"Another One Bites the Dust" is a song by the British rock band Queen.

It is written by John Deacon.

The song won an American Music Award for Favorite Rock Single.

Category:1980 songs
Category:Music

Another One Bites the Dust


Cold Comfort Farm is a British comedy movie from 1995. It was directed by John Schlesinger. It is based on Stella Gibbons' book of the same name. The movie stars Kate Beckinsale, Joanna Lumley, Ian McKellen and Rufus Sewell. It was first shown on the BBC on 1 January 1995.

Category:1995 movies
Category:British comedy movies

Cold Comfort Farm (movie)


Han Bi-ya (born in 1958) is a Korean traveler and writer. Born in Seoul, she attended Seungeui Girls' High School  After graduating from high school, she worked as a DJ and a translator and majored English literature in Hongik University . She graduated as a special scholarship student from Hongik University and got a master's degree from the graduate school of media at the University of Utah. Han worked for the Korea branch of international public relations firm Berson-Mastella for 3 years. Her inborn ability in public relations helped in notable advance in her career, but soon she quit. She left for the 'round-the-world' trip, in order to keep the promise with her father, who died when she was 15.

Then for 7 years, she traveled around the world and her experience was published into best-selling series of Daughter of the Wind: Three and a Half Times Around the Globe on Foot. Her travel around the Korean Peninsula 'Daughter of the Wind, A journey round Korea' also became a best-seller, making her a public figure as a famous author. Since then, Han worked as a team leader of emergency aid team in the international NGO World Vision from 2001 to 2009. In August 2009, she left again for the masters degree in the 'Fletcher school of law and diplomacy'.She was nominated a YWCA Youth leader awards in 2004, One of the “100 people brightening the world”, being one of the most respected figure among youth and intellectuals.

Travels
Han Bi-ya became famous because of her book on travel around the world. During the 7 years of traveling, she preferred to go on foot to the most isolated regions. Risky adventures on the borders of Afghanistan were recorded in her books. She not only explored the scenery but also the tradition and life of the people there. She confesses that her life has entirely changed through the people she met. After she finished her travels, aiding people in danger of war and calamity is her only interest nowadays.

Enthusiasm
From the interview with the Korea Herald, Han thinks that the happiest person is the one who works for what he/she really is enthusiastic about. For her, 'courage' is not to fear when attempting to do something, and the amount of courage depends on how much the person is eager to do such thing. The life schedule of Han does not follow others. Regardless of the age, she is designing her life according to her dream and faith toward international aiding.

Influence
She is one of the most respected figures in Korea, being a role model for Korean students. She uses the term 'global home' rather than 'global village', stressing that ethnic groups of different cultures are all part of one big community. Many backpackers were inspired by Han's extraordinary life.

Awards
2005 Youth Leader in Korea, YWCA
2004 100 People Brightening the World, Korea Green Foundation

Bibliography
 Love, it was (2009)
 March to the World, Off the Map (2005)
 Travel to China of Han Biya (2001)
 Daughter of the Wind, Three and a Half Times Around the Globe on Foot (2000)
Book 1) Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia
Book 2) Central and South America, Alaska
Book 3) - Indochina peninsula, South Asia
Book 4) - Mongolia, China, Tibet
 Daughter of the Wind, A journey round Korea (1999)

References
 도서출판 푸른숲 : 네이버 카페
 한비야 :: 네이버 인물검색
 artistryblog님의블로그 : 네이버 블로그
 Daum 카페
 네이버 책: '한비야' 검색결과

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Korean writers
Category:People from Seoul

Han Bi-ya


, also known as ,  was an old province of Japan in area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with the provinces of Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

The provincial capital city was Himeji on the Ishikawa River.

History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Harima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Temples and Shrines
Iwa jinja was the chief Shinto shrine (ichinomiya) of Harima.

Related pages
 Provinces of Japan
 Prefectures of Japan
 List of regions of Japan
 List of islands of Japan

References

Other websites

  Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903

Category:Former provinces of Japan
Category:Hyōgo Prefecture

Harima Province


Hornbach is a German DIY-store chain offering home improvement and do-it-yourself goods. The company was founded in 1977. It is headquartered in Bornheim (Pfalz), Germany.

Other websites

 Official website

Category:1970s establishments in Germany
Category:1977 establishments in Europe
Category:Companies of Germany
Category:Rhineland-Palatinate

Hornbach (retailer)


The Stockholm City Hall () is the municipal building in Stockholm in Sweden. It is on the island of Kungsholmen. It was built between 1911 and 1923, with Ragnar Östberg being the architect. The Stockholm Municipality council meetings are held here.  Each year on 10 December, the Nobel Prize party is held here.

References

Other websites

Category:Buildings and structures in Stockholm
Category:Government buildings

Stockholm City Hall


Svartbyn is a locality in Överkalix Municipality, in Norrbotten County in Sweden. In 2010, 265 people lived there.

References

Category:Settlements in Norrbotten County

Svartbyn


{{Infobox album
| name = For Life
| type = EP
| artist = Exo
| cover = For Life logo.png
| alt =
| released =
| recorded = 2016
| studio =
| language = Korean, Chinese
| genre = K-pop, balad, christmas
| length =
| label = S.M. Entertainment, KT Music
| producer = Lee Soo-man
| prev_title = Lotto(2015)

| next_title = The War(2016)
| misc = }}For Life is the fifth extended play of the South Korean boy band EXO. It is scheduled to be published on December 19, 2016 at 12am (KST) by S.M. Entertainment and distributed by KT Music. The EP contains five songs, including the single of the same name, in the Korean and Mandarin versions.

 Release and background
On November 30, 2016, a agent of S.M. Entertainment announced that EXO was preparing for the release of its fifth mini album and third special winter album, after Miracles in December, released in 2013, and Sing for You, released in 2015. He also said that the members had already finished recording the video for the single with the same name. Two weeks later, on November 13, S.M. Entertainment updated the group's official website with a teaser image. On the same day, it was revealed that the EP, titled For Life, would contain five songs. Its release was December 19, and the music videos of the single included the appearance of the Japanese actress Nanami Sakuraba and three members of the group: Chanyeol, Suho and Kai. Inspired by the donations they made last year with Sing for You, it was reported that the group this time donated all the benefits for charity. Unlike their previous albums, which were released in two separate versions, one in Korean and one in Mandarin, For Life was released with both versions included.

 Commercial performance
Even without any promotion in music programs, over 300,000 copies were sold in its first week of sales, thus surpassing Sing for You'' and becoming the EXO album with the second largest amount of sales in the first week of Sales and the third album with the most sales in the history of the South Korean musical list Hanteo. For Life became Gaon's third best-selling album in 2016, with 438,481 copies sold, having topped the list. The album was also ranked "the world's second best selling album in the week of January 4," according to the United World Chart.

Track listing

Charts

Weekly charts

Monthly charts

Year-end charts

Awards and nominations

Music program awards

Release history

References

Category:Exo albums

For Life


C. Virginia Fields (born August 6, 1945) is an American politician. She is the former Borough President of Manhattan, elected in 1997 and reelected in 2001.  Her second term expired at the end of 2005.

References

Category:1946 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Birmingham, Alabama
Category:Manhattan borough presidents
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

C. Virginia Fields


was a Japanese football player. He has played for the Japanese national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1967||rowspan="8"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||14||0
|-
|1968||14||0
|-
|1969||14||0
|-
|1970||14||0
|-
|1971||8||0
|-
|1972||11||0
|-
|1973||6||0
|-
|1974||2||0
83||0
83||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1969||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

 Japan Football Association
 Japan National Football Team Database
 National Football Teams

Category:1943 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:Footballers from Kyoto Prefecture

Tadao Onishi


Ensatina is a genus of lungless salamanders. They are a complex of subspecies of Ensatina  eschscholtzii, found in forests in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California and Baja California,  Mexico.

Ring species
The Ensatina salamander is a ring species in the mountains around the Californian Central Valley. The complex forms a horseshoe shape around the mountains. Though interbreeding can happen between each of the 19 populations around the horseshoe, the Ensatina eschscholtzii subspecies on the western end of the horseshoe cannot interbreed with the Ensatina klauberi on the eastern end. It is an illustration of "nearly all stages in a speciation process" (Dobzhansky). Richard Highton argued that Ensatina is a case of multiple species and not a continuum of one species.

Subspecies
Yellow Blotched Ensatina — E. e. croceater (Cope, 1868)
Monterey Ensatina — E. e. eschscholtzii Gray, 1850
Large Blotched Ensatina — E. e. klauberi Dunn, 1929
Oregon Ensatina — E. e. oregonensis (Girard, 1856)
Painted Ensatina — E. e. picta Wood, 1940
Sierra Nevada Ensatina — E. e. platensis (Jiménez de la Espada, 1875)
Yellow Eyed Ensatina — E. e. xanthoptica Stebbins, 1949

References

Category:Salamanders

Ensatina


Purple is a colour that is made of two primary colors, blue and red.

The first written use of purple as a color name in English was in 975.

Meaning of purple
 Purple is associated with wisdom, dignity, independence, creativity, mystery, and magic. Purple is a very rare color in nature, though the lavender flower and catmint are two examples.
 Tyrian Purple is used to represent royalty. It is a sign of power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It shows wealth and extravagance. It is thought as a royal color because in Roman times, there was only one way to make the color purple, which the Romans called purpura. They used one or two species of the gastropod Murex, which produced the dye in a gland. These tiny shellfish lived in the Mediterranean Sea. Each snail produced only tiny amounts, so it was very expensive. Therefore, purple was only worn by the rich and famous. Naturally, the richest and most famous people in the country were the Roman emperors, so they were able to wear the most purple. Roman sumptuary laws forbade plebeians to wear it.
 Light purple is a good choice for a feminine design. It creates feelings of romance. Bright purple can be used when promoting children's things.
 Dark purple may create sad feelings. It can cause frustration.
 Pink purple, it is associated with eroticism and femininity.

Comparison of blue, indigo, violet and purple

Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red

Tones of purple color comparison chart
 Lavender Blush (web color) (Hex: #FFF0F5) (RGB: 255, 240, 245)
 Purple Mist (Pale Purple) (Pantone TPX 12-2103) (Hex: #E6E6FA) (RGB: 250, 230, 250)
 Lavender Mist (web color Lavender) (Hex: #E6E6FA) (RGB: 230, 230, 250)
 Almost Mauve (Pantone TPX 12-2103) (Hex: #EBE1DF) (RGB: 235, 225, 223)
 Mauve Morn (Pantone TPX 12-2102) (Hex: #EBDBDB) (RGB: 235, 219, 219)
 Mauve Chalk (Pantone TPX 12-2902) (Hex: #E4D3D2) (RGB: 228, 211, 210)
 Pale Lilac (Light Mauve) (Hex: #DCD0FF) (RGB: 220, 208, 255)
 Mauvette (Plochere) (Mauve Pink) (Light Mulberry) (Hex: #E8CCD7) (RGB: 232, 204, 215)
 Deep Mauve Pink (Hex: #DE4BEEB) (RGB: 228, 190, 235)

 Mauve (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #E0B0FF) (RGB: 224, 176, 255)

 Thistle (HTML/CSS web color: Light Purple) (Hex: #D8BFD8) (RGB: 216, 191, 216)

 Lilac (Hex: #C8A2C8) (RGB: 200, 162, 200)

 Kobi (Xona.com color list) (Light Aubergine) (Hex: #C79FC4) (RGB: 231, 159, 196)

 Light Orchid (Crayola Orchid) (Hex: #E29CD2) (RGB: 226, 156, 210)
 Pale Plum (web color Plum) (Medium Lavender Magenta) (Hex: #DDA0DD) (RGB: 221, 160, 221)
 Lavender Magenta (web color "violet") (Hex: #EE82EE) (RGB: 238, 130, 238)

 Orchid (web color) (Hex: #DA70D6) (RGB: 218, 112, 240) (CMYK: 0,49,2,15)

 Heliotrope (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #DF73FF) (RGB: 223, 115, 255)
 French Mauve (Deep Mauve) (Mauve (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #D473D4) (RGB: 212, 115, 212)
 Opera Mauve (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #CA82AF) (RGB: 202, 130, 175)

 Light Veronica (Xona.com color list "[X11] Purple Light") (Hex:D46FF9) (RGB: 212,111, 249)

 Psychedelic Purple (Phlox (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #DF00FF) (RGB: 223, 0, 255)

 Vivid Orchid (Hex: #CC00FF) (RGB: 204, 0, 255)
 Neon Purple (Hex: #BC13FE) (RGB: 188, 19, 254)
 Hot Purple (Hex: #CB00F5) (RGB: 203, 0, 245)

 Electric Purple (True Purple) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #BF00FF) (RGB: 191, 0, 255)

 Pontiff (Pontiff Purple) (Hex: #AF00FF) (RGB: 175, 0, 255)
 Paars (Dutch Purple) (Hex: #AA00FF) (RGB: 170, 0, 255)

 Veronica (Maerz & Paul) (X11 web color Purple) (Hex: #A020F0) (RGB: 160, 92, 240)

 Purple (Munsell) (Munsell 5P) (Hex: #9F00C5) (RGB: 159, 0, 197)

 Dark Orchid (web color) (Hex: #9932CC) (RGB: 153, 50, 204)

 Deep Purple (Hex: #8B00CC) (RGB: 139, 0, 204)

 Deep Indigo (web color Blue-Violet) (Hex: #8A2BE2) (RGB: 138, 43, 226)
 Lavender Indigo (Hex: #9457EB) (RGB: 148, 87, 235)

 Vanda Purple (Hex: #9842E3) (RGB: 152, 66, 227)

 Internet Purple (color of "all purple website" www.purple.com) (Hex: #7D26CD) (RGB: 125, 38, 205)

 Royal Purple (Crayola) (Hex: #7851A9) (RGB: 120, 91, 169)

 Purple Heart (Crayola) (Hex: #652DC1) (RGB: 101, 45, 93)

 Prince Fan Purple (lettering on Prince fan website Prince.org) (Hex: #6600B7) (RGB: 102, 0, 187)

 Generic Purple (www.web-site-tools.com/s/660099.htm) (Hex: #660099) (RGB: 102, 0, 153)

 Purple Reign (Pantone TPX 19-3620) (Hex: 54446C) (RGB: 84, 68, 108)

 Purple Rain (color of lettering on Prince's album Purple Rain) (Hex: #4B308D) (RGB: 75, 48, 141)

 Vulgar Purple (Grape Jelly) (Hex: #3E2F84) (RGB: 62, 47, 132)

 Pigment Indigo (web color Indigo) (Hex: #4B0082) (RGB: 75, 0, 130)
 Dark Indigo (Hex: #310062) (RGB: 49, 0, 98)
 Persian Indigo (Regimental (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #32127A) (RGB: 50, 18, 122)
 Ultramarine (pigment) (Hex: #120A8F) (RGB: 18, 10, 143)
 Persian Blue (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #1C39BB) (RGB: 28, 57, 187)

 Electric Ultramarine (Ultramarine (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #3F00FF) (RGB: 63, 0, 255)

 Han Purple (Hex: #5218FA) (RGB: 82, 24, 250)

 Westminster (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #5F00FF) (RGB: 95, 0, 255)
 Indigo (Electric Indigo) (Hex: #6600FF) (RGB: 102, 0, 255)
 Pansy (Heartsease) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #7700FF) (RGB: 119, 0, 255)

 Violet (Electric Violet) (Blue Purple) (Hex: #8B00FF) (RGB: 139, 0, 255)

 Pigment Violet (web color Dark Violet) (Hex: #9400D3) (RGB: 148, 0, 211)

 Lavender (Floral Lavender) (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B57EDC) (RGB: 181,126,220)

 Purple Mountain Majesty (Crayola) (Lavender Purple) (Hex: #9678B6) (RGB: 150, 120, 182)

 Violet Purple (Crayola) (Hex: #926EAE) (RGB: 146, 110, 174)

 Purple Yam (Ube) (Hex: #8878C3) (RGB: 136, 120, 195)

 French Lavender (Lavender (Pourpre.com) (Hex: #9683EC) (RGB: 150, 131, 236)

 Medium Purple (web color) (Deep Lavender) (Hex: #9370DB) (RGB: 147, 112, 219)

 Amethyst (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #9966CC) (RGB: 153, 102, 204)

 Deep Lilac (German Lilac) (Hex: #9955BB) (RGB: 153, 85, 187)

 Purpureus (Purpura) (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #9A4EAE) (RGB: 154, 78, 174)

 Chinese Purple (Hex: #A757AB) (RGB: 167, 87, 171)

 Meadow Mauve (Pantone TPX 18-3230) (Hex: #A55790) (RGB: 165, 87, 144)
 Violet Eggplant (Chinese Eggplant) (Hex: #991199) (RGB: 153, 17, 153)

 Striking Purple (Pantone TPX 18-3025) (Hex: #98508E) (RGB: 152, 80, 142)

 Purple Orchid (Pantone TPX 18-3027) (Hex: #AE4F93) (RGB: 174, 79, 107)

 Purple (Pantone) (Hex: #B634BB) (RGB: 182, 52, 187)

 Medium Orchid (web color) (Hex: #BA55D3) (RGB: 183, 85, 211)

 Deep Fuchsia (Fuchsia (Crayola)) (Hex: #C154C1) (RGB: 193, 84, 193)
 Steel Pink (Crayola Ultra colored pencils) (Hex: #CC33CC) (RGB: 204, 51, 204)
 Rich Mauve (French Mauve) (Mauve (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #473D4) (RGB: 212, 115, 212)
 Opera Mauve (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #CA82AF) (RGB: 202, 130, 175)
 Mauve Taupe (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #AF868E) (RGB: 175, 134, 142)

 Medium Vanda (Vanda (ISCC-NBS)) (Lavender Brown) (Hex: #AA8A9E) (RGB: 170, 138, 158)

 Pale Red-Violet (web color Pale Violet Red) (Hex: #DB7093) (RGB: 219, 112, 147)

 Fandango Pink (Pantone TPX 17-2033) (Hex: #DE5285) (RGB: 222, 82, 133)

 Cabaret Purple (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #D94972) (RGB: 217, 73, 114)

 Red-Purple (Gallego & Sanz) (Hex: #E40078) (RGB: 228, 0, 120)

 Fuchsia Purple (Pantone TPX 18-2436) (Hex: #CC397B) (RGB: 204, 57, 123)
 Royal Fuchsia (Hex: #CA2C92) (RGB: 202, 44, 146)
 Byzantine (Maerz & Paul) (Hex:BD33A4) (RGB: 189, 51, 164)
 Fandango (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #B53389) (RGB: 181, 51, 137)
 Medium Red-Violet (Red-Violet (Crayola)) (Hex: #BB3385) (RGB: 187, 51, 133)

 Red-Violet (web color Medium Violet Red) (Hex: #C71585) (RGB: 199, 21, 133)

 Mulberry (Crayola) (Hex: #C54B8C) (RGB: 197, 75, 140)
 Hibiscus Purple (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #B6316C) (RGB: 182, 49, 108)

 Tyrian Red (Porpora (Fantetti & Petracchi)) (Hex: #B21B1C) (RGB: 178, 27, 28)

 Bright Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com [Pre-2010])) (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)

 Rich Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #9E0E40) (RGB: 158, 14, 64)

 Medium Tyrian Purple (Tyrian Purple (American Azalea Society))(Hex: #990024) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)

 Amaranth Purple (Maerz & Paul) (Hex: #AB274F) (RGB: 171, 39, 79)
 Night Shadz (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #AA375A) (RGB: 170, 55, 90)
 Jazzberry Jam (Crayola) (Hex: #A50B5E) (RGB: 165, 11, 94)
 Royal Heath (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #AB3472) (RGB: 171, 52, 114)
 Fuchsia Red (Pantone TPX 18-2328) (Hex: #B33A7F) (RGB: 179, 58, 127)
 Violine (Wallflower) (Hex: #A10684) (RGB: 161, 6, 132)
 Traffic Purple (RAL 4006) (Purple Grey) (Hex: #A03472) (RGB: 160, 52, 114)
 Amaranth Deep Purple (Amaranth (Maerz & Paul)) (Hex: #9F2B68) (RGB: 159, 43, 104)
 Red-Violet Eggplant (Hex: #990066) (RGB: 153, 0, 102)
 Medium Mauve (Vietnamese Mauve) (Hex: #993366) (RGB: 153, 51, 102)
 Disco (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #871550) (RGB: 135, 21, 80)
 Boysenberry (Pantone TPX 19-2431) (Hex: #873260) (RGB: 135, 50, 96)
 Purple Wine (Pantone TPX 18-2929) (Hex: #8E3975) (RGB: 143, 57, 117)
 Plum (Crayola) (Plum (traditional)) (Hex: #843179) (RGB: 132, 49, 121)
 Mardi Gras (Xona.com color list Mardi Gras Light) (Hex: #880085) (RGB: 136, 0, 137)
 Purple (HTML/CSS web color Purple) (Patriarch (Maerz & Paul)) (Octopus) (Hex: #800080) (RGB: 128, 0, 128)

 Spanish Purple (Purpura (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #7D2181) (RGB: 125, 33, 129)

 Byzantium (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #702963) (RGB: 112, 41, 99)

 Imperial (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: 602F6B) (RGB: 96, 47, 107)

 Purple Magic (Pantone TPX 19-3540) (Hex: #693B71) (RGB: 105, 59, 113)

 Purple Passion (Pantone TPX 19-3223) (Hex: #682860) (RGB: 104, 40, 96)
 Palatinate Purple (Hex: #682860) (RGB: 104, 40, 96)

 Tokyo Purple (Japanese Imperial Purple) (Hex: #5A004A) (RGB: 90, 0, 74)

 Halaya Ube (Purple Yam Jam) (Hex: #663854) (RGB: 102, 56, 84)

 Pansy Purple (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #78184A) (RGB: 120, 24, 74)
 Nightclub Purple (Xona.com color list) (Dark Mulberry) (Hex: #660045) (RGB: 102, 0, 69)

 Tyrian Purple (www.99colors.net) (Imperial Purple) (Hex: #66023C) (RGB: 102, 2, 60)

 Cosmic Purple (Xona.com color list) (Hex: #763950) (RGB: 118, 57, 93)

 Persian Plum (Xona.com color list) (Prune) (Hex: #701C1C) (RGB: 112, 28, 28)
 Old Mauve (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #673147) (RGB: 103, 49, 71)

 Eggplant (Crayola) (Aubergine) (Hex: #664051) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)

 Dark Byzantium (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #5D3954) (RGB: 93, 57, 84)

 Blackberry (Xona.com color list) (Dark Aubergine) (Hex: #4D0135) (RGB: 77, 1, 53)

 Deep Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro Claro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #4E0041) (RGB: 78, 0, 65)

 Japanese Purple (Purple (Japanese traditional colors)) (Hex: #4F284B) (RGB: 79, 40, 75)

 Purple Taupe (www.99colors.net) (Hex: #50404D) (RGB: 80, 64, 77)

 Dark Mardi Gras (Xona.com color list Mardi Gras) (Hex350036) (RGB: 53, 0, 54)

 Dark Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #360029) (RGB: 54, 0, 41)

 Dark Purple (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: #301934) (RGB: 48, 25, 52)

Tones of Tyrian purple
These Tyrian purple colors, all of which are also shown in the color chart above, show the original purple of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The color imperial shown below was made by mixing Tyrian purple with indigo dye.

 Bright Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com [Pre-2010])) (Hex: #B80049) (RGB: 184, 0, 73)

 Tyrian Red (Porpora (Fantetti & Petracchiref )) (Hex: #B21B1C) (RGB: 178, 27, 28)

 Rich Tyrian Purple (Pourpre (Pourpre.com)) (Hex: #9E0E40) (RGB: 158, 14, 64)

 Medium Tyrian Purple (Tyrian Purple (American Azalea Society)) (Hex: #990024) (RGB: 97, 64, 81)

 Tyrian Purple (www.99colors.net) (Imperial Purple) (Hex: #66023C) (RGB: 102, 2, 60)

 Deep Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro Claro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #4E0041) (RGB: 78, 0, 65)

 Dark Tyrian Purple (Purpura de Tiro (Gallego & Sanz)) (Hex: #360029) (RGB: 54, 0, 41)

 Imperial (ISCC-NBS) (Hex: 602F6B) (RGB: 96, 47, 107)

Related pages
 List of colors

References

Category:Colors

Purple


Allonby is a village and civil parish in Allerdale, Cumbria, England. In 2001, 462 people lived in Allonby.

References

Category:Villages in Cumbria
Category:Civil parishes in Cumbria

Allonby


Floyd Landis (born October 14, 1975) is an American road racing cyclist, now best remembered because of the Tour de France 2006 doping scandal. He is a time-trial specialist and a strong climber.

Landis turned professional in 1999 with the Mercury Cycling Team. He joined the US Postal Service team in 2002, and moved to the Phonak Hearing Systems team in 2005.

Doping
Landis was fired from the Phonak team on 5 August 2006. The doping test after stage 17 of the 2006 Tour de France showed he had a very high testosterone/epitestosterone ratio.  The rules say that for every one unit of one chemical he should have four unites of the other (a 4 to one (4:1) ratio).  Landis's test showed a ratio of 11:1.

Landis appealed to the USA Cycling and saying the tests were not done properly. USA Cycling asked three people from the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to study Landis's claims.  On 20 September 2007 that group voted 2 to 1 against him.  Landis was stripped of his title as winner of the 2006 Tour de France by the UCI, and banned from professional racing for two years.

Under UCI rules, the cyclist's national federation, in this case USA Cycling decides if the rules have been broken, but because of the science involved they asked the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) to help.

Biography

Floyd Landis was born in  Farmersville, Lancaster County,   Pennsylvania.

Landis was brought up a Mennonite, and rode his first races wearing sweatpants because his religion forbade wearing shorts; he won anyway.   Landis' father, is a devout Mennonite, and tried to stop him from racing his bike by giving him extra chores. He had no time to train during the day, so he would sneak out of the house at night to train, sometimes at 1 or 2 a.m. and often in the freezing cold. His father, found that Floyd had been going out at night and often followed him at a distance to make sure he was not getting into trouble. Today, Floyd Landis's father is a supporter of his son and says he is one of Floyd's biggest fans.

2006 Tour de France

Before the 2006 Tour de Francemost people thought the winner would be either Ivan Basso or Jan Ullrich, who finished second and third respectively in the 2005 tour. Days before the race, the Operación Puerto doping case forced Basso and Ullrich to withdraw, and Landis became one of the  favourites to win

Hip ailment
Landis performance up to Stage 16 of the Tour de France and his comeback in Stage 17 is surprising because of his hip ailment, called osteonecrosis, which was revealed in an article in The New York Times during the 2006 Tour de France.  This means he was in constant pain.

Doping investigation

On July 27, 2006 the Phonak Cycling Team said Floyd Landis had a urine test come back positive, having an unusually high ratio of the hormone testosterone to the hormone epitestosterone (T/E ratio) after Stage 17. Landis denied having doped. Phonak stated that he would be dismissed should the backup sample also test positive. It did, and Landis was suspended from professional cycling and dismissed from his team. Landis's personal physician later disclosed that the test had found a T/E ratio of 11:1 in Landis, far above the maximum allowable ratio of 4:1.

The tests were done by French government's anti-doping clinical laboratory, the National Laboratory for Doping Detection (LNDD)which is part of the Ministry of Youth, Sport, and Social Life, and is  and is accredited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).)

Appeal
On May 14, 2007 a meeting began between the USADA and Landis about the doping allegations. On September 20, 2007, the arbitrators found Landis guilty of doping.

As Landis forfeited his Tour title, the second place rider, Óscar Pereiro, became the race's official winner. Landis has also been banned from the sport for two years, dated retroactively to January 2007.

Landis's former team, Phonak has already been disbanded

The USADA had more B samples taken during the Tour de France 2006 examined. After Landis's attempts to prevent these tests had failed, traces of exogenous testosterone were found in several samples in a test of seven samples. These confirmation tests were done at the same French lab Landis's team was trying to discredit for the first positive results.

Landis did race in France in 2007 so that the appeal could be decided in the United States first.  If the raced in France  they may start their own investigation because doping is illegal in France.

Among Landis's lawyers are José Maria Buxeda of Spain and Howard L. Jacobs of the United States. Buxeda represented Spanish cyclist Roberto Heras when he was suspended for two years after testing positive for doping. Jacobs has also defended athletes accused of doping, such as cyclist Tyler Hamilton and sprinter Tim Montgomery. They are also representing Kazakh cyclist Alexandre Vinokourov who was accused of blood doping, kicked out of the 2007 Tour de France, and fired from his cycling team.

Verdict
On September 20, 2007 Landis was found guilty of doping by a 2-1 vote of the hearing committee. The committee said that there were mistakes testing the sample so they will not say that there was a high amount of the natural chemical testosterone.  But the committee did say was proof of artificial testosterone  and that

Landis does have the right to appeal the decision of the committee to the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Major results

1999 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 2nd overall and 1 stage win – Cascade Classic

2000 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 Overall – Tour du Poitou-Charentes

2001 - Mercury Pro Cycling Team
 Boulevard Road Race

2002 - U.S. Postal Service
 2nd overall – Dauphiné Libéré
 3rd stage, Tirreno-Adriatico
 61st overall – Tour de France

2003 - U.S. Postal Service
 77th overall – Tour de France

2004 - U.S. Postal Service
 Overall – Volta ao Algarve
 Stage 5 – Volta ao Algarve
 Team time trial – Tour de France
 Team time trial – Vuelta a España
 23rd overall – Tour de France

2005 - Phonak Hearing Systems
 3rd overall and Stage 3 win – Tour de Georgia
 9th overall – Tour de France

2006 - Phonak Hearing Systems
 1st, Profronde van Stiphout
 Disqualified - Tour de France
 Yellow jersey, General Classification leader during Stages 12, 13, 16 and 20.
 1st, Stage 17 (voted most combatative rider of the day)
 1st, USA Cycling National Racing Calendar series
 1st overall – Tour de Georgia
 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour de Georgia
 1st overall – Paris-Nice
 1st overall – Tour of California
 1st, Stage 3 (ITT) – Tour of California

References

Other websites

 Floyd Landis' Website
 Sex, drugs and sports: Prostaglandins, epitestosterone and sexual development
 Floyd Landis profile
 Trust But Verify: News, Research and Commentary about the Floyd Landis doping allegations.

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:American cyclists
Category:Doping cases in cycling
Category:Sportspeople from Pennsylvania
Category:Tour de France cyclists

Floyd Landis


Lisa Lu Yan (; born July 8, 1927) is a Chinese-born American actress and singer. She won the Golden Horse Awards three times in the 1970s. She was born in Beijing and raised in California. Lu is known for her roles in The Mountain Road, Demon Seed, Peter Bogdanovich's Saint Jack, The Last Emperor, The Joy Luck Club and Crazy Rich Asians.

References

Other websites

Category:1927 births
Category:Living people
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States
Category:Chinese actors
Category:Chinese singers
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Actors from California
Category:Singers from California

Lisa Lu


Luxembourg national football team is the national football team of Luxembourg.

References

Category:National football teams
Category:Sport in Luxembourg

Luxembourg national football team


The Road to Wellville is a 1994 comedy-drama movie. This movie is about the doctor and clean-living advocate John Harvey Kellogg and his unusual methods for maintaining health. Anthony Hopkins plays Doctor Kellogg. Lara Flynn Boyle plays Ida. Camryn Manheim plays Virginia. The movie was released October 28, 1994 in the United States. The reviews of The Road to Wellville were not good. The movie performed poorly in the box office.

Category:1990s comedy-drama movies
Category:1994 movies

The Road to Wellville


was the 47th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 758 and ended in 764.

Traditional narrative
Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (imina) was Ōi-shinnō (Ōi-no-ō).  The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.

He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu. His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.

In the older Japanese documents, he was often referred as the .

Events of Junnin's life
His fate was changed in 757 when Empress Kōken named him as her heir (crown prince).

 7 September 758 (Tenpyō-shōhō 2, 1st day of the 8th month): In the 10th year of Kōken's reign, the empress abdicated. The succession (senso) was received by her adopted son.  Then Emperor Jimmu is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

 760 (Tenpyō-hōji 4): New coins were minted.

 764 (Tenpyō-hōji 8): Junnnin was sent in exile to Awaji.

 10 November 765 (Tenpyō-jingo 1, 23rd Day of the 10th Month):  Former Emperor Junnin died in exile.

Junnin caused grain storage centers (Jōheisō) to be established in the provinces.  The government stored rice from the years of good harvests.  This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good.  The Jōheisō were abolished during the Kamakura period.

After his death

The actual site of Junnin's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Awaji.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum.  It is formally named Awaji no misasagi.

In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which he is now known.

Era of Junnin's reign
The years of Junnin's reign are identified by a single era name.
 Tenpyō-hōji  (758-765)

Related pages
 Emperor of Japan
 List of Emperors of Japan
 Japanese Imperial family tree

References

Category:Emperors of Japan
Category:733 births
Category:765 deaths

Emperor Junnin


Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill (May 5, 1983 in Jersey, Channel Islands) is a British movie, voice, and television actor.
He was born in Jersey to Marianne, housewife and bank secretary and Colin Cavill a stockbroker,Cavill is the fourth of five sons, his brothers are:Piers, Nik, Simon, and  Charlie.
He has appeared in the movies The Count of Monte Cristo, Stardust, and Immortals, and played the role of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, on the Showtime series The Tudors, from 2007 until 2010. He played Superman in Zach Snyder's 2013 movie Man of Steel.

Personal life
Cavill was born on May 5, 1983 in Jersey, Channel Islands. He was the fourth child out of 5 boys from his family. On 4 May 2011, he got engaged with his girlfriend, English horse rider Ellen Whitaker. On 18 August 2012 they separated. Cavill is now in relationship with actress and former mixed martial artist Gina Carano.

Filmography and television

 Laguna (2001)
 The Count of Monte Cristo (2002)
 The Inspector Lynley Mysteries (2002)
 Goodbye, Mr. Chips (2002)
 Midsomer Murders (2003)
 I Capture the Castle (2003)
 Hellraiser: Hellworld (2005)
 Tristan and Islode (2006)
 Red Ridding Hood (2007)
 Stardust (2007)
 The Tudors (2007 – 2010)
 Blood Creek (2009)
 Whatever Works (2009)
 Immortals (2011)
 The Cold Light of Day (2012)
 Man of Steel (2013)
 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016)
 Justice League (2017)

References

Other websites

Category:1983 births
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:English models
Category:Living people

Henry Cavill


The Zygnematacae are a family of filamentous or unicellular, uniseriate green algae.

Category:Algae

Zygnemataceae


Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues (born January 9, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He is the current head coach of the United Faith Christian Academy boys' basketball team. Bogues is the shortest player ever to play in the NBA at . He played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the National Basketball Association. Bogues is best known for his time with the Charlotte Hornets. He also played for the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Toronto Raptors. Bogues was also the head coach of the WNBA team Charlotte Sting.

References

Category:American basketball players
Category:Sportspeople from Baltimore, Maryland
Category:New Orleans Hornets players
Category:Washington Wizards players
Category:Golden State Warriors players
Category:Toronto Raptors players
Category:Living people
Category:1965 births

Muggsy Bogues


Diego Ribas da Cunha (born 28 February 1985) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Juventus.

Club career statistics

|-
|2002||rowspan="3"|Santos||rowspan="3"|Série A||22||8||||||||||22||8
|-
|2003||33||9||||||||||33||9
|-
|2004||9||4||||||||||9||4

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||30||3||||||6||1||36||4
|-
|2005/06||18||1||||||4||1||23||2

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||33||13||1||0||14||2||48||15
|-
|2007/08||30||13||3||1||8||2||41||16
|-
|2008/09||21||12||5||2||13||7||39||21

|-
|2009/10||Juventus||Serie A||||||||||||||||
64||21||||||||||64||21
48||4||||||10||2||58||6
84||38||9||3||35||11||128||52
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
196||63||9||3||45||13||250||79
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||7||2
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||1||0
|-
|2007||12||1
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
!Total||33||4
|}

References

Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian footballers

Diego Ribas da Cunha


L. Jacques Ménard, , (January 29, 1946 – February 5, 2020) was a Canadian businessman and educator. He was the chancellor of Concordia University from 2011 to 2014. He was born in Chicoutimi, Quebec.

Ménard died on February 5, 2020 in Montreal from a long-illness at the age of 74.

References

Category:1946 births
Category:Canadian educators
Category:Canadian business people
Category:People from Quebec
Category:2020 deaths

L. Jacques Ménard


Viktor Mikhailovich Kozin () (born February 22, 1953) is a Russian naval engineer, ship designer and inventor of a new method of icebreaking, called the resonance method of ice destruction. He received his Assistant Professorship in Technical Sciences (Ph.D.) for his work Mechanics of deformable solids in Vladivostok in 1994. He became a full Professor in 1996 and was awarded the title Honored Inventor of the Russian Federation in 2000. Since 2008 he is a member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS).

Kozin was awarded a diploma from the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1999) and won grants from the Russian Ministry of Education (2006). He received multiple prizes for his academic and scientific achievements in the theory of watercraft statics and dynamics, design of vessels, hydraulics and hydromechanics, ship and submarine construction. He is the author of 2 textbooks in naval engineering and 12 works on the methods of education in the area of naval design.

References
Encyclopedia - SCIENTISTS OF RUSSIA - scientists from the CIS and countries of CIS
Scientific Electronic Library - monographs published by the publishing house of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences

Other websites
 Telecast "Time, City, People, 2002 ". About Kozin VM STRC "Komsomolsk" Part 1
 Telecast "Time, City, People, 2002 ". About Kozin VM STRC "Komsomolsk" Part 2

Category:Living people
Category:Russian inventors
Category:Engineers
Category:1953 births

Viktor Kozin


During World War II, Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. The Norwegian Resistance was a rebellion by Norwegians against the invasion and occupation by the Nazis. It lasted from 1940 to 1945. It supported the Norwegian government that was formed outside of the country as the true government of Norway. They discouraged Norwegians from following the pro-Nazi Norwegian government formed by Vidkun Quisling.

The Norwegian Resistance helped the original members of the Norwegian government to escape from Norway. They were lucky that they escaped alive, because the Germans tried to kill them. They managed to get to the coast where a British warship picked them up.

The Norwegian Resistance also carried out armed resistance against the Nazi soldiers. This included sabotage (breaking or destroying things), assassinations, and exploding German ships with bombs. The Norwegian Resistance also did unarmed civil disobedience actions, like protests.

Category:1940s in Norway
Category:Resistance movements of World War II
Category:Rebellions in Europe
Category:20th century rebellions
Category:National liberation movements

Norwegian Resistance


Astana, renamed in 2019 to Nur-Sultan, is the capital city of Kazakhstan. Before, it was called Astana (Kazakh: Астана, Persian: آستانه)

Nur-Sultan has a population of 600,000 (2004). It has been the capital of Kazakhstan from 1998. The name "Astana", which in Kazakh language means "Capital city", was chosen because it is easily pronounced in many languages. In Kazakh, it is pronounced "As-ta-na", while in English (and, for instance, German), common pronunciation is "As-ta-na". It is in the Aqmola Province.

On 23 March 2019, a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan's parliament agreed the new name. The city was renamed Nur-sultan, after former president Nursultan Nazarbayev.

References

Notes

Gallery

Category:Capital cities in Asia
Category:Cities in Kazakhstan
Category:Nur-Sultan

Nur-Sultan


Sioux County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2010 census, 33,704 people lived there. The county seat is Orange City.

Category:1851 establishments in Iowa
Category:Iowa counties

Sioux County, Iowa


Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho (20 September, 1935 – 10 February,  2010) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1961||rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors||rowspan="5"|Primera División||26||0
|-
|1962||28||0
|-
|1963||20||0
|-
|1964||30||0
|-
|1965||1||0
105||0
105||0
|}

International career statistics

|-
!Total||30||0
|}

References

Category:1935 births
Category:Brazilian footballers

Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho


Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink (; December 6, 1927–September 28, 2002) was an American politician.  She was the U.S. Representative for the 1st and 2nd Districts of Hawaii.

Early life
Mink was born in Paia on the island of Maui in Hawaii.  She was the daughter of Japanese American parents.  She was a Sansei, which means that she was the granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US.

She graduated from the University of Hawaii and she earned a law degree from the University of Chicago.

References

Other websites
 Patsy Mink at Honolulu Advertiser, September 29, 2002; October 5, 2002
 Patsy Mink at National Organization for Women (NOW)

Category:1927 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:American feminists
Category:People from Maui
Category:United States representatives from Hawaii
Category:Deaths from pneumonia

Patsy Mink


Beauty and the Beast is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.

The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.

It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

Other websites
  Beauty and the Beast, audio version

Category:Fairy tales

Beauty and the Beast


Fruitafossor was a termite-eating mammal of North America during the Upper Jurassic epoch (about150 million years ago (mya).

The description is based on a surprisingly complete skeleton of a chipmunk-sized animal. It was discovered in 2005, in Fruita, Colorado.

The animal looked like an armadillo (or anteater) and probably ate termites in much the same manner as these animals do today (ants had not yet evolved). Other skeletal features clearly show that Fruitafossor was not related to armadillos, anteaters, or any modern group of mammal. This means that specializations associated with feeding on ants or termites have evolved many times in mammals: in Fruitafossor, anteaters, numbats, aardvarks, pangolins, and echidnas.

References

Category:Mammals
Category:Fossils
Category:Jurassic

Fruitafossor


Carom billiards, sometimes called carambole billiards or simply carambole (and sometimes used as another word for a game called "straight rail") are a family of billiards games played on cloth-covered tables. In these games, the players strike heavy balls with sticks called cues. Carom billiards tables have no pockets or opening where balls are sunk, that snooker and pool tables do have. In its simplest form, the object of carom billiards games is to score points or "counts" by bouncing one's own ball, called a cue ball, off of the other two balls on the table. The date the first carom game was invented is not exactly known. Also, how exactly the games developed and which game was first is not clear. However, carom billiards games are believed to have started sometime in the 18th-century (the 1700s) in France in Europe.

There are many different games, each with distinct rules, strategies and objects of play, that are all part of carom billiards. Some of the most well known games are straight rail, cushion caroms, balkline, three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards. There are many other carom billiards games that combine aspects of these games, but that are not as well known. For example, the champion's game was a short-lived game that developed during a  period between the invention of straight rail and the invention of balkline. Other games are combinations of these games and other games played on tables with pockets (pool or snooker games), such as English billiards played on a snooker table and its related games, American four-ball billiards, and cowboy pool, played on a pool table.

How the name came about
The word "carom" means any strike and bounce off something. It started being used to describe the pocketless billiard games in the 1860s. It is a shortening of the word carambola, used in Spanish and Portuguese and spelled carambole in French. Carambola was earlier used to describe just the red ball used in billiards games, but later was given to the game itself. Some people who study word origins suggest that carambola was originally the name of a yellow-to-orange colored, tropical Asian fruit, known in Portuguese as a carambola.  This was taken from an earlier word,  karambal, from the Marathi language of India, also known as starfruit. The accuracy of the fruit origin has been questioned. It has been said to be just a legend, because the fruit does not look very similar to the big red ball that is used in carom games, and there is no direct proof for the fruit explanation.

Equipment

Cloth

Cloth has been used to cover billiards tables since the 15th century (1400s). In fact, the company that became the most famous maker of billiard cloth, Iwan Simonis, was formed in 1453. Most cloth made for carom billiards tables is a type of cloth called "baize" that is dyed green in color, and is made from 100% wool that has fibers that are made to be very straight (a process called ). Baize cloth provides a very fast surface allowing the balls to travel easily across the table material, called a "bed". The green color of cloth was originally chosen to look similar to grass. Green has been the common cloth color since the 16th century (1500s). However, the color also serves a useful function. Human eyes more easily see green than any other color. This allows players to keep playing for longer periods of time without straining their eyes.

Balls

Modern billiard balls are made from "phenolic resin", which is a type of very strong plastic. The size of carom billiards balls is normally 61.5 mm (27⁄16 in) in diameter. They weigh between 205 and 220 grams (7.23 – 7.75 ounces; 7.5 is average), and are quite a bit larger and heavier than the balls used for pool games. While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, permits balls as small as 61.0 mm (approximately 23⁄8), no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer, and the main standard is 61.5 mm. The three standard balls in most carom billiards games are a completely white cue ball, a second cue ball sometimes having a red or black dot on it (to help people in telling the balls apart), and a third, red ball. In some sets of balls, however, the second cue ball is solid yellow. Both types of ball sets are allowed in tournament play.

Billiard balls have been made from many different materials since the start of the game. For example, they have been made from clay, wood, ivory, plastics (including celluloid, Bakelite, crystalate, and phenolic resin) and even steel. The most common substance from 1627 until the early- to mid-twentieth century was ivory. The search for a substitute for ivory use was not for environmental reasons but based on how expensive they were and fear of danger for elephant hunters. The search was made more enticing when a New York billiard table maker offered a $10,000 prize for a substitute material. The first usable substitute was made from a material called "celluloid". Celluloid, which is an early form of plastic, was invented by a man named John Wesley Hyatt in 1868. There was a problem with the material though. Celluloid was unstable and highly flammable, sometimes exploding when people were making it.

Billiard cues

The stick used to hit billiard balls, called a billiards cue, is different in some ways from the typical pool cue. Compared with pool cues, billiard cues are often shorter, with a shorter end cap (called a ferrule), a fatter bottom portion where the back hand grips the stick (called a butt), a wooden screw in the middle rather than one of metal or plastic, and a smaller tip diameter. These features make the billiard cue stiffer. This stiffness helps players in striking the larger and heavier billiard balls as compared with pool balls. The stiffness also acts to reduce an effect called "deflection" (sometimes called "squirt"). Deflection is an undesirable effect from the use of sidespin. Sidespin is spin placed on a ball by striking it not at its center but off to one side of its center, causing it to spin as it travels down the table. Deflection causes a ball to travel not in a straight line in the direction it was struck.

Heated slate
Underneath the cloth of billiard tables is a very hard rock called slate. The slate bed of a billiard table is often heated to about 5 °C/9 °F above room temperature, which helps to keep moisture out of the cloth to aid the balls rolling and rebounding in a consistent manner, and generally makes a table play faster. A heated table is required under international carom rules and is an important requirement for the games of three-cushion billiards and artistic billiards. Heating table beds is an old practice. Queen Victoria of England (1819–1901) had a billiard table that was heated using zinc tubes, At that time, though, the reason for the heating was different. The heat was used to keep ivory balls from going out of shape (warping). The first use of electric heating was for a tournament in the game of "18.2 balkline", that was held in December 1927 between two players: Welker Cochran and Jacob Schaefer, Jr. The New York Times announced it with fanfare: "For the first time in the history of world's championship balkline billiards a heated table will be used ..."

History of games

Straight rail
Straight rail, sometimes called carom billiards, straight billiards, the three-ball game, the carambole game, and the free game in Europe, is thought to date to the 1700s. No exact time of origin is known though. It was called French caroms, French billiards or the French game in early times, taking those old names from the French who made the game popular. The object of straight rail is simple: one point, called a "count", is scored each time a player's cue ball makes contact with both object balls (the second cue ball and the third ball) on a single strike of the cue ball. Winning is achieved by reaching a certain number of points, agreed to between the players to be the winning number.

When straight rail was first invented there was no  on the way points were scored. However, the technique of crotching, meaning to have two balls right next to each other on the area of one of the table's four corners where the rails meet—the crotch—made scoring a lot easier. This resulted in an 1862 rule which allowed only three counts before at least one ball had to be sent away from the corner in order to legally score another point. Techniques continued to develop which increased counts greatly despite the crotching ban. One of these techniques is called "nursing", and made scoring much easier. A "nurse" is a series of shots where the balls are kept very close together, allowing a player to score off of them with very soft strokes without changing their positions much, so the scoring can continue. The most important of these nurse techniques, called the rail nurse, involves  the balls down a rail, moving them just a few centimeters on each score and keeping them close together and positioned at the end of each stroke in the same or near the same arrangement so that the rail nurse can be repeated.

Professional straight rail in the United States was only seen for six years, from 1873 to 1879. It was followed by a game designed to reduce the use of the rail nurse so that spectators would not be bored by watching it. Today, straight rail play is not very common in the U.S. but it still popular in Europe, where it is thought to be a good practice game for balkline and three-cushion billiards. Europe hosts professional competitions, known as pentathlons after the ancient Greek Olympic competitions, in which straight rail is one of five billiards games at which players compete. The other four are called 47.1 balkline, cushion caroms, 71.2 balkline and three-cushion billiards.

The champion's game

A new game appeared in 1879, called the champion's game or limited-rail. The champion's game is considered an in-between game—between straight rail and balkline—and was designed to stop the rail nurse. The game uses diagonal lines—balklines—drawn at the table's corners to indicate that if balls were inside those lines, points could not be scored, thus "cutting off four triangular spaces in the four corners, [taking] away 28 inches [711 mm] of the 'nursing' surface of the end rails and 56 inches [1422 mm] on the long rails." Despite its differences from straight rail, the champion's game only expanded the areas of the table where many points in a row could be scored before the balls had to be moved to a new position. This was not sufficient to stop nursing.

Balkline

Balkline came after the champion's game. It added more rules to stop nursing techniques. There are many varieties of balkline, but all divide the table into marked regions called balk spaces. The balk spaces define areas of the surface of the table where a player may only score up to a certain number of points while the object balls are within that region.

In the balkline games, rather than drawing balklines a few inches from the corners as was done in the champion's games, the entire table is divided into rectangular spaces. This is done by drawing balklines a certain distance across the length and the width of the table. The lines are drawn a number of inches parallel from each rail. This divides the table into eight rectangular areas called "balk spaces". Additionally, rectangles are drawn where each balkline meets a rail, called anchor spaces. The anchor spaces were added to the game to stop nursing techniques that developed especially for the challenges of balkline without them.

Generally, the differences between one balkline game and another are defined by two different things: 1) where the balkines are drawn on the table, and 2) the number of points that are allowed in each balk space before at least one ball must leave that region of the table. Balkline games are named by giving two numbers that tell us about the spacing used and how many points can be scored in the balk spaces. The first number  tells us how many inches from the rail the balkine will be drawn. The second number after a "dot", indicates the number of points that can be scored in the balk spaces before the balls must leave it (that number is always either one or two). So, for example, the name 18.2 balkline, tells us that balklines are drawn  distant from each rail, and only two points are allowed in a balk space before a ball must leave that area.

Over its history balkline has had many variations including 8.2, 10.2, 12.2, 13.2, 12½.2, 14.1, 14.2, 18.1, 18.2, 28.2, 38.2, 39.2, 42.2, 45.1, 45.2, 47.1, 47.2, 57.2 and 71.2 balkline. In its different forms, balkline was the main carom game played from 1883 to the 1930s. After that, other carom games became more popular. This is especially true of three-cushion billiards. Balkline is not very common in the U.S., but remains popular in Europe and the Far East.

Cushion caroms

Cushion caroms, sometimes called by its original name, the indirect game, is thought to have developed in the 1820s in Britain, it developed out of an older game called  the doublet game, that dates to at least 1807. The game is sometimes incorrectly called  one-cushion or one-cushion billiards, which is the direct translation of its name into English from various other languages such as Spanish ("una banda") and German ("einband").

The object of cushion caroms is to score cushion caroms, meaning a bounce off of both of the other balls on the table, with at least one rail of the table being struck by the cue ball before the contact with second object ball. Cushion caroms was not played for a number of years, but came back in the late 1860s. Its return was for similar reasons as to why balkline developed. It was frustration of many people with straight rail. The techniques such as nursing that were invented to make scoring much easier, also made the game very boring to watch. Thus, as straight rail lost popularity, cushion caroms was  for a time. Cushion caroms is rarely played in the U.S., but it still has some popularity in Europe.

Three-cushion billiards
In three-cushion billiards, sometimes called three-cushion carom, three-cushion, three-cushions, three-rail, rails and the angle game, the object is to carom off both object balls with at least three rails being contacted before the contact of the cue ball with the second object ball. Arising sometime in the 1870s, the origin of three-cushion billiards is not entirely known. It is undisputed that the Internal Revenue Collector of the Port of St. Louis, Wayman C. McCreery, made the game popular. At least one publication states he invented the game as well.

The first three-cushion billiards tournament took place January 14–31, 1878 in C. E. Mussey's Room in St. Louis, with McCreery taking part. The tournament was won by New Yorker Leon Magnus. The high run for the tournament was just 6 points, and the high average a .75. The game was infrequently played prior to 1907, with many top carom players of the era saying they did not enjoy it. However, in 1907 after the introduction of the Lambert Trophy, the game became more popular in the U.S. and internationally.

By 1924 three-cushion had become so popular that two very well know players in other billiard areas agreed to play each other in it at a challenge match. On September 22, 1924 Willie Hoppe (last name rhymes with "poppy"), the world balkline champion and Ralph Greenleaf, the world pocket billiards (pool) title holder, played a well-advertised, multiple-day, 600-point match. Hoppe was the eventual winner with a final score of 600–527. The game's decline in the U.S. came about in 1952 when Hoppe, then 51-time billiards champion, announced his retirement.

Three-cushion billiards is a very difficult game. Averaging one point per turn at the table is professional-level play, and averaging 1.5 to 2 is world-class play. An average of one means that for every turn at the table, a player makes one point and misses once. This means that the player makes a point on only 50% of his or her shots. The highest run at three-cushion billiards for many years was 25, set by the American Willie Hoppe in 1918 during an exhibition. As of 2007, the high run record is 31 points, shared between Semih Saygıner of Turkey and Hugo Patiño who is originally from Colombia but resides in the U.S. The best game at the standard 50 points in a tournament is 9 innings by the Swedish player, Torbjörn Blomdahl in 2000, and 4 innings (count: 19-11-9-11) by Korean and U.S. national champion, Sang Lee in September 1992 in a game at SL Billiards in Queens, New York. The highest tournament average is 2.536 by Dick Jaspers from the Netherlands in 2002 at a tournament in Monaco. Raymond Ceulemans from Belgium has won an unmatchable 21 three-cushion billiards world-championships.

Three-cushion billiards is the most popular carom billiards game played in the U.S. today, where pocket billiards (pool) is far more widespread. Three-cushion retains great popularity in parts of Europe, Asia, and Latin America.

The principal governing body of the sport is the Union Mondiale de Billiard (UMB). That organization has been holding world three-cushion championships since the late 1920s. Decades later, the Billiards World Cup Association (BWA) competed with UMB, but faded in the late 1990s due to financial problems. The International Olympic Committee-recognized World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA) cooperates with the UMB to keep their rulesets consistent.

Artistic billiards

In Artistic billiards, sometimes called fantasy billiards or fantaisie classique, players compete at performing 76 planned shots, each assigned a degree of difficulty. Each set shot has a maximum point value assigned for perfect execution, ranging from a 4-point maximum for lowest level difficulty shots, and climbing to an 11-point maximum for shots deemed highest in difficulty level. There is a total of 500 points available to a player. The governing body of the sport is the Confédération Internationale de Billiard Artistique (CIBA).

Each shot in an artistic billiards match is played from a well-defined starting position. In fact, in some tournaments the balls must be placed within two millimeters of a diagrammed position. Each shot must also be done in an established manner in order for points to be awarded. Players are allowed three attempts at each shot. In general,  the 76 shots in the game—even the lowest difficulty 4-point shots—require a high degree of skill, much practice and specialized knowledge to perform.

World title competition first started in 1986 and required the use of ivory balls. However, this requirement was dropped in 1990. The highest score ever achieved in world competition was 374, by the Frenchman Jean Reverchon in 1992. The highest score in competition overall is 427 set by Belgian Walter Bax on March 12, 2006 at a competition held in Deurne, Belgium, beating his own previous record of 425. The game is played mostly in western Europe, especially in France, Belgium and the Netherlands.

References

Other websites
Union Mondiale de Billard — world tournament sanctioning body
Archival Billiard Resource
Animation showing the "rail nurse" with a description

Category:Cue sports

Carom billiards


Russell David Johnson (November 10, 1924 – January 16, 2014) was an American television and movie actor. He was best known as "The Professor" on the CBS television sitcom Gilligan's Island.

Johnson died at his home in Bainbridge Island, Washington on January 16, 2014. He died from kidney failure. He was 89 years old.

References

Other websites

 Russell Johnson Interview with the Archive of American Television

Category:1924 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Actors from Pennsylvania
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Deaths from renal failure
Category:Disease-related deaths in the United States

Russell Johnson


German Americans is a ethnic group of American citizens of German ancestry. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2013 there were 46 million Americans who claimed some German ancestry. In parts of the Northern United States they outnumber any other ethnic groups. In Wisconsin, for example, 41% of the population is German-American. They are the largest ethnic group in the United States.

References

Category:Ethnic groups in the United States

German Americans


Beaune is a commune in Burgundy in the Côte-d'Or department. It is the region's wine capital.

Category:Communes in Côte-d'Or
Category:Subprefectures in France

Beaune


Kallar is one of the three related castes of southern India which constitute the Mukkulathor confedaracy or league of caste. The Kallar, along with the Maravar caste and Agamudayar caste, constitute a united social caste on the basis of professions, though their locations and heritages are wholly separate from one another.The Kallars, along with the Nattars and Thevars, traditionally practised a Tamil martial art variously known as adi murai, chinna adi and varna ati.The Kallar were traditionally a non-vegetarian people.

Reference

Category:Castes in Tamil Nadu

Kallar (caste)


The Skippers are a family of butterflies, the Hesperiidae. They are named after their quick, darting flight.

Skippers used to be classified in their own superfamily, Hesperioidea, because they have their antennae clubs hooked backward like a crochet while the other butterflies have club-like tips to their antennae. Skippers also have generally stockier bodies than regular butterflies, with stronger wing muscles.

Classification
There are about 3400 species of Skippers.  They are usually classified in the following subfamilies:
 Awls, Awlets and Policemen (Subfamily Coeliadinae, about 75 species)
 Grass Skippers (Subfamily Hesperiinae, over 2000 species)
 Skipperlings (Subfamily Heteropterinae, about 150 species)
 Giant Skippers (Subfamily Megathyminae, about 100 species)
 Spread-winged Skippers (Subfamily Pyrginae, about 1000 species)
 Firetips (Subfamily Pyrrhopyginae, about 150 species)
 Australian Skippers (Subfamily Trapezitinae, about 60 species)

Many species of skippers look frustratingly alike. For example, some species in the genera Erynnis, Hesperia, and Amblyscirtes cannot currently be distinguished in the field by experts, the only reliable method of telling them apart involving dissection and examination of the genitalia.

Examples
Examples include:
Aaron's Skipper - Poanes aaroni
Chequered Skipper - Carterocephalus palaemon
Small Skipper - Thymelicus sylvestris
Essex Skipper - Thymelicus lineola
Lulworth Skipper - Thymelicus acteon
Silver-spotted Skipper - Hesperia comma
Large Skipper - Ochlodes venata
Dingy Skipper - Erynnis tages
Grizzled Skipper - Pyrgus malvae
Dakota Skipper - Hesperia dacotae

References

Other websites
Skippers of North America: Large format diagnostic photographs Cirrus Digital Imaging
 Tree of Life Hesperiidae

Skipper (butterfly)


William Hodgson "Hod" Stuart (February 20, 1879 – June 23, 1907) was a Canadian professional ice hockey point (now called a defenceman) who played nine seasons for many teams in different leagues. He also played for a short time with the Ottawa Rough Riders football team. With his brother Bruce, Stuart played in the first professional ice hockey league, the International Professional Hockey League. In 1907 Stuart, thought of as the finest defender of the era, helped the Montreal Wanderers win the Stanley Cup, the trophy for best hockey team. A few months after winning the Cup, he died in a diving accident. The Wanderers hosted a all-star game to raise money for his family, the first time ever that an all-star game was played. When the Hockey Hall of Fame was created in 1945, Stuart was one of the first twelve players put in the Hall; his brother Bruce would also be elected into the Hall of Fame in 1961.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Awards

WPHL

IPHL

Other websites

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

Category:1879 births
Category:1907 deaths
Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen
Category:Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario
Category:Montreal Wanderers players
Category:People from Ottawa
Category:Stanley Cup champions

Hod Stuart


Southport F. C. is an English football club from Sauthport, Merseyside. Southport F. C was founded in 1881. Nowdays, the football club appear in Conference National. In the 2009-2010 season, the club won Conference Northern. In the 2010-2011 season, the club finished in 21st place and had to leave the league, but remained thanks to disband Rushden & Diamonds.

Source
 Official website

Category:English football clubs
Category:1881 establishments in England

Southport F.C.


Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity (for example, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party due to their employees sharing the same political beliefs as that party).

Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.  Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.  For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about the good gas mileage, fun, and agility.  An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.

An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position.  They would list suicides, accidental shootings and other facts showing guns in a negative way.  An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position.  The positively biased article would discuss 'lives saved' by guns, numbers of crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.

Bias in writing can also be shown by using bad or slang words to refer to groups of people or things.  "Broads" rather than "women"; "murdercycles" rather than "motorcycles".  Words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people also indicates bias.  "All Chinese people are good at math".

Bias also means mistakes in measurements. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.  The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes.  If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on.  Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

Bias also is that someones opinion is different and that they don't like the other persons opinion.

Other websites
Examples of Bias in Writing

Category:Psychology

Bias


Relaxin is a peptide hormone.

Function

In humans
Relaxin is produced in females. It rises to a peak about 14 days after ovulation, and then declines if the egg is not fertilised. During the first three months of pregnancy, levels rise and more relaxin is produced. Relaxin adjusts blood supply during pregnancy. It also relaxes pelvic ligaments.  It softens the pubic symphysis (the ligaments joining the bottom of the pelvis).

In males, relaxin also has a function: it enhances motility of sperm in semen.

In other animals
In animals, relaxin widens the pubic bone and facilitates labor. It also softens the cervix (cervical ripening), and relaxes the uterine musculature. Thus, for a long time, relaxin was looked at as a pregnancy hormone. However, its significance may reach much further. Relaxin affects collagen metabolism, inhibiting collagen synthesis and enhancing its breakdown.

References

Category:Hormones

Relaxin


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The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students who were in the Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas in 1957, following the Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education II. This started the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were stopped from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus.  They attended after President Eisenhower sent the United States Army to let them in.  This is thought to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.

Category:1957 in the United States
Category:Discrimination
Category:Little Rock, Arkansas
Category:History of Arkansas

Little Rock Nine


Dado Pršo (born 5 November 1974) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1992/93||Pazinka||Prva HNL||26||2

|-
|1993/94||Rouen||Division 2||10||1
|-
|1995/96||Stade Raphaëlois||National 2||18||7
|-
|1996/97||Monaco||Division 1||0||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="2"|Ajaccio||National||23||8
|-
|1998/99||Division 2||30||13
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="5"|Monaco||rowspan="3"|Division 1||20||2
|-
|2000/01||21||4
|-
|2001/02||11||2
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||20||12
|-
|2003/04||29||8

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="3"|Rangers||rowspan="3"|Premier League||34||18
|-
|2005/06||32||9
|-
|2006/07||28||4
26||2
182||57
94||31
302||90
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2003||9||3
|-
|2004||9||2
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||7||1
|-
!Total||32||9
|}

References

Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Croatian footballers

Dado Pršo


Vechta is a district (Landkreis) in Lower Saxony, Germany.

Cities and municipalities

References

Category:Districts of Lower Saxony

Vechta (district)


Takhār () is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. The capital is Taloqan. Its salt mines are one of Afghanistan's major mineral resources.

Districts

References

Category:Provinces of Afghanistan

Takhar Province


I (И, и) is the ninth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [i].
It looks like a backwards N. The lowercase и's italic looks like a и. Its old name was izhe.

It came from the Greek eta and stands for the Roman I.

There is another letter, the decimal I (І, і), that sounds the same as И. Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only И; and Church Slavonic and Ukrainian uses both И and і. To tell the letters apart, И is sometimes called octal I because was eighth in the Cyrillic numeral system.

Related pages
 Eta (letter)
 I
 Decimal I

I (Cyrillic)


William Pierce Frye (September 2, 1830–August 8, 1911) was a United States politician from Maine. He served in both the United States Senate and House of Representatives.

Category:United States senators from Maine
Category:United States representatives from Maine
Category:Presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate
Category:Deans of the United States Senate
Category:1830 births
Category:1911 deaths

William P. Frye


Joan de Beauvoir de Havilland (October 22, 1917 – December 15, 2013), known professionally as Joan Fontaine, was a British-American actress and singer. She and her older sister Olivia de Havilland were two of the last surviving leading ladies from Hollywood of the 1930s.

Fontaine is the only actress to have won an Academy Award for a performance in a movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Suspicion (1941).

Fontaine was born in Tokyo to British parents. She became an American citizen in 1943. She has divorced four times. She has one child from her second marriage.

She died on December 15, 2013 at her Carmel-by-the-Sea, California home from natural causes, aged 96.

References

Other websites

Category:1917 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Actors from Tokyo
Category:American movie actors
Category:American radio actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners
Category:British movie actors
Category:British radio actors
Category:British stage actors
Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States

Joan Fontaine


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Turkey may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is legal in the Republic of Turkey, but the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples. But sexual reassignment surgery is allowed and legal sex change has been possible since 1988. In 1858, the Ottoman Caliph decriminalised homosexuality. This affected many countries in the three continents of the Old World, respectively. When Turkey became a solo nation in 1920, it didn’t see a need to change this law. Omer Akpinar, who is with KAOS LG, which is one of the largest LGBT organizations in Turkish Republic, told Mashable that their organization was never censored. Jack Scott, a British writer who moved to Turkey with his partner and who is the author of Perking the Pansies: Jack and Liam Move to Turkey, said his  talking to the real estate company Quest Turkey.

Turkey tends to be socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality.

References

Turkey
Category:Turkey

LGBT rights in Turkey


The Third Punic War  (149 BC to 146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars. It was fought between the former Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic.

The war was a much smaller engagement than the two previous Punic Wars, and was mostly just the Romans attacking the city of Carthage in the Battle of Carthage. The Romans killed or captured all the people living inside of the city and tore down the buildings. They did this because they hated the Carthaginians after fighting two other wars with them, and didn't want to fight another, so they totally destroyed them.

Other websites
 Delenda est Carthago

Category:Punic Wars
Category:2nd century BC
Category:Wars and battles of Ancient Rome

Third Punic War


The Plains, Virginia is a town in the U.S. state of Virginia.

Category:Towns in Virginia

The Plains, Virginia


General relativity is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915. The central idea of general relativity is that space and time are two aspects of spacetime. Spacetime is curved when there is gravity, matter, energy, and momentum. The links between these forces are shown in the Einstein field equations.

A central idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence." An example is that two people, one in an elevator sitting on the surface of the earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space accelerating at 9.8 m/s2, will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hand. The object will accelerate to the floor at 9.8 m/s2 in either case, making it impossible for either to distinguish whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field or accelerating upward at one . Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference. There are several forms of the equivalence principle. These include: Newton's equivalence principle, the weak equivalence principle, the gravitational weak equivalence principle, Einstein's equivalence principle and the strong equivalence principle.

The Sun can be seen as this kind of valley in spacetime, and one of the other objects in the valley is the Earth. The Earth does not roll directly towards the Sun (or ball) because it is moving too fast. The force pulling the Earth towards the sun is about the same as a second force. This second force is called the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force exists because the Earth moves sideways. This sideways motion makes the distance between the Earth and Sun increase. Since the Earth is being pulled towards the sun and moving away at the same time, it stays at about the same distance. This is also how the Moon orbits the earth. In this second case, Earth is the ball and the Moon is the object.

General relativity has predicted many things which were later seen.  These include:
 As light gets closer to the sun, it bends towards the sun twice as much as classical physics (the system used before general relativity) predicts. This was seen in an experiment led by Arthur Eddington in 1919. When scientists saw his experiment, they started to take general relativity seriously.
 The perihelion of the planet Mercury rotates along its orbit more than is expected under Newtonian physics.  General relativity accounts for the difference between what is seen and what is expected without it.
Redshift from gravity. When light moves away from an object with gravity (moving away from the center of the valley), it is stretched into longer wavelengths. This was confirmed by the Pound-Rebka experiment.
 The Shapiro delay. Light appears to slow down when it passes close to a massive object. This was first seen in the 1960s by space probes headed towards the planet Venus.
 Gravitational waves. They were first observed on 14 September 2015.

Related pages
 Special theory of relativity

References

Other websites
 Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity in words of four letters or less

Category:Basic physics ideas
Category:Relativity
Category:Albert Einstein

General relativity


Jackie Keith Whitley  (July 1, 1954 – May 9, 1989) was an American country music singer. During his career, Whitley only recorded two albums but charted 12 singles on the Billboard country charts, and 7 more after his death.

References

Category:1954 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:American country singers
Category:Drug-related deaths in the United States
Category:Singers from Kentucky

Keith Whitley


Witchcraft is the use of magical powers. This might be for healing, seeing into the future, causing harm, or for religion. A person practicing witchcraft is called a witch, although a man practicing witchcraft is often mistakenly called a wizard (a word from Northern Europe), a warlock (a word from 14th century England), a sorcerer, or shaman (a term for people who practice magic in Siberia). Such people are said to have a knowledge of the chemical (or pharmaceutical) effects of certain herbs or shrubs. Witches can use this knowledge to help people who are sick or to hurt them.

Definition
Witchcraft is different throughout the world and can be seen as good or bad depending on where you are. Today, many people practice a peaceful kind of witchcraft as their religion, called Wicca. However, there are still many other people who are scared of witchcraft and think that it is bad. Throughout history, there have been stories about good and bad witches. In European history, witches were accused of physically making and preforming spells to harm people. They could also harm people by using their mind. However, this belief was not real and was often used to explain why bad things happened sometimes. In Africa, witches don't use physical tools or actions to curse. They can cause harm by just thinking about it. In fact, one may be unaware of being a witch, or may have been convinced of their witch nature by the suggestion of others. This understanding was described by anthropologist E.E. Evans-Pritchard, who studied African magical beliefs.

Accusations of Witchcraft
Éva Pócs (a scholar and folklorist) states that there are four reasons a person is accused of witchcraft:

 A person was caught in the act of positive or negative witchcraft (performing a spell)
 A well-meaning healer lost the trust of their clients' or the authorities'
 A person seemed dangerous and made their neighbors scared
 A person was rumored to be a witch and surrounded with an aura of witch-beliefs or Occultism

She identifies three kinds of witches in popular belief:

 The "neighborhood witch" or "social witch": a witch who curses a neighbor following some conflict.
 The "magical" or "sorcerer" witch: either a professional healer, sorcerer, seer or midwife, or a person who has, through magic, increased their fortune but caused harm to someone in doing so; due to community rivalries and the hard to recognize nature between good and bad magic, such individuals can become labelled as witches.
 The "supernatural" or "night" witch: portrayed in court narratives as a demon appearing in visions and dreams.

"Neighbourhood witches" are the product of neighbourhood arguments, and are found only in rural village communities where the inhabitants largely rely on each other. Such accusations follow the breaking of some social norm, such as the failure to return a borrowed item, and any person part of the normal exchange could potentially be accused. Claims of "sorcerer" witches and "supernatural" witches could arise out of social tensions, but not exclusively; the supernatural witch in particular often had nothing to do with community conflict, but expressed tensions between the human and supernatural worlds; and in Eastern and Southeastern Europe such supernatural witches became an ideology explaining calamities that befell entire communities.

Practices
It is believed that witches can perform magic by using plants, casting spells, or using their mind. The use of plants is often called herbalism and this involves collecting or growing herbs to use in potions or medicines to help or hurt people, animals, or things.

In popular artwork, witches can be seen using big metal cooking bowls called cauldrons to mix their spell ingredients. Witches also use wands, brooms, sticks, candles, swords, and fire to perform spells.

In some cultures, witches can harm people just by using their mind and thinking bad thoughts about a person. In these cultures, witches do not need any items and can potentially be anyone in the community.

By Region

Africa
In Southern African traditions, there are three classifications of somebody who uses magic.

 The tagati is often poorly translated into English as "witch", and is a spiteful person who works in secret to harm others.
 The sangoma is a diviner, similar to a fortune teller, and is hired to detect illness, predict a person's future (or advising them on which path to take), or identifying the guilty party in a crime. She also practices some degree of medicine.
 The inyanga is often translated as "witch doctor" (though many Southern Africans do not like this description as it implies that a "witch doctor" is in some sense a practitioner of evil magic). The inyanga's job is to heal illness and injury and provide customers with magical items for everyday use.

Of these three categories the tagati is almost exclusively female, the sangoma is usually female, and the inyanga is almost exclusively male. Much of what witchcraft represents in Africa has been misunderstood and mistaken for European witchcraft. African scholar Uchenna Okeja argues that witchcraft in Africa today plays a very different social role than in Europe of the past—or present—and should be understood through an African, rather than Western view.

America
When the first Europeans came to the New World, they brought with them the Christian religion and their fear of supernatural witches. Native Americans had their own religion and beliefs. Since the Christian European settlers were living with these Native Americans and also African slaves (who had their own non-Christian religions and beliefs), this scared them. The Europeans were already scared, far away from their home in the New World with different plants and animals. This fear lead to violent crimes such as accusing and murdering people who they thought were witches and were hurting them with supernatural powers.

The most famous witch accusations were the 1692-1693 Salem Witch trials. During these trials, 150 people were accused of being witches, and 19 people were killed by hanging. Every Halloween season, Salem, Massachusetts hosts a Halloween festival in which they highlight their towns notorious history with the 1692 Salem Witch trials. This festival often involves live music, parties, and vendors selling witch-themed items.

Throughout the world there are many people who claim to have supernatural powers such as; psychics, mediums, palm readers and New Age healers. These people are sometimes members of witchcraft religions like Wicca. These people perform tricks to entertain and heal people such as tarot card reading, astrology, crystal healing, Reiki healing, talking to dead family members, or seeing the future.

Asia

Middle east
The belief in witchcraft and its practice seem to have been widespread in the Ancient Near East and Nile Valley. It played a clear role in the cultures of ancient Egypt and in Babylonia. Later tradition included an Akkadian anti-witchcraft ritual, the Maqlû. A section from the Code of Hammurabi (about 2000 B.C.) prescribes:If a man has put a spell upon another man and it is not justified, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river; into the holy river shall he plunge. If the holy river overcome him and he is drowned, the man who put the spell upon him shall take possession of his house. If the holy river declares him innocent and he remains unharmed the man who laid the spell shall be put to death. He that plunged into the river shall take possession of the house of him who laid the spell upon him.

Europe

Ancient Greece
There are many examples of witches in Greek mythology, such as Circe, who was a sorcerer in Homers’ Odyssey. Circe used potions to put spells on visitors to her house, and she could turn people into pigs.

Ancient Ireland
Druids were members of the high-ranking professional class in ancient Celtic cultures. They were religious leaders, legal authorities, adjudicators, lorekeepers, medical professionals, and political advisors

The earliest record of the druids comes from two Greek texts from circa 300 BCE: one, a history of philosophy written by Sotion of Alexandria, and the other a study of magic widely attributed to Aristotle. Both texts are now lost, but were quoted in the 2nd century CE work Vitae by Diogenes Laërtius.Some say that the study of philosophy originated with the barbarians. In that among the Persians there existed the Magi, and among the Babylonians or Assyrians the Chaldaei, among the Indians the Gymnosophistae, and among the Celts and Gauls men who were called druids and semnothei, as Aristotle relates in his book on magic, and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his Succession of Philosophers.

- Diogenes Laërtius,  Vitae, Introduction, Section 1Later Greek and Roman texts from the third century BCE refer to "barbarian philosophers", possibly in reference to the Gaulish druids.

Middle Ages
In Medieval times, witchcraft gradually became an enemy of Christianity. Christians thought that witchcraft was the work of the devil, and the Bible was used as evidence against witchcraft. Verses such as Deuteronomy 18:11–12 and Exodus 22:18 ("Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live") were very influential.

In Europe in the Late Medieval/Early Modern period, Catholics, Protestants, and state leaders became very afraid of the power of witches. There were large witch-hunts in many places. People believed that the devil was using witches to try to overthrow Christianity, so tens or hundreds of thousands of people were killed, and others were put in prison, tortured, and had lands and possessions taken away from them. Most of these witches were women, because people believed women were more likely to be witches.

Witch-trials looked for evidence to prove that a person was a witch. Evidence included such things as signs of plant medicine, or images of non-Christian gods. One way to physically test if a person was a witch was to 'swim a witch'. This meant they would throw them in a river with their hands tied. If they sank, they were innocent. If they floated, they were guilty of witchcraft and were hanged. This violent practice was not based on any actual evidence. Instead, it allowed the witch-hunter to look right and powerful for the scared people who were watching.

South America

Modern era
In South America, people continue to practice a form of witchcraft which started before the arrival of European Christianity. Throughout the Andes, there are many places called witch markets, such as the Mercado de las Brujas in La Paz, Bolivia. These markets sell items such as plant medicines

Popular culture
Witches are often seen in art and cinema such as; Bewitched, Harry Potter, Wizard of Oz, Hocus Pocus, Rosemary's Baby, etc.

References

Witchcraft


is a Japanese mountain climber. He is best known as the first Japanese man who reached the top of the 14 tallest peaks in the Himalayas.

Fewer than 30 people have climbed all 14 mountains.

References

Category:Living people
Category:1971 births
Category:Japanese sportspeople
Category:Mountain climbers

Hirotaka Takeuchi


Juventus F.C., sometimes known as Juve, is an Italian football club that plays in Serie A. It was founded in 1897 and they play their home games at the Juventus Stadium in Turin.

The club is the most successful team in the history of Italian football. Overall, the club has won 51 official trophies, more than any other team in the country; 40 in Italy, which is also a record, and 11 in European and world competitions. The Old Lady is the third most successful club in Europe and the sixth in the world with the most international titles officially recognized by one of the six continental football confederations and FIFA.

The club was the first Italian to win the UEFA Cup. In 1985, Juventus, the only team in the world to have won all official international cups and championships became the first club in the history of European football to have won all three major UEFA club competitions.

In Italy, Juventus is the club which has the biggest fan base, having also one of the largest numbers of supporters in the world, with a total of 170 million Juventus supporters (Italian "tifosi") worldwide. The club is a founding member of the European Club Association, which was formed after the dissolution of the G-14, a collection of Europe's most elite clubs. The Torinese side is also recognized for its huge contribution to the Italian national team.

According to the all-time ranking published in 2009 by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics, an organization recognized by FIFA, Juventus were Italy's best club and second in Europe of the 20th century.

Name
 1897–1898: S.C. Juventus
 1899–1937: F.B.C. Juventus
 1937–1943: Juventus
 1943–1945: Juventus-Cisitalia
 1945–present: Juventus F.C.

Honours
 Italian Football Championship / Serie A: 33
 1905, 1925/26, 1930/31, 1931/32, 1932/33, 1933/34, 1934/35, 1949/50, 1951/52, 1957/58, 1959/60, 1960/61, 1966/67, 1971/72, 1972/73, 1974/75, 1976/77, 1977/78, 1980/81, 1981/82, 1983/84, 1985/86, 1994/95, 1996/97, 1997/98, 2001/02, 2002/03, 2011/12, 2012/13, 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18, 2018/19
 Serie B: 1
 2006/07
 Italian Cup / Coppa Italia: 12
 1937/38, 1941/42, 1958/59, 1959/60, 1964/65, 1978/79, 1982/83, 1989/90, 1994/95, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/17
 Italian Super Cup / Supercoppa Italiana: 7
 1995, 1997, 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015
 Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup: 2
 1985, 1996
 UEFA Champions League: 2
 1984/85, 1995/96
 UEFA Cup Winner's Cup: 1
 1983/84
 UEFA Cup: 3
 1976/77, 1989/90, 1992/93
 UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1
 1999
 UEFA Super Cup: 2
 1984, 1996

League position

Former position

First-Team Squad

Notable players
 Giampiero Boniperti
 Omar Sívori
 Michel Platini
 Giorgio Chiellini
 Zbigniew Boniek
 Roberto Baggio
 Alessandro Del Piero
 Gianluigi Buffon
 Carlo Bigatto I
 Carlo Parola
 Dino Zoff
 Gaetano Scirea
 Sergio Brio
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Antonio Cabrini
 Stefano Tacconi
 John Charles
 Helmut Heller
 Zinédine Zidane
 Andrea Pirlo

Chairman
In more than 110 years of corporate history, at the helm of Juventus 23 presidents have come and gone and two management committees. The first president was Eugenio Canfari Juventus, one of the founding members.

The longest period in office was dominated by Giampiero Boniperti, at the helm of Juventus for 19 years from 1971 to 1990 [117]; Boniperti, like its successor Caissotti di Vittorio Chiusano, president from 1990 to 2003, boasts the largest trophy the history of the club.

The businessman Umberto Agnelli, who became chairman less than 21 years of age, in 1955, was the youngest to hold this office. Also noteworthy is the presidencies of the Swiss Alfred Dick and Giuseppe Hess and Frenchman Jean-Claude Blanc, the only non-Italian to become presidents of the club. In particular, Dick was the President of the Bianconeri's first championship (1905).

Currently, the contractor in charge of Juventus is Andrea Agnelli, who was elected president on April 28, 2010 by the shareholders at the club.

References

Category:Juventus F.C.
Category:1897 establishments in Europe
Category:1890s establishments in Italy

Juventus F.C.


Wim Jonk (born 12 October 1966) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="2"|Volendam||Eerste Divisie||36||23
|-
|1987/88||Eredivisie||23||5
|-
|1988/89||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||17||6
|-
|1989/90||13||3
|-
|1990/91||17||1
|-
|1991/92||26||5
|-
|1992/93||23||3

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||6
|-
|1994/95||19||2

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|PSV Eindhoven||rowspan="3"|Eredivisie||29||2
|-
|1996/97||32||9
|-
|1997/98||28||5

|-
|1998/99||rowspan="3"|Sheffield Wednesday||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||2
|-
|1999/00||30||3
|-
|2000/01||First Division||2||0
244||62
44||8
70||5
358||75
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1992||6||1
|-
|1993||3||2
|-
|1994||15||4
|-
|1995||5||1
|-
|1996||4||2
|-
|1997||6||0
|-
|1998||9||1
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||49||11
|}

References

Category:1966 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch footballers

Wim Jonk


Baker University is a private Christian university in Baldwin City, Kansas. It was created in 1858. Tt was the first university officially created in Kansas. It is grouped with the United Methodist Church.

About 3,000 students go to Baker University every year.

References

Category:Colleges and universities in Kansas
Category:1858 establishments in Kansas Territory

Baker University


Guy  is a city in the US state of Arkansas.

Category:Cities in Arkansas

Guy, Arkansas


is a former Japanese football player.

Club statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="3"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||7||1||0||0||1||1||8||2
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1997||J. League 1||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
7||1||0||0||1||1||8||2
7||1||0||0||1||1||8||2
|}

References

Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Miyazaki Prefecture

Shinichi Kawano


Bassecourt is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged to form the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

Other websites

 Official website

Category:Former municipalities of Jura
Category:2013 disestablishments in Switzerland

Bassecourt