Events

Up to 1900
 1493 - Christopher Columbus lands on Guadeloupe.
 1501 - Catherine of Aragon meets Arthur Tudor, the brother of Henry VIII of England.
 1576 - Eighty Years' War: Spain captures Antwerp, Flanders.
 1677 – Future queen Mary II of England marries future king William III of England.
 1783 - Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Symphony No. 36 is performed for the first time in Linz, Austria.
 1786 - Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse lands on an island in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, which he names after Jacques Necker.
 1798 - Beginning of the Russo-Ottoman Siege of Corfu.
 1828 - Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States.
 1847 - Scottish doctor James Young Simpson discovers the anaesthetic properties of chloroform.
 1852 - Count Camillo Benso di Cavour becomes Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, which later expands to become Italy.
 1856 - James Buchanan is elected President of the United States.
 1861 - The University of Washington is founded.
 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Johnson - Confederate troops bombard a Union supply base and destroy millions of dollars of material.
 1875 - Paddle steamer Pacific collides with Orpheus sailing boat off Cape Flattery, Washington, killing 273 people.
 1884 - Grover Cleveland is elected to his first term as President of the United States.
 1890 - London's deep-level railway opens between King William Street and Stockwell.

1901  2000
 1918 – World War I: Austria-Hungary surrenders to Italy.
 1921 – Prime Minister of Japan Hara Takashi is murdered.
 1921 - Italy's unknown soldier is buried in the Fatherland Altar in Rome.
 1922 – A team of archaeologists led by Howard Carter finds the tomb of Tutankhamun in Egypt.
 1924 - Calvin Coolidge is elected to continue as President of the United States, after he had served out Warren G. Harding's term.
 1924 - Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming becomes the first woman elected governor in a US State.
 1942 - World War II: Second Battle of El Alamein - Disobeying a direct order from Adolf Hitler, General Field Marshal Erwin Rommel leads his forces to a five-month retreat.
 1950 - European Convention on Human Rights is adopted.
 1952 - The United States Government creates the National Security Agency.
 1952 – Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected President of the United States.
 1955 – The rebuilt Vienna State Opera is re-opened.
 1956 – Soviet troops crush the Hungarian Revolution. Thousands are killed.
 1960 - In Tanzania, Jane Goodall observes chimpanzees making tools, the first-ever such observation in non-humans.
 1966 - The Arno River in Florence, Italy floods at record levels, making thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art and rare books.
 1970 - Genie, aged 13, is found in Los Angeles, having been locked in her bedroom for most of her life until that point.
 1977 - The UN ends its weapons embargo on Apartheid-era South Africa.
 1979 - The Iran hostage crisis begins - A group of Iranians, mostly students, invades United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran, and takes 90 people hostage, including 53 Americans.
 1980 – Ronald Reagan is elected President of the United States, defeating Jimmy Carter.
 1984 - French Pay-TV channel Canal+ starts transmission.
 1991 - Imelda Marcos, former First Lady of the Philippines, is given a Presidential pardon by Corazon Aquino.
 1993 - A China Airlines Boeing 747 overruns Runway 13 at Hong Kong's Kai Tak International Airport while landing  during a typhoon, injuring 22 people.
 1993 - Jean Chrétien becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
 1994 - The first conference focusing exclusively on the subject of the commercial potential of the World Wide Web is held in San Francisco, California.
 1995 – Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is murdered, being shot dead by Yigal Amir.
 1999 - Ilir Meta becomes Prime Minister of Albania.

From 2001
 2001 - Northern Ireland: The Police Service of Northern Ireland is created, replacing the Royal Ulster Constabulary.
 2005 – Nintendo's Game Boy Micro is released in Europe.
 2006 - A widespread power failure affects parts of Western Europe.
 2008 – Barack Obama wins the vote to become President of the United States, over Senator John McCain. Obama becomes the US' first African American President.
 2010 - Aero Caribbean Flight 883 crashes in central Cuba, killing all 68 people on board.
 2014 - US Mid-term elections are held, with the Republican Party reclaiming the majority it lost in the Senate in 2006.
 2015 - Justin Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada.
 2015 - A cargo plane crashes near Juba International Airport in South Sudan, killing 37 people.
 2015 - A building collapses in Lahore, Pakistan, killing 45 people.
 2016 - The Paris climate change agreement enters into force.
 2018 - New Caledonia holds an independence referendum, where a smaller-than expected majority (56%) votes to remain an overseas territory of France.
 2019 - Sir Lindsay Hoyle is chosen to succeed John Bercow as Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

Births

Up to 1900
 1448 - King Alphonso II of Naples (d. 1495)
 1470 – Edward V, King of England (d. 1483?)
 1575 – Guido Reni, Italian painter (d. 1642)
 1592 - Gerard van Honthorst, Dutch painter (d. 1656)
 1618 - Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor (d. 1707)
 1631 – Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, daughter of Charles I of England, and mother of William III (d. 1660)
 1640 - Carlo Mannelli, Italian violinist and composer (d. 1697)
 1661 - Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (d. 1742)
 1732 - Thomas Johnson, Governor of Maryland (d. 1819)
 1765 - Pierre-Simon Girard, French mathematician (d. 1836)
 1766 - John Adams, English mutineer (d. 1829)
 1772 - François-Frédéric Lemot, French sculptor (d. 1827)
 1782 - John Branch, Governor of North Carolina and last territorial Governor of Florida (d. 1863)
 1783 - Gaspard Gourgaud, French historian (d. 1852)
 1787 - Edmund Kean, English actor (d. 1833)
 1836 - Charles B. Andrews, Governor of Connecticut (d. 1902)
 1840 - William Giblin, Australian politician, 13th Premier of Tasmania (d. 1887)
 1845 - Vasudeo Balwant Phadke, Indian revolutionary (d. 1883)
 1853 - Anna Baverova, Czech physician (d. 1924)
 1861 - Dimitrios Ioannou, Greek general (d. 1926)
 1868 - La Belle Otero, Spanish actress, singer and dancer (d. 1965)
 1872 - Barbu Stirbey, Romanian politician (d. 1946)
 1873 - G. E. Moore, English philosopher (d. 1958)
 1874 - Aleksandr Vasilevich Kolchak, Russian military commander (d. 1920)
 1874 - Charles Despiau, French sculptor (d. 1946)
 1879 – Will Rogers, American humorist (d. 1935)
 1883 - Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general (d. 1953)
 1884 - Harry Ferguson, British aviator and inventor (d. 1960)
 1884 - George Underwood, American athlete (d. 1943)
 1887 - Alfred Lee Loomis, American physicist, philanthropist and scientific research patron (d. 1975)
 1890 - Klabund, German writer (d. 1928)
 1896 – Carlos P. Garcia, President of the Philippines (d. 1971)
 1897 - C. B. van Niel, Dutch microbiologist (d. 1985)
 1899 - Nicolas Frantz, Luxembourg cyclist (d. 1985)
 1900 - Lucretiu Patrascanu, Romanian Communist activist and sociologist (d. 1954)

1901  1950
 1901 - Bangja, Crown Princess Euimin of Korea (d. 1989)
 1902 - Reg Dean, British supercentenarian (d. 2013)
 1904 - Tadeusz Zylinski, Polish technician and textilist (d. 1967)
 1906 - Sterling North, American writer (d. 1974)
 1907 - Draga Matkovic, German concert pianist
 1908 – Joseph Rotblat, Polish physicist (d. 2005)
 1908 - Stanley Cortez, American cinematographer (d. 1997)
 1909 – Bert Patenaude, American footballer (d. 1974)
 1909 - Skeeter Webb, American baseball player (d. 1986)
 1911 – Dixie Lee, American actress, dancer and singer (d. 1952)
 1912 - Vadim Salmanov, Russian composer (d. 1978)
 1913 - Gig Young, American actor (d. 1978)
 1916 – Walter Cronkite, American news reporter (d. 2009)
 1916 – Ruth Handler, American businesswoman, inventor of the Barbie doll (d. 2002)
 1918 – Art Carney, American actor (d. 2003)
 1919 - Oscar Holderer, German rocket scientist (d. 2015)
 1920 - Val Heim, American baseball player (d. 2019)
 1923 - Freddy Heineken, Dutch businessman (d. 2002)
 1923 - Gunnar Huseby, Icelandic athlete (d. 1995)
 1923 - Howie Meeker, Canadian ice hockey player
 1925 - Ritwik Ghatab, Bangladeshi-Indian filmmaker and scriptwriter (d. 1976)
 1925 - Doris Roberts, American actress (d. 2016)
 1928 - Larry Bunker, American jazz musician (d. 2005)
 1929 - Shakuntala Devi, Indian child prodigy and mental calculator (d. 2013)
 1929 - Leopold Gratz, Austrian politician (d. 2006)
 1929 - Athanasios of Albania, Greek-Albanian archbishop
 1930 - Dick Groat, American baseball and basketball player
 1930 - Dick MacPherson, American football coach (d. 2017)
 1931 - Bernard Francis Law, American cardinal and former Archbishop of Boston, Massachusetts (d. 2017)
 1932 – Thomas Klestil, President of Austria (d. 2004)
 1933 - Charles K. Kao, Chinese physicist (d. 2018)
 1933 - C. Odumegwu Ojukwu, Nigerian military leader and politician (d. 2011)
 1935 - Elgar Howarth, English conductor, composer and trumpeter
 1936 - Didier Ratsiraka, former President of Madagascar
 1936 - C. K. Williams, American poet (d. 2015)
 1937 - Loretta Swit, American actress
 1938 - Jorge Manicera, Uruguayan footballer (d. 2012)
 1939 - Michael Meacher, British politician (d. 2015)
 1940 - Marlène Jobert, French actress
 1943 - Marilyn Ware, American diplomat and businesswoman (d. 2017)
 1944 - Scherrie Payne, American singer
 1944 - Linda Gary, American voice actress (d. 1995)
 1946 – Laura Bush, former First Lady of the United States
 1948 – Amadou Toumani Touré, President of Mali
 1948 - Alexis Hunter, New Zealand photographer and painter (d. 2014)

1951  1975
 1951 – Traian Basescu, President of Romania
 1952 - Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria, Coptic Church leader
 1953 - Tina Theune, German footballer
 1953 - Carlos Gutierrez, American politician
 1953 - Derek Johnstone, Scottish footballer
 1953 - Jacques Villeneuve, Canadian racing driver
 1953 - Peter Lord, English animator, film producer and director
 1954 - Aleksandr Aksinin, Russian athlete
 1954 - Chris Difford, rock music singer
 1955 – Matti Vanhanen, former Prime Minister of Finland
 1956 - James Honeyman-Scott, English musician (d. 1982)
 1956 - Igor Talkov, Russian singer-songwriter (d. 1991)
 1957 – Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister of Australia
 1958 - Lee Jasper, English activist and politician
 1960 - Kathy Griffin, American comedienne
 1961 – Ralph Macchio, American actor
 1961 – Nigel Worthington, Northern Irish footballer
 1962 - Arvo Volmer, Estonian conductor
 1963 – Lena Zavaroni, Scottish singer (d. 1999)
 1963 – Horacio Elizondo, Argentine  football referee
 1963 - Rosario Flores, Spanish singer and actress
 1963 - Michel Therrien, Canadian ice hockey player
 1964 - Yuko Mizutani, Japanese voice actress and singer (d. 2016)
 1965 - Malandra Burrows, English actress and singer
 1965 - Wayne Static, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2014)
 1969 – Sean Combs (P-Diddy), American rapper and producer
 1969 – Matthew McConaughey, American actor
 1969 - Samantha Smith, American actress
 1970 - Malena Ernman, Swedish singer
 1970 - Tony Sly, American singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 2012)
 1971 - Perry Moore, American writer and movie producer (d. 2011)
 1972 – Luís Figo, Portuguese footballer
 1972 - Myles Pollard, Australian actor
 1974 - Louise Redknapp, English television personality
 1975 - Heather Tom, American actress

From 1976
 1976 - Daniel Bahr, German politician
 1976 – Mario Melchiot, Dutch footballer
 1976 - Alexander Popp, German tennis player
 1979 - Trishelle Cannatella, American model and actress
 1980 - Jerry Collins, New Zealand rugby player (d. 2015)
 1981 - Guy Martin, English motorcycle racer
 1982 - Kamila Skolimowska, Polish hammer thrower (d. 2009)
 1983 - Anton Buslov, Russian astrophysicist and blogger (d. 2014)
 1984 - Dustin Brown, American ice hockey player
 1985 – Marcell Jansen, German footballer
 1986 - Alexz Johnson, Canadian singer-songwriter, producer and actress
 1986 - Szymon Pawlowski, Polish footballer
 1986 - Adrian Zaugg, South African racing driver
 1987 - T.O.P, South Korean singer-songwriter and actor
 1989 - Enner Valencia, Ecuadorean footballer
 1991 - Lesley Kerkhove, Dutch tennis player
 1998 - Darcy Rose Byrnes, American actress and singer

Deaths

Up to 1950
 1411 - Khalil Sultan, Timurid ruler (b. 1384)
 1652 - Jean-Claude de la Faille, Flemish mathematician (b. 1597)
 1669 - Johannes Cocceius, Dutch theologian (b. 1603)
 1698 - Rasmus Bartholin, Danish physician and mathematician (b. 1625)
 1801 - William Shippen, American physician and Continental Congressman (b. 1712)
 1847 - Thieu Tri, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 1807)
 1847 – Felix Mendelssohn, German composer (b. 1809)
 1893 - Pierre Tirard, Prime Minister of France (b. 1827)
 1906 - John H. Ketcham, American general and politician (b. 1832)
 1918 – Wilfred Owen, English poet (b. 1893)
 1921 – Hara Takashi, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1865)
 1924 - Gabriel Fauré, French composer (b. 1845)
 1931 - Luigi Galleani, Italian activist (b. 1861)
 1932 - Belle Bennett, American actress (b. 1891)
 1950 - Grover Cleveland Alexander, American baseball player and coach (b. 1887)

1951  2000
 1951 - Ernesto Ambrosini, Italian athlete (b. 1894)
 1955 – Cy Young, American baseball player (b. 1867)
 1968 - Michel Kikoine, Belarusian painter (b. 1892)
 1969 - Carlos Marighella, Brazilian revolutionary (b. 1911)
 1969 - Frank G. Clement, Governor of Tennessee (b. 1920)
 1969 - Ernest W. Gibson, Governor of Vermont (b. 1901)
 1974 – Bert Patenaude, American footballer (b. 1909)
 1982 - Jacques Tati, French actor and director (b. 1907)
 1986 - Kurt Hirsch, German mathematician (b. 1906)
 1988 - Kleanthis Vikelidis, Greek footballer (b. 1916)
 1990 - David Stirling, British founder of the SAS (b. 1915)
 1992 - George Klein, Canadian inventor (b. 1904)
 1994 – Sam Francis, American painter (b. 1923)
 1995 – Gilles Deleuze, French philosopher (b. 1925)
 1995 – Yitzhak Rabin, 5th Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1922)
 1997 - Richard Hooker, American writer (b. 1924)
 1998 - Marion Donovan, American architect and inventor (b. 1917)

From 2001
 2008 – Michael Crichton, American writer (b. 1942)
 2009 - Hubertus Brandenburg, German-born Swedish Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1923)
 2010 – Eugenie Blanchard, French-Caribbean supercentenarian (b. 1896)
 2010 - Sparky Anderson, American baseball manager (b. 1934)
 2011 - Alfonso Cano, Colombian FARC leader (b. 1948)
 2011 - Andy Rooney, American journalist (b. 1919)
 2011 - Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr., American physicist (b. 1915)
 2012 - Ted Curson, American trumpeter (b. 1935)
 2013 - Hans von Borsody, Austrian-German actor (b. 1929)
 2014 - Jeremy Dale, American comic book artist (b. 1979)
 2014 - Enrique Olivera, Argentine politician (b. 1940)
 2014 - Richard Schaal, American actor (b. 1928)
 2014 - Eddie Stuart, South African footballer (b. 1931)
 2015 - René Girard, French-American historian, literary critic and philosopher of social science (b. 1923)
 2015 - Melissa Mathison, American screenwriter (b. 1950)
 2015 - Piotr Domaradzki, Polish-American journalist (b. 1946)
 2015 - Ole Knapp, Norwegian politician (b. 1931)
 2016 - Jean-Jacques Perrey, French electronic music producer (b. 1929)
 2016 - Mansour Pourheidari, Iranian footballer (b. 1946)
 2017 - Michael Augustine, Indian Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1933)
 2017 - Anna Diggs Taylor, American judge (b. 1932)
 2017 - Dudley Simpson, Australian composer and conductor (b. 1922)
 2017 - Tamara Natalie Madden, Jamaican-American artist (b. 1975)
 2018 - Karl-Heinz Adler, German artist (b. 1927)
 2018 - Manohar Prahlad Awati, Indian vice-admiral (b. 1927)
 2018 - Donna Axum, American model (b. 1942)
 2018 - Marco Dezzi Bardeschi, Italian architect (b. 1934)
 2018 - Tetsugen Bernard Glassman, American Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1939)
 2018 - Jeremy Heywood, British economist and civil servant (b. 1961)
 2018 - Harris Hines, American judge (b. 1943)
 2018 - Vince Manuwai, American football player (b. 1980)
 2018 - Grant R. Osborne, American theologian (b. 1942)
 2018 - Wolfgang Zuckermann, German-American harpsichord maker and activist (b. 1922)
 2019 - Gay Byrne, Irish broadcaster (b. 1934)
 2019 - Jacques Dupont, French racing cyclist (b. 1928)
 2019 - Sadeque Hossain Khoka, Bangladeshi politician (b. 1952)
 2019 - Virginia Leith, American actress (b. 1925)

Observances
 Flag Day (Panama)
 National Unity and Armed Forces Day (Italy)
 Unity Day (Russia)

November 04

November 4


Benson County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 6,660 people lived there. The county seat is Minnewaukan.

Category:North Dakota counties

Benson County, North Dakota


Route 386 is a road in Israel. It stretches from Tzur Hadassah to Jerusalem.

The route begins in the Judean Mountains at Tzur Hadassah. It starts at a junction with Route 375.

In Jerusalem, the road is named Herzl Boulevard (Sderot Herzl). It stretches from the western entrance to the city near the Bridge of Strings to Mount Herzl. The street was named after Theodor Herzl on November 17, 1949. The street passes through the neighborhoods of Kiryat Moshe, Beit Hakerem, Yefeh Nof and Bayit VeGan. The main entrance to Mount Herzl is the number 1.

Gallery

References

Other websites

386
Category:Jerusalem

Route 386 (Israel)


Horseshoe Bend is a city in Arkansas, United States.

Category:Cities in Arkansas

Horseshoe Bend, Arkansas


Petco Park is a baseball park in San Diego, California. It is the home field of the Major League Baseball team called the San Diego Padres. It opened in 2004, replacing the old home of the Padres, Qualcomm Stadium.

References
Green Cathedrals, by Philip J. Lowry

Category:Major League Baseball venues
Category:San Diego Padres
Category:Sports buildings in California
Category:2004 establishments in California

Petco Park


Titania is the biggest moon of Uranus and the eighth biggest moon in the Solar System.

Discovery
Titania was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel. He reported it and Oberon the same year. He later reported four more moons, which turned out to be spurious.

Name and pronunciation
The names of Titania and the other four moons of Uranus then known were suggested by Herschel's son John Herschel in 1852 at the request of William Lassell, who had found Ariel and Umbriel the year before. Lassell had earlier supported Herschel's 1847 naming scheme for the seven then-known moons of Saturn and had named his newly-found eighth moon Hyperion in accordance with Herschel's naming scheme in 1848.

All of the moons of Uranus are named for characters from Shakespeare or Alexander Pope. Titania was named after Titania, the Queen of the Faeries in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Shakespeare's character's name is pronounced , but the moon is often pronounced , by analogy with the familiar chemical element titanium.

It is also designated Uranus III.

Physical characteristics
So far the only close-up images of Titania are from the Voyager 2 probe, which photographed the moon during its Uranus flyby in January, 1986. At the time of the flyby the southern hemisphere of the moon was pointed towards the Sun so only it was studied.

Although what its interior is made up of is uncertain, one model suggests that Titania is made of about 50% water ice, 30% silicate rock, and 20% methane-related organic compounds.

Surface features

Surface features on Titania are named for characters from plays by William Shakespeare. Chasms on Titania are called chasmata. Escarpments here are called rupes. They are named after the places where plays by Shakespeare happen. craters on Titania are named after female characters in the plays.

A major surface feature is a huge canyon that dwarfs the scale of the Grand Canyon on Earth and is in the same class as the Valles Marineris on Mars or Ithaca Chasma on Saturn's moon Tethys.

Occultation
On September 8, 2001, Titania occulted a faint star; this was a chance to both refine its diameter and ephemeris, and to detect any extant atmosphere.  The data revealed no atmosphere to a surface pressure of 0.03 microbars; if it exists, it would have to be far thinner than that of Triton or Pluto.

Other websites
 Titania Profile by NASA's Solar System Exploration

Notes

Other websites
 USGS: Titania nomenclature

Category:Uranus' moons

Titania (moon)


Evansville is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States.

Category:County seats in Indiana

Evansville, Indiana


Qaboos bin Said Al Said (; 18 November 1940 – 10 January 2020) was the Sultan of Oman from 1970 until his death in 2020. He was a fourteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the House of Al Said. He was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world, serving for almost fifty years.

Qaboos died of colon cancer on 10 January 2020 in Muscat. He was 79. After he died, Haitham bin Tariq Al Said became the Sultan of Oman.

References

Category:1940 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Deaths from colorectal cancer
Category:Sultans of Oman

Qaboos bin Said


Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington  (28 December 1882 – 22 November 1944) was an important English scientist. He was an astronomer, physicist, and mathematician in the early 20th century.

Eddington did his greatest work in astrophysics. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit is named after him. It is the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object (which is what causes the luminosity).

Around 1920, he anticipated the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion in stars. This was published in his paper "The Internal Constitution of the Stars". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium.

He is also famous for his work on the theory of relativity. Eddington wrote a number of articles that explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I severed many lines of scientific communication and new developments in German science were not well known in England.  He also conducted an expedition to observe the solar eclipse of 29 May 1919. That gave one of the earliest confirmations of general relativity.The observations showed that light from stars which passed close by the Sun was slightly bent towards the Sun. This was predicted by the general theory of relativity. He became known for his popular expositions and interpretations of the theory.

References

Category:1882 births
Category:1944 deaths
Category:English astronomers
Category:English mathematicians
Category:English physicists

Arthur Eddington


Structural pipe fitting is a pipe used for various structures.

A Structural pipe fitting, also known as a slip on pipe fitting, clamp or pipe clamp is used to build structures such as handrails, guardrails, and other types of pipe or tubular structure. They can also be used to build furniture and theatrical riggings. The fittings slip on the pipe and are usually locked down with a set screw. The set screw can then be tightened with a simple hex wench. Because of the modular design of standard fittings, assembly is easy, only simple hand tools are required, and risks from welding a structure are eliminated.
Other advantages of using structural pipe fittings are easy installation and reconfigurable design. Since there are no permanent welds in the structure, the set screws of the fittings can simply be loosened, allowing them to be repositioned. The project can be disassembled and stored if needed, or even taken apart with fittings and pipe recycled into a new project.
Fittings used for strong structures are galvanised malleable iron castings, and come in many styles such as elbows, tees, crosses, reducers and flanges. The fittings are not threaded; they simply lock onto the pipe with the supplied hex set screws.

Related pages
RigiTube

Other websites
http://www.steelconstruction.info/Cost_of_structural_steelwork
https://www.easyfit.com/
https://keesystems.com/
http://www.interclamp.com/

Category:Engineering

Structural pipe fitting


Freising is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in south Bavaria, Germany.

Towns and municipalities

Category:Rural Districts in Upper Bavaria

Freising (district)


Le Horps is a commune of 734 people (1999). It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The current mayor is Gérard Dujarrier.

Category:Communes in Mayenne

Le Horps


The Octonauts is an American-British television series broadcasted by Disney Junior from February 14, 2011 until November 25, 2014. It is produced by Silvergate Media for the BBC channel Cbeebies. Its first episode ran on 10 October 2010. The show is broadcast in the United States through Disney Junior. It was first shown there in 2012.

It is like Star Trek and Thunderbirds along with the adventures of Jacques Cousteau.

References

Category:2011 American television series debuts
Category:2012 American television series debuts
Category:British children's television series
Category:American children's television series

The Octonauts


"Oh! Susanna" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848.  It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.

Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."

Notes

References

Category:19th century American songs
Category:Compositions by Stephen Foster

Oh! Susanna


Louailles is a commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Sarthe department in the west of France.

References

Category:Communes in Sarthe

Louailles


Oxelösund is a town in the county of Södermanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Oxelösund Municipality.

References

Other websites

Category:Settlements in Sodermanland County

Oxelösund


Ludvika Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Ludvika.

References

Other websites
 Ludvika Municipality

Category:Municipalities of Sweden

Ludvika Municipality


The 6th G7 summit  was a meeting in 1980 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The international group of leaders were together in Italy on June 22-23. The meetings were held in Venice.

History
The Venice summit of the Group of Seven (G7) was the 6th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

This was the first G7 summit hosted by Italy.

The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process.  The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

Participants
The participants were the "core members" of the group:

Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira had a fatal heart attack only 10 days before the summit.  The Foreign Minister led the Japanese delegation.

Overview
The G7 leaders agreed to work together to break the link between oil consumption and economic growth.  Medium- and long-term policies were identified as important issues.

Related pages
 G8
 List of G8 summits

References

Other websites
 University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
 Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context

06
Category:1980 in Europe
Category:Venice
Category:1980s in Italy

6th G7 summit


Ammapettai is a panchayat town in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This town is the headquarters of Ammapettai revenue block.

Population
The population of the town according to 2011 census is 14,572.

Reference

Category:Thanjavur District

Ammapettai, Thanjavur


Lake Mälaren is the third largest lake in Sweden after Lakes Vänern and Vättern. Its surface area is 1,140 km², its average depth is 12 meters and its greatest depth is 64 m. The lake drains, from southwest to northeast, into the Baltic Sea. The two largest islands in Mälaren are Selaön (91 km²) and Svartsjölandet (79 km²). The lake was previously known as Løgrinn. The Viking settlements Birka on the island of Björkö and Hovgården on the neighbouring island Adelsö have been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993, as has Drottningholm Palace on the island of Lovön.

Other websites

Category:Lakes of Sweden

Mälaren


Stadsparksvallen is a sports ground in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. Opened in 1902, it is the home ground for the Jönköpings Södra IF soccer club.

References

Other websites

Official website

Category:1902 establishments in Europe
Category:Stadiums in Sweden
Category:Sport in Jönköping
Category:Buildings and structures in Jönköping
Category:1900s establishments in Sweden

Stadsparksvallen


Susan Raab (1969—November 27, 2006) was an American theatre actress and producer.

Career
For seven years, Susan Raab worked as an associate producer for L.A. Theatre Works nationally syndicated radio theater series "The Play's the Thing", which airs weekly in the Bay Area on KPFA.

Personal life
She was married to Oscar-winning director Eric Simonson since 2004 until her death in 2006. They had a one child.

Death
Raab died after her 8-month battle with breast cancer at the age 37 in Marin County. She was buried in St. Anselm Church in Ross.

Category:1969 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Deaths from breast cancer

Susan Raab


Edevaldo de Freitas (born 28 January, 1958) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1977||rowspan="5"|Fluminense||rowspan="5"|Série A||5||0
|-
|1978||18||0
|-
|1979||7||1
|-
|1980||9||0
|-
|1981||5||0
|-
|1981||rowspan="3"|Internacional||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1982||13||0
|-
|1983||8||0
|-
|1983||rowspan="3"|Vasco da Gama||rowspan="3"|Série A||0||0
|-
|1984||26||1
|-
|1985||21||0
|-
|1986||Botafogo||Série A||0||0
|-
|1986||Náutico Capibaribe||Série A||6||0
|-
|1987||Bangu||Série A||8||1
126||3
126||3
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1980||2||0
|-
|1981||13||1
|-
|1982||3||0
|-
!Total||18||1
|}

References

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian footballers

Edevaldo de Freitas


Acun Ilıcalı (born 29 May 1969, Edirne) is a Turkish producer and presenter. He is also the founder and owner of Acun Medya.

Early life
Acun Ilıcalı was born in May 29, 1969 in Edirne. He completed his basic education in Edirne. He went to high school in İstanbul at Kadıköy Maarif College and Anatolian High School. He enrolled in ELT department at Istanbul University but he dropped out and decided to work on television.

Programs
 Fear Factor
 Survivor
 Var mısın Yok musun
 Yetenek Sizsiniz
 Yok Böyle Dans
 O Ses Türkiye

Other websites

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Turkish people
Category:Producers

Acun Ilıcalı


Beesha Darawiish or Si'iid Harti, also called Reer Darawiish, means the Dhulbahante tribe. The Dhulbahante were called Darwiishes during the colonial era. The Darwiish was the successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. The Dhulbahante Garaadship (, ) was a kingdom from 1530 until 1895. Dhulbahante is also a Somali clan known for being the backbone of Darwiish. It is part of the larger Harti Darod clan. They live mainly in Sool, Cayn and Sanaag.

References

Category:Somali people
Category:Ethnic groups in Africa

Beesha Darawiish


Kenneth John Braithwaite II (born 1960) is an American politician, businessman and military personnel. He has served as the United States Ambassador to Norway since February 8, 2018.

President Donald Trump said on November 24, 2019, that he would nominate Braithwaite to serve as the United States Secretary of the Navy. He is a retired rear admiral of the United States Navy Reserve.

References

Other websites
Kenneth Braithwaite (US department of state)
Biography at U.S. Embassy in Norway
Biography U.S. Navy

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Ambassadors of the United States
Category:American military people
Category:Business people from Pennsylvania
Category:Politicians from Pennsylvania
Category:Business people from Michigan
Category:Politicians from Michigan
Category:US Republican Party politicians

Kenneth Braithwaite


The Corsair is a book by Lord Byron.  It is about the life of a corsair (a person who fights wars at sea) named Conrad.

References

Category:1814
Category:1810s books

The Corsair


Minnesota is a state in the Upper Midwest of the United States of America. Part of the state has a border with the country of Canada.

The capital of Minnesota is Saint Paul. The largest city is Minneapolis. Over 3 million people live in the two cities and the suburbs that surround it, which are separated by the Mississippi River. They are known as the Twin Cities.

Minnesota became a state on May 11, 1858. It was the 32nd state in the United States of America. The name Minnesota is Dakota (a Native American language) for "sky-tinted water". Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota. The state bird is the Common Loon.

Minnesota has a humid continental climate. The winters in Minnesota are long and severe. Hence the state has a short growing season. During the summer, the south of the state is hot; the north is warm.

Related pages
 List of counties in Minnesota
 List of United States Senators from Minnesota

References

Other websites

Facts on Minnesota

Category:1858 establishments in the United States

Minnesota


North Bay is a city in Nipissing District, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1891. In 2006 its population was 53, 966.

Sources

Category:Cities in Ontario

North Bay, Ontario


Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Hertha Berlin. He has played for the Germany national team in 82 matches, scoring a goal once.

Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Arminia Bielefeld||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||25||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2001/02||22||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||33||5||1||0||8||0||42||5
|-
|2003/04||30||2||3||1||2||0||35||3
|-
|2004/05||25||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2005/06||31||1||3||1||8||0||42||2
|-
|2006/07||26||2||4||0||4||0||34||2
|-
|2007/08||30||0||2||0||0||0||32||0
|-
|2008/09||25||0||1||0||4||0||30||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||16||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||10||1
|-
|2011||3||0
|-
!Total||82||1
|}

References

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:German footballers
Category:Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia

Arne Friedrich


Horseshoes are things worn by horses to protect their hooves (feet) when they walk - like a shoe. Most horseshoes are made of iron or steel. Some are aluminum, rubber, plastic, rawhide or a combination of materials.

A farrier is someone who makes horseshoes and nails or glues them on the horse's hooves.  Using nails does not hurt the horse, as the outer part of the hoof cannot sense pain.

People also put horseshoes over doorways, because a long time ago, many people thought it was a sign for good luck and it protected whoever walked under it from evil spirits. Horseshoes are also used in a game where one tries to throw them on a poll.

Category:Horses
Category:Superstitions

Horseshoe


The Peugeot 307 is a automobile produced by Peugeot. It replaced the 306 in 2001, facelifted in 2005 and replaced in 2007 by the 308. The platform of the 307 were also used for the Citroën C4. The model sold well but didn't have great reliability although it was improved with later models.

Versions

Engines

Petrol
 1.4 55 kW (75 hp)
 1.4 16V 65 kW (88 hp)
 1.6 16V 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 16V 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
 2.0 16V RC 130 kW (177 hp)

Diesel
 1.4 HDi 50 kW (68 hp)
 1.6 HDi 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
 2.0 HDi 66 kW (90 hp), 79 kW (107 hp), 80 kW (109 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)

307
Category:2000s automobiles

Peugeot 307


American Eagle may mean:

American Eagle Airlines, airline division of AMR Corp. and marketing brand used for flights operated by this carrier and Executive Airlines
American Eagle Outfitters, a U.S. clothing retailer
Bald Eagle, the national bird of the United States

American Eagle


The 1987 Formula One season was the 38th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.

Category:Formula One Championships
Category:1987 in sports

1987 Formula One season


Greg Wells is a musician and twice Grammy-nominated record producer . He is from Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, and lives and works in Los Angeles.

References

Other websites
 Greg Wells Website
 Greg Wells Myspace
 Wells interviewed in NY Times article
 Recent interview in webzine "www.laptoprockers.eu"

Category:People from Ontario
Category:Canadian songwriters

Category:1968 births
Category:Living people

Greg Wells


Polearms were long sticks that had a blade on the side. They were similar to an axe, but much longer. They were also used by women in ancient Japan.

Category:Weapons

Polearm


Lasson, Calvados is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Rots.

References

Category:Former communes in Calvados

Lasson, Calvados


Antonio Lamela (December 1, 1926 – April 1, 2017) was a Spanish architect. He was born and raised in Madrid. His most well known projects are Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, the Adolfo Suárez, Madrid–Barajas Airport and the Torres de Colón.

Lamela died on April 1, 2017 in Madrid at the age of 90.

References

Other websites
 Official website of Estudio Lamela Arquitectos
 Conferencia A. Lamela
 Antonio Lamela CV, at COAG
 Antonio Lamela CV, at GVA

Category:1926 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Disease-related deaths in Madrid
Category:Architects
Category:People from Madrid

Antonio Lamela


Philippe Vandevelde, working under the pseudonym Tome (24 February 1957 – 5 October 2019), was a Belgian comics script writer. He was known for works with Janry on Spirou et Fantasio and Le Petit Spirou, and with Luc Warnant and later Bruno Gazzotti on Soda.

He also worked with Ralph Meyer on Berceuse assassine, and with Marc Hardy on Feux. Earlier in his career he was an assistant-artist for Dupa.

References

Category:1957 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:People from Brussels
Category:Belgian artists
Category:Belgian writers
Category:Comics artists

Philippe Vandevelde


Chuck E. Cheese's is a franchise of arcades and restaurants. Their restaurants have small rides, pizza (a central focus), and arcade/skill games. It was previously called Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre (1977–1991).

In most of their stores, they operate animatronic robot characters which sing songs and play instruments.

Created in 1977 in San Jose, California by Atari founder Nolan Bushnell, it started out as Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza Time Theatre. In 1984, CEC got bought out by Then-competitor ShowBiz Pizza Place from Topeka, Kansas and changed their corporate name to "ShowBiz Pizza Time". In 1989, Brock Hotel Management(then owners of SPT) sold it's "Monterrey's Tex-Mex Cafe" brand to them and spun off SPT into a separate company. In 1991, all ShowBiz and Pizza Time stores re-branded as "Chuck E. Cheese's Pizza" and in 1998 SPT changed their corporate name to "CEC Entertainment". In 1999, CECE bought out their primary competitor, Discovery Zone and in 2014 they bought the "Peter Piper's Pizza" chain. In 2013, CECE got bought by Apollo Global Management as was/is put up for sale.

CECE's headquarters are in Irving, Texas and have 590 CEC store locations worldwide.

Category:1977 establishments in  the United States
Category:1970s establishments in California
Category:American fast food restaurants
Category:Companies based in Texas
Category:San Jose, California

Chuck E. Cheese's


Apple Records was a record label founded in 1968, started by The Beatles. It was a division of the Beatles's company Apple Corps. EMI served as distributors for Apple.

Artists
Recording artists who appeared on the Apple label included James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Badfinger, Billy Preston, Yoko Ono, and members of the Beatles before and after their breakup in 1970.

History
While the Beatles and their business associates had high hopes for Apple at first, the tensions that caused the Beatles to split also hurt the label. Many of the records released on Apple failed to become popular, either because they did not go over well with listeners, or were not given the promotion they needed or deserved to become hit records. James Taylor "walked out" on his Apple Records contract, and signed with Warner Bros., where he began a long string of hits. Mary Hopkin retired from music after completing her contract. Billy Preston and Badfinger moved on to other record labels.

Apple Records released the last of its non-Beatles records in 1973, and when their distribution deal with EMI ended in 1975, the label went out of business.

Reissues
The label came back into business  in the late 1980s, when the Beatles's music first appeared on compact disc. In 1992, most of Apple's other music also began to appear on CD. Yoko Ono's Apple recordings were not reissued by the label, because her husband John Lennon (a member of the Beatles) had to buy them back from Apple as part of a business settlement. After his death in 1980, Ono became the owner of the recordings. She later reissued them through another label, called Rykodisc.

Apple Records no longer signs new artists or groups, but new Beatles issues continue to appear on the Apple label.

Category:1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:British record labels
Category:The Beatles

Apple Records


Kaymak is Turkish dairy product. It is similar to clotted cream.

Traditional kaymak is made from water buffalo milk, but it can also be made from cow milk.

Kaymak is main part of Turkish breakfast. It can be eaten at breakfast with honey or served with desserts.

Category:Dairy products
Category:Turkish food

Kaymak


Eni Fa'aua'a Hunkin Faleomavaega, Jr. (; August 15, 1943 – February 22, 2017) was an American Samoan politician. He served as the territory's lieutenant governor and congressional delegate. He served as a U.S. House Representative from American Samoa's At-large congressional district from 1989 through 2015.

Faleomavaega died at his home in Provo, Utah on February 22, 2017, aged 73.

References

Category:1943 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:American Samoa
Category:United States representatives
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

Eni Faleomavaega


Alligator clips are toothed clips on the ends of electric wires.  They are hinged near the back, making them look like alligator jaws. Sometimes they are also called crocodile clips. Usually those clips are temporary example in measuring purposes.

Category:Electrical connectors
Category:tools

Alligator clip


Owenton is a city of Kentucky in the United States.  It is in Owen County.

Category:Cities in Kentucky
Category:County seats in Kentucky

Owenton, Kentucky


Sioux County is a county found in the U.S. state of North Dakota. As of the 2010 census, 4,153 people lived there. The county seat is Fort Yates.

Category:North Dakota counties

Sioux County, North Dakota


Brett DiBiase (born March 16, 1988) is an American professional wrestler. He currently has a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. He wrestles in their farm team in Florida Championship Wrestling, where he gains experience before going national. He was a FCW Florida Tag Team Championship.

Personal life
DiBiase's stepgrandfather Michael DiBiase, his grandmother Helen Hild, and his father Ted DiBiase were professional wrestlers. His older half brother Mike DiBiase II and his older brother Ted DiBiase, Jr. are also professional wrestlers. On March 27, 2010, DiBiase and his brother Ted Jr. induct their father into the WWE Hall of Fame.

On June 9, 2009, DiBiase married his high school sweetheart Leah Nicole May.

References

Other websites

 Florida Championship Wrestling profile
 Online World of Wrestling profile

Category:1988 births
Category:American professional wrestlers
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Mississippi

Brett DiBiase


Korean masks have been used since the 6th century. The oldest mask in Korea is a lacquered mask that was excavated in one of the tumuli in Gyeongju. In the past, the masks were used for shamanistic ceremonies to drive away evil spirits or raise ghosts. Also, they were used for mask plays like BongsanTalchum, SandaeNoli.

In Korea, tal means mask. Tal is an ancient Chinese word that means a face, a tool for face, a mask, etc. The word tal means a mask and disease in Korea. That is why Korean masks normally represent the face of demons or monsters that cause various diseases. Ancient Korean believed that the mask of strong demons can drive weak demons out.

Masks in theatre
Mask plays have different themes. Basic themes are biting satire, ritual dances, exorcism rites, parody of human weaknesses, social evils and the privileged class.

A lot of talchum, or plays, mock stereotyped of annoying personalities in the lower classes. The most distinguishing feature of the Korea mask plays is variations of specific lines in plays. According to actors and regions, the specific lines in plays can be changed. With regional variations, the mask play is usually performed on traditional holidays.

Shamanistic masks
Korean masks used in shamanistic practices were made of wood. They had several coasts of lacquer to give the masks gloss and to and waterproof them for wearing. In Korea, many people have believed that the lacquer tree can drive away evil spirits. That is why Koreans used lacquered masks. The horrifying or grotesque masks were used in shamanistic practices for their ability to evoke fear, and humor, in ceremonial rites.

Category:Headgear
Category:Korean culture

Korean mask


Charlie Countryman is a 2013 romantic comedy-thriller movie. The movie is about relationships and love, taking chances and life in Chicago. The title character is played by Shia LaBeouf. Evan Rachel Wood plays Gabi.

The movie got negative reviews from critics. It was released in November 2013.

Category:2010s romantic comedy movies
Category:2010s thriller movies
Category:2013 movies

Charlie Countryman


Saxe-Eisenach () was the name of three different Ernestine duchies that existed at different times in Thuringia. The chief town and capital of all three duchies was Eisenach.

History
The first Duchy of Saxe-Eisenach was created in 1596 for Johann Ernst, younger son of Johann Frederick II of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach.

In 1633, the Wettin line died out, and Johann Ernst inherited it, but he died heirless in 1638, and the territories of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Eisenach were split between Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Altenburg.

In 1640 Saxe-Eisenach was again separated off from Saxe-Weimar for Albert, son of John II of Saxe-Weimar, but after just four years he too died without an heir, and Saxe-Eisenach was then divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar, ruled by his brothers Ernst and Wilhelm.

In 1662 Wilhelm, Duke of Saxe-Weimar died, leaving four children: Johann Ernst, Adolf Wilhelm, Johann Georg and Bernhard. Adolf Wilhelm, got Eisenach, but he had to share this with his younger brother Johann Georg. Johann Georg eventually took an allowance from the duchy instead of taking part in the government, and moved to live in the small town of Marksuhl. Adolf William’s first four sons died soon after birth. In 1668 he died, just before of the birth of his fifth child, Wilhelm August, who became the new Duke of Saxe-Eisenach from his birth, with Johann Georg as regent. A sickly boy, he died in 1671 at only two years old, and Johann Georg I became the duke of Saxe-Eisenach.

Saxe-Eisenach changed again in 1672. Frederick William III of Saxe-Altenburg died and his lands were split. The line of Johann Georg I ruled Saxe-Eisenach for 69 years, until Duke Wilhelm Heinrich died heirless in 1741. Ernst August I of Saxe-Weimar, Wilhelm's second cousin, inherited Saxe-Eisenach; he and his successors ruled Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach in a personal union until 1809, when the duchies were formally merged into the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Dukes of Saxe-Eisenach

First creation
Created in 1572 as Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach
1596 divided into Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Eisenach
 Johann Casimir (1572 – 1633, ruled Saxe-Coburg)
 Johann Ernst (1572 – 1638, retained Saxe-Eisenach)
Divided between Saxe-Altenburg and Saxe-Weimar

Second creation
 Albrecht (1640 – 44)
Divided between Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar

Third creation
 Adolf Wilhelm (1662 – 68)
 Wilhelm August (1668 – 71)
 Johann Georg I (1671 – 86)
 Johann Georg II (1686 – 98)
 Johann Wilhelm (1698 – 1729)
 Wilhelm Heinrich (1729 – 41)
Line extinct

Personal union with Saxe-Weimar
 Ernst August I (1741-1748)
 Ernst August II (1748-1758)
 Karl August (1758-1809)
Merged with Saxe Weimar into Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach

Related pages
 Ernestine duchies

Other websites
 German genealogies

Category:1596 establishments
Category:1590s establishments in Europe
Category:16th century establishments in Germany
Category:1638 disestablishments
Category:1640 establishments
Category:1640s establishments in Europe
Category:17th century establishments in Germany
Category:1644 disestablishments
Category:1640s disestablishments in Europe
Category:1662 establishments
Category:1660s establishments in Europe
Category:1809 disestablishments
Category:1800s disestablishments in Germany
Category:House of Wettin
Category:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
Category:States of the Holy Roman Empire

Saxe-Eisenach


Hilmar Otto Thate (17 April 1931 – 14 September 2016) was a German actor. He appeared in 40 movies and television shows between 1955 and 2016. Thate was born in Dölau, Saalkreis, Germany.

He was known for his role as Robert Krohn in the 1982 movie Veronika Voss.

Thate died on 14 September 2016 in Berlin at the age of 85.

References

Other websites

Category:1931 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:German movie actors
Category:German television actors
Category:People from Saxony-Anhalt

Hilmar Thate


Aruviyodu Village is a hilly hamlet near the river Neyyar in India. It is down south in Neyyattinkara in the district of Thiruvananthapuram. It comes under Kunnathukal Panchayath. It belongs to South Kerala Division. It is located  east of the district headquarters in Thiruvananthapuram. It is  from Perumkadavila.

Aruviyodu is surrounded by Neyyattinkara Taluk towards the west, Parassala towards the south, Melpuram Taluk towards South, Munchira Taluk towards the south. This Place is in the border of the Thiruvananthapuram District and Kanniyakumari District.

Short Information

Transportation

The Dhanuvachapuram Railway Station and Amaravila Halt Railway Station are near Aruviyodu. The Trivandrum Central Railway Station is major railway station 26 km from Aruviyodu.

Gallery

References

Category:Settlements in Kerala
Category:Villages in India

Aruviyodu Village


John von Neumann (December 28. 1903 – February 8. 1957) was a Hungarian-American mathematician and physicist who contributed to many fields including:

set theory
functional analysis
quantum mechanics
ergodic theory
continuous geometry
economics
game theory
computer science
numerical analysis
systems theory
statistics

He is generally regarded as a prodigy, polymath and one of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century.

He was a member of a group called the 'Martians'. They were Hungarian immigrants to the US of extraordinary intellect. Others people in this group were Edward Teller, Paul Erdős, Leó Szilárd and Eugene Wigner.

Noteworthy work
His textbook on quantum mechanics is one of the first on this topic.
His game theory is considered one of the most important tools in competitive strategic management and is also of high importance in biosciences.
He is the designer of the Von-Neumann architecture, which is basic to nearly all computers today.
He was one of the first proponents of artificial intelligence. He proposed the idea of self replicating machines.  This is why a machine that can replicate itself is now commonly referred to as a 'Von Neumann machine'.
With Stanislav Ulam, he did some of the most important calculations in the Manhattan project.
He worked at the Institute of Advanced Studies the same time as Albert Einstein, Kurt Gödel and Robert Oppenheimer
Well known by computer scientists
Principles are included in every modern computer, tablet or phone.

References

Category:1903 births
Category:1957 deaths
Category:American mathematicians
Category:American physicists
Category:Cancer deaths in the United States
Category:Disease-related deaths in Washington, D.C.
Category:Hungarian scientists
Category:People from Budapest
Category:Systems scientists

John von Neumann


Geographical renaming is when a place's name gets changed.

There can be several reasons for geographical renaming.

One such reason is countries joining together to form a new country. For example, after the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland joined together in 1701, they formed the United Kingdom. When Ireland joined in 1801, the unified country became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

A second reason is a country splitting apart to form new ones. For example, after Czechoslovakia split in 1992, it became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Also, after Ireland gained independence from Britain, the region of Northern Ireland stayed in the UK. Therefore, the country's name changed from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to what it is today, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

A third reason could be a new government replacing or overthrowing the old one. After the Communist Party took overthrew the Russian Empire's emperor, the Tsar, and changed the country's name to the Soviet Union, the city of Saint Petersburg also changed to Leningrad. This was because the Communist Party wanted to honor its leader, Vladimir Lenin, and symbolize the Soviet Union's turning away from Russia's system of absolute monarchy, the Tsardom, that ruled before they did, since Saint Petersburg was named after Peter the Great, who was the Tsar that founded the city. When the city of New Amsterdam, founded by Dutch colonists in North America, was lost to the British Empire, it was renamed New York City after the Duke of York.

A fourth reason could be changing a place's name to replace a name given by former colonizers with the name given by native people, and many more. For example, after India gained independence from Britain, they changed the name of the city Bombay to Mumbai.

A fifth reason could be the change of standard spelling rules in the local language. When Pinyin was made the official romanization, or writing Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet, in mainland China after the Chinese Communist Party took over, the spellings of many Chinese place names changed, including Peking becoming Beijing and Nanking becoming Nanjing. Even though the pronunciations of Chinese place names in Mandarin Chinese were not any different before the changing of spelling, the older spellings did not accurately show their pronunciation. Therefore, the pronunciation of Chinese place names in other languages, or their exonyms, were based on their spelling rather than the Mandarin pronunciation, which is why they sound so different from each other. In order to teach people how to correctly pronounce Mandarin Chinese, the CCP made Hanyu Pinyin the only accepted romanization in mainland China. Even though Taiwan also speaks Mandarin, the spellings of Taiwanese place names, including Taipei and Kaohsiung, is according to the older spelling rules for Chinese place names. This is because many Taiwanese do not want to use Hanyu Pinyin, even though it is the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese worldwide, because it was created by the Communist Party of China.

Category:Geography

Geographical renaming


A vehicle registration plate is a metal or plastic plate on a motor vehicle or trailer.  It is used for official identification purposes. There is a numeric or alphanumeric code that identifies the vehicle. In some countries, the identifier is unique in the entire country.  In other countries, it is unique in a state or province. Sometimes the identifier is for a person and sometimes for a vehicle. Each country calls a vehicle registration plate something different.  Examples are license plate or tag (US), licence plate (Canada), number plate or registration plate (UK).

Category:Identification documents
Category:Law
Category:Road transport

Vehicle registration plate


Abidjan is the largest city and former capital of Ivory Coast. It is the commercial and banking center of Ivory Coast as well as the de facto capital. Yamoussoukro is the official capital. The city is in Ébrié Lagoon. It is built on many peninsulas and islands which are connected by bridges. There are an estimated 4 to 5 million people living in the metropolitan area.

History
The city grew after the construction of a new wharf in 1931. It was made the capital of the French colony in 1933. In 1983, Yamoussoukro was made the capital of the country, but most government offices and foreign embassies are still in Abidjan.

References

Other websites
 Photos from Abidjan
 Map of Abidjan

Category:Capital cities in Africa
Category:Cities in Ivory Coast
Category:1931 establishments
Category:20th-century establishments in Africa

Abidjan


Professor John Dunn Laird, Baron Laird  of Artigarvan (23 April 1944 – 10 July 2018) was a Northern Ireland life peer and former chairman of the cross-border Ulster-Scots Agency. In 2013 Laird allegedly offered to lobby for a firm against parliamentary rules. As a result, he resigned from the Ulster Unionist Party. He was created a life peer on 16 July 1999 as Baron Laird, of Artigarvan in the County of Tyrone.

Laird died on 10 July 2018 in Belfast at the age of 74.

References

Other websites
 Lord Laird website
 John Laird, Crossbencher Stratagem
 Ulster's 'Braveheart' on rebel hunt, Interview with the Sunday Tribune, 22 January 2006 (Newshound)
 Debrett's Limited
  Parliamentary answers 2010/11.

Category:1944 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Northern Ireland people
Category:British politicians

John Laird, Baron Laird


Garvin is a town of Oklahoma in the United States.

Category:Towns in Oklahoma

Garvin, Oklahoma


Bajram Rexhepi (3 June 1954 – 21 August 2017) was a Kosovar politician. He was the former Interior Minister of the Republic of Kosovo and was member of the Kosovo Assembly. He was also the first elected post-war Prime Minister of Kosovo. He was a member of the second largest political party in Kosovo, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK).

References

Category:1954 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from stroke
Category:Kosovan people
Category:Prime ministers

Bajram Rexhepi


Dr. Feride Rushiti is the founder and Executive Director of the Kosova Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims (KRCT) since 1999. Ms. Rushiti is graduated and specialized at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Tirana, Albania.

Feride Rushiti is one of the pioneering activists of Human Rights in Kosovo. Soon as the war in Kosovo has ended in 1999 she established the KRCT the same year, just in order to treat survivor victims of torture where she was actively involved in providing medical and psycho-social assistance for the first post-war returnees.

Ms. Rushiti began its work in March 1999, when half of Kosovo’s population fled Kosovo, and mainly where deported to Albania; many of them had suffered from the effects of severe mental and somatic torture and other violations of human rights.

She continued in supporting victims of post-war trauma since that time and advocating strongly in promoting and advancing their rights, social inclusion, combating stigmatization, and get recognized by law for this sensitive social group.

In its 20 years of work and activity, the primary importance has been dedicated to the survivals of wartime sexual violence in Kosovo. After almost two decades of work and uncompromising engagement of Mrs. Rushiti, survivors of sexual violence have been recognized as a civilian victim of war as a legal status. Exactly, in 2017, its advocacy brought an important government decision to fund personal retirement for survivors of wartime sexual violence in Kosovo.

Since 2007, within the Human Rights and Advocacy Sector, she has been very active in lobbying, promoting and protecting human rights for persons deprived of their liberty. In this regard, thanks to the contribution and influence of Mrs. Rushiti, the overall treatment situation and the legal framework for persons deprived of their liberty has been promoted and improved.

Feride Rushiti, as a result of her bold and unremitting commitment in the field of Rehabilitation, Human Rights, Research and Documentation, Advocacy and Lobbying, and Economic Reintegration, in 2018, the US Department of State has awarded the Award International for Courageous Women.

Life

Feride Rushiti is an ethnic Albanian from Gjilan in eastern Kosovo.

Rushiti graduated from the Faculty of Medicine in Tirana in 1997.  Later she specialized in gastroenterology.

Work

In 1999, Rushiti traveled to Kukës in eastern Kosovo, on the Albanian border. She worked with the UN’s children’s agency and with Doctors Without Borders.

During the 1990s, more than half of the population of Kosovo moved out of the country, mostly to Albania, because of the 1998-1999 war and because of many human rights violations. Rushiti formed a group of 45 health professionals from Kosovo to provide medical and psychological support to the refugees.  After the war, the refugees returned to Kosovo. This was a new beginning for protection of human rights, especially from torture and other forms of human degradation.  In October 1999, Rushiti started the Kosovo Center for Rehabilitation of Torture Victims (KRCT), to provide rehabilitation, health care, and psycho-social help for the survivors of torture and violence.

In 2014, the parliament passed a law to recognize rape survivors as war victims, so they could receive pensions.  In 2018, after more than ten years of advocacy by women's activists, including Feride Rushiti of The Kosovo Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims, they started receiving money.  Survivors can receive $280 a month (about 228 Euros).

Awards

 International Women of Courage Award 2017

References

Other websites
Kosova Rehabilitation Centre for Torture Victims (KRCT)

Category:Living people
Category:Kosovan people
Category:Physicians
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Women who received the International Women of Courage Award

Feride Rushiti


Sarzens is a former municipality of the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it is part of the municipality of Lucens.

References

Category:Former municipalities of Vaud

Sarzens


Härkingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Category:Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn

Härkingen


Catch and release is a practice in sport fishing for conservation of the various species. Once caught, the fisherman carefully and quickly removes the hook from the fish's mouth. Then, without causing any harm, returns the fish alive to the water. Weighing and measuring of the fish, if done, are often done in the water. Using barbless hooks, it is often possible to release the fish without removing it from the water (a slack line is frequently sufficient).

Catch and release is an ethical decision by fishermen but it is not for every situation. the Snakehead fish, for example, is an invasive species. It is illegal in many places to return them to the water. The Muskellunge is a highly prized game fish in many places. But, in a few places it is seen also as an invasive species and should not be returned to the water.

Debates

Debates continue over the practice of catch and release. In Canada, many First Nations peoples feel strongly that fish should only be taken as needed for food. That "playing with the fish" is not showing proper respect. Sportsmen point out that catch and release is respectful since they take only what they need and release the rest.

Animal protection advocates have raised concerns about the possible suffering of fish caused by angling. A fish hooked in the gills or stomach usually has a very high Mortality rate. Hooks with no barbs or using hooks that dissolve in a short time (and are not removed from the fish) minimize harm to fish. But catch and release exposes a fish to being caught several times by multiple fishermen. Handling a fish several times may not be good resource management or humane.

Even sportsmen have raised concerns over catch and release. The argument is that once caught, a fish is no longer wild. Who would want to catch the same trout others have caught?

But the practice remains popular among many fishermen and among fish and game department biologists. Those in favor of catch and release quote Lee Wulff: "A trout is too valuable to be caught only once." Studies on the mortality of released fish shows a very low rate of from 2 to 5 percent—when caught on artificial lures. When using live bait, the mortality rate is about 50 percent. This indicates that using artificial bait is a strong part of catch and release.

Notes

References

Category:Fishing

Catch and release


Coburg is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is about 8km north of the Melbourne central business district. In 2006 there were 22,772 people living in the suburb. It is a part of the City of Moreland local government area.

Before Europen settlement the Coburg area was home to the Indigenous Australian Wurundjeri people. The area was first surveyed in 1837-8 by Robert Hoddle. The area was first called Pentridge, after the town of Pentridge, Dorset, England.

Category:Melbourne

Coburg, Victoria


A mezzo-soprano is a female singer whose voice is a little lower than that of a soprano but not low enough to be called a contralto. There are many roles in opera that need a mezzo-soprano voice, for example the role of Carmen in the opera Carmen by Georges Bizet or Cherubino in Le Nozze di Figaro by Mozart. Famous mezzo-sopranos include: Marilyn Horne and Dame Janet Baker who have both now retired. Alice Coote and Susan Graham are famous mezzo-sopranos today.

Category:Vocal ranges

Mezzo-soprano


Täby is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Täby Municipality, but parts of it span into Danderyd Municipality and Sollentuna Municipality.

References

Other websites

Category:Settlements in Stockholm County

Täby


The Palaeolithic, (or Paleolithic), refers to the prehistoric period when stone tools were made by humans. They are found in the Great Rift Valley of Africa from about 3.3 million years ago. They were probably made by Australopithecines. They are found in Europe somewhat later, from about 1 mya (0.7mya for Britain). The Palaeolithic is by far the longest period of humanity's time, about 99% of human history. The geological period which corresponds to the Palaeolithic is the Pleistocene.

Stone tools were not only made by our own species, Homo sapiens. They were made by all previous members of the genus, starting with relatively crude tools made by Homo habilis and Homo erectus. In Europe, the large-brained Neanderthal Man (Homo neanderthalensis) made tools of high quality, and was in turn outshone by the many tools made by our own species. These tools are the first cultural products which have survived.

The Palaeolithic dates from about 2.6  million years ago  and ended around 15,000BC with the Mesolithic in Western Europe, and with the Epipaleolithic in warmer climates such as Africa. The Palaeolithic age began when hominids (early humans) started to use stones as tools for bashing, cutting and scraping. The age ended when humans began to make small, fine tools (Mesolithic) and finally when humans  began to plant crops and have other types of agriculture (Neolithic). In some areas, such as Western Europe, the way that people lived was affected by the Ice age. The move towards agriculture started in the Middle East.

During the Palaeolithic Age humans grouped together in small bands. They lived by gathering plants and hunting wild animals. As well as using stone tools, they used tools of wood and bone. They probably also used leather and vegetable fibers but these have not lasted from that time.

Cultures

Oldowan

The Oldowan is the archaeological term used to refer to the stone tool industry that was used by hominids during the earliest Palaeolithic period. For a long time it was thought that the Oldowan was the earliest stone tool industry in prehistory, from 2.6 million years ago up until 1.7 million years ago. It was followed by the more sophisticated Acheulean industry. Oldowan tools were therefore the earliest tools in human history, and mark the beginning of the archaeological record. The term "Oldowan" is taken from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan tools were discovered by the archaeologist Louis Leakey in the 1930s. Now it is realised that stone tools were used much earlier (3.3 million years ago) and that was definitely before the genus Homo had evolved.

It is not known for sure which species actually created and used Oldowan tools. It reached its peak with early  species of Homo such as H. habilis and H. ergaster. Early Homo erectus appears to inherit Oldowan technology and refines it into the Acheulean industry beginning 1.7 million years ago. Oldowan tools are sometimes called pebble tools, so named because the blanks chosen for their production already resemble, in pebble form, the final product. Oldowan tools are sometimes subdivided into types, such as chopper, scrapers and pounders, as these seem to be their main uses.

Acheulean
Acheulean is the industry of stone tool manufacture by early humans of the Lower Palaeolithic era in Africa and much of West Asia and Europe. Acheulean tools are typically found with Homo erectus remains. They are first developed out of the more primitive Oldowan technology some 1.8 million years ago, by Homo habilis.

It was the dominant technology for most of human history. More than a million years ago Acheulean tool users left Africa to colonize Eurasia. Their oval and pear-shaped hand axes have been found over a wide area. Some examples were finely made. Although it developed in Africa, the industry is named after the type site of Saint-Acheul, now a suburb of Amiens in northern France where some of the first examples were found in the 19th century.

John Frere was the first to suggest in writing a very ancient date for Acheulean hand-axes. In 1797 he sent two examples to the Royal Academy in London from Hoxne in Suffolk. He had found them in prehistoric lake deposits along with the bones of extinct animals and concluded that they were made by people "who had not the use of metals" and that they belonged to a "very ancient period indeed, even beyond the present world". His ideas were ignored by his contemporaries however, who held a pre-Darwinian view of human evolution.

Dating the Acheulean

Radiometric dating, often potassium-argon dating, of deposits containing Acheulean material is able to broadly place Acheulean techniques from around 1.65 million years ago to about 100,000 years ago. The earliest accepted examples of the type, at 1.65 m years old, come from the West Turkana region of Kenya. Some think their origin might be as early as 1.8 million years ago.

In individual regions, this dating can be considerably refined; in Europe for example, Acheulean methods did not reach the continent until around 400 thousand years ago and in smaller study areas, the date ranges can be much shorter. Numerical dates can be misleading however, and it is common to associate examples of this early human tool industry with one or more glacial or interglacial periods or with a particular early species of human. The earliest user of Acheulean tools was Homo ergaster who first appeared about 1.8  million years ago. Some researchers prefer to call these users early Homo erectus. Later forms of early humans also used Acheulean techniques and are described below.

There is considerable time overlap in early prehistoric stone-working industries. In some regions Acheulean tool-using groups were contemporary with other, less sophisticated industries such as the Clactonian. Then, later, Acheulean tools occur at the same time as the more sophisticated Mousterian. The Acheulean was not a neatly defined period, but a tool-making technique which flourished especially well in early prehistory. Acheulean was a basic method for making stone tools which was shared across much of the Old World.

Clactonian

The Clactonian is an industry of European flint tool manufacture that dates to the early part of the interglacial period 400,000 years ago. Clactonian tools were made by Homo erectus rather than modern humans. Early, crude flint tools from other regions using similar methods are called either Clactonian or core & flake technology.

The Clactonian is named after finds made at Clacton-on-Sea in the English county of Essex in 1911. The artefacts found there included flint chopping tools, flint flakes and the tip of a worked wooden shaft along with the remains of a giant elephant and hippopotamus. Further examples of the tools have been found at sites in Swanscombe, Kent, and Barnham in Suffolk; similar industries have been identified across Northern Europe.

The Clactonian industry involved striking thick, irregular flakes from a core of flint, which was then employed as a chopper. The flakes would have been used as crude knives or scrapers. Unlike the Oldowan tools from which Clactonian ones derived, some were notched implying that they were attached to a handle or shaft.

The Clactonian industry may have co-existed with the Acheulean industry (which used handaxes). However, in 2004 there was an excavation of a butchered Pleistocene elephant near Dartford, Kent. Archaeologists recovered numerous Clactonian flint tools, but no handaxes. Since handaxes would be more useful than choppers to dismember an elephant carcass, this is evidence of the Clactonian being a separate industry. Flint of sufficient quality was available in the area, so probably the people who carved up the elephant did not have the knowledge to make handaxes.

Mousterian

The Mousterian is an industry of stone tools associated with Neanderthal Man, Homo neanderthalensis. It dates from about 300,000 years to about 30,000 years ago. There are up to thirty types of tools in the Mousterian as contrasted with about six in the Acheulean.

The Mousterian was named after the type site of Le Moustier, a rock shelter in the Dordogne region of France. Similar flintwork has been found all over unglaciated Europe and also the Near East and North Africa. Handaxes, long blades
and points typify the industry. Overall, the items are more perfectly finished than any previous work. The method used to get the blades and flakes is called the Levallois technique. It is a prepared-core technique: the core is worked on so that a long, fine blade can be struck off. For this quality of work, a 'soft' hammer made of something like deer antler is necessary, rather than a stone hammer. The extra brain size of the Neanderthals is probably relevant to these advances.

The cultures which follow the Mousterian are all cultures of modern humans, Homo sapiens. It is characteristic of our species to produce many more tools, all specialised for particular tasks. There are at least 100 types of tools in the Upper Palaeolithic compared to a maximum of 30 tools in the Mousterian.

Chronology of Palaeolithic and following periods
The Palaeolithic is sometimes divided into three (somewhat overlapping) periods which mark technological and cultural advances in different human communities:
 Palaeolithic
 Lower Palaeolithic (c2.6 or 2.5 million years ago–100,000 years ago)
 Middle Palaeolithic (c300,000–30,000 years ago)
 Upper Palaeolithic (c45,000 or 40,000–10,000 years ago).
After the Palaeolithic follows the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras, which marks the end of Stone Age. The Bronze Age and the Iron Age come right after the Stone Age.

Overview of the main features of these periods

Venus figurines

Possibly among the earliest traces of art are Venus figurines. These are figurines (very small statues) of women, mostly pregnant with visible breasts. The figurines were found in areas of Western Europe to Siberia. Most are between 20,000 and 30,000 years old. Two figurines have been found that are much older: the Venus of Tan-Tan, dated to 300,000 to 500,000 years ago was found in Morocco. The Venus of Berekhat Ram was found on the Golan Heights. It has been dated to 200,000 to 300,000 years ago. It may be the one of the earliest things that show the human form.

Different kinds of stone, bones and ivory were used to make the figurines. Some are also made of clay which was then burned in a fire. This is one of the earliest known traces of the use of ceramics.

Today it is not known what the figurines meant to the people who made them. There are two basic theories:
 They may be representations of human fertility, or they may have been made to help it.
 They may represent (fertility) goddesses.
Scientists have excluded that these figurines were linked to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not been discovered at the time the figurines were made.

The two figurines that are older may have mostly formed by natural processes. The Venus of Tan-Tan was covered with a substance that could have been some kind of paint. The substance contained traces of iron and manganese. The figurine of Berekhat Ram shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that these traces could not have been left by nature alone.

Cave paintings
Cave paintings are paintings that were made on the walls or roofs of caves. Many cave paintings belong to the Palaeolothic Age, and date from about 15,000 to 30,000 years ago. Among the most famous are those in the caves of Altamira in Spain and Lascaux in France.p545 There are about 350 caves in Europe where cave paintings have been found. Usually, animals have been painted, like aurochs, bisons or horses. Why these paintings were done is not known. They are not simply decorations of places where people lived. The caves they were found in usually do not show signs that someone lived in them.

One of the oldest caves is that of Chauvet in France. Paintings in the cave fall into two groups. One has been dated to around 30,000 to 33,000 years ago, the other to 26,000 or 27,000 years ago.p546 The oldest known cave paintings, based on radiocarbon dating of "black from drawings, from torch marks and from the floors". As of 1999, the dates of 31 samples from the cave have been reported. The oldest paintings have been dated from 32,900±490 years ago.

Some archaeologists have questioned the dating. Züchner believe the two groups date from 23,000–24,000, and 10,000–18,000 years ago. Pettitt and Bahn believe the dating is inconsistent. They say the people at that periods of time painted things differently. They also do not know where the charcoal used to paint some things is from, and how big the painted area is.

People from the Palaeolithic era drew well. They knew about perspective, and they knew of different ways to draw things. They also were able to observe the behaviour of animals they painted. Some of the paintings show how the painted animals behaved. The paintings may have been important for rituals.

Diet and nutrition

In general

Paleolithic hunting and gathering people ate leafy vegetables, fruit, nuts and insects, meat, fish, and shellfish. As there is little direct evidence, it is almost impossible to determine the relative proportions of plant and animal foods. There is a modern diet called paleolithic diet, but  it has few things in common with the paleolitic diet of the time. Even the claim that most humans of a given period shared the same diet is problematic. The Paleolithic was an extended period of time. During that time, there were many technological advances, many of which had impact on human dietary structure. For example, humans probably did not possess the control of fire until the Middle Paleolithic, or tools necessary to engage in extensive fishing. On the other hand, both these technologies are generally agreed to have been widely available to humans by the end of the Paleolithic (consequently, allowing humans in some regions of the planet to rely heavily on fishing and hunting). In addition, the Paleolithic involved a substantial geographical expansion of human populations. During the Lower Paleolithic, ancestors of modern humans are thought to have been constrained to Africa east of the Great Rift Valley. During the Middle and Upper Paleolithic, humans greatly expanded their area of settlement, reaching ecosystems as diverse as New Guinea and Alaska. The also needed to adapt  their diets to the local resources that were available.

Anthropologists have different opinions about the proportions of plant and animal foods consumed. Just as with still existing hunters and gatherers, there were many varied "diets" - in different groups -of fruit and vegetables. The relative proportions of plant and animal foods in the diets of Paleolithic people often varied between regions; in colder regions, more meat was necessary. These regions were not populated by anatomically modern humans until 30,000-50,000 BP. It is generally agreed that many modern hunting and fishing tools, such as fish hooks, nets, bows, and poisons, weren't introduced until the Upper Paleolithic and possibly even Neolithic.  The only hunting tools widely available to humans during any significant part of the Paleolithic period were hand-held spears and harpoons. There's evidence of Paleolithic people killing and eating seals and elands as far as 100,000 years BP. On the other hand, buffalo bones found in African caves from the same period are typically of very young or very old individuals, and there's no evidence that pigs, elephants or rhinos were hunted by humans at the time.

Developments
Another view is that until the Upper Paleolithic, humans were frugivores (fruit eaters) who supplemented their meals with carrion, eggs, and small prey such as baby birds and mussels. Only on rare occasions did they manage to kill and consume big game such as antelopes. This view is supported by studies of higher apes, particularly chimpanzees. Chimpanzees are the closest to humans genetically. They share more than 96% of their DNA code with humans, and their digestive tract is functionally very similar. Chimpanzees are primarily frugivores, but they could and would consume and digest animal flesh, given the opportunity. In general, their actual diet in the wild is about 95% plant-based, with the remaining 5% filled with insects, eggs, and baby animals. In some ecosystems, however, chimpanzees are predatory, forming parties to hunt monkeys. Some comparative studies of human and higher primate digestive tracts do suggest that humans have evolved to obtain greater amounts of calories from sources such as animal foods, allowing them to shrink the size of the gastrointestinal tract relative to body mass and to increase the brain mass instead.

Paleolithic peoples suffered less famine and malnutrition than the Neolithic farming tribes that followed them. This was partly because Paleolithic hunter-gatherers accessed to a wider variety natural foods, which allowed them a more nutritious diet and a decreased risk of famine. Many of the famines experienced by Neolithic (and some modern) farmers were caused or amplified by their dependence on a small number of crops. It is thought that wild foods can have a significantly different nutritional profile than cultivated foods. The greater amount of meat obtained by hunting big game animals in Paleolithic diets than Neolithic diets may have also allowed Paleolithic hunter-gatherers to enjoy a more nutritious diet than Neolithic agriculturalists. It has been argued that the shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture resulted in an increasing focus on a limited variety of foods, with meat likely taking a back seat to plants. It is also unlikely that Paleolithic hunter-gatherers were affected by modern diseases of affluence such as Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, because they ate mostly lean meats and plants and frequently engaged in intense physical activity, and because the average lifespan was shorter than the age of common-onset of these conditions.

Large-seeded legumes were part of the human diet long before the Neolithic agricultural revolution, as evident from archaeobotanical finds from the Mousterian layers of Kebara Cave, in Israel. There is evidence suggesting that Paleolithic societies were gathering wild cereals for food use at least as early as 30,000 years ago. However, seeds, such as grains and beans, were rarely eaten and never in large quantities on a daily basis. Recent archeological evidence also indicates that winemaking may have originated in the Paleolithic, when early humans drank the juice of naturally fermented wild grapes from animal-skin pouches. Paleolithic humans consumed animal organ meats, including the livers, kidneys and brains. Upper Paleolithic cultures appear to have had significant knowledge about plants and herbs and may have, albeit very rarely, practiced rudimentary forms of horticulture. In particular, bananas and tubers may have been cultivated as early as 25,000 BP in southeast Asia. Late Upper Paleolithic societies also appear to have occasionally practiced pastoralism and animal husbandry, presumably for dietary reasons. For instance, some European late Upper Paleolithic cultures domesticated and raised reindeer, presumably for their meat or milk, as early as 14,000 BP. Humans also probably consumed hallucinogenic plants during the Paleolithic period. The Australian Aborigines have been consuming a variety of native animal and plant foods, called bushfood, for an estimated 60,000 years, since the Middle Paleolithic.

People during the Middle Paleolithic, such as the Neanderthals and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in Africa, began to catch shellfish for food as revealed by shellfish cooking in Neanderthal sites in Italy about 110,000 years ago and Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens sites at Pinnacle Point, in Africa around 164,000 BP. Although fishing only became common during the Upper Paleolithic, fish have been part of human diets long before the dawn of the Upper Paleolithic and have certainly been consumed by humans since at least the Middle Paleolithic. For example, the Middle Paleolithic Homo sapiens in the region now occupied by the Democratic Republic of the Congo hunted large -long catfish with specialized barbed fishing points as early as 90,000 years ago. The invention of fishing allowed some Upper Paleolithic and later hunter-gatherer societies to become sedentary or semi-nomadic, which altered their social structures. Example societies are the Lepenski Vir as well as some contemporary hunter-gatherers such as the Tlingit. In some instances (at least the Tlingit) they developed social stratification, slavery and complex social structures such as chiefdoms.

Anthropologists such as Tim White suggest that cannibalism was common in human societies prior to the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic, based on the large amount of “butchered human" bones found in Neanderthal and other Lower/Middle Paleolithic sites. Cannibalism in the Lower and Middle Paleolithic may have occurred because of food shortages. However, it may have been for religious reasons, and would coincide with the development of religious practices thought to have occurred during the Upper Paleolithic. Nonetheless, it remains possible that Paleolithic societies never practiced cannibalism, and that the damage to recovered human bones was either the result of ritual post-mortem bone cleaning or predation by carnivores such as saber tooth cats, lions and hyenas.

Related pages
Stone tool
Hand axe

References

Other sources

 Christopher Boehm 1999. "Hierarchy in the forest: the evolution of egalitarian behavior" page 198 Harvard University Press.
 Leften Stavros Stavrianos 1991. A global history from prehistory to the present. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall.
 Bahn, Paul 1996. The atlas of world archeology. The Brown Reference Group PLC.

Other websites
 Early voices: the leap to language, by Nicolas Wade
 Human Evolution, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007 © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. Contributed by Richard B. Potts.
 Stone Age, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2007 © 1997-2007 Microsoft Corporation. Contributed by Kathy Schick and Nicholas Toth.
 Middle and Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers the emergence of modern humans: the Mesolithic
 Map of Earth during the late Upper Paleolithic, by Christopher Scotese

Category:Stone Age
Category:Anthropology

Palaeolithic


Joanne is the fifth studio album by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga.  It was released on October 21, 2016.  It was named for Gaga's aunt, her father's sister, who died before Gaga was born.  Joanne is also Gaga's middle name.

The album was produced by Gaga, Mark Ronson, Kevin Parker, and BloodPop, among other producers.  Gaga collaborated with RedOne on the song "Angel Down", which was written about Trayvon Martin, who was killed in 2012.  RedOne also helped produce Gaga's previous blockbuster hits, such as "Just Dance", "Poker Face", and "Bad Romance".  Country songwriter Hillary Lindsey also worked with Gaga on Joanne on songs like "Million Reasons". Singer-songwriter Beck worked with Gaga on the dance song "Dancin' in Circles".

Two singles were released for the album:  "Perfect Illusion" and "Million Reasons".  The first single reached the top 20 in several countries, like the US, Canada, Australia, and the UK. "Million Reasons" first peaked at number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100.  However, after her Super Bowl halftime performance on February 5, 2017, the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 again at number four.  This is Gaga's 14th top-ten song and her 10th song to reach the top five on the chart.

Gaga went on a Dive Bar Tour at three different dive bars in the United States to promote Joanne.

Critics have said that Joanne is different from Gaga's previous releases, such as The Fame, The Fame Monster, Born This Way, and Artpop.  The album sold 201,000 copies in its first week in the United States. The album entered the Billboard 200 albums chart at number one. It became Gaga's fourth number-one album in the U.S. After the album was released, Gaga became the female artist with the most number-one albums of the 2010s decade. Joanne ranked at number 108 on the Billboard 200 year-end chart of 2016 in the US.

In August 2017, Gaga began the Joanne World Tour, which was set to run through December.  However, in September 2017, Gaga canceled her performance at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, with Maroon 5 taking her place. The European leg of her tour was postponed to early 2018 due to severe chronic pain.  She is set to continue the remainder of the North American dates.

On October 22, 2017, Gaga announced that the album had been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for over one million certified units in the United States.

Track listing
The standard version of the album has 11 songs, while the deluxe version has 14.

Certifications

References

Category:2016 albums
Category:Pop albums
Category:Dance albums
Category:Rock albums
Category:Lady Gaga albums

Joanne (album)


River Oykel is a river in northern Scotland. It is famous for salmon fishing. It is a few miles from Ullapool, in western Scotland.

References

Other websites
 River Oykel at the Gazetteer for Scotland site

Oykel River

River Oykel


Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl2.  This gas has no color. The gas was used as a weapon during World War I. It is responsible for most of the deaths related to poison gas during the war. Today, phosgene is used as a tool. It is used for organic synthesis.  When there is a small amount in the air, the smell is similar to that of freshly cut hay or grass.  Some soldiers during the First World War have stated that it smelled a little like May Blossom.  When some compounds of  chlorine burn or break down, small amounts of phosgene are given off.

Uses
Today, most phosgene is used to produce isocyanates. The most important isocanates in this context are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Both are precursors to polyurethanes. Large amounts are also used to produce polycarbonates. Polycarbonate is produced from its reaction with bisphenol A.  Polycarbonates are an important class of engineering thermoplastic. They can be found in lenses in eyeglasses.

Safety
Phosgene is a strong poison. Its smell may not be noticed. Signs of exposure may sometimes be detected slowly.
Phosgene can be seen at 0.4 parts per million.  This amount is four times the safe amount.  Its high ability to poison doesn't come from the hydrogen chloride released by a process. It comes from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs.  The sacs are where the oxygen goes into the body. Their damage makes it hard for the blood and air move oxygen and carbon.  This will make breathing very hard.  Badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.

Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make spills of phosgene harmless. Gas spills may be made harmless with a special liquid spray.

Other websites
 Davy's account of his discovery of phosgene
 International Chemical Safety Card 0007
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
 U.S. CDC Emergency Preparedness & Response
 U.S. EPA Acute Exposure Guideline Levels
 Regime For Schedule 3 Chemicals And Facilities Related To Such Chemicals, OPCW website
 CBWInfo website
 Use of Phosgene in WWII and in modern-day warfare (Refer to Section 4.C of the article)
 Phosgene -Citizendium

References

Category:Chemical compounds

Phosgene


Enneabatrachus hechti is an extinct species of an extinct genus of prehistoric frogs. They lived during the late Jurassic period. There has been many fossils found of them. There was one found in Como Bluff, Wyoming. They are part of the family Discoglossidae. The specimen found in Wyoming was only a few millimeters long.

References

Category:Frogs

Enneabatrachus hechti


St. Joseph is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2010 the population was 4,095.

References

Category:Towns in Wisconsin

St. Joseph, Wisconsin


George Stephenson (9 June 1781  12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer. He built the first public railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. He is known as the "Father of Railways". George was born in Wylam, which is in Northumberland.

Stephenson's rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes called the "Stephenson gauge", is the standard gauge for most of the world's railways. He also invented a miner's safety lamp, which was widely used in the north of England.

Notes

Category:1781 births
Category:1848 deaths
Category:Deaths from pleurisy
Category:Disease-related deaths in England
Category:British engineers
Category:English inventors
Category:People from Northumberland
Category:Rail transport in Great Britain

George Stephenson


Bronisław Maria Komorowski (born 4 June 1952, Oborniki Śląskie) is a Polish centre-right politician and the ex-President of Poland. He was elected on 5 July 2010, after President Lech Kaczyński died in a plane crash near Smolensk, Russia.

Previously, Komorowski, who is a member of the Sejm since 1989, was an opposition activist during a period of communist rule, Minister of Defense (2000-2001) and Marshal of the Sejm (2007-2010).

A member of the old Polish nobility, he's related to, among others, General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, who led the Warsaw uprising during World War II, and to Crown Princess Mathilde of Belgium.

References

Other websites

 The only Official Biography of Bronisław Komorowski(in English)
 The official website of the President of the Republic of Poland
 Polish Lower House (in English – Polish version)
 Civic Platform
 Wprost 24

Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:Presidents of Poland
Category:Marshals of the Sejm

Bronisław Komorowski


Saltville is a town in Smyth and Washington counties in Virginia, United States.

References

Category:Towns in Virginia

Saltville, Virginia


Copernicium (former Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Cn. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element.

The element is named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.

Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.

History
Copernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.

The element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.

In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of ununbium.

In February 2010 IUPAC officially approved the name copernicium and symbol Cn.

References

Other websites

 WebElements.com - Copernicium
 Apsidium - Copernicium
 Indication for a gaseous element 112
 Element 112 is Named Copernicium

Category:Chemical elements
Category:Metals
Category:Transition metals

Copernicium


Cucq is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Cucq