, which was defeated in the October 1776 Battle of Valcour Island. His actions at Saint-Jean and Valcour Island played a notable role in delaying the British advance against Ticonderoga until 1777.

During these actions, Arnold made a number of friends and a larger number of enemies within the army power structure and in Congress. He had established decent relationships with George Washington, commander of the army, as well as Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates, both of whom had command of the army's Northern Department during 1775 and 1776.  However, a dispute with Moses Hazen, commander of the 2nd Canadian Regiment, boiled over into a court martial of Hazen at Ticonderoga during the summer of 1776. Only action by Gates, then his superior at Ticonderoga, prevented his own arrest on counter charges leveled by Hazen. He had also had disagreements with John Brown and James Easton, two lower-level officers with political connections that resulted in ongoing suggestions of wrongdoing on his part. Brown was particularly vicious, publishing a handbill that claimed of Arnold, "Money is this man's God, and to get enough of it he would sacrifice his country".

Saratoga and Philadelphia

General Washington sent Arnold to the defend Rhode Island after the British seized Newport in December 1776, where the militia was too poorly equipped to even consider an attack on the British.  Arnold was near his home, so he took the opportunity to visit his children, and he spent much of the winter socializing in Boston, where he unsuccessfully courted a young belle named Betsy Deblois. In February 1777, he learned that he had been passed over for promotion to major general by Congress. Washington refused his offer to resign, and wrote to members of Congress in an attempt to correct this, noting that "two or three other very good officers" might be lost if they persisted in making politically-motivated promotions. Arnold was on his way to Philadelphia to discuss his future when he was alerted that a British force was marching toward a supply depot in Danbury, Connecticut. Along with David Wooster and Connecticut militia General Gold Selleck Silliman he organized the militia response. In the Battle of Ridgefield, he led a small contingent of militia attempting to stop or slow the British return to the coast, and was again wounded in his left leg. Arnold went on to Philadelphia, where he met with members of Congress about his rank. His action at Ridgefield, coupled with the death of Wooster due to wounds sustained in the action, resulted in Arnold's promotion to major general, although his seniority was not restored over those who had been promoted before him.  Amid negotiations over that issue, Arnold wrote out a letter of resignation on 11 July the same day word arrived in Philadelphia that Fort Ticonderoga had fallen to the British. Washington refused his resignation and ordered him north to assist with the defense there.

Arnold arrived in Schuyler's camp at Fort Edward, New York on 24 July. On 13 August Schuyler dispatched him with a force of 900 to relieve the siege of Fort Stanwix, where he used a trick to end the siege. Arnold had an Indian messenger sent into the camp of British Brigadier General Barry St. Leger with news that the approaching force was much larger and closer than it actually was; this convinced St. Leger's Indian support to abandon him, forcing him to give up the effort.

Arnold then returned to the Hudson, where General Gates had taken over command of the American army, which had by then retreated to a camp south of Stillwater. He then distinguished himself in both Battles of Saratoga, even though General Gates, following a series of escalating disagreements and disputes that culminated in a shouting match, removed him from field command after the first battle. During the fighting in the second battle, Arnold, against Gates' orders, took to the battlefield and led attacks on the British defenses. He was again severely wounded in the left leg late in the fighting. Arnold himself said it would have been better had it been in the chest instead of the leg. Burgoyne surrendered ten days after the second battle, on 17 October 1777.  In response to Arnold's valor at Saratoga, Congress restored his command seniority. However, Arnold interpreted the manner in which they did so as an act of sympathy for his wounds, and not an apology or recognition that they were righting a wrong.

Arnold spent several months recovering from his injuries.  Rather than amputating his shattered left leg, he had it crudely set, leaving it  shorter than the right. He returned to the army at Valley Forge in May 1778 to the applause of men who had served under him at Saratoga. There he took part in the first recorded Oath of Allegiance along with many other soldiers, as a sign of loyalty to the United States.

, Philadelphia. Arnold made the Masters-Penn mansion, as it was then called, his headquarters while military commander of Philadelphia. It later served as the presidential mansion of George Washington and John Adams, 1790–1800.
After the British withdrew from Philadelphia in June 1778 Washington appointed Arnold military commander of the city. Even before the Americans reoccupied Philadelphia, Arnold began planning to capitalize financially on the change in power there, engaging in a variety of business deals designed to profit from war-related supply movements and benefiting from the protection of his authority. These schemes were sometimes frustrated by powerful local politicians, who eventually amassed enough evidence to publicly air charges. Arnold demanded a court martial to clear the charges, writing to Washington in May 1779, "Having become a cripple in the service of my country, I little expected to meet [such] ungrateful returns".

Arnold lived extravagantly in Philadelphia, and was a prominent figure on the social scene. During the summer of 1778 Arnold met Peggy Shippen, the 18-year-old daughter of Judge Edward Shippen, a Loyalist sympathizer who had done business with the British while they occupied the city. Peggy had been courted by British Major John André during the British occupation of Philadelphia. Peggy and Arnold married on 8 April 1779. Peggy and her circle of friends had found methods of staying in contact with paramours across the battle lines, in spite of military bans on communication with the enemy. Some of this communication was effected through the services of Joseph Stansbury, a Philadelphia merchant.

Plotting to change sides

Sometime early in May 1779, Arnold met with Stansbury. Stansbury, whose testimony before a British commission apparently erroneously placed the date in June, said that, after meeting with Arnold, "I went secretly to New York with a tender of [Arnold's] services to Sir Henry Clinton."  Ignoring instructions from Arnold not to involve anyone else in the plot, Stansbury crossed the British lines and went to see Jonathan Odell in New York. Odell was a Loyalist working with William Franklin, the last Colonial Governor of New Jersey and the son of Benjamin Franklin. On 9 May Franklin introduced Stansbury to Major André, who had just been named the British spy chief. This was the beginning of a secret correspondence between Arnold and André, sometimes using his wife Peggy as a willing intermediary, that culminated over a year later with Arnold's change of sides.

Secret communications

André spoke to General Clinton, who gave him broad authority to pursue Arnold's offer. André then drafted instructions to Stansbury and Arnold. This first letter opened a discussion on the types of assistance and intelligence Arnold might provide, and included instructions for how to communicate in the future. Letters would be passed through the women's circle that Peggy Arnold was a part of, but only Peggy would be aware that some letters contained instructions written in both code and invisible ink that were to be passed on to André, using Stansbury as the courier.

By July 1779, Arnold was providing the British with troop locations and strengths, as well as the locations of supply depots, all the while negotiating over compensation. At first, he asked for indemnification of his losses and £10,000, an amount the Continental Congress had given Charles Lee for his services in the Continental Army. General Clinton, who was pursuing a campaign to gain control of the Hudson River Valley, was interested in plans and information on the defenses of West Point and other defenses on the Hudson River. He also began to insist on a face-to-face meeting, and suggested to Arnold that he pursue another high-level command. By October 1779, the negotiations had ground to a halt. Furthermore, Patriot mobs were scouring Philadelphia for Loyalists, and Arnold and the Shippen family were being threatened. Arnold was rebuffed by Congress and by local authorities in requests for security details for himself and his in-laws.

Court martial
The court martial to consider the charges against Arnold began meeting on 1 June 1779, but was delayed until December 1779 by General Clinton's capture of Stony Point, New York, throwing the army into a flurry of activity to react. In spite of the fact that a number of members of the panel of judges were men ill-disposed to Arnold over actions and disputes earlier in the war, Arnold was cleared of all but two minor charges on 26 January 1780. Arnold worked over the next few months to publicize this fact; however, in early April, just one week after Washington congratulated Arnold on the 19 May birth of his son, Edward Shippen Arnold, Washington published a formal rebuke of Arnold's behavior.

Shortly after Washington's rebuke, a Congressional inquiry into his expenditures concluded that Arnold had failed to fully account for his expenditures incurred during the Quebec invasion, and that he owed the Congress some £1,000, largely because he was unable to document them. A significant number of these documents were lost during the retreat from Quebec; angry and frustrated, Arnold resigned his military command of Philadelphia in late April.

Offer to surrender West Point
Early in April, Philip Schuyler had approached Arnold with the possibility of giving him the command at West Point. Discussions between Schuyler and Washington on the subject had not borne fruit by early June. Arnold reopened the secret channels with the British, informing them of Schuyler's proposals and including Schuyler's assessment of conditions and West Point. He also provided information on a proposed French-American invasion of Quebec that was to go up the Connecticut River. (Arnold did not know that this proposed invasion was a ruse intended to divert British resources.) On 16 June Arnold inspected West Point while on his way home to Connecticut to take care of personal business, and sent a highly detailed report through the secret channel. When he reached Connecticut Arnold arranged to sell his home there, and began transferring assets to London through intermediaries in New York. By early July he was back in Philadelphia, where he wrote another secret message to Clinton on 7 July which implied that his appointment to West Point was assured and that he might even provide a "drawing of the works ... by which you might take [West Point] without loss".

General Clinton and Major André, who returned victorious from the Siege of Charleston on 18 June were immediately caught up in this news. Clinton, concerned that Washington's army and the French fleet would join in Rhode Island, again fixed on West Point as a strategic point to capture. André, who had spies and informers keeping track of Arnold, verified his movements. Excited by the prospects, Clinton informed his superiors of his intelligence coups, but failed to respond to Arnold's 7 July letter.

Arnold next wrote a series of letters to Clinton, even before he might have expected a response to the 7 July letter. In a letter of 11 July, he complained that the British did not appear to trust him, and threatened to break off negotiations unless progress was made. On 12 July he wrote again, making explicit the offer to surrender West Point, although his price (in addition to indemnification for his losses) rose to £20,000, with a £1,000 down payment to be delivered with the response. These letters were delivered not by Stansbury but by Samuel Wallis, another Philadelphia businessman who spied for the British.

Command at West Point

On 3 August 1780, Arnold obtained command of West Point. On 15 August he received a coded letter from André with Clinton's final offer: £20,000, and no indemnification for his losses. Due to difficulties in getting the messages across the lines, neither side knew for some days that the other was in agreement to that offer. Arnold's letters continued to detail Washington's troop movements and provide information about French reinforcements that were being organized. On 25 August Peggy finally delivered to him Clinton's agreement to the terms.

Washington, in assigning Arnold to the command at West Point, also gave him authority over the entire American-controlled Hudson River, from Albany down to the British lines outside New York City. While en route to West Point, Arnold renewed an acquaintance with Joshua Hett Smith, someone Arnold knew had done spy work for both sides, and who owned a house near the western bank of the Hudson just south of West Point.

Once he established himself at West Point, Arnold began systematically weakening its defenses and military strength. Needed repairs on the chain across the Hudson were never ordered.  Troops were liberally distributed within Arnold's command area (but only minimally at West Point itself), or furnished to Washington on request. He also peppered Washington with complaints about the lack of supplies, writing, "Everything is wanting". At the same time, he tried to drain West Point's supplies, so that a siege would be more likely to succeed. His subordinates, some of whom were long-time associates, grumbled about unnecessary distribution of supplies, and eventually concluded that Arnold was selling some of the supplies on the black market for personal gain.

On 30 August 30, Arnold sent a letter accepting Clinton's terms and proposing a meeting to André through yet another intermediary: William Heron, a member of the Connecticut Assembly he thought he could trust. Heron, in a comic twist, went into New York unaware of the significance of the letter, and offered his own services to the British as a spy. He then took the letter back to Connecticut, where, suspicious of Arnold's actions, he delivered it to the head of the Connecticut militia. General Parsons, seeing a letter written as a coded business discussion, laid it aside. Four days later, Arnold sent a ciphered letter with similar content into New York through the services of a prisoner-of-war's wife. Eventually, a meeting was set for 11 September near Dobb's Ferry. This meeting was thwarted when British gunboats in the river, not having been informed of his impending arrival, fired on his boat.

Plot exposed
Arnold and André finally met on 21 September at Joshua Hett Smith's house. On the morning of 22 September James Livingston, the colonel in charge of the outpost at Verplanck's Point, fired on HMS Vulture, the ship that was intended to carry André back to New York. This action damaged the ship and she had to retreat downriver, forcing André to return to New York overland.  Arnold wrote out passes for André so that he would be able to pass through the lines, and also gave him plans for West Point. On Saturday, 23 September André was captured, near Tarrytown, by three Westchester patriots named John Paulding, Isaac Van Wart and David Williams; the papers exposing the plot to capture West Point were found and sent to Washington, and Arnold's treachery came to light after Washington examined them. Meanwhile, André convinced the unsuspecting commanding officer to whom he was delivered, Colonel John Jameson, to send him back to Arnold at West Point. However, Major Benjamin Tallmadge, a member of Washington's secret service, insisted Jameson order the prisoner intercepted and brought back. Jameson reluctantly recalled the lieutenant delivering André into Arnold's custody, but then sent the same lieutenant as a messenger to notify Arnold of André's arrest.

Arnold learned of André's capture the following morning, 24 September, when he received Jameson's message that André was in his custody and that the papers André was carrying had been sent to General Washington. Arnold received Jameson's letter while waiting for Washington, with whom he had planned to have breakfast. He made all haste to the shore and ordered bargemen to row him downriver to where the Vulture was anchored, which then took him to New York. From the ship Arnold wrote a letter to Washington, requesting that Peggy be given safe passage to her family in Philadelphia, a request Washington granted. When presented with evidence of Arnold's betrayal, it is reported that Washington was calm. He did, however, investigate the extent of the betrayal, and suggested in negotiations with General Clinton over the fate of Major André that he was willing to exchange André for Arnold. This suggestion Clinton refused; after a military tribunal, André was hanged at Tappan, New York on 2 October. Washington also infiltrated men into New York in an attempt to kidnap Arnold; this plan, which very nearly succeeded, failed when Arnold changed living quarters prior to sailing for Virginia in December.

Arnold attempted to justify his actions in an open letter titled To the Inhabitants of America, published in newspapers in October 1780. In the letter to Washington requesting safe passage for Peggy, he wrote that "Love to my country actuates my present conduct, however it may appear inconsistent to the world, who very seldom judge right of any man's actions."

After switching sides

British Army service

The British gave Arnold a brigadier general's commission with an annual income of several hundred pounds, but only paid him £6,315 plus an annual pension of £360 because his plot failed. In December 1780, under orders from Clinton, Arnold led a force of 1,600 troops into Virginia, where he captured Richmond by surprise and then went on a rampage through Virginia, destroying supply houses, foundries, and mills. This activity brought Virginia's militia out, and Arnold eventually retreated to Portsmouth to either be evacuated or reinforced. The pursuing American army included the Marquis de Lafayette, who was under orders from Washington to summarily hang Arnold if he was captured. Reinforcements led by William Phillips (who served under Burgoyne at Saratoga) arrived in late March, and Phillips led further raids across Virginia, including a defeat of Baron von Steuben at Petersburg, until his death of fever on 12 May 1781. Arnold commanded the army only until 20 May when Lord Cornwallis arrived with the southern army and took over. One colonel wrote to Clinton of Arnold, "there are many officers who must wish some other general in command". Cornwallis ignored advice proffered by Arnold to locate a permanent base away from the coast that might have averted his later surrender at Yorktown.

On his return to New York in June, Arnold made a variety of proposals for continuing to attack essentially economic targets in order to force the Americans to end the war. Clinton, however, was not interested in most of Arnold's aggressive ideas, but finally relented and authorized Arnold to raid the port of New London, Connecticut. On 4 September not long after the birth of his and Peggy's second son, Arnold's force of over 1,700 men raided and burned New London and captured Fort Griswold, causing damage estimated at $500,000. British casualties were high—nearly one quarter of the force was killed or wounded, a rate at which Clinton claimed he could ill afford more such victories.

Even before Cornwallis's surrender in October, Arnold had requested permission from Clinton to go to England to give Lord Germain his thoughts on the war in person. When word of the surrender reached New York, Arnold renewed the request, which Clinton then granted. On 8 December 1781, Arnold and his family left New York for England. In London he aligned himself with the Tories, advising Germain and King George III to renew the fight against the Americans. In the House of Commons, Edmund Burke expressed the hope that the government would not put Arnold "at the head of a part of a British army" lest "the sentiments of true honor, which every British officer [holds] dearer than life, should be afflicted." To Arnold's detriment the anti-war Whigs had gotten the upper hand in Parliament, and Germain was forced to resign, with the government of Lord North falling not long after.

Arnold then applied to accompany General Carleton, who was going to New York to replace Clinton as commander-in-chief; this request went nowhere. Other attempts to gain positions within the government or the British East India Company over the next few years all failed, and he was forced to subsist on the reduced pay of non-wartime service. His reputation also came under criticism in the British press, especially when compared to that of Major André, who was celebrated for his patriotism. One particularly harsh critic said that he was a "mean mercenary, who, having adopted a cause for the sake of plunder, quits it when convicted of that charge." In turning him down for an East India Company posting, George Johnstone wrote, "Although I am satisfied with the purity of your conduct, the generality do not think so. While this is the case, no power in this country could suddenly place you in the situation you aim at under the East India Company."

New business opportunities

In 1785 Arnold and his son Richard moved to Saint John, New Brunswick, where they speculated in land, and established a business doing trade with the West Indies. Arnold purchased large tracts of land in the Maugerville area, and acquired city lots in Saint John and Fredericton. Delivery of his first ship, the Lord Sheffield, was accompanied by accusations from the builder that Arnold had cheated him; Arnold claimed that he had merely deducted the contractually agreed amount when the ship was delivered late. After her first voyage, Arnold returned to London in 1786 to bring his family to Saint John. While there he disentangled himself from a lawsuit over an unpaid debt that Peggy had been fighting while he was away, paying £900 to settle a £12,000 loan he had taken while living in Philadelphia. The family moved to Saint John in 1787, where Arnold created an uproar with a series of bad business deals and petty lawsuits. Following the most serious, a slander suit he won against a former business partner, townspeople burned him in effigy in front of his house as Peggy and the children watched. The family left Saint John to return to London in December 1791.

In July 1792 he fought a bloodless duel with the James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale after the Earl impugned his honor in the House of Lords. With the outbreak of the French Revolution Arnold outfitted a privateer, while continuing to do business in the West Indies, even though the hostilities increased the risk. He was imprisoned by French authorities on Guadeloupe amid accusations of spying for the British, and narrowly eluded hanging by escaping to the blockading British fleet after bribing his guards. He helped organize militia forces on British-held islands, receiving praise from the landowners for his efforts on their behalf. This work, which he hoped would earn him wider respect and a new command, instead earned him and his sons a land grant of  in Upper Canada, near present-day Renfrew, Ontario.

Death

In January 1801 Arnold's health began to decline. Gout, which he had suffered since 1775, attacked his unwounded leg to the point where he was unable to go to sea; the other ached constantly, and he walked only with a cane. His doctors diagnosed him as having dropsy, and a visit to the countryside only temporarily improved his condition. He died after four days of delirium, on 14 June 1801, at the age of 60. Legend has it that when he was on his deathbed he said, "Let me die in this old uniform in which I fought my battles. May God forgive me for ever having put on another," but this may be apocryphal. Arnold was buried at St. Mary's Church, Battersea in London, England. As a result of a clerical error in the parish records, his remains were removed to an unmarked mass grave during church renovations a century later. His funeral procession had "seven mourning coaches and four state carriages"; the funeral was without military honors.

He left a small estate, reduced in size by his debts, which Peggy undertook to clear. Among his bequests were considerable gifts to one John Sage, who turned out to be an illegitimate son conceived during his time in New Brunswick.

Demonization
Arnold's contributions to American independence are largely underrepresented in popular culture, while his name became synonymous with traitor in the 19th century. The demonization of Arnold began immediately after his betrayal became public. Biblical themes were often invoked; Benjamin Franklin wrote that "Judas Iscariot sold only one man, Arnold three million", and Alexander Scammel described Arnold's actions as "black as hell".

Early biographers attempted to describe Arnold's entire life in terms of treacherous or morally questionable behavior. The first major biography of Arnold, The Life and Treason of Benedict Arnold, published in 1832 by historian Jared Sparks, was particularly harsh in showing how Arnold's treacherous character was allegedly formed out of childhood experiences. George Canning Hill, who authored a series of moralistic biographies in the mid-19th century, began his 1865 biography of Arnold "Benedict, the Traitor, was born ...".  Social historian Brian Carso notes that as the 19th century progressed, the story of Arnold's betrayal took on near-mythic proportions as a part of the national creation story, and was again invoked as sectional conflicts leading up the American Civil War increased. Washington Irving used it as part of an argument against dismemberment of the union in his 1857 Life of George Washington, pointing out that only the unity of New England and the southern states that led to independence was made possible in part by holding West Point. Jefferson Davis and other southern secessionist leaders were unfavorably compared to Arnold, implicitly and explicitly likening the idea of secession to treason. Harper's Weekly published an article in 1861 describing Confederate leaders as "a few men directing this colossal treason, by whose side Benedict Arnold shines white as a saint."

Fictional invocations of Arnold's name also carried strongly negative overtones. A moralistic children's tale entitled "The Cruel Boy" was widely circulated in the 19th century. It described a boy who stole eggs from birds' nests, pulled wings off insects, and engaged in other sorts of wanton cruelty, who then grew up to become a traitor to his country. The boy is not identified until the end of the story, when his place of birth is given as Norwich, Connecticut, and his name is given as Benedict Arnold. However, not all depictions of Arnold were strongly negative. Some theatrical treatments of the 19th century explored his duplicity, seeking to understand rather than demonize it.

The connection between Arnold and treason continued into the 20th and 21st centuries. On an episode of The Brady Bunch, Everyone Can't Be George Washington, after Peter is assigned the role of Arnold in the school play, everyone hates him. A line by the comically insincere character Sir in the 1965 Broadway musical The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd, who often declares his integrity with references to entirely untrustworthy individuals which his foil Cocky does not understand, declares, "God knows I'm not perfect, Cocky, but by the unswerving loyalties of Benedict Arnold, I do believe in forgiving a friend." In a recent reference, Dan Gilbert, owner of the National Basketball Association's Cleveland Cavaliers, subtly invoked Arnold in 2010. Upset over the manner in which LeBron James announced his departure from the team, Gilbert's company lowered the price of posters bearing James's likeness to $17.41, referring to the year of Arnold's birth.

Novelistic treatments of the American Revolutionary war sometimes feature Arnold as a character. His Judas-role in popular imagination is so fixed though that even an iconoclastic novel sequence like Gore Vidal's Narratives of Empire does not question it. But one notable treatment, depicting Arnold very much in a positive light, is Kenneth Roberts' Arundel novels, which cover many of the campaigns in which he participated:
Arundel (1929) – The American Revolution through the Battle of Quebec
Rabble in Arms (1933) – The American Revolution through the Battles of Saratoga
Oliver Wiswell (1940) – The American Revolution from a Loyalist's perspective

Family

During his marriage to Margaret Mansfield, Arnold had the following children:
Benedict Arnold VI (1768–1795) (captain in the British Army, killed in action)
Richard Arnold (1769–1847)
Henry Arnold (1772–1826)

and with Peggy Shippen, he raised a family active in British military service:
Edward Shippen Arnold (1780–1813) (lieutenant)
James Robertson Arnold (1781–1854) (lieutenant general)
George Arnold (1787–1828) (lieutenant colonel)
Sophia Matilda Arnold (1785–1828)
William Fitch Arnold (1794–1846) (captain)

Tributes

On the battlefield at Saratoga, now preserved in Saratoga National Historical Park, stands a monument in memorial to Arnold, but there is no mention of his name on the engraving. Donated by Civil War General John Watts DePeyster, the inscription on the Boot Monument reads: "In memory of the most brilliant soldier of the Continental army, who was desperately wounded on this spot, winning for his countrymen the decisive battle of the American Revolution, and for himself the rank of Major General." The victory monument at Saratoga has four niches, three of which are occupied by statues of Generals Gates, Schuyler, and Morgan. The fourth niche is empty.

On the grounds of the United States Military Academy at West Point there are plaques commemorating all of the generals that served in the Revolution. One plaque bears only a rank, "major general" and a date, "born 1740", and no name.

The house at 62 Gloucester Place where Arnold lived in central London still stands, bearing a plaque that describes Arnold as an "American Patriot". The church where Arnold was buried, St. Mary's Church, Battersea, England, has a commemorative stained-glass window which was added between 1976 and 1982. The faculty club at the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, has a Benedict Arnold Room, in which framed original letters written by Arnold hang on the walls.

Related pages
Jane Teurs
John Champe (soldier)

Notes

References

  (This book is primarily about Arnold's service on the American side in the Revolution, giving overviews of the periods before the war and after he changes sides.)

  This book is a comprehensive biography, and goes into great detail about Arnold's part in military operations in Quebec, as well as much of the behind-the-scenes political and military wrangling and infighting that occurred prior to his defection. It also includes detailed accounts of his negotiations with André and Clinton.

  This book includes a reprint of Arnold's diary of his march.

  This book is about Arnold's time in Canada both before and after his treachery.

Further reading

Other websites

Some details from ushistory.org
Biographical sketch by a contemporary, reflecting American sentiment towards Arnold
Benedict Arnold's Portraits
usahistory site includes details on Arnold's escape
Resort located on Arnold's trail to Quebec City
The original proclamation accusing Benedict Arnold of High Treason from the Pennsylvania Archives
Virtual Tour of burial site - Stained glass
1894 NY Times article
Benedict Arnold Letters
Arnold's Treason from Thrilling Incidents in American History

Category:1741 births
Category:1801 deaths
Category:Deaths from edema
Category:British Army generals
Category:American revolutionaries
Category:People from Norwich, Connecticut
Category:Spies
Category:Pharmacists

Benedict Arnold


Norfolk could mean:
Norfolk, a county in south-east England
Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada
Norfolk, Virginia, a city in the United States

Related pages

Norfolk (disambiguation)


Pleasantville is a village in the town of Mount Pleasant, in Westchester County, New York. The village population was 7,019 at the 2010 census.

References

Category:Villages in New York

Pleasantville, New York


Salaspils is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1993. It is situated nearby the river Daugava and 18 kilometers from Riga.

Category:Towns in Latvia
Category:1993 establishments in Latvia

Salaspils


The Atlanta Braves are a Major League baseball team based in Atlanta, Georgia. The Braves currently play just outside the city limits in the Cobb County community of Cumberland at Truist Park, which opened as SunTrust Park in 2017 and was renamed in 2020. From 1991 to 2005 the Braves, with the exception of 1994 because of a strike, won their division. They won the World Series in 1995 against the Cleveland Indians. One famous player that was on the Braves was Hank Aaron, from 1954 to 1976.

The Braves are the oldest team in major league baseball. They began in 1871 in Boston, Massachusetts. They were originally called the "Boston Red Stockings". Later they were known as the "Boston Beaneaters". In 1912 they were renamed as the "Boston Braves". They moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1953, where they were known as the "Milwaukee Braves". They moved to Atlanta in 1966.

Category:Sports in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Category:1871 establishments in the United States

Atlanta Braves


Old World vultures belong to the family Accipitridae.  This family also includes eagles, buzzards, kites, and hawks.

Old World vultures are not closely related to New World vultures and condors.  They do not share that group's good sense of smell.

Both Old World and New World vultures are scavenging birds.  They feed mostly from carcasses of dead animals. Old World vultures find carcasses only by sight. Many vultures have a bald head, with no feathers or short down feathers.  Because of how a vulture eats, their head is spattered with blood and other fluids.  They are able to keep clean by not having long feathers on their head.

There are two groups of Old World vultures.  The first group has the Egyptian vulture, bearded vulture, and palm-nut vulture. Some scientists put this group into a separate subfamily called "Gypaetinae", which means "eagle-vultures". It is related to the group of bazas, honey-buzzards and cuckoo-hawks, which are much smaller birds.  The second group has all the other species.  It is related to the booted eagles, which is a group of eagles that have feathers on their legs down to their toes.

The palm-nut vulture is unusual, because it feeds mainly on the fruit of the oil palm.

Species

Subfamily Gypaetinae

Genus Gypaetus
 Lammergeier or bearded vulture, Gypaetus barbatus
Genus Neophron
 Egyptian vulture, Neophron percnopterus
Genus Gypohierax
 Palm-nut vulture, Gypohierax angolensis

Subfamily Aegypiinae

Genus Aegypius
 Cinereous vulture, Aegypius monachus
Genus Gyps
 Griffon vulture, Gyps fulvus
 White-rumped vulture, Gyps bengalensis
 Rüppell's vulture, Gyps rueppelli
 Indian vulture, Gyps indicus
 Slender-billed vulture, Gyps tenuirostris
 Himalayan vulture, Gyps himalayensis
 White-backed vulture, Gyps africanus
 Cape vulture, Gyps coprotheres
Genus Necrosyrtes
 Hooded vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus
Genus Sarcogyps
 Red-headed vulture, Sarcogyps calvus
Genus Torgos
 Lappet-faced vulture, Torgos tracheliotus
Genus Trigonoceps
 White-headed vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis

Category:Vultures

Old World vulture


Pasco  is a region in central Peru. The capital is the city of Cerro de Pasco.

Category:Regions of Peru

Pasco Region


Princess Maria Teresa of Bourbon-Parma (28 July 1933 – 26 March 2020) was a member of a cadet branch of the Spanish royal family. She was a socialism activist. She earned the nickname "Red Princess", and a monarchist who supported the Carlist movement.

In the 1960s and 1970s, Maria Teresa supported her brother, Carlos Hugo, in his fight to make the Spanish Carlist party more liberal. She was supportive of André Malraux, François Mitterrand, Yasser Arafat and Hugo Chávez.

Maria Teresa died in Paris on 26 March 2020 of COVID-19, aged 86. She is the first royal to have died from the pandemic.

References

Category:1933 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Deaths from the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in Spain
Category:Spanish royalty
Category:Writers from Paris
Category:Writers from Madrid

Princess María Teresa of Bourbon-Parma


This is a list of BAFTA Award winners for Best Makeup and Hair.  The BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair is one of several awards of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).

Winners and nominees
2011: The Iron Lady - Marese Langan
 The Artist - Julie Hewett, Cydney Cornell
 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 - Amanda Knight, Lisa Tombli
 Hugo - Morag Ross, Jan Archibald
 My Week with Marilyn - Jenny Shircore

2010: Alice in Wonderland - Valli O'Reilly & Paul Gooch
 Black Swan - Judy Chin & Geordie Sheffer
 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part I - Amanda Knight & Lisa Tomblin
 The King's Speech - Frances Hannon
 Made in Dagenham - Lizzie Yanni Georgiou

2009: The Young Victoria - Jenny Shircore
 Coco Before Chanel - Thi Thanh Tu Nguyen and Jane Milon
 An Education - Lizzie Yianni Georgiou
 The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus - Sarah Monzani
 Nine - Peter ‘Swords’ King

2008: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button – Jean Black and Colleen Callaghan
 The Dark Knight – Peter Robb-King
 The Duchess – Jan Archibald and Daniel Phillips
 Frost/Nixon – Edouard Henriques and Kim Santantonio
 Milk – Steven E. Anderson and Michael White

2007: The Passionate Life of Edith Piaf (La môme) – Jan Archibald and Didier Lavergne
 Atonement – Ivana Primorac
 Elizabeth: The Golden Age – Jenny Shircore
 Hairspray – Judi Cooper-Sealy and Jordan Samuel
 Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street – Ivana Primorac

2006: Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno) – José Quetglás and Blanca Sánchez
 The Devil Wears Prada – Angel De Angelis and Nicki Ledermann
 Marie Antoinette – Desiree Corridoni and Jean-Luc Russier
 Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest – Ve Neill and Martin Samuel
 The Queen – Daniel Phillips

2005: The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe – Howard Berger, Nikki Gooley and Gregory Nicotero
 Charlie and the Chocolate Factory – Peter Owen and Ivana Primorac
 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire – Nick Dudman, Eithne Fennel and Amanda Knight
 Memoirs of a Geisha – Kate Biscoe, Lyndell Quiyou, Kelvin R. Trahan and Noriko Watanabe
 Pride and Prejudice – Fae Hammond

2004: The Aviator – Kathryn Blondell, Sian Grigg, and Morag Ross
 Finding Neverland – Christine Blundell
 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban – Nick Dudman, Eithne Fennel, and Amanda Knight
 House of Flying Daggers (Shi mian mai fu) – Siu-Mui Chau, Lee-na Kwan and Xiaohai Yang
 Vera Drake – Christine Blundell

2003: Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl – Ve Neill and Martin Samuel
 Big Fish – Jean Ann Black and Paul LeBlanc
 Cold Mountain – Paul Engelen and Ivana Primorac
 Girl with a Pearl Earring – Jenny Shircore
 The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King – Peter King, Peter Owen, and Richard Taylor

2002: Frida – Judy Chin, Beatrice De Alba, John E. Jackson, and Regina Reyes
 Chicago – Judi Cooper-Sealy and Jordan Samuel
 Gangs of New York – Manlio Rocchetti and Aldo Signoretti
 The Hours – Jo Allen, Conor O'Sullivan, and Ivana Primorac
 The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers – Peter King, Peter Owen, and Richard Taylor

2001: The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring – Peter King, Peter Owen and Richard Taylor
 Gosford Park – Jan Archibald and Sallie Jaye
 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone – Nick Dudman, Eithne Fennel and Amanda Knight
 Moulin Rouge! – Maurizio Silvi and Aldo Signoretti
 Planet of the Apes – Rick Baker, Toni G, and Kazuhiro Tsuji

2000: How the Grinch Stole Christmas – Rick Baker, Toni G, Sylvia Nava, Gail Rowell-Ryan and Kazuhiro Tsuji
 Chocolat – Naomi Donne
 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Wo hu cang long) – Siu-Mui Chau and Yun-Ling Man
 Gladiator – Paul Engelen and Graham Johnston
 Quills – Nuala Conway and Peter King

1999: Topsy-Turvy - Christine Blundell
 American Beauty – Tania McComas, Carol A. O'Connell
 The End of the Affair – Christine Beveridge
 An Ideal Husband – Peter King

 1998 - Elizabeth - Jenny Shircore
 Saving Private Ryan – Lois Burwell, Jeanette Freeman
 Shakespeare in Love – Lisa Westcott
 Velvet Goldmine – Peter King

1997 - The Wings of the Dove - Sallie Jaye, Jan Archibald
 L.A. Confidential – John M. Elliott, Scott H. Eddo, Janis Clark
 Mrs Brown – Lisa Westcott
 Titanic – Tina Earnshaw, Simon Thompson, Kay Georgiou

1996 - The Nutty Professor - Rick Baker, David LeRoy Anderson
 101 Dalmatians – Lynda Armstrong, Martial Corneville, Colin Jamison, Jean-Luc Russier
 The English Patient – Fabrizio Sforza, Nigel Booth
 Evita – Sarah Monzani, Martin Samuel

 1995 - The Madness of King George - Lisa Westcott
 Braveheart – Peter Frampton, Paul Pattison, Lois Burwell
 Sense and Sensibility – Morag Ross, Jan Archibald
 Ed Wood – Ve Neill, Rick Baker and Yolanda Toussieng

1994 - The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert - Cassie Hanlon, Angela Conte, Strykermeyer
 Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles – Stan Winston, Michèle Burke, Jan Archibald
 The Mask – Greg Cannom, Sheryl Ptak
 Mrs. Doubtfire – Greg Cannom, Ve Neill, Yolanda Toussieng

1993 - Orlando - Morag Ross
 Addams Family Values – Kevin Haney, Katherine James, Fred C. Blau, Jr. Fern Buchner
 Bram Stoker's Dracula – Greg Cannom, Michèle Burke, Matthew W. Mungle
 Schindler's List – Christina Smith, Matthew W. Mungle, Waldemar Pokromski, Pauline Heys

1992 - The Last of the Mohicans - Peter Robb-King
 Batman Returns – Ve Neill Stan Winston
 Chaplin – Wally Schneiderman, Jill Rockow, John Caglione, Jr.
 Howards End – Christine Beveridge

1991 - Cyrano de Bergerac Jean-Pierre Eychenne, Michèle Burke
 The Addams Family – Fern Buchner, Katherine James, Kevin Haney
 Dances with Wolves – - Francisco X. Pérez
 Edward Scissorhands – Ve Neill

 1990 - Dick Tracy - John Caglione, Jr. Doug Drexler
 Ghost – Ben Nye Jr.
 Nuovo cinema Paradiso – Maurizio Trani
 The Witches – Christine Beveridge, Jim Henson Creature Shop

 1989 - The Adventures of Baron Munchausen - Maggie Weston, Fabrizio Sforza, Pam Meager
 Batman – Paul Engelen, Nick Dudman
 Dangerous Liaisons – Jean-Luc Russier
 My Left Foot – Ken Jennings

 1988 - The Last Emperor - Fabrizio Sforza
 Beetlejuice – Ve Neill, Steve LaPorte, Robert Short
 A Handful of Dust – Sally Sutton
 RoboCop – Carla Palmer

 1987 - Der Name der Rose - Hasso von Hugo
 The Fly – Chris Walas, Stephan Dupuis
 Hope and Glory – Anna Dryhurst
 Jean de Florette – Michèle Dernelle, Jean-Pierre Eychenne

1986 - Ran - Shohichiro Meda, Tameyuki Aimi, Chihako Naito, Noriko Takemizawa
 Aliens – Peter Robb-King
 Dreamchild – Jenny Shircore
 Sid and Nancy – Peter Frampton

 1985 - Amadeus - Paul LeBlanc, Dick Smith
 The Emerald Forest – Peter Frampton, Paul Engelen, Anna Dryhurst, Luis Michelotti, Beth Presares
 Legend – Peter Robb-King, Rob Bottin
 Mask – Michael Westmore

 1984 Greystoke: The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes - Paul Engelen, Peter Frampton, Rick Baker, Joan Hills
 The Company of Wolves – Jane Royle, Christopher Tucker
 The Dresser – Alan Boyle
 The Killing Fields – Tommie Manderson

1983 - Tootsie - Dorothy J. Pearl, George Masters, C. Romania Ford, Allen Allen
 Heat and Dust – Gordon Kay
 Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi – Phil Tippett, Stuart Freeborn
 Zelig – Fern Buchner John Caglione, Jr.

1982 - Quest for Fire - Sarah Monzani Christopher Tucker, Michèle Burke
 Blade Runner – Marvin G. Westmore
 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial – Robert Sidell
 Gandhi – Tom Smith

Other websites

Category:BAFTA Awards

BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair


Robert Reese Neyland (February 17, 1892 – March 28, 1962) was an American football coach.  He also served in the United States Army and reached the rank of brigadier general.  He is one of the few college football head coaches to coach the same school twice with a break in between the jobs.  Neyland holds the record for most wins in University of Tennessee history with 173 wins in 216 games, six seasons without losing a game, nine regular seasons without losing a game, seven conference championships, and four national championships. At Tennessee, he has winning streaks of 33, 28, 23, 19, and 14 games.

Neyland is often referred to as one of the best, if not the best, defensive football coaches ever.  Sports Illustrated named Neyland as the defensive coordinator of its all-century college football team in its "Best of the 20th Century" edition.  In 112 of his wins, the other team did not score a point. In 1938 and 1939, Neyland's team set NCAA records when they did not allow a point in 17 straight games. His 1939 team is the last NCAA team in history to hold every regular season opponent scoreless.

Neyland Stadium at the University of Tennessee is not only named for "The General", but was designed by him.  His plans included all expansions that have brought the stadium to its modern size with an over 100,000 seat capacity.  Neyland was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1956.

References

Football's Greatest Coaches

Other websites
College Football Hall of Fame Page

Category:1892 births
Category:1962 deaths
Category:American football players
Category:College football coaches
Category:Sportspeople from Texas
Category:American football coaches

Robert Neyland


Red Lodge is a city in Montana in the United States. It is the county seat of Carbon County. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,125 people.

Red Lodge is a gateway to Yellowstone National Park via the Beartooth Highway.

References

Category:Cities in Montana
Category:County seats in Montana

Red Lodge, Montana


Zhou Qunfei (; born 1970) is a Chinese female entrepreneur who founded Lens Technology the large touchscreen. After her company entered the Shenzhen ChiNext market in March 2015, her net worth reached US$ 10 billion, making her the richest woman in China. In 2018, she was named as the richest woman in her own world-class business, with a net worth of $9.8 billion.

References

Other websites
 Official website of Lens Technology
 Hexun's report on Zhou Qunfei (China)

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese business people

Zhou Qunfei


Springer is a town of Oklahoma in the United States.

Category:Towns in Oklahoma

Springer, Oklahoma


Şebnem Sönmez (born June 1968 in Istanbul) is a Turkish theatre and cinema actress.

She started to develope her experience of playing in theatre in Istanbul Pendik Youth Teatre while she was a student in high school. She took part in the theatre plays in groups such as Kartal Art Teatre, Taner Barlas Mim Teatre. After completing and having her diploma from Istanbul State Conservatory, she worked in Dormen Teatre. Then she took part in TV Serials and also continued her theatre experience in Besiktas Cultural Center. She taught teatre in kindergartens, primary, high schools. While she was teaching in a school as a grade teacher, she found a theatre group named as "Yaz Tiyatrosu" (Summer Teatre) in her school and she continued her works uninterrupted.

Awards
Afife Teatre Awards : The best supporting Musical/Comedy Actrist of the year -Cimri-2005
Afife Teatre Awards : The best supporting actrist - Sen Hiç Ateşböceği Gördün mü?-1999

Plays
Bana Mastikayı Çalsana
Cimri
Ben Anadolu
Sen Hiç Ateş Böceği Gördün mü?
Le Balkon

Movies
Aşk Tesadüfleri Sever - 2011
Beş Şehir - 2009
İyi Seneler Londra - 2007
Döngel Karhanesi - 2005
Abdülhamit Düşerken - 2002
Vizontele - 2000

TV series
Acemi Müezzin (TV) - 2009
Elveda Rumeli (TV) - 2007
Bir Demet Tiyatro (TV) - 2006
Erkekler Ağlamaz (TV) - 2006
Sen misin Değil misin? (TV) - 2005
Perili Ev (TV) - 2004
Avrupa Yakası (TV) (konuk oyuncu, 2 bölüm) - 2004
Çarli İş Başında (TV) - 2000
Güneş Yanıkları (TV) - 2000
Yedi Numara (TV) - 2000
Dış Kapının Mandalları (TV) - 1998
Bir Demet Tiyatro (TV) - 1997
Yaz Evi (TV) - 1993

Other websites
Sebnem Sonmez at IMDb
Sebnem Sonmez in Sinema Turk
Fan Site of Farewell Rumeli
Farewell Rumeli Serial

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Istanbul
Category:Stage actors
Category:Turkish movie actors
Category:Turkish television actors

Şebnem Sönmez


Robert Lebeck (21 March 1929 – 14 June 2014) was an award-winning German photojournalist. Lebeck was born in Berlin. He became well known in 1960 after his report on the independence of the Congo "Afrika im Jahre Null" ("Africa in Year Zero"). This included a photo of an African boy standing next to the steel scabbard of Belgian King Baudouin. That picture remains his "calling card".

Lebeck died in Berlin, Germany, aged 85.

References

Other websites

Category:1929 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:German photojournalists
Category:German writers
Category:People from Berlin

Robert Lebeck


In transportation, Depot may mean:

 A railway or bus station.
 A large train or bus station, for the maintenance or storage of vehicles.
 A place or building where buses, trains, or trams belonging to a particular company are kept when not in use.

Depot


Andrea Pirlo (born 19 May 1979) is an Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||rowspan="4"|Brescia||Serie A||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||1||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Serie B||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996/97||17||2||1||0||colspan="2"|-||18||2
|-
|1997/98||Serie A||29||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||30||4
|-
|1998/99||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||18||0||5||0||7||0||30||0
|-
|1999/00||Reggina||Serie A||29||6||2||0||colspan="2"|-||30||6
|-
|2000/01||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||4||0||1||0||3||0||8||0
|-
|2000/01||Brescia||Serie A||10||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||0
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="9"|Milan||rowspan="9"|Serie A||18||2||2||0||9||0||29||2
|-
|2002/03||27||9||2||0||13||0||42||9
|-
|2003/04||32||6||0||0||10||1||42||7
|-
|2004/05||30||4||1||0||12||1||43||5
|-
|2005/06||33||4||4||0||12||1||49||5
|-
|2006/07||34||2||4||0||14||1||52||3
|-
|2007/08||33||3||1||0||9||2||43||5
|-
|2008/09||26||1||0||0||3||1||29||2
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
341||43||24||0||92||7||457||50
341||43||24||0||92||7||457||50
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||7||1
|-
|2005||9||3
|-
|2006||14||1
|-
|2007||8||1
|-
|2008||9||1
|-
|2009||12||1
|-
|2010||8||1
|-
|2011||9||0
|-
|2011||9||0
|-
|2012||13||2
|-
|2013||13||2
|-
!Total||107||13
|}

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian footballers

Andrea Pirlo


This is a list of people who died in 2009

January

 January 1 - Johannes Mario Simmel, 84, Austrian writer.
 January 1 - Helen Suzman, 91, South African politician and activist.
 January 1 - Aarne Arvonen, 111, Finnish supercentenarian and Finnish Civil War veteran.
 January 1 - Nizar Rayan, 49, Palestinian military commander, airstrike.
 January 2 - Ryuzo Hiraki, 77, Japanese footballer.
 January 2 - Maria de Jesus, 115, Portuguese supercentenarian and oldest-living person, septic shock.
 January 3 - Pat Hingle, 84, American actor (Splendor in the Grass, Hang 'Em High, Batman), blood cancer.
 January 3 - Olga San Juan, 81, American actress, kidney failure.
 January 5 - Adolf Merckle, 74, German industrialist, suicide.
 January 6 - Ron Asheton, 60, American rock guitarist.
 January 9 - Rene Herms, 26, German athlete.
 January 9 - Dave Dee, 67, British musician, prostate cancer.
 January 10 - Bill Stone, 108, British World War I veteran.
 January 10 - Rob Gauntlett, 21, British mountaineer, climbing accident.
 January 11 - Pio Laghi, 86, Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
 January 12 - Claude Berri, 74, French movie director.
 January 12 - Arne Naess, 96, Norwegian philosopher.
 January 12 - Friaca, 84, Brazilian footballer, multiple organ failure.
 January 13 - Patrick McGoohan, 80, American-Irish actor, short illness.
 January 14 - Ricardo Montalban, 88, Mexican-American actor, heart failure.
 January 15 - Said Seyam, 50, Palestinian government official, airstrike.
 January 16 - Andrew Wyeth, 91, American painter, short illness.
 January 18 - Tony Hart, 83, British artist and television presenter.
 January 18 - Zenonas Petrauskas, 58, Lithuanian lawyer and politician.
 January 19 - Beatrice Farve, 113, American supercentenarian.
 January 20 - Stephanos II Ghattas, 89, Patriarch of Egyptian Coptic Church.
 January 24 - Kay Yow, 66, American basketball coach, breast cancer.
 January 25 - Mamadou Dia, 98, 1st Prime Minister of Senegal.
 January 27 - Mino Reitano, 64, Italian singer, after long illness.
 January 27 - John Updike, 76, American writer, lung cancer.
 January 27 - R. Venkataraman, 98, 8th President of India, multiple organ failure.
 January 28 - Billy Powell, 56, American musician (Lynyrd Skynyrd).
 January 29 - John Martyn, 60, British singer and songwriter, pneumonia.
 January 30 - Ingemar Johansson, 76, Swedish boxer.
 January 30 - Sune Jonsson, 78, Swedish photographer and writer.

February

 February 1 - Lukas Foss, 86, German-born American composer and conductor, heart attack.
 February 2 - Paul Birch, 46, British footballer, lung cancer.
 February 4 - Lux Interior, 62, American singer, songwriter and musician, aortic dissection.
 February 5 - Dana Vavrova, 41, Czech-born German actress, cancer.
 February 5 - Albert Barille, 88, French television screenwriter and producer.
 February 6 - James Whitmore, 87, American actor, lung cancer.
 February 8 - Marian Cozma, 26, Romanian handball player, stabbed.
 February 9 - Eluana Englaro, 38, Italian patient in right-to-die case, removal of nutrition.
 February 10 - Jeremy Lusk, 24, American motocross racer, brain injury.
 February 12 - Giacomo Bulgarelli, 68, Italian footballer, after long illness.
 February 16 - Stephen Kim Sou-hwan, 86, South Korean archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church.
 February 18 - Tayeb Saleh, 80, Sudanese writer.
 February 18 - Kamila Skolimowska, 26, Polish hammer thrower.
 February 20 - Antonio De Rosso, 68, Italian religious leader.
 February 23 - Seppo Kolehmainen, 76, Finnish actor, after long illness.
 February 23 - Sverre Fehn, 84, Norwegian architect.
 February 25 - Philip Jose Farmer, 91, American writer.
 February 26 - Ruth Drexel, 78, German actress.
 February 26 - Wendy Richard, 65, British actress, breast cancer.
 February 27 - Manea Manescu, 92, former Prime Minister of Romania.
 February 28 - Paul Harvey, 90, American radio host.

March

 March 1 - Ken Henry, 80, American speed skater.
 March 2 - Joao Bernardo Vieira, 69, President of Guinea-Bissau, killed.
 March 2 - Ernst Benda, 84, German politician.
 March 3 - Sebastian Faisst, 20, German handball player.
 March 3 - Flemming Flindt, 72, Danish choreographer, after short illness.
 March 6 - Francis Magalona, 44, Filipino actor and rapper, leukemia.
 March 6 - Susan Tsvangirai, 50, wife of the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Morgan Tsvangirai, car accident.
 March 7 - Tullio Pinelli, 100, Italian screenwriter.
 March 12 - Leonore Annenberg, 91, American philanthropist, natural causes.
 March 13 - Andrew Martin, 33, Canadian professional wrestler, accidental overdose.
 March 14 - Alain Bashung, 61, French singer, composer and actor, lung cancer.
 March 15 - Ron Silver, 62, American actor and political activist, esophageal cancer.
 March 17 - Clodovil Hernandes, 71, Brazilian fashion stylist, politician and television presenter, stroke.
 March 18 - Glenn Sundby, 87, American gymnast.
 March 18 - Natasha Richardson, 45, British actress, epidural hematoma.
 March 19 - Gertrud Fussenegger, 96, Austrian writer.
 March 20 - Abdellatif Filali, 81, former Prime Minister of Morocco.
 March 21 - Walt Poddubny, 49, Canadian ice hockey player.
 March 22 - Jade Goody, 27, British celebrity, cervical cancer.
 March 24 - George Kell, 86, American baseball player
 March 25 - Yukio Endo, 72, Japanese gymnast, esophageal cancer.
 March 26 - Arnold Meri, 89, Estonian military officer.
 March 26 - Arne Bendiksen, 82, Norwegian singer, composer and record producer, heart failure.
 March 28 - Janet Jagan, 88, American-born President of Guyana, abdominal aortic aneurysm.
 March 29 - Maurice Jarre, 84, French movie composer.
 March 29 - Helen Levitt, 95, American photographer, respiratory failure.
 March 29 - Vladimir Fedotov, 66, Russian footballer and coach.
 March 31 - Hong Song-nam, 79, North Korean politician.
 March 31 - Jarl Alfredius, 66, Swedish journalist, cancer.
 March 31 - Raul Alfonsin, 82, former President of Argentina, lung cancer.

April

 April 1 - Arne Andersson, 91, Swedish runner.
 April 4 - Gonzalo Olave, 25, Chilean actor, motorcycle accident.
 April 7 - Dave Arneson, 61, American game designer (Dungeons and Dragons), cancer.
 April 11 - Gerda Gilboe, 94, Danish actress.
 April 12 - Marilyn Chambers, 56, American pornographic actress, erotic dancer and politician, heart disease.
 April 12 - Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, 58, American writer and critical theorist, breat cancer.
 April 13 - Stefan Brecht, 84, German poet, after long illness.
 April 14 - Maurice Druon, 90, French novelist.
 April 15 - Clement Freud, 84, German-born British writer, politician and broadcaster.
 April 15 - Laszlo Tisza, 101, Hungarian-born American physicist.
 April 19 - J. G. Ballard, 78, British writer and novelist, prostate cancer.
 April 22 - Ken Annakin, 94, British movie director.
 April 22 - Jack Cardiff, 94, British cinematographer, natural causes.
 April 22 - Alex Lees, 97, British planner of the Great Escape in World War II.
 April 25 - Beatrice Arthur, 86, American actress.
 April 26 - Pupuke Robati, 84, Cook Islands physician, politician and Prime Minister.
 April 27 - Feroz Khan, 69, Indian actor, cancer.
 April 28 - Ekaterina Maximova, 70, Russian ballet dancer.

May

 May 1 - Karst Tates, 38, Dutch attempted assassin, injuries.
 May 2 - Augusto Boal, 78, Brazilian dramatist and theatre director, respiratory failure.
 May 2 - Jack Kemp, 73, American football player and politician, cancer.
 May 4 - Dom DeLuise, 75, American actor and entertainer.
 May 6 - Valentin Varennikov, 85, Russian general.
 May 8 - Dom DiMaggio, 92, American baseball player, pneumonia.
 May 9 - Chuck Daly, 78, American basketball coach, cancer.
 May 13 - Achille Compagnoni, 94, Italian mountaineer.
 May 13 - Waldemar Levy Cardoso, 108, Brazilian field marshal and World War I-era veteran.
 May 17 - Mario Benedetti, 88, Uruguayan writer.
 May 18 - Wayne Allwine, 62, American voice actor, complications from diabetes.
 May 18 - Dolla, 21, American rapper, shot.
 May 18 - Velupillai Prabhakaran, 54, Sri Lankan leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, missile attack.
 May 19 - Robert F. Furchgott, 92, American scientist and Nobel Prize winner.
 May 20 - Lucy Gordon, 28, British actress, suicide.
 May 23 - Roh Moo-hyun, 62, former President of South Korea, suicide.
 May 25 - Haakon Lie, 103, Norwegian politician.
 May 27 - Clive Grainger, 74, British economist.
 May 29 - Karine Ruby, 31, French snowboarder, fall.
 May 30 - Luis Cabral, 78, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau.
 May 30 - Ephraim Katzir, 93, Israeli biochemist, politician and former President of Israel.
 May 30 - Gaafar Nimeiry, 79, former President of Sudan.
 May 31 - Millvina Dean, 97, survivor of the RMS Titanic.
 May 31 - Danny La Rue, 81, Irish-British female-impersonator and singer, prostate cancer.
 May 31 - George Tilley, 67, American physician and abortion provider, shot.

June

 June 1 - Silvio Barbato, 50, Italian-Brazilian opera conductor and composer, Air France Flight 447 crash.
 June 2 - David Eddings, 77, American fantasy writer.
 June 3 - David Carradine, 72, American actor.
 June 3 - Koko Taylor, 80, American blues musician, complications from gastrointestinal surgery.
 June 6 - Jean Dausset, 92, French immunologist and Nobel Prize winner.
 June 7 - Baron Vaea, 88, former Prime Minister of Tonga, after short illness.
 June 8 - Omar Bongo, 73, President of Gabon.
 June 10 - Helle Virkner, 83, Danish actress, cancer.
 June 12 - Felix Malloum, 76, former President of Chad, cardiac arrest.
 June 13 - Mitsuharu Misawa, 46, Japanese professional wrestler, spinal chord surgery.
 June 14 - Ivan Della Mea, 68, Italian singer-songwriter and writer, after long illness.
 June 17 - Ralf Dahrendorf, 80, German-born British politician, philosopher and social critic, after long illness.
 June 19 - Tomoji Tanabe, 113, Japanese supercentenarian and oldest-living man.
 June 20 - Neda Agha-Soltan, 27, Iranian student, shot.
 June 23 - Hanne Hiob, 86, German actress.
 June 23 - Ed McMahon, 86, American television host and announcer.
 June 24 - Romeo LeBlanc, 81, former Governor-General of Canada, Alzheimer's disease.
 June 25 - Farrah Fawcett, 62, American actress, anal cancer.
 June 25 - Michael Jackson, 50, American singer, songwriter, and entertainer, acute propofol intoxication.
 June 25 - Sky Saxon, 71, American musician, heart failure.
 June 28 - Lucia Lauria Vigna, 113, Italian supercentenarian.
 June 28 - Billy Mays, 50, American pitchman and television host (Pitchmen), hypertensive heart disease.
 June 30 - Pina Bausch, 68, German choreographer.

July

 July 1 - Mollie Sugden, 86, British actress, natural causes.
 July 1 - Karl Malden, 97, American actor.
 July 3 - Jorge Enrique Adoum, 83, Ecuadorean poet and writer.
 July 4 - Allen Klein, 77, American music manager.
 July 5 - Takeo Doi, 89, Japanese psychoanalyst.
 July 6 - Vasily Aksyonov, 76, Russian writer.
 July 6 - Bleddyn Williams, 86, Welsh rugby player, after long illness.
 July 6 - Robert McNamara, 93, American politician.
 July 10 - Ebba Haslund, 81, Norwegian writer.
 July 11 - Arturo Gatti, 37, Canadian boxer, strangulation.
 July 15 - Natalya Estemirova, 51, Russian Human rights activist, shot.
 July 17 - Meir Amit, 87, Israel military commander and politician.
 July 17 – Walter Cronkite, 92, American television news anchor, cerebrovascular disease.
 July 17 - Leszek Kolakowski, 81, Polish philosopher.
 July 18 - Henry Allingham, 113, British veteran of World War I, supercentenarian and oldest-living man.
 July 19 - Frank McCourt, 78, Irish-American writer, melanoma.
 July 19 - Henry Surtees, 18, British racing driver, racing crash.
 July 21 - Heinz Edelmann, 75, Czech-German illustrator and designer, heart disease and renal failure.
 July 22 - Herbert Morris, 94, American rower.
 July 25 - Harry Patch, 111, British veteran of World War I and supercentenarian.
 July 26 - Merce Cunningham, 90, American choreographer.
 July 27 - Sybil, British Downing Street cat, after short illness.
 July 28 - Leela Naidu, 69, Indian actress, after long illness.
 July 29 - Zhuo Lin, 93, Chinese widow of Deng Xiaoping.
 July 30 - Peter Zadek, 83, German theatre director.
 July 31 - Bobby Robson, 76, English footballer and football manager, lung cancer.

August

 August 1 - Corazon Aquino, 76, President of the Philippines (1986 – 1992), complications from colon cancer.
 August 1 - Princess Felicitas of Prussia, 75, German noblewoman and great-granddaughter of Wilhelm II of Germany.
 August 1 - Naomi Sims, 61, American model and writer, breast cancer.
 August 4 - Svend Auken, 66, Danish politician, prostate cancer.
 August 4 - Joseph Msika, 85, Vice President of Zimbabwe.
 August 5 - Budd Schulberg, 95, American screenwriter, playwright and novelist, natural causes.
 August 6 - Riccardo Cassin, 100, Italian mountaineer.
 August 6 - Willy DeVille, 58, American singer-songwriter, pancreatic cancer.
 August 6 - John Hughes, 59, American movie director, screenwriter and producer, heart attack.
 August 6 - Murali, 55, Indian actor, heart attack.
 August 7 - Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf, 80, Iraqi politician and former Vice President.
 August 8 - Daniel Jarque, 26, Spanish footballer, heart attack.
 August 10 - Francisco Valdes, 66, Chilean footballer, heart failure.
 August 11 – Eunice Kennedy Shriver, 88, American activist, founder of the Special Olympics, sister of John F. Kennedy.
 August 13 – Les Paul, 94, American guitarist and inventor, complications from pneumonia.
 August 17 - Tiffany Simelane, 21, Swazi beauty pageant contestant, suicide by poisoning.
 August 18 - Kim Dae-jung, 85, former President of South Korea and Nobel Peace Prize winner.
 August 18 - Hildegard Behrens, 72, German operatic soprano, aortic aneurysm.
 August 19 - Don Hewitt, 86, American television producer, pancreatic cancer.
 August 20 - Larry Knechtel, 69, American musician, heart attack.
 August 22 - Muriel Duckworth, 100, Canadian feminist and activist, complications from a fall.
 August 23 - Anna-Maria Mueller, 60, German luger.
 August 24 - Toni Sailer, 73, Austrian skier, laryngeal cancer.
 August 25 - Mande Sidibe, 69, Maliian economist, politician and Prime Minister, after short illness.
 August 25 – Ted Kennedy, 77, American politician, Senator from Massachusetts (1962–2009), brain cancer.
 August 26 - Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, 56, Iraqi politician, lung cancer.
 August 26 - Dominick Dunne, 83, American writer and investigative journalist, bladder cancer.
 August 27 - Sergey Mikhalkov, 96, Russian writer.
 August 28 - Adam Goldstein, 36, American club disc jockey and musician, suspected drug overdose.
 August 28 - Guenter Kiessling, 83, German general.
 August 30 - Simon Thirgood, 46, British biologist and ecologist, building collapse.
 August 31 - John Choi Young-su, 67, South Korean archbishop.

September

 September 1 - Erich Kunzel, 74, American conductor, cancer.
 September 2 - Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, 60, Indian politician and Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, helicopter crash.
 September 4 - Allan Ekelund, 91, Swedish movie producer.
 September 8 – Aage Niels Bohr, 87, Danish physicist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics (1975).
 September 10 - Gertrude Noone, 110, American supercentenarian.
 September 11 - Yoshito Usui, 51, Japanese manga artist, mountaineering accident.
 September 11 - Zakes Mokae, 75, South African actor, complications of a stroke.
 September 11 - Juan Almeida Bosque, 82, Cuban revolutionary and politician, cardiac arrest.
 September 11 - Gertrude Baines, 115, American supercentenarian and oldest-living person, suspected heart attack.
 September 12 - Dominick Brunner, 50, German businessman and manager, blunt trauma.
 September 12 - Jack Kramer, 88, American tennis player, cancer.
 September 12 - Willy Ronis, 99, French photographer.
 September 12 - Norman Borlaug, 95, American agronomist and Nobel Peace Prize winner.
 September 14 - Keith Floyd, 65, British chef, heart attack.
 September 14 – Patrick Swayze, 57, American actor, singer-songwriter and dancer, pancreatic cancer.
 September 16 – Timothy Bateson, 83, British actor.
 September 16 - Mary Travers, 72, American singer, leukemia.
 September 17 - Noordin Mohammad Top, 41, Malaysian Islamist militant, shot.
 September 18 - Irving Kristol, 89, American political commentator.
 September 19 - Eduard Zimmermann, 80, German journalist and television presenter.
 September 22 - Lucy Vodden, 46, British song inspiration, lupus.
 September 23 - Ertugrul Osman, 97, Turkish head of the Ottoman dynasty, lung and kidney failure.
 September 24 - Nelly Arcan, 35, Canadian novelist, suicide.
 September 24 - Susan Atkins, 61, American murderer, brain cancer.
 September 25 - Alicia de Larrocha, 86, Spanish pianist.
 September 25 – Clifton Maloney, 71, American businessman, husband of U.S. Representative Carolyn B. Maloney, mountaineering accident.
 September 25 – Bob Stupak, 67, American casino owner (Vegas World, Stratosphere Las Vegas), leukemia.
 September 27 - William Safire, 79, American speechwriter for Richard Nixon and political columnist for the New York Times
 September 28 - Guillermo Endara, 73, former President of Panama.
 September 28 - Ulf Larsson, 53, Swedish actor and stage director.
 September 29 - Pavel Popovich, 78, Soviet-Ukrainian cosmonaut.
 September 30 - Pentti Airikkala, 64, Finnish rally driver, prostate cancer.

October

 October 2 - Marek Edelmann, 87, Polish social activist.
 October 2 - Rolf Ruessmann, 58, German footballer, prostate cancer.
 October 3 - Fatima, 98, former Queen of Libya.
 October 3 - Reinhard Mohn, 88, German entrepreneur and publisher.
 October 4 - Shoichi Nakagawa, 56, Japanese politician, suicide.
 October 4 - Mercedes Sosa, 74, Argentine singer.
 October 4 - Guenther Rall, 91, German Luftwaffe pilot.
 October 5 - Giselher Klebe, 84, German composer.
 October 5 - Israel Gelfand, 96, Russian mathematician.
 October 6 - Werner Maihofer, 90, German politician.
 October 7 - Irving Penn, 92, American fashion photographer.
 October 9 - Horst Szymaniak, 75, German footballer.
 October 10 - Stephen Gately, 33, Irish singer (Boyzone).
 October 13 - Al Martino, 82, American singer and actor.
 October 14 – Lou Albano, 76, American professional wrestler and manager, and actor (The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!), natural causes.
 October 14 – Bruce Wasserstein, 61, American investment banker and businessman.
 October 14 – Collin Wilcox, 74, American actress (To Kill a Mockingbird), brain cancer.
 October 15 – George Tuska, 93, American Golden Age comic book artist (Iron Man).
 October 16 – Bob Davis, 77, American politician, U.S. Representative for Michigan (1979–1993), heart and kidney failure.
 October 17 - Rosanna Schiaffino, 69, Italian movie actress, cancer.
 October 17 – Jay W. Johnson, 66, American U.S. Representative for Wisconsin (1997–1999), U.S. Mint Director (2000–2001), heart attack.
 October 18 – Jasper Howard, 20, American football player, stabbed.
 October 18 – Leonard B. Keller, 62, American soldier, Medal of Honor recipient, motorcycle accident.
 October 18 – Nancy Spero, 83, American artist, heart failure.
 October 19 - Howard Unruh, 88, American spree killer.
 October 19 - Joseph Wiseman, 91, Canadian actor.
 October 20 – Clifford Hansen, 97, American politician, Governor of Wyoming (1963–1967) and U.S. Senator (1967–1978).
 October 22 – Soupy Sales, 83, American comedian.
 October 23 - Lou Jacobi, 95, Canadian actor.
 October 23 - Shiloh Pepin, 10, American medical figure, pneumonia.
 October 25 - Camillo Cibin, 83, Italian former commander of the Corps Gendarmerie of Vatican City.
 October 28 - Taylor Mitchell, 19, Canadian singer, injuries from coyote attack.
 October 29 - Norman Painting, 85, British radio actor, heart failure.
 October 30 - Claude Levi-Strauss, 100, French anthropologist.
 October 31 - Qian Xuesen, 97, Chinese scientist.

November

 November 2 - Mark Smith, 49, British musician (The Waterboys) and record producer.
 November 3 - Francisco Ayala, 103, Spanish novelist, natural causes.
 November 4 - Hubertus Brandenburg, 85, German-born Swedish bishop.
 November 6 - Manuel Solis, 91, former President of Panama, pulmonary edema.
 November 8 - Vitaly Ginzburg, 93, Russian physicist and Nobel Prize winner.
 November 10 - Robert Enke, 32, German footballer, suicide by train impact.
 November 10 – John Allen Muhammad, 48, American serial killer, lethal injection.
 November 11 - John Jay O'Connor, 79, American lawyer, husband of Sandra Day O'Connor, Alzheimer's disease.
 November 12 - Bernard Kolelas, 76, former Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo.
 November 15 - Pierre Harmel, 98, former Prime Minister of Belgium.
 November 15 - Patriarch Pavle of Serbia, 95, Serbian religious leader.
 November 16 - Edward Woodward, 79, British actor.
 November 16 - Olivia Patricia Thomas, 114, American supercentenarian.
 November 18 - Jeanne-Claude, 74, French artist, ruptured brain aneurysm.
 November 20 - Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi, 78, Pakistani politician and former Prime Minister.
 November 21 - Konstantin Feoktistov, 83, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut and aerospace engineer.
 November 24 - Samak Sundaravej, 74, former Prime Minister of Thailand, liver cancer.
 November 24 - José Arraño, 88, Chilean writer.
 November 24 - Abe Pollin, 85, American, Owner of Washington Wizards and Washington Capitals, corticobasal degeneration.
 November 27 - Erich Boehme, 79, German journalist, cancer.
 November 28 - Tony Kendall, 73, Italian actor, after short illness.
 November 29 - Prince Alexander of Belgium, 67, Belgian royal, pulmonary embolism.
 November 30 - Paul Naschy, 75, Spanish actor, screenwriter and director, pancreatic cancer.
 November 30 - Milorad Pavic, 80, Serbian writer, heart failure.

December

 December 1 - Ramses Shaffy, 76, Dutch singer and actress.
 December 2 - Aaron Schroeder, 83, American songwriter and music producer.
 December 2 - Maggie Jones, 75, British actress.
 December 3 - Richard Todd, 90, Irish-born British actor, cancer.
 December 4 - Vyacheslav Tikhonov, 81, Russian actor.
 December 4 - Eddie Fatu, 36, Samoan-American professional wrestler, heart attack.
 December 5 - Alfred Hrdlicka, 81, Austrian architect and draughtsman.
 December 5 - Otto Graf Lambsdorff, 82, German politician.
 December 9 - Gene Barry, 90, American actor, heart failure.
 December 9 - Kjell Eugenio Laugerud Garcia, 79, former President of Guatemala, cancer.
 December 13 - Paul Samuelson, 94, American economist, winner 1970 Nobel Prize in Economics.
 December 15 - Oral Roberts, 91, American evangelist, complications from pneumonia.
 December 16 - Yegor Gaidar, 53, Russian politician.
 December 16 - Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, 69, South African politician, complications from a liver transplant.
 December 16 - Roy E. Disney, 79, American entertainment executive, stomach cancer.
 December 17 - Amin al-Hafiz, 88, former President of Syria.
 December 17 - Jennifer Jones, 90, American actress.
 December 19 - Hossein-Ali Montazeri, 87, Iranian cleric and dissident, natural causes.
 December 19 - Kim Peek, 58, American savant, heart attack.
 December 20 - Brittany Murphy, 32, American actress.
 December 21 - Edwin G. Krebs, 91, American biochemist and Nobel Prize winner.
 December 22 - Luis Francisco Cuellar, 69, Colombian politician, murdered.
 December 23 - Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme, 99, Tibetan politician.
 December 24 - Rafael Caldera, 93, Venezuelan President.
 December 25 - Vic Chesnutt, 45, American musician, muscle relaxant overdose.
 December 25 - Knut Haugland, 92, Norwegian explorer and last-surviving member of the Kon-Tiki expedition.
 December 28 - James "The Rev" Sullivan, 28, American musician (Avenged Sevenfold), accidental overdose.
 December 29 - Akmal Shaikh, 53, British drug trafficker, executed.
 December 29 - "Dr. Death" Steve Williams, 49, American professional wrestler, throat cancer.
 December 30 - Abdurrahman Wahid, 69, 4th President of Indonesia.
 December 31 - Rashidi Kawawa, 83, former Prime Minister of Tanganyika and Tanzania.
 December 31 - Cahal Daly, 92, Irish cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.

References

Deaths in 2009


Öjeby IF is a sports club in Öjebyn in the town of Piteå in Sweden. The club was established on 2 November 1922. The women's soccer team played in the Swedish top division in 1978.

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:1922 establishments in Sweden
Category:Handball clubs in Sweden
Category:Swedish football clubs
Category:Ice hockey teams in Sweden
Category:Ski clubs in Sweden

Öjeby IF


Sixpence None the Richer (also known as Sixpence) is an American Christian rock/pop band. They formed in New Braunfels, Texas in 1992. The band eventually settled in Nashville, Tennessee. They are best known for their songs "Kiss Me" and "Breathe Your Name" and their covers of "Don't Dream It's Over" and "There She Goes". The name of the band is inspired by a passage from the book Mere Christianity by C. S. Lewis.

Discography
Studio albums
 The Faithless and the Widow (1994)
 This Beautiful Mess (1995)
 Sixpence None the Richer (1997)
 Divine Discontent (2002)
 The Dawn of Grace (2008)
 Lost in Transition (2012)

References

Category:1992 establishments in the United States
Category:1990s American music groups
Category:2000s American music groups
Category:2010s American music groups
Category:American pop rock bands
Category:Musical groups established in 1992
Category:Musical groups from Texas

Sixpence None the Richer


Professor James Moriarty is a  fictional character in some of the Sherlock Holmes stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Moriarty is a criminal mastermind whom Holmes describes as the "Napoleon of crime".

Doyle got the phrase from a Scotland Yard inspector. The inspector was referring to a real-life criminal. The character was introduced to allow Doyle to kill Sherlock Holmes, and only featured in two of the Sherlock Holmes stories. Later, he has often been treated as Holmes' archenemy.

Professor Moriarty's first and only appearance occurred in The Adventure of the Final Problem. There Holmes is about to deliver a fatal blow to Moriarty's criminal organization. Suddenly he is forced to flee to continental Europe to escape Moriarty's revenge. Moriarty follows.

The pursuit ends in Switzerland on top of the Reichenbach Falls. The encounter that apparently ends with both Holmes and Moriarty falling to their deaths.

Moriarty also plays a role in the book-length The Valley of Fear, and his agents are mentioned in a few other stories.

References

Category:Characters in written fiction
Category:Fictional British people
Category:Books by Arthur Conan Doyle

Professor Moriarty


Schwanden is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland. The lake Garichtisee can be reached by cable car.

Other websites
Official website of Schwanden

Category:Former municipalities of Glarus
Category:2011 disestablishments in Switzerland

Schwanden, Glarus


The penis is a male body part found on the outside of the body. It is used for urination and for sexual reproduction. The main sexual function of the penis is to be inserted into a female's vagina and deliver semen which may cause pregnancy. This activity is called sexual intercourse.

There are many slang words for penis. They include dick, cock, and schlong. Sometimes it is called the male member.

Structure
The human penis is made up of three types of tissue. It has two corpora cavernosa (special pieces of muscle) next to each other and a corpus spongiosum (spongy muscle) between them.

The end of the corpus spongiosum forms the glans penis which is underneath the foreskin in uncircumcised males. The area on the bottom of the penis, where the foreskin is attached on uncircumcised men, is known as the frenulum. The urethra, the tube where urine and semen travel through, runs down the corpus spongiosum (spongy tissue), and opens at the tip of the penis. Sperm are made in the testes (ball-like organs) and stored in the epididymis (layer of tissue) around the testes. During ejaculation, sperm are pushed up the vas deferens. Fluids are added by the seminal vesicles, the prostate gland and the bulbourethral glands to make semen.

Erection

A penis can become erect if a  male is sexually aroused (or sometimes during sleep, even though there is no sexual stimulation). In an erection, the penis fills with blood. The blood makes the penis become longer, thicker and harder. Veins taking blood away from the penis get smaller, so less blood is taken through. Arteries bringing blood to the penis get wider, bringing more blood to the penis.

Ejaculation

Ejaculation is when semen is pushed from the penis. It usually happens during an orgasm. Males can ejaculate during sexual intercourse or by masturbation.

In reproductive sexual intercourse between a male and female, the erect penis is inserted into the vagina and moved in and out. The vagina places pressure on the penis, which can cause the male to have an orgasm and ejaculate into the vagina, causing insemination.

Other forms of sex, like anal and oral sex, can also cause stimulation, and therefore orgasm and ejaculation. In masturbation, a male can stimulate the penis and other sensitive areas of the body, such as the scrotum, by rubbing the genital area. Ejaculation may also happen during sleep (called a 'wet dream'). A male must have started puberty before he can ejaculate. During orgasm, muscles push semen from the penis. Semen moves through the urethra and comes out of the hole at the tip of the penis.

Penis size in humans

The length and thickness of the penis is different for different people. The size of a soft penis (not erect) is much smaller than when it is erect. Some penises grow more when they get hard than other penises. In most cases, whether a penis is big or small, it can still be used for sex. It averages out to be around 3 to 6 inches long when not erect. The average size of an erect human penis is between 13 – 16 cm (5.1– 6 in). The average circumference of a penis is 12.3 cm (4.85 in) when fully erect. The penis grows bigger during puberty. At the start of puberty, the average length of the penis is . The penis reaches adult size about 5 years later. A study done in 1996 found the mean length of an adult man's penis is  when it is not erect. The average length of an erect penis is about .

Circumcision
The foreskin is a fold of skin that covers the end of the penis. Cutting off the foreskin is called circumcision. The foreskin is connected to the head of the penis. During circumcision, the foreskin is removed from the penis. Circumcision is usually performed on infant males for medical, religious or cultural reasons. Circumcision is common in some parts of the world, such as the United States and the Middle East, but not common in some other parts of the world, such as Europe and China.

Some males have the foreskin cut off when they are adults because they have problems with their foreskin. Some males have the foreskin cut off because they want to change how their penis looks.

In common speech, you can say that someone is cut or uncut, meaning circumcised or not circumcised .

In some religions, babies and young boys have their foreskin cut off. This is expected in Islam and Judaism. It is not required according to Christianity. In Judaism, infant males are required to have their foreskin removed as a sign of the covenant (ancient promise) made with God.

Skin color
A young boy's penis skin is the same color as his other skin. Around age 12-15, a boy's penis skin gets slightly darker. This is normal because of puberty. This is caused by sex hormones (natural chemicals), especially testosterone. Testosterone makes more melanin. Melanin is the amino acid that causes skin color. (Sunlight also makes more melanin so skin gets a sun tan.)
Usually a teenager or man's penis side skin is slightly darker than other skin on his body. The tip (glans) of the penis is usually pink or red color even if the penis side skin is dark. If the man is not circumcised, the tip is usually covered by the foreskin. The foreskin is about the same color as the skin on the side of the penis.

If a man's penis skin changes color and he doesn't know why, he should go to a doctor. He could have an infection, diabetes or cancer. A sunburn on the penis can happen quickly.  If a man is outside without clothes, he will get a sun tan. That is normal. Too much sun causes a sunburn. Doctors say to use sunscreen (sun cream) before and after nude swimming. A sunburn can happen in a few minutes on a very sunny day.

Culture

Since the oldest cultures the penis has assumed a strong importance as a symbol of fertility used also in religious ceremonies to propitiate the reproductive capacity of men and beasts. For example, in Roman paganism the god Priapus is characterized by a huge penis.

On the penis can be applied piercings and it can be tattooed as a body art form.

Related pages
 Phallus
 Scrotum
 Testicles
 Vagina

References

Other websites

 Kinsey Institute on the penis

Category:Anatomy of the male reproductive system

Penis


Abbott is a city in the state of Texas, in the United States. It is in Hill County. In 2010, 356 people lived there. It is . The country musician Willie Nelson was born in Abbott.

History
The city started as a stop on the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad. The city was founded (started) in 1871. It was named after Joseph "Jo" Abbott, a politician. He was the representative for the area in the Texas legislature. The biggest the city ever got was in 1914, when 713 people lived there. Abbott city was incorporated in 1916.

Location
Abbott is on Interstate 35. Its coordinates are  (31.883865, -97.075680). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . All of this is land; the city does not include any rivers, lakes, or other kinds of standing water.

Demographics
In 2000, there were 300 people living in Abbott. They made up 124 households and 89 families. The population density was 518.0 people per square mile (199.7 people/km²). Of the people in Abbott, 96.00% were white, 1.00% were African-American or black, 3.00% were other races. 5.67% of the population said they were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

In 2010, there were 356 people living in Abbott. 91.0% were white, 2.0% were black or African-American, 1.1% were Native American, 0.3% were Asian, 0.3% were two or more races, and 6.5% were Hispanic or Latino.

References

Category:Cities in Texas
Category:1871 establishments in the United States
Category:1870s establishments in Texas

Abbott, Texas


Mary Stuart Masterson (born in New York City, 28 June 1966) is a television actress and movie performer. She acted in the 1991 movie Fried Green Tomatoes (which got positive reviews by the critics). Her father was Peter Masterson.

Category:People from New York
Category:American movie actors
Category:1966 births
Category:Living people

Mary Stuart Masterson


Nördlingen is a town in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Hermann Faul. Two battles during the Thirty Years' War took place here. It is one of only three German towns to still have a complete city wall.

References

Category:Donau-Ries

Nördlingen


Fraternity is some kind of morality, ethics or idea. A synonym of fraternity is brotherhood.

Fraternity is adopted for the national motto of France, "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity".

Japan's prime minister Ichiro Hatoyama had an idea of a fraternity. The origin of his idea is the book "The totalitarian state against man" (original title in German; ) written by Count Richard Nikolaus Eijiro von Coudenhove-Kalergi, an Austrian politician, geopolitician, and philosopher. Ichiro Hatoyama had made an effort to spread the idea of the fraternity. Ichiro's grandchild Yukio Hatoyama also has become the prime minister of Japan. Yukio Hatoyama has taken over the idea of his grandfather Ichiro's. The family of Hatoyama's fraternity means  in Japanese.

Category:Ethics
Category:Philosophy

Fraternity


Tiaret is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tiaret.

Divisions
The province has 14 districts.  There are also 42 communes or municipalities.

Districts

 Aïn Deheb
 Aïn Kermes
 Dahmouni
 Frenda
 Hamadia
 Ksar Chellala
 Mahdia
 Mechraâ Sfa
 Medroussa
 Meghila
 Oued Lili
 Rahouia
 Sogueur
 Tiaret

References

Category:Provinces of Algeria

Tiaret Province


Jhon Jairo Velásquez Vásquez (April 15, 1962 – February 6, 2020), also known by the alias "Popeye", was a hitman. He was part of the criminal structure of the Medellín Cartel until his surrender to the Colombian justice system in 1992. He was a known as a hitman working for Pablo Escobar.

In January 2020, it was announced that Velásquez had terminal esophageal cancer. He died on February 6, 2020 in Bogotá from the disease, aged 57.

References

Category:1962 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Colombian people
Category:Deaths from esophageal cancer
Category:Drug dealers
Category:Murderers

Jhon Jairo Velásquez


This is a list of cities and towns in Gabon:

Gabon, List of cities in
Category:Gabon
Gabon

List of cities in Gabon