Airbus Training Centre Europe is a training centre of the company which make aircrafts Airbus.
It is in Blagnac, close to Toulouse (France).
The centre trains pilots and engineers on the Airbus aircrafts. It has 6 simulators on all Airbus family.

The school is member of the International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools.
Other training centres are in Hamburg, Miami, Beijing, Singapore, Bangalore, New Delhi and Mexico.

References

Other websites
 Official website

Category:Aviation
Category:Toulouse

Airbus Training Centre Europe


The Vaigai River is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

Length
The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.

Tributaries
The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.

Reference

Category:Rivers of Tamil Nadu

Vaigai River


Émile Mpenza (born 4 July 1978) is a Belgian football player. He plays for Sion and Belgium national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||Kortrijk||Second Division||32||5
|-
|1996/97||Mouscron||First Division||31||12
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="3"|Standard Liège||rowspan="3"|First Division||19||6
|-
|1998/99||17||10
|-
|1999/00||10||4

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="4"|Schalke||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||15||6
|-
|2000/01||27||13
|-
|2001/02||16||4
|-
|2002/03||21||5

|-
|2003/04||Standard Liège||First Division||28||21

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Hamburg||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||26||4
|-
|2005/06||10||1

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Al-Rayyan||rowspan="2"|Stars League||10||3
|-
|2006/07||9||6

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Manchester City||rowspan="2"|Premier League||10||3
|-
|2007/08||15||2
|-
|2008/09||Plymouth Argyle||League Championship||9||2

|-
|2009/10||Sion||Super League||||
137||58
115||33
19||9
34||7
0||0
305||107
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1997||5||2
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||9||4
|-
|2000||7||3
|-
|2001||6||3
|-
|2002||2||0
|-
|2003||4||2
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||7||3
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||2||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||3||2
|-
!Total||57||19
|}

References

Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belgian footballers

Émile Mpenza


Free running is a sport that means doing jumps with difficult movements in the air and cross a tour with obstacles since in the parkour.

These jumps name ("Flips") or (Mortal Jumps).
 Basic Jumps

 Front Flip: The person jumps with the two legs and does a complete forward rotation.
 Back Flip: The person jumps of back also with the two legs and gives a return on if sames backward.
 Side Flip: The person jumps sidewards with one or two legs and gives a return on of sames sidewards.
 Wall Flip: The person puts a foot in the wall and jump with one leg giving a turned backward.

 Harder jumps and rolls

 Eagle roll: The person dives forward and rolls giving them a fast way to dive over things.
 Hand plant: The person jumps forward and plants their hands on an object and pushes their legs forward.
 Wall run: The person runs and jumps with one foot on the wall and takes another step giving them the advantage of climbing.

Category:Culture

fr:Freerun

Free running


Charlotte Hornets is the name of several past and present sports teams in Charlotte, North Carolina:
 The Charlotte Hornets (NBA), an NBA (basketball) team that played as the Charlotte Bobcats from 2004 to 2014
 The Charlotte Hornets, another NBA team that played under that name from 1988 until moving to New Orleans in 2002; known since 2013 as the New Orleans Pelicans
 The Charlotte Hornets, a minor league baseball team that played from 1901 to 1973
 The Charlotte Hornets, an American football team that played in 1974 and 1975 in the now-defunct World Football League

Charlotte Hornets


Kore or  is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 and given the designation .

Kore is about 2 kilometers in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,239,000 km in 723.720 days, at an inclination of 141° to the ecliptic (139° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2462.

It belongs, which is made up of non-spherical retrograde moon
It was named after Kore, another name for the Greek goddess Persephone (from the Greek κόρη, "daughter [of Demeter]").

References

Category:Jupiter's moons

Kore (moon)


Yisrael Kristal (born Izrael Icek Kryształ; ; September 15, 1903 – August 11, 2017) was a Polish-born Israeli supercentenarian, recognized as the oldest living man and the oldest survivor of the Holocaust in the world until his death on August 11, 2017 at age 113 years, 330 days.

Biography
Kristal was born to Jewish parents in Poland, then part of the Russian Empire. He experienced World War I as a child, and World War II as an adult. After surviving the Holocaust, he immigrated to Israel.

During World War II he was confined by the Nazi regime to a Jewish ghetto. His children died in the ghetto, but he and his wife were deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Kristal survived the Holocaust, but his wife did not. He remarried shortly after the War and, in 1950, emigrated to Haifa, Israel, with his second wife Batsheva, also a survivor of the Holocaust, and their infant child, and lived in Haifa until his death at age 113 years, 330 days.

Kristal celebrated his bar mitzvah in September 2016 at age 113 after being unable to do so at age 13 due to World War I, and was the 16th man to live to age 113. That year, Kristal, who was the oldest survivor of the Holocaust, also became the world's oldest living man and last living man born in 1903, after Japaneseman Yasutaro Koide's death on January 18 (Koide died January 19 Japanese time).

Kristal died at his home in Haifa on August 11, 2017, just 5 weeks before his 114th birthday, and was succeeded as the world's oldest living man by Spaniard Francisco Núñez Olivera (who, however, was not verified until his death on January 29, 2018 at age 113 years, 47 days). Kristal was at the time of his death the 9th oldest man ever and the youngest of only 14 verified living people born before 1904.

References

Category:1903 births
Category:2017 deaths
Category:Holocaust survivors
Category:Israeli business people
Category:Israeli centenarians
Category:Israeli Jews
Category:Jewish business people
Category:Jewish supercentenarians
Category:Naturalized citizens of Israel
Category:Polish Jews

Yisrael Kristal


was a  after Ōei and before Eikyō.  This period started in April 1428 and ended in September 1429. During this time, the emperors were   and .

Events of the Shōchō era

 3 February 1428 (Shōchō 1, 18th day of the 1st month): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi died at the age of 43.

 30 August 1428 (Shōchō 1, 20th day of the 7th month): Emperor Shōkō died at he age of 27.

 8 September 1428 (Shōchō 1, 29th day of the 7th month): Emperor Go-Hanazono is established on the throne at age 10.

Related pages
 Muromachi period

References

Other websites
 National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Category:Japanese eras

Shōchō


Óscar Chávez (20 March 1935 – 30 April 2020) was a Mexican singer-songwriter and actor. He was born in Mexico City. He was popular during the 1960s and 1970s. His best known songs were "Por Ti" and "Macondo". He recorded many Mexican folk songs.

Chávez died on 30 April 2020 of COVID-19 in Mexico City, aged 85.

References

Category:1935 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Deaths from the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Category:Mexican singer-songwriters
Category:Folk singers
Category:Mexican television actors
Category:Mexican movie actors
Category:People from Mexico City

Óscar Chávez


Autopackage is a free computer programme aimed at making it simple to create other programs that can be installed on all Linux distributions.
Right now, the only operating system to include Autopackage is Super Ubuntu

Related pages
Zero Install
RUNZ
Super Ubuntu

Category:Software

Autopackage


Boisleux-au-Mont is a commune. It is found in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais in the Pas-de-Calais department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Pas-de-Calais

Boisleux-au-Mont


John Grinham Kerr (November 15, 1931 – February 2, 2013) was an American actor who worked in movies, television and on stage. He was also a lawyer. He won a Tony Award in 1954.

Early life
Kerr was born on November 15, 1931 in New York City, New York. His parents were British actor Geoffrey Kerr and American actress June Walker. He studied at Phillips Exeter Academy and at Harvard University.

Career
Kerr had a major role in the movie version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's South Pacific (1958), playing Lt. Joe Cable, the newly arrived marine about to be sent on a dangerous spy mission.

In The Crowded Sky (1960), Kerr played a pilot who helps the Captain (Dana Andrews) steer a crippled airliner back to earth. Another movie appearance was in Roger Corman's The Pit and the Pendulum (1961). In 1963, Kerr had a continuing role on "Arrest and Trial", playing Assistant DA Barry Pine.

Personal life
Kerr was married to Priscilla Smith from 1952 until they divorced in 1972. Then he was married to Barbara Chu from 1979 until his death in 2013. He had three children with Smith.

Death
Kerr died on February 2, 2013 in Pasadena, California from heart failure, aged 81.

References

Other websites
 Obituary - Variety

Category:1931 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Deaths from heart failure
Category:Actors from New York City
Category:American lawyers
Category:American movie actors
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Tony Award winning actors

John Kerr (actor)


Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar.

Other websites
Malvern Gazette Local Malvern weekly newspaper
Malvern Hills District Council
Worcestershire County Council
Malvern Museum
Biking in Malvern
Malvern Linux Users Group
Malvern Fringe Festival

Category:Towns in Worcestershire

Malvern, Worcestershire


Barre  is the most populous city in Washington County, Vermont, United States. As of the 2010 census, the municipal population was 9,052. Many people call the city as "Barre City".

References

Category:Cities in Vermont

Barre (city), Vermont


Gene Wilder (Jerome Silberman; June 11, 1933 – August 29, 2016) was an American actor, comedian, movie director, screenwriter and author. He was most famous for his acting work and in particular for the movies he made with Mel Brooks which include The Producers, Blazing Saddles and Young Frankenstein. He also played the part of Willy Wonka in the musical movie Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.

Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa.

Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10, 1956.

An unauthorized  biography of Wilder called Gene Wilder: Funny and Sad by Brian Scott Mednick was published in December 2010 by BearManor Media.

Wilder died from Alzheimer's disease on August 29, 2016 in Stamford, Connecticut at age 83.

Work

Movies

Television
Voice for The Electric Company'''s segment The Adventures of Letterman (60 episodes, 1972–77)Something Wilder (1994–95)Will & Grace (2002) Episode "Boardroom and a Parked Place" (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)Will & Grace (2003) Episode "Sex, Losers & Videotape" (Guest Star – Mr. Stein)

Stage
 The Complaisant Lover (Broadway, 1962)
 Mother Courage and Her Children (Broadway, 1963)
  Death Of A Salesman
 One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (Broadway, 1963)
 The White House (Broadway, 1964)
 Luv (Broadway, 1966)
 The Scarecrow (Broadway, 1972)
 Rhinoceros (1974)
 Laughter on the 23rd Floor'' (London, 1996)

References

Category:1933 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:American movie directors
Category:American movie actors
Category:American screenwriters
Category:American stage actors
Category:American television actors
Category:American voice actors
Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease
Category:Disease-related deaths in Connecticut
Category:Jewish American actors
Category:Actors from Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Category:People with cancer
Category:Writers from Wisconsin

Gene Wilder


Eicochrysops meryamae is a butterfly in the Lycaenidae family. It is found in Ethiopia.

References

Category:Butterflies

Eicochrysops meryamae


Rochester is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of New York. It has a little over 200,000 people living in it and over a million people living in the metropolitan area. It is on the southern shore of Lake Ontario. It is between the cities of Buffalo and Syracuse.

Geography
Rochester is on the shore of Lake Ontario, one of the Great Lakes. Also, the Genesee River flows through it. In the area near Rochester, there are many streams, large hills called drumlins, and lakes, such as the Finger Lakes. The weather in Rochester is warm in the summer and cold in the winter, with a lot of snow falling in the winter and early spring.

Economy and education
Rochester is the headquarters of Eastman Kodak, a company that makes cameras and camera film. Rochester is also the home to universities such as the University of Rochester and the Rochester Institute of Technology.

Other websites
 City of Rochester
 Interesting Sights in Rochester
 Downtown Rochester
 Rochester's Deaf Community

Category:County seats in New York

Rochester, New York


Buffalo is a city in Missouri, United States. It is the county seat of Dallas County. In 2010, 3,084 people lived there.

Category:Cities in Missouri
Category:County seats in Missouri

Buffalo, Missouri


Stephen Okechukwu Keshi (23 January 1962 – 7 June 2016) was a Nigerian football defender. He was also a football manager of the Nigeria national team. He was one of only two people, along with Egypt's Mahmoud El-Gohary, to have won the Africa Cup of Nations as both a player and a coach.

Keshi died of a heart attack on 7 June 2016 in Benin City, Nigeria, aged 54.

References

Category:1962 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction
Category:Nigerian footballers

Stephen Keshi


Yulian Karol Sokhotski (February 2, 1842, Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire – December 14, 1927, Leningrad, Soviet Union) was a Polish-Russian mathematician.

Category:1842 births
Category:1927 deaths
Category:Academics
Category:People from Warsaw
Category:Polish mathematicians
Category:Russian mathematicians

Yulian Sokhotski


The Lookouts were an American punk rock band from 1985 to 1990. The members were Lawrence Livermore (more commonly known as Larry Livermore) on guitar and vocals, Kain Kong on bass and vocals and Tré Cool on drums and vocals. The band is most famous for being Tré Cool's first band before joining Green Day.

Other websites
 The Lookouts page on Lookout! Records website

Category:American punk bands
Category:Musical groups from California

The Lookouts


Robert "Smoki" Whitfield (August 3, 1918 - November 11, 1967) was an African American television and movie actor. He played porters, servants, and African chieftains and witch doctors. He appeared in the 12 Bomba, the Jungle Boy movies starring Johnny Sheffield from 1949 to 1955 as Eli, a friendly native guide. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and died in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park, Hollywood, California.

Category:1918 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:American movie actors
Category:American television actors
Category:Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Smoki Whitfield


Pythagoreanism is a term used for the esoteric and metaphysical beliefs held by Pythagoras and his followers, the Pythagoreans, who were much influenced by mathematics. They thought the world was made of numbers, and that various integers had distinct sacred meanings.

Later resurgence of ideas similar to those held by the early Pythagoreans are collected under the term Neopythagoreanism.

Pythagorean symbols
Monad
Dyad
Triad
Tetrad
Pentad
Decad
 Tetractys
 Vesica piscis

References

Category:Philosophy

Pythagoreanism


Michael John Avenatti (born February 16, 1971) is an American lawyer and businessman. Avenatti is best known for suing President Donald Trump on behalf of porn star Stormy Daniels in an attempt to prove that Trump paid Daniels to stay silent during their affair.

Avenatti said that he would run for president in 2020 if Trump runs for re-election and if no other candidate is good enough to beat Trump.

Early life
Born on February 16, 1971 in Sacramento, California, Avenatti spent his early childhood in Colorado and Utah. He moved with his family to Chesterfield, Missouri, near St. Louis, in 1982, where he attended Parkway Central High School. After graduating in 1989, Avenatti attended Saint Louis University for a year before transferring to the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated with a B.A. in political science in 1996.

He attended George Washington University Law School, where he graduated Order of the Coif and first in his class with a J.D. in 2000. In 2003, George Washington University Law School established the Michael J. Avenatti Award for Excellence in Pre-Trial and Trial Advocacy, an annual award given to the member of the graduating Juris Doctor class who demonstrates excellence in pre-trial and trial advocacy. Avenatti also received George Washington University's prestigious Alumni Recognition Award in 2010.

Career
While in college and later in law school, Avenatti worked at The Research Group, a political opposition research and media firm run by Rahm Emanuel (later White House Chief of Staff for President Barack Obama, and Mayor of Chicago). Avenatti worked on over 150 Democratic and Republican campaigns in 42 states while studying at George Washington University.

After law school, Avenatti worked at O'Melveny & Myers in Los Angeles, California, alongside Daniel M. Petrocelli, who previously represented the Ron Goldman family in its case against O.J. Simpson. He assisted Petrocelli on multiple legal matters, including the representation of singer Christina Aguilera and litigation surrounding the movie K-19: The Widowmaker, and worked extensively for Don Henley and Glenn Frey of the musical group the Eagles, including in a suit brought by former bandmate Don Felder against the group and Irving Azoff.

Avenatti later joined Greene Broillet & Wheeler, a Los Angeles boutique law firm. While there, he handled a number of high-profile cases, including a $10 million defamation case against Paris Hilton, settled an idea-theft lawsuit relating to the show The Apprentice and against producers Mark Burnett and Donald Trump, and a $40 million embezzlement lawsuit involving KPMG.

In 2007, Avenatti formed the law firm Eagan Avenatti, LLP (formerly known as Eagan O'Malley & Avenatti, LLP) with offices in Newport Beach, Los Angeles and San Francisco, California. He has since appeared on 60 Minutes three times in connection with cases he has handled. Avenatti has also served as lead counsel on a number of historically large cases, including an April 2017 $454 million verdict after a jury trial in Federal Court in Los Angeles in a fraud case against Kimberly-Clark and Halyard Health, later reduced to a $21.7 million verdict upon appeal, an $80.5 million class-action settlement against Service Corporation International, a $41 million jury verdict against KPMG, and a $39 million malicious prosecution settlement.

In 2013 Avenatti formed a company, Global Baristas, to buy Seattle-based Tully's Coffee out of bankruptcy. Since 2015, Global Baristas has been named in more than 50 lawsuits in state and federal courts for breach of contract, unpaid bills, and unpaid taxes.

In 2015, Avenatti prevailed against the National Football League (NFL) following a jury trial in Dallas. He later pursued a class-action suit on behalf of fans who showed up for Super Bowl XLV with tickets that didn't correspond to actual seats but the courts in Texas declined to certify the class. Later, in 2016, Avenatti filed another class action lawsuit against the NFL, this time on behalf of ticket-holders to the annual Hall of Fame Game, which was cancelled a few hours before kickoff.

In 2017, a Florida man named Gerald Tobin alleged Avenatti failed to pay him $28,700 for private investigatory work. As a result, Avenatti's firm was abruptly forced into bankruptcy. The issue was resolved when the pair entered into a Non-Disclosure Agreement, and Avenatti paid Tobin the $28,700.

In 2018, Avenatti's law firm was subjected to a $10 million judgment in U.S. bankruptcy court.  In June 2018, a former partner filed a motion in U.S. bankruptcy court asking for a lien on any and all legal fees Avenatti's firm might collect, up to $10 million, from clients in 54 cases including his representation of Stormy Daniels.

Avenatti has on several occasions, including in a post to Twitter, expressed interest in running for president in 2020. In a CBC TV interview published in September 2018, Avenatti said he would run in 2020 only against Trump or Pence.

References

Other websites

 Official website
 Michael Avenatti at Facebook
 Michael Avenatti at Twitter
 Michael Avenatti at YouTube
 Michael Avenatti – List of Political Beliefs (August 27, 2018)

Category:1971 births
Category:American lawyers
Category:Business people from Los Angeles, California
Category:Living people
Category:People from Sacramento, California

Michael Avenatti


The Cincinnati Cyclones are a ice hockey team in the ECHL (East Coast Hockey League).  They used to be in the IHL (International Hockey League).  The team plays in Cincinnati, Ohio.  The Cyclones won a championship (the Kelly Cup championship) in the 2007–2008 season.  This was the first time they had won a championship in 18 years.

Other websites
Cincinnati Cyclones' Official Web site
The CycWard - Section 60: Cyclones Fan Web Site

Category:Ice hockey teams in the United States
Category:Sports in Cincinnati, Ohio

Cincinnati Cyclones


The Saint Vincent amazon (Amazona guildingii), also known as Saint Vincent parrot,  is the only parrot that lives in the island of Saint Vincent in the Caribbean.

It is a large, multi-colored  parrot with a yellowish white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts plumage, and violet blue-green wings.

Description

The bird is  long. The plumage of this attractive species is highly variable: virtually no two birds look alike, with a yellowish white, blue and green head, greenish-bronze upperparts, violet blue-green wings, grey feet, and reddish eye. Its tail feathers are blue with broad yellow tips. Both sexes are similar.

There are two different colour morphs: a more common ‘yellow-brown’ morph, and a less common ‘green’ morph. Although both morphs are broadly similar in appearance, the upperparts of the 'green' morph are mainly dull-green and the head is bluish white.

Range and habitat
The Saint Vincent amazon is endemic to the heavily forested mountains of the Caribbean island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles.

It lives in rainforests in the island's central mountains, from ; it prefers mountains and valleys at low elevation because there are larger, mature trees needed for the nests.

Biology
The Saint Vincent amazons live in groups and feed on the upper parts of large trees. Its diet consists mainly of fruits, seeds, flowers and leaves of several species of the rainforest.

They breed between January and June (mostly February-May) and their nests are in holes in mature, large trees. The female usually lays two to three eggs.

Status
The combined effects of habitat loss, hunting for food, the capture to trade them as pets, and natural disasters (volcanoes and hurricanes, made that the number of Saint Vincent Amazon declined through the 20th century.

Due to all these contributing factors, the St. Vincent parrot is considered Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I and II of CITES.

Conservation
A group of conservation measures has been able to avoid the extinction of the St Vincent Amazon, including: the enforcement of international and domestic legislation protecting this species from hunting and trade; the protection of habitat through the establishment of the St Vincent Parrot Reserve; and the delivery of successful public education campaigns.

On October 27, 1979, A. guildingii was declared the national bird of St. Vincent and the Grenadines as part of the country's first independence celebration.

References

Other websites

 ARKive - images and movies of the Saint Vincent Amazon (Amazona guildingii)
 Animal Diversity Web - Amazona guildingii
 BirdLife Species Factsheet
 Catalogue of Life
 ITIS Report
 UNEP-WCMC Species Database Amazona guildingii

Saint Vincent Amazon
Category:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Saint Vincent amazon


Egyptian chronology is the study of events in ancient Egypt, and trying to date to when they took place. There is a general agreement about this chronology among Egyptologists. The Old Kingdom began in the 27th century BC, the Middle Kingdom in the 21st century BC and the New Kingdom in the mid-16th century BC.

But there are details which are still being argued about. The dates for the Early Dynastic Period can vary by up to 300 years, up to 30 years in the New Kingdom, and a few years for the Late Period.

Some individual Egyptologists have come up with "alternative chronologies".  For example the "New Chronology" proposed in the 1990s, changes the New Kingdom dates by 350 years, or the "Glasgow Chronology" (proposed 1978–1982), which changes the New Kingdom dates by 500 years.

Overview

Agreement about the general chronology used in Egyptology has not changed much over the last 100 years. For the Old Kingdom, there have been changes by as much as a few centuries. The Middle and New Kingdoms dates have only changed by a few decades. These changes can be seen by comparing the chronology of two Egyptologists, the first from 1906, the second in 2000 (all dates in the table are BC).

There are differences between the two sets of dates. This is because of new discoveries, and a better understanding of what is already known. For example, in Breasted's 1906 list, he added a ruler in the Twentieth dynasty that further research showed did not exist. Using Manetho writings, Breasted also believed each new dynasty followed the old one in a sequence. Now we know that several dynasties existed at the same time. These changes have changed the chronology by 400 years at the beginning of Dynasty I.

Regnal years

The main way to work out the chronology is to use the ancient Egyptian lists of kings. The number of years each king ruled, regnal years, can be added up. However there are problems with these lists. Some, such as the Turin King List, are quite detailed but they are not complete. The whole of Abydos King List has survived, but it does not have a complete list of rulers. Sometimes different versions of the same text are different. For example, Manetho's history of Egypt has not survived. Later writers such as Eusebius and Sextus Julius Africanus used Manetho's work for their histories, but their dates for the same ruler are often very different.

The dates for king's rule can be pieced together from inscriptions. These often give a date in the form of the regnal year of the ruling pharaoh. They may or may not include any coregencies with a predecessor or successor. Some Egyptian dynasties may have overlapped, with different pharaohs ruling in different regions at the same time. This may lead to widely different chronologies.

Egyptologists have two other ways to find the total number of years. For the Old Kingdom, they can use the number of cattle censuses. For later periods, they can use the celebration of a sed festival. In the Old Kingdom, there was a regular census where the number of cattle was counted. At first this was believed to have taken place every two years. There were 24 cattle censuses during the rule of Sneferu, who therefore ruled for 48 years. However new research has shown the census was sometimes held every year, or at gaps of more than two years. The sed festival was held on the 30th anniversary of the Pharaoh's rule. A ruler with one sed festival recorded would have ruled at least 30 years. However, this may not be the usual practice in all cases.

Linking to other events
A useful way to work around these gaps in knowledge is to find links to other known events. This can lead to a precise date. A number of these have been found, although they are of varying degrees of usefulness and reliability.

Archeological sequences
This is using archeaology to put events in order, or a sequence. This does not fix a person or event to a exact year. A series of events can provide evidence to provide or support a precise date. For example, a number of stone vessels of the rulers of the first two dynasties were placed in rooms under the Step Pyramid of Djoser. These were sealed off by during the building of the pyramid during the Third Dynasty. Another example are stone blocks from the Old Kingdom with the names of several kings. These stones were later used to build the Middle Kingdom pyramid-temples at Lisht. The third pylon at Karnak, built by Amenhotep III had "fill" material from the kiosk of Sesostris I, as well as stelae of the Second Intermediate Period and the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom.

Other chronologies
The chronologies of other cultures can be used to find links to Egypt. The most important are the Assyrian and Babylonian chronologies.  Chronologies of the Hittites, ancient Palestine, and ancient Greece are also used. For example in the 18th century BC a stela of the Governor of Byblos Yantinu says that pharaoh Neferhotep I was ruled at the same time as kings Zimri-Lim of Mari and Hammurabi of Babylon. In the 15th century BC, during the Amarna Period, there are letters between the Egyptian Kings Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, and various Near Eastern monarchs.

Inscriptions
Inscriptions on objects often provides clues. The burial of Apis bulls began in the reign of Amenhotep III. The bulls were killed in a sacrifice and placed in tombs. The details of each bull were included, as well as details of the rulers. It is possible to estimate dates of regnal years using this information. The bulls were still being buried in Ptolemaic times. There is a significant gap in the record between Ramesses XI and the 23rd year of Osorkon II. Poor documentation of these finds in the Serapeum also makes it difficult to use these records.

Astronomy
Astronomy can also provide clues for dates. The best known of these is the Sothic cycle. A study of this led Richard A. Parker to argue that the dates of the Twelfth dynasty could be fixed exactly. New research does not agree with some of the information used in to work out dates this way For example, Donald B. Redford, in attempting to fix the date of the end of the Eighteenth dynasty, did not use the Sothic evidence. Instead he used, links between Egypt and Assyria (by way of the Hittites), and help from astronomical observations.

Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating is another way to work out dates. This is useful for the Early Dynastic period where other methods have dates as different as 400 years. A 2013 study put the start of the First Dynasty in the 32nd or 31st century. This matches other information which placed it in between the 34th and 30th centuries.

The Thera eruption
The Thera eruption is a problem for both Egyptian and Aegean (Minoan) chronology. The radiocarbon date for the eruption is between 1627 and 1600 BC. The date used in archaeology is c. 1500 BC. This date is important in the study of the civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean. Since 2012, there have been suggestions that the answer would be to change both dates towards a "compromise" date in the mid 16th century BC. As of 2014 the problem has not been satisfactorily resolved.

Dendrochronology
Dendrochronology uses patterns found in tree growth rings to work out a date. It is possible to do this for Egyptian chronology. For example there is the Uluburun shipwreck from the New Kingdom. Using both dendrochronology and radiocarbon dating, tree rings can be dated as far back as the Middle Kingdom. This was used for the  coffin of Ipi-ha-ishutef (dated 2073±9 BC) and the funerary boat of Senusret III (dated 1887±11 BC; conventional reign date 1878 BC–1839 BC).

Alternative chronologies
A number different chronologies have been presented during the 20th century:

 The Revised Chronology of Immanuel Velikovsky as explained in his Ages in Chaos series.
 The chronology of Donovan Courville as described in The Exodus Problem and Its Ramifications.
 The Glasgow Chronology developed by members of Velikovsky's Society for Interdisciplinary Studies in 1978.
 The New Chronology of David Rohl, as described in his Test of Time series.

Related pages
Ancient Egypt
List of pharaohs

References

Other websites
Egyptian chronology site
Scientific tool for converting calendar dates mentioned in Greek and Demotic Papyri from Egypt into Julian dates

Further reading
 Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton (editors), Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Leiden: Brill, 2006.  Scribd copy

Category:Ancient Egypt

Egyptian chronology


Touraine () is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. In 1790 France changed from being divided into provinces to being divided into departments. Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, :Loir-et-Cher and Indre.

Geography

Touraine has a network of rivers. The Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne all make up a part of the Paris river basin. It is well known for its wine. The TGV connects Tours with Paris. The trip takes less than an hour. This has made Touraine a place of residence for people who work in the capital but seek a different quality of life.

History
Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the Tours region about two thousand years ago.
In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the counts of Anjou. This same dynasty who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154. The castle of Chinon was their great stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a Duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings. The castles were converted to Renaissance châteaux; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.

Famous natives
 René Descartes
 Honoré de Balzac

Famous non-natives
 Leonardo da Vinci died in Amboise in 1519
 Archibald Douglas, 4th Earl of Douglas, Duke of Touraine leader of the Army of Scotland in France during the Hundred Years' War.

Notes

References

Category:Geography of France
Category:Pays de la Loire
Category:Centre-Val de Loire

Touraine


Aubonne is a river of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The river flows into Lake Geneva near Aubonne.

Category:Rivers of Switzerland
Category:Vaud

Aubonne (river)


Inverse or Inversion could mean:

 Inverse (program), a program for solving Inverse and Optimization problems
 Inversion (music)
 Inversion (prosody), the reversal of the order of a foot's elements

 Inversion in postcolonial theory, a discursive strategy/gesture in cultural and subaltern studies
 Invert, a bmx trick
 Inverted pyramid, a way to arrange information in a news story
 Inverted sugar syrup

 Anastrophe, a literary device
 Mirror image
 Roller coaster inversions, which turn riders upside-down

Science
 Inverse (mathematics)
 Inversion (geometry), a particular type of conformal mapping
 Inverse problem, in science and mathematics, fitting a model to known data
 Inversion (geology), the relative uplift of a previously basinal area resulting from local shortening, in structural geology
 Inversion (meteorology), air temperature increasing with height
 Inversion (nuclear), The "island of inversion", a group of elements with abnormal nuclear shell structure
 Chromosomal inversion, where a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end
 Nitrogen inversion, a chemical process in which a trigonal nitrogen-containing structure turns inside-out
 Population inversion, in statistical mechanics, when a system exists in state with more members in an excited state than in lower energy states
 Sexual inversion, in biology, the switching from one sex to the opposite among some animal species.
 Sexual inversion (sexology), a term for reversal of gender roles, usually implying homosexuality, found primarily in older scientific literature
 Inversion (linguistics), a term referring to a number of different distinct grammatical constructions found in the languages of the world.

Technology
 Inverse multiplexer (or 'demultiplexer'), which breaks a single data stream into several streams with lower data rates
 Inverter (electrical), which converts direct current to alternating current
 Inverter (logic gate) (or 'NOT gate')
 Priority inversion, in which a low-priority task holds a shared resource that a high-priority task needs

Related pages
 Antonym, word pairs that are opposite in meaning
 Introversion and extroversion
 Inverse-square law, something is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
 Inverted river delta, the narrow end on the seafront, the wide end located farther inland
 Obverse and reverse, in coins
 Opposite
 Reverse
 Reverse perspective, in art, the farther the object, the larger it is drawn
 Voice inversion, a method of scrambling communications

Inverse


The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is the most successful Formula One race car driver of the year. The award is given by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the driver who scores the most points during a season.

The WDC was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe "Nino" Farina. The first driver to win more than one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953. The latest driver awarded the championship is called the reigning or defending champion. As of the end of the 2019 Formula One season, the reigning champion is Lewis Hamilton of Mercedes.

The FIA does not officially award the Championship until the end of the season. Sometimes one driver will be far ahead of the other drivers in points. Even if the leading driver scores no more points, none of the other drivers could pass his point total. When this happens, the driver is said to have clinched the Championship.

Champions

By season

Notes
Bold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).

 The  and  championships were run to Formula Two regulations.
 Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes.
 Rindt's championship was confirmed two rounds after he had been killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix.
 Michael Schumacher scored 78 points during the  season, 3 points behind Villeneuve, but was disqualified from the championship for deliberately colliding with Villeneuve in the final race of the season, the European Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points.

By driver
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Driver
!Total
!Seasons
|-
| Michael Schumacher
|  style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|7
|1994-1995, 2000-2004

|-
| Lewis Hamilton
|6
|2008, 2014, 2015, 2017-2019
|- style="“text-align:center;" vertical-align:top:”|6

| Juan Manuel Fangio
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;" |5
|1951, 1954-1957
|-
| Alain Prost
 Sebastian Vettel
|4
|1985-1986, 1989, 1993
2010-2013
|-
| Jack Brabham
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;" |3
|1959-1960, 1966
|-
| Jackie Stewart
|1969, 1971, 1973
|-
| Niki Lauda
|1975, 1977, 1984
|-
| Nelson Piquet
|1981, 1983, 1987
|-
| Ayrton Senna
|1988, 1990-1991
|-
| Alberto Ascari
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;" rowspan="6" |2
|1952-1953
|-
| Jim Clark
|1963, 1965
|-
| Graham Hill
|1962, 1968
|-
| Emerson Fittipaldi
|1972, 1974
|-
| Mika Häkkinen
|1998-1999
|-
| Fernando Alonso
|2005-2006
|-
| Nino Farina
| rowspan="17" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:top;"|1
|1950
|-
| Mike Hawthorn
|1958
|-
| Phil Hill
|1961
|-
| John Surtees
|1964
|-
| Denny Hulme
|1967
|-
| Jochen Rindt
|1970
|-
| James Hunt
|1976
|-
| Mario Andretti
|1978
|-
| Jody Scheckter
|1979
|-
| Alan Jones
|1980
|-
| Keke Rosberg
|1982
|-
| Nigel Mansell
|1992
|-
| Damon Hill
|1996
|-
| Jacques Villeneuve
|1997
|-
| Kimi Räikkönen
|2007
|-
| Jenson Button
|2009
Drivers still active in Formula One are in bold.

By country

By constructor

Constructors still active in Formula One are in bold.

Records

Youngest Drivers' Champion

Active drivers are in bold.
 Jochen Rindt's 1970 title was awarded after his death.

Oldest Drivers' Champion

Active drivers are in bold.

Most Drivers' Championships won in a row

Active drivers are in bold.

Related pages
 List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions
 Formula One World Championship scoring system

References

 GrandPrix.com - Grand Prix Encyclopedia
 Formula1.com - Hall of Fame
 ChicaneF1 - Drivers' Championships
 Formula 1 Championships

Category:Lists of sportspeople
*

List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions


Bismarck is the capital city of the U.S. state of North Dakota. It is also the county seat of Burleigh County. As of the census held in the year 2010, its population was 61,272. The population of its metropolitan area was 108,779.

Bismarck was founded in 1872. It has been North Dakota's capital since it gained statehood in 1889.

Bismarck is situated on the east bank of the Missouri River, directly across the river from Mandan. The two cities make up the core of the Bismarck-Mandan Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The North Dakota State Capitol, the tallest building in the state, towers over the central part of Bismarck. The state government employs more than 4,000 in the city.  As a hub of retail and health care, Bismarck is the economic center of a large portion of south-central North Dakota and north-central South Dakota.

References

Category:County seats in North Dakota
Category:State capitals in the United States
Category:1872 establishments in the United States
Category:1870s establishments in Dakota Territory

Bismarck, North Dakota


Winter sports are sports played during winter.  They often must be played on ice or snow.  The International Olympic Comittee has the Winter Olympics, which are every four years. In the Winter Olympics, people try to win at winter sports for their country. Cold countries, for example Russia, Canada and Norway, are good at winter sports.

Winter sports include:
Ice skating
Skiing
Snowboarding
Sleighing
Bobsleighing
Ice Hockey
Bandy
Curling
Snowmobile

Winter sport


Zilpha Keatley Snyder (May 11, 1927 – October 8, 2014) was an American author of books for children and young adults. Three of Snyder's works were named Newbery Honor books: The Egypt Game, The Headless Cupid and The Witches of Worm.

Snyder died in San Francisco, California from a stroke, aged 87.

References

Category:1927 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Cardiovascular disease deaths in California
Category:Deaths from stroke
Category:Writers from California

Zilpha Keatley Snyder


The name Ana was given to six tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean. So far, no tropical cyclone named Ana reached hurricane strength.

Tropical Storm Ana (1979) (see 1979 Atlantic hurricane season)
Tropical Storm Ana (1985) (see 1985 Atlantic hurricane season)
Tropical Storm Ana (1991) (see 1991 Atlantic hurricane season)
Tropical Storm Ana (1997) (see 1997 Atlantic hurricane season)
Tropical Storm Ana (2003)
Tropical Storm Ana (2009)

Tropical Storm Ana


is a Japanese football player. He plays for Persiram Raja Ampat. He has played for the Japanese national team.

Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="4"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||18||2||2||0||1||0||21||2
|-
|1998||25||0||1||0||6||1||32||1
|-
|1999||22||0||1||1||0||0||23||1
|-
|2000||27||1||3||1||2||0||32||2
|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||25||3||1||0||6||0||32||3
|-
|2002||29||1||3||0||6||0||38||1
|-
|2003||17||1||0||0||3||0||20||1
|-
|2004||rowspan="4"|Urawa Red Diamonds||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||19||1||3||0||7||1||29||2
|-
|2005||18||2||4||0||6||0||28||2
|-
|2006||3||0||3||0||5||1||11||1
|-
|2007||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||10||0||2||0||0||0||12||0
|-
|2008||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
213||11||23||2||42||3||278||16
213||11||23||2||42||3||278||16
|}

International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

References

 Japan Football Association
 Japan National Football Team Database
 National Football Teams

Category:1979 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Saitama Prefecture

Tomoyuki Sakai


Lucy-le-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France.

Category:Communes in Aisne

Lucy-le-Bocage


Samba is a kind of music, dancing, and singing, originally from Brazil. It began as a music/dance movement in the 1920s.

The dance of brazil.
Samba is a lively, rhythmical dance of Brazilian origin in 2/4 time. In ballroom dance there are three steps to every bar, making the samba feel something like a 3/4 timed dance. The timing is one, a-two, with the values about one beat, 1/4 beat, 3/4 beat.

There are two main types of samba that differ from each other: the modern ballroom samba, and the traditional samba of Brazil. Traditional Brazilian samba includes the samba which is danced solo at Carnival. In that case, the dancers take just one step on each beat.

Origins
The ballroom samba has its origins in Brazil at the beginning of the 20th century. Many steps can be traced back to the Maxixe danced in 1910s. A book published in France in 1928 already described how to perform the samba. The modern ballroom dance was created in England, mostly with steps adapted from those seen in Brazil. This version is now danced all over the world in international competitive dancing as regulated by the World Dance Council.

Style
Ballroom samba, like other ballroom dances, is a form adapted for its suitability as a partner dance. The dance movements, which do not change depending on the style of samba music being played, borrows some movements from Afro-Brazilian traditional dances such those used in candomblé rituals.

The ballroom samba is danced to music in 2/4 time. The basic movements are counted either 1-2 or 1-a-2, and are danced with a slight bouncing action. This action is created through the bending and straightening of the knees, with bending occurring on the beats of 1 and 2, and the straightening occurring on the "a". Samba is notable for its constantly changing rhythms however, with cross-rhythms being a common feature. Thus, common step values (in beats are):

Traditional Brazilian instruments
The following applies to the type of samba done during street carnivals where the musicians will move along with the dancers, sometimes on foot, sometimes on a motorized 'float' or platform.

The music is played with different instruments – bass drums (a surdo drum, used for keeping a steady beat), snare drums, a whistle (called an apito [a-peet-oh], used for beginning and ending sections of music), other types of untuned percussion, and different varieties of bells.

Other sections are when the apito blasts one rhythm, and all other instruments respond using another rhythm (that lasts the same amount of time as the first), named a call and response section; and a Samba piece can have instrument solos, when one instrument is playing an exciting rhythm. The apito caller signals the end of one section and the beginning of the next by blasting a short call. Pieces always have clear beginnings and ends.

Ballroom sambas are usually played by standard ballroom dance bands with one or two extra percussion instruments.

Other websites
 Dance Resources Samba syllabus
 Demonstration of basic figures by experts Allan Tornsberg and Serena Lecca

References

Category:Music genres
Category:Latin dances

Samba


Daniella Monet (born March 1, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She is best known for playing guest roles on television. She played Trina Vega in the Nickelodeon series Victorious. Also, she is a vegan and advocates for animal welfare.

Category:Actors from Los Angeles County, California
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people

Daniella Monet


The Amiga CDTV was a high-end game console and a home computer released by Commodore in March 1991.

The console was one of the first CD-based independent game consoles. However it was a commercial failure and was replaced by the Amiga CD32 in 1993.

Category:Commodore video game consoles
Category:Commodore computers

Amiga CDTV


The Hornbach chain () is a string of mountains, about 15 kilometres long. They are part of the Allgäu Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The Hornbach chain leaves the main ridge of the Allgäu Alps at the Öfnerspitze. It arcs from the north to the east. In the west another branch goes south, which is where the Großer Krottenkopf (2,656 m) is found. The mountain is the highest in the whole Allgäu Alps. On the main ridge of the Hornbach chain, the highest peaks are the Marchspitze (2,609 m), the Bretterspitze (2,608 m) and the Urbeleskarspitze (2,632 m). They are all in the ten most important summits of the Allgäu Alps.

Other reading / maps
 Dieter Seibert: Alpenvereinsführer Allgäuer Alpen und Ammergauer Alpen. Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, Munich, 2004.
 Alpenvereinskarte 2/1 Allgäuer-Lechtaler Alpen – West (2004 edition)
 Alpenvereinskarte 2/2 Allgäuer-Lechtaler Alpen – Ost (2006 edition)

Category:Allgäu Alps
Category:Mountain ranges of the Alps
Category:Mountain ranges of Germany
Category:Mountains of Austria

Hornbach chain


The 2014 FIFA World Cup Final was a football match that took place on 13 July 2014 at the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to determine the 2014 FIFA World Cup champion. Germany defeated Argentina 1–0 in extra time, with the only goal being scored by Mario Götze. The match was the third final between the two countries, a World Cup record, after their 1986 and 1990 matches, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany).

Road to the final

Match

Details

References

1
Category:July 2014 events
Category:2014 in association football
Category:2010s in Brazil

2014 FIFA World Cup Final


is the capital and the city of Saitama Prefecture in Japan. It is in the south-east of the prefecture. It includes the former cities of Urawa, Ōmiya, Yono and Iwatsuki. It is a city designated by government ordinance. It is about 15 - 30 kilometres north of central Tokyo, so many people commute from here into Tokyo.

History
The city was founded on May 1, 2001, and was designated on April 1, 2003 as a government ordinance. For the histories of Urawa, Ōmiya and Yono before the merger, see
Urawa-ku and Saitama, Ōmiya-ku and Saitama and Yono and Saitama, respectively.

On April 1, 2005, it merged with the city of Iwatsuki to its east, which became a new ward, Iwatsuki-ku.

Geography
The city is 20 to 30 km north of central Tokyo. This is the center of the Kantō Plain. The city is  mostly below 20 m above sea level. There are no mountains or hills in the city.

Wards

Saitama has ten wards (ku), which were assigned official colours as of April 2005:

Economy

Manufacturing includes automotive (Honda manufactures the Honda Legend here), food, optical, precision and pharmaceutical products. Iwatsuki is famous for manufacturing of hinamatsuri dolls and ornate kabuto (samurai helmets).

Transportation

Saitama is a regional transportation hub for both passengers and freight.

Ōmiya Station is the biggest railway hub in the prefecture.

The closest major airports are Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport, both about two hours away.

Railway Stations
  East Japan Railway Company
  Tōhoku, Akita, Yamagata, Jōetsu and Nagano Shinkansen
 -  -
  Utsunomiya Line
 -  -  - Ōmiya -  -  -
  Takasaki Line
 - Urawa - Saitama-Shintoshin - Ōmiya -  -
  Keihin-Tōhoku Line
 -  - Urawa -  -  - Saitama-Shintoshin - Ōmiya
  Saikyō Line
 -  -  -  -  -  - Ōmiya
  Musashino Line
 -  - Musashi-Urawa - Minami-Urawa -  -
  Kawagoe Line
 Ōmiya -  -  -  -
  Saitama Railway Corporation
  Saitama Rapid Railway Line
 -
  Tobu Railway
  Tōbu Noda Line
 Ōmiya -  -  -  -  -  -  -
  Saitama New Urban Transit
  New Shuttle
 Ōmiya -  -  -  -  -

Culture

Education

Universities
Mejiro University
Nihon University Faculty of Law
The Open University of Japan Omiya Study Center
Saitama University
Shibaura Institute of Technology
University of Human Arts and Sciences
Urawa University

Junior Colleges
 Kokusai Gakuin Saitama Junior College
 Urawa University Junior College

High Schools
 Omiya Nishi High School
 Omiya Kita High School
 Urawa High School
 Urawa Minami High school

Professional Graduate School
Omiya Law School

Sports
Saitama has two J. League football (soccer) teams: the Urawa Red Diamonds and Omiya Ardija.

Origin of the name "Saitama"
The name "Saitama" originally comes from the Sakitama (埼玉郡) district of what is now the city of Gyōda in the northern part of what is now known as Saitama Prefecture. "Sakitama" has an ancient history and is mentioned in the famous 8th century poetry anthology Man'yōshū. The pronunciation has changed from Sakitama to Saitama over the years.

With the merger of Urawa, Ōmiya, and Yono it was decided that a new name, one fitting for this newly-created prefectural capital, was needed. The prefectural name "Saitama" (埼玉県) was changed from kanji into hiragana, thus Saitama City (さいたま市) was born. It is the only prefectural capital in Japan whose name is always written in hiragana, and belongs to the list of hiragana cities.

However, Saitama written in hiragana (さいたま市) actually finished in second place in public polling to Saitama written in kanji (埼玉市). Despite this, government officials decided to name the new city Saitama in hiragana, not kanji. In third place in the poll was Ōmiya (大宮市). In fourth was Saitama (彩玉市), written with an alternative kanji for "sai" (彩) which means "colorful". The "sai" (埼) used in the prefectural name is a rare form of a common character (崎) that means cape or promontory.

Sister cities
Saitama has six sister cities.

  Toluca, Mexico (1979)
  Zhengzhou, China (1981)
  Hamilton, New Zealand (1984)
  Richmond, Virginia, United States (1994)
  Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada (1996)
  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States (1998)

Visitor attractions

 Akigase Park
 Besshonuma Park
 Hikawa Shrine
 John Lennon Museum
 Minuma Rice Paddies
 Ōmiya Bonsai Village
 Railway Museum
 Saitama Museum of Modern Art
 Saitama Stadium 2002
 Saitama Super Arena
 Sonic City

Other websites

 Official website in Japanese
 Official website in English

References

Category:Cities in Japan
Category:Settlements in Saitama Prefecture

Saitama, Saitama


George Glenn Jones (September 12, 1931 – April 26, 2013) was an American country music singer known for his long list of hit records, his distinctive voice and phrasing, and his marriage to Tammy Wynette.

Jones was born on September 12, 1931 in Saratoga, Texas. He was raised in Vidor, Texas.

Jones was married to Dorothy Bonvillion from 1950 until they divorced. Then he was married to Shirley Ann Corley from 1954 until they divorced in 1968. Then he was married to Tammy Wynette from 1969 until they divorced in 1975. Then he was married to Nancy Sepulvado from 1983 until his death in 2013. He had four children.

Jones died on April 26, 2013 in Nashville, Tennessee from respiratory failure, aged 81.

References

Other websites

Official Website

Record Label
at the Country Music Hall of Fame

Category:1931 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Deaths from respiratory failure
Category:American country musicians
Category:Singer-songwriters from Texas
Category:American guitarists

George Jones


Acute can mean:

Acute angle
Acute accent
Acute (medicine)
Acute toxicity

Acute


is a Japanese singer and songwriter.

Discography
Studio albums
 Excitement of Youth (青春のエキサイトメント)
 Momentary Sixth Sense (瞬間的シックスセンス)

Extended plays
 Tamago
 Nikumarekko Yo ni Habakaru
 Ai wo Tsutaetaida toka

Single

As lead artist
 "Anata Kaibou Junaika (Shine)" (貴方解剖純愛歌~死ね~)
 "Ikite Itanda yo na" (生きていたんだよな)
 "Ai wo Tsutaetaida toka" (愛を伝えたいだとか)
 "Kimi wa Rock wo Kikanai" (君はロックを聴かない)
 "Only Under the Full Moon"(満月の夜なら)
 "Marigold" (マリーゴールド)
 "Let the Night"(今夜このまま)
 "Haru no Hi" (ハルノヒ)
 "The Smell of a Midsummer Night" (真夏の夜の匂いがする)
 "Her Blue Sky" (空の青さを知る人よ)

As featured artist
 "Nakidashisou da yo" (泣き出しそうだよ) - (Radwimps featuring Aimyon)

Awards

References

Category:Japanese singers
Category:Songwriters
Category:Japanese musicians
Category:J-pop

Aimyon


Nathaniel Raphael Jones (May 12, 1926 – January 26, 2020) is an American judge and politician. He was a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit before his retirement in March 2002. He was general counsel of the NAACP.

Jones was nominated by President Jimmy Carter on August 28, 1979, to a seat vacated by John Weld Peck. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 4, 1979, and received commission on October 5, 1979. He was promoted to senior status on May 13, 1995. Jones retired from the bench on March 30, 2002.

Jones died on January 26, 2020 in Cincinnati, Ohio at the age of 93 from congestive heart failure.

References

Category:1926 births
Category:2020 deaths
Category:Deaths from congestive heart failure
Category:American judges
Category:Politicians from Cincinnati, Ohio
Category:People from Youngstown, Ohio
Category:US Democratic Party politicians

Nathaniel R. Jones


Cimarron is a city in Gray County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Gray County. In 2010 census, 2,184 people lived there.

History

Cimarron was first settled in 1878. It took its name from a fork in the Chisholm Trail. The fork led people to the Cimarron River.

Between 1887 and 1893, a county seat war happened in Gray County. It involved several famous Old West figures, such as Bat Masterson, Bill Tilghman, and Ben Daniels. Because of the dispute, Cimarron became the permanent county seat of Gray County.

In the early morning of June 10, 1893, Bill Doolin and four members of his gang robbed a train one-half mile east of Cimarron.

In 2016, the Southwest Chief owned by Amtrak derailed. Amtrak and BNSF filed a lawsuit against one of the companies in Cimarron for using a road vehicle to damage the rails.

Geography
Cimarron is at  (37.808332, −100.347413). The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

Weather
The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Cimarron has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps.

People

2010 census
The 2010 census says that there were 2,184 people, 789 households, and 569 families living in Cimarron.

Famous people
 Ian Campbell, former defensive end for Kansas State University
 Nicholas Klaine, journalist (editor of the Dodge City Times and New West Echo), built the Cimarron Hotel

Related pages
 Santa Fe Trail

References

Other websites

City
 City of Cimarron
 Cimarron – Directory of Public Officials
Schools
 USD 102, local school district
Maps
 Cimarron City Map, KDOT

Category:Cities in Gray County, KansasCategory:County seats in Kansas
Category:1878 establishments in the United States

Cimarron, Kansas


A knife is a metal tool with a sharpened metal blade that is used to cut all sorts of things. The plural form of "knife" is "knives."

Types of knives
 Cooking or kitchen knives: also known as the chef's knife. Several types of knives are used in cooking. Kitchen knives are sharp knives with wood or plastic handles used for chopping food and meat that is going to be cooked.
 Table knives: These knives are used to cut up food for eating. Some table knives are sharper than others, but none are as sharp as kitchen knives. Steak knives are sharper because they need to cut steak. Fish knives and butter knives are also used at the table and have rounded blades that are not sharp.
 Hunting knives are used for skinning animals.
 Fishing knives are used for cutting open fish.
 Construction knives and utility knives are used for cutting vinyl flooring, insulation, plastic sheathing, and carpet.
Pocket knives These knives are used often.
Butter knife A knife used to cut butter or spread things. Some people use it illegally to kill people.

Picking the right type of knife
There are many kinds of knives, depending what is to be cut. With the right knife, the cuts you want to make will happen faster and more easily. With the wrong kind of knife, it will take more effort to perform the same amount of work. When a knife is too small to cut something, a saw, axe, or power tool may be needed.

Illegal knives
Carrying knives is illegal in many countries, especially if the blade is longer than several inches. Another type of knife which is illegal in many places is the "switchblade," a knife that has a button which when pressed activates a spring to open the knife.

Related pages
 Scissors
 Guillotine
 Saw

References

Category:Basic English 850 words
Category:Food utensils
Category:Cutting tools
Category:Blades

Knife


Carbon–hydrogen bond activation or C-H activation is a reaction that breaks a carbon–hydrogen bond.  Most times, the reaction involves organometallic complexes. The reaction path has coordination of a hydrocarbon to the inner-sphere of the metal atom (“M”). The reaction path includes either an intermediate “alkane or arene complex” or as a transition state leading to a "M-C" intermediate. The reaction path makes C-H activation different from other reactions. During the C-H breaking event the hydrocarbyl group remains linked in the inner-sphere and under the influence of the metal atom.

Chemists study C-H activation because for many years chemists believed that C-H bonds were unreactive.  Both theoretical studies as well as experiments now show that C-H bonds can be broken. This is done by a nearby metal atom changing the electron distribution of the C-H bond (coordination).  Much chemical research looks at the design and synthesis of new reagents and catalysts that can affect C-H activation.  The goal of this research is the conversion of cheap and abundant alkanes into valuable functionalized organic compounds.

Historians say that Otto Dimroth discovered the first C-H activation reaction. In 1902, he reported that benzene reacted with mercury(II) acetate (See: organomercury), but some scholars do not view this reaction as being a C-H activation.  Goldman & Goldberg later wrote, C-H activation looks like H-H activation: both can be achieved by electrophilic or oxidative addition. The first true C-H activation reaction was reported by Joseph Chatt in 1965 with insertion of a ruthenium atom ligated to dmpe in the C-H bond of naphthalene.

Related pages
 Oxidative coupling of methane

References

Further reading
 “Activation of C-H Bonds by Metal Complexes”, A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 2879–2932.
 “Activation and Catalytic Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metal Complexes”, A. E. Shilov, G. B. Shul’pin, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 2000 (552 p) (Springer, ). https://www.springer.com/chemistry/physical+chemistry/book/978-0-7923-6101-5
 “Alkane C-H activation and functionalization with homogeneous transition metal catalysts: a century of progress – a new millennium in prospect”, R. H. Crabtree, J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, 17, 2437–2450.
 “Organometallic alkane CH activation”, R. H. Crabtree, J. Organometal. Chem. 2004, 689, 4083–4091.
 “Mechanistic Aspects of C−H Activation by Pt Complexes”, M. Lersch, M.Tilset, Chem. Rev. 2005, 105, 2471−2526.
 “Recent Advances in the Platinum-mediated CH Bond Functionalization”, A. N. Vedernikov, Curr. Org. Chem. 2007, 11, 1401−1416.
 “Catalytic C-H functionalization by metalcarbenoid and nitrenoid insertion”, H. M. L. Davies, J. R. Manning, Nature, 2008, 451, 417−424,
 "Mechanisms of C-H bond activation: rich synergy between computation and experiment”, Y. Boutadla, D. L. Davies, S. A. Macgregor, A. I. Poblador-Bahamonde, Dalton Trans. 2009, 5820−5831.
 “C-H Bond Activation in Transition Metal Species from a Computational Perspective”, D. Balcells, E. Clot, O. Eisenstein, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 749–823.
 “Palladium-Catalyzed Ligand-Directed C-H Functionalization Reactions”, T. W. Lyons, M. S. Sanford, Chem. Rev. 2010, 110, 1147–1169.
 “Selectivity enhancement in functionalization of C-H bonds: A review”, G. B. Shul’pin, Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8, 4217–4228.

Category:Organometallic chemistry

Carbon–hydrogen bond activation


Payne County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  At the 2000 census, 68,190 people lived there. Its county seat is Stillwater.

Geography
The county has a total area of 697 square miles.

Category:Oklahoma counties
Category:1907 establishments in Oklahoma

Payne County, Oklahoma


Roque Santa Cruz (born 16 August 1981) is a Paraguayan football player. He plays for Manchester City.

Club career statistics

|-
|1998||rowspan="2"|Olimpia Asunción||rowspan="2"|Primera División||9||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||3
|-
|1999||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||28||5||1||0||colspan="2"|-||15||1||44||6
|-
|2000/01||18||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0||24||5
|-
|2001/02||22||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||12||3||34||8
|-
|2002/03||14||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||1||16||6
|-
|2003/04||29||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||8||1||37||6
|-
|2004/05||2||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0
|-
|2005/06||13||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||2||0||15||4
|-
|2006/07||26||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||7||1||33||3

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="2"|Premier League||37||19||0||0||3||3||3||1||43||23
|-
|2008/09||20||4||4||1||3||1||colspan="2"|-||27||6
|-
|2009/10||Manchester City||Premier League||||||||||||||||||||
9||3||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||3
152||31||1||0||colspan="2"|-||52||7||205||38
57||23||4||1||6||4||3||1||70||29
218||57||5||1||6||4||55||8||284||70
|}

International career statistics

|-
|1999||8||4
|-
|2000||9||2
|-
|2001||4||1
|-
|2002||7||2
|-
|2003||5||1
|-
|2004||4||0
|-
|2005||5||3
|-
|2006||3||0
|-
|2007||12||5
|-
|2008||7||2
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||66||20
|}

References

Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Paraguayan footballers
Category:People from Asunción

Roque Santa Cruz


Amazonas is the name of four places in South American nations:

 Amazonas (Brazil), a state in Brazil
 Amazonas Department, Colombia
 Amazonas Region, Peru
 Amazonas (Venezuela), a state in Venezuela

Related pages
Amazon

Amazonas


William "Sandy" Pullar Jardine (31 December 1948 – 24 April 2014) was a Scottish professional footballer. Jardine played for Rangers, Hearts and represented Scotland.

Jardine died from liver cancer, aged 65.

Career statistics
Club

International

References

Other websites
Sandy Jardine proflie at Rangers.co.uk
Appearances at londonhearts.com
Scotland Appearances at londonhearts.com

Category:1948 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:1974 FIFA World Cup players
Category:1978 FIFA World Cup players
Category:Cancer deaths in the United Kingdom
Category:Deaths from liver cancer
Category:Scottish footballers
Category:Sportspeople from Edinburgh

Sandy Jardine


The Oval is a place in London, England where important cricket matches are played. The Oval is the home place for Surrey County Cricket Club when they play other counties and England often play their last home test matches there at the end of the summer.

The Oval is located in Kennington, South London. The nearest tube station is also called Oval but you can get to the place easily from Vauxhall station.

Category:Cricket

The Oval


A governor is a leader of some kind. In some countries, the governor is the leader of a state or a province. For instance, in the United States of America, each of the 50 states has a governor elected by its own people. The governor is the executive for the state's administrative processes.

In Australia and Canada a governor represents the monarch in ceremonies. In many countries such as Pakistan a provincial governor is appointed by the central government acting as the ceremonial head of the provinces.

Category:Government occupations

Governor


The Honda Center is a sports arena in Anaheim, California. The arena opened on June 19, 1993, and is the current home to the Anaheim Ducks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and will be the home of the future Los Angeles Kiss of the Arena Football League (AFL) in 2014.

The arena was originally known as Pond of Anaheim in 1993 and as Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim from 1993 to 2006. Honda acquired the naming rights for the arena in October 2006.

The arena has held many WWE events as well including: WrestleMania XII in 1996, the Royal Rumble in 1999, and WrestleMania 2000 in 2000.

References

Other websites
Official website

Category:Sports buildings in California
Category:1993 establishments in California

Honda Center


"Spice Up Your Life" is a 1997 dance pop song performed by Spice Girls. This single was from Spice Girls' second album Spiceworld.

The song received lukewarm reaction from the critics. Despite this, however, the song became a commercial success.

Category:1997 songs
Category:Spice Girls songs

Spice Up Your Life


The Swan River is an important river in Western Australia.  It runs past the city of Perth and into the Indian Ocean at Fremantle.

Category:Rivers of Australia
Category:Perth, Western Australia
Category:Geography of Western Australia

Swan River


Navassa Island, or La Navase in Haitian Creole, is a small island without anyone living on it in the Caribbean Sea. It is located ninety miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. The United States government claims the two-square-mile island as a territory of the United States, and it is under control of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The island is also claimed by Haiti.

Some sailors sailing with Christopher Columbus named Navassa  in 1504, because no fresh water could be found there.

A captain named Peter Duncan gave it to the U.S. in the late 1850s, for the purpose of guano mining. After a rebellion in 1889, and the Spanish-American War of 1898, the mining was put to an end.

With the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Navassa became important again, because of a lighthouse being built there. After World War II, no one lived on it again.

In 1996, Navassa's light was put out of use, and the island was transferred to the U.S. Department of the Interior. Three years later in 1999, the Fish and Wildlife Service received ownership of the island.

History
Navassa became a U.S. insular area in October 1857, when a representative of the Baltimore Fertilizer Company took possession of the island in the name of the United States pursuant to the Guano Act of August 18, 1856 (Title 48, U.S. Code, sections 1411-19). In 1889 the island's actual operation passed to the Navassa Phosphate Company. All operations were abandoned in 1898, when the island became effectively uninhabited.

Geography
Navassa Island is three square miles in area. Navassa lies about one hundred miles south of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, about thirty miles west of Cape Tiburon, Haiti, at the southwest entrance to the Windward Passage, east of Kingston, Jamaica. Navassa's climate is marine and tropical.

Its terrain is a raised coral and limestone plateau, flat to undulating, ringed by vertical white cliffs, approximately nine to fifteen yards high. Navassa's environment is mostly exposed rock. However, it has enough grassland to support goat herds. Dense stands of fig-like trees and scattered cactus also exist. Only one tenth of the island's land is meadows or pastures. Navassa has no ports and only off-shore anchorage.

Political status
In 1976, the U.S. Coast Guard determined that the lighthouse on Navassa was no longer of any value to the U.S. Government and was ceasing its exercise of any interest in the island. However, the U.S. Coast Guard's ceasing to administer Navassa's use did not have any bearing at all on the United States sovereignty over the island, which remained constant regardless of the administering Federal agency or office. Consequently, under the provisions of Title 43, U.S.Code, section 1458, the Department of the Interior assumed responsibility for the civil administration of the U.S. insular area.

Acting under the authority that the Secretary of the Interior delegated to him in Secretary's Order No. 3205 (January 16, 1997) and Amendment No. 1 (January 14, 1998) to Secretary's Order No. 3205 and in fulfillment of his responsibilities as the civil administrator of the United States insular area of Navassa Island, the Director of the Office of Insular Affairs advises all persons interested in visiting Navassa Island that, having made a preliminary review of the island's ecology, he has decided indefinitely not to allow visits to the island and its surrounding waters until he has received a further assessment of the island's environment and conservation status. As used in this notice, the term "surrounding waters" includes the waters surrounding Navassa Island seaward to a line twelve (12) nautical miles distant from Navassa Island's coastlines. The Director of the Office of Insular Affairs intends that nothing in this notice shall deny or impair the right of innocent passage in the waters surrounding Navassa Island.

On September 2, 1999, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service established the Navassa Island Wildlife Refuge as an overlay. As of December 3, 1999, the Office of Insular Affairs ceased to have any administrative responsibility for Navassa. A Secretary's order of that date transferred full administration of Navassa from the Office of Insular Affairs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

References

Other websites

 STATE OF NAVAZA
 Navassa Island profile - OIA
 A tour of Navassa Island - USGS
 Bill Warren's site laying out his claim to Navassa Island
 Site that supports the Haitian claim to Navassa
 Fabio Spadi (2001) "Navassa: Legal Nightmares in a Biological Heaven?" Boundary & Security Bulletin, autumn edition

Category:United States Minor Outlying Islands
Category:Caribbean islands
Category:Uninhabited regions

Navassa Island


Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel (June 8, 1925– June 18, 1961) is a former professional baseball player. Gaedel played in his only major league game on August 19, 1951, against the Detroit Tigers. He got walked on four pitches in a row and was taken out of the game. Gaedel was officially listed as standing  and weighing .

References

Other websites

MLB
Eddie Gaedel at Baseball Library.com
ESPN.com article: "Short on size, long on history"
Box score for the Gaedel game

Category:1925 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:Major League Baseball players
Category:People with dwarfism
Category:Sportspeople from Chicago

Eddie Gaedel


The Viking invasion of Britain in 865 AD is sometimes called
the Great Heathen Army, or Great Danish Army or the Great Viking Army. Previous invasions were for loot, but this one led to semi-permanent settlement.

A large force of Danish Vikings attacked Anglo-Saxon England. This army appeared in East Anglia in 865. Unlike earlier Vikings who made brief raids on England, the Great army stayed for many years in an attempt to conquer all of England.

Early Viking raids
The first recorded Viking attack in England was in 793 at Lindisfarne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reported " the havoc of heathen men miserably destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne." There were many reasons that Vikings began attacking England. The populations of Norway had been growing between the 7th and 9th centuries. The Vikings were pagans who often had several wives and many sons. These young men filled the ranks of armies and joined ship's crews to go on adventures. The beginning of trade between Europe and England had opened up great trading centers. Vikings were traders but at the same time resorted to piracy when it suited them. This was especially true when they found new lands and people who were not well protected.

The first raiders from the north who set foot in England were from Norway. They sacked and killed monks at Lindisfarne and at Jarrow the following year. The Norwegian Vikings then established colonies in the Shetland and Orkney Islands. They also settled in Ireland. The Vikings from Norway only came back to England in the 10th century and from their settlements in Ireland. The Swedes, called the Rus, were to later expand eastwards into Russia. In 835 there was a raid at the mouth of the River Thames by Danish Vikings. For the next thirty years these attacks on England continued. In 850 Canterbury and London were attacked by a Danish band led by Rorik. He was defeated and killed the next year by Athelwulf of Wessex. Only twice had a Danish army spent the winter in England: in 850 and 854.

The Great Army
In 865 the Danish Vikings changed their tactics. A large army made up of many smaller bands landed in East Anglia. For over a decade they remained in England destroying entire kingdoms as they went. The Danes spent the winter in East Anglia. The local people bought peace with the Vikings by supplying them with horses. After a year they moved northwards to Northumbria now a mounted army. They captured York and defeated two Northumbrian kings, Aella and Osbert, who joined forces to attack the Danes. Both kings were killed. In 867 they appointed a client-king named Ecgberht over the Northumbrians.  In the fall of that year they moved south into Mercia. The Danes made their winter camp at Nottingham. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred for their help against the Danes. The Danes did not fight but allowed the Mercians to pay them for peace.

The Vikings later withdrew to York. The next year, 871, the great Viking army grew much larger. After twelve months in York, the great army moved south again into East Anglia. Setting up winter quarters at Thetford they defeated King Edmund of East Anglia. Next, in the fall of 870 they moved to Reading. Athelred with his brother Alfred arrived with their army to meet the new threat. In the battle that followed, the Battle of Reading, both sides suffered many casualties. Athelred's army was defeated. Four days later the two armies met again at the Battle of Ashdown. This time the West Saxons won the victory and the Vikings retreated to Reading. Two weeks later Athelred and Alfred led the West Saxons against the Danes at Basing where the Danes won. Two months passed without any fighting between them. The next battle was at a place called Merantun. After a day long battle which the English were winning, the Danes were able to regain their lost ground. Just after mid-April in 871, Athelred died. At this point Wessex was the last remaining kingdom that hadn't been destroyed by the Vikings. Within a month, Alfred, who replaced his brother as king, was defeated at Wilton. There were nine more battles between the West Saxons and the Danes in the next year. Wessex finally paid the Vikings for peace which ended the fighting. Alfred remained on the throne. Of the two known leaders of the Danes, Ivar the Boneless disappeared from the records after 871. His brother Halfdan Ragnarsson was still the leader when the Danes withdrew from Wessex to winter in London the same year.

In 872 the Northumbrians rebelled against the Danes and ejected King Ecgberht. They placed King Ricsige on the throne. Ecgberht took refuge in Mercia. The Danes came north to put down the rebellion, but succeeded only in subduing Deira. Within a few weeks the Danes set up their winter camp at Torksey in Mercia. The Danes had operated as a single army for nine years. But in 874 it divided into two armies. They never reunited.

The Danelaw

In 874 Halfdan took his followers north to camp at the mouth of the River Tyne. They raided the Picts and Britons in Strathclyde for the next year. But there was little gain in raiding these poorer areas. The Danes had plundered the wealth of most of England and little was left. Halfdan began settling his men in the area of York. The other army led by Gutheram, Oscytel and Arnuld was still fighting against Wessex at the time. By 876 they had concluded a peace with Wessex. In late 878 Guthrum's band withdrew to Cirencester in Mercia. In 879 they moved to East Anglia. The leader Guthrum, known by his Christian name Aethelstan, reigned as king until his death in 890. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 'they occupied the land and shared it out.' In 878 a new Danish army was camped at Fulham. But by 879 they had left England for the Low Countries.

The settling of a large part of conquered England by the Danes became known as the Danelaw. It became the part of England where the laws and customs were Danish not English. At this point England became divided into three parts. These were Wessex, English Mercia and the Danelaw. The Danelaw was a mixture of the native populations and the members of the great army who settled there. Many placenames were Danish. Many of the words in the English vocabulary have Danish origins. As late as the 11th century when a Scandinavian came to England he did not feel out of place. The languages was the same and the customs were the same. This was true until the Norman conquest of England in 1066 when French was introduced into England.

Notes

Related pages
 Danelaw
 Viking Age
 History of England

References

Category:9th century in England
Category:Danish people
Category:860s
Category:870s
Category:History of the Netherlands

Viking invasion of Britain


Pierre Monteux (born Paris, 4 April 1875; died Hancock, Maine, 14 July 1964) was a French-born conductor who later became a American citizen.  He was one of the great conductors of his time.

Life
Monteux was born in Paris and started to learn the violin when he was six.  When he was nine he learned at the Paris Conservatoire.  When he was twelve he conducted an orchestra in Paris with the pianist Alfred Cortot as soloist.  He played in orchestras, and was the principal of the viola section in the first performance of Debussy’s opera Pelléas et Mélisande.  He started to conduct some of the concerts in the series Concerts Colonne.

Monteux also played his viola in chamber music.  He played a string quartet by Brahms with the composer in the audience.

Monteux soon became famous as a conductor.  He conducted the orchestra for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes, conducting the first performances of Stravinskys 'Petrouchka, Rite of Spring as well as Ravel’s Daphnis et Chloé and Debussy’s Jeux.  These were some of the greatest ballets of the 20th century.

In 1916 Monteux went to the USA and conducted the French operas at the Metropolitan Opera.  In 1920 he moved to Boston, conducting many new works by Debussy, Chausson, Darius Milhaud and others.  In 1924 he became assistant conductor at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam.  He started the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris in 1929, and also a school for conducting, the École Monteux, in Paris. Later he continued this teaching in his American home in Maine. Neville Marriner and André Previn were two of his pupils.

In 1936 he became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.  He stayed with this orchestra until 1952.  He made this orchestra internationally famous.  In 1942 he became an American citizen.  In the 1950s he often conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Monteux continued to conduct until shortly before his death at the age of 89.    In 1961 he was appointed chief conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for 25 years, although he did not live long enough to fulfil this.   He conducted this orchestra in 1963 in a performance of the Rite of Spring, fifty years after he had conducted the first performance.

Monteux’s conducting
Monteux always prepared his work very carefully.  He was not a conductor who liked to show off.  He rehearsed his orchestras thoroughly, and conducted with small gestures.  Although he made gramophone recordings, he did not like recordings.  He preferred concerts with a live audience.  He received many honours, including the Légion d’honneur and the Knight of the Order of Oranje Nassau.

References

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;

Category:1875 births
Category:1964 deaths
Category:French conductors
Category:American conductors

Pierre Monteux


A V12 engine often just called a V12 is an internal combustion engine with 12 cylinders. The engine has six cylinders on each side called banks. The two banks form a "V" shaped angle. In most engines, the two banks are at a 60° angle to each other. All twelve pistons turn a common crankshaft. It can be powered by different types of fuels, including gasoline, diesel and natural gas.

Each cylinder bank is basically a straight-6. This set-up has perfect balance no matter which V angle is used. A V12 engine does not need balance shafts. A V12 angled at 45°, 60°, 120°, or 180° from each other has even firing and is smoother than a straight-6. This provides a smooth running engine for a luxury car. In a racing car, the engine can be made much lighter. This makes the engine more responsive and smoother. In a large heavy-duty engine, a V12 can run slower, and  prolonging engine life.

Aviation

V12 engines were first used in aircraft. By the end of World War I, V12s were popular in the fighters and bombers. Many Zeppelins had V12 engines.

The Rolls-Royce Merlin V12 powered the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire fighters that played a vital role in Britain's victory in the Battle of Britain. The long, narrow configuration of the V12 contributed to good aerodynamics, while its exceptional smoothness allowed its use with relatively light and fragile airframes.

After World War II, V12 engines were mostly replaced by turbojet and turboprop engines. These engines produced more power for their weight, and fewer problems in large aircraft.

Road cars

In cars, V12 engines are not common because of their complexity and cost. They are normally found only in high-end sports cars and luxury cars. For these cars, they are desired for their power, low vibration, and distinctive sound.

Before World War II, V12 engines were found in many luxury cars. In the 1930s, V8 engines started to replace the V12s. The V8 engine design was improved to make it lighter and produce more power than the V12. Since World War II, only a few car manufactures have used V12 engines.

In 1997, Toyota equipped their Century Limousine with a 5.0 L V12, making it the first Japanese production passenger car with a V12. In 2009, China FAW Group Corporation equipped their Hongqi HQE with a 6.0 L V12, making it the first Chinese production passenger car so equipped.

Auto racing

In the past, V12 engines were common in Formula One and endurance racing. Ferrari used V12 engines in 1950, the first year of Formula One. Several factors made teams stop using the V12 engine. Improvements to the V8 engine, in particular Ford Cosworth engine. Small, lightweight turbocharged engines were developed that produced more power for the weight. And finally rule changes that limited the size of engines and the power they could produce.

In the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, the first place car was a Audi R10 TDI, with a V12 diesel engine. The second place car was a Peugeot 908, also with a V12 diesel.

Large diesel engines
V12 is a common configuration for large diesel engines. Heavy trucks often use large V12 engines. Many diesel locomotives have V12 engines. Mercedes (MTU) builds V12 diesel engines for marine use.

V12 is a common configuration for tanks and other armored fighting vehicles (AFVs).

References

Other websites
 Technical history of the Jaguar V12

Category:Motors

V12 engine


Angelino Alfano (; born 31 October 1970) is an Italian politician. He served in the government of Italy as Minister of Foreign Affairs from 12 December 2016 to 1 June 2018.

Career
Alfano was also Minister of the Interior from 28 April 2013 to 12 December 2016, serving in the governments of Matteo Renzi and Enrico Letta; from 2013 to 2014. He held the office of Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, as part of the Letta Cabinet, and previously served as Minister of Justice from 2008 to 2011 as part of the Silvio Berlusconi Cabinet. He was the first and only secretary of the centre-right party The People of Freedom (PdL) from 2011 to 2013.

In November 2013 he became leader of the New Centre-Right party which is a split from the PdL.

Personal life
He is married to Tiziana Miceli, a civil lawyer. They have two sons.

References

Other websites

Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian politicians

Angelino Alfano


Winesap is a kind of apple. It is a medium sized and dark red. The flesh of the apple is yellow. Winesap apples have a sweet and tart taste. They are grown in Washington, Oregon, Georgia, and Virginia.

Category:Apples

Winesap


New Year's Eve is called "Omisoka" in Japan. People in Japan often eat "Toshikoshi soba ()”. People eat it with the wish of living a simple and long life next year.

Category:Japanese culture
Category:Buddhism

Ōmisoka


Rupperswil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

Category:Municipalities of Aargau

Rupperswil


Entronque de Herradura is a village in the western province of Pinar del Río, Cuba. It is one of the 13 villages of the municipality Consolación del Sur. It covers 59.84 km². It was founded in 1907.

Other websites

Category:Settlements in Cuba
Category:Villages in North America
Category:1907 establishments in North America
Category:20th-century establishments in Cuba

Entronque de Herradura


Lacommande is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques département in the southwestern part of France.

Lacommande

Lacommande


The Hoopoe (Upupa epops), is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers.

It is the only living species in the family Upupidae. One insular species, the Giant Hoopoe of Saint Helena, is recently extinct, and the Madagascar subspecies of the Hoopoe is sometimes elevated to a full species. The English name is derived from Latin upupa, which imitates the cry of the bird.

Taxonomy
The Hoopoe is classified in the Coraciiformes clade, a group that also includes kingfishers, bee-eaters, rollers, and woodhoopoes (forming a clade with this one according to Hackett et al. (2008)). A close relationship between the Hoopoe and the woodhoopoes is also supported by the shared and unique nature of their stapes.

Subspecies

Nine subspecies of Hoopoe are recognised by the Kristin 2001 (in the Handbook of the Birds of the World). These subspecies vary mostly in size and the depth of colour in the plumage. Two more subspecies have been proposed, U. e. minor in South Africa and U. e. orientalis in north western India.

References

Category:Birds of Africa
Category:Birds of Europe
Category:Birds of Asia
Category:Coraciiformes

Hoopoe


Events
 May 23 — Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V.
 War ends between Toulouse and Provence.
 The castle of Nassau is built.
 Magnus the Strong becomes ruler of Sweden.
 June 11 — The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Azaz.

Births
 Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (d. 1194)
 Lu You, Chinese poet (d. 1210)

Deaths
 January 24 — King David IV of Georgia (b. 1073).
 April 12 — Vladislav I of Bohemia.
 May 19 — Vladimir Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev.
 May 23 — Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1081).
 October 21 — Cosmas of Prague, Bohemian chronicler.
 Eustace III of Boulogne.
 Ingold II, ruler of Sweden (b. 1105).

da:1120'erne#1125

1125


Bigge is a river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It flows into the Lenne in Finnentrop.

Category:Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:Rivers of Germany

Bigge (river)


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in  Mali may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. According to the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 98% of Malian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society. This was one of the highest rate of non-acceptance in the 45 countries surveyed. Same-sex sexual activity is not a crime in Mali. But according to a 2013 report on Human Rights in Mali "the law prohibits association 'for an immoral purpose'". About 90% of Mali's population is Muslim.

Mali has long been attacked by Islamic rebels and militants. This has put gays at risk. In 2013 Islamist extremists took over the northern part of Mali. France sent 3,500 troops to help Mali. The extremists took over the town of Gao and enforced strict Sharia law. This religious law of Islam punishes  gay men by execution. French troops were able to rescue two Malian men who were about to be executed for homosexuality.

Summary table

References

Category:Mali
Mali

LGBT rights in Mali


The 2014 Rogers Cup presented by National Bank (named as a result of a sponsor) is a tennis tournament which takes place on outdoor Hardcourts. It started on 2 August and will end on 10 August. The tournament is in the 125th year of the Canadian Open which is a tournament that takes place yearly. The men's and women's tournaments switch between Toronto and Montreal.

The tournament is part of the 2014 ATP World Tour and 2014 WTA Tour. It is used to prepare players for the 2014 US Open.

Ranking points and prize money

Seeded players
A seed is a competitor who is given special placement in a tournament. This is so they do not meet the best players until the later rounds in the tournament. Usually they meet in the third round and may have received a pass into the second round.

Men's Singles

Women's Singles

Men's Doubles

Women's Doubles

Finals

Men's Singles

Women's Singles

Men's Doubles

Women's Doubles

Sources

Other websites
Official website

Category:2014 ATP World Tour
Category:2014 WTA Tour
Category:2014 in tennis
Category:Hard court tennis tournaments
Category:Sport in Canada
Category:2014 in Canada
Category:2010s in Toronto
Category:21st century in Montreal
Category:August 2014 events

2014 Rogers Cup


Kaltag  is a town in Alaska. Kaltag is on the west bank of the Yukon River, 120 km (75 miles) west of Galena. In 2002, there were 230 people living in Kaltag. Most of the people who live in Kaltag are native Americans.

History
The first people to live in the area were the Koyokon people, part of the Athabascan nation. They used Kaltag as a cemetery for surrounding villages. It is on an old walking track which led west through the mountains to Unalakleet. The Athabascans had many camps in the area. They moved as the animals they hunted for food moved to different areas. There were 12 summer fish camps on the Yukon River between the Koyukuk River and the Nowitna River.

The Russians named Kaltag after a Koyokon man named Kaltaga.

In 1839 smallpox killed many of the people who lived in the area.

When the United States took over Alaska, the army built a telegraph line along the north side of the Yukon River. A trading post opened around 1880. There was a gold rush in 1884-85. Steamboats travelled along the river carrying supplies for the gold miners. In 1900 there were 46 steamboats on the river. Measles and food shortages during 1900 reduced the population of the area by one-third. The village of Kaltag began after this when the people who were left in three nearby villages moved to the area.

By 1906, most of the people looking gold had left for Fairbanks or Nome. The Galena lead mines opened 1919. Kaltag was down the river from the mines and grew as a point on the transportation route for the mines. It declined in the 1940s as mining declined.

The old cemetery was washed into the river around 1937. An airport and medical clinic were built during the 1960s.

Kaltag today
Kaltag has a week long Stick Dance Festival every two years that draws visitors from many other villages. This festival is held by relatives of people who have died, to thank those who helped during their time of mourning.

Most of the people in Kaltag live by hunting and fishing. Salmon, whitefish, moose, bear, waterfowl and berries are the main foods.

References

Category:Cities in Alaska

Kaltag, Alaska


Silvia Bel (Catalan: Sílvia Bel i Busquet) (born June 24, 1970) is a Spanish actor of theater, film, and television.  She is known for the films Painless, The Next Skin, and Com si fos ahir.  In 2012 she received the Margarita Xirgu Memorial Award for the best female performance of the Barcelona theater season for her part in "La Ciutat".

Life

Bel was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, in Spain.  She was married to actor Karra Elejalde.  They had one daughter.  She studied theater at the Institut del Teatre in Barcelona.

References

Other websites

 Sílvia Bel

Category:Living people
Category:Spanish people
Category:Actors
Category:1970 births
Category:People from Catalonia

Silvia Bel


Basappa Danappa Jatti   (10 September 1913 – 7 June 2002) was an Indian politician. He was the fifth Vice President of India from 1974 to 1979. He was Acting President of India from 11 February to 25 July 1977. He was a member of the Indian National Congress. Jatti was born in Savalagi, Bombay Presidency, British India.

Jatti died on 7 June 2002 in Bangalore, Karnataka, India from kidney cancer at the age of 88.

References

Category:1913 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Deaths from kidney cancer
Category:Vice Presidents of India
Category:Presidents of India

B. D. Jatti


Grudge Match is a sports movie. It was released in December 2013. The movie is about major boxing fights. The fights happen after one of the participants is fired from the local shipyard. Robert De Niro plays Billy "The Kid" McDonnen, Sylvester Stallone plays Henry Sharp and Kim Basinger plays Sally.

The critics did not give good reviews for Grudge Match. Overall box office was not good.

Category:Sports comedy movies
Category:2013 movies

Grudge Match