modeling_qformer.py

# SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2025 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

# Copyright (c) 2023, salesforce.com, inc.
# All rights reserved.
# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause
# For full license text, see the LICENSE file in the repo root or https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause

"""Q-Former module.

Code adapted from:
https://github.com/salesforce/LAVIS/blob/main/lavis/models/blip2_models/Qformer.py
"""

import math
from logging import getLogger
from typing import Literal, Tuple

import torch
import torch.utils.checkpoint
from torch import Tensor, device, nn
from torch.nn import CrossEntropyLoss
from transformers import GenerationMixin
from transformers.activations import ACT2FN
from transformers.modeling_outputs import (
    BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions,
    BaseModelOutputWithPoolingAndCrossAttentions,
    CausalLMOutputWithCrossAttentions,
)
from transformers.modeling_utils import (
    PreTrainedModel,
    apply_chunking_to_forward,
    find_pruneable_heads_and_indices,
    prune_linear_layer,
)
from transformers.models.bert.configuration_bert import BertConfig

logger = getLogger(__file__)


class BertEmbeddings(nn.Module):
    """Construct the embeddings from word and position embeddings."""

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.word_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.vocab_size, config.hidden_size, padding_idx=config.pad_token_id)
        self.position_embeddings = nn.Embedding(config.max_position_embeddings, config.hidden_size)

        # self.LayerNorm is not snake-cased to stick with TensorFlow model variable name and be able to load
        # any TensorFlow checkpoint file
        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)

        # position_ids (1, len position emb) is contiguous in memory and exported when serialized
        self.register_buffer("position_ids", torch.arange(config.max_position_embeddings).expand((1, -1)))
        self.position_embedding_type = getattr(config, "position_embedding_type", "absolute")

        self.config = config

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids=None,
        position_ids=None,
        query_embeds=None,
        past_key_values_length=0,
    ):
        if input_ids is not None:
            seq_length = input_ids.size()[1]
        else:
            seq_length = 0

        if position_ids is None:
            position_ids = self.position_ids[:, past_key_values_length : seq_length + past_key_values_length].clone()

        if input_ids is not None:
            embeddings = self.word_embeddings(input_ids)
            if self.position_embedding_type == "absolute":
                position_embeddings = self.position_embeddings(position_ids)
                embeddings = embeddings + position_embeddings

            if query_embeds is not None:
                embeddings = torch.cat((query_embeds, embeddings), dim=1)
        else:
            embeddings = query_embeds

        embeddings = self.LayerNorm(embeddings)
        embeddings = self.dropout(embeddings)
        return embeddings


# TODO: add more efficient attention kernels like FlashAttention V2/V3.
class BertSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config, is_cross_attention):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        if config.hidden_size % config.num_attention_heads != 0 and not hasattr(config, "embedding_size"):
            raise ValueError(
                "The hidden size (%d) is not a multiple of the number of attention "
                "heads (%d)" % (config.hidden_size, config.num_attention_heads)
            )

        self.num_attention_heads = config.num_attention_heads
        self.attention_head_size = int(config.hidden_size / config.num_attention_heads)
        self.all_head_size = self.num_attention_heads * self.attention_head_size

        self.query = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size)
        if is_cross_attention:
            self.key = nn.Linear(config.encoder_width, self.all_head_size)
            self.value = nn.Linear(config.encoder_width, self.all_head_size)
        else:
            self.key = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size)
            self.value = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, self.all_head_size)

        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.attention_probs_dropout_prob)
        self.position_embedding_type = getattr(config, "position_embedding_type", "absolute")
        if self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key" or self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key_query":
            self.max_position_embeddings = config.max_position_embeddings
            self.distance_embedding = nn.Embedding(2 * config.max_position_embeddings - 1, self.attention_head_size)
        self.save_attention = False

    def save_attn_gradients(self, attn_gradients):
        self.attn_gradients = attn_gradients

    def get_attn_gradients(self):
        return self.attn_gradients

    def save_attention_map(self, attention_map):
        self.attention_map = attention_map

    def get_attention_map(self):
        return self.attention_map

    def transpose_for_scores(self, x):
        new_x_shape = x.size()[:-1] + (
            self.num_attention_heads,
            self.attention_head_size,
        )
        x = x.view(*new_x_shape)
        return x.permute(0, 2, 1, 3)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states,
        attention_mask=None,
        head_mask=None,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        encoder_attention_mask=None,
        past_key_value=None,
        output_attentions=False,
    ):
        # If this is instantiated as a cross-attention module, the keys
        # and values come from an encoder; the attention mask needs to be
        # such that the encoder's padding tokens are not attended to.
        is_cross_attention = encoder_hidden_states is not None

        if is_cross_attention:
            key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.key(encoder_hidden_states))
            value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.value(encoder_hidden_states))
            attention_mask = encoder_attention_mask
        elif past_key_value is not None:
            key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.key(hidden_states))
            value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.value(hidden_states))
            key_layer = torch.cat([past_key_value[0], key_layer], dim=2)
            value_layer = torch.cat([past_key_value[1], value_layer], dim=2)
        else:
            key_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.key(hidden_states))
            value_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(self.value(hidden_states))

        mixed_query_layer = self.query(hidden_states)

        query_layer = self.transpose_for_scores(mixed_query_layer)

        past_key_value = (key_layer, value_layer)

        # Take the dot product between "query" and "key" to get the raw attention scores.
        attention_scores = torch.matmul(query_layer, key_layer.transpose(-1, -2))

        if self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key" or self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key_query":
            seq_length = hidden_states.size()[1]
            position_ids_l = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long, device=hidden_states.device).view(-1, 1)
            position_ids_r = torch.arange(seq_length, dtype=torch.long, device=hidden_states.device).view(1, -1)
            distance = position_ids_l - position_ids_r
            positional_embedding = self.distance_embedding(distance + self.max_position_embeddings - 1)
            positional_embedding = positional_embedding.to(dtype=query_layer.dtype)  # fp16 compatibility

            if self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key":
                relative_position_scores = torch.einsum("bhld,lrd->bhlr", query_layer, positional_embedding)
                attention_scores = attention_scores + relative_position_scores
            elif self.position_embedding_type == "relative_key_query":
                relative_position_scores_query = torch.einsum("bhld,lrd->bhlr", query_layer, positional_embedding)
                relative_position_scores_key = torch.einsum("bhrd,lrd->bhlr", key_layer, positional_embedding)
                attention_scores = attention_scores + relative_position_scores_query + relative_position_scores_key

        attention_scores = attention_scores / math.sqrt(self.attention_head_size)
        if attention_mask is not None:
            # Apply the attention mask is (precomputed for all layers in BertModel forward() function)
            attention_scores = attention_scores + attention_mask

        # Normalize the attention scores to probabilities.
        attention_probs = nn.Softmax(dim=-1)(attention_scores)

        if is_cross_attention and self.save_attention:
            self.save_attention_map(attention_probs)
            attention_probs.register_hook(self.save_attn_gradients)

        # This is actually dropping out entire tokens to attend to, which might
        # seem a bit unusual, but is taken from the original Transformer paper.
        attention_probs_dropped = self.dropout(attention_probs)

        # Mask heads if we want to
        if head_mask is not None:
            attention_probs_dropped = attention_probs_dropped * head_mask

        context_layer = torch.matmul(attention_probs_dropped, value_layer)

        context_layer = context_layer.permute(0, 2, 1, 3).contiguous()
        new_context_layer_shape = context_layer.size()[:-2] + (self.all_head_size,)
        context_layer = context_layer.view(*new_context_layer_shape)

        outputs = (context_layer, attention_probs) if output_attentions else (context_layer,)

        outputs = outputs + (past_key_value,)
        return outputs


class BertSelfOutput(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor):
        hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor)
        return hidden_states


class BertAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config, is_cross_attention=False):
        super().__init__()
        self.self = BertSelfAttention(config, is_cross_attention)
        self.output = BertSelfOutput(config)
        self.pruned_heads = set()

    def prune_heads(self, heads):
        if len(heads) == 0:
            return
        heads, index = find_pruneable_heads_and_indices(
            heads,
            self.self.num_attention_heads,
            self.self.attention_head_size,
            self.pruned_heads,
        )

        # Prune linear layers
        self.self.query = prune_linear_layer(self.self.query, index)
        self.self.key = prune_linear_layer(self.self.key, index)
        self.self.value = prune_linear_layer(self.self.value, index)
        self.output.dense = prune_linear_layer(self.output.dense, index, dim=1)

        # Update hyper params and store pruned heads
        self.self.num_attention_heads = self.self.num_attention_heads - len(heads)
        self.self.all_head_size = self.self.attention_head_size * self.self.num_attention_heads
        self.pruned_heads = self.pruned_heads.union(heads)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states,
        attention_mask=None,
        head_mask=None,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        encoder_attention_mask=None,
        past_key_value=None,
        output_attentions=False,
    ):
        self_outputs = self.self(
            hidden_states,
            attention_mask,
            head_mask,
            encoder_hidden_states,
            encoder_attention_mask,
            past_key_value,
            output_attentions,
        )
        attention_output = self.output(self_outputs[0], hidden_states)

        outputs = (attention_output,) + self_outputs[1:]  # add attentions if we output them
        return outputs


class BertIntermediate(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.intermediate_size)
        if isinstance(config.hidden_act, str):
            self.intermediate_act_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act]
        else:
            self.intermediate_act_fn = config.hidden_act

    def forward(self, hidden_states):
        hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.intermediate_act_fn(hidden_states)
        return hidden_states


class BertOutput(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.intermediate_size, config.hidden_size)
        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)
        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(config.hidden_dropout_prob)

    def forward(self, hidden_states, input_tensor):
        hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.dropout(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states + input_tensor)
        return hidden_states


class BertLayer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config, layer_num):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.chunk_size_feed_forward = config.chunk_size_feed_forward
        self.seq_len_dim = 1
        self.attention = BertAttention(config)
        self.layer_num = layer_num
        if self.config.add_cross_attention and layer_num % self.config.cross_attention_freq == 0:
            self.crossattention = BertAttention(config, is_cross_attention=self.config.add_cross_attention)
            self.has_cross_attention = True
        else:
            self.has_cross_attention = False
        self.intermediate = BertIntermediate(config)
        self.output = BertOutput(config)

        self.intermediate_query = BertIntermediate(config)
        self.output_query = BertOutput(config)

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states,
        attention_mask=None,
        head_mask=None,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        encoder_attention_mask=None,
        past_key_value=None,
        output_attentions=False,
        query_length=0,
    ):
        # decoder uni-directional self-attention cached key/values tuple is at positions 1,2
        self_attn_past_key_value = past_key_value[:2] if past_key_value is not None else None
        self_attention_outputs = self.attention(
            hidden_states,
            attention_mask,
            head_mask,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            past_key_value=self_attn_past_key_value,
        )
        attention_output = self_attention_outputs[0]
        outputs = self_attention_outputs[1:-1]

        present_key_value = self_attention_outputs[-1]

        if query_length > 0:
            query_attention_output = attention_output[:, :query_length, :]

            if self.has_cross_attention:
                assert (
                    encoder_hidden_states is not None
                ), "encoder_hidden_states must be given for cross-attention layers"
                cross_attention_outputs = self.crossattention(
                    query_attention_output,
                    attention_mask,
                    head_mask,
                    encoder_hidden_states,
                    encoder_attention_mask,
                    output_attentions=output_attentions,
                )
                query_attention_output = cross_attention_outputs[0]
                outputs = outputs + cross_attention_outputs[1:-1]  # add cross attentions if we output attention weights

            layer_output = apply_chunking_to_forward(
                self.feed_forward_chunk_query,
                self.chunk_size_feed_forward,
                self.seq_len_dim,
                query_attention_output,
            )
            if attention_output.shape[1] > query_length:
                layer_output_text = apply_chunking_to_forward(
                    self.feed_forward_chunk,
                    self.chunk_size_feed_forward,
                    self.seq_len_dim,
                    attention_output[:, query_length:, :],
                )
                layer_output = torch.cat([layer_output, layer_output_text], dim=1)
        else:
            layer_output = apply_chunking_to_forward(
                self.feed_forward_chunk,
                self.chunk_size_feed_forward,
                self.seq_len_dim,
                attention_output,
            )
        outputs = (layer_output,) + outputs

        outputs = outputs + (present_key_value,)

        return outputs

    def feed_forward_chunk(self, attention_output):
        intermediate_output = self.intermediate(attention_output)
        layer_output = self.output(intermediate_output, attention_output)
        return layer_output

    def feed_forward_chunk_query(self, attention_output):
        intermediate_output = self.intermediate_query(attention_output)
        layer_output = self.output_query(intermediate_output, attention_output)
        return layer_output


class BertEncoder(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.config = config
        self.layer = nn.ModuleList([BertLayer(config, i) for i in range(config.num_hidden_layers)])

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states,
        attention_mask=None,
        head_mask=None,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        encoder_attention_mask=None,
        past_key_values=None,
        use_cache=None,
        output_attentions=False,
        output_hidden_states=False,
        return_dict=True,
        query_length=0,
    ):
        all_hidden_states = () if output_hidden_states else None
        all_self_attentions = () if output_attentions else None
        all_cross_attentions = () if output_attentions and self.config.add_cross_attention else None

        next_decoder_cache = () if use_cache else None

        for i in range(self.config.num_hidden_layers):
            layer_module = self.layer[i]
            if output_hidden_states:
                all_hidden_states = all_hidden_states + (hidden_states,)

            layer_head_mask = head_mask[i] if head_mask is not None else None
            past_key_value = past_key_values[i] if past_key_values is not None else None

            if getattr(self.config, "gradient_checkpointing", False) and self.training:
                if use_cache:
                    logger.warning(
                        "`use_cache=True` is incompatible with gradient checkpointing. Setting `use_cache=False`..."
                    )
                    use_cache = False

                def create_custom_forward(module):
                    def custom_forward(*inputs):
                        return module(*inputs, past_key_value, output_attentions, query_length)

                    return custom_forward

                layer_outputs = torch.utils.checkpoint.checkpoint(
                    create_custom_forward(layer_module),
                    hidden_states,
                    attention_mask,
                    layer_head_mask,
                    encoder_hidden_states,
                    encoder_attention_mask,
                )
            else:
                layer_outputs = layer_module(
                    hidden_states,
                    attention_mask,
                    layer_head_mask,
                    encoder_hidden_states,
                    encoder_attention_mask,
                    past_key_value,
                    output_attentions,
                    query_length,
                )

            hidden_states = layer_outputs[0]
            if use_cache:
                next_decoder_cache += (layer_outputs[-1],)
            if output_attentions:
                all_self_attentions = all_self_attentions + (layer_outputs[1],)
                all_cross_attentions = all_cross_attentions + (layer_outputs[2],)

        if output_hidden_states:
            all_hidden_states = all_hidden_states + (hidden_states,)

        if not return_dict:
            return tuple(
                v
                for v in [
                    hidden_states,
                    next_decoder_cache,
                    all_hidden_states,
                    all_self_attentions,
                    all_cross_attentions,
                ]
                if v is not None
            )
        return BaseModelOutputWithPastAndCrossAttentions(
            last_hidden_state=hidden_states,
            past_key_values=next_decoder_cache,
            hidden_states=all_hidden_states,
            attentions=all_self_attentions,
            cross_attentions=all_cross_attentions,
        )


class BertPooler(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
        self.activation = nn.Tanh()

    def forward(self, hidden_states):
        # We "pool" the model by simply taking the hidden state corresponding
        # to the first token.
        first_token_tensor = hidden_states[:, 0]
        pooled_output = self.dense(first_token_tensor)
        pooled_output = self.activation(pooled_output)
        return pooled_output


class BertPredictionHeadTransform(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.dense = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.hidden_size)
        if isinstance(config.hidden_act, str):
            self.transform_act_fn = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act]
        else:
            self.transform_act_fn = config.hidden_act
        self.LayerNorm = nn.LayerNorm(config.hidden_size, eps=config.layer_norm_eps)

    def forward(self, hidden_states):
        hidden_states = self.dense(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.transform_act_fn(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.LayerNorm(hidden_states)
        return hidden_states


class BertLMPredictionHead(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.transform = BertPredictionHeadTransform(config)

        # The output weights are the same as the input embeddings, but there is
        # an output-only bias for each token.
        self.decoder = nn.Linear(config.hidden_size, config.vocab_size, bias=False)

        self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(config.vocab_size))

        # Need a link between the two variables so that the bias is correctly resized with `resize_token_embeddings`
        self.decoder.bias = self.bias

    def forward(self, hidden_states):
        hidden_states = self.transform(hidden_states)
        hidden_states = self.decoder(hidden_states)
        return hidden_states


class BertOnlyMLMHead(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__()
        self.predictions = BertLMPredictionHead(config)

    def forward(self, sequence_output):
        prediction_scores = self.predictions(sequence_output)
        return prediction_scores


class BertPreTrainedModel(PreTrainedModel):
    """
    An abstract class to handle weights initialization and a simple interface for downloading and loading pretrained
    models.
    """

    config_class = BertConfig
    base_model_prefix = "bert"
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [r"position_ids"]

    def _init_weights(self, module):
        """Initialize the weights"""
        if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear, nn.Embedding)):
            # Modified from original LAVIS implementation to add truncated normal.
            # This matches the original Tensorflow implementation from Google.
            nn.init.trunc_normal_(module.weight, std=self.config.initializer_range)
        elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm):
            module.bias.data.zero_()
            module.weight.data.fill_(1.0)
        if isinstance(module, nn.Linear) and module.bias is not None:
            module.bias.data.zero_()


class BertModel(BertPreTrainedModel):
    """
    The model can behave as an encoder (with only self-attention) as well as a decoder, in which case a layer of
    cross-attention is added between the self-attention layers, following the architecture described in `Attention is
    all you need <https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762>`__ by Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit,
    Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin.
    argument and :obj:`add_cross_attention` set to :obj:`True`; an :obj:`encoder_hidden_states` is then expected as an
    input to the forward pass.
    """

    def __init__(self, config, add_pooling_layer=False):
        super().__init__(config)
        self.config = config

        self.embeddings = BertEmbeddings(config)

        self.encoder = BertEncoder(config)

        self.pooler = BertPooler(config) if add_pooling_layer else None

        self.init_weights()

    def get_input_embeddings(self):
        return self.embeddings.word_embeddings

    def set_input_embeddings(self, value):
        self.embeddings.word_embeddings = value

    def _prune_heads(self, heads_to_prune):
        """
        Prunes heads of the model. heads_to_prune: dict of {layer_num: list of heads to prune in this layer} See base
        class PreTrainedModel
        """
        for layer, heads in heads_to_prune.items():
            self.encoder.layer[layer].attention.prune_heads(heads)

    def get_extended_attention_mask(
        self,
        attention_mask: Tensor,
        input_shape: Tuple[int],
        device: device,
        is_decoder: bool,
        has_query: bool = False,
    ) -> Tensor:
        """
        Makes broadcastable attention and causal masks so that future and masked tokens are ignored.

        Arguments:
            attention_mask (:obj:`torch.Tensor`):
                Mask with ones indicating tokens to attend to, zeros for tokens to ignore.
            input_shape (:obj:`Tuple[int]`):
                The shape of the input to the model.
            device: (:obj:`torch.device`):
                The device of the input to the model.

        Returns:
            :obj:`torch.Tensor` The extended attention mask, with a the same dtype as :obj:`attention_mask.dtype`.
        """
        # We can provide a self-attention mask of dimensions [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]
        # ourselves in which case we just need to make it broadcastable to all heads.
        if attention_mask.dim() == 3:
            extended_attention_mask = attention_mask[:, None, :, :]
        elif attention_mask.dim() == 2:
            # Provided a padding mask of dimensions [batch_size, seq_length]
            # - if the model is a decoder, apply a causal mask in addition to the padding mask
            # - if the model is an encoder, make the mask broadcastable to [batch_size, num_heads, seq_length, seq_length]
            if is_decoder:
                batch_size, seq_length = input_shape

                seq_ids = torch.arange(seq_length, device=device)
                causal_mask = seq_ids[None, None, :].repeat(batch_size, seq_length, 1) <= seq_ids[None, :, None]

                # add a prefix ones mask to the causal mask
                # causal and attention masks must have same type with pytorch version < 1.3
                causal_mask = causal_mask.to(attention_mask.dtype)

                if causal_mask.shape[1] < attention_mask.shape[1]:
                    prefix_seq_len = attention_mask.shape[1] - causal_mask.shape[1]
                    if has_query:  # UniLM style attention mask
                        causal_mask = torch.cat(
                            [
                                torch.zeros(
                                    (batch_size, prefix_seq_len, seq_length),
                                    device=device,
                                    dtype=causal_mask.dtype,
                                ),
                                causal_mask,
                            ],
                            axis=1,
                        )
                    causal_mask = torch.cat(
                        [
                            torch.ones(
                                (batch_size, causal_mask.shape[1], prefix_seq_len),
                                device=device,
                                dtype=causal_mask.dtype,
                            ),
                            causal_mask,
                        ],
                        axis=-1,
                    )
                extended_attention_mask = causal_mask[:, None, :, :] * attention_mask[:, None, None, :]
            else:
                extended_attention_mask = attention_mask[:, None, None, :]
        else:
            raise ValueError(
                "Wrong shape for input_ids (shape {}) or attention_mask (shape {})".format(
                    input_shape, attention_mask.shape
                )
            )

        # Since attention_mask is 1.0 for positions we want to attend and 0.0 for
        # masked positions, this operation will create a tensor which is 0.0 for
        # positions we want to attend and -10000.0 for masked positions.
        # Since we are adding it to the raw scores before the softmax, this is
        # effectively the same as removing these entirely.
        extended_attention_mask = extended_attention_mask.to(dtype=attention_mask.dtype)  # fp16 compatibility
        extended_attention_mask = (1.0 - extended_attention_mask) * -10000.0
        return extended_attention_mask

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids=None,
        attention_mask=None,
        position_ids=None,
        head_mask=None,
        query_embeds=None,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        encoder_attention_mask=None,
        past_key_values=None,
        use_cache=None,
        output_attentions=None,
        output_hidden_states=None,
        return_dict=None,
        is_decoder=False,
    ):
        r"""
        encoder_hidden_states  (:obj:`torch.FloatTensor` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, `optional`):
            Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the encoder. Used in the cross-attention if
            the model is configured as a decoder.
        encoder_attention_mask (:obj:`torch.FloatTensor` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length)`, `optional`):
            Mask to avoid performing attention on the padding token indices of the encoder input. This mask is used in
            the cross-attention if the model is configured as a decoder. Mask values selected in ``[0, 1]``:
            - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**,
            - 0 for tokens that are **masked**.
        past_key_values (:obj:`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))` of length :obj:`config.n_layers` with each tuple having 4 tensors of shape :obj:`(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length - 1, embed_size_per_head)`):
            Contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding.
            If :obj:`past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last :obj:`decoder_input_ids`
            (those that don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape :obj:`(batch_size, 1)`
            instead of all :obj:`decoder_input_ids` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
        use_cache (:obj:`bool`, `optional`):
            If set to :obj:`True`, :obj:`past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up
            decoding (see :obj:`past_key_values`).
        """
        output_attentions = output_attentions if output_attentions is not None else self.config.output_attentions
        output_hidden_states = (
            output_hidden_states if output_hidden_states is not None else self.config.output_hidden_states
        )
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict

        # use_cache = use_cache if use_cache is not None else self.config.use_cache

        if input_ids is None:
            assert query_embeds is not None, "You have to specify query_embeds when input_ids is None"

        # past_key_values_length
        past_key_values_length = (
            past_key_values[0][0].shape[2] - self.config.query_length if past_key_values is not None else 0
        )

        query_length = query_embeds.shape[1] if query_embeds is not None else 0

        embedding_output = self.embeddings(
            input_ids=input_ids,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            query_embeds=query_embeds,
            past_key_values_length=past_key_values_length,
        )

        input_shape = embedding_output.size()[:-1]
        batch_size, seq_length = input_shape
        device = embedding_output.device

        if attention_mask is None:
            attention_mask = torch.ones(
                ((batch_size, seq_length + past_key_values_length)), device=device, dtype=embedding_output.dtype
            )

        # We can provide a self-attention mask of dimensions [batch_size, from_seq_length, to_seq_length]
        # ourselves in which case we just need to make it broadcastable to all heads.
        if is_decoder:
            extended_attention_mask = self.get_extended_attention_mask(
                attention_mask,
                input_ids.shape,
                device,
                is_decoder,
                has_query=(query_embeds is not None),
            )
        else:
            extended_attention_mask = self.get_extended_attention_mask(attention_mask, input_shape, device, is_decoder)

        # If a 2D or 3D attention mask is provided for the cross-attention
        # we need to make broadcastable to [batch_size, num_heads, seq_length, seq_length]
        if encoder_hidden_states is not None:
            if type(encoder_hidden_states) == list:
                encoder_batch_size, encoder_sequence_length, _ = encoder_hidden_states[0].size()
            else:
                (
                    encoder_batch_size,
                    encoder_sequence_length,
                    _,
                ) = encoder_hidden_states.size()
            encoder_hidden_shape = (encoder_batch_size, encoder_sequence_length)

            if type(encoder_attention_mask) == list:
                encoder_extended_attention_mask = [self.invert_attention_mask(mask) for mask in encoder_attention_mask]
            elif encoder_attention_mask is None:
                encoder_attention_mask = torch.ones(encoder_hidden_shape, device=device, dtype=attention_mask.dtype)
                encoder_extended_attention_mask = self.invert_attention_mask(encoder_attention_mask)
            else:
                encoder_extended_attention_mask = self.invert_attention_mask(encoder_attention_mask)
        else:
            encoder_extended_attention_mask = None

        # Prepare head mask if needed
        # 1.0 in head_mask indicate we keep the head
        # attention_probs has shape bsz x n_heads x N x N
        # input head_mask has shape [num_heads] or [num_hidden_layers x num_heads]
        # and head_mask is converted to shape [num_hidden_layers x batch x num_heads x seq_length x seq_length]
        head_mask = self.get_head_mask(head_mask, self.config.num_hidden_layers)

        encoder_outputs = self.encoder(
            embedding_output,
            attention_mask=extended_attention_mask,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            encoder_hidden_states=encoder_hidden_states,
            encoder_attention_mask=encoder_extended_attention_mask,
            past_key_values=past_key_values,
            use_cache=use_cache,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
            return_dict=return_dict,
            query_length=query_length,
        )
        sequence_output = encoder_outputs[0]
        pooled_output = self.pooler(sequence_output) if self.pooler is not None else None

        if not return_dict:
            return (sequence_output, pooled_output) + encoder_outputs[1:]

        return BaseModelOutputWithPoolingAndCrossAttentions(
            last_hidden_state=sequence_output,
            pooler_output=pooled_output,
            past_key_values=encoder_outputs.past_key_values,
            hidden_states=encoder_outputs.hidden_states,
            attentions=encoder_outputs.attentions,
            cross_attentions=encoder_outputs.cross_attentions,
        )


class BertLMHeadModel(BertPreTrainedModel, GenerationMixin):
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_unexpected = [r"pooler"]
    _keys_to_ignore_on_load_missing = [r"position_ids", r"predictions.decoder.bias"]

    def __init__(self, config):
        super().__init__(config)

        self.bert = BertModel(config, add_pooling_layer=False)
        self.cls = BertOnlyMLMHead(config)

        self.init_weights()

    def get_output_embeddings(self):
        return self.cls.predictions.decoder

    def set_output_embeddings(self, new_embeddings):
        self.cls.predictions.decoder = new_embeddings

    def forward(
        self,
        input_ids=None,
        attention_mask=None,
        position_ids=None,
        head_mask=None,
        query_embeds=None,
        encoder_hidden_states=None,
        encoder_attention_mask=None,
        labels=None,
        past_key_values=None,
        use_cache=True,
        output_attentions=None,
        output_hidden_states=None,
        return_dict=None,
        return_logits=False,
        is_decoder=True,
        reduction="mean",
    ):
        r"""
        encoder_hidden_states  (:obj:`torch.FloatTensor` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length, hidden_size)`, `optional`):
            Sequence of hidden-states at the output of the last layer of the encoder. Used in the cross-attention if
            the model is configured as a decoder.
        encoder_attention_mask (:obj:`torch.FloatTensor` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length)`, `optional`):
            Mask to avoid performing attention on the padding token indices of the encoder input. This mask is used in
            the cross-attention if the model is configured as a decoder. Mask values selected in ``[0, 1]``:
            - 1 for tokens that are **not masked**,
            - 0 for tokens that are **masked**.
        labels (:obj:`torch.LongTensor` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length)`, `optional`):
            Labels for computing the left-to-right language modeling loss (next word prediction). Indices should be in
            ``[-100, 0, ..., config.vocab_size]`` (see ``input_ids`` docstring) Tokens with indices set to ``-100`` are
            ignored (masked), the loss is only computed for the tokens with labels n ``[0, ..., config.vocab_size]``
        past_key_values (:obj:`tuple(tuple(torch.FloatTensor))` of length :obj:`config.n_layers` with each tuple having 4 tensors of shape :obj:`(batch_size, num_heads, sequence_length - 1, embed_size_per_head)`):
            Contains precomputed key and value hidden states of the attention blocks. Can be used to speed up decoding.
            If :obj:`past_key_values` are used, the user can optionally input only the last :obj:`decoder_input_ids`
            (those that don't have their past key value states given to this model) of shape :obj:`(batch_size, 1)`
            instead of all :obj:`decoder_input_ids` of shape :obj:`(batch_size, sequence_length)`.
        use_cache (:obj:`bool`, `optional`):
            If set to :obj:`True`, :obj:`past_key_values` key value states are returned and can be used to speed up
            decoding (see :obj:`past_key_values`).
        Returns:
        Example::
            >>> from transformers import BertTokenizer, BertLMHeadModel, BertConfig
            >>> import torch
            >>> tokenizer = BertTokenizer.from_pretrained('bert-base-cased')
            >>> config = BertConfig.from_pretrained("bert-base-cased")
            >>> model = BertLMHeadModel.from_pretrained('bert-base-cased', config=config)
            >>> inputs = tokenizer("Hello, my dog is cute", return_tensors="pt")
            >>> outputs = model(**inputs)
            >>> prediction_logits = outputs.logits
        """
        return_dict = return_dict if return_dict is not None else self.config.use_return_dict
        if labels is not None:
            use_cache = False
        if past_key_values is not None:
            query_embeds = None

        outputs = self.bert(
            input_ids,
            attention_mask=attention_mask,
            position_ids=position_ids,
            head_mask=head_mask,
            query_embeds=query_embeds,
            encoder_hidden_states=encoder_hidden_states,
            encoder_attention_mask=encoder_attention_mask,
            past_key_values=past_key_values,
            use_cache=use_cache,
            output_attentions=output_attentions,
            output_hidden_states=output_hidden_states,
            return_dict=return_dict,
            is_decoder=is_decoder,
        )

        sequence_output = outputs[0]
        if query_embeds is not None:
            sequence_output = outputs[0][:, query_embeds.shape[1] :, :]

        prediction_scores = self.cls(sequence_output)

        if return_logits:
            return prediction_scores[:, :-1, :].contiguous()

        lm_loss = None
        if labels is not None:
            # we are doing next-token prediction; shift prediction scores and input ids by one
            shifted_prediction_scores = prediction_scores[:, :-1, :].contiguous()
            labels = labels[:, 1:].contiguous()
            loss_fct = CrossEntropyLoss(reduction=reduction, label_smoothing=0.1)
            lm_loss = loss_fct(
                shifted_prediction_scores.view(-1, self.config.vocab_size),
                labels.view(-1),
            )
            if reduction == "none":
                lm_loss = lm_loss.view(prediction_scores.size(0), -1).sum(1)

        if not return_dict:
            output = (prediction_scores,) + outputs[2:]
            return ((lm_loss,) + output) if lm_loss is not None else output

        return CausalLMOutputWithCrossAttentions(
            loss=lm_loss,
            logits=prediction_scores,
            past_key_values=outputs.past_key_values,
            hidden_states=outputs.hidden_states,
            attentions=outputs.attentions,
            cross_attentions=outputs.cross_attentions,
        )

    def prepare_inputs_for_generation(self, input_ids, query_embeds, past=None, attention_mask=None, **model_kwargs):
        # if model is used as a decoder in encoder-decoder model, the decoder attention mask is created on the fly
        if attention_mask is None:
            attention_mask = input_ids.new_ones(input_ids.shape)
        query_mask = input_ids.new_ones(query_embeds.shape[:-1])
        attention_mask = torch.cat([query_mask, attention_mask], dim=-1)

        # cut decoder_input_ids if past is used
        if past is not None:
            input_ids = input_ids[:, -1:]

        return {
            "input_ids": input_ids,
            "query_embeds": query_embeds,
            "attention_mask": attention_mask,
            "past_key_values": past,
            "encoder_hidden_states": model_kwargs.get("encoder_hidden_states", None),
            "encoder_attention_mask": model_kwargs.get("encoder_attention_mask", None),
            "is_decoder": True,
        }

    def _reorder_cache(self, past, beam_idx):
        reordered_past = ()
        for layer_past in past:
            reordered_past += (tuple(past_state.index_select(0, beam_idx) for past_state in layer_past),)
        return reordered_past


def load_qformer(
    num_query_tokens: int,
    encoder_width: int,
    vocab_size: int = 30523,
    hidden_size: int = 768,
    cross_attention_freq: int = 2,
    base_model: Literal["bert-base-uncased", "bert-large-uncased"] = "bert-base-uncased",
) -> BertLMHeadModel:
    """Utility to load QFormer module.

    Args:
        num_query_tokens (int): number of query tokens.
        encoder_width (int): vector length of visual encoder embeddings.
        hidden_size (int): vector length of BERT's attention blocks.
        cross_attention_freq (int): block frequency of visual cross-attention.
        base_model (str): Base text model for QFormer. Default `bert-base-uncased`.

    Returns:
        `BertLMHeadModel` module.
    """

    encoder_config = BertConfig.from_pretrained(base_model)
    encoder_config.encoder_width = encoder_width
    encoder_config.hidden_size = hidden_size
    encoder_config.add_cross_attention = True
    encoder_config.cross_attention_freq = cross_attention_freq
    encoder_config.query_length = num_query_tokens
    encoder_config.vocab_size = vocab_size
    qformer = BertLMHeadModel(encoder_config)
    return qformer