Johann Strauss II (born Vienna, October 25 1825; died Vienna June 3 1899) was an Austrian composer, conductor and violinist. His father, also called Johann, was also a very famous composer, and is now known as Johann Strauss I (or Johann Strauss Sr) while his eldest son is called Johann Strauss II (or Johann Strauss Jr). Strauss became very famous for his waltzes. He was known as the “King of the Waltz”. His most famous one was called An der schönen, blauen Donau (known in English as The Blue Danube).

His father wanted him to go in for banking, but the young Johann took violin lessons in secret from a man called Franz Amon who was the leader of his father’s orchestra. He continued his violin studies with Anton Kohlmann, a violinist who helped ballet dancers to learn the music they had to dance to. He was still only 18 when he got his own orchestra together and gave his own concert which included six of his own waltzes and some of his father’s. He was soon becoming more famous than his father. After his father died in 1849 the two orchestras joined into one and the young Johann was their conductor. He was given the title “k.k.Hofballmusikdirektor” (meaning; Musical Director of the Court Ball). He was always especially busy during Carnival time when there were lots of balls in Vienna. He toured most of Europe with his orchestra, even going to Russia where he conducted some music by Tchaikovsky. Johann Strauss II was becoming the “king of the waltz”, the most famous musician in Austria.

Johann Strauss II wrote two operas: Die Fledermaus (The Bat) and Zigeunerbaron (Gypsy Baron). They are full of fun: lively music and jokes which can sometimes be made different in each performance: the singers can put in their own jokes about modern times. Sometimes they are called operettas because they are so light-hearted. They are a mixture of Hungarian and Viennese atmosphere.

Together with his brothers Josef and Eduard, Johann had complete control of the balls and concerts in the houses of the rich people in Vienna. Wherever he went he was surrounded by lots of admirers. His waltzes are still as popular as ever, and millions of people in different countries hear them on television on New Year's Day when they are played by the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra at their traditional New Year’s Day concert.

Category:1825 births
Category:1899 deaths
Category:Austrian composers
Category:Austrian conductors
Category:Austrian violinists
Category:Romantic composers

Johann Strauss II


The Reel Me is the third DVD by American singer Jennifer Lopez, released in November 2003.

Track listing

DVD
"If You Had My Love"
"No Me Ames" (duet with Marc Anthony)
"Waiting for Tonight" (Hex Hector Remix)
"Feelin' So Good" (featuring Big Pun and Fat Joe)
"Love Don't Cost a Thing"
"Play"
"I'm Real"
"I'm Real" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule)
"Ain't It Funny"
"Alive"
"Ain't It Funny" (Murder Remix featuring Ja Rule and Caddillac Tah)
"I'm Gonna Be Alright" (Track Masters Remix featuring Nas)
"Jenny from the Block" (featuring Styles P and Jadakiss)
"All I Have" (featuring LL Cool J)
"I'm Glad"
"Baby I Love U!"
"Outro"

Bonus CD
"Baby I Love U!" – 4:29
"Jenny from the Block" (Seismic Crew's Latin Disco Trip) – 6:41
"All I Have" (Ignorants Mix featuring LL Cool J) – 4:03
"I'm Glad" (Paul Oakenfold Perfecto Remix) – 5:47
"The One" (Bastone & Burnz Club Mix) – 7:40
"Baby I Love U!" (R. Kelly Remix) – 4:11

Category:2003 albums
Category:Jennifer Lopez albums
Category:Jennifer Lopez DVDs

The Reel Me


The Prime Minister of Serbia (Serbian: Премијер Србије / Premijer Srbije), officially the President of the Government of the Republic of Serbia (Председник Владе Републике Србије / Predsednik Vlade Republike Srbije), is the Head of government of Serbia. The prime minister works for the Government, and sends it to the National Assembly the Government's Program.

The current Prime Minister, Ana Brnabić was nominated by the former Prime Minister and newly elected President of the Republic, Aleksandar Vučić and elected and appointed by the National Assembly on 29 June 2017.

Living former Prime Ministers

References

Prime Minister of Serbia


Ian David McShane (born September 29, 1942) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor, movie director, movie producer, and comedian. He is known his roles as Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda and as Blackbeard in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He has won a TCA Award and a Golden Globe Award.

McShane was born on September 29, 1942 in Blackburn, Lancashire, England. He studied at Stretford Grammar School. He was married to Suzan Farmer from 1965 until they divorced in 1968. Then he was married to Ruth Post from 1970 until they divorced in 1976. He has been married to Gwen Humble since 1980. He was partners with Sylvia Kristel from 1977 until they split up in 1982. He has two children by Post.

References

Other websites

Category:1942 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actors from Lancashire
Category:English movie actors
Category:English movie directors
Category:English movie producers
Category:English stage actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:Golden Globe Award winning actors

Ian McShane


Pierre Patry (2 November 1933 – 7 June 2014) was a Canadian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He mainly worked during the 1950s and 1960s, but stayed active until the early 1980s. He produced the movie Entre la mer et l'eau douce (1967).

Patry was born in the Hull sector of Gatineau, Quebec. He spoke French. He was of French ancestry.

Patry died on 7 June 2014 in Quebec, aged 80.

References

Other websites

Category:1933 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Canadian movie directors
Category:Canadian movie producers
Category:Canadian screenwriters
Category:Disease-related deaths in Canada
Category:Writers from Quebec

Pierre Patry


Islam is the second largest religion in Georgia. Orthodox Christianities is the largest religion in the country. Islam there is the third 'family' of Islam: Uthman ruled Eastern Georgia.

Muslims in Georgia are 7% to 13% of the total Georgian population.

Georgia
Category:Georgia (country)

Islam in Georgia (country)


"Perfect" is a song written and recorded by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran.  It was released on November 24, 2017, as the fourth single from his album, ÷. The song reached as high as number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.  The following week, Sheeran re-released the song as a duet with American singer Beyoncé, who sings the second verse from a female perspective.

The duet version has reached number one in both the US and UK.  It became Sheeran's second American chart-topper and Beyoncé's sixth as a solo artist (tenth including songs with Destiny's Child).

References

Category:Beyoncé songs
Category:2017 songs
Category:Ballads

Perfect (Ed Sheeran song)


John Henry Hoeven III (born March 13, 1957) is a politician from the U.S. state of North Dakota. On January 3, 2011, he became a United States Senator for that state. A member of the North Dakota Republican Party, he previously served as the 31st Governor of North Dakota from December 2000 to December 2010. Hoeven was elected to the U.S. Senate in the November 2, 2010 general election. He replaced junior Senator Byron L. Dorgan, who chose not to seek re-election.

Other websites

 Official U.S. Senate Site

Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:American Roman Catholics
Category:US Republican Party politicians
Category:Governors of North Dakota
Category:United States senators from North Dakota
Category:Bankers
Category:People from Bismarck, North Dakota

John Hoeven


Scott English (born Sheldon David English; January 10, 1937 – November 16, 2018) was an American  songwriter and record producer. He was born in New York City.

English was best known as the co-writer of "Brandy" with Richard Kerr. This song became a No. 1 hit for Barry Manilow in 1974, under the revised title of "Mandy". English had also released a single of "Brandy", which reached No. 12 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1971.

His other best known works were  "Hi Ho Silver Lining", "Bend Me, Shape Me", "Help Me Girl" and "Where Are You?" (which was used by the United Kingdom in the 1998 Eurovision Contest).

English died on November 16, 2018 in London at the age of 81.

References

Other websites

A sample of Scott English singing "Brandy" (1971)

Category:1943 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:American record producers
Category:American songwriters
Category:Writers from New York City

Scott English


Walther Gottlieb Louis Leisler Kiep (5 January 1926 – 9 May 2016) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was a member of the Bundestag between 1965 and 1976 and again from 1980 to 1982.

After switching to state-level politics, he served as Minister of Economy (1976–77) and Minister of Finance (1976–80) in Lower Saxony under Ernst Albrecht. In 1982, Kiep was the leading candidate for the CDU in two state elections in Hamburg. From 1971 until 1992, he was treasurer of his party at the federal level.

Kiep died on 9 May 2016 in his home in Kronberg im Taunus in Hesse of pneumonia, aged 90.

References

Category:1926 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Deaths from pneumonia
Category:Disease-related deaths in Germany
Category:Former members of the German Bundestag
Category:Politicians from Hamburg
Category:Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany

Walther Leisler Kiep


Epes is a town in the U.S. state of Alabama.

Category:Towns in Alabama

Epes, Alabama


Hill 60 was a man-made hill created in the 1860s from what was dug out from a nearby railway line. It had a height of 150 feet and was situated to the south-east of Ypres. It had been captured by the Germans in December 1914, giving them a strategic advantage due to its height.
Naturally the British wanted to take it back and so in April 1915 they began tunnelling. This use of offensive mining involved digging tunnels into and under the hill in order to place 5 mines beneath the hill. When they were detonated they literally blew the top off Hill 60 allowing the British to retake the crucial position.

All the men who joined the Tunnelling Companies were experienced miners; they came from the coal mines in Northumberland, from the sewers in Manchester and the tubes in London. Most of them had been digging since they were 10 years old, with generations of mining history and were often shorter than regular soldiers.
In the barbaric, secret wars below ground; it was these men who experienced one of the highest death rates.

Unfortunately almost as soon as the battle for Hill 60 was finished, the Second Battle of Ypres began. In these significant battles, the Germans used chlorine gas for the first time. And by the end of the battle, the Germans had moved two miles closer to Ypres, on the eastern side of the salient.

Category:Battles of the Western Front (World War I)
Category:1910s in Belgium
Category:1915 in Europe

Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)


Viktor Ivanovich Cherepkov (; April 16, 1942 – September 2, 2017) was a Russian politician. He was a Deputy of the State Duma of the third and fourth convocation. He was mayor of Vladivostok (1993–1994; 1996–1998). He was a Captain 1st rank in retirement.

Cherepkov died on September 2, 2017 of lung cancer in Moscow, Russia at the age of 75.

References

Other websites
 Биография на сайте партии «Свобода и Народовластие»
 Виктор Черепков не согласился с президентом

Category:1942 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Russian politicians
Category:Mayors

Viktor Cherepkov


Ezekiel Hart (; May 15, 1770 - September 16, 1843) was a Jewish Canadian businessman and politician, and the first Jew to be elected to public office in the British Empire.

He was born May 15, 1770 at Trois-Rivières, Quebec to Aaron Hart and Dorothea Judah.

Ezekiel Hart created a brewery with his brothers in Trois-Rivières and, on April 11, 1807 was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. Because he was Jewish, he swore his oath on a Hebrew Bible, instead of a Christian Bible, and while wearing a kippah. At the time, British laws did not let Jews have important positions like these, and Hart was expelled from the assembly. He was elected again in 1808 and expelled again.

He did not run for public office again. He continued to live in Trois-Rivières where he was a successful businessman and well-respected member of the community. He served in the militia during the War of 1812 and became colonel in 1830.

He came from a very important and rich family. His father, Aaron Hart, was member of the British forces, and a well-known businessman in Canada. His brothers, Moses and Benjamin, were important businessmen at Trois-Rivières and Montreal. His cousin, Henry Judah, later became a member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada.

Ezekiel Hart died on September 16, 1843 at Trois-Rivières, at the age of 76.

Category:1770 births
Category:1843 deaths
Category:Canadian Jews
Category:Canadian politicians
Category:People from Quebec
Category:Trois-Rivières, Quebec

Ezekiel Hart


Chloroplasts are small organelles inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch. Chloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. In addition to chlorophyll, a chloroplast uses carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to form sugar and gives off oxygen (O2). Chlorophyll is what gives green plants their green colour. Chloroplasts also contain various yellow and orange pigments to assist in photon capture for photosynthesis.

Structure
Each chloroplast is surrounded by a double walled semi-permeable membrane which collectively known as peristromium. In the layered stacks are flat disk-shaped thylakoids. They contain light-absorbing pigments, including chlorophyll and carotenoids, as well as proteins which bind the pigments. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

Evolution
Chloroplasts are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. They are thought to have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905 after an observation by Schimper in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria. Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event.

Mitochondria also had a similar origin, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. In green plants, chloroplasts are surrounded by two lipid-bilayer membranes. They are thought to correspond to the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium. Chloroplasts have their own genome, which is much smaller than that of free-living cyanobacteria. The DNA which remains shows clear similarities with the cyanobacterial genome. Plastids may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often contain more than 1500 genes. Many of the missing genes are encoded in the nuclear genome of the host.

In some algae (such as the heterokonts), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts, forming chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers. In some cases, such secondary endosymbionts may have themselves been engulfed by still other eukaryotes, thus forming tertiary endosymbionts. In the alga Chlorella, there is only one chloroplast, which is bell-shaped.

In some groups of mixotrophic protists such as the dinoflagellates, chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga or diatom and used temporarily. These klepto (stolen) chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced.

References

Category:Botany
Category:Biochemistry
Category:Organelles

Chloroplast


Sven-Göran Eriksson (born 5 February 1948) is a Swedish football manager. He was recently the football manager of Manchester City after agreeing a 3-year-deal with the club. He is set to earn £2 million per year plus bonuses. He was sacked by Manchester City.  Eriksson stepped down from his most recent position as the English national team manager following England's exit from the 2006 World Cup; there was, however, considerable speculation that he was forced out by the English football authorities due to his tenure being punctuated by well-documented tabloid reports of his private life. Erikkson currently manages the Côte d'Ivoire national team.

Managerial statistics

References

Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Swedish footballers
Category:England national football team managers

Sven-Göran Eriksson


The Khojaly Massacre was the murder of hundreds of ethnic Azerbaijani civilians from the town of Khojaly in Azerbaijan on 25–26 February 1992 by the Armenian armed forces with the help of Russian armed forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
613 people were killed, including 424 men, 106 women and 83 children. The massacre was the largest massacre of the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

References

Other websites

 Bloodshed in the Caucasus: escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. Human Rights Watch, 1992. ,
Azerbaijani websites
 Justice for Khojaly
Armenian websites
 "Azerbaijan turned Khojaly into a launch pad for indiscriminate bombardment of Karabakh", Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic Washington DC

Category:1992 in Europe
Category:1992 in Asia
Category:Massacres
Category:Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment
Category:20th century in Armenia
Category:1990s in Azerbaijan
Category:Nagorno-Karabakh
Category:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
Category:1990s in Russia

Khojaly Massacre


Kernenried is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

It is 6 km west of Burgdorf and 15 km north-northeast of Berne.

References

Other websites

 Official website of Kernenried

Category:Municipalities of Bern

Kernenried


Spinosauridae (meaning 'spined lizards') is a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. They are unique among other meat-eating dinosaurs from their more water-based lifestyle, which involved a diet of mostly fish. Spinosaurid fossils have been found all over the world, including Asia, South America, Europe, Africa, and Australia.

Description

Spinosaurids had longer arms than most theropods, the claw on the first finger was usually the largest. They evolved jaws like those of crocodiles, and their teeth were long and cone-shaped, made to trap prey in their mouths instead of tearing them apart. Because of this, their teeth usually did not have the strong knife-like edges (called serrations) of a lot of other meat-eating dinosaurs.

The family contains Spinosaurus, the first spinosaurid discovered, and the largest carnivorous dinosaur we know of. Paleontologists suggest it might have reached up to 15 meters (49 ft.) in length.

Paleobiology
A study made in 2010 by Roman Amiot and his colleagues found that spinosaurids had very semiaquatic (living partly in water, and partly on land) lifestyles, this means they lived in habitats like those of hippopotamuses, crocodiles, and turtles, making them very unusual compared to other theropods. It also means they could exist at the same time and place as other large predators without competing for food. For example; Carcharodontosaurus, which lived at the same time as Sigilmassasaurus and Spinosaurus, did not need to fight with either of those animals for prey; those spinosaurids ate fish, while Carcharodontosaurus was on land most of the time, hunting smaller dinosaurs.

Classification
The family "Spinosauridae" was named by the German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915, he was the one that discovered the first genus in the group, Spinosaurus. And as scientists discovered more fossils of its close relatives, the family was eventually split into two subfamilies: Baryonychinae, and Spinosaurinae. This was done because of differences in the anatomy of their skulls and teeth.

This is a cladogram made in 2017 showing the relationships between different spinosaurids inside of megalosauroidea.

References

Other websites
 Spinosauridae
 Spinosauridae on the Theropod Database

Category:Spinosauridae

Spinosauridae


Gamepro was an American video game magazine. It focuses on anything to do with video games (such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii), PCs and even mobile devices (such as the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, iPhone). Gamepro Media had owned and published the monthly magazine issue and the official website Gamepro.com. The company was also a partly-owned subsidiary of International Data Group (IDG), a technology media, events and research company.

The very first issue of Gamepro was originally published in April 1989. It was a monthly magazine and had its last headquarters based in Oakland, California from June 2002 through May 2015. The official website of the magazine launched in 1998. It was updated daily and had included several game articles, news, previews, reviews, game screenshots and gaming videos on various video games, video game console system platform hardware and video game software development upon in the entertainment gaming industry. The official website also included various user forums, game reviews and other interesting game blogs as well. The official website's headquarters was then and formerly based in San Francisco from May 1998 through May 2002.

Gamepro is currently now-defunct as a magazine and a website.

Gamepro would only then now become part of the PC World website, covering on the latest and most recently developed video games in the entertainment video gaming industry, and to which is now currently being run by the new PC World staff.

Other websites
 Gamepro.com: Official Gamepro website

Category:American magazines
Category:Monthly magazines
Category:1989 establishments in California
Category:2015 disestablishments in the United States
Category:2010s disestablishments in California

GamePro


The Federal League was a third major league baseball league. It was in competition with the National League and American League. The league played for two seasons, 1914 and 1915, and then went out of business.

Category:Baseball leagues

Federal League


The Moscow Summit was a summit meeting between U.S. President of the United States Ronald Reagan and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev.

It was held on May 25 through June 3, 1988. The summit was held in order to seek peace and to ban nuclear weapon use between the Soviet Union and the United States. The treaty they signed was the INF Treaty.

Category:1988 in the United States
Category:Diplomatic conferences
Category:20th century in Moscow
Category:Mikhail Gorbachev
Category:Presidency of Ronald Reagan
Category:1980s in the Soviet Union

Moscow Summit (1988)


The national flag of Cuba has five horizontal stripes of blue alternate with white with the red equilateral triangle based on the hoist-side bearing the white five-pointed star in the center.

Cuba
Category:Cuba

Flag of Cuba


Greg Forristall (February 15, 1950 – May 10, 2017) was an American politician. He was the Iowa State Representative from the 22nd District. He was a member of the Republican. He has served in the Iowa House of Representatives from 2007 until his death in 2017. Forristall was born in Council Bluffs, Iowa.

In March 2014, he filed a police report stating he had been assaulted by a private citizen at the state Capitol. During a June 2014 trial lasting two days, a jury of six people determined the defendant not guilty after one hour of debate.

Forristall died on May 10, 2017 in Macedonia, Iowa from cancer at the age of 67.

References

Other websites

 Representative Greg Forristall official Iowa General Assembly site

 Financial information (state office) at the National Institute for Money in State Politics

Category:1950 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Cancer deaths in the United States
Category:Politicians from Iowa
Category:US Republican Party politicians
Category:State legislators of the United States

Greg Forristall


Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 - April 14, 1924) was an American architect. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Many people call him the creator of the modern skyscraper. Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture. He was a critic at the Chicago School. Sullivan was also a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright. He died in Chicago. He is buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.

References

Category:1856 births
Category:1924 deaths
Category:Burials at Graceland Cemetery
Category:American architects
Category:Business people from Boston, Massachusetts

Louis Sullivan


Manhattan Melodrama is a 1934 crime melodrama movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and distributed by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer company. The film won screenwriter Arthur Caesar an Academy Award for Best Story.

Cast
Clark Gable as Blackie Gallagher
William Powell as Jim Wade
Myrna Loy as Eleanor
Mickey Rooney as the Young Blackie Gallagher
Jimmy Butler as the Young Jim Wade

Category:1934 movies
Category:Academy Award winning movies
Category:English-language movies

Manhattan Melodrama


Eric Nickulas (born March 25, 1975 in Hyannis, Massachusetts) is a American professional ice hockey right winger who last played for the ERC Ingolstadt of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). Nickulas has also played a total of 7 seasons in the NHL; 4 with the Boston Bruins, 2 with the St. Louis Blues and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He won the Calder Cup in 1998 while he was apart of the Boston Bruins farm team, the Providence Bruins.

Other websites
Eric Nickulas at The Internet Hockey Database

Category:1975 births
Category:Living people
Category:American ice hockey players
Category:Sportspeople from Massachusetts
Category:Boston Bruins players
Category:Chicago Blackhawks players
Category:St. Louis Blues players
Category:American Hockey League players
Category:International Hockey League (1945–2001) players

Eric Nickulas


Goodison Park is the stadium of the English football club Everton FC and is in the heart of the City of Liverpool. Everton FC is one of the founder members of the football league and holds the record as the longest serving football club in the top tier of English Football.

Category:Football stadiums in England
Category:Liverpool, Merseyside

Goodison Park


The Five color theorem is a theorem from Graph theory. It states that any plane which is separated into regions, such as a map, can be colored with no more than five colors. It was first stated by Alfred Kempe in 1890, and proved by Percy John Heawood eleven years later. Kempe also tried to prove it, but his proof failed. There are two restrictions which are placed on the maps: First, a country must be contiguous, there must be no exclaves, and secondly, countries that only touch in one point can be colored with the same color.

There is also a four color theorem, which is stronger, and much more difficult to prove.

category:Graph theory

Five color theorem


Morbio can mean:
 Morbio Inferiore, a municipality in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland
 Morbio Superiore, a former municipality in the municipality of Breggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland

Morbio


Jurbise is a municipality in the Belgian province of Hainaut.

In 2007, 9695 people lived there.

It is at 50° 32 North, 03° 54 East.

References

Category:Municipalities of Hainaut

Jurbise


The Qing dynasty () was a dynasty of rulers of China from 1644 to 1912. The dynasty was founded by the Manchus and so its other name is the Manchu dynasty. The surname of the Qing emperors was Aisin Gioro.

Rise of the Manchu state
In 1580, Nurhaci became the Jian Zhou general of the Ming dynasty. He unified the Manchu tribe and organised the Eight Banners. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin dynasty in Liao Ling. In 1626, Nurhaci led armies to attack Ning Yuan. Unluckily, Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan Chonghuan's Portuguese cannon and he died 2 days later. Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, then succeeded to the throne and became the Khan of the Manchu tribe. In 1643, Huang Taiji was dead, caused by apoplexy. Shunzhi Emperor inherited Huang Taiji's throne. Prince Dorgon became the regent. In 1644, the Manchu armies conquered the north of China. The capital was changed to Beijing. The Ming dynasty was overthrown, though fighting continued until 1683.

Late-Qing

Restoration

A. The self-strengthening movement (1861 - 1895)

The self-strengthening movement ( or ; 1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing. With the defeat in the Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that it was necessary to improve the country's state with a series of reforms. Therefore, the Self-Strengthening Movement was started.

The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). The major leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: 恭親王), Wenxiang (Chinese: 文祥), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: 曾國藩), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: 李鴻章), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: 左宗棠), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: 沈葆禎) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: 張之洞). However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally.

Reforms were:

 National defence
 Arsenals were built in Shanghai and Xiamen.
 Shipyards were built in Fuzhou and Tianjin.
 The Beiyang Fleet was organized by Li Hongzhang.

 Industry and trade
 Modern banks were built.
 Many industries were built in the South of China.

 Diplomatic modernization
 The Zongli Yamen, a foreign office of the Qing dynasty, was set up in 1861.
 In 1868, the Qing government sent its first official diplomatic mission aboard.

B. The hundred days' reform (1898)

With the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movenment, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the scramble for concessions, many Chinese leaders realised that reforms were urgently needed. Thus, the Hundred Day's Reform (Chinese: 戊戌變法; 11 June 1898 - 21 September 1898) was started in 1898. The leaders of the reform were Guangxu Emperor, Kang Youwei (Chinese: 康有為) and Liang Qichao (Chinese: 梁啟超). Eventually, it ended in a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi.

The main reforms were:

 Political reforms
 Useless government posts were to be abolished.

 Economic reforms
 Modern banks would be built.
 Railways were to be built.

 Military reform
 The army and navy were to have modern weapons.
 A national militia would be organised.

Qing government and society

Politics
The Manchus changed their ways to be more like the Chinese in order to rule them better.  The Manchus started wearing Chinese clothes and writing in Chinese.  They began to enjoy Chinese food and art.  One of the Manchu emperors, Qianlong Emperor, began to worry about how much like the Chinese the Manchus were becoming and he tried to get Manchus to be more Manchu.  Qianlong Emperor made Manchus ride horses and shoot bows and arrows so that they would remember where they came from. The Chinese people used different types of clothes like maccukau, konaha, schinin and sakahn.

Regional Development
 Guangdong
In the early Qing, Guangdong was a province. There were totally 79 counties. In 1911, it was checked that there were 5,041,780 households, approximately 28,001,564 people. The famous mountains in Guangdong were Lingchau, Huangling and Luofu. Dongjiang, Beijiang and Xijiang were the most important rivers in Guangdong. Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Xiamen and Fujian were the major Guangdong cities.

Further reading
 History of Ming, compiled under Zhang Tingyu in 1739.
 Draft History of Qing, compiled under Zhao Erxun in 1927.

Category:Chinese dynasties

Qing dynasty


"I Walk the Line" is a song that was written and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1956. It was the first number one single Cash got. It sold over 2 million copies. Cash said that the song is about his promise to love and care for his wife.

Chart positions

Category:Johnny Cash songs
Category:1950s songs
Category:Country songs

I Walk the Line


Elkhart is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.

Category:Towns in Texas

Elkhart, Texas


Gränna is a town in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. Since 1971, it is within Jönköping Municipality.

References

Other websites

Category:Settlements in Jonkoping County

Gränna


Dean Court, currently known as the Vitality Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is a football stadium in Bournemouth, England and the home ground of A.F.C. Bournemouth.

Category:Football stadiums in England
Category:Bournemouth

Dean Court


Richard Saccone (born February 14, 1958) is an American politician and author. He was in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 2011 through 2019. He represented the state's 39th district as a Republican.

Saccone was his party's nominee for the 18th congressional district special election, which was held on March 13, 2018 running against Democrat Conor Lamb. He narrowly lost the election to Lamb by 600 votes.

References

Other websites
Official legislative website
Official campaign website

Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Pennsylvania
Category:Writers from Pennsylvania
Category:US Republican Party politicians

Rick Saccone


GarageBand is music software made by Apple Inc. It allows you to make your own music and even make music with a MIDI keyboard. GarageBand includes hundreds of beats and audio loops.

The newest version, Version 10.0.2, has a new presentation of looks and with more music and sounds.

Category:Apple software
Category:Music software

GarageBand


The innate immune system defends the host from infections.  It includes cells which recognize and respond to pathogens (germs) right away. The innate immune system response is not specific: it responds the same way to all pathogens that it recognises.

Unlike the adaptive immune system, the innate immune system does not give long-lasting immunity against specific infections.

Innate immune systems give immediate defence against infection, and are found in all plant and animal life. The innate system is the  evolutionarily older defense strategy. It is the main immune system found in plants, fungi, insects, and in primitive multicellular organisms. The system is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.

The vertebrate innate immune system:
Acts as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents. If that fails, then:
 Gets  immune cells (such as natural killer cells) to the infection by producing cytokines.
 Starts the complement cascade to identify bacteria, activate cells and clear out dead cells.
 White blood cells identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and lymph.
 Activates the adaptive immune system through a process known as antigen presentation.

Anatomical barriers
The innate immune system includes the skin.  The outer layers of the skin are called "epithelial". Epithelial cells form a waxy physical barrier that keeps out most infectious agents. These cells are the innate immune system's first line of defense against invading organisms.

Old skin cells drop off, and this helps remove bacteria that have stuck to the skin.

The skin continues internally as the lining of the intestine and lung. In the intestines or lungs, movement by peristalsis or cilia helps to remove infectious agents. Also, mucus traps infectious agents. In the intestines, gut flora can prevent pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances, or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or for attachment to cell surfaces.

The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.

Inflammation

Inflammation is one of the first responses of the immune system to pathogens or foreign substances that get past the anatomical barriers.

Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It sets up a physical barrier against the spread of infection, and promotes healing of damaged tissue after the clearance of pathogens.

Chemical factors produced during inflammation attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils. Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system.<ref>Lotze M.T. & Tracey K.J. 2005. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nature Reviews Immunology '5’’’ (4) 331-342. </ref>

 Complement system
The complement system is a biochemical cascade of the immune system that helps antibodies clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells.

The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, which are made in the liver.  The proteins work together to:
 trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
 tag pathogens for destruction by coating their surface.
 disrupt the plasma membrane of an infected cell, causing cytolysis of the infected cell, and death of the pathogen.
 rid the body of neutralized antigen-antibody complexes.

Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including plants, birds, fish and some species of invertebrates.

Cells of the innate immune response

All white blood cells (WBC) are known as leukocytes. Leukocytes are different from other cells of the body: they work like independent, single-celled organisms. They can move freely, and capture cell debris, foreign particles, or invading microorganisms. They are produced by blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow.

The innate leukocytes include: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils; and the phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells. They identify and eliminate pathogens that cause infection.

 Mast cells

Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell in connective tissue and the mucous membranes. They are intimately associated with defence against pathogens and wound healing. They are also often associated with allergy and anaphylaxis. When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators, and chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the signs of inflammation, and recruits neutrophils and macrophages.

Phagocytes

The word 'phagocyte' literally means 'eating cell'. These are immune cells that engulf, i.e. phagocytose, pathogens or particles.  To engulf a particle or pathogen, a phagocyte extends portions of its plasma membrane, wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped (i.e. the particle is now inside the cell). Once inside the cell, the invading pathogen is contained inside an endosome which merges with a lysosome. The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism.  Phagocytes generally patrol the body searching for pathogens, but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells, called cytokines.  The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages], neutrophils, and dendritic cells.

Phagocytosis of the hosts’ own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance. When host cells die, phagocytic cells remove them from the affected site. By removing dead cells,  phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process.

Macrophages

Macrophages are large phagocytic leukocytes. They can move across the cell membrane of capillary vessels and go between cells to hunt invading pathogens. Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes, and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes.
The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria. Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summon other cells to the site of infection.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils and two other cell types (eosinophils and basophils), are known as granulocytes (because they have granules in their cytoplasm) or polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) due to their distinctive lobed nuclei.

Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. The main products of the neutrophil  are strong oxidizing agents. These include hydrogen peroxide, free oxygen radicals and hypochlorite. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, with 50 to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. They are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection. The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day, and more than 10 times that many per day during acute inflammation.

Dendritic cells

Dendritic cells (DC) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, mainly the skin (where they are often called Langerhans cells), and the inner mucosal lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. Dendritic cells are very important in the process of antigen presentation, and serve as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Basophils and eosinophils

Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil (see above). When activated by a pathogen encounter, basophils releasing histamine are important in defense against parasites, and play a role in allergic reactions (such as asthma). When they are activated, eosinophils secrete a range of highly toxic proteins and free radicals that kill bacteria and parasites. The same chemicals also cause tissue damage during allergic reactions. Activation and toxin release by eosinophils is therefore tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction.

Natural killer cells

Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a part of the innate immune system which does not directly attack invading microbes. Instead, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected cells. It recognises such cells by a condition known as "missing self". This term describes cells with low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (major histocompatibility complex). This can occur in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self".

 Invertebrate immune systems
 Antimicrobial peptides

Antimicrobial peptides, or host defence peptides, are part of the innate immune response. They are found among all classes of life. These peptides are potent, broad spectrum antibiotics. They kill both gram negative and gram positive bacteria, mycobacteria (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis''), enveloped viruses, fungi and even transformed or cancerous cells.

Marine fish sources have high levels of antimicrobial compounds. Testing with live fish showed that fish peptides used in food/feed ingredients worked well.

References

Innate immune system


Ermoupolis is a Greek town. It is on the island Syros and it is the capital of Cyclades islands. Ermoupolis has 13.496 people. Ermoupolis has many beautiful old buildings which note the wealth, which there was in the past. Several buildings have a big architectural value, such as ermoupolis' town hall and Apollon theater. Around Ermoupolis there are many places where Catholic people live. The existence of Catholic people has dates back in the Franks and Venetian rule in Middle Ages.

History
Ermoupolis was founded in the first decades of 19th century and it was developed quickly. Ermoupolis was built next to the Catholic old town Ano Syros. Soon, it became the biggest port of Greece and an important commercial center. The development of the city stopped when Piraeus port developed.

Interesting destinations
Ermoupolis has many interesting places, which the visitors can see. Near Ermoupolis there are many beautiful villages and beaches. Near Syros are the islands, Mykonos and Tinos which they are very touristic.

Category:Cities in Greece

Ermoupolis


Catharina Anna Petronella Antonia (Kitty) Courbois (13 July 1937 – 11 March 2017) was a Dutch actress. In 2010 she was awarded the Medal of Merit. She was born in Nijmegen, Netherlands.

Courbois died on 11 March 2017 in Amsterdam from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 79.

Movies
 A Gangstergirl (1966)
 Mariken van Nieumeghen (1974)
 Vrijdag (1980)
 Leedvermaak (1988)
 Seventh Heaven (1993)
 Belle van Zuylen – Madame de Charrière (1993)
 Last Call (1995)
 Scratches in the Table (1998)
 De Held (2016)

References

Other websites

Category:1937 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage
Category:Dutch movie actors
Category:Dutch television actors

Kitty Courbois


Bhichai Rattakul (, ; born 16 September 1927) is a Thai politician. He served as the Thai deputy prime minister between 1983 and 1990 and again from 1997 to 2000. He was the Speaker of the House of Representatives and President of the National Assembly in 2000. He served as the leader of the Democrat Party from 1982 to 1991. He was also world president of Rotary International between 2002 and 2003.

Rattakul was born in Bangkok to a Thai Chinese family. His wife, Khunying Charoye Rattakul, died in 2014.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bangkok
Category:Presidents of the National Assembly of Thailand
Category:Speakers of the House of Representatives (Thailand)

Bhichai Rattakul


Events
 William I of England, in a letter, reminds the Bishop of Rome that the King of England owes him no allegiance.
 King Alfonso VI of Castile establishes the Latin liturgy in Catholic church in place of the Mozarabic rite.
 Ísleifur Gissurarson, the first bishop in Iceland, dies while giving mass in Skálholt church.
 Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes castle.

1080


The American Crisis is a series of pamphlets (short books) written by Thomas Paine.  They were written during the American Revolutionary War.  They begin with the quote, "these are the times that try men's souls".  The first of the pamphlets was written after a series of losses to the British, and was meant to keep the patriots in the fight.

Category:American Revolutionary War
Category:Pamphlets
Category:18th century works

The American Crisis


Milovan Minja Prelević (28 February 1970 – 1 August 2019) was a Montenegrin football coach and player.

Milovan´s football career started in the FK Kom from Podgorica. Later on he played in FK Crvena Stijena, FK Budućnost, OFK Belgrade and FK Obilić. Milovan played for youth national team of Montenegro.

He stops with the active playing football quite early and becomes devoted to the coaching instead. His coaching job starts at FK Budućnost. He even worked in OFK Petrovac, FK Kom, FK Mladost, Montenegro U-19 national team and Hajer FC.

He was coach with UEFA PRO license and lecturer at the UEFA school of coaches of Montenegro.

On August 1, 2019, Prelević was found dead at his apartment at the age of 49.

References

Other websites
 Milovan Minja Prelevic at FK Mladost
 Milovan Minja Prelevic at Picore

Category:1970 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Montenegrin footballers

Milovan Minja Prelević


Paul Ivan Thompson (born November 2, 1906 in Calgary, Alberta - September 13, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a left wing.

Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926. He played for the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks. He stopped playing in 1939.

He was part of the All-Star team two times. He won the Stanley Cup three times. He won in 1928 with New York and in 1934 and 1938 with Chicago.

His brother was Tiny Thompson.

Career statistics

Coaching record

Other websites

Category:1906 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:Canadian ice hockey coaches
Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Category:Chicago Blackhawks players
Category:Ice hockey people from Alberta
Category:New York Rangers players
Category:Sportspeople from Calgary
Category:Stanley Cup champions

Paul Thompson


Barrington (pronounced ) is a New England town in Bristol County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 16,310 at the 2010 census.

In July 2005, CNN/Money and Money magazine ranked Barrington sixth on its list of the 100 best places to live in the United States.

References

Other websites
 Town of Barrington Official Web Site
 Town of Barrington Official GIS Maps and Property Information
 Barrington School Department
 The Brendel murders.

Category:Towns in Rhode Island
Category:1770s establishments in the Thirteen Colonies

Barrington, Rhode Island


Bernardo Bertolucci (; 16 March 1940 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian director and screenwriter. His most well known works were  The Conformist, Last Tango in Paris, 1900, The Last Emperor, The Sheltering Sky, Stealing Beauty and The Dreamers.

In 1979, he was married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. until 2018.

Bertolucci died in Rome on 26 November 2018, at the age of 77 of lung cancer.

References

Category:1940 births
Category:2018 deaths
Category:Deaths from lung cancer
Category:Italian movie directors
Category:Italian screenwriters
Category:People from Emilia-Romagna

Bernardo Bertolucci


The border between two regions is a line, where one region is next to the other. If the regions are countries, the border can only be crossed at certain points. To cross the border, a passport or a visa might be necessary; such as the Wagah border between Pakistan and the Republic of India.

Category:Political geography

Border


The Bar-Kays are an American funk-R&B-soul band. They started in 1966 in Memphis, Tennessee. Man of their songs were on record charts from the 1960s to the 1980s. The songs included "Anticipation", "Son of Shaft" and "Boogie Body Land".

The list of group members has changed several times.

Category:1966 establishments in the United States
Category:1960s American music groups
Category:1970s American music groups
Category:1980s American music groups
Category:1990s American music groups
Category:2000s American music groups
Category:2010s American music groups
Category:American R&B bands
Category:Memphis, Tennessee
Category:Musical groups established in 1966
Category:Musical groups from Tennessee
Category:1960s establishments in Tennessee

The Bar-Kays


Slappy is the second EP by Green Day, and was released on Lookout! Records in the summer of 1990 on seven-inch vinyl

Track listing
All tracks by Green Day, except where noted.

Side A
"Paper Lanterns" – 2:23
"Why Do You Want Him?" – 2:30

Side B
"409 in Your Coffeemaker" – 2:51
"Knowledge" (Tim Armstrong/Freeman/Michaels/Mello) – 2:18

Other websites
 Slappy EP on greendaydiscography.com

Category:Green Day albums

Slappy


Asteroids are assigned a type based on spectral shape, color, and sometimes albedo. These types are thought to correspond to an asteroid's surface composition. For small bodies which are not internally differentiated, the surface and internal compositions are presumably similar, while large bodies such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta are known to have internal structure.

A list of types can be found at asteroid spectral classes.

Present-day classifications
The present-day classification was initiated by Clark R. Chapman, David Morrison, and Ben Zellner in 1975 [1] with three categories: C for dark carbonaceous objects, S for stony (silicaceous) objects, and U for those which did not fit into either C or S. This classification has since been expanded and clarified.

A number of classification schemes are currently in existence [2][3], and while they strive to retain some mutual consistency, quite a few asteroids are sorted into different classes depending on the particular scheme. This is due to the use of different criteria for each approach. The two most widely used classifications are described below:

Tholen classification
The most widely used taxonomy for over a decade has been that of David J. Tholen, first proposed in 1984. This classification was developed from broad band spectra (between 0.31μm and 1.06μm) obtained during the Eight-Color Asteroid Survey (ECAS) in the 1980s, in combination with albedo measurements [4]. The original formulation was based on 978 asteroids.

This scheme includes 14 types with the majority of asteroids falling into one of three broad categories, and several smaller types. They are, with their largest exemplars:
 C-group dark carbonaceous objects, including several sub-types:
 B-type (2 Pallas)
 F-type (704 Interamnia)
 G-type (1 Ceres)
 C-type (10 Hygiea) the remaining majority of 'standard' C-type asteroids. This group contains about 75% of asteroids in general.
 S-type (15 Eunomia, 3 Juno) silicaceous (i.e. stony) objects. This class contains about 17% of asteroids in general.
 X-group
 M-type (16 Psyche) metallic objects, the third most populous group.
 E-type (44 Nysa, 55 Pandora) differ from M-type mostly by high albedo
 P-type (259 Aletheia, 190 Ismene; CP: 324 Bamberga) differ from M-type mostly by low albedo
and the small classes:
 A-type (446 Aeternitas)
 D-type (624 Hektor)
 T-type (96 Aegle)
 Q-type (1862 Apollo)
 R-type (349 Dembowska)
 V-type (4 Vesta)
Objects were sometimes assigned a combined type such as e.g. CG when their properties were a combination of those typical for several types.

SMASS classification
This is a more recent taxonomy introduced by Schelte J. Bus and Richard P. Binzel in 2002, based on the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey (SMASS) of 1447 asteroids [5]. This survey produced spectra of a far higher resolution than ECAS, and was able to resolve a variety of narrow spectral features. However, a somewhat smaller range of wavelengths (0.44μm to 0.92μm) was observed. Also, albedos were not considered.
While attempting to keep to the Tholen taxonomy as much as possible given the differing data, asteroids were sorted into the 24 types given below. The majority of bodies fall again into the three broad C, S, and X categories, with a few unusual bodies categorized into several smaller types:
 C-group of carbonaceous objects including:
 B-type largely overlapping with the Tholen B and F types.
 C-type the most 'standard' of the non-B carbonaceous objects
 Cg Ch Cgh somewhat related to the Tholen G type
 Cb transition objects between plain C and B types.
 S-group of silicaceous (stony) objects including:
 A-type
 Q-type
 R-type
 K-type a new category (181 Eucharis, 221 Eos)
 L-type a new category (83 Beatrix)
 S-type the most 'standard' of the S group
 Sa, Sq, Sr, Sk, and Sl transition objects between plain S and the other types in the group.
 X-group of mostly metallic objects including:
 X-type the most 'standard' of the X group including objects classified by Tholen as M, E, or P-type.
 Xe, Xc, and Xk transition types between plain X and the appropriately lettered types.
 T-type
 D-type
 Ld-type: a new type with more extreme spectral features than the L-type
 O-type a small category (3628 Boznemcová)
 V-type

A significant number of small asteroids were found to fall in the Q, R, and V types, which were represented by only a single body in the Tholen scheme.
In this Bus and Binzel SMASS scheme only a single type was assigned to any particular asteroid.

A few Near-Earth objects have spectra which differ strongly from any of the SMASS classes. This is presumably because these bodies are much smaller than those detected in the Main Belt, and as such may have younger less-altered surfaces or be composed of a less varied mix of minerals.

Appraisal
These classification schemes are expected to be refined and/or replaced as further research progresses. However, for now, the spectral classification based on the two above coarse resolution spectroscopic surveys from the 1990s is still the standard. Scientists have been unable to agree on a better taxonomic system, largely due to the difficulty of obtaining detailed measurements consistently for a large sample of asteroids (e.g. finer resolution spectra, or non-spectral data such as densities would be very useful).

The three main groupings of asteroids are thought to be related to the three basic meteorite types:
 C-type - Carbonaceous chondrite meteorites
 S-type - Stony meteorites
 M-type - Iron meteorites

References
 C. R. Chapman, D. Morrison, and B. Zellner Surface properties of asteroids: A synthesis of polarimetry, radiometry, and spectrophotometry, Icarus, Vol. 25, pp. 104 (1975).
 D. J. Tholen Asteroid taxonomic classifications in Asteroids II, pp. 1139-1150, University of Arizona Press (1989).
 S. J. Bus, F. Vilas, and M. A. Barucci Visible-wavelength spectroscopy of asteroids in Asteroids III, pp. 169, University of Arizona Press (2002).
 S. J. Bus and R. P. Binzel Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy, Icarus, Vol. 158, pp. 146 (2002).

Category:Asteroids

Asteroid spectral types


A noun is a kind of word (see part of speech) that is usually the name of something such as a person, place, thing, animal, or idea. In English, nouns can be singular or plural.

Nouns often need a word called an article or determiner (like the or that). These words usually do not go with other kinds of words like verbs or adverbs. (For example, people do not also describe nouns). In English, there are more nouns than any other kind of word.

Every language in the world has nouns, but they are not always used in the same ways. They also can have different properties in different languages. In some other languages, nouns do not change for singular and plural, and sometimes there is no word for the.

Examples of nouns: time, people, way, year, government, day, world, life, work, part, number, house, system, company, end, party, information.

History
The word noun comes from the Latin nomen meaning "name." Words like nouns were described in early days by the Sanskrit grammarian Pāṇini and ancient Greeks like Dionysios Thrax.

Uses of nouns
In English sentences, nouns can be used as a subject, object, or complement. They often come after prepositions, as the 'object of preposition'.

Nouns can sometimes describe other nouns (such as a soccer ball). When they do this, they are called modifiers or adjuncts.

There are also verb forms that can be used in the same way as nouns (such as 'I like running.')  These are called verbals or verbal nouns, and include participles (which can also be adjectives) and infinitives.

Specificness
Nouns are classified into common and proper. Pronouns have commonly been considered a different part of speech from nouns, but in the past some grammars have included them as nouns as do many modern linguists.

Proper nouns
Proper nouns (also called proper name) are specific names. Examples of proper nouns are: London, John, God, October, Mozart, Saturday, Coke, Mr. Brown, Atlantic Ocean. Proper nouns are individual things with names, not general nouns.

Proper nouns begin with an upper case (capital) letter in English and many other languages that use the Roman alphabet.  (However, in German, all nouns begin with an upper case letter.) The word "I" is really a pronoun, although it is capitalized in English, like a proper noun.

Some common nouns (see below) can also be used as proper nouns. For example, someone might be named 'Tiger Smith' -- even though he is not a tiger or a smith.

Common nouns
Common nouns are general names. Sometimes the same word can be either a common noun or a proper noun, depending on how it is used; for example:
 there can be many gods, but there is only one God.
 there can be many internets (two or more networks connected together), but the largest internet in the world is the Internet.

Countability
In English and many other languages, nouns have 'number'. But some nouns are only singular (such as furniture, physics) and others are only plural (such as clothes, police). Also, some nouns are countable (for example, one piece, two pieces) but others are uncountable (for example, we do not say one furniture, two furnitures).

The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter(s) -(e)s.

 more than one snake = snakes
 more than one ski = skis
 more than one Barrymore = Barrymores

Despite plural forms being written using the letter(s) -(e)s, the pronunciation of the letter(s) will pronounced as /-s/, /-z/, or /-ız/ depending on which type of phoneme, or unique sound, comes before it. These variations of the plural morpheme are called allomorphs.

Note that some dictionaries list "busses" as an acceptable plural for "bus". Presumably, this is because the plural "buses" looks like it ought to rhyme with the plural of "fuse," which is "fuses." "Buses" is still listed as the preferable plural form. "Busses" is the plural, of course, for "buss," a seldom used word for "kiss."

There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms. Plurals formed in this way are sometimes called mutated (or mutating) plurals.
 more than one child = children
 more than one woman = women
 more than one man = men
 more than one person = people
 more than one goose = geese
 more than one mouse = mice
 more than one deer = deer
more than one ox = oxen
more than one tooth = teeth

Many of the above irregular plural forms stem from Old English, which had more complex rules for making plural forms.

And, finally, there are nouns that maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural. (See media and data and alumni, below.)
 more than one nucleus = nuclei
 more than one syllabus = syllabi
 more than one focus = foci
 more than one fungus = fungi
 more than one cactus = cacti (cactuses is acceptable)
 more than one thesis = theses
 more than one crisis = crises*
 more than one phenomenon = phenomena
 more than one index = indices (indexes is acceptable)
 more than one appendix = appendices (appendixes is acceptable)
 more than one criterion = criteria
more than one octopus = octopi

Possessives
Nouns are words for things, and since things can be possessed, nouns can also change to show possession in grammar. In English, we usually add an apostrophe and an s to nouns to make them possessive, or sometimes just an apostrophe when there is already an s at the end, like this:
 This is Sam. This is Sam's cat.
 The woman's hair is long.
 There are three cats. The cat's mother is sleeping.

How adjectives become nouns

Most adjectives become nouns by adding the suffix -ness. Example: Take the adjective 'natural', add 'ness' to get 'naturalness', a noun. To see a list of 100 adjectives used in Basic English, click here.

Word order in noun phrases
A noun phrase is a phrase where the head word is a noun. In English, the word order of most noun phrases is that determiners, adjectives, and modifying nouns in respective order must appear before the head word, and relative clauses must appear after the head word.

References

 Plural Noun Forms." Plural Noun Forms. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Sept. 2014.

Other websites
Nouns

Category:Parts of speech

Noun


Skagway  is a city in Alaska. It became famous from Soapy Smith.

Transportation

Skagway is one of three Southeast Alaskan cities with a road to the Continental United States; Skagway is the southern end of the Klondike Highway. The road was built in 1978. The road links Skagway to Whitehorse, the Yukon, northern British Columbia, and the Alaska Highway.

The ferry system called "the Alaska Marine Highway" also stops at Skagway.

Skagway has a small airport.

Category:Cities in Alaska
Category:Alaska boroughs

Skagway, Alaska


Scandinavian Canadians are Canadian citizens with ancestral roots in Scandinavia. They generally include:

  Danish Canadians
  Faroese Canadians
  Greenlandic Canadians
  Finnish Canadians
  Icelandic Canadians
  Norwegian Canadians
  Sami Canadians
  Swedish Canadians

Category:Ethnic groups in Canada

Scandinavian Canadian


Werner Rackwitz (3 December 1929 – 14 March 2014) was a German opera director and politician. From 1963 to 1969, he was the Head of Music at the Ministry of Culture of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) and from 1969 to 1981 he was the Deputy Minister of Culture. He was born in Wrocław, Weimar Republic (now Poland).

Rackwitz after a short illness on 14 March 2014 in Berlin, Germany. He was 84 years old.

References

Other websites
 Werner Rackwitz at the German National Library

Category:1929 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Civil servants
Category:German academics
Category:People from former German territories
Category:People from Wrocław
Category:Politicians of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany

Werner Rackwitz


On October 31, 2017, a man drove a pickup truck into cyclists and pedestrians along  of a bike path alongside West Street, near Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

The vehicle-ramming attack killed eight people, including five Argentines and one Belgian tourist, and injured eleven others. After leaving the truck, the driver appeared to be wielding two guns and was later shot in the abdomen by police, and then arrested. An ISIS flag and a document that read "Islamic State will endure forever." in Arabic were found in the truck.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation charged 29-year-old Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov, who had immigrated to the United States from Uzbekistan on a Diversity Immigrant Visa, with destruction of a motor vehicle and supporting a terrorist organization.

References

Category:2017 murders in the United States
Category:2010s in New York
Category:21st century in Manhattan
Category:Islam in the United States
Category:Islamic State
Category:Islamic terrorist attacks
Category:Mass murder in 2017
Category:Mass murder in New York
Category:Massacres in the United States
Category:October 2017 events

2017 Lower Manhattan attack


Richard "Dick" Lyon (July 14, 1923 – February 3, 2017) was an American politician and retired United States Navy admiral. He served as Mayor of Oceanside, California from 1992 through 2000. Lyon was the first admiral of Special Warfare ("SEAL").

Lyon was born in Pasadena, California. He was selected a member of the United States Olympic swim team for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, but the 1940 games were canceled due to the outbreak of World War II. Lyon graduated from Yale University in 1944.

Lyon died on February 3, 2017 in Oceanside, California, aged 93.

References

Category:1923 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Admirals
Category:American mayors
Category:Military people from California
Category:People from Pasadena, California
Category:Politicians from Los Angeles County, California
Category:Yale University alumni

Richard Lyon (U.S. Admiral)


The Super Outbreak was an outbreak of violent tornadoes in April 1974. It involved many states in the US, including Ohio, Illinois, New York, Mississippi and North Carolina. The incident involved less than thirty F4 or F5 tornadoes that happened on April 3rd and 4th, and killed 319 people. Seven of these were at the F5 level on the United States Fujita scale. Xenia, Ohio was among the hardest hit cities.

Category:1974 in the United States
Category:Tornadoes in the United States
Category:Severe weather
Category:Tornado outbreaks
Category:20th century in Ohio
Category:1970s in Illinois
Category:1970s in New York
Category:20th century in Mississippi
Category:20th century in North Carolina

Super Outbreak


Hinsdale County is a county in the state of Colorado in the United States. As of the 2010 census, 843 people lived there, making it the third-least populous county in Colorado. The county seat is Lake City.

Category:Colorado counties

Hinsdale County, Colorado


Luciana Andrade (Varginha, 18 September 1978), better known as Lu Andrade, is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and presenter. In 2002 she won the talent show "Popstars" and joined the Brazilian girl group "Rouge" until 2004, with which she recorded two of the four studio albums released in the group's career, Rouge (2002) and C'est La Vie (2003). In 2004 she left the band alleging lack of identification with the group's musical style, which sold a total of 6 million copies and became the most successful female group in Brazil and one of the twenty that sold the most in the world.

In 2004, after leaving the group, Luciana returned to her parents' home in Varginha, where she stayed for a few months without giving statements to the press. In 2005 she returned to São Paulo to study music and improve her musical ideology. She worked as a supporting vocal for Negra Li, Nasi, Furto, Forgotten Boys, Sérgio Britto, and Eric Silver. In 2007 Luciana was invited to become a reporter for the "Show Total" program, on the subscription channel TVA, where she stayed until 2009. In 2010 she made her debut on the stage of the theater in the musical "Into The Woods", Brazilian version of Broadway. In 2012 he debuts his second tour, entitled Tour O Amor eo Tempo. In 2012 he released his first single, "Mind and Heart", releasing the second, "Amanheceu", in 2014.

In 2015 she formed the project Duo Elétrico together with guitarist Ciro Visconti, playing several covers of rock bands, in addition to becoming the vocalist of the return of the band Aries on the commemorative tour of 25 years. In 2016, reconciling with her work in music, she became a presenter of the program Programa Acesso Cultural, shown online, in addition to becoming a singing instructor at the Conservatory Souza Lima, where she had studied music 15 years before.

In 2017, she returned to the Rouge group for initially four shows as part of the Chá da Alice project, and shortly thereafter, she joined the group definitively, starting in 2018 a tour with the group, in addition to releasing a new single. In 2018 integrates the participants of the talent show Dancing Brasil.

References

Category:1978 births
Category:Brazilian musicians

Lu Andrade


A machine is a thing that is created by people to make work easier. It is a tool or invention which multiplies the effect of human effort. The machine produces a mechanical advantage.

Some machines have many parts that move. Examples are bicycles and clocks.

Some machines do not have parts that move. Examples are computers and telephones.

People have used machines since before there was history.

Often a machine will change one form of energy to another form of energy. Simple machines increase or change the direction of a force.

Simple machine
There are six 'simple machines'.  They are:
 the wedge,
 the Inclined plane (ramp),
 the screw,
 the lever,
 the pulley,
 and the wheel and axle.

Compound machines are made up of two or more simple machines.

Other websites
 APlusProject.com - Machine Design website with a forum
 MachineDesign.com

Category:Basic English 850 words
Category:Engineering

Machine


Tomoyasu Naito (born 11 September 1986) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Fukushima United.

Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2008||Montedio Yamagata||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Fukushima United||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||14||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||17||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
14||0||3||0||0||0||17||0
14||0||3||0||0||0||17||0
|}

References

Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Kanagawa Prefecture

Tomoyasu Naito


Randall is a city in Iowa in the United States.  It is in Hamilton County.

Category:Cities in Iowa

Randall, Iowa


Omar Razzaz () (born 1 January 1960) is a Jordanian politician. He is the Prime Minister of Jordan upon taking office on 4 June 2018. He became Prime Minister when his predecessor, Hani Al-Mulki, resigned as a result of widespread protests . From 4 January 2017 until 4 June 2018, he was the Minister of Education. Before, he was the chairman of the board of directors of Jordan Ahli Bank.

References

Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Prime Ministers of Jordan
Category:Current national leaders

Omar Razzaz


Carolina Gynning (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model. She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother. Gynning has also written the book, Ego Girl. It is a biography of her early life. In 2008 it was reported that Gynning would write a continuation to Ego Girl called Ego Woman.

Sources
Gynning in Swedish newspaper

References

Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Big Brother winners
Category:Swedish entertainers
Category:Swedish models

Carolina Gynning


Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the wife of United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961.

Early life
She was born in Boone, Iowa. Her father was John Sheldon Doud. He became very rich after earning much money in meatpacking industry. For sometime, Doud family lived in Pueblo, Colorado. Then the family settled Denver, Colorado. There Mamie and her three sisters grew in a big house. The family had many servants. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants.

Marriage and family
In 1915, Mamie met Dwight D. Eisenhower. At that time, he was a young second lieutenant. On Valentine's Day in 1916 he gave her a ring as token of their engagement. On July 1, 1916, they married.

Their first son, Doud Dwight, was born in 1917. He died in 1921 of scarlet fever. A second son, John Eisenhower was born in 1922. He became an author, and also served as a U.S. ambassador to Belgium.

Their life was like any other family of army officers – moving from one place to another. Mamie once estimated that in 37 years, they shifted to at least 27 places. They lived in many places in the United States. They also lived near Panama Canal; in France; and in Philippines.

During the Second World War, “Ike” continued to rise in the army. She lived in Washington DC. After the Second World War, her husband became president of the Colombia University. They bought a farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the first home they had ever bought. Before becoming President of the United States, her husband also served as the commander of the of North Atlantic Treaty Organization

The First Lady
Mamie Eisenhower was the First Lady for eight years, from 1953 to 1961. She was a popular First Lady. She was a charming lady. She wore pretty dresses and jewelry. Many leaders from different countries came to the White House. They received a very good welcome.

Her recipe for "Mamie's million dollar fudge" was cooked by homemakers all over the country after it was printed in the news.

Later life
After retirement of her husband as the President of the United States, Mamie and her husband returned to Gettysburg. They lived there eight years retirement together. In 1969, her husband died. Mamie continued to live on the farm. She died on 1st November 1979. At the time of her death she was 82 years old. Her grave lies by the side of her husband’s grave in a small chapel. The chapel is a part of the Eisenhower Library in Abilene, Kansas.

Popular culture
A park in southeast Denver, Colorado bears her name.

References

Category:1896 births
Category:1979 deaths
Category:Dwight D. Eisenhower
Category:First Ladies of the United States
Category:People from Pueblo, Colorado
Category:People from Iowa

Mamie Eisenhower


Joseph Nathaniel French, Sr. (October 24, 1888 – February 28, 1975) was an architect with Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. from 1914 to 1967. He was the chief architect for the Fisher Building in Detroit, Michigan.

Biography
He was born on October 24, 1888 in Boston, Massachusetts and attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and graduated in 1911. French first married Amie Gertrude Lathe (1885-1921) around 1912 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was put in charge of the last stages of construction on Henry Ford's Fairlane Manor in Dearborn, Michigan in 1913. In 1914 he started work for Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. in Detroit, Michigan, as a draftsman and then as an architect. By 1916 he was living at 2098 Woodward Avenue in Detroit. On June 10, 1921 his wife Amie died, and on June 8, 1926 he married Yolanda Christina Tandberg (1902-2003). Yolanda was the daughter of Thorvald Martin Tandberg (1874-1970) and Alvilde Marie Magdalene Naess (1875-1933) of Norway. She was 14 years younger than Joseph. They had several children including, Joseph Nathaniel French, Jr. While at Kahn he was chief architect for the Fisher Building in 1928. From 1930 to 1932 he worked at the Albert Kahn Associates, Inc. Moscow office with twenty-four other Kahn engineers and architects. One of his projects was the steel work of the General Motors Futurama building at the 1939 New York World's Fair. He worked on the design of the Chrysler plant near Kansas City. He died on February 28, 1975 in Livonia, Michigan. He was buried in Roseland Park Cemetery at 29001 Woodward Avenue, Berkley, Michigan.

References

Other websites
Joseph Nathaniel French at Findagrave

Joseph Nathaniel French at Familypedia

Category:American architects
Category:1888 births
Category:1975 deaths

Joseph Nathaniel French


is the oldest published Japanese text on garden-making. It was written in the mid-to-late 11th century. Various translations in English and French exist.

History
Sakuteiki is considered the oldest garden planning book. It is believed to be the work of Tachibana Toshitsuna.

During the Kamakura period, it was referred to as the Senzai Hisshō (Secret Selection on Gardens).  In the Edo period, it became known as Sakuteiki.

Overview
Sakuteiki is a record of the styles of gardening in the Heian period. It describes five styles of gardening, including
 "Ocean Style" (taikai no yō)
 "Mountain Torrent Style" (yama kawa no yō)
 "Broad River Style" (taiga no yō)
 "Wetland Style" (numa ike no yō)
 "Reed Style" (ashide no yō)

Related pages
 Japanese garden

References

Category:Gardening
Category:Japanese culture

Sakuteiki


John Woodvine (born 21 July 1929) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Det. Insp. Witty in Z-Cars. He is also known for his roles in An American Werewolf in London, Murder with Mirrors, Persuasion, and in Joe Maddison's War.

Woodvine was born in Tyne Dock, South Shields, County Durham, England. He was studied at Lord Williams's School and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

References

Other websites

Category:1929 births
Category:Living people
Category:English movie actors
Category:English television actors
Category:English stage actors
Category:English voice actors
Category:Actors from County Durham

John Woodvine


A Daughter of the Congo is a 1930 silent movie. It is a race movie. It was completely produced by blacks and intended for a black audience. It was written, directed, and produced by Oscar Micheaux. The movie is based on Henry Francis Downing's novel The American Cavalryman (1917). A Daughter of the Congo is presumed to be a lost film.

The movie stars Katherine Noisette as Lupelta, a mixed race Congolese girl. She is abducted by Arab slave traders. She is rescued by an African American military battalion. She is taken to a mission school. She becomes acquainted with Western-style civilization. She never completely loses touch with the tribal customs and influences that shaped her early years.

A Daughter of the Congo was Micheaux's last silent movie. Silent movies were considered to have little money-making value in 1930. Micheaux released the movie as a “talking, singing, dancing picture”. It only contained a single short sound sequence that included a performance of the song “That Gets It”.

Theophilus Lewis of the Amsterdam News wrote a harsh review: "The scene is laid in a not so mythical republic in Africa. Half of the characters wear European clothes and are supposed to be civilized, while the other half wear their birthday suits and some feathers and are supposed to be savages. All the noble characters are high yellows; all the ignoble ones are black. It is based on a false assumption that has no connection with the realities of life."

References

Other websites

Category:Silent movies
Category:American movies
Category:1930 movies
Category:Movies based on books

A Daughter of the Congo


The Lahore Fort is an ancient fort situated in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. Its foundations are probably very ancient but the edifice that now stands here, was largely constructed during the Mughal Empire. It belonged to the Mughal emperors. Along with the Shalimar Gardens Lahore, the Fort is symbolic of the height of Mughal glory in medieval South Asia. The Lahore Fort is also known as Shahi Qila or Royal Fort.

Category:National symbols of Pakistan
Category:History of Pakistan
Category:Buildings and structures in Pakistan
Category:Lahore
Category:Mughal architecture
Category:World Heritage Sites in Pakistan
Category:Forts

Lahore Fort


Bernadette is a feminine given name. It is the female version of the masculine name Bernard. Celebrities with the name Bernadette include the actress Bernadette Peters.

People named Bernadette
 St. Bernadette Soubirous (1844–1879), Marian visionary of Lourdes
 Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
 Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
 Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster and host
 Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player

Fictional people
 Bernadette Rostenkowski, a character on the TV show The Big Bang Theory

Music
 "Bernadette", a 1967 hit recording by the Four Tops
 "Bernadette", a single by IAMX from his 2011 album Volatile Times

Category:Given names

Bernadette


Deportivo La Coruña is a football club which plays in A Coruña, Galicia, Spain. Their current manager is Gaizka Garitano. Their current chairman is Tino Fernandez.

History
They have won La Liga once, which was in the 1999-2000 season.

League title
 La Liga : 1
 1999/00

League position

Former position

References

Category:Spanish football clubs

R.C. Deportivo de La Coruña


Lake Colac is a large freshwater lake in western Victoria, Australia. The town of Colac is built along the south shore of the lake. Lake Colac has an area of 1,820 hectares, an average depth of 2.5 metres and a circumference of 33 km. The area was the home of the Kolijon (or Coladjin) people. The name Colac comes from either the word Kolijon, or their word kolak which means the lake's sand or fresh water.

The lake is used for watersport, including sailing, rowing and water skiing. The foreshore has a playground and a boat ramp. The  Colac Botanical Gardens are next to the lake. In January 2009, the lake dried up after years of drought. Water enters the lake from Barongarook Creek, but the lake usually loses more water through evaporation. The lake needs to get water from rain falling directly over it to keep up a high level. Water quality in Lake Colac is low because of nutrients, such as phosphorous and nitrogen entering the lake. This has come from farms and untreated sewerage. There has also been chemicals and rubbish from the town of Colac. These can cause blue green algae to grow in the lake which makes the water unsafe for humans or animals. There have been efforts made to improve water quality by stopping these nutrients from getting into the lake.

The lake has redfin, eels and carp, and in 2013 it was proposed to put estuary perch into the lake.

References

Category:Victoria, Australia
Colac

Lake Colac


Moses Fletcher (c.1564–1620/1) was a passenger on the Mayflower in 1620 and was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

Fletcher was born in Sandwich in England.  He married Mary Evans in 1589 and had 10 children.  Fletcher worked as a blacksmith.

Fletcher did not want to be a member of the Church of England.  He did not follow some of the Church rules and told others that he did not believe in the teachings of the Church. On June 12, 1609, Moses Fletcher, along with the wife of future Mayflower passenger James Chilton and several other persons were excommunicated from the church for the illegal burial of a child.

Fletcher became a Separatist.  This religion was illegal in England.  He and his family left England with the Chilton family and moved to Leiden in Netherlands.  His wife Mary died and he married Sarah, a widow from Leiden.

On the Mayflower

Fletcher came on the Mayflower without his family.

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, they spotted land.  The Mayflower was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.  They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

Plymouth Colony
Fletcher died in the winter of 1620–1621 in the general sickness.

Fletcher was buried in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth. His name is on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb.

References

Category:1564 births
Category:1621 deaths
Category:Mayflower passengers
Category:People from Kent
Category:People buried in Cole's Hill

Moses Fletcher


Niederried may mean:
 Niederried bei Kallnach, canton of Bern, Switzerland
 Niederried bei Interlaken, canton of Bern, Switzerland

Niederried


Smyrna is a city in Cobb County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 51,271.

References

Category:Cities in Georgia (US)

Smyrna, Georgia


Bad Santa is a 2003 American Christmas criminal black comedy movie.

Cast
 Billy Bob Thornton
 Tony Cox
 Brett Kelly
 Lauren Graham

Soundtrack
 Nocturne No. 2 in E-Flat Minor Op 9
 Jingle Bell Rock by Bobby Sherman

References

Category:2003 comedy movies
Category:2003 crime movies
Category:2003 drama movies
Category:2000s comedy-drama movies
Category:2000s crime drama movies
Category:2000s criminal comedy movies
Category:Black comedy movies
Category:Christmas movies
Category:English-language movies
Category:Movies set in Arizona
Category:Phoenix, Arizona in fiction

Bad Santa


Basnet () with ancient spelling Basnyat () is a surname belonging to Kshetri caste in Nepal.

Basnet clans
Some of the Basnet clans are Shreepali Basnet, Khapatari Basnet, Khulal Basnet, Lamichhane Basnet and others.

Shreepali Basnet
Shreepali Basnet is clan among Basnet. They claim Bharadwaj Gotra. This clan was politically significant than other Basnet clans. Shivaram Singh Basnyat, the commander of Gorkhali forces belonged to Shreepali Basnet clan. Abhiman Singh Basnet was a minister of Kshetri caste.

Khapatari Basnet
Khapatari/Khabatari Basnet is another clan among Basnets. They claim Kaushik Gotra. Khabatari claim their lineage to Raghuvanshi King Ram. Some of the Khabatari Basnets were warriors in the Nepalese Army. Colonel Pahalman Singh Basnyat of this clan was awarded with the title of "Shree 1" prefix. General Singha Bahadur Basnyat, the Chief of Nepalese Army belonged to this clan.

Notable Basnets
Shovit Basnet
Salon Basnet
Nischal Basnet

References

Category:Surnames
Category:Nepali culture

Basnet


is a former Japanese football player.

Club career statistics

|-
|1983||rowspan="9"|Yomiuri||rowspan="9"|JFL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1984||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||6||0||||||4||2||10||2
|-
|1990/91||9||0||||||0||0||9||0
|-
|1991/92||2||0||||||1||0||3||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||7||1||1||0||7||1||15||2
|-
|1994||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|1995||Fukuoka Blux||Football League||7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0
30||1||1||0||12||3||43||4
30||1||1||0||12||3||43||4
|}

References

Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Tokyo Prefecture

Yoshiyuki Kato


Pulaski County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Waynesville. In 2010, 52,274 people lived there.

Category:1833 establishments in Missouri
Category:Missouri counties

Pulaski County, Missouri


The songwriting duo of John Lennon and Paul McCartney is one of the best-known and most successful musical partnerships in history. Between 1962 and 1969, they wrote about 180 credited songs. Most of the songs were recorded by The Beatles. Other songs credited to Lennon–McCartney were originally released not by the Beatles but by other artists, especially those managed by Brian Epstein. Recording a Lennon–McCartney song helped start new artists' careers. For example, one of The Rolling Stones' first singles, "I Wanna Be Your Man", was a Lennon–McCartney song.

Category:The Beatles
Category:John Lennon
Category:Paul McCartney

Lennon–McCartney


Vaginal lubrication is wetness when a woman is sexually excited. This wetness is useful for when a woman wants to have sex. If she is not wet the sex may become painful for her. Vaginal lubrication is also good for stopping injuries or tearing of the inner vagina. If a woman doesn't have enough lubrication naturally, she can buy lubricant which is similar to natural lubricant.

References

Other websites

Mayo Clinic - Vaginal dryness
Menopause Symptoms - Vaginal dryness

Category:female reproductive system
Category:Sexuality

Vaginal lubrication


The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham (usually known as Durham Cathedral) is a cathedral in the city of Durham, England, the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Durham. The Bishopric dates from 995, with the present cathedral being founded in AD 1093. The cathedral is known as one of the finest examples of Norman architecture.  It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The present cathedral replaces the 10th century "White Church" built as part of a monastic foundation to house the shrine of Saint Cuthbert of Lindisfarne. The treasures of Durham Cathedral include relics of St Cuthbert, the head of St Oswald of Northumbria and the remains of the Venerable Bede.

Durham Cathedral occupies a strategic position on a promontory high above the River Wear. The cathedral is a major tourist attraction, the central tower of 217 feet (66 m) giving views of Durham and the surrounding area.

There are many famous people who are interred (buried) in the Cathedral and in the surrounding grounds including Bishop Alfred Tucker.

Related pages
List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom

References

Category:1090s establishments
Category:Anglican Cathedrals
Category:Durham
Category:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom

Durham Cathedral


The 1999 UEFA Cup Final was a football game that took place in Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, on 12 May 1999 between Parma A.C. (Italy) and Olympique de Marseille (France). Parma A.C. won 3-0. So Parma A.C. won their second UEFA Cup title and fourth European trophy, having previously won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

Semi-finals in 1999 UEFA Cup

Parma A.C. defeated Atlético Madrid in the semi-finals with a 5-2 win. Olympique de Marseille defeated Bologna in the semi-finals with a 1-1 draw, but Marseille won with the penalty shootout.

Finals in 1999 UEFA Cup

Parma A.C. defeated Olympique de Marseille with a 3-0 win, with goals by Crespo, Vanoli, and Chiesa, most of the goals in the first half.

Category:1999 in sports

Category:20th century in Moscow
Category:Football in Russia
Category:UEFA
Category:1990s in Russia

1999 UEFA Cup Final


The front crawl (or simply 'crawl') is a type of swimming stroke. It is the fastest method of swimming. Therefore it is the usual choice in freestyle events.

It is sometimes called the American or Australian crawl. Athletes from both continents played a part in its development.

References

Category:Swimming

Front crawl


Petaluma is a city in Sonoma County, California, United States. As of 2010, the population was 57,941. The city was founded in by the Spanish people in 1776. It was made a city in April 1858.

References

Category:Cities in California
Category:Settlements in Sonoma County, California
Category:Cities in the San Francisco Bay Area

Petaluma, California


Coucouron is a commune in the Ardèche département in southern France.

Related pages

Communes of the Ardèche department

Category:Communes in Ardèche

Coucouron


Stereotype threat is the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs. Claude Steele introduced this idea in 1995. Stereotype threat may reduce the performance of people who belong to a negatively stereotyped group.

Steele and Aronson

Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson did research for this theory of social psychology. They had African-American and European-American college students take a difficult verbal portion of the Graduate Record Examination. The design was a 2x3 factorial. The factors were the race of the participant (black or white)and the test description (diagnostic of intelligence, non diagnostic, or non diagnostic and challenging). Performance on the test was the dependent variable. 117 male and female participants were recruited from Stanford University. After comparing the results of the three groups, it was found that the differences were not very significant. However, in their second study results were significant.

Supporting studies

A study on chess players shows that if females are made aware of the stereotype that females are worse at chess than males, they perform worse than the controls. Stone, Lynch, Sjomeling, & Darley did experiments in which white men performed poorly in sports if they are put in the condition that described the task as reflecting natural athletic ability compared to African-Americans. The African-Americans performed worse when the task was described as involving intelligence of the sport.
Yeung & von Hippel did an experiment in which two groups of women went through a driving simulation. They told the women in the stereotype threat group that they were investigating why men were better drivers than women. That group twice more likely than the control to hit a pedestrian jaywalker.

Effects

Stereotype lift can increase a person's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a negative stereotype of a group to which he/she does not belong.

Stereotype boost can increase an individual's performance on a task when he/she is exposed to a positive stereotype about his/her group.

Stereotype threat can have a bad effect on people. It has a negative effect on performance. It can also cause individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped group to which they belonged, or lead them to dis-identify with the group that they experience stereotype threat. For example, a woman sees herself as "not a math person".

A simple way to stop these negative consequences is to tell people about stereotype threat.

References

Category:Human behavior
Category:Sociology

Stereotype threat


Sint Philipsland is a (former) island of the province of Zeeland, the Netherlands. In 2008 it had about 2,700 people. It covers an area of 23 km². It belongs to the municipality of Tholen.

Category:Zeelandic Islands

Sint Philipsland (island)


Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Nebraska. As of the 2010 census, 7,547 people lived there. The county seat is Fairbury. It was founded in 1856 and named for Thomas Jefferson, third President of the United States.

Category:1856 establishments in Nebraska Territory
Category:Nebraska counties

Jefferson County, Nebraska


Barium chlorate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Ba(ClO3)2. It contains barium and chlorate ions.

Properties
Barium chlorate is a colorless solid. It is very toxic because it has barium ions in it. It also is an oxidizing agent. It makes oxygen gas when it is heated.

Preparation
Barium chlorate can be made by reacting sodium chlorate and barium chloride. It can also be made by electrolytic oxidation of barium chloride, similar to the chloralkali process. It can also be made by reacting ammonium chlorate, an unstable compound, with barium carbonate. This mixture is boiled, converting the ammonium carbonate to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Uses
Barium chlorate is used in fireworks to make a green color. It is also used in matches to make oxygen and make the match burn faster.

Related pages
Barium nitrate

Category:Chlorine compounds
Category:Barium compounds

Barium chlorate


Hydrus is a constellation in the southern sky.

Category:Constellations

Hydrus


Edgar Martínez (born January 2, 1963) was an American Major League Baseball player for the Seattle Mariners. Martínez played for 18 years for the Mariners before retiring in 2004.

Other website

Category:1963 births
Category:Living people
Category:American baseball players
Category:Seattle Mariners players
Category:Sportspeople from New York City

Edgar Martínez


Jean-Noël Rey (23 December 1949 – 16 January 2016) was a Swiss socialist politician. He was the Secretary of the Socialist Group of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland. He was a member of the National Council of Switzerland between 2003 and 2007. He was also the CEO of the national postal service Swiss Post.

Rey was born in Sierre. He was married twice and had two children.

Rey was shot and killed by terrorists on 16 January 2016 in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. He was 66.

References

Category:1949 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Murders by firearm
Category:Socialist politicians
Category:Swiss politicians

Jean-Noël Rey


Pakdasht County () is a county of the Tehran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Pakdasht.

Category:Counties of Iran

Pakdasht County


Ion channels are pore-forming proteins that help to establish and control the small voltage gradient across the plasma membrane of all living cells (see resting potential) by allowing the flow of ions down their electrochemical gradient. They are present in the membranes that surround all biological cells.

An ion channel is an integral membrane protein or more typically an assembly of several proteins.

The 2003 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Peter Agre and Roderick MacKinnon for their discovery of ion channels.

References

Notes

 Bertil Hille: Ion channels of excitable membranes, 3rd ed., Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA (2001).

Other websites
An Interview with Roderick MacKinnon Freeview video by the Vega Science Trust.
The Voltage Sensor in Voltage-Dependent Ion Channels
X-ray crystal structure of a potassium channel
Neuromuscular Disease Center at Washington University
Nobel Prize Press Release
 International Union of Pharmacologists, Ion channel compendium

Category:Biochemistry

Ion channel


The Aitchison College is Pakistan's most prestigious school and college. It is in the old and historical Punjabi city of Lahore. The school was started during British colonial rule, in 1886. It was first called the 'Punjab Chiefs' School and College'. It is named after Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison, who was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. Only boys aged 4 to 19 go there.

References

Category:Education in Pakistan
Category:Colleges and universities in Pakistan
Category:Lahore
Category:1886 establishments
Category:19th century establishments in Pakistan

Aitchison College