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Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born?
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York
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"Judi Dench - IMDb IMDb Actress | Music Department | Soundtrack Judi Dench was born in York, England, to Eleanora Olive (Jones), who was from Dublin, Ireland, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor from Dorset, England. She attended Mount School in York, and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama. She has performed with Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, and at Old Vic Theatre. She is a ... See full bio » Born: a list of 35 people created 02 Jul 2011 a list of 35 people created 19 Apr 2012 a list of 35 people created 28 May 2014 a list of 25 people created 05 Aug 2014 a list of 26 people created 18 May 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Judi Dench's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 59 wins & 163 nominations.",
"See more awards » Known For 2016 The Hollow Crown (TV Series) Cecily, Duchess of York 2015 The Vote (TV Movie) Christine Metcalfe - Total War (1996) ... Narrator (voice) - Stalemate (1996) ... Narrator (voice) 1992 The Torch (TV Mini-Series) Aba 1990 Screen One (TV Series) Anne 1989 Behaving Badly (TV Mini-Series) Bridget 1981 BBC2 Playhouse (TV Series) Sister Scarli 1976 Arena (TV Series documentary) Sweetie Simpkins 1973 Ooh La La!",
"(TV Series) Amélie 1966 Court Martial (TV Series) Marthe 1963 Z Cars (TV Series) Elena Collins 1963 Love Story (TV Series) Pat McKendrick 1960 The Terrible Choice (TV Series) Good Angel Music department (1 credit) A Fine Romance (TV Series) (theme sung by - 14 episodes, 1981 - 1983) (theme song sung by - 12 episodes, 1983 - 1984) - A Romantic Meal (1984) ... (theme song sung by) - Problems (1984) ... (theme song sung by) 2013 Fifty Years on Stage (TV Movie) (performer: \"Send in the Clowns\") 2009 Nine (performer: \"Folies Bergère\") - What's Wrong with Mrs Bale? (1997) ... (performer: \"Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head\" - uncredited) - Misunderstandings (1993) ...",
"(performer: \"Walkin' My Baby Back Home\" - uncredited) 1982-1984 A Fine Romance (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - The Telephone Call (1984) ... (performer: \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\" - uncredited) - Furniture (1982) ... (performer: \"Rule, Britannia!\" - uncredited) Hide 2009 Waiting in Rhyme (Video short) (special thanks) 2007 Expresso (Short) (special thanks) 1999 Shakespeare in Love and on Film (TV Movie documentary) (thanks - as Dame Judi Dench) Hide 2016 Rio Olympics (TV Mini-Series) Herself 2015 In Conversation (TV Series documentary) Herself 2015 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself 2015 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2015 The Insider (TV Series) Herself 1999-2014 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Herself 2013 Good Day L.A.",
"(TV Series) Herself - Guest 2013 Arena (TV Series documentary) Herself 2013 At the Movies (TV Series) Herself 2013 Shooting Bond (Video documentary) Herself 2013 Bond's Greatest Moments (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2012 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Herself 1999-2012 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2008-2012 This Morning (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2012 The Secrets of Skyfall (TV Short documentary) Herself 2012 Anderson Live (TV Series) Herself 2012 J. Edgar: A Complicated Man (Video documentary short) Herself 2011 The Many Faces of... (TV Series documentary) Herself / Various Characters 2011 Na plovárne (TV Series) Herself 2010 BBC Proms (TV Series) Herself 2010 The South Bank Show Revisited (TV Series documentary) Herself - Episode #6.68 (2009) ...",
"Herself - Guest (as Dame Judi Dench) 2007-2009 Breakfast (TV Series) 2009 Larry King Live (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2009 The One Show (TV Series) Herself 2009 Cranford in Detail (Video documentary short) Herself / Miss Matty Jenkins (as Dame Judi Dench) 2005-2008 The South Bank Show (TV Series documentary) Herself 2008 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2007 ITV News (TV Series) Herself - BAFTA Nominee 2007 The Making of Cranford (Video documentary short) Herself / Miss Matty Jenkyns (as Dame Judi Dench) 2006 Becoming Bond (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2006 Corazón de...",
"(TV Series) Herself 2006 Directing Bond: The Martin Chronicles (Video documentary short) Herself / M (Barbara Mawdsley) 2006 Mrs Henderson Presents: Making Of (Video documentary short) Herself 2005 Film 2016 (TV Series) Herself 2005 HBO First Look (TV Series documentary) Herself 2003 Inside 'Die Another Day' (Video documentary short) Herself 2002 Richard Rodgers: Some Enchanted Evening (TV Special documentary) Herself - Performer 2002 James Bond: A BAFTA Tribute (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2002 Billy Connolly: A BAFTA Tribute (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2002 Happy Anniversary Mr.",
"Bond (TV Movie documentary) Herself / M 2002 Best Ever Bond (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2002 Premiere Bond: Die Another Day (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2002 Bond Girls Are Forever (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2002 60 Minutes (TV Series documentary) Herself - Actress (segment \"Dame Judi\") 2002 Judi Dench: A BAFTA Tribute (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2001 The BAFTA TV Awards 2001 (TV Special documentary) Herself 2001 A Look at Iris (Video documentary short) Herself 1999 The Bond Cocktail (TV Movie documentary) Herself 1997 James Bond: Shaken and Stirred (TV Movie documentary) Herself 1996 Very Important Pennis (TV Series) Herself 1995 GoldenEye: The Secret Files (TV Short documentary) Herself 1995 Westminster Abbey (TV Movie documentary) Herself 1989 The London Programme (TV Series documentary) Herself 1988 Caught in the Act (TV Movie documentary) Hers",
"elf 1988 An Audience with Victoria Wood (TV Special documentary) Herself - Audience Member (uncredited) 1988 Aspel & Company (TV Series) Herself - Guest 1988 Good Morning Britain (TV Series) Herself - Guest 1983 Children in Need (TV Series) Herself 1982 Playing Shakespeare (TV Mini-Series documentary) Herself 1982 The Bafta Awards (TV Special) Herself - Winner: Best Actress in a TV Series 1976 My Homeland (TV Movie documentary) Reader 1974 2nd House (TV Series) Herself, in scenes from 'Antony and Cleopatra' - Frank's for the Memory (1974) ...",
"Herself, in scenes from 'Antony and Cleopatra' 1969 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) Herself - Reading poetry 1969 An Evening with... (TV Series) Herself - Guest Reader 1968 Call My Bluff (TV Series) Herself 2015 Inside Spectre with Richard Wilkins (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2013 Six by Sondheim (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2013 American Dad! (TV Series) Herself 2012 Top Gear (TV Series) M 2008 Bond on Location (TV Short documentary) Herself 2007 The Story of Jackanory (TV Movie documentary) Herself - 'Jackanory' Storyteller 2007 Canada A.M.",
"(TV Series) Herself 2007 Film 2016 (TV Series) Herself 2007 In Character with Cate Blanchett (Video documentary short) Barbara Covett (uncredited) 2006 Premiere Bond: Opening Nights (Video documentary short) Herself 2002 After They Were Famous (TV Series documentary) Cat Burglar 2002 The Unforgettable Joan Sims (TV Special documentary) Elizabeth (uncredited) 1999 And the Word Was Bond (TV Movie documentary) Herself 1999 Heroes of Comedy (TV Series documentary) - Norman Wisdom (1999) ... (as Dame Judi Dench) 1998 Best of British (TV Series) Herself - Audience Member 1986 Breakfast Time (TV Series) Eleanor Lavish, a novelist Personal Details Other Works: She acted in Hugh Whitemore's play, \"Pack of Lies,\" at the Lyric Theatre in London, England with Michael Williams, Barbara Leigh-Hunt, Richard Vernon, and Larry Hoodekoff in the cast. Clifford Williams was director.",
"See more » Publicity Listings: 5 Print Biographies | 11 Interviews | 14 Articles | 3 Pictorials | 16 Magazine Cover Photos | See more » Alternate Names: Did You Know? Personal Quote: Once, a long time ago, I read some bad reviews and I made the decision not to read the reviews. You get some critics who don't like you, or the play. But they don't have to do it every night. I don't want to be affected like that. I loved doing \"Madame de Sade. A friend told me not to apologise for myself or the play, and I won't. Then I cast it all off and go and put my feet up under the chimney... See more » Trivia: When she started training at the Central School of Speech and Drama, she admits she wasn't taking it as seriously as she ought to have done. She was caught out during an improvisation scene at which point she realised that that was what it was all about and studied harder than she had ever done in her life. See more » Trademark: Known for often playing dignified, strong willed women in positions of authority who are sometimes opposed or criticised by those under her.",
"Star Sign: Dame Judi Dench a star from York England Yorkshire links Dame Judi Dench Judi Dench as a young actress playing the virgin Mary in the 1957 York Festival of Mystery Plays. The plays were performed in St Mary's Abbey, the museum gardens, York, England. Trivia When Royal Shakespeare Company Director Peter Hall asked Judi Dench to play the title role in a staged, and then later televised, production of Cleopatra, Dench refused, saying that her Cleopatra would be a \"menopausal dwarf\". Director Hall was later successful in coaxing Dench into the role, of which she won rave reviews from both theatre critics and tv audiences. Her first stage appearance was as a snail in a play at her Quaker junior school. 1947 Judi went to the Mount boarding school in York. Judi turned out once for the Settlement Players. An amature dramatics group from York who are still up and running. Other Settlement players have also performed in the Mystery Plays such as City Councilor Roger Farrington who played God to Robson Green's Jesus in 1992.",
"She made history in 1996 as the first person to win two Olivier awards (for British theatre) for different roles. Her 1999 Oscar was awarded for an 8 minute performance in Shakespeare in Love (1998) Daughter, with Williams, Finty Williams Dame Judi created the role of Sally Bowles in the London premire of the musical, CABARET. Judi Dench was to play \"Grizabella\" in the original \"CATS\" West End production, but an ailment forced her out of the play. Elaine Paige replaced her. Awards Judi Dench 2005 Oscars / Acadamy Awards Nominated Best Actress Judi Dench in Mrs. Henderson Presents 2001 Nominated Oscar Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: Chocolat (2000) 1999 Won Oscar Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: Shakespeare in Love (1998)1998 Nominated Oscar Best Actress in a Leading Role for: Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) and Iris (2001) American Comedy Awards, USA 2001 Nominated American Comedy Award Funniest Female Performer in a TV Special (Leading or Supporting) Network, Cable or Syndication for: Last of the Blonde Bombshells, The (2000) (TV) British Academy Awards 2001 Won BAFTA TV Award Best Actress for: Last of the Blonde Bombshells, The (2000) (TV) Nominated BAFTA Film Award Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role for: Chocolat (2000) 1999 Won BAFTA Film Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role for: Shakespeare in Love (1998) 1998 Won BAFTA Film Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role for: Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) Nominated BAFTA TV Award Best Comedy Performance for: \"As Time Goes By\" (1992) 1990 Nominated BAFTA TV Award Best Actress for: Behaving Badly (1988) (TV) 1989 Nominated BAFTA Film Award Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: Handful of Dust, A (1988) 1988 Nominated BAFTA Film Award Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: 84 Charing Cross Road (1986) 1987 Won BAFTA Film Award Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: Room with a View, A (1986) 1986 Nominated BAFTA Film Award Best Actress in a Supporting Role for: Wetherby (1985) 1984 Won BAFTA TV Award Best Light Entertainment Performance for: \"Fine Romance, A\" (1981) Nominated BAFTA TV Award Best Actress for: Saigon: Year of the Cat (1983) (TV) 1966 Won BAFTA Film Award Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles for: Four",
" in the Morning (1966) Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1998 Won CFCA Award Best Actress for: Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) Emmy Awards 2001 Nominated Emmy Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for: Last of the Blonde Bombshells, The (2000) (TV) Golden Globes, USA 2001 Won Golden Globe Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for TV for: Last of the Blonde Bombshells, The (2000) (TV) Nominated Golden Globe Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture for: Chocolat (2000) 1999 Nominated Golden Globe Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture for: Shakespeare in Love (1998) 1998 Won Golden Globe Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama for: Mrs. Brown (1997) Golden Satellite Awards 2001 Nominated Golden Satellite Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, Drama for: Chocolat (2000) 1998 Won Golden Satellite Award Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama for: Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) National Society of Film Critics Awards, USA 1999 Won NSFC Award Best Supporting Actress for: Shakespeare in Love (1998) Online Film Critics Society Awards 1998 Won OFCS Award Best Actress for: Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) Screen Actors Guild Awards 2001 Won Actor Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for: Chocolat (2000) Nominated Actor Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries for: Last of the Blonde Bombshells, The (2000) (TV) Outstanding Performance by the Cast of a Theatrical Motion Picture for: Chocolat (2000) Nomination shared with:Juliette Binoche,Leslie Caron,Johnny Depp,Alfred Molina,Carrie-Anne Moss,Hugh O'Conor,Lena Olin,Peter Stormare,John Wood 1999 Won Actor Outstanding Performance by a Cast for: Shakespeare in Love (1998) Award shared with:Ben Affleck,Simon Callow,Jim Carter,Martin Clunes,Joseph Fiennes,Colin Firth,Gwyneth Paltrow,Geoffrey Rush,Antony Sher,Imelda Staunton, Tom Wilkinson,Mark Williams Nominated Actor Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role for: Shakespeare in Love (1998) 1998 Nominated Actor",
" Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for: Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) ShoWest Convention, USA 2001 Won ShoWest Award Supporting Actress of the Year Filmography \"A Study in Terror\" (1965) \"Days to Come\" (1966) \"Four in the Morning\" (1966) \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" (1968) \"Luther\" (1973) \"The Comedy of Errors\" (1978) \"Macbeth\" (1979) \"Saigon: Year of the Cat\" (1983) \"The Browning Version\" (1985) \"84 Charing Cross Road\" (1986) \"Ghosts\" (1986) \"A Room with a View\" (1986) \"Behaving Badly\" (1988) \"A Handful of Dust\" (1988) \"Henry V\" (1989) \"The Chronicles of Riddick\" (2004) \"Ladies in Lavender\" (2004) Judi Dench | British actress | Britannica.com British actress Alternative Title: Dame Judith Olivia Dench",
" Judi Dench Judi Dench, in full Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born December 9, 1934, York , North Yorkshire , England ), British actress known for her numerous and varied stage roles and for her work in television and in a variety of films.",
"Judi Dench and Colin Firth in Shakespeare in Love (1998). Copyright © 1999 Miramax Films Dench studied at the Central School of Speech Training and Dramatic Art in London . In 1957 she gave her first important critically acclaimed performance, as Ophelia in the Old Vic production of Hamlet. The following year she made her Broadway debut in Twelfth Night. Her performance as Lady Macbeth in the Royal Shakespeare Company ’s Macbeth (1977) earned her a Laurence Olivier Award from the Society of West End Theatre Managers (now the Society of London Theatre). It was her first of eight Olivier Awards; she also won for Juno and the Paycock (1980), Pack of Lies (1983), Antony and Cleopatra (1987), Absolute Hell (1996), A Little Night Music (1996), and The Winter’s Tale (2016), and in 2004 she received a special Olivier Award.",
"Judi Dench appearing in a National Theatre production of Anton Chekhov’s The … Robbie Jack/Corbis From the beginning of her career, Dench frequently acted on television, in adaptations of plays as well as in series. Among her notable credits were two romantic comedy series that aired on the BBC : A Fine Romance (1981–84), which she starred in with her husband, Michael Williams, whom she had married in 1971 and who died in 2001; and As Time Goes By (1992–2005). She later starred in the BBC miniseries Cranford (2007–09), based on works by Elizabeth Gaskell . After making her big-screen debut in the crime drama The Third Secret (1964), Dench acted in such films as A Room with a View (1985) and A Handful of Dust (1988). She took the role of James Bond ’s boss, M, in GoldenEye (1995)—the first of several Bond movies in which she appeared—and subsequently played two British queens, the recently widowed Queen Victoria in Mrs.",
"Brown (1997) and Queen Elizabeth I in the comedy Shakespeare in Love (1998). For her role as Elizabeth I, she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, and, for that of Queen Victoria, she won an Academy Award nomination and the Golden Globe Award for best actress in a drama. Additional Oscar nominations for best actress came for her portrayals of British writer Iris Murdoch in Iris (2001), an eccentric theatre owner in Mrs. Henderson Presents (2005), and the lonely teacher Barbara Covett in Notes on a Scandal (2006). Daniel Craig (left) as James Bond and Judi Dench as M in Casino Royale … © 2006 Sony Pictures Entertainment. All rights reserved. Britannica Stories Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales After appearing in the musical Nine (2009), Dench played Mrs. Fairfax in Jane Eyre (2011), an adaptation of the Charlotte Brontë novel. In Clint Eastwood ’s biopic J. Edgar (2011), she portrayed the mother of J.",
"Edgar Hoover (played by Leonardo DiCaprio ), and, in the drama My Week with Marilyn (2011), she appeared as actress Sybil Thorndike . She was featured in The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel (2011) and its 2015 sequel, both of which concern the comic hijinks of a group of British retirees in India . Dench also starred alongside Steve Coogan in Philomena (2013), based on the true story of a woman’s search for a child she had given up for adoption in her youth. She earned another Oscar nomination for best actress for her work on that film . In 2015 Dench paired with Dustin Hoffman in a BBC adaptation of Roald Dahl ’s Esio Trot (1990). The following year she had a cameo in Tim Burton ’s Miss Peregrine’s Home for Peculiar Children. Judi Dench - TV.com Judi Dench 12/9/1934, York, North Yorkshire, England UK Birth Name EDIT Judi Dench was born on 9th December, 1934, in York, England.",
"After graduating from drama school she went on to act in a number of professional stage productions, the first playing Ophelia in Shakespeare's 'Hamlet'. She remained a stage actor for many years, before her debut film role… more Credits S 37: Ep 18 Cranford (1) 5/4/08 S 1: Ep 3 November 1842 12/2/07 S 1: Ep 1 June 1842 11/18/07 S 1: Ep 2 August 1842 11/25/07 S 9: Ep 6 As Time Goes By: Reunion 12/3/05 S 9: Ep 5 You Must Remember This 8/11/02 S 9: Ep 4 What Now?",
"8/4/02 S 9: Ep 2 Another Proposal 7/14/02 S 2: Ep 5 Anya's Visit / Henry's Halloween 6/7/03 S 2: Ep 1 The Proposal / William the Conjuror 5/10/03 S 4: Ep 8 Episode Twenty Six 2/17/84 S 4: Ep 7 Episode Twenty Five 2/10/84 S 4: Ep 6 Episode Twenty Four 2/3/84 S 4: Ep 5 Episode Twenty Three 1/27/84 S 4: Ep 4 Episode Twenty Two 1/20/84 S 1: Ep 8 In Love and War 12/17/80 S 1: Ep 7 Monsieur Le Duc 12/10/80 S 1: Ep 6 Foreigners Are Fiends 12/3/80 S 1: Ep 5 Heir Apparent 11/26/80 S 1: Ep 4 The Merry Widower 11/19/8",
"0 S 86: Ep 1 The 86th Annual Academy Awards 3/2/14 S 2: Ep 281 November 21, 2013 11/21/13 S 33: Ep 45 November 8, 2013 11/8/13 S 1: Ep 6 Series 1 Episode 6 6/10/13 S 8: Ep 22 10th February, 2013 2/10/13 S 6: Ep 18 16th January, 2011 1/16/11 S 25: Ep 44 November 2, 2012 11/2/12 S 22: Ep 71 December 16, 2009 12/16/09 S 14: Ep 114 May 29, 2012 5/29/12 S 6: Ep 68 Judi Dench/Michelle Rodriguez 12/1",
"8/09 S 1: Ep 69 Thursday 17/12/09 12/17/09 S 3: Ep 19 January 25, 2007 1/25/07 S 78: Ep 1 The 78th Annual Academy Awards 3/5/06 S 8: Ep 52 December 6 2005 12/6/05 S 53: Ep 20 June 10, 2004 6/10/04 S 74: Ep 1 The 74th Annual Academy Awards 3/24/02 S 73: Ep 1 The 73rd Annual Academy Awards 3/25/01 S 72: Ep 1 The 72nd Annual Academy Awards 3/26/00 S 3: Ep 135 Show #566 4/6/99 S 71: Ep 1 The 71st Annual Academy Awards 3/21/99 S 70: Ep 1",
" The 70th Annual Academy Awards 3/23/98 S 35: Ep 15 Edward Woodward 2/1/95 S 1: Ep 6 Episode 6 5/15/94 S 6: Ep 1 April 7th 1988 4/7/88 S 2: Ep 6 1983 [4 Parts] 11/25/83 S 2: Ep 2 Days to Come 10/25/66 S 1: Ep 3 Safety Man 7/21/65 S 1: Ep 6 Dishonoured Bones 5/4/64 S 3: Ep 2 Made for Each Other 9/11/63 S 1: Ep 25 Treviso Dam 2/27/60 S 4: Ep 20 An Audience With Neil Diamond 5/31/08 S 2: Ep 9 An Audience With Victoria Wood 12/10/88 Become a contributor Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or",
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"Choose background: Judi Dench | Biography and Filmography | 1934 Co-starred in \"The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel\" 2012 Reprised character of M opposite Daniel Craig's James Bond in \"Skyfall\" 2012 Co-starred in the ensemble comedy drama \"The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel\" 2011 Nominated for the 2011 Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Mini-series or Motion Picture Made for Television (\"Return to Cranford\") 2011 Made a cameo in \"Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides\" 2011 Cast as the title character's mother in the biographical drama \"J.",
"Edgar,\" directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Leonardo DiCaprio 2011 Played Dame Sybil Thorndike in \"My Week with Marilyn\" 2010 Earned an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for \"Return to Cranford\" 2010 Nominated for the 2010 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress In A Miniseries Or A Movie (\"Return to Cranford\") 2009 Played Daniel Day-Lewis' confidant and costume designer in Rob Marshall's musical adaptation of the Broadway play, \"Nine\" 2008 Reprised her role as M for the 22nd Bond adventure \"Quantum Of Solace\"; second collaboration with Craig as Bond 2008 Co-starred in the BBC One five-part series \"Cranford\" (aired on PBS in the US); earned Emmy and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actress in a Miniseries 2006 Reprised her role as M for \"Casino Royale\" opposite Daniel Craig in his first film as James Bond 2006 Played a London schoolteacher opposite Cate Blanchett in Richard Eyre's \"Notes on a Sc",
"andal\"; received Golden Globe, SAG and Oscar nominations for Lead Actress 2005 Cast as Lady Catherine de Bourg in Joe Wright's adaptation of the Jane Austen classic \"Pride and Prejudice\" 2005 Portrayed Laura Henderson in the Stephen Frears directed \"Mrs.",
"Henderson Presents\"; received Oscar, Golden Globe and SAG nominations for Lead Actress 2002 Reprised role of M for \"Die Another Day\"; final collaboration with Pierce Brosnan as Bond 2002 Played Lady Bracknell in Oliver Parker's remake of Oscar Wilde's \"The Importance of Being Earnest\" 2002 Co-starred with Maggie Smith in David Hare's West End play \"The Breath Of Life\" 2001 Portrayed Irish novelist Iris Murdoch in her later life (the younger version played by Kate Winslet) in Richard Eyre's \"Iris\"; earned a Best Actress Oscar nomination 2001 Re-teamed with director Lasse Hallstrom for \"The Shipping News\" playing Kevin Spacey's aunt 2000 Starred in the HBO original film \"The Last of the Blonde Bombshells\"; received SAG and Emmy nomination for Lead Actress 2000 Featured as a crusty old woman in Lasse Hallstrom's \"Chocolat\"; received Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination 1999 Appeared with an ensemble cast in Franco Zeffirelli's \"Tea With Mussolini\" 1999 Again reprised role of",
" M for \"The World Is Not Enough\"; third collaboration with Pierce Brosnan as Bond 1998 Earned critical acclaim and several awards for her brief role as Elizabeth I in \"Shakespeare in Love\" 1997 Starred in David Hare's London play \"Amy's View\"; production moved to Broadway in 1999 1997 First leading role in a feature, portraying Queen Victoria in \"Mrs.",
"Brown\"; earned a Best Actress Academy Award nomination 1997 Reprised role of M in \"Tomorrow Never Dies\"; second collaboration with Brosnan as Bond 1996 Made cameo appearance as Hecuba in Kenneth Branagh's full-length film of \"Hamlet\" 1995 Took over the role of M in \"GoldenEye\" opposite Pierce Brosnan in his first film as James Bond 1992 Co-starred with Geoffrey Palmer in the British sitcom \"As Time Goes By\" 1989 Played Gertrude, opposite Daniel Day-Lewis in the title role of \"Hamlet\" at the National Theatre 1989 Directed by Branagh's for the stage production of \"Henry V\" 1989 Stage directing debut \"Look Back in Anger\" for Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance Theater Company; also starred with Branagh and Emma Thompson (aired on Bravo in 1993) 1987 Portrayed Cleopatra in an acclaimed stage production of \"Antony and Cleopatra\" at The National Theatre 1987 Co-starred with Ian Holm in the British adaptation of Noel Coward's \"Mr.",
"and Mrs Edgehill\" 1986 Featured as Miss Eleanor Lavish in the Merchant-Ivory film \"A Room With a View\" 1985 Co-starred with Vanessa Redgrave in \"Wetherby\"; written and directed by David Hare 1983 Appeared in the British TV production \"Saigon: Year of the Cat\"; directed by Stephen Frears and written by David Hare 1983 Originated the role of Barbara in the West End production of \"Pack of Lies\" 1982 Won critical praise for her stage role as Lady Bracknell in Oscar Wilde's \"The Importance of Being Earnest\" 1981 Appeared opposite her husband Michael Williams in the British comedy series \"A Fine Romance\"; also performed the series' theme song 1978 Played one of three spinster sisters, opposite Jeremy Irons in the BBC television film \"Langrishe, Go Down\"; adapted for the screen by Harold Pinter 1976 Cast opposite Ian McKellen, who played the title role of Nunn's acclaimed production of \"Macbeth\" 1968 Played Titania in Peter Hall's film version of \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\" ",
"1968 Won critical praise as Sally Bowles in the London stage version of \"Cabaret\" 1967 Made TV debut in the BBC's four-part serial \"Talking to a Stranger\" 1965 Breakthrough screen role in \"Four in the Morning\" 1964 Made feature film debut in \"The Third Secret\" 1961 Joined the Royal Shakespeare Company playing Anya in \"The Cherry Orchard\"; first collaboration with Ian Holm 1960 Portrayed the female lead in Old Vic Company's production of \"Romeo and Juliet\" 1958 Made New York debut as Katherine in \"Henry V\" 1957 Played the Virgin Mary in the revival of the York Mystery Plays; appeared with her father and older brother 1957 Became a member of the Old Vic Company in London 1957 Judi Dench - Biography - IMDb Judi Dench Biography Showing all 115 items Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (82) | Personal Quotes (27) Overview (3) 5' 1\" (1.",
"55 m) Mini Bio (1) Judi Dench was born in York, England, to Eleanora Olive (Jones), who was from Dublin, Ireland, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor from Dorset, England.",
"She attended Mount School in York, and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama. She has performed with Royal Shakespeare Company, the National Theatre, and at Old Vic Theatre. She is a ten-time BAFTA winner including Best Actress in a Comedy Series for A Fine Romance (1981) in which she appeared with her husband, Michael Williams , and Best Supporting Actress in A Handful of Dust (1988) and A Room with a View (1985) . She received an ACE award for her performance in the television series Star Quality: Mr. and Mrs. Edgehill (1985). She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, and was created Dame of Order of the British Empire in 1988. - IMDb Mini Biography By: dh Spouse (1) ( 5 February 1971 - 11 January 2001) (his death) (1 child) Trade Mark (1) Known for often playing dignified, strong willed women in positions of authority who are sometimes opposed or criticised by those under her.",
"Trivia (82) When Royal Shakespeare Company Director Peter Hall asked Judi Dench to play the title role in a staged, and then later televised, production of Cleopatra, Dench refused, saying that her Cleopatra would be a \"menopausal dwarf.\" Director Hall was later successful in coaxing Dench into the role, of which she won rave reviews from both theatre critics and TV audiences. Her first stage appearance was as a snail in a play at her Quaker junior school. She made history in 1996 as the first person to win two Laurence Olivier awards (for British theatre) for different roles. Her 1999 Oscar was awarded for an six-minute performance in only four scenes as \"Queen Elizabeth I\" in Shakespeare in Love (1998). It is the second shortest performance ever to win a Best Supporting Actress Oscar, the only shorter one being Beatrice Straight 's five-minute performance in Network (1976). Mother, with Michael Williams , of Finty Williams . Created the role of Sally Bowles in the London premiere of the musical, Cabaret.",
"She was cast to play \"Grizabella\" in the original West End production of \"CATS\", but she tore her Achilles Tendon and was forced to quit the musical. Elaine Paige replaced her. She was ranked second in the 2001 Orange Film Survey of the greatest British Film Actresses. Received the Film Actress Award for her role in Chocolat at The Variety Club Showbusiness Awards 2002. Unfortunately Ms Dench was in attendance at the Berlin Film Festival and couldn't attend the Awards ceremony, but was able to send a televised message congratulating the charity on its 50th anniversary. Awarded an honorary DLitt by Oxford University on 28 June 2000. Was awarded an honourary Litt.D. (Doctor in Letters) from Trinity College on Friday, 11th July, 2003. She was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1984 (1983 season) for Best Actress in a New Play for Pack of Lies. She was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1988 (1987 season) for Best Actress in a New Play for Antony and Cleopatra.",
"Presented with The Society's Special Award for her outstanding contribution to British theatre at the 2004 Laurence Olivier Awards. [February 2004] She was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1996 (1995 season) for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance in A Little Night Music at the Royal National Theatre Olivier Stage. She was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1996 (1995 season) for Best Actress in a Play for her performance in Absolute Hell at the Royal National Theatre Lyttleton Stage. She was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 1999 (1998 season) for Best Actress for her performance in Filumena. She was nominated for a 1998 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Actress of the 1997 season for her performance in Amy's View at the Royal National Theatre: Lyttelton and then Aldwych theatres. Younger sister of Jeffery Dench . She was awarded the 2004 Laurence Olivier Theatre Special Award for her Outstanding Contributions to British Theatre.",
"She was awarded the 1982 London Critics' Circle Theatre Award (Drama Theatre Award) for Best Actress of 1981 for A Kind Of Alaska and The Importance of Being Earnest. She was awarded the 1987 London Critics Circle Theatre Award (Drama Theatre Award) for Best Actress for her performance in Anthony and Cleopatra. She was awarded the 1987 London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress for her performance in Anthony and Cleopatra. She was awarded the 1982 London Evening Standard Award for Best Actress for her performance in A Kind of Alaska and The Importance of Being Earnest. During the filming of As Time Goes By (1992) , she used to direct everybody to hide from the director when he left the set. Even after winning so many acting awards, she still admits to being insecure and wanting to improve the next performance. She admits that she prefers stage first, television second and film in third place. She was awarded the 1997 London Critics Circle Theatre Award (Drama) for Best Actress for her performance in Amy's View at the Royal National Theatre.",
"She was awarded the 1997 London Evening Standard Theatre Award: The Patricia Rothermere Award for her contributions to theatre. An Associate Member of RADA. Won Broadway's 1999 Tony Award as Best Actress (Play) for \"Amy's View.\" Voted Best British Actress of all time in a poll for Sky TV [Feb 2005]. Was listed as a potential nominee on the 2005 Razzie Award nominating ballot. She was listed as a suggestion in the Worst Supporting Actress category for her performance in the film The Chronicles of Riddick (2004), she failed to receive a nomination however. She was awarded a Companion of Honour in the 2005 Queen's Birthday Honours List for her services to drama. Currently supporting the Theatre Royal, Bury St. Edmunds Restoration Appeal (2005). Topped the poll in Britain's Finest Actresses, July 2005 Attended the Mount School and at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London. She and Vanessa Redgrave were in the same class at drama school.",
"As of 2014, received seven Oscar nominations, all of them when she was already over the age of 60. No other actor or actress collected more nominations when older than 60, the closest runner-ups being Katharine Hepburn, Paul Newman, Laurence Olivier, Spencer Tracy, Melvyn Douglas and Edith Evans with a mere three nominations each. When she started training at the Central School of Speech and Drama, she admits she wasn't taking it as seriously as she ought to have done. She was caught out during an improvisation scene at which point she realised that that was what it was all about and studied harder than she had ever done in her life. Was not able to attend the Oscars in 2007, because she had to undergo a knee surgery. Shares two roles with both Kate Winslet and Cate Blanchett . She and Winslet both played the title role in Iris (2001), and she and Blanchette have both played Queen Elizabeth. All three of them have played Ophelia in Hamlet. At the opening of the Judi Dench Theatre in London in 1986 she was introduced as \"Here she is, Miss Judy Geeson '.",
"She and her The Shipping News (2001) and Notes on a Scandal (2006) co-star Cate Blanchett both received Oscar-nominations for playing Queen Elizabeth I in 1999. Dench won for her supporting role in Shakespeare in Love (1998) while Blanchett was nominated for Elizabeth (1998). Provides the narration for Spaceship Earth at Walt Disney World's Epcot in the 4th version (soft opening December 2007, final opening scheduled for February 2008). Judi Dench is the new narrator of \"Spaceship Earth\", the dark ride at EPCOT. She replaced Jeremy Irons after Walt Disney World and Siemens decided to update the classic ride housed inside the infamous golf-ball. She is a frequent co-star of her close friend Geoffrey Palmer . First woman to portray the 007 series character \"M\", which she did in GoldenEye (1995). Good friend of Paul Scofield . Awarded honorary D.Litt from the University of St Andrews, June 2008.",
"She was awarded the OBE (Officer of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1970 Queen's Birthday Honours List and awarded the DBE (Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 1988 Queen's New Year Honours List for her services to drama. In a 2004 opinion poll of the Royal Shakespeare Company, Dame Dench's performance as \"Lady Macbeth\" in Trevor Nunn 's 1976 production of \"Macbeth\" was voted the second greatest Shakespearean performance of all time. Only Paul Scofield 's masterful \"King Lear\" was ranked higher. In her autobiography \"And Furthermore,\" Dench says that she never really understood what was going on in the movie The Chronicles of Riddick (2004), but she enjoyed the experience of making the movie, and she thought the sets were great. Has twice been nominated for an Oscar in the same year that another actress was nominated for playing the same role. She received Best Supporting Actress for playing Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love (1998), while Cate Blanchett was nominated for Elizabeth (1998).",
"She was later nominated for Best Actress in Iris (2001), for which Kate Winslet was also nominated for the title role. Whilst training at the Old Vic Theatre in the 1950s, Dench shared a flat with Barbara Leigh-Hunt . Was six months pregnant with her daughter, Finty Williams , when she completed her run of the play \"London Assurance\". Following the birth of her daughter, Finty Williams , Dench and her husband immediately began trying for another child. However, having been unsuccessful, the couple looked into adoption when Dench was in her 40s, but they were turned down. Became engaged to Michael Williams during Christmas 1970 after he proposed to her on a beach in Australia. Has had custody of her grandson, Sammy Williams (b. 1997), since 2004 following her daughter Finty Williams 's rehabilitation for alcoholism. Going blind due to condition called macular degeneration. Does not plan to retire [February 19, 2012]. A lifelong animal lover, Judi is the proud owner of a racehorse named Smokey Oakey.",
"Also owns a dog, 4 cats, 2 Guinea pigs and some fish. Counts Mrs Brown (1997) as the movie that became the quintessential breakthrough event of her career as a film actress, winning her her first Oscar nomination. Even though she'd performed regularly on stage in the US in Old Vic productions almost 40 years earlier, it wasn't until after this movie that Hollywood really came calling. Dench is a supporter of Everton Football Club and she has been named as a patron of the soccer team's official charity \"Everton in the Community\". She played a Countess in William Shakespeare 's \"All's Well That Ends Well\" in London West End. [February 2004] She visited Staunton, Virginia to promote the Shenandoah Shakespeare Theatre. [May 2004] Playing Mistress Quickly in a production of The Merry Wives of Windsor - The Musical at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, UK. [January 2007] Her father, Reginald Arthur Dench, was from Dorset, England, and her mother, Eleanora Olive (Jones), was from Dublin, Ireland.",
"The longest she has gone without an Oscar nomination is the 7 years between Notes on a Scandal (2006) and Philomena (2013). As of 2014, has appeared in four films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: A Room with a View (1985), Shakespeare in Love (1998), Chocolat (2000) and Philomena (2013). The only film to win in the category was Shakespeare in Love (1998). Was the 114th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Shakespeare in Love (1998) at The 71st Annual Academy Awards (1999) on March 21, 1999. Is one of 26 actresses who have received an Academy Award for their performance in a comedy; hers being for Shakespeare in Love (1998).",
"The others in chronological order, are: Claudette Colbert ( It Happened One Night (1934)), Loretta Young ( The Farmer's Daughter (1947)), Josephine Hull ( Harvey (1950)), Judy Holliday ( Born Yesterday (1950)), Audrey Hepburn ( Roman Holiday (1953)), Goldie Hawn ( Cactus Flower (1969)), Glenda Jackson ( A Touch of Class (1973)), Lee Grant ( Shampoo (1975)), Diane Keaton ( Annie Hall (1977)), Maggie Smith ( California Suite (1978)), Mary Steenburgen ( Melvin and Howard (1980)), Jessica Lange ( Tootsie (1982)), Anjelica Huston ( Prizzi's Honor (1985)), Olympia Dukakis ( Moonstruck (1987)), Cher ( Moonstruck (1987)), Jessica Tandy ( Driving Miss Daisy (1989)), Mercedes Ruehl ( The Fisher King (1991)), Marisa Tomei ( My Cousin Vinny (1992)), Dianne Wiest ( Bullets Over",
" Broadway (1994)), Mira Sorvino ( Mighty Aphrodite (1995)), Frances McDormand ( Fargo (1996)), Helen Hunt ( As Good as It Gets (1997)), Gwyneth Paltrow ( Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Penelope Cruz ( Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)), and Jennifer Lawrence ( Silver Linings Playbook (2012)).",
"She has two roles in common with Helen Mirren : (1) Dench played Titania in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1968), in which Mirren also appeared, while Mirren played her in A Midsummer Night's Dream (1981) and (2) Dench played Queen Elizabeth I in Shakespeare in Love (1998) while Mirren played her in Elizabeth I (2005). A section of the paved river bank alongside the River Ouse in York, upstream of Lendal Bridge near the Museum Gardens, was named Dame Judi Dench Walk in honour of the city being her birthplace. Is one of 13 actresses who won their Best Supporting Actress Oscars in a movie that also won the Best Picture Oscar (she won for Shakespeare in Love (1998)). The others are Hattie McDaniel for Gone with the Wind (1939), Teresa Wright for Mrs.",
"Miniver (1942), Celeste Holm for Gentleman's Agreement (1947), Mercedes McCambridge for All the King's Men (1949), Donna Reed for From Here to Eternity (1953), Eva Marie Saint for On the Waterfront (1954), Rita Moreno for West Side Story (1961), Meryl Streep for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979), Juliette Binoche for The English Patient (1996), Jennifer Connelly for A Beautiful Mind (2001), Catherine Zeta-Jones for Chicago (2002) and Lupita Nyong'o for 12 Years a Slave (2013). The only person to always be credited \"and Judi Dench as M\" in all her James Bond opening credits sequences for her appearances. Bernard Lee did not get the credit in Dr. No (1962). Robert Brown never got the credit. Ralph Fiennes was credited as Gareth Mallory in Skyfall (2012).",
"Following her Oscar win for Shakespeare in Love (1998), the producers of the Bond franchise gave her character M a much larger role -- one central to the film's plot -- for the first time in the Bond franchise. While M had typically only been seen in Bond films in bookend scenes at the very beginning and end, this time around the writers made her past actions the primary motive for the film's two main villains. They did the same thing with M in Skyfall (2012), purportedly because they were planning to kill off her character and wanted her (platonic) relationship with Bond to come full circle. Starred in two film adaptations of Anton Chekhov 's The Cherry Orchard. First in 1962, in the Royal Shakespeare Company production, The Cherry Orchard (1962), in which she played Anya, and in the 1981 BBC production The Cherry Orchard (1981), in which she played the lead, Mme. Ranevsky. Shares a role with her Nine (2009) co-star Marion Cotillard : both played Lady Macbeth.",
"Dench on stage in the '70s and Cotillard in the 2015 film adaptation, Macbeth (2015). They both co-starred opposite an actor who played Magneto in the X-Men franchise; Dench with Ian McKellen and Cotillard with Michael Fassbender . Daughter of Reginald Arthur Dench (1897-1964) and Eleanora Olave Dench (née Jones) (1897-1983). Great aunt of Jacob Bowker."
] |
From which country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?
|
Portugal
|
[
"Portogało",
"Republic of Portugal",
"PORTUGAL",
"Portekiz",
"Portugallu",
"O Papagaio",
"ISO 3166-1:PT",
"Portunga",
"Phu-to-ga",
"Potigal",
"Portûnga",
"Portugul",
"An Phortaingéil",
"Portugāle",
"Portugale",
"Portingale",
"Potiti",
"Portugali",
"Portugall",
"Portekîz",
"Bo Dao Nha",
"Portuguese Republic",
"Portogallo",
"Portugaul",
"Portogalo",
"Portyngal",
"Yn Phortiugal",
"Portugalio",
"Portugál",
"Portugual",
"Portuga",
"Portgual",
"Portugalsko",
"Portugaleje",
"Phû-tô-gâ",
"Portugalujo",
"Portugalija",
"Pertual",
"Pòtigal",
"Portugal",
"Bồ Đào Nha",
"Portugalska",
"República Portuguesa",
"Portiwgal",
"Portugalėjė",
"Portúgal",
"Portegal",
"An Phortaingeil",
"Republica Portuguesa"
] | 10,586
|
[
"Angola from past to present | Conciliation Resources Angola from past to present Angola from past to present From military peace to social justice? The Angolan peace process Publication date: David Birmingham When Angola achieved independence in 1975, a war was raging between competing national liberation movements and their foreign backers. Guus Meijer and David Birmingham revisit Angola’s colonial period and the independence struggle that followed and ask how the resulting social and economic divisions shaped and were manipulated by the warring parties. The article describes the introduction of authoritarian one-party rule under the MPLA and the impact of natural resource development and international and regional powers on the conflict. Tracing the conflict up to the signing of the Luena Memorandum, the authors conclude that Angola’s peace remains incomplete and that the country faces many challenges in achieving social and democratic reconstruction. Read full article Angola from past to present On 11 November 1975, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) declared Angola's independence and installed Agostinho Neto as its first President in the former Portuguese colony's capital at Luanda.",
"This outcome had long seemed uncertain and indeed even unlikely; the MPLA had not only had to deal with its own serious internal troubles and disaffections, but had also had to take on the Portuguese colonial army and the two rival armed movements, each backed by powerful allies. Holden Roberto's National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) had initially been the most powerful of the three competing national liberation movements and in the autumn of 1975 it came close to capturing Luanda from the north, backed by a heavily armed force supplied by President Mobuto Sese Seko of Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo). In the south, two armoured columns of a South African invasion force, acting in military coordination with the Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), led by Jonas Savimbi, almost reached Luanda before they were stopped by Cuban troops which had been rushed to the assistance of the MPLA. The independent Angolan state was thus born out of turmoil and violence and amid serious national, regional and global rivalries. This heritage with its deep historical roots was to influence the unfolding of events for a long time.",
"Angola, like most African countries, grew out of a conglomerate of peoples and groups each with its own distinct history and traditions. Gradually small local nations and states came into contact with each other and historical developments drove them to share a common destiny under increasing Portuguese influence. Long before the arrival of the Portuguese, Bantu-speaking communities had established a farming economy over most of the territory. They had absorbed many of the scattered Khoisan-speaking populations and developed a successful pastoral dimension to their agriculture as well as building up trading economies. One of the most successfully diverse market centres became the town of M'banza Kongo around which the Kongo kingdom evolved. Further east the concept of state formation related to the political ideology of the Lunda peoples while in the south later kingdoms took shape in the highlands of the Ovimbundu people. Angola under Portuguese rule Although the first Portuguese traders, explorers and soldiers set foot on this part of the African coast from 1483, modern colonisation of the whole territory was only formalised four centuries later after the Berlin Conference of 1884-85.",
"Wide stretches of Angola experienced colonial rule for less than a century, and even after 1900 armed revolts broke out and resistance movements sprang up as among the Ovimbundu and the Bakongo from 1913, until the last northern resistance was put down in 1917. During its century of overrule the colonial regime left crucial marks on Angolan society. Its discriminatory legislation, particularly the Statute of the Portuguese Natives of the Provinces of Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea, separated the indigenous population from a tiny elite of 'civilised' individuals (or assimilados) who enjoyed some of the rights of Portuguese citizens. In 1961, after the start of an armed liberation struggle, the statute was revoked but the changes were only cosmetic. The Portuguese policy of racial and cultural discrimination had a profound and lasting impact on the later social and political development of Angola as an independent country. Social divisions created by colonialism continued to exercise a strong influence on the relationships between groups and on the attitudes of individuals. Racial mistrust manifested itself in the conflicts between as well as the tensions within the liberation movements. Deeply entrenched suspicion played a decisive role in Angola's recent political history.",
"The conflicting interests of rural dwellers and people living in urban centres are in part another source of tension which independent Angola inherited from the colonial state. Portugal, like the other colonial powers, was primarily interested in extracting riches from its colonies, through taxation, forced labour and the compulsory cultivation of marketable crops such as cotton. Under the guise of a 'civilising mission', the colonial state was heavily influenced by its own distinctive variety of Catholic fundamentalism, invented by the semi-fascist dictator António Salazar. An ideology developed under the banner of luso-tropicalism, a supposedly specific Portuguese way of harmonising Portuguese manners with the customs of peoples in the tropics. In Angola economic extraction was later supplemented by migrant influences when Portugal needed to dispose of excess population. In the 1950s and 1960s Angola received many thousands of poor white peasants and entrepreneurial settlers from Portugal. They created a colony of European descent which, although smaller than the Portuguese communities in France or Brazil, was larger than the rival colonial one in Mozambique.",
"During the colonial period, and particularly under the corporatist 'New State' and its colonial charters perfected by Salazar when he graduated from finance minister to Prime Minister in 1932, Angola's political and economic developments were crucially linked to the motherland. In 1969 Marcelo Caetano succeeded Salazar as Prime Minister and continued to insulate Portugal's colonies, and especially the crown jewel that was Angola, from the winds of change that blew concepts of independence over Africa in the 1960s. Instead of preparing for independence, as the other colonial powers had reluctantly done after the Second World War, Portugal tried to strengthen its imperial grip. As a weak state, politically isolated and economically backward, Portugal resorted to special measures to hold on to its colonies and in 1954 it euphemistically renamed them 'overseas provinces' in an attempt to avoid the attentions of United Nations inspectors. Economically, both Portugal and Angola were always at the mercy of trends and developments in the wider global economy, determined by powers beyond their control.",
"It had been the world economic crisis of the 1930s which had led to the impoverishment of Portugal and to the crystallisation of Salazar's authoritarian regime. In the 1950s, when Portugal aspired to become a member of the United Nations and yet keep its colonies, it was agricultural crises and opportunities that caused impending upheavals. The relative poverty of the southern highlands and the boom in coffee prices in the north drove thousands of Ovimbundu peasants to become migrant workers on the coffee estates. There they were subjected to humiliation by white colonists and to resentment by the Bakongo who lived there. Continuous rivalries between various elites have played an important role in Angola's recent history. The FNLA embodied the aspirations of the northern elite focused on Kinshasa but with some cultural links with the old Kongo kingdom. The MPLA had its heartland in the territory of the Mbundu people of the Luanda hinterland but included many groups in the urban centres including some who descended from the old assimilated families of black Angolans and others who were the mixed-race children of modern colonisation.",
"UNITA became the expression of a third political tradition and embodied the economic aspirations of the Ovimbundu and their merchant leaders on the southern planalto. To a large extent the ethnic identification of these movements has come about as a result of conscious political manoeuvring by each leadership rather than as a genuine expression of popular sentiment and aspiration. Over time the social and political factors of identity and cohesion have become real. Angola's historical society can be characterised by a tiny semi-urbanised elite of Portuguese-speaking 'creole' families – many black, some of mixed race, some Catholic and others Protestant, some old-established and others cosmopolitan – who are distinguished from the broad population of black African peasants and farm workers. Until the nineteenth century the great creole merchants and the rural princes dealt in captive slaves, most of whom were exported to Brazil or to the African islands. The black aristocracy and the creole bourgeoisie thrived on the profits of overseas trade and lived in style, consuming large quantities of imported alcoholic beverages and wearing fashionable European costumes. In the early twentieth century, however, their social and economic position was eroded by an influx of petty merchants and bureaucrats from Portugal, who wished to grasp the commercial and employment opportunities created by a new colonial order.",
"Although effective occupation only had a relatively short duration and elements of pre-colonial continuity persisted, colonialism nevertheless brought major social changes in urbanisation, in formal education, in religious practice, in farming techniques and in commercial linkages. These changes affected all sections of society and all parts of the country, albeit to an uneven and variable degree. There is a tendency noted above to view Angolan society, and indeed other African societies, as fundamentally split between a 'modern' sector, influenced by 'Western' (or European) values, and a 'traditional' one governed by pre-modern systems of unchanging norms and historic ritual practices. Such views, expressed in political and public discourse, tend to over-simplify the socio-cultural base of both the MPLA and UNITA when in fact each had to manage its relations with appropriate 'traditional authorities'. Angola presents a rich variety of influences and mixtures all deeply marked by the colonial experience as well as by the so-called Afro-Stalinism of the post-independence years. 'Traditional' concepts are now being transformed to adapt to the challenges of life in the present and the future.",
"There is no part of Angola, however remote, and no sector of Angolan society, however 'traditional', which is not in some way linked to the 'modern' world of a globalised economy and its culture and communication systems. The struggle for national liberation While colonial rule never went unresisted, a more focused armed struggle for independence only started in 1961, after the Portuguese had bloodily repressed a mass protest against colonial conditions in the north. Hundreds of white planters and traders (estimates vary between 250 and 1,000) and thousands of black farm workers were killed, and many more fled the country, forming a fertile recruiting ground for an emerging anti-colonial cause. nationalist political activity and resistance occurred initially under the banner of the Union of the Peoples of Angola (UPA), a predecessor of the FNLA. In Luanda and the coastal cities much older associations had long expressed the nationalist sentiment of Angola's African population.",
"This urban-based nationalism also incorporated assimilados and mestiços of Luanda and Benguela who had organised the Angolan League in the 1910s and the Let's Discover Angola (Vamos Descobrir Angola) movement in the 1940s under leaders such as Viriato da Cruz who later became founders of the MPLA. The 1960s saw a major military and political confrontation between the Portuguese colonial regime and Angolan nationalism. The country also experienced the early manifestation of divisions within the nationalist movement that were to mark political life in Angola for many years. The protagonists were the FNLA, the MPLA, which subsequently tried to claim responsibility for an attack on a Luanda prison on 4 February 1961, and UNITA which emerged in the mid 1960s. The date of the prison attack was later officially celebrated as the beginning of the armed struggle. The anti-colonial struggle launched in 1961 was fought with guerrilla tactics, gradually increasing in scope to reach from the north to the east of the country.",
"On the diplomatic front nationalists worked from bases in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa), Conakry and Brazzaville, as well as from Lisbon and Paris. The FNLA received political and military backing from African countries and from China and the US. In 1962 it formed a Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE) which the organisation of African Unity (OAU) initially recognised as the legitimate successor to colonial rule. Some African countries later transferred their allegiance to the MPLA which, though its military record was poor and its leadership continuously suffered from internal conflict, gradually outmanoeuvred its rivals politically and diplomatically to gain pre-eminence in 1975. The FNLA was no freer from internal dissent than the MPLA and in 1964 Jonas Savimbi left the 'government in exile' in which he had served as Minister for Foreign Affairs. He accused the FNLA leaders of being militarily ineffective and heavily dependent on the US. He also denounced nepotism and the authoritarian leadership of Holden Roberto. After visiting a number of mainly communist countries Savimbi founded UNITA in 1966.",
"By exploiting the feelings of exclusion in Angola's largest ethnic group, the Ovimbundu, Savimbi built up his own constituency in the centre and south of the country. Initially he conducted small guerrilla operations inside Angola before establishing a network of supporters abroad. None of the armed movements succeeded in effectively threatening the colonial state in Angola. The end of this 'first Angolan war' was brought about indirectly through domestic pressure in Portugal and the growing dissatisfaction of the Portuguese military fighting the colonial wars in Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau. In April 1974, junior officers belonging to the Movement of the Armed Forces (MFA) toppled the Salazar-Caetano regime in Portugal and began the process of decolonisation. In 1974, however, a frenzy of diplomatic and political activity at home and abroad mitigated against a negotiated independence. In 1975, as the will to retain imperial control over Angola dwindled, fighting broke out in many provinces of Angola and also in the capital, Luanda, where the armies of the MPLA, the FNLA and UNITA were intended to maintain the peace with joint patrols.",
"In January 1975, under heavy international pressure, the colonial power and the three movements had signed an agreement in Alvor, Portugal, providing for a transitional government, a constitution, elections and independence. This Alvor Accord soon collapsed, however, and the transitional government scarcely functioned. In the subsequent confrontations the FNLA received military support from Zaire with the backing of China and the US, while under Agostinho Neto the MPLA gained ground in particular in Luanda with support from the Soviet Union and from Cuban troops. On 11 November 1975 Angola became independent. The FNLA and UNITA were excluded from the city and from government and a socialist one-party regime was established which eventually gained international recognition, though not from the United States. Angola under one-party rule From 1975 until the late 1980s Angolan society was moulded along 'classical' Marxist-Leninist lines. A dominant, but increasingly corrupt state sector was controlled by the ruling party. Private business, with the exception of the activities of foreign oil companies, was restricted and organised religion, including the Catholic Church, which had held an official place under the colonial regime, was suppressed.",
"No freely organised 'civil society' emerged and the state controlled the media and mass organisations for youth, for women, for workers and for some of the professions. One event had a crucial impact on the political climate during Angola's socialist era: the failed coup attempt by Nito Alves and his followers on 27 May 1977. Alves was a minister in President Agostinho Neto's government but also had his own constituency of supporters in Luanda's musseques (slums). The nitista crisis was fuelled by personal ambitions but also by ideological battles within the ruling socialist camp. Some leaders were loyal to the 'bureaucratic' line practised in the USSR while others preferred a more 'revolutionary' Chinese approach. The coup itself was bloodily repressed and it is alleged that thousands of supposed sympathisers were jailed or killed in the following days, weeks and months. The episode had a profound effect on the President, and his regime became ever more authoritarian and repressive. Angola's population lost its innocence and henceforth lived in fear.",
"Subsequent wars By the end of the 1970s, UNITA took over from the FNLA as the main civil war opponent of the MPLA government. A rapprochement had been achieved between the MPLA and President Mobutu of Zaire. The FNLA's cadres, led by Mobutu's protégé Holden Roberto, were gradually integrated into Angolan society as the free-market acolytes of the one-party state. The FNLA army, once a foreign-armed force with thousands of recruits, disintegrated without being formally disarmed or demobilised. Agostinho Neto died of cancer in 1979 and was succeeded as President by José Eduardo dos Santos, a young petroleum engineer trained in the Soviet Union. By this time the superpower conflict in Vietnam had ended and Angola became the seat of a new war by proxy between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each side was not so much defending a specific interest in Angola as playing out geo-political rivalry. The regional allies of the US continued to be Zaire and South Africa, while Congo-Brazzaville aligned itself with the Soviet Union.",
"Cuba stepped up both military and civilian support to the MPLA government and contributed significantly to the rehabilitation of social sectors such as health and education. Diamonds, and more especially oil, provided the MPLA with the necessary revenue to function as a government. Foreign income also funded the lifestyle of the ruling elite and financed the ongoing war against UNITA. During the war years economic links between the coastal cities and the agrarian hinterland weakened almost to the point of extinction. Sometimes backed by South African forces, UNITA spasmodically occupied parts of the country, which became inaccessible to both government and merchants. The cities, especially Luanda, survived on imported food rather than home produce. Consumer goods were paid for by oil royalties. The neglected countryside was left to its own subsistence strategies. Over the years many people fleeing the war migrated to the towns. The lack of opportunities in the rural areas made prospects in the urban centres seem more attractive despite the poverty of the great slums. The city of Luanda grew to an estimated population of four million. The 'second Angolan war' reached its peak in the mid-1980s.",
"One of its enduring ironies concerned the dollar income generated by American oil companies, which paid for Cuban troops to protect the Angolan government and its oil installations from attacks by South African forces working for UNITA and partly financed by the US. In this phase of the war the battle for the small but strategic town of Cuito Cuanavale was a turning point. In 1987-88, South African and UNITA forces were pushed back by MPLA and Cuban troops after a long siege. The South Africans conceded that no military solution to the security of their northern border was possible and they started to explore political alternatives. The ensuing peace initiatives, orchestrated by a Troika of Portugal, America and Russia, finally resulted in the Bicesse Accords of May 1991 between the MPLA and UNITA. The peace was followed by the holding under UN auspices of Angola's first and only general election. Savimbi expected to gain power through the ballot box in September 1992. When he failed to do so he rejected the voting results and returned to war. The 'third Angolan war' was even more brutal than its predecessors.",
"Whole cities were reduced to ruins, hundreds of thousands of people were killed or died from war-related deprivation and disease, and millions were displaced, some for the second or even the third time. Extended talks in Lusaka finally resulted in another peace agreement, the Lusaka Protocol, signed in October 1994, but even then the war was not over. Despite international sanctions against UNITA's supply networks, Savimbi was reluctant to surrender the military option. After four years of neither peace nor war, the war erupted again with full ferocity in December 1998. The Angolan government, on paper a 'government of national unity and reconciliation' in which some UNITA dissident politicians participated under MPLA domination, pursued an offensive that culminated in the assassination of Jonas Savimbi in February 2002. On 4 April 2002, the Luena Memorandum marked the end of four decades of war and the ultimate defeat of UNITA. In October 2002, UNITA declared itself a fully disarmed and democratic political party and UN sanctions against it were lifted.",
"Peace has characterised mainland Angola since April 2002, but in Cabinda, the enclave between the two Congo republics which accounts for sixty per cent of Angola's oil production, a war has continued unabated. The government has tried to replicate the strategy of scorched earth and starvation that had proved successful against UNITA. Many Cabindans nevertheless still support the rival movements demanding independence. The Angolan government, determined to preserve major economic assets, could never offer more than some form of provincial autonomy for the enclave. In October 2002, a major offensive against the Liberation Front of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) led to serious accusations of human rights abuses. Towards the end of 2003, after some FLEC defeats and defections, the Luanda government signalled that it was prepared to talk peace or even consider a referendum. So far, however, the silencing of the guns in mainland Angola has not reached Cabinda and the conflict remains unresolved. Peace in Angola remains incomplete. The physical and psychological scars of war are still evident. The democratic deficit has not been remedied. The regime is still marked by its predatory history.",
"Angola Fact Sheet September 26, 2016 More information about Angola is available on the Angola Page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet. U.S.-ANGOLA RELATIONS The United States established diplomatic relations in 1993 with Angola, which had become independent from Portugal in 1975. Post-independence, Angola saw 27 years of civil war among groups backed at various times by countries that included the United States, the Soviet Union, Cuba, China, and South Africa. Angola has had two presidents since independence. The first president came to power in 1975; upon his 1979 death, the second president assumed power. Multiparty elections were held in 1992 under a process supervised by the United Nations, but the results were disputed and civil war continued until the 2002 death of one holdout guerilla leader. A new constitution was adopted in 2010 and elections were held in 2012. Angola has a strong and capable military.",
"Although the country is sub-Saharan Africa's second-largest oil producer and has great agricultural potential, two-thirds of the population live in poverty. U.S. foreign policy goals in Angola are to promote and strengthen Angola’s democratic institutions, promote economic prosperity, improve health, and consolidate peace and security, including maritime security. The United States has worked with Angola to remove thousands of landmines and help war refugees and internally displaced people return to their homes. In 2009 Secretary Clinton declared Angola a “strategic partner” of the United States, one of three that the Obama Administration has identified on the African continent (the other two are Nigeria and South Africa). The U.S. – Angola Strategic Partnership Dialogue (SPD) was formalized with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding in Washington in July 2010. Secretary Kerry and Foreign Minister Chikoti met for the first high level Strategic Dialogue in December 2014 in Washington, D.C. Secretary Kerry met President dos Santos during his visit to Luanda in May 2014. U.S. Assistance to Angola U.S.",
"assistance seeks to focus on preventing major infectious diseases, strengthening health systems, increasing access to family planning and reproductive health services, and building capacity within nongovernmental organizations working in health advocacy and health service delivery. U.S. assistance also promotes stabilization and security sector reform. Bilateral Economic Relations Angola is the third-largest trading partner of the United States in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly because of its petroleum exports. U.S. imports from Angola are dominated by petroleum, with some diamonds. U.S. exports to Angola include machinery, aircraft, poultry, and iron and steel products. Angola is a partner country with Power Africa. Angola is eligible for preferential trade benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. The United States and Angola have signed a trade and investment framework agreement, which seeks to promote greater trade and investment between the two countries. Angola's Membership in International Organizations Angola and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. Angola also is an observer to the Organization of American States and is currently on the United Nations Security Council. They also serve as the chair of the International Conference of the Great Lakes Region. Bilateral Representation The U.S.",
"Ambassador to Angola is Helen La Lime . Other principal embassy officials are listed in the Department's Key Officers List . Angola maintains an embassy in the United States at 2100-2108 16th St., NW, Washington, DC 20009 (tel. 202-785-1156). More information about Angola is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here: Angola: History History History History until Independence The first inhabitants of the area that is now Angola are thought to have been members of the hunter-gatherer Khoisan group. Bantu-speaking peoples from West Africa arrived in the region in the 13th cent., partially displacing the Khoisan and establishing a number of powerful kingdoms. The Portuguese first explored coastal Angola in the late 15th cent., and except for a short occupation (1641–48) by the Dutch, it was under Portugal's control until they left the country late in the 20th cent. Although they failed to discover the gold and other precious metals they were seeking, the Portuguese found in Angola an excellent source of slaves for their colony in Brazil.",
"Portuguese colonization of Angola began in 1575, when a permanent base was established at Luanda. By this time the Mbundu kingdom had established itself in central Angola. After several attempts at subjugation, Portuguese troops finally broke the back of the kingdom in 1902, when the Bié Plateau was captured. Construction of the Benguela railroad followed, and white settlers arrived in the Angolan highlands. The modern development of Angola began only after World War II. In 1951 the colony was designated an overseas province, and Portugal initiated plans to develop industries and hydroelectric power. Although the Portuguese professed the aim of a multiracial society of equals in Angola, most Africans still suffered repression. Inspired by nationalist movements elsewhere, the native Angolans rose in revolt in 1961. When the uprising was quelled by the Portuguese army, many fled to Congo (Kinshasa) and other neighboring countries. In 1962 a group of refugees in the Congo, led by Holden Roberto, organized the Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA).",
"It maintained supply and training bases in the Congo, waged guerrilla warfare in Angola, and, while developing contacts with both Western and Communist nations, obtained its chief support from the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Angola's liberation movement comprised two other guerrilla groups as well. The Marxist-influenced Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA), founded in 1956, had its headquarters in Zambia and was most active among educated Angolan Africans and mestiços living abroad. The MPLA led the struggle for Angolan independence. The third rival group was the União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA), which was established in 1966 under the leadership of Jonas Savimbi . As a result of the guerrilla warfare, Portugal was forced to keep more than 50,000 troops in Angola by the early 1970s. In 1972 the heads of the FNLA and MPLA assumed joint leadership of a newly formed Supreme Council for the Liberation of Angola, but their military forces did not merge.",
"That same year the Portuguese national assembly changed Angola's status from an overseas province to an \"autonomous state\" with authority over internal affairs; Portugal was to retain responsibility for defense and foreign relations. Elections were held for a legislative assembly in 1973. In Apr., 1974, the Portuguese government was overthrown in a military uprising. In May of that year the new government proclaimed a truce with the guerrillas in an effort to promote peace talks. Later in the year Portugal seemed intent on granting Angola independence; however, the situation was complicated by the large number of Portuguese and other Europeans (estimated at 500,000) resident there, by continued conflict among the African liberation movements, and by the desire of some Cabindans for their oil-rich region to become independent as a separate. Postcolonial History Portugal granted Angola independence in 1975 and the MPLA assumed control of the government in Luanda; Agostinho Neto became president. The FNLA and UNITA, however, proclaimed a coaliton government in Nova Lisboa (now Huambo), but by early 1976 the MPLA had gained control of the whole country.",
"Most of the European population fled the political and economic upheaval that followed independence, taking their investments and technical expertise with them. When Neto died in 1979, José Eduardo dos Santos succeeded him as president. In the 1970s and 80s the MPLA government received large amounts of aid from Cuba and the Soviet Union, while the United States supported first the FNLA and then UNITA. In Cabinda, independence forces that had fought against the Portuguese now fought against the Angolan government. Although the FNLA faded in importance, UNITA obtained the support of South Africa, which was mounting its own campaigns against the Southwest Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), a Namibian liberation group based in Angola. In the late 1980s the United States provided military aid to UNITA and demanded the withdrawal of Cuban troops and an end to Soviet assistance. As a result of negotiations among Angola, South Africa, Cuba, and the United States, the withdrawal of Cuban troops began in 1989. Also in the late 1980s, Marxist Angola implemented programs of privatization under President dos Santos.",
"A cease-fire between the ruling MPLA and UNITA was reached in 1991, and the government agreed to make Angola a multiparty state. However, when dos Santos won UN-supervised elections held in Sept., 1992, UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi charged fraud and refused to accept the results. In Nov., 1992, bitter fighting broke out between rebel UNITA troops and government forces, destroying many cities and much of the country's infrastructure. Despite initial victories that gave UNITA control of some two thirds of Angola, the MPLA eventually gained the upper hand in the renewed warfare. In Nov., 1994, with UNITA on the verge of defeat, dos Santos and Savimbi signed the Lusaka protocol, a new agreement on ending the conflict. The two sides committed to the integration of several thousand UNITA troops into the government armed forces as well as the demobilization of thousands more from both sides. UN peacekeeping troops began arriving in June, 1995, to supervise the process. Troop integration, however, was suspended in 1996, and UNITA's demobilization efforts lagged.",
"A new government of national unity was formed in 1997, including several UNITA deputies; Savimbi had declined a vice presidency in 1996. With renewed fighting in 1998, Angola's ruling MPLA put the country's coalition government on hold, saying that UNITA had failed to meet its peace-treaty obligations. It suspended all UNITA representatives from parliament and declared that it would no longer deal with Savimbi, instead recognizing a splinter group, UNITA Renovada. In 1999 the United Nations voted to pull out all remaining troops stationed in the country, while continuing humanitarian relief work with over a million refugees. UNITA was able to finance its activities, including an estimated 30,000 troops stationed in neighboring Zambia and Congo (Kinshasa), with some $500 million a year in diamond revenues from mines it controlled in the country's northeast. Fighting continued, with Angola's army inflicting several defeats on UNITA beginning in late 1999, weakening UNITA's still sizable forces.",
"International restrictions (2001) on sales of diamonds not certfied as coming from legitimate sources also hurt UNITA, and the death of Savimbi in battle in 2002 was a severe blow to the rebels, who subsequently signed a cease-fire agreement and demobilized. UNITA subsequently reconstituted itself as a political party. Also in 2002 Angolan government forces gained the upper hand against Cabindan separatists; a peace agreement for the province was signed in 2006. As many as one million people died in the Angolan civil war, and the country's infrastructure was slow to recover from the effects of the fighting. Parliamentary elections scheduled for 2007 were postponed late in 2006 until mid-2008, and the presidential election was then set for 2009. In Mar., 2007, there was an apparent attack on the leader of UNITA, Isaias Samakuva; UNITA accused the government of trying to assassinate him.",
"When the parliamentary elections were finally held in Sept., 2008, they were marred by procedural irregulaties and difficulties but were otherwise generally transparent, and the MPLA won a landslide victory, with more than 80% of the vote. In 2009 the presidential election (scheduled for Sept., 2009) was again postponed; a new constitution approved by the National Assembly in Jan., 2010, abolished direct election for the president. In the legislative elections of Aug., 2012, the MPLA won 72% of the vote, which thus resulted in the election of dos Santos as president. UNITA and other opposition parties unsuccessfully challenged the result in the courts. Sections in this article: Milestones: 1969–1976 - Office of the Historian Milestones: 1969–1976 The Angola Crisis 1974–75 After a successful military coup in Portugal that toppled a long-standing authoritarian regime on April 25, 1974, the new rulers in Lisbon sought to divest the country of its costly colonial empire.",
"The impending independence of one of those colonies, Angola, led to the Angolan civil war that grew into a Cold War competition. The Angola crisis of 1974–1975 ultimately contributed to straining relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. Cuban and Angolan soldiers are shown during a weapon practice session at a training center. (AP Photo) Three main military movements had been fighting for Angolan independence since the 1960s. The Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) was a Marxist organization centered in the capital, Luanda, and led by Agostinho Neto. The National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), led by Holden Roberto, was based in the north of the country and had strong ties to the U.S. ally, Mobutu Sese Seko, in neighboring Zaire. The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), an offshoot of the FNLA, was led by Jonas Savimbi and supported by the country’s largest ethnic group, the Ovimbundu.",
"Following the Portuguese coup, these three revolutionaries met with representatives of the new Portuguese Government in January 1975 and signed the Alvor Agreement that granted Angolan independence and provided for a three-way power sharing government. However, trust quickly broke down among the three groups, and the country descended into civil war as each vied for sole power. The crisis in Angola developed into a Cold War battleground as the superpowers and their allies delivered military assistance to their preferred clients. The United States supplied aid and training for both the FNLA and UNITA while troops from Zaire assisted Holden Roberto and his fighters. China, also, sent military instructors to train the FNLA. The Soviet Union provided military training and equipment for the MPLA. During the summer of 1975, the Soviet-supported MPLA was able to consolidate power in Luanda and oust the U.S.-supported FNLA from the capital, but the FNLA continued to attack. The remaining Portuguese troops failed to stem the violence. When MPLA leader Neto announced November 11, 1975 as the day of Angolan independence, Lisbon decided to withdraw its troops on that day. The MPLA also had long-established relations with Fidel Castro’s Cuba.",
"Before November 11, the MPLA had negotiated with Castro for Cuban assistance. At the same time, UNITA, which enjoyed U.S. support, approached the Apartheid government in South Africa for military reinforcement. Pretoria, with the aim to end the use of Angola as a base for rebels fighting for the independence of South Africa-occupied Namibia, contributed forces that entered southern Angola in October and made rapid progress toward the capital. In response, Castro sent Cuban Special Forces to halt the South African advance and succeeded in drawing attention to the fact that the United States had provided support to a group that now accepted assistance from an Apartheid government. The U.S. Government had encouraged the South African intervention, but preferred to downplay its connection with the Apartheid regime. However, once Pretoria’s involvement became widely known, the Chinese withdrew its advisers from the region, and the Ford Administration was faced with domestic resistance to the U.S. role in the Angolan conflict. President Gerald Ford had requested Congressional approval for more money to fund the operation in Angola. However, many members of Congress were wary of intervening abroad after the struggle in Vietnam, others wished to avoid the South Africa connection, and still others did not believe the issue was important.",
"In the end, Congress rejected the President’s request for additional funds. South Africa withdrew its forces in the spring of 1976 and the MPLA remained as the official government of Angola. Still, Jonas Savimbi and UNITA continued an insurgency until his death in 2002. During the period of the Angolan crisis, the United States and the Soviet Union were still enjoying a brief thaw in their relations, in an era referred to as détente . During this time, Washington and Moscow had reached a series of agreements that aimed to reduce tensions between the two superpowers. However, by 1974, strains on bilateral relations had already compromised U.S. support for détente and the crisis in Angola served to accelerate this trend. From the U.S. point of view, one of the aims of détente was to draw the Soviet Union further into the international system so that Washington could induce Moscow to show restraint in its dealings with the Third World. The Ford Administration believed that Cuba had intervened in Angola as a Soviet proxy and as such, the general view in Washington was that Moscow was breaking the rules of détente. The appearance of a Soviet success and a U.S.",
"loss in Angola on the heels of a victory by Soviet-supported North Vietnam over U.S.-supported South Vietnam continued to erode U.S. faith in détente as an effective Cold War foreign policy. The U.S. failure to achieve its desired outcome in Angola raised the stakes of the superpower competition in the Third World. Subsequent disagreements over the Horn of Africa, and Afghanistan contributed to undoing the period of détente between the Soviet Union and the United States. Additionally, the Angola crisis also ended a recent thaw in U.S.-Cuban relations. Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed Angolan Civil War (1975-2002) Angolan Soldier in front of Soviet Missiles Image Ownership: Public Domain The Angolan Civil War, beginning at the time of the country's independence from Portugal in 1975, was a 27-year struggle involving the deaths of over 500,000 soldiers and civilians.",
"Initiated at the height of the Cold War, pro- and anti- communist forces in Angola set the stage for a proxy fight between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) . Though the fighting officially ended in 2002, Angola remains in economic and social turmoil with a massive refugee crisis and millions of landmines impeding farming practices. Rich in diamonds and oil, Angola was one of the last African nations to receive independence from a European power. On April 25, 1974, a Portuguese military coup d’état protesting the country’s colonial practices successfully overthrew the regime. The combined forces of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), and the National Union for Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) created a transitional government with the Alvor Accord of 1974. Within a year the government had disintegrated, and with aid from the USSR and the Cuban military, the Marxist-oriented MPLA under the leadership of José dos Santos had wrested control of most of Angola.",
"Indirectly and through proxies, governments from the United States, Brazil and South Africa funded UNITA, providing munitions, intelligence reports, and mercenaries. Heavy fighting continued until 1991 when a temporary agreement known as the Bicesse Accords was reached. Calling for an immediate ceasefire and the removal of both Cuban and South African troops, the agreement mandated a new national government and army, along with Angola’s first multi-party elections. A year later, MPLA candidate José dos Santos won 49% of the popular vote in the election compared to 40% for UNITA candidate Dr. Jonas Savimbi . When Savimbi disputed the outcome, UNITA resumed guerilla war against the MPLA. In 1993 the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 864 placing an embargo on petroleum and munitions shipments to UNITA. UNITA continued military operations until Savimbi was killed in an ambush in February of 2002. Officially demobilized that August under less-radical leadership, UNITA has since been a formidable political party in Angolan politics.",
"Though a country rich in natural resources, Angola was economically and politically devastated with runaway inflation of the country’s currency (the kwanza), a national crisis of amputees from the millions of landmines, and political fallout from the millions of refugees displaced from the fighting. Sources: Kevin Shillington, Encyclopedia of African History (New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005); Fernando Andresen Guimaraes, The Origins of the Angolan Civil War: Foreign Intervention and Domestic Political Conflict (London: Macmillan Press, 1997); John A. Marcum, The Angolan Revolution, Vol. 2: Exile Politics and Guerilla Warfare (1962-1976) (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1978). Contributor(s): BBC ON THIS DAY | 11 | 1975: Divided Angola gets independence 1975: Divided Angola gets independence The southern African state of Angola has gained its independence from former colonial power Portugal.",
"The leader of one of the country's rival factions, Dr Agostinho Neto, of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), has been proclaimed the country's first president. In the capital, Luanda, huge crowds cheered and soldiers fired shots into the air as the new country's flag was raised at midnight. However, the main groups vying for power held separate independence ceremonies. The MPLA held a huge ceremony at a stadium in the capital, Luanda, attended by a representative from the Soviet Union. 'Slave pool' In a speech, Dr Neto was critical of the Portuguese for not recognising the MPLA as the \"sole legitimate representative\" of the Angolan people. Meanwhile, the rival Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Unita) announced it had joined forces with another liberation movement to form a national council which would act as Angola's government. Angola's independence ends nearly 500 years of Portuguese rule. Initially the Portuguese used Angola as a \"slave pool\" for its more lucrative colony in Brazil and mined Angola's precious gemstones and metals. Resistance to Portuguese rule was widespread by the mid-20th century but was complicated by clashes between the various African communities.",
"Angola country profile - BBC News BBC News Read more about sharing. Close share panel One of Africa's major oil producers, Angola is striving to tackle the physical, social and political legacy of a 27-year civil war that ravaged the country after independence. Following the withdrawal of the Portuguese colonial masters in 1975, the rival former independence movements competed for power until 2002. Much of Angola's oil wealth lies in Cabinda province, where a decades-long separatist conflict simmers. The government has sent thousands of troops to subdue the rebellion in the enclave, which has no border with the rest of Angola. Human rights groups have alleged abuses against civilians.",
"Read more country profiles - Profiles by BBC Monitoring FACTS Area 1.25m sq km (481,354 sq miles) Major languages Portuguese (official), Umbundu, Kimbundu, Kikongo Major religion Christianity Life expectancy 50 years (men), 53 years (women) Currency kwanza President: Jose Eduardo dos Santos Image copyright Getty Images Jose Eduardo dos Santos, of the ruling MPLA, has been in power since 1979, and is Africa's second-longest serving head of state after Equatorial Guinea's Teodoro Obiang. He keeps tight control over all aspects of Angola's political life. Many Angolans credit the president for leading the country to recovery after the end of its 27-year civil war in 2002, and for turning the country's formerly socialist economy into one of the world's fastest-growing - mainly on the back of Angola's prodigious oil wealth. Some, however, accuse him of authoritarianism, staying in office for too long and failing to distribute the proceeds from the oil boom more widely. In 2008, his party won the country's first parliamentary elections for 16 years.",
"A new constitution approved in 2010 substituted direct election of the president with a system under which the top candidate of the largest party in parliament becomes president. It also strengthened the presidency's powers, prompting the Unita opposition to accuse the government of \"destroying democracy\". He appointed his daughter Isabel as chief executive of the state-run oil firm Sonangol in 2016, prompting suspicions that he is establishing a dynasty at a time he is winding down his own career. Isabel has been ranked by Forbes magazine as the richest woman on the continent with a fortune of around $3 billion. MEDIA Image copyright Getty Images Social media appeared to be under threat at the end of 2015 when President dos Santos called for their stricter regulation, at a time when the government was cracking down on political dissident and activism. For many urban Angolans, the internet has become the primary medium for expression of political anger because of the dangers of protesting on the streets. The state controls all media with nationwide reach, including radio, the most influential medium outside the capital.",
"Some key dates in Angola's history: Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The Angolan civil war involved forces from Cuba, pictured, as well as from South Africa 1300s - Kongo kingdom consolidates in the north. 1483 - Portuguese arrive. 17th and 18th centuries - Angola becomes a major Portuguese trading arena for slaves. Between 1580 and 1680 a million plus are shipped to Brazil. 1885-1930 - Portugal consolidates colonial control over Angola, local resistance persists. 1950s-1961 - Nationalist movement develops, guerrilla war begins. 1974 - Revolution in Portugal, colonial empire collapses. 1975 - Portuguese withdraw from Angola without formally handing power to any movement. MPLA is in control of Luanda and declares itself government of independent Angola. Unita and FNLA set up a rival government in Huambo. Civil war begins, dragging on until 2002. 1979 - Jose Eduardo dos Santos becomes country's leader. 1987 - South African forces enter southeast Angola to thwart MPLA and Cuban offensive against Unita. They withdrew the next year.",
"1991 - Government, Unita sign peace accord in Lisbon. 1992 - Disputed elections. Fighting flares again. 1998 - Luanda launches offensive against Unita - thousands killed in next four years of fighting. 2002 - Unita leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in battle and a formal ceasefire is signed. Image copyright Getty Images Image caption The civil war came to an end following the killing of rebel leader Jonas Savimbi"
] |
Who won Super Bowl XX?
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Chicago Bears
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[
"Chicago Bears",
"Chicago Staleys",
"Decatur Staleys",
"Chicago Bears football",
"Chicago bears",
"Save Da Planet",
"Chicago Gators"
] | 12,169
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[
"Super Bowl XX Game Recap Chicago 46, New England 10 SuperBowl.com wire reports Buddy Ryan's '46' defense squashed the Patriots.(AP) The NFC champion Chicago Bears, seeking their first NFL title since 1963, scored a Super Bowl-record 46 points in downing AFC champion New England 46-10 in Super Bowl XX. The previous record for most points in a Super Bowl was 38, shared by San Francisco in XIX and the Los Angeles Raiders in XVIII. The Bears' league-leading defense tied the Super Bowl record for sacks (7) and limited the Patriots to a record-low seven rushing yards. New England took the quickest lead in Super Bowl history when Tony Franklin kicked a 36-yard field goal with 1:19 elapsed in the first period. The score came about because of Larry McGrew's fumble recovery at the Chicago 19-yard line. However, the Bears rebounded for a 23-3 first-half lead, while building a yardage advantage of 236 total yards to New England's minus 19.",
"Running back Matt Suhey rushed eight times for 37 yards, including an 11-yard touchdown run, and caught one pass for 24 yards in the first half. After the Patriot's first drive of the second half ended with a punt to the Bears' 4-yard line, Chicago marched 96 yards in nine plays with quarterback Jim McMahon's 1-yard scoring run capping the drive. McMahon became the first quarterback in Super Bowl history to rush for a pair of touchdowns. The Bears completed their scoring via a 28-yard interception return by reserve cornerback Reggie Phillips, a 1-yard run by defensive tackle/fullback William Perry, and a safety when defensive end Henry Waechter tackled Patriots quarterback Steve Grogan in the end zone. Bears defensive end Richard Dent became the fourth defender to be named the game's most valuable player after contributing 1½ sacks. The Bears' victory margin of 36 points was the largest in Super Bowl history, bettering the previous mark of 29 by the Los Angeles Raiders when they topped Washington 38-9 in Game XVIII.",
"McMahon completed 12 of 20 passes for 256 yards before leaving the game in the fourth period with a wrist injury. The NFL's all-time leading rusher, Bears running back Walter Payton, carried 22 times for 61 yards. Wide receiver Willie Gault caught four passes for 129 yards, the fourth-most receiving yards in a Super Bowl. Chicago coach Mike Ditka became the second man (Tom Flores of Raiders was the other) to win a Super Bowl ring as a player and as a coach. Information Bears beat Patriots in Super Bowl XX - Jan 26, 1986 - HISTORY.com Bears beat Patriots in Super Bowl XX Share this: Bears beat Patriots in Super Bowl XX Author Bears beat Patriots in Super Bowl XX URL Publisher A+E Networks On January 26, 1986, in New Orleans, Louisiana, the Chicago Bears score a Super Bowl record number of points to defeat the New England Patriots, 46-10, and win their first championship since 1963.",
"Led by Coach Mike Ditka, a tight end for the Bears during their last Super Bowl win, Chicago won 17 of 18 games to reach the championship match-up with the Patriots, who became only the fourth wild-card team in history to advance to the Super Bowl. After Tony Franklin kicked a 36-yard field goal only one minute and 19 seconds into the game, New England took the quickest lead in Super Bowl history. It was mostly downhill for the Patriots from there, as the Bears built a 23-3 lead by halftime, gaining a total of 236 yards, compared with New England’s minus 19. The young Patriots quarterback, Tony Eason, had zero completions in six passes, was sacked three times and fumbled once before being replaced by Steve Grogan near the end of the first half. The mighty Bears defense made a crucial impact on the game, causing six Patriot turnovers (four of which led to touchdowns) and holding New England to a total of only seven rushing yards all game. The Bears were hot on offense as well, as quarterback Jim McMahon completed 12 of 20 passes for 256 yards and no interceptions.",
"Defensive tackle William “The Refrigerator” Perry had one of the game’s most memorable moments, running in a one-yard touchdown and spiking the ball in celebration. The celebrated Chicago running back Walter Payton carried 22 times for 61 yards but did not score, the one disappointment in an otherwise triumphant game for the Bears. When the game was over, the Bears had set a new NFL record for margin of victory (36 points), bettering the mark of 29 set by the Los Angeles Raiders when they beat the Washington Redskins 38-9 in Super Bowl XVIII. They also scored more points than any other team in the history of the Super Bowl, beating the previous record (38) shared by the Raiders and the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XIX. The Bears defensive end Richard Dent, who contributed one and a half of Chicago’s record seven sacks, was named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl XX, becoming only the fourth defender to win the honor. Super Bowl XX is also remembered for the ubiquitous “Super Bowl Shuffle,” a rap song and accompanying video released by the Bears during the weeks leading up to their championship meeting with the Patriots.",
"Payton, McMahon, Dent, Perry and linebacker Mike Singletary were among the Bears who participated in the song’s production, which reached #41 on the Billboard charts and earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rhythm & Blues Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group. Related Videos Super Bowl XX | American Football Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia XXI > Super Bowl XX was the 20th championship game of the modern National Football League (NFL). The game was played on January 26, 1986 at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana following the 1985 regular season . The National Football Conference (NFC) champion Chicago Bears (18-1) defeated the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots (14-6), 46–10. The Bears set Super Bowl records for sacks (7) and fewest rushing yards allowed (7).",
"The Bears' 36-point margin over the Patriots was a Super Bowl record until Super Bowl XXIV .(45) The Patriots were held to negative yardage (-19) throughout the entire first half, and just 123 total yards in the entire game, the second lowest total in Super Bowl history. Bears defensive end Richard Dent , who had 1.5 quarterback sacks, forced 2 fumbles, and blocked a pass, was named the game's Most Valuable Player . [3] Contents Edit NFL owners awarded the hosting of Super Bowl XX to New Orleans, Louisiana on December 14 , 1982 . This would be the sixth time that New Orleans hosted the Super Bowl. Tulane Stadium was the site of Super Bowls IV , VI , and IX ; while the Louisiana Superdome previously hosted XII and XV . \"Da Bears\" and the 46 defense Edit The 1985 Chicago Bears became national stars.",
"Under head coach Mike Ditka , who won the 1985 NFL Coach of the Year Award , they went 15-1 in the regular season, becoming the second NFL team ever to win 15 regular season games (after the 1984 San Francisco 49ers ). Their only loss was in a Monday night game against the Miami Dolphins . The Bears' then-revolutionary, strong defense, \" 46 Zone \", enabled them to lead the league during the regular season in fewest points allowed (198), interceptions (34), fewest total yards allowed (4,135), and fewest rushing yards allowed (1,319). And under a strong running game, Chicago led the NFL in rushing yards (2,761) and rushing touchdowns (27), and finished second in the league in scoring (456 points). It was a team full of characters. Pro Bowl quarterback Jim McMahon provided the team with a solid passing attack, throwing for 2,392 yards and 15 touchdowns, while also rushing for 252 yards and 3 touchdowns.",
"Running back Walter Payton , who was then the NFL's all time leading rusher with 14,860 yards, rushed for 1,551 yards. He also caught 49 passes for 483 yards, and scored 11 touchdowns. Linebacker Mike Singletary won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award by recording 3 sacks, 3 fumble recoveries, and 1 interception. But the player who got the most attention was a lovably large rookie defensive tackle simply known as the \"Fridge\", William \"Refrigerator\" Perry . Perry came into training camp before the season weighing over 320 pounds. But after Bears defensive coach Buddy Ryan told the press that the team \"wasted\" their first round draft pick on him, Perry worked hard to lose some weight to become a fine defensive tackle. He got even more attention when he started playing at the fullback position during offensive plays near the opponent's goal line. The spectacle of the 300+ pound Perry crashing through the line as a blocker or a ball carrier delighted many sports writers and fans.",
"During the regular season, Perry rushed for 2 touchdowns, caught a pass for 1, and was frequently a lead blocker for Payton during goal line plays. The Bears \"46 defense\" [4] also had the following impact players: On the defensive line, Pro Bowler Richard Dent led the NFL in sacks for the second year in a row with 17, while Pro Bowler and future hall of famer Dan Hampton recorded 6.5 sacks. In addition to Singletary, linebacker Otis Wilson had 10.5 sacks and 3 interceptions while Wilber Marshall recorded 4 interceptions. In the secondary, defensive back Leslie Frazier had 6 interceptions, Mike Richardson recorded 4 interceptions, Dave Duerson had 5 interceptions, and Gary Fencik recorded 5 interceptions and 118 tackles. Chicago's main offensive weapon was Payton and the running game. A big reason for Payton's success was fullback Matt Suhey as the primary lead blocker. Suhey was also a good ball carrier, rushing for 471 yards and catching 33 passes for 295 yards.",
"The team's rushing was also aided by Pro Bowlers Jim Covert and Jay Hilgenberg and the rest of the Bears offensive line. In their passing game, the Bears primary deep threat was wide receiver Willie Gault , who caught 33 passes for 704 yards, an average of 21.3 yards per catch, and returned 22 kickoffs for 557 yards and a touchdown. Tight end Emery Moorehead was another key contributor, catching 35 passes for 481 yards. Wide receiver Dennis McKinnon was another passing weapon, recording 31 receptions, 555 yards, and 7 touchdowns. Meanwhile, the players brought their characterizations to the national stage with the \" Super Bowl Shuffle \", a rap song the Bears recorded during the season. Even though it was in essence a novelty song, it actually peaked at #41 on the Billboard charts and got a Grammy nomination for best R&B song by a group. The \"Cinderella\" Patriots Edit The Patriots were considered a cinderella team during the 1985 season because many sports writers and fans thought they were lucky to make the Super Bowl at all.",
"New England began the season losing 3 of their first 5 games, but won 6 consecutive games to finish with an 11-5 record. However, the 11-5 mark only earned them third place in the AFC East behind the Miami Dolphins and the New York Jets . Quarterback Tony Eason , in his third year in the NFL, was inconsistent during the regular season, completing 168 out of 299 passes for 2,156 yards and 11 touchdowns, but also 17 interceptions. Eason suffered an injury midway through the season and was replaced by backup Steve Grogan , who was considered one of the best reserve quarterbacks in the league. Grogan was the starter in 6 of the Patriots' games, and finished the regular season with 85 out of 156 completions for 1,311 yards, 7 touchdowns, and 5 interceptions. Wide receiver Stanley Morgan provided the team with a good deep threat, catching 39 passes for 760 yards and 5 touchdowns.",
"On the other side of the field, multi-talented wide receiver Irving Fryar was equally effective, catching 39 passes for 670 yards, while also rushing for 27 yards, gaining another 559 yards returning punts and kickoffs, and scoring 10 touchdowns. But like the Bears, the Partiots main strength on offense was their rushing attack. Halfback Craig James rushed for 1,227 yards, caught 27 passes for 370 yards, and scored 7 touchdowns. Fullback Tony Collins rushed for 657 yards, recorded a team leading 52 receptions for 549 yards, and scored 5 touchdowns. The Patriots also had an outstanding offensive line, led by Pro Bowl tackle Brian Holloway and future hall of fame guard John Hannah . New England's defense ranked 5th in the league in fewest yards allowed (5,048). Pro Bowl linebacker Andre Tippett led the AFC with 16.5 sacks. Outside linebackers Don Blackmon and Pro Bowler Steve Nelson were also big defensive weapons, excelling at pass coverage and run stopping.",
"Also, the Patriots secondary only gave up 14 touchdown passes during the season, the 2nd fewest in the league. Pro bowl defensive back Raymond Clayborn recorded 6 interceptions for 80 return yards and 1 touchdown, while Pro Bowler Fred Marion had 7 interceptions for 189 return yards. Playoffs Edit In the playoffs, the Patriots qualified as the AFC's second wild card , the last playoff seed under the rules of that time, and were forced to spend all of the postseason on the road . Thus going into the playoffs, it seemed unlikely that New England would become the fourth wild card team to advance to a Super Bowl. But the Patriots shocked everybody, beating the New York Jets 26-14, Los Angeles Raiders 27-20, and the Dolphins 31-14 on the road to make it to the Super Bowl. The win against Miami had been especially surprising, not only because Miami was the only team to beat Chicago in the season, but also because New England had not won in the Orange Bowl (Miami's then-home field) since 1966, the Dolphins' first NFL season.",
"The Patriots had lost to Miami there 18 consecutive times, including a 30-27 loss in their 15th game of the season. But New England dominated the Dolphins in the AFC Championship Game, recording two interceptions from quarterback Dan Marino and recovering 4 fumbles. Meanwhile, the Bears became the first team in NFL history to shutout both of their opponents in the playoffs, beating the New York Giants 21-0 and the Los Angeles Rams 24-0. Super Bowl pregame hype Edit Much of the Super Bowl pregame hype centered around Bears quarterback McMahon. First, he was fined by the NFL during the playoffs for a violation of the league's dress code, wearing a head band on which he had handwritten \"Adidas\". He then started to wear a head band saying \"Rozelle\", after then-league commissioner Pete Rozelle . McMahon was also suffering a sore rear end from a hit he took in the NFC Championship Game. So he flew in his acupuncturist into New Orleans to get treatment. During practice four days before the Super Bowl, he started wearing a hand band that said \"Acupuncture\".",
"McMahon's most outrageous stunt involved mooning a passing helicopter flying overhead and other photographers during practice to show off his injured rear end. Pictures of that incident then appeared on the sports sections of many newspapers across the country. Another anecdote involving Jim McMahon during the Super Bowl anticipation was the New Orleans’ press reporting a supposed quote of McMahon referring to the women of New Orleans as “sluts”. This caused wide controversy among the ladies of New Orleans and forced McMahon to publicly apologize (or defend, depending on the point-of-view) on sports radio, in which he denounced the claim as false, indicating (amusingly) that he couldn’t have said such things simply because he’s a late-sleeper, and wouldn’t have been up that early in the morning (of the supposed day, apparently) to publicly smear the women of New Orleans. [5] Television and entertainment Edit The NBC telecast of the game, with play-by-play announcer Dick Enberg and color commentators Merlin Olsen and Bob Griese , garnered the third highest Nielsen rating of any Super Bowl to date, a 48.3. To celebrate the 20th Super Bowl game, the Most Valuable Players of the previous Super Bowls were featured during the pregame festivities.",
"After trumpeter Wynton Marsalis performed the national anthem, Bart Starr , Super Bowl MVP of I and II , tossed the coin . The performance event group Up with People performed during the halftime show titled \"Beat of the Future\". Up with People dancers portrayed various scenes into the future. This was the last Super Bowl to feature Up with People. The Last Precinct debuted on NBC after the game. Game summary Edit The Patriots took the second quickest lead in Super Bowl history after linebacker Larry McGrew recovered a fumble from Walter Payton at the Chicago 19-yard line on the second play of the game. (Jim McMahon took responsibility for this fumble after the game, saying he had called the wrong play.) This set up Tony Franklin 's 36-yard field goal 1:19 into the first quarter after 3 incomplete passes by Tony Eason . \"I looked up at the message board,\" said Chicago linebacker Mike Singletary , \"and it said that 15 of the 19 teams that scored first won the game.",
"I thought, yeah, but none of those 15 had ever played the Bears.\" [6] Chicago struck back with a 7 play, 59-yard drive, featuring a 43-yard pass completion from Jim McMahon to wide receiver Willie Gault , to set up a field goal from Kevin Butler , tying the score 3-3. After both teams traded punts, Richard Dent and linebacker Wilber Marshall shared a sack on Eason, forcing a fumble that lineman Dan Hampton recovered on the Patriots 13-yard line. Chicago then drove to the 3-yard line, but had to settle for another field goal from Butler after rookie defensive lineman William \"Refrigerator\" Perry was tackled for a 1-yard loss while trying to throw his first NFL pass on a halfback option play . On the Patriots' ensuing drive, Dent forced running back Craig James to fumble, which was recovered by Singletary at the 13-yard line. Two plays later, Bears fullback Matt Suhey scored on an 11-yard touchdown run to increase the lead 13-3.",
"New England took the ensuing kickoff and ran one play before the first quarter ended, which resulted in positive yardage for the first time in the game (a 3-yard run by James). But after an incomplete pass and a 4-yard loss, they had to send in punter Rich Camarillo again, and receiver Keith Ortego returned the ball 12 yards to the 41-yard line. The Bears subsequently drove 59 yards in 10 plays, featuring a 24-yard reception by Suhey, to score on McMahon's 2-yard touchdown run to increase their lead, 20-3. After the ensuing kickoff, New England lost 13 yards in 3 plays and had to punt again, but got the ball back with great field position when defensive back Raymond Clayborn recovered a fumble from Suhey at their own 46-yard line. Patriots coach Raymond Berry then replaced Eason with Steve Grogan , who had spent the previous week hoping he would have the opportunity to step on to NFL's biggest stage. \"I probably won't get a chance.\" he had told reporters a few days before the game. \"I just hope I can figure out some way to get on the field.",
"I could come in on the punt-block team and stand behind the line and wave my arms, or something.\" [7] But on his first drive, Grogan could only lead them to the 37-yard line and they decided to punt rather than risk a 55-yard field goal attempt. The Bears then marched 72 yards in 11 plays, moving the ball inside the Patriots 10-yard line. New England kept them out of the end zone, but Butler kicked his third field goal on the last play of the half to give Chicago a 23-3 halftime lead. In fact, however, Butler's late kick shouldn't have happened. The Bears had the ball on the Patriots' two yard line as the last seconds of the half were ticking away, and they snapped the ball before it was formally put it back into play, allowing McMahon to throw the ball out of bounds and stop the clock with three seconds left. The Bears were penalized five yards, but according to NFL rules ten seconds should have been counted off the clock, which would have ended the half leaving no time for the kick.",
"This mistake was promptly acknowledged by the officials and reported by NBC sportscasters during halftime, but the resulting three points were not taken away from the Bears. The Bears had absolutely dominated New England in the first half, holding them to 21 offensive plays (only 4 of which resulted in positive yardage), -19 total offensive yards, 2 pass completions, 1 first down, and 3 points. Meanwhile, Chicago gained 236 yards and scored 23 points themselves. After the Patriots received the second half opening kickoff, they managed to get one first down, but then had to punt after Grogan was sacked twice. Camarillo, who punted 4 times in the first half, managed to pin the Bears back at their own 4-yard line with a Super Bowl record 62-yard punt. But the Patriots defense still had no ability to stop Chicago's offense. On their very first play, McMahon faked a handoff to Payton, then threw a 60-yard completion to Gault. Eight plays later, McMahon finished the Super Bowl record 96-yard drive with a 1-yard touchdown run to make the Bears lead 30-3.",
"On New England's second drive of the period, Chicago cornerback Reggie Phillips intercepted a pass from Grogan and returned it 28 yards for a touchdown to increase the lead 37-3. On the second play of their ensuing possession, the Patriots turned the ball over again, when receiver Cedric Jones lost a fumble after catching a 19-yard pass from Grogan, and Marshall returned the fumble 13 yards to New England's 37-yard line. A few plays later, McMahon's 27-yard completion to receiver Dennis Gentry moved the ball to the 1-yard line, setting up perhaps the most memorable moment of the game. William \"the Refrigerator\" Perry was brought on to score on offense, as he had done twice in the regular season. His touchdown made the score 44-3. The Bears' 21 points in the third quarter is still a record for the most points scored in that period. The Patriots finally scored a touchdown early in the fourth quarter, advancing the ball 76 yards in 12 plays and scoring on an 8-yard pass from Grogan to receiver Irving Fryar .",
"But the Bears defense dominated New England for the rest of the game, forcing another fumble, another interception, and defensive lineman Henry Waechter 's sack on Grogan in the end zone for a safety to make the final score 46-10. One irony in the Bears victory was that Payton had a relatively poor performance running the ball and never scored a touchdown in Super Bowl XX, his first and only Super Bowl appearance during his hall of fame career. Although Payton was ultimately the Bears' leading rusher during the game, the Patriots defense held him to only 61 yards on 22 carries, with his longest run being only 7 yards. He was given several opportunities to score near the goal line, but New England stopped him every time before he reached the end zone (such as his 2-yard loss from the New England 3-yard line a few plays before Butler's second field goal, and his 2-yard run from the 4-yard line right before McMahon's first rushing touchdown). Thus, Chicago head coach Mike Ditka opted to go for other plays to counter the Patriots defense. Perry's touchdown and McMahon's rushing touchdowns could be considered as scoring opportunities that were denied to Payton.",
"McMahon, who completed 12 out of 20 passes for 256 yards, became the first quarterback in a Super Bowl to score 2 rushing touchdowns. Bears receiver Willie Gault finished the game with 129 receiving yards on just 4 receptions, an average of over 32.2 yards per catch. He also returned 4 kickoffs for 49 yards. Suhey had 11 carries for 52 yards and a touchdown, and caught a pass for 24 yards. Singletary tied a Super Bowl record with 2 fumble recoveries. Eason became the first Super Bowl starting quarterback to fail to complete a pass, going 0 for 6 attempts. The Bears also dominated Patriots starting running back James, holding him to 1 yard on 5 carries, with 1 fumble. Grogan completed 17 out of 30 passes for 177 yards and 1 touchdown, with 2 interceptions. Although Fullback Tony Collins was the Patriots leading rusher, he was limited to just 4 yards on 3 carries, and caught 2 passes for 19 yards.",
"New England receiver Stephen Starring returned 7 kickoffs for 153 yards and caught 2 passes for 39 yards.",
"Box score/Game Information Weather: Played indoors, domed stadium TV Network coverage: NFL on NBC Scoring summary NE - FG: Tony Franklin 36 yards 3-0 NE CHI - FG: Kevin Butler 28 yards 3-3 tie CHI - FG: Kevin Butler 24 yards 6-3 CHI CHI - TD: Matt Suhey 11 yard run (Butler kick) 13-3 CHI CHI - TD: Jim McMahon 2 yard run (Butler kick) 20-3 CHI CHI - FG: Kevin Butler 24 yards 23-3 CHI CHI - TD: Jim McMahon 1 yard run (Butler kick) 30-3 CHI CHI - TD: Reggie Phillips 28 yard interception return (Butler kick) 37-3 CHI CHI - TD: William Perry 1 yard run (Butler kick) 44-3 CHI NE - TD: Irving Fryar 8 yard pass from Steve Grogan (Franklin kick) 44-10 CHI CHI - Safety: Steve Grogan sacked in end zone by Henry Waechter 4",
"6-10 CHI Starting lineups The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl - Chicago Tribune The Chicago Bears win the 1986 Super Bowl Chicago Bears after victory, 1986 Tribune photo by Ed Wagner Capping an almost perfect season, the Bears carry defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan, left, and head coach Mike Ditka off the field after the team's 46-10 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX.",
"Ryan, with whom Ditka feuded bitterly, left the following season. Capping an almost perfect season, the Bears carry defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan, left, and head coach Mike Ditka off the field after the team's 46-10 victory over the New England Patriots in Super Bowl XX. Ryan, with whom Ditka feuded bitterly, left the following season. (Tribune photo by Ed Wagner) Don PiersonChicago Tribune The Chicago Bears devastated the New England Patriots on this date in Super Bowl XX by an appropriate score, 46-10, stamping their ravaging \"46\" defense on National Football League history. The victory in New Orleans' Superdome, the first major championship for a Chicago team since the 1963 NFL title, was a near-perfect ending to a near-perfect season. Coach Mike Ditka had shocked the team in 1982 when he predicted that the Bears would win the Super Bowl in three years. Ditka, who had played tight end for the Bears, had just been named head coach by owner George Halas .",
"The team was numbed by a tradition of losing, despite outstanding performances by such stars as running back Gayle Sayers and linebacker Dick Butkus . To change that tradition, Ditka brought in younger players and instilled in them his fierce determination. Soon Ditka's rugged personality came to symbolize the Bears.A loss to San Francisco denied the team a trip to the 1985 Super Bowl, but the next season would be different. At quarterback was Jim McMahon , the \"Punky QB.\" Future Hall of Fame running back Walter Payton rushed for 1,551 yards. The defense, featuring Mike Singletary , Richard Dent, Dan Hampton and Gary Fencik, terrorized opponents with their unconventional \"46\" blitzes under the aggressive coaching of defensive coordinator Buddy Ryan. And William \"Refrigerator\" Perry, a a 310-plus-pound defensive lineman, became a national celebrity when Ditka started to play him occasionally at fullback. Perry even scored three touchdowns. Before the Super Bowl, many players made a music video called \"The Super Bowl Shuffle,\" a gloating, highly premature celebration of a rollicking season that had been spoiled only by a loss to the Miami Dolphins .",
"The game itself became lopsided so early that the only suspense concerned McMahon's ever-changing headbands, which advertised various charities. However, the cries of \"Payton! Payton!\" went unanswered. The league's all-time leading rusher failed to score. Ditka talked about the Bears becoming the team of the 1980s, but Ryan, who feuded openly with Ditka, left the following season. Distractions, such as commercial endorsements, and player attrition took their toll. The team won only two more playoff games under Ditka. In 1993, Halas' grandson, Bears President Mike McCaskey, replaced Ditka with Dave Wannstedt, and in 1996, Wannstedt fired place-kicker Kevin Butler, the last remaining player from the super season of 1985. Super Bowl XX (1986) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends.",
"Error a list of 4 titles created 31 Dec 2012 a list of 56 titles created 03 Feb 2015 a list of 618 titles created 2 months ago Title: Super Bowl XX (1986– ) 8.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title? 26 January 1986 (USA) See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia Tony Eason became the second quarterback from the legendary 1983 draft to start in the Super Bowl. However, he is also the only starting quarterback to be benched before completing a pass. See more » Connections User Reviews The Da Bears crush the Pats! A nice tribute to a classic and traditional coach Buddy Ryan. (Petersburg, Virginia) – See all my reviews Super Bowl XX one of the first Super Bowls I remember watching as a kid, brings back the fond memories of the Bears crushing defense.",
"With the Chicago Bears being the clear favorite over the New England Patriots it came as no surprise this turned out as a 46-10 blowout. From the start the Bears simply out hit and out played the Pats, as the play-calling for Chicago was better. Bears running back Walter Payton would play a lesser role for the greater good by showing his unselfishness, by giving way to other team members by his blocking and decoy duties. With Payton being keyed upon by the Pats D head coach Mike Dikta opened up the passing game and the points and yards just rolled up. Loud and outspoken QB Jimmy Mac was accurate by 12 for 20 passing. The most memorable moment was when the \"Fridge\" William Perry scored a diving goal line touchdown!! Now a 400 pound defensive tackle scoring. Most of all this Super Bowl was the Bears defense and defensive coach Buddy Ryan. The Bears D was crushing forcing six turnovers, and holding the Pats into negative yardage going into the final quarter! Buddy was great at the 46 scheme his D always got pressure on the QB and it was no different in this Super Bowl.",
"Buddy Ryan later went on to coach my favorite team the Philadelphia Eagles, and he's my favorite coach for his tough attitude and outspoken ways. It was only fitting after Super Bowl XX ended the defensive unit carried Buddy off the field as the offense carried Mike Dikta off. This team was Buddy's D and Mike's O! Richard Dent won game MVP rightfully so with three sacks. Overall a terrific performance by Chicago one of the biggest Super Bowl wins that will always stick with me for special reasons. 2 of 3 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes Super Bowl 2016: Broncos take down Panthers - CNN.com 1 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most passing yards in a Super Bowl – St. Louis Rams quarterback Kurt Warner, who led an offense nicknamed \"The Greatest Show on Turf,\" threw for a Super Bowl-record 414 yards in 2000. The Rams defeated Tennessee 23-16.",
"Hide Caption 2 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most receiving yards in a Super Bowl – San Francisco wide receiver Jerry Rice was named Super Bowl MVP in 1989 after he caught 11 balls for a record 215 yards against Cincinnati. The Hall of Famer also holds Super Bowl records for most points and most touchdowns over a career. He has scored six touchdowns over four Super Bowls. Hide Caption 3 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most rushing yards in a Super Bowl – Quarterback Doug Williams won the Super Bowl MVP award in 1988, but rookie running back Timmy Smith set a Super Bowl record that year with 204 rushing yards against Denver. Hide Caption 4 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most interceptions in a Super Bowl – Oakland linebacker Rod Martin (No. 53) had three interceptions as the Raiders defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in 1981. Hide Caption 5 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most Super Bowl wins for one player – Defensive end Charles Haley (No. 94) played in five Super Bowls -- and he won every one of them.",
"The first two came with San Francisco, while the last three came with Dallas in the 1990s. Hide Caption 6 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most Super Bowl wins as a starting quarterback – Pittsburgh's Terry Bradshaw, left, and San Francisco's Joe Montana, center, were 4-0 in Super Bowls during their career. New England's Tom Brady, right, won his fourth Super Bowl in 2015. He has gone 4-2 in Super Bowls during his career. Hide Caption 7 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Most Super Bowl wins for a head coach – Pittsburgh's Chuck Noll, left, won four Super Bowls between 1975 and 1980. New England's Bill Belichick tied him in 2015. Hide Caption 8 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Longest scoring play in a Super Bowl – Baltimore's Jacoby Jones returned a kickoff 108 yards as the Ravens defeated San Francisco 34-31 in 2013.",
"Hide Caption 9 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Longest pass in a Super Bowl – Muhsin Muhammad caught an 85-yard touchdown pass from Jake Delhomme during Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004. Hide Caption 10 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Longest run in a Super Bowl – \"Fast\" Willie Parker broke a 75-yard run for a touchdown during Super Bowl XL in 2006. Hide Caption 11 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Longest interception return in a Super Bowl – Pittsburgh's James Harrison picked off Arizona's Kurt Warner on the last play of the first half and rumbled 100 yards for a touchdown in 2009. Hide Caption 12 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Longest fumble return in a Super Bowl – Almost everything came up roses for the Dallas Cowboys in 1993, as they crushed Buffalo 52-17 in the Rose Bowl. But defensive lineman Leon Lett had an embarrassing moment late in the game when he was returning a fumble for what looked to be a sure touchdown.",
"Lett returned the ball 64 yards, but he started showboating early and was stripped by Buffalo's Don Beebe. Hide Caption 13 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Fastest score in a Super Bowl – On the first play from scrimmage in last year's Super Bowl, Denver center Manny Ramirez snapped the ball past quarterback Peyton Manning. Denver's Knowshon Moreno recovered the ball in the end zone for a Seattle safety. Only 12 seconds had elapsed. Hide Caption 14 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives First score in Super Bowl history – In the first quarter of what we know now as Super Bowl I, Green Bay Packers wide receiver Max McGee scored a touchdown on a 37-yard pass from Bart Starr. Hide Caption 15 of 17 Photos: Super Bowl superlatives Largest margin of victory in a Super Bowl – San Francisco demolished the Denver Broncos 55-10 in 1990, winning by a record 45 points. It was the 49ers' fourth Super Bowl title in nine years.",
"Hide Caption 1 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl II (1968) – Starr repeated the feat one year later as the Packers won back-to-back titles. Starr had 202 yards passing and one touchdown as Green Bay blew out Oakland 33-14. Hide Caption 2 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl III (1969) – The New York Jets came into Super Bowl III as 18-point underdogs, but quarterback Joe Namath famously guaranteed that his team would upset the Baltimore Colts. After Namath led the way to a 16-7 victory, he was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Hide Caption 3 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl IV (1970) – The Kansas City Chiefs lost the first Super Bowl, but they made it count the second time around. Quarterback Len Dawson had 142 yards and a touchdown as the Chiefs beat the Minnesota Vikings 23-7 in New Orleans. It was the second straight year that the AFL champions had defeated the NFL champions, and by the next season the two leagues had merged.",
"Hide Caption 4 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl V (1971) – Dallas Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley, right, holds onto one of his two interceptions against the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V. Howley was named the game's MVP, but the Colts won the notoriously sloppy game with a Jim O'Brien field goal as time expired. To date, Howley remains the only player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP. Hide Caption 5 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl VI (1972) – Dallas atoned for its loss the next season, shutting down the Miami Dolphins 24-3. MVP quarterback Roger Staubach had two touchdown passes. Hide Caption 6 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl VII (1973) – Miami safety Jake Scott intercepts a fourth-quarter pass in the end zone during the Dolphins' 14-7 win over Washington in Super Bowl VII. Scott had two interceptions in the game as the Dolphins finished their season with a perfect 17-0 record. They are still the only NFL team ever to finish a season undefeated.",
"Hide Caption 7 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl VIII (1974) – Powerful running back Larry Csonka carries two Minnesota defenders near the end zone as Miami won its second Super Bowl in a row. Csonka became the first running back to win Super Bowl MVP, rushing for 145 yards and two touchdowns. Hide Caption 8 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl IX (1975) – Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris fights off Minnesota defender Paul Krause during Pittsburgh's 16-6 victory in Super Bowl IX. Harris ran for 158 yards and a touchdown on his way to winning MVP. Hide Caption 9 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl X (1976) – This diving catch from Pittsburgh wide receiver Lynn Swann is one of the most iconic plays in Super Bowl history. Swann had a touchdown and 161 yards receiving as the Steelers defeated Dallas 21-17 to win their second straight Super Bowl. Swann was the first wide receiver to win MVP.",
"Hide Caption 10 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XI (1977) – Oakland Raiders wide receiver Fred Biletnikoff caught four passes for 79 yards to win MVP honors in Super Bowl XI. The Raiders won 32-14 over Minnesota, knocking the Vikings to 0-4 in Super Bowls. Hide Caption 11 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XII (1978) – A dominating performance by Dallas' \"Doomsday Defense\" led to the first and only time that two players would share the Super Bowl MVP award. Defensive linemen Randy White, left, and Harvey Martin helped the Cowboys force eight turnovers and defeat Denver 27-10. Hide Caption 12 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIII (1979) – The Steelers and the Cowboys met for a Super Bowl rematch in 1979, and this game ended the same way as the one three years earlier -- with a Pittsburgh victory.",
"This time, however, it was Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw who won MVP, throwing for 318 yards and four touchdowns as Pittsburgh edged Dallas 35-31. Hide Caption 13 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIV (1980) – Bradshaw led the way again in Super Bowl XIV, throwing for 309 yards and a pair of touchdowns as the Steelers defeated the Los Angeles Rams 31-19. It was the Steelers' fourth title in six years. Hide Caption 14 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XV (1981) – Oakland quarterback Jim Plunkett scrambles during the Raiders' 27-10 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles in 1981. Plunkett had 261 yards passing and three touchdowns on his way to winning MVP. Hide Caption 15 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVI (1982) – San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana evades a tackle en route to winning MVP honors in Super Bowl XVI.",
"Montana threw for one touchdown in the game and ran for another as the 49ers won 26-21. Hide Caption 16 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVII (1983) – Washington running back John Riggins bursts through a hole during the Redskins' 27-17 victory over Miami in Super Bowl XVII. Riggins was named MVP after rushing for 166 yards and a touchdown. Hide Caption 17 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XVIII (1984) – Washington was on the losing end one year later as MVP running back Marcus Allen exploded for 191 yards and two touchdowns. Allen's Raiders, who had recently moved from Oakland to Los Angeles, blew out the Redskins 38-9. Hide Caption 18 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XIX (1985) – Three years after winning his first Super Bowl MVP award, Joe Montana was at it again as he led the 49ers to a 38-16 victory over Miami. This time, \"Joe Cool\" threw for 331 yards and three touchdowns.",
"Hide Caption 19 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XX (1986) – Chicago Bears defensive end Richard Dent (No. 95) sacks New England quarterback Steve Grogan during Super Bowl XX. Dent had two sacks and two forced fumbles as a devastating defense helped Chicago crush the Patriots 46-10. Hide Caption 20 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXI (1987) – New York Giants quarterback Phil Simms had a performance for the ages in Super Bowl XXI, completing 22 of 25 passes as the Giants beat Denver 39-20. It remains a Super Bowl record for completion percentage. Simms also had 268 yards passing and three touchdowns. Hide Caption 21 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXII (1988) – The Washington Redskins trailed 10-0 after a quarter of play at Super Bowl XXII, but quarterback Doug Williams threw four touchdowns in the second quarter and the rout was on.",
"The Redskins rolled to a 42-10 victory, and Williams was named MVP after finishing with 340 passing yards. Hide Caption 22 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIII (1989) – San Francisco wide receiver Jerry Rice catches a 14-yard touchdown pass against Cincinnati in Super Bowl XXIII. Rice finished with 11 receptions for a Super Bowl-record 215 yards. Hide Caption 23 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIV (1990) – San Francisco quarterback Joe Montana raises his arms in celebration after a 49ers touchdown in Super Bowl XXIV. Montana had 297 yards passing and five touchdowns as the 49ers defeated Denver 55-10. It was the biggest blowout in Super Bowl history. Montana collected his third MVP award, and the 49ers capped a glorious run with four titles in nine years. Hide Caption 24 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXV (1991) – Super Bowl XXV will likely always be remembered for Buffalo kicker Scott Norwood missing a field goal as time expired.",
"But New York Giants running back Ottis Anderson won MVP in what was the closest Super Bowl ever. Anderson had 102 yards and a touchdown as the Giants prevailed 20-19. Hide Caption 25 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXVI (1992) – The Washington Redskins won three Super Bowls in 10 years, and each came with a different starting quarterback. This time it was Mark Rypien, who was named MVP after throwing for 292 yards and two touchdowns as the Redskins defeated Buffalo 37-24. Hide Caption 26 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXVII (1993) – Dallas quarterback Troy Aikman had 273 yards and four touchdowns as the Cowboys won their first Super Bowl since 1978. Dallas trounced Buffalo 52-17, handing the Bills their third straight Super Bowl loss. Hide Caption 27 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) – Dallas running back Emmitt Smith is surrounded by the media after his MVP performance against Buffalo in Super Bowl XXVIII.",
"Smith rushed for 132 yards and three touchdowns as Dallas won 30-13 in a Super Bowl rematch from one year earlier. Hide Caption 28 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXIX (1995) – After serving as Joe Montana's backup for several years, San Francisco quarterback Steve Young got his moment to shine in 1995. Young threw for a Super Bowl-record six touchdowns as the 49ers defeated the San Diego Chargers 49-26. Hide Caption 29 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXX (1996) – Dallas Cowboys cornerback Larry Brown is pushed out of bounds after one of his two interceptions in Super Bowl XXX. Brown's MVP efforts helped the Cowboys beat Pittsburgh 27-17 for their third championship in four years. Hide Caption 30 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXI (1997) – Super Bowl MVP Desmond Howard jumps into a crowd of Green Bay Packers fans after the Packers defeated New England 35-21 in Super Bowl XXXI.",
"Howard had 244 all-purpose yards, including a 99-yard kickoff return for a touchdown. Hide Caption 31 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXII (1998) – Denver Broncos running back Terrell Davis does his signature \"Mile High Salute\" after scoring a touchdown against Green Bay in Super Bowl XXXII. Davis rushed for 157 yards and three touchdowns on his way to winning MVP. Hide Caption 32 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXIII (1999) – Denver quarterback John Elway smiles after scoring a touchdown in Super Bowl XXXIII. Elway was named MVP of the game, throwing for 336 yards as the Broncos won back-to-back titles with a 34-19 victory over Atlanta. It was Elway's last game before he retired. Hide Caption 33 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXIV (2000) – MVP quarterback Kurt Warner celebrates after leading the St. Louis Rams to a 23-16 victory over Tennessee in Super Bowl XXXIV.",
"Warner threw for a Super Bowl-record 414 yards, leading an offense that had been nicknamed \"The Greatest Show on Turf.\" Hide Caption 34 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXV (2001) – One year after a high-powered offense won the Super Bowl, it was a suffocating defense that won in 2001. MVP linebacker Ray Lewis set the tone for a Baltimore Ravens team that shut down the New York Giants en route to a 34-7 victory. Hide Caption 35 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXVI (2002) – A star was born in Super Bowl XXXVI as second-year quarterback Tom Brady led the New England Patriots to an upset victory over the heavily favored St. Louis Rams. Brady threw for 145 yards and a touchdown as the Patriots won 20-17 on a last-second field goal by Adam Vinatieri.",
"Hide Caption 36 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXVII (2003) – Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson had two interceptions for a vaunted Buccaneers defense that led the way to a 48-21 victory over Oakland in Super Bowl XXXVII. Hide Caption 37 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXVIII (2004) – New England quarterback Tom Brady, left, celebrates with teammates after winning a second Super Bowl in three years. Brady was MVP again, throwing for 354 yards and three touchdowns as the Patriots defeated the Carolina Panthers 32-29. Hide Caption 38 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XXXIX (2005) – The Patriots became champions for the third time in four years as they defeated Philadelphia 24-21 in Super Bowl XXXIX. This time it was wide receiver Deion Branch who won MVP. He had 11 receptions for 133 yards.",
"Hide Caption 39 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XL (2006) – Pittsburgh wide receiver Hines Ward struts into the end zone during the Steelers' 21-10 victory over Seattle. Ward had 123 yards on five catches as the Steelers won their first Super Bowl since 1980. Hide Caption 40 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLI (2007) – Quarterback Peyton Manning threw for 247 yards and a touchdown in Super Bowl XLI, leading the Indianapolis Colts to a 29-17 victory over Chicago. Hide Caption 41 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLII (2008) – Manning's brother Eli won MVP the next season, as his New York Giants upset the New England Patriots and ended their hopes of an undefeated season. Manning threw for two touchdowns as the Giants won 17-14.",
"Hide Caption 42 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLIII (2009) – Pittsburgh wide receiver Santonio Holmes grabs the game-winning touchdown as the Steelers rallied late in the fourth quarter to beat Arizona 27-23 in Super Bowl XLIII. Holmes finished with nine catches for 131 yards. Hide Caption 43 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLIV (2010) – New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees raises his son Baylen after the Saints beat Indianapolis 31-17 in Super Bowl XLIV. Brees completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and two touchdowns. Hide Caption 44 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLV (2011) – Quarterback Aaron Rodgers had 304 passing yards and three touchdowns as the Green Bay Packers defeated Pittsburgh 31-25.",
"Hide Caption 45 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLVI (2012) – Eli Manning did it to the Patriots again, as the New York Giants beat New England in a Super Bowl rematch from 2008. Manning had 296 yards passing this time as the Giants won 21-17. Hide Caption 46 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLVII (2013) – Baltimore Ravens quarterback Joe Flacco fights off San Francisco linebacker Ahmad Brooks during Super Bowl XLVII, which the Ravens won 34-31. Flacco had 287 yards and three touchdowns in a game that was interrupted for 34 minutes because of a power outage. Hide Caption 47 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLVIII (2014) – Seattle Seahawks linebacker Malcolm Smith runs an interception back for a touchdown during Seattle's 43-8 drubbing of Denver in Super Bowl XLVIII. Smith and Seattle's \"Legion of Boom\" defense stifled Peyton Manning and Denver's No. 1-rated offense.",
"Hide Caption 48 of 50 Photos: Super Bowl MVPs Super Bowl XLIX (2015) – New England's Tom Brady pumps his fist after throwing one of his four touchdown passes in the Patriots' 28-24 victory over Seattle. Brady joined Joe Montana as the only players to win three Super Bowl MVPs. Hide Caption"
] |
What is Bruce Willis' real first name?
|
Walter
|
[
"Walter (TV Series)",
"Walter",
"Walter (disambiguation)",
"Walter (TV series)"
] | 8,951
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[
"Bruce Willis - Biography - IMDb Bruce Willis Biography Showing all 169 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (7) | Trivia (102) | Personal Quotes (36) | Salary (17) Overview (4) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) Actor and musician Bruce Willis is well known for playing wisecracking or hard-edged characters, often in spectacular action films. Collectively, he has appeared in films that have grossed in excess of $2.5 billion USD, placing him in the top ten stars in terms of box office receipts. Walter Bruce Willis was born on March 19, 1955, in Idar-Oberstein, West Germany, to a German mother, Marlene K. (from Kassel), and an American father, David Andrew Willis (from Carneys Point, New Jersey), who were then living on a United States military base. His family moved to the U.S.",
"shortly after he was born, and he was raised in Penns Grove, New Jersey, where his mother worked at a bank and his father was a welder and factory worker. Willis picked up an interest for the dramatic arts in high school, and was allegedly \"discovered\" whilst working in a café in New York City and then appeared in a couple of off-Broadway productions. While bartending one night, he was seen by a casting director who liked his personality and needed a bartender for a small movie role. After countless auditions, Willis contributed minor film appearances, usually uncredited, before landing the role of private eye \"David Addison\" alongside sultry Cybill Shepherd in the hit romantic comedy television series Moonlighting (1985). The series firmly established Bruce Willis as a hot new talent, and his sarcastic and wisecracking P.I. was in effect a dry run for the role of hard-boiled NYC detective \"John McClane\" in the monster hit Die Hard (1988). This superbly paced action film balanced laconic humor and wholesale destruction as Willis' character single handedly battles a gang of ruthless international thieves in a Los Angeles skyscraper.",
"Willis reprized the role of tough guy cop \"John McClane\" in the eagerly anticipated sequel Die Hard 2 (1990) set at snowbound Washington's Dulles International Airport as a group of renegade Special Forces soldiers seek to repatriate a corrupt South American general. Excellent box office returns demanded a further sequel Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) this time also starring Samuel L. Jackson as a cynical Harlem shopowner unwittingly thrust into assisting McClane during a terrorist bombing campaign on a sweltering day in NYC. Willis found time out from all the action mayhem to provide the voice of \"Mikey\" the baby in the very popular family comedies Look Who's Talking (1989), and its sequel Look Who's Talking Too (1990) also starring John Travolta and Kirstie Alley . Over the next decade, Willis starred in some very successful films, some very offbeat films and some unfortunate box office flops.",
"The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990) and Hudson Hawk (1991) were both large scale financial disasters that were savaged by the critics, and both are arguably best left off the CVs of all the actors involved, however Willis was still popular with movie audiences and selling plenty of theatre tickets with the hyperviolent The Last Boy Scout (1991), the darkly humored Death Becomes Her (1992) and the mediocre police thriller Striking Distance (1993). During the 1990s, Willis also appeared in several independent and low budget productions that won him new fans and praise from the critics for his intriguing performances working with some very diverse film directors. He appeared in the oddly appealing North (1994), as a cagey prizefighter in the Quentin Tarantino directed mega-hit Pulp Fiction (1994), the Terry Gilliam directed apocalyptic thriller Twelve Monkeys (1995), the Luc Besson directed sci-fi opus The Fifth Element (1997) and the M. Night Shyamalan directed spine-tingling epic The Sixth Sense (1999).",
"Willis next starred in the gangster comedy The Whole Nine Yards (2000), worked again with \"hot\" director M. Night Shyamalan in the less gripping Unbreakable (2000), and in two military dramas, Hart's War (2002) and Tears of the Sun (2003) that both failed to really fire with movie audiences or critics alike. However, Willis bounced back into the spotlight in the critically applauded Frank Miller graphic novel turned movie Sin City (2005), the voice of \"RJ\" the scheming raccoon in the animated hit Over the Hedge (2006) and \"Die Hard\" fans rejoiced to see \"John McClane\" return to the big screen in the high tech Live Free or Die Hard (2007) aka \"Die Hard 4.0\". Willis was married to actress Demi Moore for approximately thirteen years and they share custody to their three children. - IMDb Mini Biography By: [email protected] Spouse (2) Was high school student council president. His recording of \"Respect Yourself\" reached #5 in January 1987.",
"(June 24, 1998) He and Demi Moore announce they are ending their marriage of 11 years. No reasons given. Ranked #22 in Empire (UK) magazine's \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list. [October 1997] He was born on a military base in Germany. His mother, Marlene, was German, and was born in Kassel, Germany. His father, David Willis, was American-born, and had English, and smaller amounts of Dutch, French, Irish and Welsh ancestry. Has appeared on Late Show with David Letterman (1993) to advertise for Demi Moore 's Striptease (1996) by doing his own undressing act (1996). As a young man, his personality was very much like that of the character that he portrayed on Moonlighting (1985). He was always getting into trouble because of this and was bodily ejected from parties by the hosts for being obnoxious. Has been very vocal in his support of almost every major Republican candidate in recent history except Bob Dole .",
"He felt that presidential candidate Dole was out of line in his attacks on Demi Moore and her role in the movie Striptease (1996). Was the first actor to ever \"act\" in a video game ( Apocalypse (1998)). No one before had ever done voice work along with having their likeness and movements digitally added to the game, as well as receiving prominent billing on the game's cover. Has stated, in 1997, 2001 and 2013, that he will no longer be doing violent action or \"save-the-world\" movies. Wears his watch upside down with the face on the inside of his hand. This is also visible in many movies he has done ( Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995), Mercury Rising (1998), etc.) where they have not requested him to flip this over. Memorial Day weekend, 1987: Was arrested after reportedly disturbing the peace and assaulting a police officer who was called to quiet a raucous party at his home. The charges were dropped after Willis agreed to apologize to his neighbors. Acting helped him to overcome a debilitating childhood stutter.",
"In an interview with GQ magazine [March 2013], Willis revealed: \"I had a terrible stutter. But then I did some theater in high school and when I memorized words, I didn't stutter, which was just miraculous. That was the beginning of the gradual dispelling of my stutter. I thought I was handicapped. I couldn't talk at all. I still stutter around some people now.\". His younger brother Robert Willis died of pancreatic cancer at age 42 (2001). Was originally cast as Terry Benedict in Ocean's Eleven (2001) but dropped out. Attended Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey. Set a new benchmark for actors' salaries when he was paid $5 million for Die Hard (1988) in 1988. Eight years later, his wife, Demi Moore , set a benchmark of $12 million with Striptease (1996). His ineptness as a waiter forced him to become a bartender. Was named Man of the Year by Harvard University's Hasty Pudding Theatricals. [February 2002] Was president of a drama club at school.",
"Worked in a chemical factory before going to college. He filled in as a last-minute host for David Letterman on February 26, 2003, a show he was supposed to be the guest for. This was Letterman's first \"sick day\" in 20 years (other than his time off for heart surgery). Ranked #3 in Star TV's Top 10 Box Office Stars of the 1990s (2003). Lives in Hailey, Idaho, where he owns the Mint bar and the Liberty Theater. He also owns the old Hailey Drug Store, but the building has been vacant and unused since the early 1990s. The scar on his right shoulder is from surgery due to complications from a broken arm when he was age 17. Personally recommended Bonnie Bedelia for the role of his estranged wife in Die Hard (1988). Is the hero of singer Nick Lachey . Lachey's ex-wife, Jessica Simpson , unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Kate McClane, John McClane's daughter in Live Free or Die Hard (2007).",
"He ad-libbed many of John McClane's one-liners in the \"Die Hard\" films. Attended and graduated from Penns Grove High School in Penns Grove, New Jersey. His class voted him \"Most School Spirit\" (1973). Recommended Michael Clarke Duncan to play the role of John Coffey in The Green Mile (1999). (October 20, 2004) Sued Revolution Studios for unspecified damages related to a blow to his forehead that he received during \"ultrahazardous activity\" involved in the filming of Tears of the Sun (2003). He claims that it has caused him extreme mental, physical and emotional pain and suffering. Attended the Stella Adler Conservatory / Theatre program in New York City for three years. Plays the harmonica. France awarded him Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters in April 2005. \"France pays homage to an actor who represents the force of American cinema and the power of emotions that he invites us to share on screens throughout the world\", Culture Minister Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres said. \"I'm nervous. Bonjour Paris\", he replied.",
"(June 2, 2004) After dating Brooke Burns for ten months and finally being engaged to her, they decided to separate because of the difficulties with maintaining a long-distance relationship. Was chosen to play John McClane in Die Hard (1988) because the producers felt he brought warmth and humor to an otherwise cold and humorless character. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sylvester Stallone had turned down the role. Has been special ambassador of his birth town Idar-Oberstein since his 50th birthday. Ten directors cast him at least twice in their films: Blake Edwards , Amy Heckerling , Rob Reiner , Robert Benton , John McTiernan , Alan Rudolph , 'M. Night Shyamalan', Quentin Tarantino , Robert Rodriguez and Barry Levinson . Along with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Charlton Heston , Willis was one of very few Hollywood celebrities to publicly support the Iraq war. While visiting the troops in 2003, he offered $1 million of his own money for the man who would capture Saddam Hussein . When Hussein was captured, it turned out that military rules prevent troops from collecting such a reward.",
"Served as a delegate at the Republican National Convention in 1992. In 2000, he was unable to narrate a biographical film of previous presidents to be shown at the RNC due to scheduling conflicts. Has worked closely with two promising child stars: Miko Hughes in Mercury Rising (1998) and 'Haley Joel Osment' in The Sixth Sense (1999). The boys had major roles in the films opposite him. Announced his intention to make a film in which American soldiers will be depicted as brave fighters for freedom and democracy. This will be based on the exploits of the heavily decorated members of \"Deuce Four\", the 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry, which has spent the past year battling insurgents in the northern Iraqi town of Mosul. Willis attended Deuce Four's homecoming ball this month in Seattle, Washington, where the soldiers are on leave, along with Stephen J. Eads , the producer of Armageddon (1998) and The Sixth Sense (1999).",
"The actor said that he was in talks about a film of \"these guys who do what they are asked to for very little money to defend and fight for what they consider to be freedom\". Willis is likely to take on the role of the unit's commander, Lieutenant Colonel Erik Kurilla. [November 2005] Honored in Paris for his contribution to the film industry, by the French government. The actor was awarded Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters at a ceremony in the capital, where he was presented with his honor by French Culture Minister Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres . de Vabres said, \"This is France's way of paying tribute to an actor who epitomizes the strength of American cinema, the power of the emotions that he invites us to share on the world's screens and the sturdy personalities of his legendary characters.\" Willis replied in French that he was \"very touched\" to receive his medal, adding, \"Thank you France and Culture Minister for this great, great honor.\" (April 13, 2005).",
"In November 2005, he offered $1 million of his own money to anyone who turns in al-Qaeda terror leaders Osama bin Laden , Ayman Al-Zawahiri or 'Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi', the alleged brains behind the 9/11 attacks. Willis announced his reward on the American television show Rita Cosby Live & Direct (2005), where he also criticized what he claimed to be \"biased\" media coverage of the Iraq war. (July 23, 2002) Appointed by President George W. Bush as national spokesman for Children in Foster Care. His performance as John McClane in the \"Die Hard\" trilogy is ranked #46 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time. He and Linda Fiorentino were employed as bartenders in the early 1980s at the Kamikaze Club in New York City. Little Richard presided over his wedding to Demi Moore and Ally Sheedy was one of the bridesmaids. Married Demi Moore at the Golden Nugget Hotel in Las Vegas, Nevada.",
"Turned down the role of Sam Wheat in Ghost (1990) because he did not think the plot would work and that playing a ghost would be detrimental to his career. Ironically, he played a ghost in The Sixth Sense (1999), which was a critical success and is widely regarded as one of his best performances. He apologized to Colombia after blaming the nation for America's drug problems. The star insisted the United States is as much to blame for the prolific trade and confessed he didn't mean to single out any one country as the supplier. He told the New York Daily News, \"I said Colombia because it was the first country to come to mind.\" The actor was dubbed \"ignorant\" and \"ungrateful\" by the Colombian president for his comments in March 2006, and advised not to base his arguments on \"Hollywood clichés\". In November 2000, he urged his fans to vote for Republican candidate George W. Bush in the presidential election. He told an interviewer, \"If you guys vote for Al Gore , you're out of your minds ... Gore's a knucklehead ...",
"just the lying and mendacity of the last eight years of the regime that Al Gore was a part and parcel of ... I mean, there is only so much lying the American people will take before they go, 'Uh, this doesn't seem like a good idea.' You have to look at what he does and what he stands for.\". He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6915 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on October 16, 2006. The ceremony was attended by his friends Don Johnson , Sylvester Stallone and Kevin Costner . Stepfather of his three daughters with Demi Moore is Ashton Kutcher . Has three younger siblings: Florence Willis, David Willis and Robert Willis. Often supports the careers of other actors he has met on set, and asks they be given supporting roles on later films, most famously Michael Clarke Duncan , whom he worked with on The Whole Nine Yards (2000), asked for him on Armageddon (1998) and suggested him to the producers of The Green Mile (1999).",
"Other actors include Billy Bob Thornton ( Armageddon (1998), Bandits (2003)), Johnny Messner ( Tears of the Sun (2003), The Whole Ten Yards (2004)), Nick Chinlund (Tears of the Sun (2003), The Kid (2000)) and Cole Hauser ( Hart's War (2002), Tears of the Sun (2003)). Met and befriended Matthew Perry on the set of The Whole Nine Yards (2000) and then appeared on Friends (1994) at Perry's request.",
"Has appeared in 14 movies with numbers in the title: The First Deadly Sin (1980), Twelve Monkeys (1995), Four Rooms (1995), The Fifth Element (1997), The Sixth Sense (1999), The Whole Nine Yards (2000), 16 Blocks (2006), The Whole Ten Yards (2004), Die Hard 2 (1990), Loaded Weapon 1 (1993), Ocean's Twelve (2004), Catch .44 (2011), The Expendables 2 (2012) and RED 2 (2013). Has the distinction of playing two psychologists who have suffered serious work-related emotional trauma: Dr. Bill Capa in Color of Night (1994) and Dr. Malcolm Crowe in The Sixth Sense (1999).",
"Ironically, Color of Night (1994) was a box-office bomb and was widely ridiculed by critics (this movie did much better business in home video market, though), while The Sixth Sense (1999) became a box-office smash and received several Oscar nominations, including Best Picture. During the Lebanon crisis, Willis signed his name on an ad in the Los Angeles Times in support of Israel, along with Nicole Kidman and numerous other Hollywood celebrities. He was the only celebrity that attended Julia Roberts ' wedding to Daniel Moder . Their friendship is referred to in Ocean's Twelve (2004), when he mistakes Tess Ocean for Julia Roberts, and asks her about 'Danny'. Is a huge supporter of NFL team New York Jets. Has named his acting idols as Robert De Niro , Gary Cooper , Steve McQueen and John Wayne . Endorsed his friend and former co-star Fred Dalton Thompson in his failed bid to win the Republican nomination for the 2008 presidential election. Maxim magazine had named his sex scenes in Color of Night (1994) as the best sex scenes ever in film history.",
"Became the first actor to guest star on Friends (1994) and win an Emmy Award in the Outstanding Guest Actor category for their performance. Was considered for the role of Kyle Reese in The Terminator (1984), which went to Michael Biehn . Thanked by the rock band Blink 182 in the liner notes of their album \"Enema of the State\" (1999). (March 21, 2009) Bruce married his girlfriend of a year, Emma Heming , at his home in Parrot Cay, Turks and Caicos. Among the guests at his wedding to Emma Heming were his three daughters, Demi Moore , Ashton Kutcher and Madonna . He visited Michael Jackson on the set of filming the \"Smooth Criminal\" segment for Moonwalker (1988). Also visiting the set were Gregory Peck and Robert De Niro . Was in consideration for the role of Lester Burnham in American Beauty (1999) but Kevin Spacey , who went on to win a Best Actor Oscar for his performance, was cast instead. Has appeared with Samuel L.",
"Jackson in four films: Loaded Weapon 1 (1993), Pulp Fiction (1994), Die Hard with a Vengeance (1995) and Unbreakable (2000), even though they only shared scenes together in the last two. Was friends with John Goodman , during their New York City struggling actor days. Admitted to Playboy magazine in 1996 that he was once arrested at age 19 for possessing two joints. Filmed his role in the mystery thriller Mortal Thoughts (1991) in ten days. Met Demi Moore at a screening of Emilio Estevez 's film, Stakeout (1987). Although she was seeing Estevez at the time, they were married four months later. Lives in Los Angeles, Malibu, California and Hailey, Idaho. Inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2011 for his contributions to Arts and Entertainment. Is left-handed and is displayed in most of his films. In The Sixth Sense (1999), he learned to write with his right hand so this would not be so easily noticeable that his character was not wearing his wedding ring.",
"Is mentioned in Nicki Minaj 's song \"Your Love\". Credits Will Smith with helping him come to terms with his divorce from Demi Moore , and accepting Ashton Kutcher as her new husband. Has regularly been named on \"Best Celebrity Tippers\" lists over the years. This is largely due to his early \"struggling\" waiter/bartender days. He was awarded Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters, the highest French culture award, in Paris, France [February 12, 2013]. Once made an album (\"The Return of Bruno\" (1987)) that sold a million copies in the United Kingdom. Became a father for the first time at age 33 when his [now ex] first wife Demi Moore gave birth to their daughter Rumer Glenn Willis, aka Rumer Willis , on August 16, 1988. Became a father for the second time at age 36 when his [now ex] first wife Demi Moore gave birth to their daughter Scout LaRue Willis on July 20, 1991.",
"Became a father for the third time at age 38 when his [now ex] first wife Demi Moore gave birth to their daughter Tallulah Belle Willis on February 3, 1994. Became a father for the fourth time at age 57 when his second wife Emma Heming gave birth to their daughter Mabel Ray Willis on April 1, 2012. As of 2014, has appeared in three films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: The Verdict (1982), Pulp Fiction (1994) and The Sixth Sense (1999). Is mentioned in the song \"Jizz in My Pants\" by The Lonely Island. One of the song's composers, Jorma Taccone , shares his birthday with Willis. Became a father for the fifth time at age 59 when his second wife Emma Heming gave birth to their daughter Evelyn Penn Willis on May 5, 2014. Willis has played many roles whose character names have the letter \"J\" in the beginning.",
"Examples include Die Hard (1988) (John McClane), Mercury Rising (1998) (Art Jeffries), Hostage (2005) (Jeff Talley), Mortal Thoughts (1991) (James Urbanski), Twelve Monkeys (1995) (James Cole), The Whole Nine Yards (2000) (Jimmy \"The Tulip\" Tudeski), Sin City (2005) (John Hartigan) and the title role in The Jackal (1997). Has played five characters more than once in the movies: Hartigan from the Sin City films, John McClane from the Die Hard films, Frank from the Red films, Church from the Expendables films, and Jimmy \"The Tulip\" Tudeski from the Whole Nine Yard films. His \"Inside the Actors Studio\" interview was taped on September 10, 2001. The episode was respectfully dedicated by Willis and the Actors Studio Drama School \"to the heroes who fell September 11th - and to the heroes who fight on.\".",
"In 2015, he did a Broadway show of Stephen King 's \"Misery\" with Laurie Metcalf . The Scots-English language name Bruce arrived in Scotland with the Normans, from the place name Brix of the Manche département in Normandy, France, meaning \"the willowlands\". Initially promulgated via the descendants of King Robert I of Scotland (Robert the Bruce) (1274-1329), it has been a Scottish surname since medieval times; it is now a common given name. Willis, a variant of the name William, is a surname, of Scottish and English origin meaning (Son of Willie). The name William comes ultimately from the given name Wilhelm (cf. Old German Wilhelm > German Wilhelm and Old Norse Vilhjálmr). That is a compound of two distinct elements : wil = \"will or desire\" and helm: Old English helm \"helmet, protection\"; > English helm \"knight's large helmet\". Has been in three movies where he meets a younger version of himself: Twelve Monkeys (1995), The Kid (2000) and Looper (2012).",
"Has twice played a hit man: The Jackal (1997) and The Whole Nine Yards (2000). The Whole Ten Yards (2004) really can not be counted because his character, Jimmy Tudeski was retired. I'm much more proud of being a father than being an actor. You can't undo the past... but you can certainly not repeat it. I'm staggered by the question of what it's like to be a multimillionaire. I always have to remind myself that I am. [on how he stays in shape, interview in People.com, 10 March 2005] Mostly weight resistance training, almost an hour of cardio at least three times a week. I have a gym in my house in Los Angeles and a gym trailer that I can take on the road with me when I'm on location. At my house there's a very long steep driveway. I do wind sprints that kick my 50-year-old ass. It's part of my job. I have come to associate working out as work. Whenever I don't have to do it for films, I kind of slack off. I am a sensitive guy.",
"People think they know the real me, but they don't. And then they write things that make me sound like such a jerk. I hate working out. I work out for films solely. I associate working out with films. As soon as they stop, I stop working out. Fifty is the new forty. I always thought my best work would come in the years forty to sixty, if I was fortunate enough to hang around - and it is hard to stick around. Who I am as a father is far more important to me than the public perception. I am baffled to understand why the things that I saw happening in Iraq, really good things happening in Iraq, are not being reported on. [on Hudson Hawk (1991)] I always thought it was a little ahead of its time, a little too hip for the room. I think the rules are going to have to change for me to ever run for public office. My checkered past will always keep me out of politics. If I ever did run I would run on the platform that I did all these bad things, but I no longer do them, and during the four years of being president or whatever office it might be, I would be good and serve my country.",
"I want to serve my country. I'm a Republican only as far as I want a smaller government, I want less government intrusion, I want them to stop pissing on my money and your money, the tax dollars that we give 50 percent of, or 40 percent of, every year, and I want them to be fiscally responsible, and I want these goddamn lobbyists out of Washington. Do that and I'll say I'm a Republican. But other than that, I want the government to take care of people who need help, like the kids in foster care, the half a million kids who are in orphanages right now - they call them foster homes, but they're orphanages. I want them to take care of the elderly and give them free medicine, give them whatever they need. There's tons, billions and billions of dollars that are just being wasted. Okay? I hate government. I'm apolitical. Write that down: I'm not a Republican. [February 2006] Look at what happened to James Frey in the last two weeks. That's a great book and so is the follow-up book.",
"And just because his publisher chose to say that these were memoirs, it took it out of being a work of fiction, a great work of fiction and very well-written to this guy having to go be sucker punched on The Oprah Winfrey Show (1986) by one of the most powerful women in television just to grind her own ax about it. Hey Oprah, you had President [ Bill Clinton ] on your show and if this prick didn't lie about a couple of things I'm going to set myself on fire right now. James Frey is a writer, okay? He can write whatever he wants. It's fiction, and it's just hard, it's just shameful how he was treated in some of these things. It's just shameful and it's just not fair and not right... I'm not an action hero anymore, and I think it would be inappropriate for me to compare anything that happens in Hollywood and the entertainment industry to the tragic loss of life on September 11th. I spoke to the Colombians. It's fine. I get passionate sometimes. I said Colombia because it was the first country to come to mind. The drug problem has as much to do with what's going on in this country.",
"If there wasn't a demand, there wouldn't be a supply. I think what the United States, and everyone who cares about protecting the freedoms that the largest part of the free world now has, should do whatever it takes to end terrorism in the world and not just in the Middle East. I'm talking also about going to Colombia and doing whatever it takes to end the cocaine trade. It's killing this country. It's killing all the countries that coke goes into. I believe that somebody's making money on it in the United States. If they weren't making money on it, they would have stopped it. They could stop it in one day. It's just a plant that they grow, and these guys are growing it like it's corn or tobacco or any other thing. By the time it gets here, it becomes a billion dollar industry. And I think that's a form of terrorism as well. The Iraqi people want to live in a world where they can move from their homes to the market and not have to fear being killed. I mean, doesn't everybody want that? I have zero interest in performing in films to try to convey any kind of message. My job is to be entertaining.",
"There's a very different point of view about messages in films in Europe than there is in the States. Audiences rebel because they feel that they are being preached to. [on his planned film about the Iraq war] The movie is about these guys who do what they are asked for very little money to defend and fight for what they consider to be freedom. I thought about signing up but my friends told me I was too old. I called the White House, called President [ George Bush ] and asked what I could do. So I got involved with the national foster care program. If you take guns away from legal gun owners then the only people who would have guns would be the bad guys. Even a pacifist would get violent if someone were trying to kill him or her. You would fight for your life, whatever your beliefs. You'd use a rock or tear one of these chairs out of the floor. Hey, maybe I've been watching too many Bruce Willis movies! I'm always being accused of being a Hollywood Republican, but I'm not! I have just as many Democratic ideas as Republican ones. If they could build three fewer bombs every month and give the money to foster care, that would be great.",
"The idea of serving my country remained in my mind. Over the past few years from varying sources - Time magazine, books, and television - information began coming to my attention on Foster Care; its history and the current crisis of an antiquated system overburdened with 580,000 children who have no voice. Children need to be protected by interstate technology systems that can track placements, education, medical records and protect these children from predators traveling from state to state. I saw Foster Care as a way for me to serve my country in a system by which shining a little bit of light could benefit a great deal by helping kids who were literally wards of the government. Hair loss is God's way of telling me I'm human. [1998] Organized religions in general, in my opinion, are dying forms. They were all very important when we didn't know why the sun moved, why weather changed, why hurricanes occurred or volcanoes happened. Modern religion is the end trail of modern mythology. But there are people who interpret the Bible literally. Literally! I choose not to believe that's the way. And that's what makes America cool, you know?",
"I don't think my opinion means jack shit, because I'm an actor. Why do actors think their opinions mean more because you act? You just caught a break as an actor. There are hundreds - thousands - of actors who are just as good as I am, and probably better. Have you heard anything useful come out of an actor's mouth lately? Although I liked George Clooney 's documentary on Darfur. They still haven't caught the guy that killed [ John F. Kennedy ]. I'll get killed for saying this, but I'm pretty sure those guys are still in power, in some form. The entire government of the United States was co-opted. I happen to live in Los Angeles and it is probably one of the most toxic environments on earth. People live here and they know that the air is poisonous. They know that children are affected by the air in Los Angeles. They say that growing up in Los Angeles is the equivalent of smoking a pack and a half of cigarettes throughout your entire childhood. It's horrific when you can actually look at the air and see it. No, I am not in favor of the war in Iraq, so let me stop you right there.",
"I am not pro-war but what I am is that, I like to support the young men and women who are over there participating in the war. [on Twitter] I just can't live with myself if I started twittering. I just think: \"That way lies madness\". [on The Expendables (2010) sequel] I talked to Sly [ Sylvester Stallone ] and he's going for all the marbles this time, and he's going to get everybody in this time. Even Stone Cold Steve Austin , who took two bullets in the last film, is coming back. Hopefully, they'll start shooting it while we're young enough to survive! [on the possibility of Michael Bay directing a a Die Hard film, specifically Live Free or Die Hard (2007)] Would have ruined DH4. Few people will work with him now, and I know I will never work with him again. [on whether an R-rated 'Die Hard' could be done without producer Joel Silver ] Fuck Joel Silver. That is because you do not understand my relationship with Joel S. We are cordial now when we bump into each other, but we have not worked together since The Last Boy Scout (1991).",
"I'm really pleased to continue to be asked back to do other versions and other incarnations of Die Hard (1988). The first one really is... that's all there is. Everything else is just trying to be as good as that film. [on A Good Day to Die Hard (2013)] It's a difficult title. A Good Day to Die Hard? It's like, have a sandwich and let's go shopping - then die hard. I want to do A Good Day to Die Hard (2013), then one final Die Hard movie - Die Hard 6 - before finally hanging that white vest up for good. At the moment, I can run and I can fight on screen. But there will come a time when I no longer want to do that. That's when I'll step away from the Die Hard films. Salary (17) Bruce Willis - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS Actor | Soundtrack | Producer Actor and musician Bruce Willis is well known for playing wisecracking or hard-edged characters, often in spectacular action films.",
"Collectively, he has appeared in films that have grossed in excess of $2.5 billion USD, placing him in the top ten stars in terms of box office receipts. Walter Bruce Willis was born on March 19, 1955, in ... See full bio » Born: Isabelle Huppert May Receive First-Ever Oscar Nomination — Other Greats Who Also Have Zero 12 January 2017 6:00 AM, -08:00 | Scott Feinberg a list of 22 people created 13 Mar 2011 a list of 40 people created 23 Dec 2011 a list of 30 people created 13 Oct 2013 a list of 21 people created 9 months ago a list of 40 people created 6 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Bruce Willis's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Golden Globe. Another 21 wins & 37 nominations. See more awards » Known For The Sixth Sense Dr.",
"Malcolm Crowe (1999) - Episode #16.153 (2009) ... Late Show Intern - Episode #16.53 (2008) ... Late Show Fun Facts Book Promoter (uncredited) 2002 True West (TV Movie) Lee 1999 Ally McBeal (TV Series) Dr. Nickle - Love Unlimited (1999) ... Dr. Nickle (uncredited) 1998 Apocalypse (Video Game) 1997 Mad About You (TV Series) Bruce Willis 1985 The Twilight Zone (TV Series) Peter Novins (segment \"Shatterday\") 1980 Ein Guru kommt (TV Movie) Extra (uncredited) Man Entering Diner as Delaney Leaves (uncredited) Hide - Bruce Willis/Katy Perry (2013) ... (performer: \"Boy Dance Party\") - Bruce Willis/Neil Young (1989) ...",
"(performer: \"Pep Talk\" (uncredited), \"Bruce Willis: The Man and His Music\") 2007 Gag Reel (Video short) (performer: \"Assassination Is My Game\" - uncredited) 2003 Rugrats Go Wild (performer: \"Big Bad Cat\", \"Lust for Life\") 2000 Friends (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) 2000 The Whole Nine Yards (performer: \"Tenth Avenue Tango\") / (writer: \"Slow Burn\") 1991 Hudson Hawk (writer: \"HUDSON HAWK THEME\") 1990 Look Who's Talking Too (writer: \"Daddy's Coming Home\") 1985-1989 Moonlighting (TV Series) (performer - 13 episodes) - Those Lips, Those Lies (1989) ... (performer: \"Moonlighting\", \"Blue Velvet\", \"Get Up (I Feel Like Being a) Sex Machine\", \"Funky Nassau\" - uncredited) - Between a Yuk and a Hard Place (1988) ...",
"(performer: \"What a Friend We Have in Jesus\", \"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot\", \"Little Honda\" - uncredited) - A Womb with a View (1988) ... (performer: \"The Girl from Ipanema\", \"On the Sunny Side of the Street\" (uncredited))"
] |
How is Joan Molinsky better known?
|
Joan Rivers
|
[
"Queen of Comedy",
"Heidi Abromowitz",
"Joan Rivers (TV) Show",
"Joan Alexandra Molinsky",
"Diary of a Mad Diva",
"Joan rivers",
"Heidi abromowitz",
"Joan River",
"Joan Rivers Show",
"Joan Rivers"
] | 11,920
|
[
"stumbleupon More StatsView More About Joan Rivers Joan Alexandra Molinsky, better known by her professional name Joan Rivers has an estimated net worth of $150 million. Rivers is an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress. As a young adult she studied anthropology at Connecticut College and held down low paying jobs from working as a tour guide instructor and sales consultant for a department store. Rivers is known for funny and highly controversial humor. From the start her first role was daring, as she played the role of a lesbian lover to Barbara Streisand, in a a short-run play, Driftwood. Later in the 60’s she focused on stand-up comedy. Her first television appearance was on the Tonight Show hosted by Jack Paar. Before long, she was hosting the show along with Saturday Night Live and the Ed Sullivan Show. She has since gone on to own and host her own television talk shows. Rivers has written several books, and acted in several movies and television shows, she is currently starring in her online talk show In Bed with Joan.",
"Earnings & Financial Data The below financial data is gathered and compiled by TheRichest analysts team to give you a better understanding of Joan Rivers's net worth by breaking down the most relevant financial events such as yearly salaries, contracts, earn outs, endorsements, stock ownership and much more. ? Joan Alexandra Rosenberg (Molinsky) (1933 - 2014) - Genealogy stepmother About Joan Rivers Joan Alexandra Molinsky (born June 8, 1933), better known by her stage name Joan Rivers, is an American television personality, comedian, writer, film director, and actress. She is known for her ribald, depreciative style. Rivers' comic style relies heavily on her ability to poke fun at herself and other Hollywood celebrities. Her long career spanning 5 decades has led to her becoming known as a comedy legend and icon, often being referred to as 'The Queen Of Comedy'.",
"5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers - ABC News ABC News 5 Things You Never Knew About Joan Rivers By Lesley Messer Sep 4, 2014, 3:09 PM ET 0 Shares WATCH Joan Rivers, Comedic Legend, Dead at 81 0 Shares Email Joan Rivers was a remarkable comedian, known for her acerbic wit and blunt honesty. Many saw her stand-up routines or watched her E! TV show, \"Fashion Police,\" but Rivers, who died Sept. 4. at 81, was a complicated, vivacious woman with a storied past. Here are a few things about her that casual fans may not have known. Joan Rivers Dead at 81 1. Joan Rivers Was Not Her Given Name: The comedian was born Joan Molinsky, but at the behest of her agent, Tony Rivers, she adopted a stage name. On a whim, she chose \"Joan Rivers,\" just because it felt right. \"Having a stage name made it easier to perform in those raunchy nightclubs,\" she told the Evening News newspaper in 1986.",
"\"Joan Rivers was like a party dress I put on, so in those early days, she was only the tiniest part of me and Joan Molinsky was still frightened and confused and bewildered in her life.\" SLIDESHOW: A Look Back at the Life of Joan Rivers 2. Bill Cosby Was Responsible for Her Big Break: At first, Rivers became famous for being a guest host on Johnny Carson's \"Tonight Show.\" \"The night before I went on Carson, a comic bombed and Bill Cosby -- who was white hot at that moment -- he had seen me in the Village and he said to them, 'You might as well use Joan. She can’t be any worse than the guy you had on last night!'\" she told Entertainment Weekly . \"I was brought on in the last 10 minutes of the show -- the worst slot. And God bless Johnny Carson, he said right there on the air, 'You’re going to be a big star.'\" He was right. 3. She Was Open About Everything, Even Plastic Surgery: \"I just hosted the Miss USA Pageant and, let me tell you, beautiful gets you everywhere. The New York Times had an article maybe six months ago: Babies respond to pretty faces.",
"So stop telling everyone it’s OK not to be pretty! If you can fix it, fix it!\" she told Entertainment Weekly in 2010. \"If it makes you happier. I love to look in the mirror and say, 'For 77, you look good.' That’s all. I don’t care what anyone says. Not bad for 77.\" However, it wasn't always easy. In a clip from her reality TV series with her daughter, Melissa, Rivers was captured by cameras crying before going into surgery. \"Oh God, what a s***** business this is,\" she said. \"You have to look good.\" 4. She Had a Big Social Circle: The one regret Rivers had about the 2012 documentary made about her, \"Joan Rivers: A Piece of Work,\" was that it included a mean statement she made about fellow comedian Kathy Griffin. \"She’s my best friend. I adore Kathy,\" Rivers told EW . \"I wish they had made my love of her stronger.\" Rivers also talked about a friendship with Barbara Walters and Nancy Reagan. 5. She Was a Huge Animal Lover: After her husband committed suicide in 1987, she too considered ending her life.",
"However, she was saved by her dog, Spike. \"I was sitting in this big empty house in Bel Air, with a phone with five extensions which we no longer needed. I had the gun in my lap, and the dog sat on the gun. I lecture on suicide because things turn around,\" she told the Daily Beast . \"I tell people this is a horrible, awful dark moment, but it will change and you must know it’s going to change and you push forward. I look back and think, 'Life is great, life goes on. It changes.'\" As she got older, she made sure to set aside money for her pets when she made her will. 0 Shares Joan Rivers Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Media Personalities Joan Rivers Biography Joan Rivers was an American actress, comedian, writer, producer and TV host. This biography of Joan Rivers provides detailed information about her childhood, life, achievements, works & timeline Quick Facts TV Anchors , Comedians , Stand-up Comedians , Actresses , Writers Also Known As Joan Alexandra Molinsky, Queen of the Barbed One-liners, Pepper January, The Queen Of Comedy, @joan_rivers, Ms.",
"Joan Rivers, Jake and Joan Jim, Rivers, Joan Famous as 2015 - Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album - Diary Of A Mad Diva 1990 - Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host - The Joan Rivers Show Image Credit Joan Alexandra Molinsky, better known by her stage name, Joan Rivers, was an American actress, comedian, writer, producer, playwright, screenwriter, film director, columnist, lecturer, radio host, jewelry designer and TV-host. As a young girl she worked at a number of jobs before trying her hand at acting. After appearing in numerous small plays she took up stand-up comedy. She became a known face throughout America after appearing as a guest on 'The Tonight Show' which was hosted by her mentor Johnny Carson. With the new found popularity she went onto make guest appearances in many talk shows and released chart-topping comedy albums. In 1986, she became the first woman to host a late night network television show called 'The Late Show with Joan Rivers'. The show's timings clashed with the timings of Carson's show which embittered her former mentor who never spoke to her again.",
"In the last years of her career, she mostly conducted comedic interviews of celebrities walking on the red carpet at award shows. Throughout her career her comic style remained rather controversial as she'd often use satirical and scathing words to make fun of herself and other celebrities. She also wrote 12 best-selling memoir and humor books Childhood & Early Life Joan Rivers was born on June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants Beatrice and Meyer C Molinsky. Joan had an elder sister, Barbara Waxler who passed away in 2013. Joan received her education from Brooklyn Ethical Culture School and the Adelphi Academy. After her family moving to Larchmont, she attended Connecticut College and graduated from Barnard College in 1954 with a BA in English literature and anthropology. Before entering show business she worked as a buyer for a chain store, a tour guide at Rockefeller center, proofreader in an advertising agency and as a fashion consultant. On her agent, Tony Rivers' advise she adopted her stage name - Joan Rivers. Career In the 1960s Rivers performed at many comedy clubs in the Greenwich Village.",
"Her big break came when she appeared on âThe Tonight Show with Johnny Carsonâ in 1965. Eventually she got her own talk-show 'That Show with Joan Rivers' in 1969. In the 1970s, she appeared on comedy show 'The Carol Burnett Show' and the game show 'Hollywood Squares'. She wrote a black comedy movie titled 'The Girl Most Likely to...', directed the film 'Rabbit Test' and performed the opening acts for the singers Helen Reddy, Robert Goulet, Mac Davis and Sergio Franchi at the Las Vegas strip. By 1983, she had become a regular guest host of 'The Tonight Show' and also hosted the April 9, 1983 episode of 'Saturday Night Live'. Around this time, she also released a comedy album titled 'What becomes a Semi-Legend Most?' The album was a huge hit and attained No. 22 on the US Billboard 200. In 1986, FOX TV Network announced the launch of 'The Late Show with Joan Rivers'. The show timings clashed with that of Johnny Carsonâs show but Rivers did not tell him anything about the show.",
"Carson never talked to her again. A new TV talk show 'The Joan Rivers Show' came out in 1989 and ran for five years. It won her the Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Talk Show in 1990. In 1994, she co-wrote and starred in the play 'Sally Marr... and Her Escorts' which was about Lenny Bruce's mother, an established stand-up comedian herself. Rivers was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for the role. She made regular appearances on Howard Stern's radio show and The Shopping Channel where she promoted her own line of jewelry, The Joan Rivers Collection. The 2005 wedding of Prince Charles (Prince of Wales) and Camilla Parker Bowles saw only four Americans in the guest list; Rivers was one of the esteemed ones. In 2008, she appeared on the show 'Big Brother: Celebrity Hijack' as one of the 20 hijackers. The same year she also appeared on the NBC-show 'Celebrity Feud' with her daughter Melissa. In 2009, she became the special 'pink-carpet' presenter for the Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras parade.",
"She was roasted in the Comedy Central Special roast aired on August 9, 2009. The TV show 'Joan and Melissa: Joan Knows Best?' premiered on January 25, 2011 on WE TV. It chronicled their lives as they worked on their careers, took care of the family and balanced their social circles. It concluded on May 4, 2014 after four seasons. Awards & Achievements Joan Rivers received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1989. She won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host for âThe Joan Rivers Showâ in 1990. She won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for 'Diary of a Mad Diva' in 2015. Personal Life & Legacy Joan Rivers married James Sanger, the son of a Bond Clothing Stores manager, in 1955. When she found out that he was not interested in having children, she got the marriage annulled in six months. She married Edgar Rosenberg in 1965 and they had a daughter named Melissa.",
"Edgar committed suicide in 1987 and Rivers later confessed that their 22-year marriage was a 'total sham' and that she had had several extra-marital affairs. Several times her cheeky and in-your-face humor landed her in trouble. Her jokes on Adele's weight, the Holocaust and Ariel Castro kidnappings received stern and strong criticism, but she refused to apologize as these were jokes and nothing more. Rivers had several cosmetic surgeries and was a patient of the famous plastic surgeon Steven Hoefflin. Following a minor surgery in August 2014, she had a cardiac arrest and was placed in a medically induced coma. Joan Rivers never woke up from the coma and passed away on September 4, 2014. Net Worth At the time of her death, Joan Rivers had an estimated net worth of $150 million. Trivia She was a philanthropist who supported the Elton John AIDS Foundation. The City of San Diego called her their 'Joan of Arc' because of her philanthropic work regarding HIV/AIDS.",
"She helped several NGOs and generously donated to Jewish charities, animal welfare efforts, and suicide prevention causes Translate this page to Spanish, French, Hindi, Portuguese Pictures of Joan Rivers Also Listed In Joan Rivers Biography - life, family, children, name, story, wife, mother, old, born, college - Newsmakers Cumulation Joan Rivers Biography Joan Rivers Biography Comedian, writer, actress, and television show host Born Joan Alexandra Molinsky, June 8, 1933, in Brooklyn, NY; daughter of Meyer C. (a physician) and Beatrice Molinsky; married James Sanger (an heir to a department store fortune), 1957 (annulled, 1958); married Edgar Rosenberg (a manager, executive, and producer), 1964 (committed suicide, August 14, 1987); children: Melissa (from second marriage). Education: Attended Connecticut College for Women; Barnard College, B.A. (English and anthropology), 1954. Addresses: Agent —William Morris Agency, 151 El Camino Dr., Beverly Hills, CA 90212. Office —c/o QVC, 1200 Wilson Dr.",
"at Studio Park, Westchester, PA 19380. Website — Career Worked as fashion coordinator for Bond Clothing Store and as publicist in New York department store Lord & Taylor, 1950s; actress in Off Broadway plays; worked as a comedian touring United States, billed as Pepper January; appeared with Second City improvisational troupe, 1961-62; wrote for television show Candid Camera ; first appearance on The Tonight Show, NBC, 1965; released album Joan Rivers Presents Mr.",
"Phyllis and Other Funny Stories, Warner Bros., 1965; first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, 1966; continued to tour as a comedian, 1960s-1970s; had own talk show, That Show Starring Joan Rivers, 1968; made big-screen debut in The Swimmer, 1968; wrote and starred in Broadway play, Fun City, 1972; co-wrote television Joan Rivers movie, The Girl Most Likely To ..., ABC, 1973; wrote syndicated column for Chicago Tribune ; wrote and directed feature film Rabbit Test, 1977; co-creator of television series Husbands, Wives, and Lovers, CBS, 1978; worked as substitute host for The Tonight Show, through early 1980s; signed contract to be permanent co-host for Carson on The Tonight Show, 1983; released album What Becomes a Semi-Legend Most, Geffen, 1983; appeared as guest host, Saturday Night Live, NBC; signed to be host of The Late Show, FOX, 1985; center",
" square on Hollywood Squares game show, 1987; had role in Broadway Bound, 1988; had own daytime talk show, The Joan Rivers Show, 1988-93; had talk show Joan Rivers' Gossip!",
"Gossip! Gossip!, USA, 1992-93; sold line of jewelry on QVC home shopping network, 1992—; had talk show Can We Shop?, syndicated, 1994; co-wrote the stage show Sally Marr and Her Escorts, 1994; co-wrote and appeared in Tears and Laughter: The Joan and Melissa Rivers Story, NBC, 1994; hostess of pre-award show programs for E! Entertainment Television, 1995-2004; made guest appearances on Another World, NBC, 1997; radio talk-show host, WOR, 1997-2002; performed Broke and Alone in London (solo show), West End, London, 2002; guest appearance on Nip/Tuck, F/X, 2004; provided voice for animated film Shrek 2, 2004; host of pre-award show programs for TV Guide Channel, 2004—.",
"Awards: Georgie Award for best comedian, American Guild of Variety Artists, 1975; Clio Awards, best performance in a TV commercial, 1976, 1982; Daytime Emmy Award for best talk show host, for The Joan Rivers Show, 1990; Marymount Manhattan College, honorary doctorate, 1996. Sidelights In the early 2000s, Joan Rivers was best known for her work as a red carpet fashion commentator for the Academy Awards, Emmys, and other major awards shows. However, she has had a varied career, working on stage, film, and television. Rivers began her career as a touring comedian before her big break on The Tonight Show in the 1960s. In the 1970s, she wrote and/or starred in films, plays, and television movies. By the 1980s, Rivers had a high profile, first as the permanent guest host of The Tonight Show then as the host of her own, usually short-lived talk shows.",
"Rivers re-invented herself in the mid-1990s as a fashion commentator who often appeared with her daughter, Melissa. Rivers was born Joan Alexandra Molinsky on June 8, 1933, in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. She was the daughter of Meyer and Beatrice Molinsky. Her father was a doctor, while her mother had been born to wealth in Imperial Russia, but her family had become impoverished during the Russian Revolution. Rivers was raised in wealth with an older sister, Barbara, who became an attorney and was seen as better and more accomplished than her younger sister. Rivers attended Connecticut College for Women, then Barnard College. As a student, she appeared in college productions of Othello and An Ideal Husband. Rivers earned her B.A. in English and anthropology from Barnard College in 1954. She then worked for Lord & Taylor, a New York City-based department store, as a publicist, as well as a fashion coordinator for Bond Clothing Stores in the 1950s. Rivers married for the first time to James Sanger, the heir to the Bond Stores fortune, in 1957.",
"The marriage was short-lived, and annulled the following year. When her marriage to Sanger ended, Rivers went home for a time and decided that she wanted to be an actress. She studied the craft and appeared in some Off Broadway plays. Rivers soon turned to comedy when she was told that was where her talents laid. She did not really have the support of her family, who wanted Rivers to marry. Instead, Rivers supported herself by becoming a comedian touring the United States under the name Pepper January. From 1961 to 1962, Rivers worked with Second City, the well-known improvisational comedy troupe. After this run, she continued to perform as a comedian, primarily working in New York City. Her comedy focused on politics and society. Rivers had one immediate goal: appearing on The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. After a number of unsuccessful attempts, she finally made her debut on the show in 1965. Carson said he enjoyed her act and stated she would be successful. This marked Rivers' first big break. She soon appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, a popular variety show, for the first time. As Rivers' professional career began to soar, her personal life also improved.",
"In 1964, she married her second husband, Edgar Rosenberg, a British producer. Together, they had one child, a daughter named Melissa. Rosenberg supported his wife's career and helped her hone her comedy act. He also helped her work through her fears about performing. Rivers' comedy focus gradually changed as she began talking about herself instead of others. Drawing on her Jewish, middle-class background, she made light of herself as an obese child, an adult who liked to shop, and a wife who could not cook. In 1968, Rivers had her first shot at a talk show, the short-lived That Show Starring Joan Rivers. She also tried to break into films, with a small role in The Swimmer. Most of her success still came as a touring comedian, including stints in Las Vegas throughout the 1970s. Rivers also appeared on a number of television variety shows, as well as The Tonight Show on a regular basis. In the 1970s, Rivers' career expanded beyond comedy and television as she moved into other genres. In 1972, she wrote and starred in her own Broadway play, Fun City.",
"The following year, she co-wrote a television movie that aired on ABC, The Girl Most Likely To. During this same time period, she was writing a nationally syndicated column for the Chicago Tribune. In 1977, Rivers wrote and directed her first feature film, Rabbit Test. Starring comedian Billy Crystal, the film focuses on the first man to become pregnant and give birth. The film was panned by critics. After the failure of Husband, Wives, and Lovers, a 1978 television situation comedy that Rivers cocreated, she continued working on screenplay and television script ideas through the early 1980s. However, Rivers primarily focused on developing her own comic material and performing live. By this time, her comedy made fun of celebrities and other people, such as Elizabeth Taylor, Queen Elizabeth II, and First Lady Nancy Reagan. Rivers also focused on her own appearance, promoting plastic surgery, and the promiscuity of a made-up best friend. Of her take on comedy, she told Gerald Clarke of Time, \"Comedy should always be on that very fine line of going too far. It should always be on the brink of disaster. Otherwise, it's pap and who cares? It's boring.",
"Then you become the grand old lady .\" Rivers' frequent appearances on The Tonight Show led to her being a frequent substitute host for Carson. In 1983, she signed a contract making her the permanent substitute for Carson, essentially his co-host. Rivers hosted The Tonight Show on a weekly basis as Carson often went on vacation and worked many shortened weeks by this time period. Though sometimes controversial—especially among those she skewered with her comedy—she did well in the ratings. She sometimes drew better ratings than Carson himself. However, Rivers soon feuded with NBC over The Tonight Show because she allegedly was not being considered to replace Carson when he retired. The situation with The Tonight Show soon worsened. In 1985, Rivers signed with the new FOX network to host her own talk show, The Late Show. The move was considered a stab in the back to Carson, who had helped her career in so many ways, because she worked on the deal without telling him about it. After she signed the three-year, $15 million deal, Carson and Rivers became rivals. The Late Show premiered in the fall of 1986, and only had low ratings and mostly negative reviews.",
"Rivers was fired in the spring of 1987, and replaced by guest hosts. One potential reason for the failure of The Late Show was tension between FOX and Rivers. The network wanted her to be more pleasant to guests and not the hard interviewer she had been on The Tonight Show. She also believed that she could not get great guests to appear. Rivers' husband acted as the show's executive producer and ran it behind the scenes. Rosenberg and FOX had major disagreements about The Late Show, and the network fired Rivers primarily because of him. It was believed that FOX would have kept her if she would have gotten rid of him. The failure of The Late Show weighed heavily on Rosenberg. Soon after its end, he killed himself in a hotel room in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. However, the show's demise was probably not the only reason for his suicide. He had suffered two heart attacks and heart failure in 1984, and had to have bypass surgery. He and Rivers had also separated. After his death, the general perception by the public was that Rivers did not particularly care about her husband's suicide.",
"This happened despite the fact that she had called him her strength and stability in print three years earlier and considered suicide herself for a time after his passing. As Rivers pulled her life back together, she found she was no longer in demand as she had been. For a time, she was not booked in the same clubs as before because of her show's failure and husband's death. To continue to earn a leaving, she served as the center square on the game show Hollywood Squares for a time in 1987. Rivers also moved back to New York City, where she returned to the stage. She appeared as Kate in Broadway Bound, a critical and box office success. Television still had its allure for Rivers, and she soon had new talk shows. Beginning in 1988, she had a gossipy syndicated daytime talk show, The Joan Rivers Show, which lasted for several years. On this show, she was open about herself—her surgeries, her husband's death, her relationship with her daughter—and tried to get her guests to be as honest about themselves. Rivers told Joanne Kaufman of People, \"If I had seen myself as this real failure, I wouldn't have done this.",
"But this was a case of getting back on the horse. I know I can do a talk show as well as some and better than others. And don't dare anyone tell me I cannot do something. I had to prove to myself I could.\" Rivers won a Daytime Emmy Award for her work on the show. While The Joan Rivers Show was still on the air, Rivers began doing another show as well. In 1992, she did Joan Rivers' Gossip! Gossip! Gossip! for the USA network. Both shows were canceled in 1993. By this time, Rivers had another source of income. Since 1992, she had been selling her own line of jewelry on QVC. She later added other products to her line, including clothing. By early 1994, she had sold $60 million in jewelry and fashion. Rivers owned her own company to create these products called Joan Rivers Worldwide, of which she served as chief executive officer and president. Rivers also continued to write and act in television and on stage. In 1994, she co-wrote a stage show with Lonny Price and Erin Sanders called Sally Marr and Her Escorts.",
"It was loosely based on the life of comic Lenny Bruce's mother. When the show made it to Broadway, Rivers played the title role. That same year, Rivers and her daughter co-wrote the autobiographical television movie, Tears and Laughter: The Joan and Melissa Rivers Story, for NBC. The pair also starred in the movie, which focused on their relationship and Rivers' professional career after the death of her husband. Tears and Laughter did well in the ratings. In 1995, Rivers started a new line of work, providing commentary on what celebrities wore to awards shows and related pre-awards shows with her daughter. The pair had a contract with E! Entertainment Television to do this commentary before the Emmys, Academy Awards, Golden Globes, and other events. Rivers and her daughter also interviewed attendees about all aspects of their lives when they walked on the red carpet. After several years, they also added a special after the Academy Awards to talk about who wore what to the ceremony. While continuing her commentary shows, Rivers also began a new job. In 1997, she began hosting a syndicated talk show on WOR, a New York City-based radio station.",
"It was eventually syndicated to about 50 other radio stations. On the show, Rivers interviewed guests, talked about the news, discussed both sides of a current issue, and did some comedy. The show ended its run in 2002. Rivers continued to work as an actress on occasion. In 1997, she had a role for a few episodes on the soap opera Another World. In 2002, Rivers performed a solo show in England, Broke and Alone in London. Two years later, she had a guest appearance on the F/X show Nip/Tuck and provided a voice in the animated feature Shrek 2. In 2004, Rivers and her daughter ended their relationship with E! and joined the TV Guide Channel for the same kind of commentary shows in June of that year. Rivers' three-year deal was worth $8 million. In addition to doing the award show programming, Rivers and her daughter also planned to do holiday specials and other shows for the TV Guide Channel.",
"Of Rivers' importance to awards shows, Rose Apodaca Jones told Clarissa Cruz of Entertainment Weekly, \"The red carpet is what it is because of Joan.\" Selected discography 1000+ images about JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg on Pinterest | Johnny carson, Joan rivers quotes and Penthouse for sale Pinterest • The world’s catalog of ideas JOAN RIVERS aka joan alexandra molinsky rosenberg \"Style is like Herpes;you either have it or you do not\" ~Joan Rivers.Style? She had it! Controversial ? Yes but strong,smart,accomplished,philanthropic,funny,supported America and Israel,looked fabulous.We prayed that Joan would recover after a cardiac and respiratory arrest on 8/28/2014...But Joan went home to be with the Lord on 9/4/2014. God Bless you Joan for all you have given and all that you are...You will be missed so very much... I feel I have lost my dearest friend...RIP.",
"294 Pins274 Followers Joan Rivers - Biography - IMDb Joan Rivers Biography Showing all 152 items Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (8) | Trivia (81) | Personal Quotes (54) | Salary (1) Overview (5) The Queen of the Barbed One-liners Height 5' 2\" (1.57 m) Mini Bio (1) Joan Rivers was born on June 8, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York, USA as Joan Alexandra Molinsky. She was a writer and actress, known for Fashion Police (2002), The Joan Rivers Show (1989) and The Joan Rivers Show (1968). She was married to Edgar Rosenberg and James Sanger. She died on September 4, 2014 in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City.",
"Spouse (2) ( 15 July 1965 - 14 August 1987) (his death) (1 child) James Sanger (1955 - 1955) (annulled) Trade Mark (8) Had had a lot of plastic surgery, had never denied it, and as a matter of fact, made lots of jokes about her own (and other people's) plastic surgery. Loud, raspy voice with New York accent. Said \"Can we talk?\" frequently in both her acting roles and stand-up routines. \"What a tramp!\" or \"Such a tramp!\" Had made fun towards each other Her self-deprecating persona Attended Adelphi University in Garden City, New York. Attended Connecticut College for Women in New London, Conneticut. Received her Bachelor's degree in English literature and anthropology from Barnard College in New York City (1954). After graduating from college and before getting into show business, she was briefly a shoe buyer for Lord & Taylor, a department store in New York City. Collected Faberge eggs. Said the most difficult celebrity she ever interviewed was Tommy Lee Jones , whom she thought was rude.",
"Was the national spokesperson for the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Hosted a daily talk show on WOR-AM radio in New York City from 1997 until 2002, syndicated to about 50 stations. About 1982, she was appointed the first permanent guest hostess on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962). She infuriated Johnny Carson when she left to host her own show, The Late Show (1986) on rival Fox network. Johnny Carson never spoke to her again. She won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1990 for best talk show host and was nominated for a Tony Award for the play \"Donna Marr and Her Escorts\" in 1994. She was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Recording in 1985. Was one of the final guests to appear on The Wayne Brady Show (2002). Was nominated for Broadway's 1994 Tony Award as Best Actress (Play) for portraying the title character, Sally Marr , in \"Sally Marr... and Her Escorts\". Was a vegetarian. Started performing as a stand-up comedienne using the stage name Pepper January.",
"She was a Phi Beta Kappa Sorority key holder from Barnard College, where she studied anthropology. She had her first cosmetic surgery procedure (an eye-lift) in 1965 at age 32. She had her nose thinned in 1983. The majority of her plastic surgery was performed by Santa Monica surgeon Steven Hoefflin (who also performed plastic surgery on Michael Jackson 's nose). She also received Botox and collagen injections every four months from New York City dermatologist Patricia Wexler. She was an advocate of plastic surgery for older women saying that if a woman can afford it, it is worth it for her self-esteem. Early in her career, she performed as half of the comedy team of \"Joanie and Bill\". \"Bill\" was former actor William Perry (1936-2006) who was the nephew of actress Toby Wing . An accomplished author, she has written several candid autobiographies, including \"Enter Talking\" and \"Still Talking\". Author of self-help books, including \"Bouncing Back: I've Survived Everything... and I Mean Everything... and You Can Too!\" and \"Don't Count the Candles: Just Keep the Fire Lit!\".",
"Author of several comedy books, including \"Having a Baby Can Be a Scream\" and \"The Life and Hard Times of Heidi Abromowitz\". Her father, Meyer C. Molinsky, was a doctor. Her parents, Beatrice (Grushman) and Meyer Molinsky, were Russian Jewish immigrants. Early in her career, she was a writer for Candid Camera (1953). Her publicist was Judy Katz . Was a Republican. Used to maintain a residence in Litchfield County, Connecticut adjacent to the former Bill Blass estate. Performed stand-up comedy, prior to hopeful Broadway run, at Club Fez in Manhattan. [June 2002] (June 30, 2004) Announced that she and her daughter, Melissa Rivers , were leaving E! Entertainment to fashion-bash red-carpet-wise over at the TV Guide Channel. They had been with E! Entertainment since 1996. Most recently lived in Malibu, California with her daughter, Melissa Rivers , and her grandson, Edgar Cooper Endicott .",
"She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7030 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on July 26, 1989. On August 28, 2014, she was rushed to Mount Sinai Hospital after experiencing complications during throat surgery being performed at a New York City Clinic. Joan Rivers passed away on September 4, 2014, at age 81. This was a month, after her longtime friend Lauren Bacall had passed away. Upon her death, her body was cremated at the Garden State Crematory in Union City, New Jersey, and her ashes are in possession of her daughter Melissa. Protegee of Phyllis Diller . Knew Kelly Osbourne when she was only 6, she later worked with her on Fashion Police (2002). Her older sister, Barbara Waxler, passed away on June 3, 2013 at age 82. Attended the funeral of Ernest Borgnine , when the actor passed away in 2012. At a very early age, she wanted to be an actress.",
"Though she was born in Brooklyn, New York, Rivers was also raised in the following cities: Crown Heights and portions of the Prospect Heights and Brownsville neighborhoods of Central Brooklyn. Her father, Dr. Meyer C. Molinsky, who graduated from medical school at Long Island College and in the mid-1930s kept an office at 760 Montgomery Street in Crown Heights, New York, historical records show. Had never retired from comedy. After her death, the friends who attended her funeral on September 7, 2014 were Oprah Winfrey , Whoopi Goldberg , Bernadette Peters , David Letterman , Jimmy Kimmel , Kathy Griffin , Donald Trump , Kelly Osbourne , Howard Stern , Robin Quivers , Kathie Lee Gifford , Rachael Ray , Geraldo Rivera , Sally Jessy Raphael , Sarah Jessica Parker , Judy Sheindlin , Barbara Walters , Rosie O'Donnell , Diane Sawyer and her daughter Melissa Rivers . In 2012, Rivers protested against the warehouse-club Costco because they would not sell her New York Times bestselling book, \"I Hate Everyone... Starting with Me\". She handcuffed herself to a person's shopping cart and shouted through a megaphone.",
"The police were called to the scene and she left without incident and no arrests were made. Best remembered by the public as the hostess of The Joan Rivers Show (1989), Fashion Police (2002) and Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? (2011). Was merciless with subjects of popular piety. Before she was a successful actress and comedienne, she was part of \"Jim, Jake, and Joan\", a comedic musical trio, in 1964. Had briefly attended Brooklyn Ethical Culture School in Brooklyn, New York. Celebrated her 80th birthday on an episode of Fashion Police (2002) and on QVC, on June 8, 2013. While being a talk show hostess, she once worked as a waitress at Denny's Restaurant, in W. Palm Beach, Florida. She was switching jobs with Rhonda Denton who used to work at the same restaurant, when the guest host for Rivers on The Joan Rivers Show (1989) was announced in New York. Served as an Honorary Director of the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention.",
"Before an unfamiliar comedian Arsenio Hall had a successful late night talk show, she had used him for The Late Show (1986), as her replacement. Fortunately for Hall, he only got the job, because she left the show, because of the way the producers had been taken advantaged of her. A big influence on Canadian comedian Katherine Ryan . She was regarded in being one of the busiest personalities on television. Mentor and friends of: Oprah Winfrey , Whoopi Goldberg , Arsenio Hall , Kathy Griffin , Chris Hardwick , Kelly Osborne and her real-life daughter Melissa Rivers . She graduated from the Adelphi Academy of Brooklyn in Brooklyn, New York, in 1950, at almost 17 years old. In 1949, aged 16, she was vice president of the Dramatic Club at the Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, New York. Had first watched television; when she was only 6 at the World's Fair. Lifelong friend of nearly 35 years Geraldo Rivera . Was brought on to The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962), seven times and was turned down, until she made her first appearance.",
"Had changed her last name from Molinsky to Rivers; this was because she wanted to be an actress; her agent Larry Rivers talked her into doing this. Her husband Edgar Rosenberg even committed suicide when he was overdosing himself with a bottle of prescription pills. Their daughter Melissa Rivers found him unconscious in a Philadelphia hotel room. Had always wanted to be an actress, this led her parents into kicking young Molinsky out of her parents' house. Was the only performer to have guest-hosted or have appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962), more than anyone else. Met Barbara Walters at NBC in 1965, where there might've been a competition in between the two ladies. The two became friends for nearly 50 years, until Rivers's own death in 2014. Joan Rivers passed away on September 4, 2014, at age 81. Just before her death, she hosted her final taping of Fashion Police (2002), about the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards and the 2014 MTV Movie Awards.",
"On her 100th episode of The Late Show (1986), Rivers had two separate problems: the ratings sank, and she was also separated from her husband, Edgar Rosenberg , who wasn't just depressed, but was in bad health, after years of heavy smoking, who was also deeply in debt. He tried to ask her for help, when she refused to help him. She told him he had to get help, who couldn't pull poor Rivers down. Before Edgar's suicide, she was fired from the talk show, after 1 year. Her career almost came to an end when she feuded with Johnny Carson , off- the set of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962), the loss of her second husband Edgar Rosenberg and her short-lived talk show The Late Show (1986), however, she attempted to make a comeback when she was hosting a Daytime Talk Show, The Joan Rivers Show (1989), in 1989. Had started acting when she was in high school. Had performed on television late, but her successful comedy career had lasted 55 years.",
"Just before Johnny Carson 's death, Rivers called him many times, but refused to answer all of her calls. Before Chris Hardwick was a comedian, game show host and a talk show host, he, alongside his family met her, when she was doing an opening act for her own mentor Johnny Carson , in Las Vegas, Nevada, when he was only 3 years old, and became friends, of nearly 40 years, until Rivers's own death in 2014. The first joke she ever stole was on The Jack Paar Tonight Show (1957). Just before her death, she starred and have hosted Fashion Police (2002) and Joan & Melissa: Joan Knows Best? (2011), at the same time. In 1942, when young Joan was 9, she watched the movie Journey for Margaret (1942), starring Margaret O'Brien . She was very disgusted realizing she could've done better than her. Had never performed as a child. Almost shared the same birthday with Ruth Westheimer , by 4 days, who is 5 years Rivers's senior.",
"Was one of the stars to release statements in Paul Reubens defense, after he was being arrested for indecent exposure in July 1991. Attended the funeral of Ed McMahon , when the television personality/announcer passed away on June 29, 2009. Personal Quotes (54) [on her idea of a perfect childbirth experience] Knock me out with the first pain, and wake me up when the hairdresser arrives. If you're not a wreck in this business, you're not around. Once I was having lunch in a fancy restaurant with Lily Tomlin and Richard Pryor . We were all struggling comics together and the day we had lunch, any one of us could have picked up the check. That's when I knew I'd made it. Camilla Parker-Bowles is an earthy, funny woman. You can swear in front of her. [on Parkinson (1971), when entering] I am a dyke! And I'm DAMN proud of it! I want them to know I don't think I'm wonderful, or better than they are. Part of comedy is saying: \"I am you and you are me, and we're all feeling the same thing\".",
"I'm in nobody's circle, I've always been an outsider. I don't have those wonderful dinners with Woody, I've never been asked by Jay. And it makes you sad, because I think it would be wonderful to sit and talk about things that very few people understand. But I'm very competitive, and I'm sure they feel that. I'm jealous of that little slut Paris Hilton . Why? I'm very competitive. And I think that's what has kept me going. I'm not gracious. The only thing that's saving me is my age. Because I don't care. I've been up, I've been down. I've been fired, I've been hired. I've been broke. What are you gonna to do me? Not like me? I don't give a damn. There is not one female comic who was beautiful as a little girl. [on young female comics]: They all come up to me and say, \"Without you, I couldn't be here, the barriers you broke down.\" I say, \"Get the f*** away from me. I still could take every one of you with one hand behind my back. Outta here. Talk like that at my funeral, but not till then\".",
"[June 29, 2008] One of the reasons I am so happy - there's lots happening again. Four times in my life, I woke up and the diary was empty. That's the worst feeling in the world. My Broadway show and my talk show were canceled on the same Friday. And I went that night to see Barbra Streisand , whom I'd started with, perform for 20,000 people at Madison Square Garden. That was a very bad night. Now I'm doing a pilot, I have two books coming, I have my play, I'm in a series that they've shot and they hope will be successful, I'm doing stand-up and I've got my jewelry company. At this age, to be wanted - you are fighting every single step of the way. I was just interviewed for a documentary [ Making Trouble (2007)] on my least favorite subject - women comedians and how we've all been kept out. These two women came to my house, very serious, and asked, \"How long did it take for you to get into the room?\".",
"I said, \"Let me tell you something: if Adolf Hitler had four good jokes, he'd be in the room.\" It has to do with funny. Then they talked about how women help each other. I said, \"I hate to tell you, but if it was between Sarah Silverman and me for a job? I'll kill her and she'll kill me. There's no sisterhood in comedy\". There is not one female comic who was beautiful as a little girl. Tell me one funny woman who was ever beautiful. Gwyneth Paltrow , stop, please, stop, I can't stand it. Angelina Jolie ? Men don't want you funny. It's all about coping when you're not being the pretty girl, and you're not being the first one asked to dance, and the bottle spins and lands on you and Stuart Wein doesn't want to kiss you. One of the earliest jokes I did about my husband was that I was the one who really caused Edgar's suicide, because, while we were making love, I took the bag off my head. My husband wanted to be cremated.",
"I told him I'd scatter his ashes at [the department store] Neiman Marcus - that way, I'd visit him every day. I knew I was an unwanted baby when I saw my bath toys were a toaster and a radio. [In an interview, on the British chat show Loose Women (1999) in 2008, on working the red carpet for the E! Channel]: You get someone like Russell Crowe , and you want to say to the camera, he is a piece of - get ready to bleep this - f***ing shit. (Rivers was immediately pulled from the British chat show - they had no bleep.) These idiots came running onto the set, ripped me off my seat and dragged me off, saying, \"Let's go, let's go, let's go.\" When the audience saw my empty chair, I worried that, because of my age, they might think I'd wet it because my diaper leaked. People always ask me, \"What haven't you done, Miss Rivers? You've done this and that, been nominated for an Emmy and a Tony.",
"You've hosted shows, you've acted, done stand-up, lost your husband to suicide, been bankrupted by a business partner [who made off with $37m in the 1990s] - what haven't you done?\". Well, until today, I'd never been kicked off live television. Assholes. [Interview with Andrew Scott, June 10, 2010] I've never been in the \"in\" group. I've never been considered. But that's what keeps me punching, if that makes sense. I'm still in the \"I'll show you\" mentality. [on the passing of Elaine Kaufman ] Elaine's was a place you went to let everyone know you were in town. It was first stop L.A./N.Y. You knew your name was above the title when Elaine sat with you. I also loved that the prices changed constantly. [on reality shows] When was the last time you went to a dinner party where three women got up and slapped each other? Everybody's punching and slapping. This is not reality. We got a second season because everybody that has a parent, a mother, anyone can relate to what really happens between adult children and parents.",
"Having my daughter, I screamed for twenty-three hours straight. And that was just during conception. Boy George is all England needs. Another queen who can't dress. New York was the magic city. New York was Oz. All I wanted to do was get out of Brooklyn and get into Oz. We'd go to the theater district -- I saved my money, and I would go with a girlfriend and sit in Sardi's, order an avocado for 60 cents, and wait to be discovered. They must have been thrilled to see us. We went to Howard Johnson's, and my friend smoked a cigarette. We're sitting at the Howard Johnson's, and we're smoking cigarettes -- say no more. Men who look down my dress usually compliment me on my shoes. That awful, vulgar, loud woman on stage, that's not me. I wouldn't want to be her friend. [on antiques] If Louis XIV hasn't sat on it, I don't want it. [In 2010, on Twitter] With all the plastic surgery I've had, I'm worried that when I die, God won't recognize me! I don't exercise.",
"If God had wanted me to bend over, he would have put diamonds on the floor. [on the red-carpet] Who are you wearing? [her trademark line] Can we talk? My best birth control now is just to leave the lights on. The secret of my success is just saying what everybody else has been thinking. I haven't missed the Emmys since that year my makeup team was nominated for \"Best Special Effects\"! Look at Gwyneth Paltrow being named the Most Beautiful this year. Congratulations, Gwyneth! Now look at who she got to vote: Ray Charles , José Feliciano , Helen Keller, Ronnie Milsap , Tom Sullivan , and Stevie Wonder . Never be afraid to laugh at yourself; after all, you could be missing out on the joke of the century. I hate housework. You make the beds, you do the dishes...and six months later, you have to start all over again. There are three things all children should be taught never to do: touch a hot stove; pull lamps off tables; and wake their mother before noon. A study says owning a dog makes you 10 years younger. I'd rescue two more, but who wants to go through menopause twice?",
"[on daughter Melissa Rivers ] She and I are very close. We speak every single day. Literally, I call her every day and leave the same message on her answering machine: \"Pick the hell up, Melissa. I know you're there, damn it.\" And she always calls me back with the same response: \"Mom, how in God's name did you get this new number?\" At my funeral, I want Meryl Streep crying in five different accents. [on Justin Bieber ] He looks like the daughter Cher wishes she'd had. Want to know why women don't blink during foreplay? Not enough time. [on Renee Zellweger] Push her face against a glass door, and you'll see what all babies look like at birth. If you don't want gays in the military, make the uniforms ugly. My love life is like a piece of Swiss cheese: much of it's missing, and what's there stinks. The great thing about irrigating your colon is that sometimes you find old jewelry. People say that money is not the key to happiness. But I've always figured that, with enough money, you can hire a battering ram.",
"All I ever heard when I was a kid was,\"Why can't you be more like your cousin Sheila?\" And Sheila had died at birth. I wish I had a twin, so I could know what I'd look like without plastic surgery. I have no sex appeal. If my husband didn't toss and turn, we'd never have had any kids. All my mother told me about sex was that the man goes on top, and that the woman goes on bottom. For three years, my husband and I slept in bunk beds. My sex life is so bad, my G-spot has been declared a historical landmark. [on turning 50]: Our natures are a lot like oil, mix us with anything else, and we strive to swim on top. [When constantly thought about dying]: In your 80s, you'd be foolish not to think about that. I am definitely going to be cremated. I've left money so the dogs can be taken care of. I've said to Melissa, 'Sell anything and everything you don't want. Don't feel beholden to my possessions.' I feel almost hysterical on that. I don't want them to have a sense of guilt. Salary (1)"
] |
In which branch of the arts is Patricia Neary famous?
|
Ballet
|
[
"Ballet",
"Ballet competitions",
"Ballet schools",
"Balet, India",
"Balletti",
"Ballet dancing",
"1938 ballet premieres",
"Balletto",
"Balletomane",
"2011 ballet premieres",
"1940 ballet premieres",
"Balletomanes",
"1939 ballet premieres",
"Ballet characters",
"Ballet teachers",
"Ballet dance",
"Classical Dance",
"Ballets",
"Ballet lessons",
"1915 ballet premieres",
"1914 ballet premieres",
"Classical dance",
"UN/LOCODE:INBLT",
"1916 ballet premieres",
"Balet",
"Ballett"
] | 10,113
|
[
"Edward Villella - Division of Cultural Affairs - Florida Department of State Division of Cultural Affairs Inducted in 1997 Biography Edward Villella is generally regarded as America's most celebrated male dancer. During his career with the New York City Ballet, his supreme artistry–marked by grace, athleticism and virility–helped popularize the role of men in dance. The great choreographer George Balanchine used him to create role after magnificent role, including perhaps his most famous in the cast of Balanchine's 1929 masterpiece, The Prodigal Son. Villella was born in the Bayside neighborhood of Queens, New York, in 1936. At age 10, he enrolled in the School of American Ballet. But at the urging of his father, in college (the New York Maritime Academy), Villella pursued a degree in marine transportation while also lettering in baseball and becoming a championship welterweight boxer. His love of dance, however, never waned, and while in college he also became a member of the New York City Ballet.",
"After graduating in 1959, he rejoined the School of American Ballet, and soon was well on his way toward becoming the leading male star in American dance. As a favorite of Balanchine's, he won fame with lead roles in A Midsummer Night's Dream, Tarantella, Jewels and Prodigal Son. Villella went on to become the first male American dancer to appear with the Royal Danish Ballet and the first American in history–male or female–to be invited to dance an encore at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. He danced for four sitting presidents, including a performance at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. By the late 1960s, Villella had become a familiar figure in television productions, with rave reviews for performances in Brigadoon, The Nutcracker and even the Ed Sullivan Show. In the early 1970s, he appeared as himself in an episode of The Odd Couple, starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman. In a performance for President Gerald Ford at the White House in 1975, Villella suffered an injury that ended his career as a performer.",
"Throughout his retirement from the stage, Villella has led an energetic and creative career as artistic director to ballet companies in New Jersey, Oklahoma and elsewhere. In 1986 he became founding director for the Miami City Ballet and since then has guided the company to worldwide acclaim. He still serves as the ballet's artistic director and executive officer. In recognition of his lifetime achievements in the arts, in 1997 President Bill Clinton awarded Villella a National Medal of Arts. In 2009, he was inducted into the National Museum of Dance C.V. Whitney Hall of Fame. His autobiography, Prodigal Son: Dancing for Balanchine in a World of Pain and Magic, was reissued by the University of Pittsburgh Press in 1998. Villella's wife, Linda, is director of the Miami City Ballet School. Related Links Woodlands Civic Ballet Contact Us About Us Director Karyn Simon-Poland founded the non-profit Woodlands Civic Ballet in 1987.",
"The troupe has presented free performances of the classics, as well as original choreographic works, to capacity audiences at Oak Ridge High School Auditorium, The Nancy Bock Performing Arts Centre, and this season at Montgomery College Auditorium. Also, the troupe has been selected by audition to perform on the Epcot stage at Disney World on three different occasions. Although some students have gone on to dance with professional and college dance companies, there are also those who dance for their own personal enrichment. Simon-Poland, herself, has danced professionally as principal dancer of Pittsburgh's Carnegie Ballet and San Francisco's Northern California Dance Ensemble, performing the leading roles in Nutcracker, Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, Giselle, Coppelia, Cinderella, and Les Sylphides. She has studied under former New York City Ballet principals Violette Verdy, Patricia Neary, Patricia Wilde, Melissa Hayden, and Jacques D'Amboise. She studied intensively under the late Vitale Fokine, son of the renowned Michel Fokine, creator of Les Sylphides.",
"Also, she was coached by the late Robert Davis, former Ballet Master of Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre, for her portrayal of Kitri in Don Quixote at the famous Three Rivers Arts Festival in Pittsburgh. Simon-Poland holds Bachelor of Arts degrees from the University of Pittsburgh in Secondary Education, and is certified in Dance, Theatre Arts, Speech, English, and Spanish. The Woodlands Civic Ballet offers a comprehensive program in Russian-style Classical Ballet, including pre-ballet, beginning, low intermediate, high intermediate, advanced, pre-professional ballet, pre-pointe and pointe. Drill Team classes and special coaching sessions are also available. Ms. Simon-Poland actively participates in the Conroe Independent School District's Private Physical Education Program, which allows students to substitute dance at the Woodlands Civic Ballet for physical education classes in school. Finally, founder and director Karyn Simon-Poland is listed in the prestigious premiere edition and subsequent editions of Marquis' Who's Who In Entertainment. Video | BALLET20.COM Video Rudolf Nureyev choreography (based on version by Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov).",
"Amandine Albisson danseuse étoile (Odette, Odile) Mathieu Ganio danseur étoile (Prince Siegfried) François Alu premier danseur (Rothbart) Les premiers Danseurs et le Corps de Ballet de l’Opéra national de Paris with by @ronnierocket in Video | Leave a comment Discover the story of The Ninth Symphony through a serie of bonus from the documentary “Dancing Beethoven” by Arantxa Aguirre. This exceptional show, hymn to universal brotherhood, was danced by the Béjart Ballet Lausanne and the Tokyo Ballet, from 6 to 8 January 2017 at Forest National, Brussels. TRAILER: by @ronnierocket in Video | Leave a comment Santtu Mustonen joins New York City Ballet for the fifth presentation of Art Series, which welcomes contemporary artists to our Lincoln Center home. Chase Finlay talks about what makes Peter Martins’ partnering so fun to watch but so challenging for dancers to do — and takes us behind the scenes of his cross training regimen to prepare.",
"Adrian Danchig-Waring explains the medieval inspiration behind Balanchine’s modernist masterpiece, and how THE FOUR TEMPERAMENTS has stood the test of time. Jared Angle talks about how dancing in silence intensifies his connection to the audience and to his fellow dancers in Jerome Robbins’ MOVES, the only ballet in the repertory without music. Joaquin De Luz talks about taking on the iconic title role in PRODIGAL SON, Balanchine’s interpretation of the Biblical tale, first choreographed for Diaghilev’s legendary Ballet Russes in 1929. Marika Anderson talks about her childhood love of Tschaikovsky and the important role of the corps in Balanchine’s one-act. Sterling Hyltin discusses what it takes to play the “mad ballerina” in Jerome Robbins’ comic ballet about “the perils of everybody”. A critically lauded choreographer and filmmaker hailing from Sweden, Pontus Lidberg often focuses on emotionally complex and psychological relationships, and Winter 2017 will see his first premiere for New York City Ballet, set to a commissioned score by David Lang. Megan Fairchild on the building drama of her solo in ALLEGRO BRILLANTE.",
"The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Restores and Edits Historic Film of George Balanchine and Suzanne Farrell Performing in Balanchine's Don Quixote | The New York Public Library The New York Public Library The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Restores and Edits Historic Film of George Balanchine and Suzanne Farrell Performing in Balanchine's Don Quixote Share Share Premiere Screenings Planned for Kennedy Center and Lincoln Center in September Suzanne Farrell and George Balanchine in Don Quixote. Courtesy of the New York City Ballet.Premiere Screenings Planned for Kennedy Center and Lincoln Center in September The Jerome Robbins Dance Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts has restored and preserved the 1965 film of a historic performance of George Balanchine's three-act ballet Don Quixote and has edited the two-camera, uncut film into a complete, edited videotape version available for public viewing at the Library. The project was completed with the participation of Suzanne Farrell, the ballerina for whom the lead role of Dulcinea was created and who is currently the Artistic Director of The Suzanne Farrell Ballet at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts.",
"The premiere screenings of the newly edited Don Quixote recording will take place September 5 at the Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C., and September 18 at The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts at Lincoln Center. \"This is a rare recording of the ballet and the only recording of George Balanchine, who was 61 years old at the time, performing as the Don. In addition, it showcases the then 19-year-old Suzanne Farrell in one of her first starring roles - a role created for her - and captures the poignant performance of Balanchine and Farrell dancing together. Therefore, it was imperative that the Library preserve the fragile film for future generations of researchers, scholars, and students,\" stated Jacqueline Z. Davis, the Barbara G. and Lawrence A. Fleischman Executive Director of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. The 16mm black-and-white film was recorded on May 27, 1965 at the New York City Ballet's preview gala at the New York State Theater.",
"(The official premiere of Don Quixote was given the following night.) The performance was filmed with two cameras, an unusual occurrence at the time, by the acclaimed photographer and filmmaker Bert Stern of Libra Productions, but it was never edited. Don Quixote was part of the New York City Ballet's active repertoire from 1965 to 1978; it was not performed again until 2005 when Suzanne Farrell restaged it at the Kennedy Center for a combination of The Suzanne Farrell Ballet and The National Ballet of Canada. \"I want to especially thank Suzanne Farrell, without whom we could not have undertaken this project. Her commitment, knowledge, and sensitivity were essential,\" commented Michelle Potter, Curator of the Jerome Robbins Dance Division. \"Also, Jan Schmidt, Assistant Curator, and the staff of the Dance Division deserve recognition for their considerable work in bringing this project to completion.\" The film was given by the New York City Ballet to the Dance Division�s Jerome Robbins Archive of the Recorded Moving Image, which houses thousands of films and videotapes to preserve the ephemeral art of dance.",
"The five reels of the Don Quixote film were targeted as \"unique and in need of preservation.\" After funding was found, the staff arranged for the complicated process of restoration and editing. The film consisted of uncut footage from two cameras that recorded the entire ballet, without enhanced lighting or sound, from a wide angle by one camera and most of the ballet by a second camera in a closer angle. \"This newly restored film that The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts has overseen is extraordinary, both in its emotional content and its meaning and historical value for the dance community and the public at large,\" remarked Suzanne Farrell. \"With this film, the world has Mr. B alive and present again. Viewers have the opportunity to witness his genius, his art, and his integrity firsthand.\" Process of Restoration and Editing The restoration of the film was completed by the Library over the course of two years. The process involved cleaning and repairing the original film and generating a new negative. The film�s soundtrack was digitized and extensively restored, in part because of problems with the quality of the original recording. To complete the restoration of the picture and sound, Suzanne Farrell viewed the film and advised the Library on the precise synchronization of the image and music.",
"Then a digital Betacam video master was made from the final film. The footage from the two cameras was edited together into a single videotape, again with the advice and guidance of Ms. Farrell, who worked closely with the editor, Fran�ois Bernadi. The optical restoration of the film was completed for the Library by Cineric, Inc., and the audio preservation was done by Universal Studios BluWave Audio. From September 20, 2007, all the footage - the five DVD discs, video transfers of the unedited restored film, and two edited DVD discs - can be watched on the Jerome Robbins Dance Division�s viewing carrels at The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Dorothy and Lewis B. Cullman Center, 40 Lincoln Center Plaza. The Library�s new 45-hour, six-day per week schedule is: Monday and Thursday from 12 noon to 8 p.m.; Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m.; and Saturday from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m.",
"Cast In addition to George Balanchine as Don Quixote and Suzanne Farrell as Dulcinea, the cast includes Deni Lamont as Sancho Panza; Paul Sackett as Dead Poet; Conrad Ludlow as his Friend; Nicholas Magallanes as the Duke; Jillana as the Duchess; Michael Arshansky as Major Domo and Priest: Francisco Moncion as Merlin; Anthony Blum and Frank Ohman as Cavaliers; Karin von Aroldingen as Housekeeper; Patricia Neary, Conrad Ludlow, and Kent Stowell in the Danza della Caccia; Suki Schorer and John Prinz in the Pas de Deux Mauresque; Sara Leland, Kay Mazzo, Carol Sumner, Frank Ohman, Robert Rodham, and Earle Sieveling in Courante Sicilienne; Gloria Govrin and Arthur Mitchell in Rigaudon Flamenco; Patricia McBride and Colleen Neary in Ritornel; Mimi Paul, Marnee Morris, and Anthony Blum in Variations; and Gloria Govrin as Night Spirit. Judith Fugate and Jean-Pierre Frohlich, children at the time, also danced.",
"Premiere Screenings The edited recording of Don Quixote will be screened in Washington, D.C., as part of the Kennedy Center Prelude Festival on September 5 at 6 p.m. in the Terrace Theater. The New York premiere will be given on September 18 at 6 p.m. in the Bruno Walter Auditorium of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. A limited number of free seats will be available for both screenings. (For Washington, D.C. press information, contact Erin Dowdy at 202.416.8453 or [email protected] ) Funding The 1965 film of George Balanchine�s Don Quixote was restored by the Jerome Robbins Dance Division of The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts. Funding for the preservation of the film was provided by the National Film Preservation Foundation Partnership Grant with the laboratories Cineric, Inc. and Universal Studios BluWave Audio. Additional laboratory work was provided by Trackwise of Full House Productions. Other funding for the film preservation and for the editing of the videotape was provided by The Louis B. Mayer Foundation and The Jerome Robbins Foundation.",
"About The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts houses the world's most extensive combination of circulating, reference, and rare archival collections in its field. Its divisions are the Circulating Collections, Jerome Robbins Dance Division, Music Division, Billy Rose Theatre Division, and the Rodgers & Hammerstein Archives of Recorded Sound. The materials in its collections are available free of charge, along with a wide range of special programs, including exhibitions, seminars, and performances. An essential resource for everyone with an interest in the arts - whether professional or amateur - the Library is known particularly for its prodigious collections of non-book materials such as historic recordings, videotapes, autograph manuscripts, correspondence, sheet music, stage designs, press clippings, programs, posters, and photographs. About The New York Public Library The New York Public Library was created in 1895 with the consolidation of the private libraries of John Jacob Astor and James Lenox with the Samuel Jones Tilden Trust. The Library provides free and open access to its physical and electronic collections and information, as well as to its services.",
"It comprises four research centers - the Humanities and Social Sciences Library; The New York Public Library for the Performing Arts; the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture; and the Science, Industry and Business Library - and 87 Branch Libraries in Manhattan, Staten Island, and the Bronx. Research and circulating collections combined total more than 50 million items. In addition, each year the Library presents thousands of exhibitions and public programs, which include classes in technology, literacy, and English as a second language. The New York Public Library serves over 15 million patrons who come through its doors annually and another 21 million users internationally, who access collections and services through its website, . ### Jovani Furlan Archives | Miami City Ballet MCB’s Balanchine, Tharp and Alston Come Off Beautifully Artistic Director Lourdes Lopez’s vision for Miami City Ballet was apparent in the tasteful programming of Saturday’s performance at the Kravis Center, with the de rigueur Balanchine work leading off the evening followed by two company premieres. Lopez who has been “shopping” for new works that would flatter and challenge the company, has been successful.",
"For Program III: Passion and Grace, she brought a rarely seen contemporary work by avant-garde choreographer Tywla Tharp and a sleek contemporary take on the tale of Carmen by British choreographer Richard Alston. Like Balanchine, both of these dance-makers are known for their extremely musical choreography. The program, ruled by the Delgado sisters, Patricia and Jeanette, with a welcomed sprinkling of new faces doing lead roles, was appealing, well-balanced and well-danced. The company looked strong and confident. The Opus One Orchestra played with gusto and aplomb and the production values were polished and refined. MCB Dancers Take Italy It’s been a couple of weeks since our dancers wrapped up rehearsals with choreographer Justin Peck. Since then, they’ve all been enjoying some additional time off this summer, getting plenty of much-needed rest and relaxation. But as we’ve learned quite well, it’s rarely all play and no work for our dancers. In fact, we recently caught up with principal dancers Tricia Albertson and Renan Cerdeiro, who, earlier this month, performed at the Florence Dance Festival at the National Museum of Bargello in Italy–the same museum that houses Donatello’s famous Statue of David.",
"The show, titled Stars of American Ballet, featured Tricia and Renan, along with principal couples from New York City Ballet and Boston Ballet. Summertime on Instagram With their summer downtime, our dancers have split from Miami and spread out all over the world! The latest dancer update comes from Joinville, Brazil, where corps de ballet dancer Jovani Furlan takes over our Instagram feed this week. Follow Jovani at #JovaniMCBphotos for a snapshot of his life back in Brazil! Jovani Furlan When I’m in Brazil, I’ll be taking class at my old ballet school, The Bolshoi Theater School in Brazil — the only affiliate of the Bolshoi Theater of Moscow. I’m also doing some physical therapy, working out, spending a lot of time with the family, and enjoying the beaches around my state! – Jovani Dancing what was lost Jovani Furlan When the curtain opens on Program III: Triple Threat next week, Miami City Ballet will become one of only two dance companies and the only American company to perform the Paul Taylor solo in Balanchine’s Episodes since New York City Ballet in 1986.",
"Peter Frame — the last dancer to have performed this role and répétiteur for the solo at MCB — referred to it as a “lost work of art.” Now, 27 years later, dancer Jovani Furlan will be one of only a handful of dancers to perform this role. Here, he tells all about this rare and exciting opportunity. Welcome to Miami Jordan Matter! Anyone recognize this photo? If you know and love this image, along with several other awe-inspiring dance photos, than you have probably heard of photographer Jordan Matter and his New York Times bestseller Dancers Among Us . This week, Jordan takes his talents to the Magic City to exhibit his work at Spectrum Miami and Select Fair , both running December 4-8th in Midtown and South Beach respectively. During his visit, Jordan will also partake in two live photo shoots with Miami City Ballet dancers Renan Cerdeiro, Jovani Furlan and Emily Bromberg! What’s on INSTAGRAM this week? Jovani Furlan Tonight, the worlds of Broadway and ballet literally collide during our first Open Barre of the 2013-2014 Season.",
"The original Anita from the Broadway production of West Side Story, Chita Rivera joins us onstage to discuss working with Jerome Robbins, while the company gives a sneak peek of the “triple threat” premiere of West Side Story Suite . This will be the first time that our dancers test their signing talents in front of a live audience….and to capture it all on Instagram is dancer Jovani Furlan! Stories from Opening Night – Jovani Furlan Jovani Furlan We are keeping the Opening Night stories coming right up until the curtain rises tomorrow evening at the Arsht Center! Next, corps de ballet dancer Jovani Furlan brings us his most memorable story from Opening Night. Capturing Balanchine’s ‘Episodes’ on Instagram Jovani Furlan Returning from summer vacation and a fun trip home to Brazil, corps de ballet dancer Jovani Furlan is back on Instagram as this week’s guest photographer. Our studios are exceptionally busy this week, with the arrival of two répétiteurs from the George Balanchine Trust — Patricia Neary and Peter Frame — who will be staging the company premiere of Episodes .",
"Patricia Neary was hand-picked by Balanchine to join the New York City Ballet, where he later created two key roles on her — in Raymonda Variations and in Jewels. She will use her personal experience dancing several roles to stage Episodes and preserve every last detail of the choreography. Jovani Furlan is back on Instagram! Jovani Furlan Corps dancer Jovani Furlan is back on Instagram ! From dancers in glamorous ball gowns to paper dolls and tin soldiers, he will be capturing all of the action in Program III: The Masters . Jovani Furlan takes a trip down memory lane on Instagram! Jovani Furlan Corps dancer Jovani Furlan is back to take over our Instagram feed as this week’s guest photographer! Jovani will be snapping shots of the dancers hard at work rehearsing for Program III: The Masters and Program IV: Broadway and Ballet . NYCB - NYCB Alumni NYCB Alumni instagram NYCB Roster 1948 - Present Human talent is the principal resource that any dance company possesses. In this regard, New York City Ballet has been fortunate beyond measure.",
"Nearly 700 women and men comprise the roster of extraordinary artists who have regularly inspired and realized the choreographic imagination of the Company's Ballet Masters in Chief George Balanchine and Peter Martins and Co-Founding Choreographer Jerome Robbins. These dancers have shaped countless indelible memories and images throughout the company's history. Their contributions to the art of dance are lasting. We proudly recognize them and list their names, as they appeared during their performing careers, below. *(Names appear as listed in NYCB programs) † In Memoriam Dance Channel TV - YouTube Dance Channel TV The next video is starting stop Joy Womack talks to Dance Channel TV 24,845 views 1 year ago Joy Womack is an American ballet dancer. She is the first American to graduate from the Bolshoi Ballet Academy’s main training program, and the first American woman to sign a contract with the Bolshoi Ballet. Gala of the Stars 2016 - Duration: 3 minutes, 11 seconds. 1,682 views Boys in Ballet Ep4 - Duration: 5 minutes, 55 seconds. 1,891 views Southland Ballet Academy - Duration: 117 seconds.",
"1,481 views Gala of the Stars 2015 - Duration: 3 minutes, 50 seconds. 2,307 views Meet Anna-Marie Holmes - Duration: 9 minutes, 36 seconds. 900 views KUMPANIA Flamenco Los Angeles-premiere - Duration: 3 minutes, 53 seconds. 508 views Meet Lydia Zimmer - Duration: 12 minutes. 945 views Dance Channel TV Ballet Channel 8:53 iCONic Boyz - ABDC 6: Week 3 - Duration: 2 minutes, 10 seconds. 1,516,298 views The Moiseyev Dance Company - Duration: 7 minutes, 32 seconds. 377,452 views Alexander Kalinin Russian Dance 'Trepak' Nutcracker - Duration: 2 minutes, 5 seconds. 351,287 views POREOTICS: Ready to win world? - Duration: 4 minutes, 35 seconds. 287,562 views Nederlands Dans Theater - Duration: 6 minutes, 41 seconds.",
"178,532 views Play next Play now Play next Play now Boys in Ballet Play all The Petit Oasis Scholarship Foundation helps to show boys who dance that they are not alone. Join Dance Channel TV at the auditions as Suzanne Jolie interviews a young boy, Dance Channel TV's CEO, and a master teacher....all who are Boys in Balle 2:32 ABDC on MTV Play all America's Best Dance Crew, often abbreviated as ABDC, is an American competitive dance reality television series that features street dance crews from the United States. It is produced by American Idol judge Randy Jackson, who has admitted to using the show as a platform for his banner-making company, and airs on MTV 3:35 Staff – Danza Dance Academy Denise Danzo Owner/Artistic Director Email Denise received most of her dance training in Steamboat Springs, CO. She spent many intensive summers training at the famous Perry Mansfield School of the Arts, located in Steamboat. She is a previous company member of Ballet North West. She has 20 years of dance teaching experience, and has spent the last 10 years teaching dance in one of Denver’s most prestigious dance schools. She has an Associate of Arts Degree specializing in business and art.",
"Denise has been the Director and Choreographer for the Denver Nuggets Professional Dance Team. She has performed in and choreographed for two Ford Truck commercials, one Ford Car commercial, and a dance video “Reality” for Cabana Boy Records. She has spent the last couple of years working with many cheerleading and pom squads in the Denver Metro area choreographing state routines, and musical theater for high school productions. She specializes in children’s dance and is excited to bring the highest quality of dance to the Castle Rock community. Terrell Davis Instructor Terrell Davis was born and raised in Chicago, Illinois. He has a B.A. in Political Science and a minor in dance from Western Illinois University (WIU). His dance training began at Lincoln Park High school in Chicago with Cheryl McWortor. He was a full scholarship student at the Joseph Holmes Chicago Dance Theatre. At JHCDT he trained with Rodni Williams who introduced him to the Horton Technique. Mr. Davis was also a full scholarship student at the American Dance Festival, for two consecutive summers. At WIU he trained with Candice Winters-March, Heidi Clemmons, and Denise Breakfield.",
"He also co-directed the Gwendolyn Brooks Cultural Center Dance Troupe with Keesha Jackson and was a member of the University Dance Theatre. He got his professional start with the Dayton Contemporary Dance Company where he was mentored by Terrence Greene, and worked with the legendary artist Sherri “Sparkle” Williams. His journey then brought him to Denver, where he danced with the Cleo Parker-Robinson Dance Ensemble for six years. He was a principle dancer and also served as Assistant Rehearsal Director for the company. While at CPRD he danced many lead roles and also worked and trained with many great teachers and choreographers such as Milton Myers, Donald Mckayle, Christopher Huggins, Marceline Freeman, and Randy Brooks, just to name a few. He also danced with Moraporvida Contemporary Dance Company, founded and directed by Jacob Mora. Mr. Davis’s teaching experience in Denver has been at the Cleo Parker-Robinson Dance School, the Academy of Classical Ballet, and many other dance schools in Denver. He currently teaches at the Academy of Colorado Ballet, Dance Kaleidoscope, Hannah Kahn’s Open Studio, and at Manuel High School. He is thrilled to be a part of the Danza Dance Academy staff.",
"Donovan Helma Instructor Donovan Helma began dancing at the age of three under the direction of his mother’s dance studio, Miller’s Dance Studio, in Denver CO. He currently continues his education in New York City. When he is not performing, Donovan teaches for numerous studios and national conventions across the United States. Some recent stage works include corporate performances for General Motors, Charles Schwab and a Monday Night Football halftime performance with the Big Bad Voodoo Daddy. Donovan performed for Montreal’s Danse Encore International Festival in a production with the group Tap’d Out. In 2009 and 2010 Donovan toured with the new Greogory Hines tribute show, “Thank You Gregory” starring Jason Samuels Smith and Dormeshia Sumbry-Edwards. Since 2004, he has performed for numerous tours and industrials with the international cast of Tap Dogs, including North America, Europe, South Africa and Australia. Donovan looks forward to continuing his performing career and inspiring audiences and students worldwide. Danielle Sunseri Instructor [email protected] 720.341.2635 Classical and Contemporary Ballet Dancer/Performer Ms.",
"Sunseri is an Ohio native and trained as a competitive swimmer and gymnast before studying classical dance. She began at age 14 with German Zamuel and Valentina Moukhanova at Pittsburgh Ballet Theatre School, studied on scholarship with PBTS Schenley Program and Graduate Program under David Holladay and Patricia Wilde and attended North Carolina School for the Arts and Mercyhurst College for Dance Performance and Pedagogy. She also studied at Peridance in NYC and at The School of Ballet Arizona and was a teacher’s apprentice under Mr. Kee Juan Han and Ms. Nadya Zubkov there for two years. She joined Martin Fredmann’s Colorado Ballet in 1995, dancing roles in Swan Lake and The Nutcracker, Balanchine’s Serenade and Stars & Stripes and the principal role of Pioneer Woman in their 1998 historic staging of Martha Graham’s Appalachian Spring. She worked with repetiteurs Patricia Neary, Bart Cook, Janet Eilber, Terese Capucilli, Janek Schergen and others.",
"She joined David Taylor Dance Theatre in 2003, performing seven seasons through its transition into Dawson/Wallace Dance Project until 2012 and simultaneously danced five seasons as a soloist with Zikr Dance Ensemble serving as David Taylor’s mainstay choreographic and rehearsal assistant from its 2008 inception through 2013. She danced numerous roles with both companies in ballets created by David Taylor, James Canfield, James Wallace, Gregory Dawson and others. She performed extensively with Kim Robards Dance and Elizabeth Shipiatsky’s Russian Ballet and enjoyed guest appearances with Kanopy Dance Company, International Youth Ballet and 7 Dancers. She has studied with master instructors Nikoloz Makhateli, Mark Carlson, Lorita Travaglia and Robert Sher-Machherndl and continues with her mentors German Zamuel and Lizanne McAdams-Graham. Ballet Instructor & Choreographer Ms.",
"Sunseri has more than 20 years experience instructing young students in foundational through advanced levels of classical ballet, repertoire, stretch, conditioning, and choreography and has completed teacher training seminars in the Soviet/Russian method with Nadia Tikhonova, Zhanna Dubrovskaya and Mansur Kamaletdinov. She was a ballet instructor for ten years with the Academy of Colorado Ballet and has instructed students of all levels on many ballet faculties including the School of Ballet Arizona, Pittsburgh Youth Ballet, Rocky Mountain School of Dance, Belliston Academy of Ballet, Metropolitan Academy of Dance and International Ballet School & Youth Ballet. She designed and taught successful ballet programs for David Taylor Dance Theatre/Ascot Academy of Ballet and Denver Ballet Theatre and conducted numerous literacy-based dance residencies for Englewood Public Elementary School PEAK Outreach Programs. She has directed her own ballet program for figure skaters and taught ballroom dance to wedding couples for Adventures In Dance for three years. Ms. Sunseri joined the ballet faculty of Sweatshop Dance in 2011. Nicole O'Farrell Instructor Nicole is an accomplished performer from the Denver area and currently the assistant- director and a performer of The Schiff Dance Collective in Boulder, CO.",
"Nicole can be seen in such shows as “Dreamlife”, “Unsilenced”, “Project Joy/Full”, “How We Found Hope”, “fits like a gLOVE”, “She Is…”, and “The Edge of Us”.. She has spent her career studying, performing, and competing in a variety of styles including Jazz, Tap, Ballet, Lyrical, Pointe, Contemporary, Hip Hop and more. She has had the honor of training with talents such as Jenny Schiff, Kit Andree, Thommie Walsh, Bill Hastings, Chet Walker, Jacob Mora, and Doug Caldwell to name a few. In August of 2008, she was a featured artist in two different studios in Oregon for summer workshops. Nicole is in high demand as she teaches and choreographs at multiple competitive level and pre-professional studios throughout Colorado. She attended the National Dance Teachers Summit in New York in the summer of 2009. In addition, Nicole was a featured performer with Danca Nova in Boulder. Nicole is a very fun and quirky teacher, a favorite for all ages!",
"Hailee Willcox Instructor Hailee took her first dance class when she was three years old and has continued with her passion for dance since then. She trained in ballet, jazz, hip hop, to lyrical, tap and clogging. During her 4 years of high school she was on the varsity cheerleading team at Douglas County High School. Hailee attended Wichita State University in Kansas and was the captain of her college’s dance team. Being a former student of Danza Dance Academy she is honored to have joined the teaching staff at Danza Dance Academy. She loves teaching and hopes to spread her love of dance to everyone. Holly J. Schlotterback Instructor Holly J. Schlotterback has extensive experience as a choreographer in addition to being a seasoned performing arts instructor for all ages and disciplines in both the public and private sectors. Before taking a break from the dance studio schedule to spend time with her two young children, Holly spent five years as office manager and instructor at Petite Company Director and at Michelle Latimer Dance Academy. She is currently instructing a variety of classes throughout Denver and the surrounding areas. Holly is a current member of the HER.",
"Dance Company and is a 15 year veteran of The Damsels Dance Company. Holly also works throughout Denver and the Front Range in productions and promotions. She is the Entertainment Coordinator for Kevin Larson Presents, and an events coordinator for the Colorado Firefighter’s Calendar. For her day job, Holly is a part-time salon manager at Rockstar Industries, Inc. located in Cherry Creek. She is very excited to be joining the Danza Dance family as an instructor. Edie Garcia Instructor Edie has over 20 years of dance and choreography experience. She began her ballet training in San Antonio, Texas where she danced in a variety of schools. She later moved to Dallas and continued her training with summer intensives at the Ft. Worth/Dallas Ballet Company. Later in her dancing career she provided ballet instruction at the Kerrville School of Dance, and was the Ballet Mistress for the Kerrville Performing Arts Society. Edie has performed in classical pieces as solo dancer in La Bayadere, Les Sylphides, and Le Corsaire. Edie also teaches other disciplines of dance including Jazz, Lyrical and Modern dance.",
"Other accomplishments have been in musical theatre performing in musicals such as Fiddler on the Roof, My Fair Lady and Anything Goes. Edie not only has a passion for dance but a love for fitness in which she is a certified Barre Conditioning instructor. Justin \"DTM\" Oliver Instructor Justin “DTM” Oliver’s drive, love and passion for Hip-Hop dance came at the young age of 11. From the moment he saw his future friend and mentor dancing in one of the studios, he was in love. Justin began dancing at Centerstage Starz in Littleton in the autumn of 2004 and adored it. Justin auditioned for Centerstage’s competition team in 2008 and made it onto one of the top teams. During this time, Justin began showing interest in teaching so he began substituting and assisting at Centerstage. In 2010, Justin landed his first teaching job at Streetside South, also in Littleton. After taking some time off for personal reasons in 2010, Justin has exploded back into the Hip-Hop scene and is diving headfirst into the choreography/teaching world.",
"Justin has been teaching for a little over 2 years and has previously taught at Centerstage Starz, Streetside South, Artistic Fusion Dance Academy, and has choreographed an end-of-the-year piece at DCS Montessori in 2010. Justin has also taken classes from various professional choreographers such as: Dave Scott, Wade Robson, Leslie Scott, Chase Evered, Skye Edwards, Danza’s own Kevin O’Keefe, and many others. Justin is extremely excited to be a part of the Danza family and would like to thank Denise for the opportunity to be a part of such an awesome studio! Justin Boulet Instructor Born and raised in Denver, Colorado Justin Boulet grew up with an extensive background in acting and dance. As a young man, he crossed the threshold to Los Angeles and began to contribute his gifts and talents to the capitol of entertainment. Now at age 27 with more than a decade’s experience as a dancer and choreographer in film, television, and live performances, Justin’s vast skill and character has led him to work with artists such as Taylor Swift, Paula Abdul, Katie Holmes, Vanessa Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Carrie Underwood and Latin American pop star Chayanne.",
"Justin’s choreography can be seen on the television show So You Think You Can Dance, with Emmy award winning choreographer Tyce Diorio. He has also contributed a great deal of his creativity to the High School Musical tour with the highly prestigious choreographer Nancy O’Meara. His acting and alluring personality has brought his talent to commercials including Sprint, Samsung, Degree, Sony and ongoing television shows such as Glee (seasons one and two), Hannah Montana, Eli Stone and the Nickelodeon hit series Victorious starring Victoria Justice. With his multiple talents and inspiring energy, Justin Boulet has positioned himself to not only be in front of the camera but direct behind the scenes as well. Amanda Catherine Segro Instructor Amanda Catherine Segro grew up in Denver, Colorado. She graduated from The Denver School of the Arts. Amanda has been a member of the University Dance Company from fall of 2011- the spring of 2015. She was also a member of the Art In Motion \"AIM\" Dance Company for fall of 2012 and fall of 2014, located in Lawrence, Kansas.",
"She has trained in Contemporary, Contact Improv, Ballet and Point, Jazz, Lyrical, Modern, Tap, Hip-hop, Classical East Indian and Flamenco. From the summer of 2013 through fall of 2014 Amanda worked as a dance teacher and choreographer at Fuzion School of Dance in Topeka, Kansas. During her final year of college she co-directed a small show which performed in the 2015 Rock Chalk Revue at the Lied Center in Lawrence, Kansas. Amanda's senior project, \"Law Of Gravity,\" represented the University of Kansas at the American College Dance Association (ACDA) in March of 2015 in Iowa. Amanda graduated with a Bachelors of Fine Arts in dance from the University of Kansas and since has moved to Denver Colorado and dances for The Schiff Collective in Boulder, Colorado. Paul Michael Gibbs Instructor Paul Michael Gibbs has always loved Performing and Teaching. He began his training at the age of 8 in his native Wilmington, Delaware at Christina Cultural Arts Center and The Anna Marie Dance Studio which has been producing consummate performers for over 60 years.",
"In 2001 at the age of 15 Paul started attending the Broadway Theater Project, under the artistic direction of Ann Reinking, where he received instruction from legends including Ben Vereen and Gregory Hines. He studied Dance and Musical Theatre in Delaware, Philadelphia, New York, Florida, and California . He moved to California at 17 and attended California Pacific School of the Performance Arts (the college of The Young Americans) for vocal performance, while simultaneously doing a Los Angeles Dance Force Scholarship at the EDGE Performing Arts Center in Los Angeles. Since then, he has had the honor of performing and teaching Nationally and Internationally with Smokey Joe’s Cafe, Little Shop of Horrors, Dreamgirls, and Into the Woods, and toured Internationally with The Original USA Gospel Singers and The Young Americans Inc. and their Music Outreach Tours in places such as England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, all across the United States, and most recently Japan. While living in New York City, he worked and taught in schools such as Broadway Dance Center and the King Centre for Performing Arts.",
"He is currently a Show Director for Spotlight Dance Cup, living in Denver, Colorado, and is so excited to continue on the path of Performing and Dance Education. Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo - The New York Times The New York Times Arts |Sleek American Style From Monte Carlo Search Continue reading the main story Monte Carlo is a magic name in ballet history, most of which is best forgotten when looking at Les Ballets de Monte Carlo, the 11-year-old company that made a zesty and refreshing New York debut on Tuesday night. Whatever world-famous ballets were created by Russian choreographers in Monte Carlo in the past, the company on view has a sleek neo-classical look that is very much tune with American taste. It was Princess Grace's wish to establish a classical ballet troupe in Monaco in the 1970's and none other than George Balanchine was tapped as potential artistic adviser. Princess Grace died before the project was completed.",
"It was her daughter Princess Caroline who established the Ballets de Monte Carlo in 1985 and who serves as its hands-on president: Caroline and her brother, Prince Albert, attended by an army of security men, were in the audience at the opening of the troupe's weeklong run at City Center (131 West 55th Street, Manhattan). Symbolically, their American heritage had something to do with what one saw onstage. In many ways, this is the most American of European ballet companies, largely because it understands the neo-classicism developed by Balanchine in America. Jean-Christophe Maillot, artistic director since 1993, obviously appreciates the formal value of ballet's academic idiom, both in his own choreography and in his repertory. This first of two different programs paid homage to the company's inspiration, if not its real antecedents. Balanchine was represented by his 1946 masterpiece ''The Four Temperaments,'' danced impressively, with meticulous detail (although not the taut energy seen at the New York City Ballet).",
"A historical nod to Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, Monte Carlo's most famous resident company of the past, was embodied in a revival of Michel Fokine's ''Polovtsian Dances.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story But even here the accent was on movement rather than storytelling, a viewpoint that Mr. Maillot displayed in the New York premiere of his ''Vers un Pays Sage,'' choreographed to John Adams's ''Fearful Symmetries.'' That Peter Martins, the City Ballet director, has choreographed very differently to the same score made Mr. Maillot's work all the more interesting. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Even more fascinating was how the international group of dancers (mainly French and Italian) looked so at home in a pure-dance esthetic but also took to the expressive gesture of the Fokine choreography, reconstructed by Pierre Lacotte.",
"Among the dancers, the only familiar name is Jean-Charles Gil, who once dazzled New York as a star with Roland Petit and whose Balanchine experience in the San Francisco Ballet may explain the power, presence and desperate air he brought to the ''Melancholic'' solo in ''The Four Temperaments.'' There were also revelations: Sandrine Cassini, perfect in her classical style and partnered by an agile Chris Roelandt, in the ''Sanguinic'' section of the same ballet. Bernice Coppieters, the troupe's young Belgian ballerina, had the technique and assurance to get through the difficult ''Choleric'' variation. Patricia Neary's supervision of this familiar work has the articulate clarity of all stagings of Balanchine. But company brought its individual touch to the work, capturing the emotional subtext behind the celebrated Hindemith score. The composer may have been interested in distilling the essence of emotions or ''humors'' of the body. But Balanchine, more abstract, responded to the music in images of his own. The cast included Raphael Coums-Marquet in the ''Phlegmatic'' solo. Bland, he received the most applause.",
"As for ''Polovtsian Dances'' from Borodin's opera ''Prince Igor,'' no pagan warrior chief, weaving in and out of his harem and own tribe on the steppes of City Center can hope to bring back the frisson of 1909. That was the year in which this ballet opened Serge Diaghilev's first ballet season in Paris. Rarely seen nowadays, it comes back now in vibrant pictorial terms in Mr. Lacotte's version, based on the original. Led by Francesco Nappa, the dancers were true to Fokine in their use of the entire body, not just arms and legs. Nicholas Roerich's decor has been reproduced with the requisite tents and river. In a different world, a band of alienated couples is led with fierce attack by Ms. Coppieters and Gaetan Morlotti in Mr. Maillot's ''Vers un Pays Sage.'' Five other couples round out a cast whose swoons, embraces and acrobatic outlines look both athletic and sexy. Mr. Maillot eventually runs out of steam but he works intriguingly against the propulsive music, not with it."
] |
Which country is Europe's largest silk producer?
|
Italy
|
[
"Environment of Italy",
"Italiën",
"Subdivisions of Italy",
"Republic of Italy",
"ItalY",
"ISO 3166-1:IT",
"Etymology of Italy",
"Itali",
"Pollution in Italy",
"Administrative divisions of Italy",
"Austrian Empire (Italy)",
"Italija",
"Italie",
"Italia",
"Italian Republic",
"Second Italian Republic",
"Italy",
"Italio",
"Repubblica Italiana",
"Itàlia",
"The Italian republic"
] | 9,945
|
[
"Silk in World Markets SILK IN WORLD MARKETS © International Trade Centre, International Trade Forum - Issue 1/1999 Japan is the world's leading silk consumer. Silk has a miniscule percentage of the global textile fibre market-less than 0.2%. This figure, however, is misleading, since the actual trading value of silk and silk products is much more impressive. This is a multibillion dollar trade, with a unit price for raw silk roughly twenty times that of raw cotton. (The precise global value is difficult to assess, since reliable data on finished silk products is lacking in most importing countries.) To give an idea of the value, however, the annual turnover of the China National Silk Import and Export Corporation alone is US$ 2-2.5 billion. Unlike some other textiles, silk-wearing traditions and demand go back a long way. A good example is India, where the local demand greatly exceeds supply (and hampers export growth). India has thus become the largest importer of raw silk, despite the fact that it is now the second largest producer. Some other silk producers are also experiencing fast-growing local demand, such as China, where consumers are increasingly able to afford the lower price range silk products.",
"This pattern is also expected to repeat itself in Viet Nam. Italy and France Raw silk importers, high-quality processors Italy has been traditionally the largest importer, processor and exporter of silk products in Europe. In 1997, Italy imported some 3200 tons of raw silk and over 700 tons of silk yarn, primarily from China. Italy also imported about 300 tons of ladies' blouses, of which over 80% came from China. Silk garment imports, however, have drastically gone down over the last five years. (In 1992, the country imported more than 700 tons of ladies' blouses.) Italy is well-known for highly developed skills in silk processing (finishing, dyeing and printing silk fabrics). Exports of silk scarves rose by about 15% between from 1996 to 1997, to 586 tons. Exports of silk neckties reached 1230 tons the same year. France is another country with a considerable silk processing industry. For centuries, Lyon has produced silk fabrics of the highest quality for domestic consumption and for export.",
"More than 70% of silk fabrics in the French market have been traditionally used for clothing. There are signs that silk may have a growing market also for interior decoration use as curtains, wall covers, bed spreads and upholstery. France exports top quality silk fabrics to the US market, with unit prices reaching US$ 30 per m2. United States Emphasis on easy-care fabrics The US market is one of the world's largest, and imports include garments, interior decoration fabrics and accessories. Silk processing capacity is virtually nonexistent. Imports of silk goods were valued at about US$ 2 billion in 1997; 10% was for home furnishing. Unlike European consumers, US consumers do not have a long tradition of using silk. Silk therefore has never had the same aura as in Europe. The United States has been a pioneer market for imported Chinese knitted silk products, initially mainly thermal underwear, and now also elegant casuals in the form of T-shirts, polo neck sweaters, etc. Easy care is a \"must\" in the United States, so it is important to develop fabrics with easy-care properties to compete with other fibres.",
"Germany Europe's largest silk market, quality-conscious, receptive to \"green\" marketing Germany is by far the largest European market for textiles and clothing, including silk. The German consumer favours natural fibres. Germany has been importing a variety of silk garments, accessories (particularly silk cushion covers) and interior decoration fabrics. Silk garments are imported mainly from China. India and Thailand have been relatively successful in this market with their handloom silk products for home furnishing. The market is quality-conscious and prepared to pay a premium for good quality. Japan Leading Consumer Traditionally the largest silk consumer, Japan in the 1960s relied entirely on local silk production, mostly for kimonos. Between the 1970s and today, local silk production dropped from over 20,000 tons to less than 2000. The country now depends on imported silk goods, particularly from China. Kimonos still absorb about 50% of the total raw silk consumption in Japan, down from 90% in the 1970s. Silk is little used in interior decoration. The decline of the Japanese silk processing industry is having a serious effect on Brazilian sericulture, which caters largely to Japan.",
"Producers and Consumers - Silk Silk Significance to Historical Events Producers and Consumers Silk has a small percentage in the global textile fiber market, its less than .2%, however the value and products of silk are very impressive. Silk is a multibillion-dollar trade market; the unit price of silk is roughly twenty times the price of raw cotton. The annual turnover of the China National Import and Export Corporation is 2-2.5 billion dollars. China is the largest exporter of silk, followed by India, even thought their export figures have shown a downward trend recently. Vietnam has emerged as a major player in the silk industry and will soon pose a threat to countries like India, Brazil, and to Bangladesh. Italy and France- Raw Silk Importers and Processors Italy, because of its fashion industry, has traditionally been the largest importer of raw silk, processor and exporter of silk in Europe. In 1997, Italy imported 3200 tons of raw silk and 300 tons of silk thread, primarily imported from China. Along with this Italy also imported 300 tons of ladies silk blouses, over 80% of the silk blouses came from China.",
"However, over the past five years the importing of silk garments has dramatically decreased, in 1992 they imported 700 tons of blouses. Italy is known for there high quality processing of silk, finishing, dyeing, and printing of silk fabrics. However with the decrease of blouses, the exports of silk scarves rose by about 15% in 1996-1997. Along with that the exports of silk neckties reached 1230 tons in 1997. France is another large importer in the raw silk industry; they are also large processors of silk. Lyon has produced the highest quality of silk fabrics for domestic consumption and for export. Most of the silk fabrics in the French market have been used for clothing. However, silk soon may be growing in the interior decoration market, used for curtains, wall covers, bed spreads, and upholstery. France exports the best quality silk fabrics to the US market. United States The United States is one of the world’s largest importers of silk garments and interior decoration fabrics and accessories. Unlike Italy and France the US has a very little processing industry.",
"In 1997 imports of silk goods were estimated to value about 2 billion dollars. 10% of it was for home furnishing. Unlike Europe, the US does not have a very long history of using silk, so silk has much more of a presence in Europe. However The United States has lead the way in the import of Chinese knitted silk products. It started with importing thermal underwear, and has now expanded to silk T-shirts, polo neck sweaters, etc. In the United States it is very important for the fabrics to be easy to care for, so silk fabric producers have to make the care of silk easy to compete with other fabrics. Germany Germany is the largest European market for textiles and clothing, especially silk. Germans prefer their fabrics to be “green” and natural fibers. Germany imports silk garments, accessories, and interior decoration fabrics. Their Silk garments are imported mainly from China. However India and Thailand have been successful with their hand loom silk products for home furnishing. Quality is important for Germany, they are willing to pay more for good quality products. Japan Japan is the largest silk consumer. In the 1960’s Japan relied solely on the local silk production, mostly for kimonos.",
"However between the 1970’s and today, the local silk production in china has decreased drastically from 20,000 tons to less than 2000 tons. Japan depends more on imported silk goods from China. Kimonos take in about 50% of the total raw silk consumption in Japan. Silk in Japan isn’t used much for interior design. The decline in the demand of silk has had a serious effect on the Brazilian sericulture, because most of brazils silk products went to Japan. Create a free website Silk History: History of Silk Fabric; History of Chinese Silk; Silk Road History Silks History Sericulture Today The Legend According to well-established Chinese legend, Empress Hsi Ling Shi, wife of Emperor Huang Ti (also called the Yellow Emperor), was the first person to accidentally discover silk as weavable fiber. One day, when the empress was sipping tea under a mulberry tree , a cocoon fell into her cup and began to unravel. The empress became so enamored with the shimmering threads, she discovered their source, the Bombyx mori silkworm found in the white mulberry.",
"The empress soon developed sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms, and invented the reel and loom. Thus began the history of silk. Whether or not the legend is accurate, it is certain that the earliest surviving references to silk history and production place it in China; and that for nearly 3 millennia, the Chinese had a global monopoly on silk production. The Silk Road Though first reserved for Chinese royalty, silk spread gradually through the Chinese culture both geographically and socially. From there, silken garments began to reach regions throughout Asia. Silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants, because of its texture and luster. Demand for this exotic fabric eventually created the lucrative trade route now known as the Silk Road, taking silk westward and bringing gold, silver and wools to the East. It was named the Silk Road after its most valuable commodity – silk was considered even more precious than gold! Clearly, a basic understanding of silk history would not be complete without understanding the crucial role played by the Silk Road in its global trade and introduction to the world outside of China. The Silk Road was some 4,000 miles long stretching from Eastern China to the Mediterranean Sea.",
"A caravan tract, the Silk Road followed the Great Wall of China to the north-west, bypassing the Takla Makan desert, climbing the Pamir mountain range, crossing modern-day Afghanistan and going on to the Levant, with a major trading market in Damascus. From there, the merchandise was shipped across the Mediterranean Sea. Few people traveled the entire route; goods were handled mostly by a series of middlemen. A Well-kept Secret The Chinese realized the value of the beautiful material they were producing and kept its secret safe from the rest of the world for more than 30 centuries. Travelers were searched thoroughly at border crossings and anyone caught trying to smuggle eggs, cocoons or silkworms out of the country were summarily executed. Thus, under penalty of death, the mystery of sericulture remained a well-kept secret for almost three thousand years. Sericulture Spreads into Asia and Europe With the mulberry silk moth native to China, the Chinese had a monopoly on the world's silk production until about BCE 200 when Korea saw the emergence of its own silk industry thanks to a handful of Chinese immigrants who had settled there.",
"By about CE 300, sericulture had spread into India, Japan, and Persia – thus making silk a part of the history of these cultures. The Roman Empire knew of and traded in silk. Despite its popularity, however, the secret of silk-making was only to reach Europe around CE 550, via the Byzantine Empire. According to a legend well enshrined in silk history, monks working for the emperor Justinian smuggled silkworm eggs to Constantinople in hollow bamboo walking canes. The Byzantines were as secretive as the Chinese, and for many centuries the weaving and trading of silk fabric was a strict imperial monopoly. In the seventh century, the Arabs conquered Persia, capturing their magnificent silks in the process. Sericulture and silk weaving thus spread through Africa, Sicily, and Spain as the Arabs swept through these lands. Andalusia was Europe's main silk-producing center in the tenth century. By the 13th century, however, Italy had gained dominance and entered the hall of fame in silk history. Venetian merchants traded extensively in silk and encouraged silk growers to settle in Italy. By the 13th century, Italian silk was a significant source of trade.",
"Even now, silk processed (finished, dyed, printed) in the province of Como enjoys an esteemed reputation. Italian silk was so popular in Europe that Francis I of France invited Italian silkmakers to France to create a French silk industry, especially in Lyon. By the 17th century France was challenging Italy's leadership, and the silk looms established in the Lyons area at that time are still famous today for the unique beauty of their weaving. In Medieval Europe, silk was used only by the nobility. Sericulture Today The nineteenth century and industrialization saw the downfall of the European silk industry. Cheaper Japanese silk, especially driven by the opening of the Suez Canal, was one of the many factors driving the trend. Additionally, advent of manmade fiber, such as nylon, started to dominate traditionally silk products such as stockings and parachutes. The two world wars, which interrupted the supply of raw material from Japan, also stifled the European silk industry. After the Second World War, Japan's silk production was restored, with improved production and quality of raw silk. Japan was to remain the world's biggest producer of raw silk, and practically the only major exporter of raw silk, until the 1970s.",
"China gradually re-captured her position as the world's biggest producer and exporter of raw silk and silk yarn – proving that the history of silk follows its own boomerang principles. Today, around 125,000 metric tons of silk is produced in the world. Almost two thirds of that production takes place in China. The other major producers are India, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, Uzbekistan, and Brazil. United States is by far the largest importer of silk products today. Acknowledgement: Facts about silk history in this writing have been borrowed from various sources such as Wikipedia and Encyclopaedia Brittanica . Please visit All About Silk for further information about silk. Our Company Raw Silk Production Raw Silk Production ( Originally Published Early 1900's ) Silk is produced from cocoons of an insect usually and rather inaccurately called the \"silkworm.\" This popular name originates from the fact that the silk-producing moth, before reaching maturity, passes through a caterpillar or worm stage during which it spins for itself the cocoon from which later it emerges as a true moth, closely related in nature to the butterfly.",
"The cocoon, formed from an unbroken fiber secreted from the caterpillar's body, is gathered and the fiber unwound, thereby furnishing the silk fiber of commerce. Varieties of silk moths.-There are between three and four hundred varieties of moths that produce silk cocoons, many of these varieties being found in America. Only a few produce cocoons of the kind and quantity that make it profitable to collect them. Most silk comes from a single variety known to science as the Bombyx mori. This silk moth, or silkworm as we shall call it, has been raised for hundreds and even thousands of years. It is correctly called the domesticated silkworm. From just what wild variety it originally came is not known. It has probably changed greatly during its age-long process of culture. By the selection of only the larger ones for breeding purposes, this variety has been increased in size, with consequent en largement of the cocoon. It has lost its power of flight. The wings of the full-grown moth are practically useless. At the caterpillar stage it has lost its sight.",
"The constant care that man has given to thousands of generations of worms has made it unnecessary for them to see or fly; these functions therefore have been lost. All necessary movements are provided for by human attendants, who carry the worms to the feeding places and supply them with food. The Bombyx mori, the domestic silkworm, is white or cream-colored, whereas the wild varieties vary widely in color. Brown is very common. Stages in. the life of a silkworm.-The silkworms of all varieties pass through four marked stages: first we find them as eggs; second, as caterpillars or worms; third, as chrysalides, inside of the cocoons; and fourth, as full-grown moths. It takes from twenty to thirty days for the eggs to hatch. The caterpillar stage lasts about 3o days. The chrysalis stage lasts but a few days, and the moths die as soon as they have mated and laid the new generation of eggs. The Bombyx mori produces but one new generation each year. For this reason it is called univoltine.",
"Some of the wild species of silkworms, however, annually produce two, three, and even more generations. The common Chinese wild silkworms produce as many as seven crops each year in the Hongkong district, while a variety in Bengal, India, produces eight generations. These varieties are called multivoltine. The univoltine is preferred for cultivation to the many multivoltine species because it produces the finest and strongest silk. In the attempt to use the cocoons from the multivoltine species there is a great deal of waste; it is utterly impossible to reel the cocoons of some varieties. THE EGG.-Silkworm eggs are about the size of a turnipseed and it takes from 30,000 to 40,000 to weigh an ounce. If all goes well, these will produce about 130 to 140 pounds of cocoons, and from these about twelve pounds of raw silk may be reeled. Eggs are sometimes sold by one grower to another for so much an ounce. When first laid they are yellow, but if fertile they soon turn blue-gray.",
"The univoltine species is hatched in the month of June by the use of incubators in which the temperature is kept at about 75 degrees. In Oriental countries the eggs are sometimes kept at the required temperature by having them wrapped in folds of cloth around the bodies of the people who are caring for the silk-raising establishments. THE WORMS OR CATERPILLARS.-Finally the eggs hatch and little, dark-colored worms creep out. This is the caterpillar or larva stage. These little baby caterpillars, especially of the domestic species, are almost helpless. Those in charge provide mulberry leaves to the under side of which the caterpillars attach themselves and get food by sucking the juice out of the leaf. In eight days they have attained considerable growth and are ready to shed their skins for the first time. Three other moltings take place before the caterpillar is full grown. Each time, as the molting period approaches, the worms stop eating, rise on their hind legs, and remain still for a couple of days. Finally a crack starts in the skin above the nose. This enlarges until it gives room for the head and later for the body to wriggle out.",
"As soon as the skin is shed the caterpillar becomes voraciously hungry and avidly attacks the leaves supplied' to it. After the first few days of caterpillar life, the worms cease sucking and begin to eat the entire soft parts of the leaf by cutting out pieces and devouring them. The noise made by thousands of these worms in a room, all busily feeding, is like that of falling rain. Care o f the caterpillars.-The worms are kept on shallow trays which are placed by the dozen in frames. Laborersmen, women, and children-busily pick leaves from the trees, bring them in fresh to the worms, change the worms from tray to tray, clean the old trays and prepare them for another group of worms. Great care is necessary in so handling the worms that they may not be hurt. Though the worms are blind, they have none the less a very acute hearing; wherefore all noises must be prevented se far as is possible. A sharp noise causes the worm to stop feeding and to give out-really to waste-a part of that liquid in its body which will later make silk fiber. Much silk is lost in this way, even when the utmost care is exercised.",
"Such unavoidable noises as thunderstorms cause very marked losses. As a rule the laborers walk barefooted or in their stocking feet about the room in which the silkworms are kept. THE COCOON.-After the caterpillar has shed its skin four times it is ready to pass into the next stage, that of the cocoon or chrysalis. One ounce of eggs has become by this time, if good fortune has attended the work, 20,000 fullgrown worms. These worms have consumed in the period of thirty days over half a ton of green leaves. When ready to spin their cocoons, the worms are transferred to trays constructed with brushy tufts in which they like to make their cocoons. The cocoon is constructed in most interesting fashion. There are two long bags inside the worm's body, one along each side. These bags or sacs contain a sticky or viscous liquid. This is slowly exuded through the worm's under lip, and immediately upon coming into the air it hardens into a thin little stream of fiber; this fiber is the silk.",
"Usually both bags exude the liquid at the same time; hence the fiber that is formed at the lower lip of the worm is generally double, as can be seen by laying almost any silk fiber under a strong magnifying glass or a microscope. The worm attaches itself to a tuft on the tray provided for it. The wild worm selects some bush, weed, tuft, or grass, where it begins to give off the silk liquid, and, as it does so, swings its head from one side to the other, depositing the silk fiber in the form of figure eights. At first the directions are somewhat irregular, but later the method of laying the fiber becomes almost uniform. Soon the worm is wholly inclosed by his tent of silk fiber, but he continues spinning on the inside until his silk secretions are used up, and the cocoon is completed. THE CHRYSALIS,-The caterpillar then changes from a worm to a chrysalis, a thing that looks partly like a worm and partly like an insect. In this condition it sleeps for about eighteen to twenty days. Then, if left undisturbed, it is transformed into a moth; it becomes fully awake, and strives to emerge from the cocoon.",
"Slowly it pushes itself forward against the wall of the cocoon, breaking some of the obstructing fiber and dissolving parts of it by a strong, alkaline liquid which it gives out of its mouth. THE MOTH.-After it has come out of the cocoon the moth remains quiet until its wings are dry, and then proceeds to the mating which lasts for several hours. The female moth now lays her eggs in two deposits, a few hours apart. Each moth produces from three hundred to five hundred eggs. The male is smaller than the female, but more active. Both are covered with woolly hair and, if of the Bombyx mori variety, are creamy white in color. Neither male nor female eats anything betwen the time when it begins to spin and its death. COMPLETING THE CYCLE OF LIFE.-The eggs are laid over an even surface, sometimes with a gummy liquid that sticks the eggs to the object upon which they are laid. Shortly after the mating and the laying of the eggs, the moth dies. Its cycle of life is completed. HOW THE SILK FIBER IS OBTAINED As already indicated the cocoons are the source of the silk fiber.",
"The silkworm deposits upwards of 4,000 yards of the tiny fiber in making its cocoon. But when the moth leaves the cocoon by breaking its way out, it cuts this fiber off in many places, thus largely decreasing its value; hence silk producers kill the chrysalis in the cocoon to prevent its coming through. The usual method is that of immersing the cocoons in steam for a few minutes. Sometimes the chrysalides are killed by baking the cocoons in a hot oven; recently a method of freezing them to death has been used to a limited extent. Another method, that of placing the cocoons in boiling water, serves a double purpose. Not only does it kill the chrysalides, but it also softens the \"gum\" that sticks the threads together, so that they can be unreeled from the cocoon. But in this case the reeling must begin at once, while if the chrysalides are killed by steam, heat, or frost, the cocoons may be kept in their original form for years. The cocoons of the best domesticated varieties of silkworms are either white or cream-colored.",
"The wild cocoons may have almost any color, according to the feed upon which the caterpillar lives. It has been shown that red coloring matter put into mulberry leaves fed to the worms tends to tint the cocoon red, and that other colors put into their food produce corresponding effects in the cocoons. Reeling.-The fiber is removed from the whole cocoons by a process of unreeling. The method is as simple as it is laborious. After the fiber in the cocoon is loosened by soaking in boiling water, the cocoons are taken out, and the floss, or loose, fluffy, silky fiber on the outside, is cleaned off to be used in the production of carded silk yarns. Next the cocoons are put into a basin containing water kept constantly at lukewarm temperature. Laborers use a whisk broom or brush and push the cocoons up and down in the water until some loose end of fiber becomes attached to the broom. This fiber, the loose end of a cocoon, is drawn gently; the cocoon tumbles around in the water and gradually it unreels itself. A single fiber is very small, and for reeling purposes usually three or four are combined.",
"These are passed through a smooth ring as one fiber and then onto a reel frame which is usually run by foot power, but sometimes by mechanical power in modern reeling plants, or by filatures as they are called. By means of the reel frames the raw silk is reeled into skeins or hanks. Care necessary in reeling.-The threads as they come from the cocoons are not of even thickness because of the fact that the various glands in the spinning worm do not operate alike at all times. Most of the time both glands or silk sacs secrete together, but occasionally only one produces; hence unevenness results. As a rule the thread is finer when the worm first begins to spin than it is during the middle of the process; the fiber tapers again at the end of the spinning. Since it is very necessary to get an even silk thread in the skein that is being formed, the operator in charge must be constantly on the watch. When the thread grows thin, another is added; when it grows thick a thread or two is taken out. Each operator runs two reels.",
"Keeping both reels going and carefully watching the threads to note changes in size, adding to or taking away to give uniform size, preventing breakage, and keeping a new supply of cocoons properly soaked in the basin-all these are duties that call for extreme deftness of fingers, accuracy of eye, and quickness of mind. Product per cocoon.-The average cocoon reels off about three hundred yards in a single thread. It will be recalled that there may be as many as 4,000 yards in a cocoon, but considerable is brushed off in the outer floss, and a portion near the inside will not reel well; hence only the middle of the fiber can be saved in the form of one long thread. The very best cocoons reel off as high as four hundred yards. Cocoon wastes.-The portions that are not reeled are used in making coarser yarns by carding, combing, and spinning as with the other textiles. The longer fibers are often carded and combed as in making worsteds. This sort of silk is known as florette silk. Shorter fibers which may only be carded and then spun are called bourette silk.",
"The general names for both varieties are silk waste, floss, schappe, or echappe. Floss is probably the best name, since schappe is used frequently for manufactured goods made out of floss or waste. But it should be remembered that floss is also the name given to the outside loose fibers surrounding the cocoon. Breeding silk moths.-The cocoons are not all alike in size, shape, color, and other qualities. For example, the cocoons containing female chrysalides are larger than those containing males. The color varies considerably. Not all can be used for making silk fiber; some must be left for breeding purposes. The very largest, best-looking, smoothest, and healthiest are set aside and the moths allowed to come out and breed. This method makes sure that the stock of silkworms will be kept up to a high producing standard. SORTING COCOONS.-The very best cocoons are often set aside and reeled by themselves for the finest and strongest silk threads. For example, silk warp is usually made from fiber drawn from the better grades of cocoons. The finest sewing silk comes from the most perfect cocoons.",
"The poorest cocoons, the deformed, discolored, or otherwise defective ones, are often not reeled at all but are simply turned at once into silk floss. Silk wastes.-Various names are given to the grades and kinds of waste or floss silk. Very irregular masses of torn silk fibers are called watt silk. The inner portions of the cocoon next to the chrysalis are called wadding, neri, or ricotti, and various other names. Imperfect cocoons which are not reeled are called cocoons or piques. The wastes accumulated in reeling, due to breakage, loose ends, and so on, are called frissonets, USE OF SILK WASTE.-Until about 1857, silk waste was entirely useless, but it is now the material of an important industry. It is cleared of gum by boiling, and then run through machines that break up, card, comb, and draw the fibers into shape for spinning. Silkworm diseases.-The silkworm is subject to a number of severe diseases, and also to depredations from mice, weevils, and ants.",
"There are times when whole chambers where the silkworms are kept become infected with contagious diseases that kill off the worms before they can spin. Wild worms are by no means so liable to disease. The susceptibility to disease is a direct result of domestication. Under the most favorable circumstances, fully one-fourth of the eggs fail to produce worms that grow to maturity. Some are killed by accident, but the majority by disease. The principal diseases of the silkworm are: pebrine, grasserie, flacherie (or flaccidity), gattine (or macilonza), and muscardine (or calcino). Pebrine is a bacterial disease, both hereditary and contagious, which has wrought tremendous damage in the silk industry in Europe, especially in France. At one time, about 1865, the French cocoon production had been almost destroyed. No cure for the disease has ever been discovered. The only means of getting rid of it is to allow the affected worms and moths to die out, carefully to disinfect the premises, and then to start in with a fresh supply of healthy eggs.",
"SCIENCE IN TREATING SILKWORM DISEASES.-Pasteur, a noted French scientist, showed how the disease might be prevented. Every moth, after laying its eggs, is killed and its interior examined carefully under a microscope, the only means of discovering the germs. If the germs are found in the moth's body, the eggs are destroyed, since they also are sure to contain some germs carried from the mother moth's body. When no signs of germs are found in the moth, the eggs are considered safe to grow. After this method came into use, French silk growing leaped forward again. Experiment stations for the examination of eggs were established by the government in numerous placesan example followed by Italy and other countries. Lately the French growers have become careless again, and silk production is consequently rapidly falling off. Now, Italy and Austria are doing the most to stamp out the disease, and these two countries are producing the finest raw silks. Particularly in Tyrol, a province in Austria, is this scientific method of propagating disease-free eggs in most successful use.",
"No silk-growing peasant in either Italy or Tyrol would today think of hatching out silkworm eggs that were not certified by some government experiment station as free from disease. Leading growers in France are hoping to revive the careful inspection that Pasteur planned for them. Flacherie is now the most dreaded disease among European silkworm growers. It attacks and speedily kills the worms shortly before they are full-grown. Often thousands of worms in one room die in a single day. It is really a form of indigestion due to various causes such as overeating, poor leaves, bad air in the room, excessive heat, dust on the leaves, or keeping worms too thick on the trays. Like pebrine, flacherie is contagious and hereditary. It can, however, be prevented by carefully avoiding the causes mentioned, and by disinfecting the rooms where cases have occurred. Eggs that have been exposed to the disease are washed in a disinfecting solution before being hatched. The worms may easily be overfed at certain stages, especially on young, tender leaves when the worms are almost full-grown. Sometimes, this overfeeding causes a disease that is called grasserie.",
"It is not contagious, but does kill a number of worms every year, especially in warm countries. Gattine causes the worms to become torpid. This is a germ disease, and can be eradicated by changing the trays and disinfecting the old ones. The growers sometimes shake the worms vigorously and thus jar them out of their torpor. Muscardine is a mold disease which kills worms very rapidly whenever it gets a start. It is more contagious than any other silkworm disease. The methods of getting rid of it are disinfection, letting in pure air and light into the trays, burning sulphur in the room, and so on. The possibility of disease, together with the constant need of care, keeps the silk growers constantly on the watch over their worms. The task is tremendous, and the chances for loss are always great. WILD SILKS The wild silks are gathered principally in Japan, China; and India. There are, of course, several varieties of wild silk cocoons, each with qualities somewhat different from the rest. The principal variety of Japan is the Yamai-mai, and the chief varieties of India are the tusser, or tussah, and the ailanthus.",
"As already indicated, most of these silks are much darker in color than the domesticated silk, the Bombyx mori, probably because of the difference in feed. Wild silkworms do not always have mulberry leaves to eat. Great numbers feed on oak leaves and in some cases on other plants. Quality of wild silk.-In a general way it may be said that wild silks are in most respects of poorer quality than domesticated silk. They are harder to bleach, and do not take dyes so well. They are generally very uneven in texture, but when made up into fabrics are often more durable than common silks. Wild silks are used principally in the manufacture of pile fabrics such as velvet, plush, and imitation sealskin, and in heavy or rough cloths such as pongees and shantungs. While the silkworms of the wild varieties take care of themselves, and therefore do not require the constant labor that must be given to domesticated silk, the expense of gathering is nevertheless high. The wild cocoons must be hunted, trees must be climbed to gather them, and much time may be consumed in collecting comparatively few.",
"On the whole, however, because of the poorer qualities, wild silks are worth considerably less than \"tame\" silks. NATURE OF SILK FIBER The perfect raw silk fiber is a very fine filament with two parts that can readily be seen under a microscope. This filament is composed of a substance called fibroin, and the outside is covered with a waxy substance called sericin. Silk fiber in its raw state is for its size the strongest textile fiber in existence. It is said that it is as strong as an iron wire of the same size would be. Notwithstanding that in the processes of manufacture much of this strength is lost, unless very badly treated, the fiber remains remarkably strong. It is also very elastic and durable. It has a high natural luster which is improved upon in some manufacturing processes. The fabrics into which it is made are beautiful even in the natural silk colors. Absorptive power of silk.-Silk fiber readily absorbs water; wherefore, in commerce, rules are necessary regarding the amount of water allowable in the fiber offered' for sale. The usual amount allowed by weight is about eleven per cent.",
"It can easily be understood that when raw silk fiber sells for more than three dollars a pound, a large fraction of the total weight, such as one-third, one-fourth, one-fifth, or even one-tenth of water, would make a big difference in the price. Silk markets, therefore, are always equipped with the necessary apparatus for telling just what part of the weight of the silk is water. For example, the Silk Association of America has a large laboratory in New York in which the principal work is the determination of the proportion of moisture in raw silks brought from the market. The process of getting the silk into the proper standard condition as regards moisture is called \"silk conditioning.\" Because of its absorptive qualities, silk takes dyes very well, in fact better than any other textile; hence silks may be given delicate shades and tints of color that would be quite impossible in cotton or linen. It may also, as we shall see, absorb weighting materials that are introduced by way of adulteration. Pure dye silk should not contain more than ten per cent of its weight in dyeing or weighting materials. Ordinary silks contain much more weighting than this.",
"HUMAN LABOR IN SILK PRODUCTION After the raw silk has been reeled into skeins or hanks, the most laborious parts of silk production are completed; that is, most of the work done on the fiber thereafter is done by machine processes instead of by hand. The amount of hand labor that it takes to produce raw silk is almost incredible, and the amount of labor taken after the machine processes begin is no less than for other textiles. It has been said that it takes more human labor to produce a lady's silk dress, from the mulberry leaves into the finished product ready for wear, than it takes to produce and build a locomotive out of the raw ores in the ground. More hours are expended, and more people have something to do with the work. Cost of production.-If the labor employed in the production of silk were paid as high wages as are commonly paid in the iron and steel industry the silk dress would cost almost as much as a locomotive. As it is, raw silk production is carried on chiefly in countries where wages are very low. At the present prices of silk, the most efficient workmen doing their very best could not earn more than fifteen cents per day at this kind of work.",
"The usual wages in the silk-producing countries are lower than this. Where the raw silk is produced.-It is not surprising then that 40 per cent of the world's raw silk is produced by the Empire of China, 20 per cent by Japan, 20 per cent by Italy, 10 per cent by Persia, Asiatic Turkey, India, and Arabia, and the remaining 10 per cent by France, Austria, Spain, or Portugal. Italy produces some of the finest silk in the world; India and China, some of the coarsest and poorest. Attempts to raise silk in the United States.-Several attempts have been made to raise silk in this country, and practically every experiment has shown that a very fine quality of fiber could be produced; but the great obstacle is the cost of labor to care for the worms, pick the leaves, attend to the mating of the moths, make the necessary examinations for disease, and reel the raw silk. No mechanical devices have ever been invented to do away with the great amount of human hand labor.",
"Not while clever people, men, women, and children, in China, Japan, and other countries are willing to work for less than ten cents a day as they now do, can raw silk production become profitable in this country. Methods of production in Japan.-Silk is often handled as an auxiliary industry by Japanese and Chinese farmers. The women and children are occupied with the care of the silkworms while the adult men are employed in the gardens and fields. Being a home industry of this nature, it is often undertaken even when there is small prospect for payment for time expended. The time of the women and children is not considered worth much in any case. One person cares for about 10,000 to 12,000 worms. The average production per family among the families that do raise silk is about five bushels of cocoons per year. The return for these cocoons generally pays for the labor expended in their production at about the rate of ten cents a day.",
"Improvements in reeling silk.-Reeling has been greatly improved in modern filatures by the introduction of power for running the reels and by using gas to keep the basins heated at a proper and constant temperature, but this change has not eliminated the necessity for cheap labor. No filature of any consequence is to be found in any country or city except where labor is abundant and very cheap. Silk reeled by hand or foot power is called \"re-reel silk,\" while that reeled by power machinery is called \"filature silk.\" MARKETING SILK The products of silk production are marketed in various forms. For example, in certain communities in Italy, there is a large business of selling certified silkworm eggs. These are usually sold at a certain price an ounce. Many silk growers sell the cocoons that they produce. The usual method of preparing them for market is to stifle the chrysalides by steam, by heating in ovens, or by freezing and then drying them thoroughly. When dry, they are sorted according to size, color, and quality, and are sold by weight. As a rule, small silkworm growers everywhere dispose of their product in this manner and at this stage.",
"Finally, raw silk is marketed after it is reeled, some of it as reeled silk, and the parts that will not reel as silk waste. In the Orient, silk is reeled into skeins of varying sizes, which are then packed into square blocks, called books, containing from five to ten pounds. The books are packed in bales, each weighing from 100 to 200 pounds or more. In 1912 the average price for a pound of reeled silk was between three and four dollars. From this it can be seen that a bale is a pretty valuable piece of goods. Importations into this country.-Steamers coming from China and Japan to the western United States handle the silk as carefully as if it were gold. It is unloaded, usually at Seattle or San Francisco, and then taken east in baggage coaches directly to New York, the great American raw silk market. Often an entire train is made up of baggage coaches loaded with raw silk, and these \"silk specials,\" as they are called, are given the right of way from coast to coast.",
"Passenger trains, freight trains, and all must find the side tracks when the \"silk special\" passes through; and well they may, for the silk in each coach may average more than $125,000 in value, and the value of the entire trainload of silk may be $2,000,000. Markets for waste silk.-Hartford, Connecticut, is the principal port of entry for the large quantities of silk waste and floss imported into this country. Boston comes second. Both are near the great New England silk mills (New London, Winsted, South Manchester, in Connecticut, and Pittsfield, Northampton, Holyoke, and Florence in Massachusetts) where large quantities of spun silk are produced. The center of reeled silk manufacture is in Paterson, New Jersey, and in the hard coal region of Pennsylvania. The state of New York also has a large number of establishments using reeled silk in some stage of manufacture. Statistics | INTERNATIONAL SERICULTURAL COMMISSION Statistics Global Silk Industry The major silk producing countries in the world are; China, India, Uzbekistan, Brazil, Japan, Republic of Korea, Thailand, Vietnam, DPR Korea, Iran, etc.",
"Few other countries are also engaged in the production of cocoons and raw silk in negligible quantities; Kenya, Botswana, Nigeria, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt, Japan, Nepal, Bulgaria, Turkey, Uganda, Malaysia, Romania, Bolivia, etc. The major silk consumers of the world are; USA, Italy, Japan, India, France, China, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany, UAE, Korea, Viet Nam, etc. Even though silk has a small percentage of the global textile market - less than 0.2% (the precise global value is difficult to assess, since reliable data on finished silk products is lacking in most importing countries) - its production base is spread over 60 countries in the world. While the major producers are in Asia (90% of mulberry production and almost 100% of non-mulberry silk), sericulture industries have been lately established in Brazil, Bulgaria, Egypt and Madagascar as well. Sericulture is labour-intensive. About 1 million workers are employed in the silk sector in China. Silk Industry provides employment to 7.9 million people in India, and 20,000 weaving families in Thailand.",
"China is the world's single biggest producer and chief supplier of silk to the world markets. India is the world's second largest producer. Sericulture can help keeping the rural population employed and to prevent migration to big cities and securing remunerative employment; it requires small investments while providing raw material for textile industries. 1. Global Silk Production (in Metric Tonnes) 2. Other statistical data related to Silk industry Some of the countries have provided more elaborate statistical data on silk industry, other than the production data given above. The country-wise details are given below:-"
] |
Who was the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic?
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Amelia Earhart
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"Amelia Erhart",
"Emelia Earhart",
"Amelia Mary Earhart",
"Amelia Aerhart",
"Amelia Erhardt",
"Amelia Earheart",
"Amelia Earnhart",
"Amelia Earhart Putnam",
"Emelia Airheart",
"Amelia earhart",
"Amielia Earhart",
"Amelia airhart",
"Amelia Earhardt",
"Amelia Earhart Life Summary",
"Amelia Earhart",
"Amelia Airheart"
] | 8,379
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"Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart Famous Female Aviator Studio headshot portrait of American aviator Amelia Earhart, the first woman to complete a solo transatlantic flight, wearing a leather jacket. (circa 1932). (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) By Dani Alexis Ryskamp, Contributing Writer Updated November 02, 2015. Who Was Amelia Earhart? As a pilot, Amelia Earhart set many world flying records. She became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and the first person to make a solo flight across both the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans. Earhart also set several height and speed records in an airplane. Despite all these records, Amelia Earhart is perhaps best remembered for her mysterious disappearance, which has become one of the enduring mysteries of the 20th century. While attempting to become the first woman to fly around the world, she disappeared on July 2, 1937 while heading toward Howland's Island.",
"Dates: July 24, 1897 -- July 2, 1937(?) Also Known As: Amelia Mary Earhart, Lady Lindy Amelia Earhart’s Childhood Amelia Mary Earhart was born in her maternal grandparents’ home in Atchison, Kansas, on July 24, 1897 to Amy and Edwin Earhart. Although Edwin was a lawyer, he never earned the approval of Amy’s parents, Judge Alfred Otis and his wife, Amelia. continue reading below our video What are the Seven Wonders of the World In 1899, two-and-a-half years after Amelia’s birth, Edwin and Amy welcomed another daughter, Grace Muriel, into the world. Amelia Earhart spent much of her early childhood living with her Otis grandparents in Atchison during the school months and then spending her summers with her parents. Earhart’s early life was filled with outdoor adventures combined with the etiquette lessons expected of upper-middle-class girls of her day. Amelia (known as “Millie” in her youth) and her sister Grace Muriel (known as “Pidge”) loved to play together, especially outdoors. After visiting the World’s Fair in St.",
"Louis in 1904 , Amelia decided she wanted to build her own mini roller coaster in her backyard. Enlisting Pidge to help, the two built a homemade roller coaster on the roof of the tool shed, using planks, a wooden box, and lard for grease. Amelia took the first ride, which ended with a crash and some bruises – but she loved it. By 1908, Edwin Earhart had closed his private law firm and was working as a lawyer for a railroad in Des Moines, Iowa; thus, it was time for Amelia to move back in with her parents. That same year, her parents took her to the Iowa State Fair where 10-year-old Amelia saw an airplane for the very first time. Surprisingly, the airplane didn’t interest her. Problems at Home At first, life in Des Moines seemed to be going well for the Earhart family; however, it soon became obvious that Edwin had started to heavily drink alcohol. When his alcoholism got worse, Edwin eventually lost his job in Iowa and had trouble finding another. In 1915, with the promise of a job with the Great Northern Railway in St.",
"Paul, Minnesota, the Earhart family packed up their belongings and moved. However, the job fell through once they got there. Tired of her husband’s alcoholism and the family’s increasing money troubles, Amy Earhart moved herself and her daughters to Chicago, leaving their father behind in Minnesota. Edwin and Amy eventually divorced in 1924. Due to her family’s frequent moves, Amelia Earhart switched high schools six times, making it hard for her to make or keep friends during her teen years. She did well in her classes, but preferred sports. She graduated from Chicago’s Hyde Park High School in 1916 and is listed in the school’s yearbook as “the girl in brown who walks alone.” Later in life, however, she was known for her friendly and outgoing nature. After high school, Earhart went to the Ogontz School in Philadelphia, but she soon dropped out to become a nurse for returning World War I soldiers and for victims of the influenza epidemic of 1918 . First Flights It wasn’t until 1920, when Earhart was 23 years old, that she developed an interest in airplanes.",
"While visiting her father in California, she attended an air show and the stunt-flying feats she watched convinced her that she had to try flying for herself. Earhart took her first flying lesson on January 3, 1921. According to her instructors, Earhart wasn’t a “natural” at piloting an airplane; instead, she made up for a lack of talent with plenty of hard work and a passion for flying. Earhart received her “Aviator Pilot” certification from the Federation Aeronautique Internationale on May 16, 1921 -- a major step for any pilot at the time. Since her parents could not afford to pay for her lessons, Earhart worked several jobs to raise the money herself. She also saved up the money to buy her own airplane, a small Kinner Airster she called the Canary. In the Canary, she broke the women’s altitude record on October 22, 1922 by becoming the first woman to reach 14,000 feet in an airplane.",
"Earhart Becomes the First Woman to Fly Over the Atlantic In 1927, aviator Charles Lindbergh made history by becoming the first person to fly non-stop across the Atlantic, from the U.S. to England. A year later, Amelia Earhart was asked to make a non-stop flight across the same ocean. She had been discovered by publisher George Putnam, who had been asked to look for a suitable female pilot to complete this feat. Since this was not to be a solo flight, Earhart joined a crew of two other aviators, both men. On June 17, 1928, the journey began when the Friendship, a Fokker F7 specially outfitted for the trip, took off from Newfoundland bound for England. Ice and fog made the trip difficult and Earhart spent much of the flight scribbling notes in a journal while her co-pilots, Bill Stultz and Louis Gordon, handled the plane. On June 18, 1928, after 20 hours and 40 minutes in the air, the Friendship landed in South Wales.",
"Although Earhart said she did not contribute any more to the flight than “a sack of potatoes” would have, the press saw her accomplishment differently. They started calling Earhart “Lady Lindy,” after Charles Lindbergh. Shortly after this trip, Earhart published a book about her experiences, titled 20 Hours 40 Minutes. Before long, Amelia Earhart was looking for new records to break in her own airplane. A few months after publishing 20 Hours 40 Minutes, she flew solo across the United States and back -- the first time a female pilot had made the journey alone. In 1929, she founded and participated in the Woman’s Air Derby, an airplane race from Santa Monica, California to Cleveland, Ohio with a substantial cash prize. Flying a more powerful Lockheed Vega, Earhart finished third, behind noted pilots Louise Thaden and Gladys O’Donnell. On February 7, 1931, Earhart married publisher George Putnam, the man who had discovered her. Also in 1931, Earhart and several other female aviators banded together to start a professional international organization for female pilots, of which Earhart became the first president.",
"The Ninety-Niners, named because it originally had 99 members, still represents and supports female pilots today. Earhart published a second book about her accomplishments, The Fun of It, in 1932. Solo Across the Ocean Having won multiple competitions, flown in air shows, and set new altitude records, Amelia Earhart began looking for a bigger challenge. In 1932, she decided to become the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. On May 20, 1932, she took off again from Newfoundland, piloting a small Lockheed Vega. It was a dangerous trip: clouds and fog made it difficult to navigate, her plane’s wings became covered with ice, and the plane developed a fuel leak about two-thirds of the way across the ocean. Worse, the altimeter stopped working, so Earhart had no idea how far above the ocean’s surface her plane was -- a situation that nearly resulted in her crashing into the Atlantic Ocean. In serious danger, Earhart abandoned her plans to land at Southampton, England, and made for the first bit of land she saw.",
"She touched down in a sheep pasture in Ireland on May 21, 1932, becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic and the first-ever person to fly across the Atlantic twice. The solo Atlantic crossing was followed by more book deals, meetings with heads of state, and a lecture tour, as well as more flying competitions. In 1935, Earhart also made a solo flight from Hawaii to Oakland, California, becoming the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. This trip also made Earhart the first person to fly solo across both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Amelia Earhart’s Last Flight Not long after making her Pacific flight in 1935, Amelia Earhart decided she wanted to try flying around the entire world. A U.S. Army Air Force crew had made the trip in 1924 and male aviator Wiley Post flew around the world by himself in 1931 and 1933. But Earhart had two new goals. First, she wanted to be the first woman to fly solo around the world. Second, she wanted to fly around the world at or near the equator, the planet’s widest point.",
"The previous flights had both circled the world much closer to the North Pole , where the distance was shortest. Earhart wanted to make the longest possible flight around the globe. Planning and preparation for the trip was difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Her plane, a Lockheed Electra, had to be completely re-fitted with additional fuel tanks, survival gear, scientific instruments, and a state-of-the-art radio. A 1936 test flight ended in a crash that destroyed the plane’s landing gear. Several months passed while the plane was fixed. Meanwhile, Earhart and her navigator, Frank Noonan, plotted their course around the world. The most difficult point in the trip would be the flight from Papua New Guinea to Hawaii because it required a fuel stop at Howland’s Island, a small coral island about 1,700 miles west of Hawaii. Aviation maps were poor at the time and the island would be difficult to find from the air. However, the stop at Howland’s Island was unavoidable because the plane could only carry about half the fuel needed to fly from Papua New Guinea to Hawaii, making a fuel stop essential if Earhart and Noonan were to make it across the South Pacific.",
"As difficult as it might be to find, Howland’s Island seemed like the best choice for a stop since it is positioned approximately half way between Papua New Guinea and Hawaii. Once their course had been plotted and their plane readied, it was time for the final details. It was during this last minute preparation that Earhart decided not to take the full-sized radio antenna that Lockheed recommended, instead opting for a smaller antenna. The new antenna was lighter, but it also could not transmit or receive signals as well, especially in bad weather. On May 21, 1937, Amelia Earhart and Frank Noonan took off from Oakland, California, on the first leg of their trip. The plane landed first in Puerto Rico and then in several other locations in the Caribbean before heading to Senegal. They crossed Africa, stopping several times for fuel and supplies, then went on to Eritrea, India, Burma, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea. There, Earhart and Noonan prepared for the toughest stretch of the trip -- the landing at Howland’s Island. Since every pound in the plane meant more fuel used, Earhart removed every non-essential item -- even the parachutes.",
"The plane was checked and re-checked by mechanics to ensure it was in top condition. However, Earhart and Noonan had been flying for over a month straight by this time and both were tired. On July 2, 1937, Earhart’s plane left Papua New Guinea heading toward Howland’s Island. For the first seven hours, Earhart and Noonan stayed in radio contact with the airstrip in Papua New Guinea. After that, they made intermittent radio contact with the U.S.S. Itsaca, a Coast Guard ship patrolling the waters below. However, reception was poor and messages between the plane and the Itsaca were frequently lost or garbled. Two hours after Earhart’s scheduled arrival at Howland’s Island, at about 10:30 a.m. local time on July 2, 1937, the Itsaca received a last static-filled message that indicated Earhart and Noonan could not see the ship or the island and they were almost out of fuel. The crew of the Itsaca tried to signal the ship’s location by sending up black smoke, but the plane did not appear. Neither the plane, Earhart, nor Noonan were ever seen or heard from again.",
"The Mystery Continues The mystery of what happened to Earhart, Noonan, and the plane has not yet been solved. In 1999, British archaeologists claimed to have found artifacts on a small island in the South Pacific that contained Earhart’s DNA, but the evidence is not conclusive. Near the plane’s last known location, the ocean reaches depths of 16,000 feet, well below the range of today’s deep-sea diving equipment. If the plane sank into those depths, it may never be recovered. Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the Atlantic | World History Project Amelia Earhart Becomes First Woman to Fly Solo across the Atlantic On May 20-21, 1932, Earhart accomplished her goal of flying solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She took off from Newfoundland, Canada, at 7:12 p.m. on May 20, in her Lockheed Vega. Her flight was filled with dangers, from rapidly changing weather to a broken altimeter so she could not tell how high she was flying, to gasoline leaking into the cockpit.",
"At one point her plane dropped almost 3,000 feet (914 meters) and went into a spin (which she managed to pull out of) and flames were shooting out of the exhaust manifold. She brought her plane down on the coast of Ireland after a harrowing trip lasting 15 hours and 18 minutes The flight was the second solo flight across the Atlantic and the longest nonstop flight by a woman--2,026 miles (3,261 kilometers)--as well as the first flight across the Atlantic by a woman. President Herbert Hoover awarded her the National Geographic Society Medal on June 21, 1932, for her achievement, and the U.S. Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross, the first woman to receive such an honor. Earhart's accomplishment meant a great deal to the entire world, but especially to women, for it demonstrated that women could set their own course in aviation and other fields.",
"Source: US Centennial of Flight Commission Added by: Kevin Rogers At the age of 34, on the morning of May 20, 1932 Earhart set off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland with the latest copy of a local newspaper (the dated copy was intended to confirm the date of the flight). She intended to fly to Paris in her single engine Lockheed Vega 5b to emulate Charles Lindbergh's solo flight. Her technical advisor for the flight was famed Norwegian American aviator Bernt Balchen who helped prepare her aircraft. He also played the role of \"decoy\" for the press as he was ostensibly preparing Earhart's Vega for his own Arctic flight. After a flight lasting 14 hours, 56 minutes during which she contended with strong northerly winds, icy conditions and mechanical problems, Earhart landed in a pasture at Culmore, north of Derry, Northern Ireland. The landing was witnessed by Cecil King and T. Sawyer. When a farm hand asked, \"Have you flown far?\" Amelia replied, \"From America.\"The site now is the home of a small museum, the Amelia Earhart Centre.",
"As the first woman to fly solo non-stop across the Atlantic, Earhart received the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French Government and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Herbert Hoover. As her fame grew, she developed friendships with many people in high offices, most notably, Eleanor Roosevelt, the First Lady from 1933–1945. Roosevelt shared many of Earhart's interests and passions, especially women's causes. After flying with Earhart, Roosevelt actually obtained a student permit but did not pursue her plans to learn to fly. The two friends communicated frequently throughout their lives.[85] Another famous flyer, Jacqueline Cochran, who the public considered Amelia's greatest rival, also became a confidante and friend during this period. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Kevin Rogers By early 1932 no other person had successfully flown solo across the Atlantic since Lindbergh. Amelia would not duplicate Lindbergh's course but would fly from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland with the British Isles as her destination.",
"On May 20, 1932, exactly 5 years after the Lindbergh flight, Amelia's modified Lockheed Vega began the journey. Since she did not drink coffee or tea, she would keep awake by using smelling salts on long trips. Amelia prided herself on traveling light...a thermos of soup and a can of tomato juice would sustain her. Somewhat off-course, she landed in an open field near Londonderry in northern Ireland. On climbing from her plane a man approached. She asked: \"Where am I?\"...the man replied \"in Gallegher's pasture...have you come far?\"...\"from America\", she replied. She had broken several records on this flight...the first woman to fly the Atlantic solo and only person to fly it twice...the longest non-stop distance flown by a woman...and a record for crossing in the shortest time. George joined Amelia in London, and after spending several weeks touring Europe they returned to New York to a tickertape parade. President Hoover presented Amelia with the Special Gold Medal from the National Geographic Society. Honors of all kinds continued to be heaped on Amelia and keys of various cities bestowed.",
"Amelia was voted Outstanding Woman of the Year which she accepted on behalf of \"all women\". The French press ended an article about Amelia's accomplishment with...\"can she bake a cake?\" ...Amelia replied... \"So I accept these awards on behalf of the cake bakers and all of those other women who can do some things quite as important, if not more important, than flying, as well as in the name of women flying today.\" Source: ellensplace.net Added by: Kevin Rogers “ \"So I accept these awards on behalf of the cake bakers and all of those other women who can do some things quite as important, if not more important, than flying, as well as in the name of women flying today.\"” — Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart: The First Woman to Fly Solo Across the Atlantic The First Woman to Fly Solo Across the Atlantic copyrighted by Patricia Chadwick. All rights reserved worldwide. Reprinted with permission Amelia Earhart was born July 24, 1898 in Atchison, Kansas. She was a lively tomboy throughout her childhood and unlike most American women in her generation and generations before, she never outgrew this trait.",
"She volunteered in a Red Cross Hospital during World War I, taught English to immigrant factory workers, and studied pre-med for a short time. But airplanes were her first love. Amelia loved excitement. Impressed with stunt fliers and air shows, Amelia learned to fly and became a licensed pilot, making her first solo flight in 1921. Soon she saved enough money to buy her own plane. In 1928, Amelia was asked to be a part of a team of pilots that were to make a transatlantic flight. She accepted and became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. She was hallowed by the press and dubbed �Lady Lindy�, winning public affection. But Amelia was not satisfied with this. Because of her adventurous spirit and love for the spotlight, Amelia became determined to perfect her flying skills, making plans to fly the ocean on her own. This she did on May 20, 1932. Amelia achieved a number of flight �firsts�. She was the first woman pilot to fly the Pacific Ocean and the first woman to make a transcontinental flight in an autogyro, the predecessor of the helicopter, which was still in it's developmental stage.",
"But while attempting to fly around the world in 1937, Amelia�s plane vanished and she was presumed lost at sea. She was 39 years old. Amelia Earhart was a woman of great courage. She chose to loose herself from the conventional roles of women in her generation and follow her heart, doing what she loved best - flying. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Earhart, Amelia Encyclopedia > People > Science and Technology > Aviation: Biographies Amelia Earhart Earhart, Amelia (ârˈhärt) [ key ], 1897–1937, American aviator, b. Atchison, Kans. She was the first woman to cross the Atlantic by airplane (1928) and the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic (1932). She was also the first person to fly alone from Honolulu to California and to solo nonstop from California to Mexico (both: 1935). In 1937, she attempted with a copilot, Frederick J. Noonan, to fly around the world at the equator, but her plane was lost on the flight between New Guinea and Howland Island.",
"In 1992, a search party reported finding remnants of Earhart's plane on Nikumaroro (formerly Gardner Island), Kiribati, but their claims were disputed by people who had worked on Earhart's plane. Other artifacts that could be from Earhart's flight (but no clear evidence) have been found on Nikumaroro, and her fate remains a mystery. Geraldine Mock later became (1964) the first woman to complete Earhart's round-the-world route. Earhart was married (1931) to George Palmer Putnam , who wrote (1939) a laudatory biography of her. See biographies by M. S. Lovell (1989), D. L. Rich (1996), and S. Butler (1997, repr. 2009); T. E. Devine and R. Daley, Eyewitness: The Amelia Earhart Incident (1987); S. Ware, Still Missing (1993); C. Szabo, Sky Pioneer (1997); T. C. Brennan and R.",
"Rosenbaum, Witness to the Execution: The Odyssey of Amelia Earhart (1999); K. Lubben and E. Barnett, ed., Amelia Earhart: Image and Icon (2007). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: Aviation: Biographies Advertisement Advertisement Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells Her Own Story of Perilous 21-Hour Trip to Wales; Radio Quit and They Flew Blind Over Invisible Ocean Read the full text of The Times article or other headlines from the day.",
"Amelia Earhart Flies Atlantic, First Woman To Do It; Tells Her Own Story of Perilous 21-Hour Trip to Wales; Radio Quit and They Flew Blind Over Invisible Ocean Eager Crowds Imperil Miss Earhart As They Welcome Fliers at Burry Port Police Aid Weary Trio to Battle Way to Refuge in Zinc Works--Friends Fly From Southampton to Greet Them and Hear Story of Their Adventures By ALLEN RAYMOND Special Cable to The New York Times RELATED HEADLINES Fought Rain, Fog and Snow All the Way: Miss Earhart Says Motors Spat and Gas Ran Low, But She Had Neither Fear Nor Doubt of Success: Passed Over Ireland Without Even Seeing It: Wind Aided Plane--Girl Credits Feat to Stultz and Gordon--She Flew Because It Would Have Been 'Too Inartistic to Refuse' OTHER HEADLINES Ritchie Withdraws in Favor of Smith, Urging Party Unity: New Yorker's Nomination Will Assure Democratic Victory, He Asserts: Directs Appeal to South: Smith as President Would Restore Popular Government, Maryland Executive Says: Turns Over His Delegates: Sees Struggle of 1924 Avoided at Houston--Reed Still in Race",
", Backer Declares Nobile Vainly Hails Fliers Circling Over But Not Seeing Him: General Radios Base Ship That Rescue Planes Were Over Stranded Men an Hour: Second Flight Also Fails: This Time Italia Castaways Sight One of Planes Piloted by Riiser-Larsen and Holm: Savoia Reaches Kings Bay: Big Italian Seaplane Ready for Dash North--French and Swedish Craft on Way President of Porto Rican Senate Stabbed and Badly Hurt by a Maniac Anarchist Smith Supporters See a Quick Victory: Hope Ritchie's Withdrawal in Favor of Governor Will Be Followed by Others: Aides Start for Houston: Van Namee, Sure of Success, Says \"Steam-Roller\" Methods Will Not Be Used 12 Injured by Bomb 'Planted' in Detroit: County Building Shaken, Windows Shattered and Hundreds Panic-Stricken: 'Purple' Gang Suspected: Darrow Attending Court Case Is Jarred--Jokes With Judge About Blast Keel Laid for Biggest Ship, 1,000 Feet Long; 60,000-Ton 'Oceanic' to Cost $30,000,000 Burry",
" Port, Carmarthenshire, South Wales, June 18.--The first woman to cross the Atlantic successfully by air, Miss Amelia Earhart, Boston settlement worker, alighted in the seaplane Friendship here this morning on the broad expanse of Loughor estuary, after a flight of 20 hours and 40 minutes elapsed time from Trepassey.",
"Few persons saw the gilt-winged Fokker monoplane descend on the Welsh coast, but this evening, when friends rushing from Southampton brought Miss Earhart ashore, she was the recipient of so enthusiastic a reception by the 2,000 inhabitants of this town that it seemed for a few minutes as if she would not outlive her triumph. Eager Crowds Imperil Aviatrix The arrival of the Friendship was the greatest event this remote district has had since the end of the World War when the town's boys came home. Miss Earhart was nearly crushed by the anxiety of the crowd of men, women and children to touch the hem of her flying suit, get her autograph on a slip of paper, wring her hand and congratulate her upon her triumphant passage over the Atlantic. The High Sheriff of Carmarthenshire, who had rowed out to greet her; the town's three policemen and a couple of friends had to form a ring with locked arms about the latest popular heroine and literally to fight their way a hundred yards from the shore to the office of the local zinc works, where they found shelter back of locked doors.",
"\"You must remember,\" the local Police Chief said apologetically, \"that our people never saw anything to compare with this. I advise you to remain here until we get extra police.\" The Friendship's crew were marooned within the walls of the Frickers Metal Company an hour and a half before police reinforcements arrived and cleared a way to the two motor cars to take them to a distant hotel where rest, food and sleep could be obtained after their arduous journey. Poor Visibility Forced Landing Poor visibility forced the plane to come down on the Welsh coast after the first tentative objective--Valentia, Ireland--had been left far behind, but the possible goal of Southampton not yet reached. Except for the first hour over the Atlantic after leaving the rugged shores of Newfoundland, the fliers never saw sea or land until they had winged their way to the Eastern Irish coast. They flew through fog, rain and snow most of the time, fighting for altitude and clearer weather, but they came fast with the wind behind of twenty to thirty miles per hour speeding them on.",
"They probably had plenty of gasoline left, when they descended, to reach Southampton-- seventy-five gallons--but were struggling in the midst of dense fog and knew they were somewhere off the southern coast of Britain. With their object attained--that of making Miss Earhart the first woman to complete a transatlantic crossing--they decided to take no further risks. They will go on to Southampton tomorrow. Stultz and Gordon Elated The full story of the flight has yet to be told. The two airmen, Stultz and Gordon, who had the major responsibility and labor of getting the Friendship safely across the ocean, were soon fast asleep after battling their way to the hotel. Both ejaculated their joy at their success and chuckled together over the moments in mid-ocean when they seemed dubious of the outcome. Miss Earhart, who came through her experience in fine condition and spirits, struggled against weariness to narrate her experience before she, too, sought sleep. The adventurers, after five false starts in the Harbor of Trepassey, succeeded in lifting the plane only after dropping fifty gallons of gasoline and cutting down the supply to 700 gallons as against 1,000 they had meant originally to carry.",
"Even with the lightened load they barely lifted the plane skyward with two motors cut out because dashed with spray, but soon they were lifting its weight gradually along the Newfoundland coast till Stultz felt sure the engines were running smoothly. Weather Good Only at Start They headed for the open sea in excellent weather only to run into continuous fog after an hour's flight. As gasoline was used, lightening the plane, they were enabled to soar 5,000 to 11,000 feet; where most of the way above the clouds they traveled amid a sea of blazing stars, heading, it seemed, into a series of rainbow rings. They received bearings twice from a ship before the radio was out of commission, and encountered bad weather until over Queenstown, Ireland. There they saw ships and tried to drop notes to find their exact location, but failed to obtain an answer. Stultz turned correctly southward, however, and headed toward Southampton. Meanwhile, headed by the Hon. Mrs. Frederick E.",
"Guest, backer of the flight, with her husband, Captain Guest, a member of Parliament and international polo player, and Raymond Guest, former captain of the Yale polo team, there was a large gathering at Southampton awaiting the fliers' arrival. A plane bearing Captain Guest cruised intermittently from noon till 3 P.M. on the lookout. A fast motor launch owned by Hubert Scott Pain, Director of the Imperial Airways, and a noted British sportsman, scudded at a 40-mile an hour gait over the lower harbor awaiting to escort the crew of the Friendship to land. After hours of anxiety, during which the plane was believed overdue, the watcher at Southampton received the welcome word at 2:45 P.M. that the Friendship was down on the Welsh coast. Race to Coast by Plane and Auto A race to reach her by plane and high-powered automobile began instantly. A seaplane carrying Captain H.H. Railey, European director of the flight, and The New York Times correspondent, was the first to drop alongside the ocean fliers in Loughor estuary after a three-hour jaunt cutting across Southern England.",
"There were still traces of fog which cut the ocean journey short, but flying low the occupants of the seaplane descried the gilt wings of the Friendship bobbing at a buoy offshore here. A final run by motor boat brought the fliers in sight. As Miss Earhart looked from the open doorway of the fuselage and recognized one of her visitors as Captain Railey, he, ending a two weeks' vigil to welcome her, cast his hat skyward with a shout of jubilation and let it float off down the tide. There was an exultant reunion. After a consultation it was decided by Stultz to taxi the plane into the shelter of the Burry Port quays and there the hospitable attack of the Welsh throng began. Before it was ended Miss Earhart had appeared thrice, in the manner of royalty, at a window of the zinc factory to acknowledge the cheers of the dense crowd below; had been served with tea by the wife of the factory foreman and finally battled and tricked her way to a roadside inn near the village as darkness was nearing and the clock struck 9. She had been thirty hours en route to her first comfortable resting place.",
"\"Tired and hungry, but cheerful,\" she commented, lounging in her wooly coat and breeches and stout leather boots. \"And we got here all right. There wasn't any race with Miss Boll, but, of course, I'm glad to be the first woman across.\" Stultz Tells of Difficulties Captain Wilmer Stultz was the first to come ashore after the Friendship had alighted at Burry Port. He declared he was dead tired and explained that he had only enough gasoline left to enable the Friendship to taxi another ten miles. \"No one was more thankful than I was,\" he admitted, \"to see the Welsh coast. We had a very bad trip right through and most of the way I was flying blind. I was at the joystick throughout the whole trip and had considerable difficulty in keeping on my course because of the fog and rain. After realizing that we were getting short of gasoline I resolved to come down as soon as a favorable opportunity offered. \"Then I saw the estuary, which I now know to be Burry Port, and after circling to make sure everything was clear I landed on the strip of water and fastened up to a buoy. \"We are all well, but very, very tired.",
"Miss Earhart is resting on the seaplane, but I came ashore to see about gasoline. At the moment I have not enough to allow us to rise again. \"The trip? Well, I don't want to discuss it at the moment. It wasn't a pleasant experience, although everything went perfectly. I had to steer solely by the instruments, and luckily none of them went wrong. We flew at a fair height, but flew blind. When we approached the Welsh coast I had to come down to the ground to see where we were.\" \"Tremendous Triumph,\" Says the Hon. Mrs. Guest Captain Guest, who was formerly Minister of Air, and the Hon. Mrs. Guest, who partially financed the Friendship's flight and originally intended to participate in it, were at Southampton when the news arrived that the plane was down at Burry Point. \"I regard the flight as a tremendous triumph.\" Mrs.",
"Guest said, \"and ---- Earhart completes transatlantic flight - May 21, 1932 - HISTORY.com Earhart completes transatlantic flight Publisher A+E Networks Five years to the day that American aviator Charles Lindbergh became the first pilot to accomplish a solo, nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean, female aviator Amelia Earhart becomes the first pilot to repeat the feat, landing her plane in Ireland after flying across the North Atlantic. Earhart traveled over 2,000 miles from Newfoundland in just under 15 hours. Unlike Charles Lindbergh, Earhart was well known to the public before her solo transatlantic flight. In 1928, as a member of a three-person crew, she had become the first woman to cross the Atlantic in an aircraft. Although her only function during the crossing was to keep the plane’s log, the event won her national fame, and Americans were enamored with the daring and modest young pilot. For her solo transatlantic crossing in 1932, she was awarded a Distinguished Flying Cross by the U.S. Congress.",
"In 1935, in the first flight of its kind, she flew solo from Wheeler Field in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California, winning a $10,000 award posted by Hawaiian commercial interests. Two years later, she attempted, along with copilot Frederick J. Noonan, to fly around the world, but her plane disappeared near Howland Island in the South Pacific on July 2, 1937. The U.S. Coast Guard cutter Itasca picked up radio messages that she was lost and low in fuel–the last the world ever heard from Amelia Earhart. Related Videos Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic | World History Project Jun 17 1928 Amelia Earhart becomes first woman to fly across the Atlantic After Charles Lindbergh's solo flight across the Atlantic in 1927, Amy Phipps Guest, (1873–1959), expressed interest in being the first woman to fly (or be flown) across the Atlantic Ocean.",
"After deciding the trip was too perilous for her to undertake, she offered to sponsor the project, suggesting they find \"another girl with the right image.\" While at work one afternoon in April 1928, Earhart got a phone call from Capt. Hilton H. Railey, who asked her, \"Would you like to fly the Atlantic?\" The project coordinators (including book publisher and publicist George P. Putnam) interviewed Amelia and asked her to accompany pilot Wilmer Stultz and co-pilot/mechanic Louis Gordon on the flight, nominally as a passenger, but with the added duty of keeping the flight log. The team departed Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland in a Fokker F.VIIb/3m on June 17, 1928, landing at Burry Port (near Llanelli), Wales, United Kingdom, exactly 20 hours and 40 minutes later.[50] Since most of the flight was on \"instruments\" and Amelia had no training for this type of flying, she did not pilot the aircraft. When interviewed after landing, she said, \"Stultz did all the flying—had to.",
"I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.\" She added, \"...maybe someday I'll try it alone.\" While in England, Earhart is reported as receiving a rousing welcome on June 19, 1928, when landing at Woolston in Southampton, England. She flew the Avro Avian 594 Avian III, SN: R3/AV/101 owned by Lady Mary Heath and later purchased the aircraft and had it shipped back to the United States (where it was assigned “unlicensed aircraft identification mark” 7083). When the Stultz, Gordon and Earhart flight crew returned to the United States they were greeted with a ticker-tape parade in New York followed by a reception with President Calvin Coolidge at the White House."
] |
19969 was the Chinese year of which creature?
|
Rat
|
[
"🐀",
"Species of rat",
"Ratus (genus)",
"Rats",
"Rattus rattus domesticus",
"True rat",
"Rat subspecies",
"Rat IQ",
"Rat",
"Subspecies of rat",
"Rattus",
"Rat feces",
"Stenomys",
"Ringie",
"List of rat species",
"Rat species"
] | 8,762
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[
"The Chinese Zodiac, 12 Zodiac Animals, Find Your Zodiac Sign The Chinese animal zodiac, or shengxiao (/shnng-sshyaoww/ ‘born resembling’), is a repeating cycle of 12 years, with each year being represented by an animal and its reputed attributes. Traditionally these zodiac animals were used to date the years. The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. What Your Chinese Zodiac Animal Sign Is Your Chinese Zodiac sign is derived from your birth year, according to the Chinese lunar calendar. See the years of each animal below or use the calculator on the right to determine your own sign.",
"Rat: 2008, 1996, 1984, 1972, 1960 Ox: 2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961 Tiger: 2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962 Rabbit: 2011, 1999, 1987, 1975, 1963 Dragon: 2012, 2000, 1988, 1976, 1964 Snake: 2013, 2001, 1989, 1977, 1965 Horse: 2014, 2002, 1990, 1978, 1966 Goat: 2015, 2003, 1991, 1979, 1967 Monkey: 2016",
", 2004, 1992, 1980, 1968 Rooster: 2017 , 2005, 1993, 1981, 1969 Dog: 2018, 2006, 1994, 1982, 1970 Pig: 2019, 2007, 1995, 1983, 1971 Find Your Chinese Zodiac Sign Choose your date of birth and find out about your Chinese zodiac sign.",
"You are a: Love: Health: Those born in January and February take care: Chinese (Lunar) New Year moves between 21 January and February 20. If you were born in January or February, check whether your birth date falls before or after Chinese New Year to know what your Chinese zodiac year is. Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility — Is He/She Right for You? People born in a certain animal year are believed to have attributes of that animal, which could either help or hinder a relationship. An important use of Chinese Zodiac is to determine if two people are compatible, in a romantic relationship or any kind of relationship. In ancient times people were faithful to Chinese Zodiac compatibility and often referred to it before a romantic relationship began. Even nowadays some people still refer to it. Take our online test on the right and find how suitable you and your partner are. See our Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Charts Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Test Is she/he compatible with you? Take the test and see... Boy's Name: Date of Birth: It’s BAD LUCK When Your Zodiac Year Comes Around!",
"As the Chinese zodiac recurs every 12 years, your animal year will come around when you are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, etc. According to ancient Chinese superstition, in your birth sign year, he will offend the God of Age, and will have bad luck during that year. The best way to avoid bad luck during this year is by wearing something red given by an elder (relative), such as socks, a neck cord, underwear, a waistband, a bracelet, or an anklet. Read more on How to be Lucky in Your Zodiac Year . Chinese Zodiac Years Have Two Different Starts! There are two dates a Chinese zodiac year could be said to start on, and neither is January 1! China traditionally uses two calendars: the solar calendar and the lunar calendar. The traditional solar calendar has 24 fifteen-day solar terms, and the first, called ‘Start of Spring’, falls on February 4 (or 5). The lunar calendar has 12 or 13 months and starts on Chinese New Year, which is somewhere in the period January 21 to February 20.",
"Most Chinese people use lunar New Year as the start of the zodiac year. But for fortune telling and astrology, people believe ‘Start of Spring’ is the beginning of the zodiac year. Chinese Zodiac Origins — Why 12 Animals The 12 animals were chosen deliberately, after many revisions. The zodiac animals are either closely related to ancient Chinese people’s daily lives, or have lucky meanings. The ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog are six of the main domestic animals raised by Chinese people. The other six animals: rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by the Chinese people. Why the 12 Zodiac Animals Are in That Order The 12 Chinese Zodiac animals are in a fixed order according to Chinese Yin and Yang Theory and perceived attributes. The yin or the yang of the animals is defined based on the odd or even number of their claws (or toes, hoofs). The animals are then arranged in an alternating (complementary) yin-yang sequence. Usually an animal has is the same number of claws on its front and rear legs. However the rat has four toes on its fore legs and five on its hind legs.",
"As the old saying goes, “a thing is valued in proportion to its rarity”, so the Rat ranks first of the 12 zodiac animals. It uniquely combines the attributes of odd (yang) and even (yin). 4+5=9, and yang is dominant, so the Rat is classified as odd (yang) overall. Zodiac Animal Amiability without fidelity leads to immorality. Chinese Zodiac Hours — Each Hour is Associated with a Zodiac Animal Chinese zodiac hours It is widely known that each year is associated with a Chinese zodiac animal, but in Chinese culture the 12 zodiac animals are also associated with hours of a day. In ancient times, in order to tell the time, people divided a day into twelve 2-hour periods, and designated an animal to represent each period, according to each animal’s “special time”. According to Chinese astrology, though not popularly used, a person’s personality and life is more decided by his/her birth hour than year. The zodiac hour is widely used for character and destiny analysis.",
"Rat chinese zodiac new year animal signs symbols | The Old Farmer's Almanac xu = dog hai - boar/pig So, putting the stem and branch terms together, the first year in a 60-year cycle is called jia-zi (Year of the Rat) as jia is the celestial stem and zi (rat) is the terrestrial branch. The next year is yi-chou (Year of the Ox), and son on. The 11th year is jia-xu, etc., until a new cycle starts over with jia-zi. 2016 is bing-shen (Year of the Monkey). Which Chinese Zodiac Are You? Below are the 12 animal designations of the Chinese zodiac: Rat (Zi) Ambitious and sincere, you can be generous with your money. Compatible with the dragon and the monkey. Your opposite is the horse.",
"1900, 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008, 2020 Ox or Buffalo (Chou) A leader, you are bright, patient, and cheerful. Compatible with the snake and the rooster. Your opposite is the sheep. 1901, 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009, 2021 Tiger (Yin) Forthright and sensitive, you possess great courage. You have the ability to be a strong leader capable of great sympathy. Compatible with the horse and the dog. Your opposite is the monkey.",
"1902, 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, 2022 Rabbit or Hare (Mao) Talented and affectionate, you are a seeker of tranquility. Compatible with the sheep and the pig. Your opposite is the rooster. 1903, 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011, 2023 Dragon (Chen) Robust and passionate, your life is filled with complexity. Compatible with the monkey and the rat. Your opposite is the dog.",
"1904, 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012, 2024 Snake (Si) Strong-willed and intense, you display great wisdom. Compatible with the rooster and the ox. Your opposite is the pig. 1905, 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013, 2025 Horse (Wu) Physically attractive and popular, you like the company of others. Compatible with the tiger and the dog. Your opposite is the rat.",
"1906, 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014, 2026 Sheep or Goat (Wei) Aesthetic and stylish, you enjoy being a private person. Compatible with the pig and the rabbit. Your opposite is the ox. 1907, 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015, 2027 Monkey (Shen) Persuasive, skillful, and intelligent, you strive to excel. Compatible with the dragon and the rat. Your opposite is the tiger.",
"1908, 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016, 2028 Rooster or Cock (You) Seeking wisdom and truth, you have a pioneering spirit. Compatible with the snake and the ox. Your opposite is the rabbit. 1909, 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017, 2029 Dog (Xu) Generous and loyal, you have the ability to work well with others. Compatible with the horse and the tiger. Your opposite is the dragon.",
"1910, 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, 2018, 2030 Pig or Boar (Hai) Gallant and noble, your friends will remain at your side. Compatible with the rabbit and the sheep. Your opposite is the snake. 1911, 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007, 2019, 2031 Chinese Calendar Society and Culture > Calendar & Holidays > Calendars The Chinese Calendar The Chinese lunisolar calendar is divided into 12 months of 29 or 30 days. The calendar is adjusted to the length of the solar year by the addition of extra months at regular intervals. The years are arranged in major cycles of 60 years. Each successive year is named after one of 12 animals.",
"(Learn more about the Chinese Zodiac .) These 12-year cycles are continuously repeated. The Chinese New Year is celebrated at the second new moon after the winter solstice and falls between January 21 and February 19 on the Gregorian calendar . The year 2010 translates to the Chinese year 4707–4708. The year 2011 translates to the Chinese year 4708–4709. Rat Chinese Horoscopes and New Year FIND YOUR BIRTH YEAR ANIMAL! According to the Chinese calendar, the year you were born may determine your personality. Every year is represented by an animal, and legend has it that people born under that animal have certain personality traits. So just for fun, find your birth year and that year's animal, and see what some people believe it says about you. Do the same for your friends, parents, relatives, and teachers! Sheep Can Recognize Faces Year of the Sheep/Goat The Real Thing Timid sheep graze in flocks to guard against predators. Sheep have good memories; they can recognize many other sheep faces and remember them for two years. They can also remember human faces.",
"Most are raised for their wool. Born a Sheep/Goat? At your best when people who admire you flock to your side, you stick by your friends. You are artistic, creative, and like to look good. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Sheep/Goat! 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003, 2015 Year of the Rat The Real Thing Most rats are highly adaptable. They can live just about anywhere and eat just about anything. Before brown rats leave their underground burrows, these clever creatures send one rat ahead to make sure danger isn't lurking outside. Born a Rat? You welcome challenges and enjoy learning about new things. Funny and smart, you are generous and will protect your pack of friends. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Rat!",
"1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, 2008 Rats Are Adaptable Year of the Ox The Real Thing Oxen have been known to pull loads of 11,284 pounds (5,118 kilograms). People value their strength as well as their work ethic. An ox's horns can grow to be more than 20 inches (51 centimeters) long. Born an Ox? You approach projects in a step-by-step manner, wanting to do things right the first time. Shy but dependable, you are caring and trustworthy and never lose sight of your goal. If you were born in any of these years, you're an Oxen! 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, 2009 Year of the Tiger The Real Thing The largest of the big cats, tigers hunt alone. They secretly stalk prey, then leap and attack when the time seems right. Dinner still escapes most of the time. Born a Tiger?",
"You're a natural leader but often like to do things by yourself. (That's how you stay in charge!) You believe in fighting for what's right, even if you'll lose in the end. If you were born in any of these years, you're a tiger! 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010 Tigers Hunt Alone Year of the Rabbit The Real Thing Rabbits normally give birth to about six babies at once and often live in groups. Their long ears help them cool off by lowering the temperature of the blood that circulates through them. Born a Rabbit? Well-liked and popular, you have a large circle of family and friends. You are very protective of them, and they protect you back. You tend to keep your cool and avoid conflicts. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Rabbit!",
"1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, 2011 Year of the Dragon The Real Thing The mythical dragon is a symbol of power and good fortune in Chinese culture. One of the most popular figures in Chinese art, the dragon is believed to be a combination of nine animals, including a frog, a tiger, an eagle, and a fish. Born a Dragon? You go out of your way to help your friends, who often seek you out for advice. Your outgoing personality helps you get along with many types of people. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Dragon! 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, 2012 Dragons Are Mythical Year of the Snake The Real Thing Snakes have great instincts. Some \"play dead\" to fool predators, and most sense prey by detecting ground vibrations.",
"They can take more than an hour to swallow a meal, and they become inactive for up to two weeks before they shed their skin. Born a Snake? You rely on your instincts before asking others their opinions. At times you want to take a break from the action. It's not that you're lazy—sometimes you just like to think. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Snake! 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, 2013 Year of the Horse The Real Thing A horse sleeps only about three hours a day. Intelligent, most can sense nervousness in people. Born a Horse? You have loads of energy and love adventure. You take charge and understand people, so you know how to work a crowd. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Horse!",
"1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, 2014 Horses Are Intelligent Year of the Monkey The Real Thing Social and playful, monkeys show affection and friendship by picking bugs and dirt out of each other's fur. These animals use their hands and feet to grip objects and climb trees. Some even have tails that can grab items as small as peanuts. Born a Monkey? Swinging from one group of friends to another, you love to have a good time. You like to entertain your friends by showing off your talents, and they appreciate your cleverness and sense of humor. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Monkey! 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004, 2016 Monkeys Are Clever Year of the Rooster The Real Thing The rooster's loud cock-a-doodle-doo attracts females and warns other males to stay away.",
"The red comb on his head may help other roosters identify him, and it also sets him apart from other bird species. Born a Rooster? You are practical and resourceful, and you use what you have to succeed without taking a lot of risks. A hard worker, you say what's on your mind and have a sense of style that sets you apart. If you were born in any of these years, you're a Rooster! 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005, 2017 Year of the Dog The Real Thing A dog's supersensitive ears can hear a noise about 100 yards (91.44 meters) away that a person couldn't hear more than 25 yards (22.86 meters) away. Its strong sense of smell helps it do things like find lost people or sniff out bad guys. Born a Dog? You're a great listener who can keep a secret. Loyal to your friends, you have a keen sense of right and wrong and stick to what you believe in.",
"If you were born in any of these years, you're a Dog! 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006 Dogs Have Super-Sensitive Ears Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal continue reading below our video Tips for Taking Better Travel Photos Chinese New Year Cow Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 2. Cow Birth Years for the Cow Zodiac Sign: 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997 Patient, reliable and loyal, cows are happiest when their life and relationships are stable. They tend to form strong and long lasting friendships and often have a small but solid circle of friends. While usually relaxed, cows can be apprehensive of change and this fear can make them sensitive to criticism and unwilling to accept other people’s opinions. Chinese New Year Tiger Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 3.",
"Tiger Birth Years for the Tiger Zodiac Sign: 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998 Passionate about life, Tigers tend to act before they think and throw all their energies into every situation headlong. Supremely confident, they breed confidence in those around them and are natural born leaders and great orators. But their hot and cold emotions mean they are easily bored and change their mind and opinions frequently. They warm to people quickly and usually have a wide circle of friends, but can often be too easily influenced. Chinese New Year Rabbit Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 4. Rabbit Birth Years for the Rabbit Zodiac Sign : 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999 One of the noblest signs, rabbits are considered principled and honorable and often gain the admiration of those around them.",
"They care deeply about family and friends and their kindness and sympathy for others means they have long and strong relationships. Inscrutability honest and with a talent for dealing with people, they can often rise to positions of influence. Their good intentions can make them a soft target for people to take advantage of their charity and sympathy, and their gullibility can lead them into trouble. Chinese New Year Dragon Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 5. Dragon Birth Years for the Dragon Zodiac Sign: 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000 The red blooded dragon is one of the strongest signs in the Chinese zodiac and their tireless spirit can often bring them success. Their backbone and resolve means they are often turned to in times of crisis, and they can be relied upon to help out others. Their bravery means there are few situations they cannot over come. Driving them is a fiery temperament and it can make them impulsive and impetuous. They dislike routines and are regularly searching for new challenges and opportunities. Chinese New Year Snake Zodiac Sign.",
"Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 6. Snake Birth Years for the Snake Zodiac Sign: 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001 Naturally intelligent, snakes have a thirst for knowledge and education giving them a wisdom that makes them prudent and rational when it comes to both money and relationships. They rarely make snap decisions, preferring to be patient, weigh up the pros and cons before choosing the right course. Their cool, calm and collected approach to life snakes cope with stress well but it can make them seem emotionally detached and they struggle to express themselves. Chinese New Year Horse Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 7. Horse Birth Years for the Horse Zodiac Sign: 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002 Full of wit and personality, horses revel in being the center of attention, and their outgoing and sociable behavior means they usually have a wide circle of friends.",
"They usually have little difficulty in attracting the opposite sex but quickly fall in love and relationships can often be intense and short; ending in heartbreak. In a relationship or not, horses like to be independent and their can do attitude and belief in themselves can often drive them to success. Chinese New Year Goat Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 8. Sheep Birth Years for the Sheep Zodiac Sign: 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003 Always thoughtful and kind to those around them, sheep value deep links to family friends and are unselfish in putting other people first. Gentle in their personality, sheep tend to have an affinity for culture and are often creatively gifted. Their sensitivity and concern makes them deep thinkers, but also worriers, and they are easily stressed and often tense. Chinese New Year Monkey Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 9.",
"Monkey Birth Years for the Monkey Zodiac Sign: 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004 Combining confidence, charisma and a dash of cuteness, monkeys are usually the life and soul of the party and popular with friends and potential partners. Imaginative with an ability to think creatively, adventurous and restless, they can seem rebellious, unwilling to accept authority, but their inquisitive nature, imagination and ability to think outside the box often makes them gifted at overcoming challenges and striving under stress. Their natural talents may sometimes be lost to laziness and they can seem condescending and egotistical. Chinese New Year Chicken Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 10.",
"Rooster Birth Years for the Rooster Zodiac Sign: 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005 With high expectations and high standards, roosters demand the best for themselves and are tenacious in doing whatever it takes to achieve their goals. While their ideals may seem impossibly ambitious, their approach to life is practical, disciplined and hard working. Sharp and capable, they conquer the obstacles that face them resolutely and are unflappable in a crisis. Roosters take failure very personally and can be highly critical of themselves and others around them; sometimes showing insensitivity. Chinese New Year Dog Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 11. Dog Birth Years for the Dog Zodiac Sign: 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006 The eternal optimists, dogs always see the best in themselves and others and have a naturally happy disposition.",
"Their enthusiasm is infectious and can inspire others to look towards them for leadership. While they value loyalty and are trusting of others, they are easily jealous and are unforgiving after disagreements and arguments. An innate stubbornness also means they will rarely admit when they are wrong. Chinese New Year Pig Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 12. Pig Birth Years for the Pig Zodiac Sign: 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007 The down to earth pig is instantly likable and can always be relied upon for their honesty and sense of fair play. Their friendliness and compassion make them excellent at dealing with people and they are an excellent judge of character. Despite their belief in other people they can often underestimate themselves and often --- wrongly --- feel they lack the skills or talent to achieve what they want most in life. Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese New Year Dates Today's Horoscope The Chinese Lunar calendar follows a 12 year cycle and each of the 12 years is represented by 12 Animals which form the Chinese Zodiac.",
"After every 12 years the Chinese Calendar repeats itself. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig. • Chinese New Year Dates - Chinese new year dates as per English calendar Chinese Years - Chinese Animal Years List Given below is a list of all the years starting from the year 1900 to 2100 sorted according to the Chinese Animal they represent. For example, the Years listed under the column rat represent the Chinese Year of the Rat, likewise, Chinese Year of the Tiger, Chinese Year of the Hare etc... Rat 2103 Chinese New Year - Chinese New Year Date When in Chinese New Year 2018 or 2019? What is the English date corresponding to Chinese New Year date? Given below is the Chinese New Year dates of all Years between 2005 and 2020. Chinese New year date in English calendar format and English new year date in Chinese Year Format. Chinese new year date as per English calendar English date corresponding to Chinese new year i.e., first day of first Chinese month of each year.",
"Chinese New Year 2011 - February 3, 2011 Chinese New Year 2012 - January 23, 2012 Chinese New Year 2013 - February 10, 2013 Chinese New Year 2014 - January 31, 2014 Chinese New Year 2015 - February 19, 2015 Chinese New Year 2016 - February 8, 2016 Chinese New Year 2017 - January 28, 2017 Chinese New Year 2018 - February 16, 2018 Chinese New Year 2019 - February 5, 2019 Chinese New Year 2020 - January 25, 2020 Chinese New Year 2021 - February 12, 2021 Chinese New Year 2022 - February 1, 2022 Chinese New Year 2023 - January 22, 2023 Chinese New Year 2024 - February 10",
", 2024 Chinese New Year 2025 - January 29, 2025 Chinese New Year 2026 - February 17, 2026 New year date as per Chinese calendar year Chinese date corresponding to English new year i.e., January 1.",
"January, 1 2012 is 8-12-4709 January, 1 2013 is 20-11-4710 January, 1 2014 is 1-12-4711 January, 1 2015 is 11-11-4712 January, 1 2016 is 22-11-4713 January, 1 2017 is 4-12-4714 January, 1 2018 is 15-11-4715 January, 1 2019 is 26-11-4716 January, 1 2020 is 7-12-4717 January, 1 2021 is 18-11-4718 January, 1 2022 is 29-11-4719 January, 1 2023 is 10-12-4720 January, 1 202",
"4 is 20-11-4721 January, 1 2025 is 2-12-4722 January, 1 2026 is 13-11-4723 January, 1 2027 is 24-11-4724 Chinese Calendar is the traditional astrology calendar of the Chinese people.",
"Many of the chinese festivals and Government Holidays are determined based on the Chinese Calendar. The months of the Chinese Calendar is a sixty year cycle. Chinese Animal Year / Chinese Zodiac Calendar Chinese calendar related links Chinese Zodiac: 12 Animal Signs, Calculator, Origin, App Zi Shi: 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. This is the time rats actively seek food. Ox Chou Shi: 1 to 3 a.m. This is the time that oxen ruminate. Tiger Yin Shi: 3 to 5 a.m. Tigers hunt prey and display fiercest nature. Rabbit Mao Shi: 5 to 7 a.m. The Jade Rabbit on the moon is busy pounding medicinal herb with a pestle. Dragon Chen Shi: 7 to 9 a.m. Dragons are hover in the sky at that time to give people rainfall. Snake Si Shi: 9 to 11 a.m. Snakes start to leave their burrows. Horse Wu Shi: 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. With the sun high above, other animals are lying down for a noon break while the unconstrained horse is still vigorous. Sheep Wei Shi: 1 to 3 p.m.",
"It is said that if sheep ate grass at this time, they would grow stronger. Monkey Shen Shi: 3 to 5 p.m. Monkeys become lively. You Shi: 5 to 7 p.m. Roosters return to their roost as it is dark. Dog Xu Shi: 7 to 9 p.m. Dogs begin to carry out their duty to guard entrances. Pig Exploring Chinese History :: Features :: Chinese Lunar Calendar :: Zodiac Animals The Legend of the Animals Many centuries ago, the Chinese had no means to measure time. The Yellow Jade Emperor, the Emperor of Heaven, decided to arrange a contest. He invited all animals to a race on his birthday. The first 12 animals who cross the swift current river and reach the designated shore would be assigned to the 12 Zodiac Years. The cat and the rat, who were once good friends and poor swimmers, convinced the ox to carry them across the river. Being naive, gullible, good-natured, the powerful swimmer ox agreed. As they were crossing the river, the rat was worried that the cat might win the race; so the rat pushed the cat into the river.",
"This explains why cats hate rats, because they never forgave the rat for the incident. Right before the ox and the rat reached the shore, the rat jumped off the ox's back and took first place in the race. As the Jade Emperor named the ox as the 2nd zodiac animal, the tiger reached the finished line. Panting his way toward the Jade Emperor, the tiger explained that he had difficulty crossing the river because the current kept pushing him down stream. With his powerful strength, he was able to reach the shore safely. The Emperor recorded the tiger as the 3rd zodiac animal. From a distance, the crowd heard a thumping noise. Twitching its pinkish nose, the rabbit told the crowd that he had to hop from one stone to another in order to cross the river. Luckily, he was able to get hold of a floating log which finally washed him to shore. The Emperor named the rabbit, the 4th zodiac animal. In the 5th place came the dragon flying and belching fire in the air. Jade Emperor was very curious as to why the dragon came in late for he can fly and swim.",
"Because the mighty dragon could not bare to see his people and all the creatures on earth suffer a drought, he had to stop to make rain. When he reached the river, he spotted a helpless little rabbit clutching tightly to a log, so he gave a little puff and blew the log with the rabbit on it to the shore. Just as the Jade Emperor complimented the dragon for his consideration, he heard the horse whining and galloping. From out of the horse's hoof sneaked a shrewd slimy snake. The sudden appearance and the hissing of the snake startled the horse and made him jump backwards, thus forcing the horse to fall in 7th place and the snake to take the 6th place in the race. From a distance, approached the sheep, the monkey, and the rooster. The rooster proudly described how he had spotted a raft from a high ground, picked up the sheep, and the monkey. Along the way, the monkey and the sheep helped clear the weeds, pulled and pushed the raft to the shore.",
"The Emperor complimented the trios for their combined efforts and named the sheep the 8th of the zodiac animals, the monkey the 9th, and the rooster the 10th. Just as the Emperor was making the record official, next came the dog . The dog was trying to justify to the Emperor why, being one of the best swimmers, he was late. It turned out that the dog hadn't had a bath for a long time. The river water was so clean and fresh that he had to stop. The dog was recorded as the 11th zodiac animal. Jade Emperor was about to dismiss the crowd and retire from the long day when he heard an oink and a squeal from the little pig who was waddling down the path. Needless to explain, the pig was hungry during the race and he stopped for a feast. After the feast, he felt tired and took a little nap. The little pig made it as the last of the 12th zodiac animals. Another Version of the legend The origins of the 12 animals of Chinese astrology are unclear.",
"One legend holds that Buddha invited all the earth's animals to a gathering before his final departure, and these 12 were the only animals that showed up. As a token of his appreciation, Buddha named a year after each of them in the order in which they arrived."
] |
What was Kevin Kline's first movie?
|
Sophie's Choice
|
[
"Sophie's Choice",
"Sophie's Choice (disambiguation)",
"Sophies Choice",
"Sophie's choice"
] | 8,997
|
[
"Kevin Kline’s Best Movies << Movie & TV News and Interviews – Rotten Tomatoes 10. In & Out Howard Brackett (Kevin Kline) seems to have it made — he’s a well-liked English teacher and coach at his small-town high school, with a wedding to his fiancee (Joan Cusack) on the horizon and a former student (Matt Dillon) up for an Academy Award. But Howard’s world comes unglued after his ex-pupil uses the Oscar telecast to tell the world that Howard’s gay — a revelation that proves shocking for everyone, most of all Howard, who thinks of himself as heterosexual. A comedy of errors ensues, ably supported by a cast that also includes Tom Selleck and Bob Newhart, and although it’s a premise that probably wouldn’t fly today, it was handled so nimbly by director Frank Oz and writer Paul Rudnick that most critics couldn’t complain too much. “A man questioning his own sexuality does not seem like the ideal topic for a comedy,” admitted Cinematter’s Madeleine Williams. “But with a good script, and plenty of humor, In & Out tackles this touchy subject matter with aplomb.” 76% 9.",
"Silverado Once you cast Brian Dennehy as your movie’s bad guy, you’ve won half the battle. Fortunately for Silverado director/co-writer Lawrence Kasdan, he also managed to line up a pretty capable cast of heroes for his stylishly assembled Western. Kevin Kline, Kevin Costner, Scott Glenn and Danny Glover all saddled up and rode against Dennehy’s crooked sheriff, and even the supporting cast managed to shine, with memorable turns from Jeff Goldblum, Linda Hunt, and Rosanna Arquette. Westerns weren’t exactly in vogue during the mid-’80s — especially ones as unabashedly retro as this one — but according to most critics, Silverado made it work; as Roger Ebert wrote, “This is a story, you will agree, that has been told before. What distinguishes Kasdan’s telling of it is the style and energy he brings to the project.” 80% 8. The Pirates of Penzance The next time you find yourself wondering why more big movies don’t premiere on-demand at the same time they’re in theaters, think about The Pirates of Penzance.",
"A film adaptation of the Broadway hit, starring most of the original stage cast, it bowed to widely positive reviews; problem was, it had a hard time holding on to theatrical engagements due to Universal’s decision to simultaneously send the movie to a pay-TV service. Thus did ticked-off theater owners opt to shun our cinematic Pirates, and lo did the audience suffer — at least in the estimation of most critics, who felt that the cast (including Kline, Linda Ronstadt, Angela Lansbury, and Rex Smith) did a fine job of bringing the stage musical to the screen. In addition to a “well made musical,” Michael A. Smith of Nolan’s Pop Culture Review deemed it “Proof that Kline can do ANYTHING!” 81% 7. Cry Freedom The life of legendary anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko got its big-screen due with Richard Attenborough’s Cry Freedom, starring Denzel Washington as Biko and Kline as Biko’s journalist friend Donald Woods, whose books formed the basis for John Briley’s screenplay.",
"Although it arrived at a moment when the South African government’s racially oppressive policies were under particularly harsh scrutiny on the international stage, Freedom‘s stark drama proved a tough sell for American filmgoers, who mostly failed to turn out during its theatrical run. Critics found it problematic due to what Roger Ebert termed its “liberal yuppie” focus, although he went on to admit, “Cry Freedom is a sincere and valuable movie, and despite my fundamental reservations about it, I think it probably should be seen.” 79% 6. Sophie’s Choice One of the heaviest Holocaust movies of the 1980s, Sophie’s Choice found writer/director Alan J. Pakula adapting William Styron’s heartbreaking novel into an equally shattering film, starring Meryl Streep as the titular protagonist, Kline as her emotionally unwell lover, and Peter MacNicol as the young novelist whose arrival at their Brooklyn boarding house coincides with a particularly fraught period in their lives. While its sad story and deliberate pace proved an unappealing blend for some scribes, most critics were won over by the movie’s stellar performances, led by Streep’s Oscar-winning work.",
"“Though it’s far from a flawless movie, Sophie’s Choice is a unified and deeply affecting one,” wrote Janet Maslin for the New York Times, “thanks in large part to Miss Streep’s bravura performance, it’s a film that casts a powerful, uninterrupted spell.” 81% 5. Grand Canyon In 1991, Kline reunited with his Silverado director Lawrence Kasdan for a very different kind of project: Grand Canyon, a thoughtful ensemble drama about a group of Los Angelenos (including Kline’s Silverado castmate Danny Glover) thrown together across racial backgrounds and class lines. Though not without superficial similarities to Kasdan’s 1983 hit The Big Chill, Canyon found the writer/director in a gloomier state of mind, observing the country’s widening income gap with just enough compassion to overcome his script’s more heavy-handed moments. “Even when he wasn’t trying, Kasdan’s camera found tragedy, as with the opening footage of Magic Johnson, filmed before anybody knew he had the AIDS virus,” observed the Washington Post’s Rita Kempley. “The filmmaker and his team have truly caught society on the verge.” 81% 4.",
"A Prairie Home Companion One of America’s longest-running radio programs celebrated its 31st birthday in style with this Robert Altman-directed ensemble dramedy, an artful blend of fact and fiction that dramatizes one very important night behind the scenes. Completed mere months before Altman’s death, it provided a worthy closing statement for one of Hollywood’s most dignified careers — and gave Harrelson an opportunity to rub shoulders with a cast that included Meryl Streep, Lily Tomlin, Tommy Lee Jones, John C. Reilly, and Kline. “It sparkles with a magic all its own as an engagingly performed piece of Midwestern whimsy and stoicism,” wrote Andrew Sarris for the New York Observer, adding, “Mr. Altman’s flair for ensemble spectacle and seamless improvisation in the midst of utter chaos is as apparent as ever.” 84% 3.",
"The Ice Storm He probably wasn’t the first director that anyone expected to weigh in with a trenchant observation on the American cultural mores of the 1970s, but that’s exactly what Ang Lee did with 1997’s The Ice Storm — an impeccably cast, sensitively filmed adaptation of the acclaimed Rick Moody novel about the largely unspoken divisions festering in a well-to-do suburban Connecticut family headed up by former Dave castmates Kevin Kline and Sigourney Weaver. Replete with sadness and populated by deeply flawed characters, Storm could have been an unintentional parody of the 1990s indie scene in less capable hands — but instead, as Rick Groen wrote for the Globe and Mail, it’s “a remarkable film that takes us straight into John Updike territory, duplicating on screen exactly what the writer achieves on the page.” 93% 2.",
"A Fish Called Wanda Kline picked up a Best Supporting Actor Academy Award for his work in A Fish Called Wanda, a feat made all the more impressive by the stellar company he’d been keeping onscreen — with a cast that included Jamie Lee Curtis, John Cleese, and Michael Palin, this heist caper about bumbling jewel thieves boasted one of the decade’s more remarkable comedic pedigrees. Cleese, who wrote the script and co-directed with Charles Chrichton (both earning Oscar nominations along the way), put all these ingredients to work in the best way — namely, by bringing some very funny people together and giving them some very silly things to do. “Wanda defies gravity, in both senses of the word, and redefines a great comic tradition,” marveled TIME Magazine’s Richard Schickel. 94% Kevin Kline - Kevin Kline - Pictures - CBS News Kevin Kline Next Kevin Kline Actor Kevin Kline poses for a portrait during the 2010 Sundance Film Festival, January 25, 2010 in Park City, Utah.",
"The two-time Tony Award-winner, and the Oscar-winning star of such films as \"Sophie's Choice,\" \"The Big Chill,\" \"A Fish Called Wanda\" and \"The Ice Storm,\" has proven himself one of the most versatile stage and screen actors - adept at tortured drama, light-footed musical comedy, and everything in-between. His most recent film is the buddy comedy, \"Last Vegas,\" starring opposite three actors who are no slouches themselves: Michael Douglas, Robert De Niro and Morgan Freeman. By CBSNews.com senior producer David Morgan Credit: Matt Carr/Getty Images \"Last Vegas\" In the 2013 comedy, \"Last Vegas,\" Robert De Niro, Morgan Freeman and Kevin Kline arrive in Sin City for the bachelor party of their childhood buddy (Michael Douglas). \"In the 'Last Vegas' trailer, it says, 'Four legends come together,'\" said CBS News correspondent Tracy Smith.",
"\"What's it like to hear that word applied to you?\" \"It's a lovely advertising ploy,\" Kline laughed, \"and I love being lumped in with these 'four icons, four legends' -- three legends and Kline.\" \"People would argue with you about that.\" \"I have not done nearly the amount of, sort of commercially successful movies that these guys have.\" \"Is that what makes a legend?\" \"Apparently -- so it has nothing to do with talent!\" he laughed. Credit: CBS Films \"Last Vegas\" Left: \"Kevin Kline\" in \"Last Vegas.\" When asked by Tracy Smith about his choice of film roles and whether he hasn't done as many commercially successful moves as his \"Last Vegas\" costars. \"Is that by design that you haven't done as many commercially successful moves as the other guys?\" Smith asked. \"Yes, I've avoided success as much as possible,\" he replied. \"It's a family thing. It's partially my own doing, but I mean, Morgan [Freeman] and I just shared the same agent for 35 years, [who] used to say, 'Why don't you want to do this movie?",
"This is going to be a very commercially successful movie.' And I'd say, 'I'm sure it is, but I think it's crap, I'm sorry.' \"I just try to do what interests me at the moment. And I've made a lot of probably stupid career choices!\" Credit: CBS Films Juilliard Left: Kevin Kline (center) in a production of \"School for Scandal\" at the Juilliard School, 1971. Born and raised in St. Louis, Kline studied music at Indiana University before coming to New York as part of the Juilliard School's very first drama class. Kline followed Juilliard by joining John Houseman's The Acting Company, which toured doing such plays as \"The Three Sisters\" and \"Measure for Measure.\" \"It was God sent,\" Kline said. \"We were all handed our Equity cards and sent out on the road doing great plays. But my agent would always say, 'Can we now get serious ... 'cause no one knows who you are, you're out there.' Even though we'd have three or four-week seasons in New York, most the time we spent touring -- you weren't establishing a reputation in New York.",
"And so when I finally left the company after four years, it was back to square one.\" Credit: Stephen Aaron//Juilliard School \"The Pirates of Penzance\" Left: Rex Smith, Linda Ronstadt and Kevin Kline in the Broadway production of Gilbert & Sullivan's \"The Pirates of Penzance\" (1981). Kline, as the Pirate King, won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical. Kline told CBS News correspondent Tracy Smith that he initially resisted doing \"Pirates\" because, two years earlier, he'd done another musical on Broadway with a lot of physical comedy, \"On the Twentieth Century,\" and feared he'd be pegged as a musical comedy actor. \"But I got sort of talked into it, and it was a good thing,\" he said, \"because Alan Pakula saw me in it and cast me in 'Sophie's Choice.' It actually started my movie career, ironically.\" Credit: Martha Swope/Courtesy of Elektra Records \"Sophie's Choice\" Meryl Streep as a Polish immigrant and Holocaust survivor, and Kevin Kline as Nathan Landau, her erratic lover, in \"Sophie's Choice\" (1982).",
"Credit: Universal Pictures \"The Big Chill\" Kevin Kline co-starred with William Hurt in \"The Big Chill\" (1983), the first of several films Kline would do with writer-director Lawrence Kasdan. Credit: Columbia Pictures Kevin Kline, with Scott Glenn, in the 1985 western, \"Silverado.\" Credit: Columbia Pictures \"Violets Are Blue\" Kevin Kline played an old flame who rekindles romance with Sissy Spacek in the 1986 drama, \"Violets Are Blue.\" Credit: Columbia Pictures \"Cry Freedom\" Kevin Kline played South African journalist Donald Woods and Oscar-nominee Denzel Washington starred as anti-apartheid activist Stephen Biko in the 1987 drama, \"Cry Freedom.\" Credit: Universal Pictures \"A Fish Called Wanda\" Michael Palin, Jamie Lee Curtis, John Cleese and Kevin Kline in the 1988 comedy, \"A Fish Called Wanda.\" Kline played the erratic thief Otto, whom you better not call stupid.",
"Credit: MGM \"A Fish Called Wanda\" Kevin Kline gleefully tortures fish lover Michael Palin (with fish and chips!) in \"A Fish Called Wanda.\" Kline won the Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his performance -- a rarity for a comedy film. And he did manage to thank his wife in his acceptance speech. \"At the very last moment!\" he said. \"We'd only been married for about two weeks at that point. And then the music started to play. Oh, and, and my wife, thank you!\" Credit: MGM Phoebe Cates & Kevin Kline Actors Kevin Kline and Phoebe Cates arrive at the 62nd Annual Golden Globe Awards at the Beverly Hilton Hotel January 16, 2005 in Beverly Hills, California. Kline and Cates, who had starred in \"Fast Times at Ridgemont High,\" first met briefly during auditions for \"The Big Chill\" (she was up for the role that went to Meg Tilly), but lightning didn't strike until a few months later, when both were in separate plays in New York. \"I was upstairs rehearsing that, and she was downstairs rehearsing that, and [we] met in the hallway,\" Kline recalled.",
"The two married in 1989. Credit: Carlo Allegri/Getty Images \"I Love You to Death\" Kevin Kline played a womanizing pizza shop owner, whose vengeful wife discovers to be distressingly difficult to kill, in the 1990 comedy, \"I Love You to Death,\" directed by Lawrence Kasdan. Credit: TriStar Pictures \"Hamlet\" Kevin Kline as Hamlet, with Dana Ivey as Gertrude, in his 1990 production for PBS of \"Hamlet.\" When asked by Tracy Smith if he ever studied or picked apart his performances afterwards, Kline said no. \"If I'm asked to, I can tell you where I've failed and where it could have been better, sure. I mean, I played Hamlet in two different productions. You can do it ten different times, you're never gonna finish it.\" \"And you're never satisfied?\" Smith asked. \"You can be satisfied, like, 'Yeah, I think that was okay.' 'I got away with it.' Or, 'There were parts of it that -- ' But you cannot be definitive. It's different from night to night, it's different from production to production.",
"It's different one year and then ten years later. If I did 'Hamlet' now, obviously, it's going to be different than it was 30 years ago or whenever I did it. You never 'finish' a great masterpiece of Shakespeare's or Chekhov's.\" \"It's always a work-in-progress?\" \"Yeah, and it's open to interpretation. I mean, somewhere I read that Jane Austen used to read 'Hamlet' every year just to kind of know where she was in her life by how she responded. The same way for an actor. You want to find out where you're at? Play Hamlet this year. Once a year. Because you're forced to reckon with some of the larger question. But you're not gonna say, 'Oh, I nailed that one!'\" he laughed.",
"Credit: PBS/\"Great Performances\" Kevin Kline and Sally Field in the 1991 comedy, \"Soapdish.\" Credit: Paramount Pictures \"Grand Canyon\" Kevin Kline played an immigration lawyer and Steve Martin as a producer of violent Hollywood films, who each experience life-changing events, in Lawrence Kasdan's 1991 ensemble drama, \"Grand Canyon.\" Credit: 20th Century Fox \"Chaplin\" Kevin Kline played Hollywood star Douglas Fairbanks opposite Robert Downey Jr. as Charlie Chaplin in the 1992 biography, \"Chaplin.\" Credit: TriStar Pictures \"Consenting Adults\" Kevin Kline re-teamed with his \"Sophie's Choice\" director, Alan J. Pakula, for the 1992 thriller, \"Consenting Adults.\" Kevin Spacey co-starred as a neighbor not to be trusted, with Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Kline's wife.",
"Credit: Buena Vista Pictures \"Dave\" Kevin Kline is hired to impersonate the president of the United States, who has been incapacitated by a stroke and hidden away by White House officials, in the 1993 comedy, \"Dave.\" Credit: Warner Brothers \"Dave\" Kevin Kline pretends to be the president of the United States, and Sigourney Weaver plays his unsuspecting first lady, in the 1993 comedy, \"Dave.\" Credit: Warner Brothers \"Princess Caraboo\" Kevin Kline and Phoebe Cates co-starred in the 1994 historical drama \"Princess Caraboo.\" Though Cates later appeared with Kline (along with their two children) in the 2001 film, \"The Anniversary Party,\" she pretty much retired from acting following the birth of her first child, in 1991. Kline told Smith he admired Cates' decision: \"It was always one of the things I admired about Phoebe. She loved acting, but it wasn't her life. Once she had children, that was it. For me, [acting] was everything; I had no life.",
"It's just acting.\" \"So did she show you that there was life beyond acting?\" Smith asked. \"Yeah, I think so. I think it even started once you're married; your decisions aren't just yours anymore. And Phoebe and I, before we had children, would take turns. We're not stupid enough to say, 'Sure, you can go off and do that movie for four months and I'm gonna go off and do this movie for six months and it's not gonna hurt our relationship.' It's like, get real.\" Credit: TriStar Pictures \"In and Out\" Kevin Kline dances unabashedly to \"I Will Survive,\" in a test of his masculinity, in the comedy, \"In and Out\" (1997). \"They brought in a brilliant choreographer, and I said to [director] Frank Oz, 'This is not about choreography. This is a private moment, a man in his living room dancing to music and I can't be thinking about choreography. It has to be sloppy and crazy.' \"But we arrived at a sort of compromise.",
"A guy gave me a couple [moves], 'This is what is going on in all the gay clubs right now\" - which I then argued, 'Yeah, but my character doesn't go to gay clubs, so he wouldn't know that.' But maybe intuitively! \"It took two days to shoot that. I had a canister of oxygen, to do that over and over and over. It was a much longer sequence. I was doing ballet and Martha Graham and Paul Taylor and all kinds of crazy moves. But again, I did it and I thought, 'Well, this will never make it to the movie, it's too outrageous' - and it's the thing that most people seem to remember.\" Credit: Paramount Pictures \"The Ice Storm\" Ang Lee's 1997 drama, \"The Ice Storm,\" adapted from Rick Moody's novel, told of the wreckage caused by loose sexual mores among a group of Connecticut families in the early 1970s. Kevin Kline starred with Joan Allen (as his wife) and Sigourney Weaver (as someone else's wife).",
"Credit: Fox Searchlight Pictures \"A Midsummer Nigh's Dream\" Kevin Kline as Bottom and Michelle Pfeiffer as Titania in Michael Hoffman's 1999 film version of Shakespeare's \"A Midsummer Night's Dream.\" Credit: Fox Searchlight Pictures \"Wild, Wild West\" Will Smith and Kevin Kline engage in some blue screen acrobatics during production of the 1999 big-screen version of the Old West/sci-fi series, \"Wild, Wild West.\" Credit: Warner Brothers \"Life as a House\" Kevin Kline starred as a terminally-ill architect who embarks on a project to build a new home on the California shore, while also seeking to repair his family relationships, in the 2001 drama, \"Life as a House.\" Credit: New Line Cinema Kevin Kline Dozens of children who suffer juvenile diabetes crowd the floor of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee hearing to hear testimony on combating the disease June 26, 2001 in Washington, D.C. Testifying (background left to right) are Katie Zucker, age 13; actor Kevin Kline; actress Mary Tyler Moore; astronaut James Lovell; and actor Jonathan Lipnicki.",
"Credit: Mike Theiler/Getty Images \"The Emperor's Club\" Kevin Kline played a school teacher at an Andover, Mass., prep school in the 2002 drama, \"The Emperor's Club.\" Among his charges were Emile Hirsch and Jesse Eisenberg. Credit: Universal Pictures Glenn Close & Kevin Kline Kevin Kline and Glenn Close (who played husband and wife in \"The Big Chill\") attend the after-party for the opening of \"Henry IV,\" held on November 20, 2003 in New York City. Credit: Peter Kramer/Getty Images \"De-Lovely\" Kevin Kline starred as composer Cole Porter int he 2004 bio-pic, \"De-Lovely,\" directed by Irwin Winkler. Credit: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer \"De-Lovely\" The cast and crew of \"De-Lovely\" pose stage during the Closing Night Concert at the Palais de festival on the last night of the 57th Cannes Film Festival on May 22, 2004 in Cannes, France.",
"Credit: Carlo Allegri/Getty Images \"De-Lovely\" Actor Kevin Kline and musician Alanis Morissette sit backstage and watch the \"De-Lovely\" Closing Night Concert on the beach at the Palais de Festival during the 57th Annual International Cannes Film Festival May 22, 2004 in Cannes, France. Credit: Carlo Allegri/Getty Images Kevin Kline & Sigourney Weaver Kevin Kline and Sigourney Weaver pose at the ceremony honoring Kline with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on December 3, 2004 in Hollywood, Calif. Credit: Vince Bucci/Getty Images \"The Squid & the Whale\" From left: Director Noah Baumbach, actor Owen Kline, and his father, actor Kevin Kline, attend the film premiere of \"The Squid and the Whale,\" during the New York Film Festival at Alice Tully Hall, September 26, 2005 in New York City.",
"Credit: Evan Agostini/Getty Images \"A Prairie Home Companion\" Garrison Keillor's long-running NPR radio series, \"A Prairie Home Companion,\" was turned into a 2006 film of on-stage music and backstage intrigues by director Robert Altman. Kevin Kline starred as Guy Noir, Private Eye, who encounters singing cowboys John C. Reilly and Woody Harrelson. Credit: New Line Cinema Lindsay Lohan & Kevin Kline Lindsay Lohan and Kevin Kline attend the premiere of \"A Prairie Home Companion,\" at the DGA Theater, June 4, 2006, in New York City. Credit: Evan Agostini/Getty Images \"The Pink Panther\" In the 2006 remake of \"The Pink Panther,\" Kevin Kline stepped into the role of Chief Inspector Dreyfus opposite Steve Martin's Inspector Clouseau. Credit: MGM \"Cyrano de Bergerac\" Jennifer Garner and Kevin Kline appear on stage after the opening night performance of \"Cyrano De Bergerac,\" at the Richard Rodgers Theatre, November 1, 2007 in New York City.",
"Credit: Stephen Lovekin/Getty Images \"Queen to Play\" In \"Queen to Play\" (2009), Kevin Kline (in his first French-language role) starred as an American who teaches chess to his French hotel maid (Sandrine Bonnaire) who has become obsessed with the game. Credit: Zeitgeist Films \"The Extra Man\" Paul Dano and Kevin Kline starred in the 2010 film, \"The Extra Man,\" based on the novel by Jonathan Ames, about an aspiring writer's relationship with an older playwright. Credit: Magnolia Pictures \"The Conspirator\" Kevin Kline appeared as Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in the 2011 drama, \"The Conspirator.\" Directed by Robert Redford, the film told of the hunt for collaborators to the assassin of President Lincoln. Credit: Lionsgate \"The Conspirator\" From left: Greta Simone Kline, Phoebe Cates and Kevin Kline attend the New York Premiere of \"The Conspirator\" at The Museum of Modern Art on April 11, 2011 in New York City.",
"Credit: Stephen Lovekin/Getty Images \"No Strings Attached\" Kevin Kline played a TV actor and father of Ashton Kutcher in the 2011 romantic comedy, \"No Strings Attached.\" Credit: Paramount Pictures Kevin Kline - Biography - IMDb Kevin Kline Biography Showing all 46 items Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (33) | Personal Quotes (6) | Salary (1) Overview (3) 6' 2\" (1.88 m) Mini Bio (1) Kevin Kline was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to Margaret and Robert Joseph Kline, who owned several stores. His father was of German Jewish descent and his mother was of Irish ancestry. After attending Indiana University in Bloomington, Kline studied at the Juilliard School in New York. In 1972, Kline joined the Acting Company in New York which was run by John Houseman . With this company, Kline performed Shakespeare across the country.",
"On the stage, Kline has won two Tony Awards for his work in the musicals \"On the Twentieth Century\" (1978) and \"The Pirates of Penzance\" (1981). After working on the Television soap Search for Tomorrow (1951), Kline went to Hollywood where his first film was Sophie's Choice (1982). He was nominated for a Golden Globe for his performance. His work in the ensemble cast of The Big Chill (1983) would again be highly successful, so that when Lawrence Kasdan wrote Silverado (1985), Kline would again be part of the cast. With his role as Otto \"Don't call me Stupid!\" West in the film A Fish Called Wanda (1988), Kline would win the Oscar for Supporting Actor. Kline could play classic roles such as Hamlet in Great Performances: Hamlet (1990); or a swashbuckling actor like Douglas Fairbanks in Chaplin (1992); or a comedic role in Soapdish (1991). In all the films that he has worked in, it is hard to find a performance that is not well done.",
"In 1989, Kline married actress Phoebe Cates . - IMDb Mini Biography By: Tony Fontana <[email protected]> Spouse (1) ( 5 March 1989 - present) (2 children) Trade Mark (1) Usually has a mustache in comedies and is clean-shaven in dramas Trivia (33) Has played presidents and their doubles twice to date: he played Dave and President Bill Mitchell in Dave (1993), and Artemus Gordon and President Ulysses S. Grant in Wild Wild West (1999). Has appeared with wife Phoebe Cates and their two children, Owen Kline and Greta Kline , as a family of four in The Anniversary Party (2001). Attended and graduated from the Saint Louis Priory School in St. Louis, Missouri (1965). Received his Bachelor's degree in Speech and Theatre from Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana (1970). Brother of producer Kate Kline May . Turned down the role of Bruce Wayne in Batman (1989), which went to Michael Keaton .",
"In 1975, he met with director Steven Spielberg about playing Matt Hooper in Jaws (1975) (played by Richard Dreyfuss ). Kevin said that he knew someone who was an oceanographer and thought he could play one. Spielberg then told him \"I don't want someone who knows someone who is an oceanographer, I want someone who is an oceanographer.\" Richard Dreyfuss then got the role. Though this appears that his feature debut was in Sophie's Choice (1982), Kline had actually completed The Pirates of Penzance (1983) before going on to co-star with Meryl Streep , but the release of 'Pirates' was sufficiently delayed, enabling 'Sophie' to receive an earlier release. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California December 3, 2004.",
"Won two Tony Awards: in 1978 as Best Actor (Featured Role - Musical) for playing Bruce Granit in \"On the Twentieth Century\", and in 1981 as Best Actor (Musical) for playing The Pirate King in \"The Pirates of Penzance\", a performance he recreated in the film version of the same title, The Pirates of Penzance (1983). He was also nominated in 2004 as Best Actor (Play) for portraying Sir John Falstaff in Shakespeare's \"Henry IV\". Met future wife Phoebe Cates when she auditioned for the role of Chloe in The Big Chill (1983), which eventually went to Meg Tilly . Won an Obie Award in 1980/1981 for his role as The Pirate King in \"The Pirates of Penzance\". The theater at his alma mater, St. Louis Priory School, is named in his honor. Has a star in the St. Louis Walk of Fame located on the Delmar Loop.",
"Inspired the Kevin Kline Mustache Principle, according to movie critic Roger Ebert : Kline always has facial hair in comedies, but is clean-shaven in dramatic roles. There are several exceptions to the rule, most notably In & Out (1997), Silverado (1985), and Wild Wild West (1999) (although in the latter, he did wear a beard and mustache to play President Ulysses S. Grant). Has played dual roles in three of his films: Dave (1993), Wild Wild West (1999) and Fierce Creatures (1997). In each film, one of his characters has to impersonate the other one. Kline is one of the few actors in history to receive the Academy Award for a comedic acting role ( A Fish Called Wanda (1988)). Kevin is the first American actor to receive the Sir John Gielgud Golden Quill Award and was recently honored with the Lucille Lortel Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2004, he was inducted into the Theatre Hall of Fame.",
"The Kevin Kline Awards were first presented on March 20, 2006 in honor of the actor, a St. Louis native and Priory School graduate. The awards recognize outstanding achievement in Professional Theatre in the Greater St. Louis Area. They honor theatre artists and productions in over 20 categories. Earlier in 1998, he was inducted to the St. Louis Wall of Fame. Kevin Kline 's father owned a toy and record store in Clayton, Missouri, called \"The Record Bar\". Studied acting with Michael Howard in New York City. Has appeared with John Cleese in Silverado (1985), A Fish Called Wanda (1988) and Fierce Creatures (1997). He would later appear in The Pink Panther (2006), but was replaced in the sequel by none other than Cleese. His castmate in that film is Steve Martin , with whom he previously appeared in Grand Canyon (1991). Kline went on to appear on stage as Cyrano de Bergerac, while Martin played a modern Cyrano-like character in Roxanne (1987). Speaks French fluently.",
"His father was from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from Germany, and his mother was from an Irish Catholic family. Kevin was raised in his mother's faith. Became a father for the first time at age 43 when his wife Phoebe Cates gave birth to their son Owen Joseph Kline, aka Owen Kline , on October 14, 1991. Became a father for the second time at age 46 when his wife Phoebe Cates gave birth to their daughter Greta Simone Kline, aka Greta Kline , on March 21, 1994. Has two brothers: Chris Kline and Alex Kline. He majored in music for two years at Indiana University but switched to drama. He joined the first class of John Houseman's new drama division at Lincoln Center's Julliard School and became a founding member of Houseman's The Acting Company. Has portrayed two famous movie swashbuckler stars: Douglas Fairbanks in the film Chaplin (1992) and Errol Flynn in the film The Last of Robin Hood (2013).",
"Was considered for the role of Dan Gallagher in Fatal Attraction (1987), which went to Michael Douglas . Kevin is one of the few actors alongside Harrison Ford , Arnold Schwarzenegger , etc. to audition for Alan Parrish for the early development of Jumanji (1995). Has collaborated with director Lawrence Kasdan [to date, September 2015] in cinema movies on six occasions. The films are Silverado (1985), Grand Canyon (1991), French Kiss (1995), The Big Chill (1983), Darling Companion (2012), and I Love You to Death (1990). Personal Quotes (6) It is these children we must admire... Their honesty and bravery are models for us all. Their stories and their role here today - advocating for their cure, their own future - must be heard. - In reference to the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International Children's Congress 2001. I think every American actor wants to be a movie star. But I never wanted to do stupid movies, I wanted to do films.",
"I vowed I would never do a commercial, or a soap opera - both of which I did as soon as I left the Acting Company and was starving. I've never felt completely satisfied with what I've done. I tend to see things too critically. I'm trying to get over that. I've got the Jewish guilt and the Irish shame and it's a hell of a job distinguishing which is which. [on improving his chess game for a role] I can now predict four or five moves ahead. I can see that I'm going to lose much sooner. [on Sophie's Choice (1982)] There was a tremendous ensemble feeling. There was never any sense that anything but what was best for a scene was at stake. We were all treated equally, with a tremendous amount of caring. [1983 interview] When I'm doing a film, I prefer the stage; when I'm working on stage, I prefer film. That doesn't sound neurotic, does it? Seriously, I like them both. They're both different. I've heard of a lot of actors who do both, who have done both for years, say that the stage is more fulfilling.",
"Film is still new enough to me that, right now, I find film more fulfilling. In films, you don't have the audience and the communication and the contact that you do on stage. You have to wait six months or a year before you commune with an audience in a film, and you're not even there when it happens... When you work in a film, you're working in a vacuum... that also has advantages. It's a different sensation which is not altogether unpleasant. Salary (1) Birthplace: St. Louis, Missouri, USA One of the most versatile and respected actors of his generation, Kevin Kline has made a name for himself on the stage and screen. Equally comfortable in comedic and dramatic roles, he is one of those rare actors whose onscreen characterizations are not overshadowed by his offscreen personality; remarkably free of ego, he has impressed both critics and audiences as a performer in the purest sense of the word. A product of the American Midwest, Kline was born in Saint Louis, MO, on October 24, 1947. He became active in theater while growing up in the Saint Louis suburbs, performing in a number of school productions.",
"He continued to act while a student at Indiana University at Bloomington, and following graduation, moved to New York, where he was accepted at the Juilliard School. In 1972, Kline added professional experience to his formal training when he joined New York's Acting Company, led at the time by John Houseman. He toured the country with the company, performing Shakespeare and winning particular acclaim for his portrayals of Romeo and Hamlet. This praise translated to the New York stage a few years later, when Kline won Tony and Drama Desk Awards for his role in the 1978 Broadway production of On the Twentieth Century. Three years later, he earned these same honors for his work in the Broadway production of The Pirates of Penzance (he later reprised his role for the musical's 1983 film adaptation). After a stint on the soap opera Search for Tomorrow, Kline made his film debut in Alan Pakula's 1982 Sophie's Choice. It was an inarguably auspicious beginning: aside from the wide acclaim lavished on the film, Kline earned a Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of Nathan Landau.",
"The following year, he again struck gold, starring in The Big Chill, Lawrence Kasdan's seminal exploration of baby-boomer anxiety. Two years later, Kline and Kasdan enjoyed another successful collaboration with Silverado, an homage to the Westerns of the 1950s and '60s. After turning in a strong performance as a South African newspaper editor in Cry Freedom, Richard Attenborough's powerful 1987 apartheid drama, Kline won a Best Supporting Actor Oscar for his relentlessly hilarious portrayal of dimwitted petty thief Otto West in A Fish Called Wanda (1988). The award gave him international recognition and established him as an actor as adept at comedy as he was at drama, something Kline again proved in Soapdish; the 1991 comedy was a major disappointment, but Kline nonetheless managed to turn in another excellent performance, earning a Golden Globe nomination. The '90s saw Kline -- now a married man, having wed actress Phoebe Cates in 1989 -- continue to tackle a range of diverse roles.",
"In 1992, he could be seen playing Douglas Fairbanks in Chaplin, while the next year he gave a winning portrayal of two men -- one, the U.S. President, the other, his reluctant stand-in -- in Dave, earning another Golden Globe nomination. Kline then appeared in one of his most high-profile roles to date, starring as a sexually conflicted schoolteacher in Frank Oz's 1997 comedy In & Out. His portrayal earned him another Golden Globe nomination, as well as a number of other accolades (including an MTV Award nomination for Best Kiss with Tom Selleck). Further praise followed for Kline the next year, when he turned in a stellar dramatic performance as an adulterous family man in 1973 Connecticut in Ang Lee's The Ice Storm. He then turned back to Shakespeare, portraying Bottom in the star-studded 1999 adaptation of A Midsummer Night's Dream. His work in that film was so well received that it helped to overshadow his involvement in Wild Wild West, one of the most critically lambasted and financially disappointing films of the year. 2001 found Kline returning to straight drama in the introspective Life as a House.",
"The actor continued in this niche the following year, starring as an unorthodox pre Photos"
] |
What day of the week was the Wall Street Crash?
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Thursday
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[
"Thor's Day",
"Guruvaar",
"Thor's day",
"Thursdays",
"Thursday",
"Thurs.",
"Thorsday",
"Jupiter's day"
] | 9,136
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"The Wall Street Crash, 1929 The Wall Street Crash, 1929 Printer Friendly Version >>> The \"Roaring 20s\" that followed the end of World War I was a period of prosperity for most Americans. As the economy grew, stock prices soared. By the end of the decade, as many as 25 million Americans had placed money in the stock market in order to share in the wealth. The best part of the process was that you didn't need a lot of cash to join the party. You could buy your stock on margin. That is, borrow the money for your stock purchase using the value of the stock itself as collateral. It is estimated that by 1929, the total amount of debt amassed by the practice had reached six billion dollars. It was a house of cards that remained erect as long as stocks continued to increase in value. However, if stock prices plummeted, the whole rickety structure could collapse. Variety's headline after the Crash The tremors that would eventually destroy this flimsy economic edifice made their first rumblings in September 1929. The market dropped sharply at the beginning of the month but rose again only to drop and rise again.",
"The rollercoaster ride continued in October as the beginning of the month saw another drop followed by another burst of strength. Then came Black Thursday � October 24 � when a drop in stock prices triggered a burst of panic-selling so frantic that it overwhelmed the Stock Exchange's ability to keep track of the transactions. Wall Street financers were able to reverse the downward plunge only by buying as many shares of stock as they could over the next two days. It was a temporary victory. Monday's opening bell unleashed a frenzy of selling that soon turned into an uncontrolled panic that continued for the rest of the trading day. The following day � Black Tuesday, October 29 � saw the previous day's panic turn into bedlam on the trading floor. According to one observer, traders \"hollered and screamed, they clawed at one another's collars. It was like a bunch of crazy men. Every once in a while, when Radio or Steel or Auburn would take another tumble, you'd see some poor devil collapse and fall to the floor.\" This was the Crash, although few could see it at the time. The Market continued its decline but never as dramatic. Thirty billion dollars had been lost - more than twice the national debt.",
"The nation reeled, and slipped into the depths of the Great Depression. \"This was real panic.\" Jonathan Leonard was a reporter who was on the scene as Wall Street tumbled. We join his story following \"Black Thursday.\" \"That Saturday and Sunday Wall Street hummed with week-day activity. The great buildings were ablaze with lights all night as sleepy clerks fought desperately to get the accounts in shape for the Monday opening. Horrified brokers watched the selling orders accumulate. It wasn't a flood; it was a deluge. Everybody wanted to sell-the man with five shares and the man with ten thousand. Evidently the week-end cheer barrage had not hit its mark. ADVERTISMENT Monday was a rout for the banking pool, which was still supposed to be 'on guard.' If it did any net buying at all, which is doubtful, the market paid little attention. Leading stocks broke through the support levels as soon as trading started and kept sinking all day. Periodically the news would circulate that the banks were about to turn the tide as they had done on Thursday, but it didn't happen. A certain cynicism developed in the board rooms as the day wore on.",
"Obviously the big financial interests had abandoned the market to its fate, probably intending to pick up the fragments cheap when the wreck hit the final bottom. 'Very well,' said the little man, 'I shall do the same.' When the market finally closed, 9,212,800 shares had been sold. The Times index of 25 industrials fell from 367.42 to 318.29. The whole list showed alarming losses, and margin calls were on their way to those speculators who had not already sold out. That night Wall Street was lit up like a Christmas tree. Restaurants, barber shops, and speakeasies were open and doing a roaring business. Messenger boys and runners raced through the streets whooping and singing at the tops of their lungs. Slum children invaded the district to play with balls of ticker tape. Well-dressed gentlemen fell asleep in lunch counters. All the downtown hotels, rooming houses, even flophouses were full of financial employees who usually slept in the Bronx. It was probably Wall Street's worst night. Not only had the day been bad, but everybody down to the youngest office boy had a pretty good idea of what was going to happen tomorrow.",
"Bewildered crowds on Wall Street The morning papers were black with the story of the Monday smash. Except for rather feeble hopes that the great banks would step into the gap they had no heart for cheerful headlines. In the inside pages, however, the sunshine chorus continued as merry as ever. Bankers said that heavy buying had been sighted on the horizon. Brokers were loud with \"technical\" reasons why the decline could not continue. It wasn't only the financial bigwigs who spoke up. Even the outriders of the New Era felt that if everybody pretended to be happy, their phoney smiles would blow the trouble away. Jimmy Walker, for example, asked the movie houses to show only cheerful pictures. True Story Magazine, currently suffering from delusions of grandeur, ran full page advertisements in many papers urging all wage earners to buy luxuries on credit. That would fix things right up. McGraw-Hill Company, another publishing house with boom-time megalomania, told the public to avert its eyes from the obscene spectacle in Wall Street. What they did not observe would not affect their state of mind and good times could continue as before.",
"These noble but childish dabbles in mass psychology failed as utterly as might have been expected. Even the more substantial contributions of U.S. Steel and American Can in the shape of $1 extra dividends had the same fate. Ordinarily such action would have sent the respective stocks shooting upward, but in the present mood of the public it created not the slightest ripple of interest. Steel and Can plunged down as steeply as if they had canceled their dividends entirely. The next day, Tuesday, the 29th of October, was the worst of all. In the first half hour 3,259,800 shares were traded, almost a full day's work for the laboring machinery of the Exchange. The selling pressure was wholly without precedent. It was coming from everywhere. The wires to other cities were jammed with frantic orders to sell. So were the cables, radio and telephones to Europe and the rest of the world. Buyers were few, sometimes wholly absent. Often the specialists stood baffled at their posts, sellers pressing around them and not a single buyer at any price. This was real panic. It was what the banks had prevented on Thursday, had slowed on Monday. Now they were helpless.",
"Reportedly they were trying to force their associated corporations to toss their buying power into the whirlpool, but they were getting no results. Albert Conway, New York State Superintendent of Insurance, took the dubious step of urging the companies under his jurisdiction to buy common stocks. If they did so, their buying was insufficient to halt the rout.\" References: This account appears in: Leonard, Jonathan Norton, Three Years Down (1944); Allen, Frederick, Lewis, Since Yesterday: the 30's in America (1972). How To Cite This Article: \"The Wall Street Crash, 1929,\" EyeWitness to History, (2008). Stock market crashes - Oct 29, 1929 - HISTORY.com Stock market crashes Publisher A+E Networks Black Tuesday hits Wall Street as investors trade 16,410,030 shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors, and stock tickers ran hours behind because the machinery could not handle the tremendous volume of trading. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression.",
"During the 1920s, the U.S. stock market underwent rapid expansion, reaching its peak in August 1929, a period of wild speculation. By then, production had already declined and unemployment had risen, leaving stocks in great excess of their real value. Among the other causes of the eventual market collapse were low wages, the proliferation of debt, a weak agriculture, and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated. Stock prices began to decline in September and early October 1929, and on October 18 the fall began. Panic set in, and on October 24—Black Thursday—a record 12,894,650 shares were traded. Investment companies and leading bankers attempted to stabilize the market by buying up great blocks of stock, producing a moderate rally on Friday. On Monday, however, the storm broke anew, and the market went into free fall. Black Monday was followed by Black Tuesday, in which stock prices collapsed completely. After October 29, 1929, stock prices had nowhere to go but up, so there was considerable recovery during succeeding weeks.",
"Overall, however, prices continued to drop as the United States slumped into the Great Depression, and by 1932 stocks were worth only about 20 percent of their value in the summer of 1929. The stock market crash of 1929 was not the sole cause of the Great Depression, but it did act to accelerate the global economic collapse of which it was also a symptom. By 1933, nearly half of America’s banks had failed, and unemployment was approaching 15 million people, or 30 percent of the workforce. It would take World War II, and the massive level of armaments production taken on by the United States, to finally bring the country out of the Depression after a decade of suffering. Related Videos Headlines . The Crash of 1929 . WGBH American Experience | PBS Other Primary Resources Stock market news moved from the financial pages to the front pages as the number of first-time investors grew in the 1920s. Throughout 1929 daily papers reported that the future looked bright for investors — even after the devastating market crash in October.",
"Read newspaper excerpts from three New York papers: The World, The New York Herald Tribune, and The New York Times. Wave of Buying Sweeps Over Market as Stocks Swing Upward Radio Flashes High; General Motors and Steels Soar By Laurence Stern The atmosphere of doubt and caution which Wall Street in recent weeks has come to regard almost as habitual on Thursdays was swept away yesterday in a rush of buying… Perhaps the market’s own strength weighed as heavily with speculative minds as the logic of the situation, since the tape is the one institution Wall Street does not argue with. At any rate, the market appeared entirely confident from the opening gong. It was a firm, almost buoyant, opening, many initial transactions involving large blocks at sizable price advances… The advance was one of the most vigorous of the year, amounting to a net gain of 6.97 points in the Dow Jones “average” of thirty representative industrial issues… — The World, March 15, 1929 Stocks Soar As Bank Aid Ends Fear of Money Panic By W. A. Lyon The stock market strode out from under the shadow of a panic in call money that so lately threatened, revived in all its old strength yesterday.",
"Assured that the New York banks were ready with their boundless resources to prevent a money crisis, the public and the professional trader set out to repair the damage done to prices on Monday and the major part of Tuesday. Stocks in the aggregate, though bucking a 15 per cent rate for loans, enjoyed the greatest advance they have known in a single day in the last two years. Not even the surging bull markets of the memorable year 1928 saw such a day of heavy buying. — New York Herald Tribune, March 28, 1929 Banker Says Boom Will Run Into 1930 That at least a part of the great amount of money in the securities market may represent temporary employment of funds eventually finding their way into business uses, and that the prosperity of the present business cycle will probably not end in 1929, is the belief expressed by the J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation in the quarterly review of the London house of Schroder. — The World, March 30, 1929 Brokers to Open Offices on Ships The New York Stock Exchange decided yesterday to put to sea.",
"It gave two brokerage houses permission to establish offices with continuous stock quotations by radio, on trans-Atlantic ships. Within a few weeks business will be following the flags of three nations across the bounding main. The American business man will be able to take a vacation in Europe without stopping for a single day his transactions at the centre of speculation… What the psychological effect may be remains to be seen. Lady Luck always has been a favorite companion for diversions seekers at sea, a fact that has provided good incomes to many generations of traveling card players. Ships’ pools and the “horse races” on deck always have been popular. They may retain their popularity, but now they will be outclassed.",
"— The World, October 4, 1929 Public Liquidation Spurred by Bears, Hits Low Market Scare Orders From All Over Country Halt Ticker an Hour in Feverish Day By Laurence Stern With speculative nerves rubbed raw under the persistent hammering of bearish traders, a renewed wave of public liquidation swept over the stock market yesterday, depressing prices severely and hopelessly clogging the quotation ticker… ...To the majority of the market’s followers, who now must be counted in millions, the most significant aspect of the decline is that it has carried the average level of the list to a lower point than was reached on Oct. 4 in the sharp break that climaxed a month of gradual recession. This raises a pertinent question, whether the bull movement of the last five years has definitely given way to a liquidating market… — The World, October 20, 1929 Brokerage Houses Are Optimistic on the Recovery of Stocks Brokers in Meeting Predict Recovery A reassuring message to the stock market community went out last night over the country-wide network of private wires operated by brokerage houses.",
"This was the result of a tacit agreement reached yesterday afternoon at a special meeting of the partners of about thirty-five of the largest wire houses of the New York Stock Exchange, at which the stock market situation was canvassed thoroughly… ...Much of the selling of the last few days, the brokers felt, was induced by hysteria. The views of all of the brokers present were heard, and none knew of anything disturbing to the general market situation… — The New York Times, October 25, 1929 Brokers Believe Worst Is Over and Recommend Buying of Real Bargains Wall Street in looking over the wreckage of the week, has come generally to the opinion that high grade investment issues can be bought now, without fear of a drastic decline. There is some difference of opinion as to whether not the correction must go further, but everyone realizes that the worst is over, and that there are bargains for those who are willing to buy conservatively and live through the immediate irregularity.",
"— New York Herald Tribune, October 27, 1929 Gigantic Bank Pool Pledged To Avert Disaster as Second Big Crash Stuns Wall Street Largest Financial Powers in the City Meet After Day of Hysterical Liquidation Sinking Prices Below Thursday’s By Laurence Stern After the stock market had come crashing down again in a veritable deluge of forced and hysterical liquidation, word sped through the financial district last evening that the largest banks in the city were prepared to exert their organized power this morning to prevent further disaster. Arrangements described as “fully adequate” were completed at a conference at the offices of J. P. Morgan & Co. at Broad and Wall Streets… Although no formal statement was issued, it was the consensus of those at the meeting that the worst of the liquidation is over and that a natural demand for investment stocks now available on the bargain counter should go far toward an immediate restoration of trading stability.",
"— The World, October 29, 1929 Stocks Up in S trong Rally; Rockefellers Big Buyers; Exchanges Close 2-1/2 Days By Ferdinand Lundberg Revived by spontaneous investment buying and declarations of large extra cash dividends by leading companies, and free of the delirium that has recently gripped share owners, the stock market yesterday received a fresh start and scored a record comeback. Volume on the Stock Exchange totaled 10,727,320 shares, the third largest day on record. The high spot of the day from a stock market viewpoint was the statement by John D. Rockefeller that there was no need to destroy values and that he and his son, John D.",
"Rockefeller Jr., had been heavy buyers of stocks for investment in the last few days, and would continue to buy at present prices… — New York Herald Tribune, October 31, 1929 Very Prosperous Year Is Forecast Guenther Analyzes the Report of Mellon Covering 1929 That 1930 may be a very prosperous year, industrially and otherwise, without the peak conditions that made 1929 an exceptional year for business prosperity, is an observation made by Louis Guenther, publisher of the Financial World, in a statement based upon Secretary Mellon’s fiscal report… “To grow too fast is often unhealthy because of the suddenness with which a readjustment must be met. By far and large the country would be better off were further progress made along more normal lines… Fortunately, we have returned to a more normal mind in appraising prospects. We are not looking for the Midas touch on everything to which we turn.",
"That makes us more satisfied with normal incomes and normal profit returns.” — The World, December 15, 1929 Wall Street Crash, 1929 | The Week UK Wall Street Crash, 1929 1 of 5 ›› Crowds flock to Wall Street in New York after news of the stock market collapse. Right, the front page of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle on 'Black Thursday', the first day of the crash. The stock market had been fuelled by a speculative boom throughout the 'Roaring Twenties', but it lost a quarter of its value over the course of just six days in late October 1929 In October 1929, the New York Stock Exchange collapsed Read more about Wall Street Crash of 1929 – Wall Street Crash Wall Street Stock Market Crash of 2008 Wall Street Crash of 1929 The most consequential U.S. event of the 20th century would have to be the Wall Street Crash of 1929. It not only had a country wide effect, but a long term global effect, resulting in a month long economic decline.",
"The crash would later be defined into three phases, Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday. The decade leading up to the crash was a time of prosperity and wealth. The stock market had experienced plateau highs, and there was increasing speculation that it would continue along this path for the long term. More and more individuals saw the stock market as a good long term investment, and increasingly invested money in the market. The market was seen as such a good investment that borrowing money to invest was becoming increasingly common. At the time of the crash over 8.5 billion was out on loan, more than the amount of currency being circulated in the entire United States. Brokers were routinely lending small investors up to 2/3 the face value of the stocks they were purchasing. As a result, stock prices were rising which encouraged more people to invest, creating an economic bubble. Black Thursday happened first, on October 24th, 1929. The market finally turned down and investors began to panic. In order to ease investors fears, a group of major banks (Morgan Bank, Chase National Bank, and National City Bank) got together and purchased a large block of shares in US steel.",
"They also purchased similar blocks of other “blue chip” stocks. To no avail, on Black Monday, more investors decided to get out of the market, causing stocks to slip further down with a record loss in the Dow that day of 13%. On Black Tuesday, amist rumors that president Herbert Hoover would not veto the pending Hawley-Smoot Tariff bill, the stock market plummeted even more. Approximately 16 million shares were traded that day, a record that had not been broken in nearly 40 years in 1968. The Dow lost another 12% that day. The market lost 14 billion in value that day, bringing the week total losses to 30 billion, ten times more the the U.S. annual budget, more than the U.S. had spent in all of World War I. Be Sociable, Share! [...] New Deal 2.0 10 years after the the 1929 crash on Wall Street, the Treasury Secretary of the US was quoted saying “We have tried spending money.",
"We are [...] 1929 Wall Street Stock Market Crash Recent Posts Brief History of The Crash of 1929 - TIME Follow @TIME Seventy-nine years ago this week, the New York Stock Exchange experienced the worst financial panic the country had ever seen. There have been more crashes since with bigger numbers and bigger losses but nothing quite rivals the terror and devastation of Black Tuesday: October 29, 1929. When President Calvin Coolidge delivered his 1928 State of the Union address, he noted that America had never \"met with a more pleasing prospect than that which appears at the present time.\" Americans had a lot to be proud of back then: World War I was thoroughly behind them, radio had been invented, and automobiles were growing cheaper and more popular. Sure, the disparity between the rich and the poor had widened within the past decade, but Americans could now buy goods on installment plans a relatively new concept and families could afford more than ever before. Stocks were on a tear: between 1924 and 1929, the Dow Jones Industrial Average quadrupled.",
"At that time, it was the longest bull market ever recorded; some thought it would last forever. In the fall of 1929, economist Irving Fisher announced that \"stock prices have reached what looks like a permanent plateau.\" ( See pictures of the stock market crash of 1929. ) Unsurprisingly, this exuberance lured more investors to the market, investing on margin with borrowed money. By 1929, 2 out of every 5 dollars a bank loaned were used to purchase stocks. The market peaked on September 3, 1929. Steel production was down, several banks had failed, and fewer homes were being built, but few paid attention the Dow stood at 381.17, up 27% from the previous year. Over the next few weeks, however, prices began to move downward. And the lower they fell, the faster they picked up speed. In the last hour of trading on Thursday, Oct. 23, 1929, stock prices suddenly plummeted. When the closing bell rang at 3 p.m. people were shaken.",
"No one was sure what had just happened, but that evening provided enough time for fear and panic to set in. When the market opened again the next day, prices plunged with renewed violence. Stock transactions in those days were printed on ticker tape, which could only produce 285 words a minute. Thirteen million shares changed hands the highest daily volume in the exchange's history at that point and the tape didn't stop running until four hours after the market closed. The following day, President Herbert Hoover went on the radio to reassure the American people, saying \"The fundamental business of the country...is on a sound and prosperous basis.\" And then came Black Monday. As soon as the opening bell rang on Oct. 28, prices began to drop. Huge blocks of shares changed hands, as previously impregnable companies like U.S. Steel and General Electric began to tumble. By the end of the day, the Dow had dropped 13%. So many shares changed hands that day that traders didn't have time to record them all. They worked into the night, sleeping in their offices or on the floor, trying to catch up to be ready for October 29.",
"As the story goes, the opening bell was never heard on Black Tuesday because the shouts of \"Sell! Sell! Sell!\" drowned it out. In the first thirty minutes, 3 million shares changed hands and with them, another $2 million disappeared into thin air. Phone lines clogged. The volume of Western Union telegrams traveling across the country tripled. The ticker tape ran so far behind the actual transactions that some traders simply let it run out. Trades happened so quickly that although people knew they were losing money, they didn't know how much. Rumors of investors jumping out of buildings spread through Wall Street; although they weren't true, they drove the prices down further. Brokers called in margins; if stockholders couldn't pay up, their stocks were sold, wiping out many an investor's life savings in an instant. So many trades were made each recorded on a slip of paper that traders didn't know where to store them, and ended up stuffing them into trash cans. One trader fainted from exhaustion, was revived and put back to work. Others got into fistfights. The New York Stock Exchange's board of governors considered closing the market, but decided against it, lest the move increase the panic.",
"When the market closed at 3 p.m., more than 16.4 million shares had changed hands, using 15,000 miles of ticker tape paper. The Dow had dropped another 12%. In total, $25 billion some $319 billion in today's dollars was lost in the 1929 crash. Stocks continued to fall over subsequent weeks, finally bottoming out on November 13, 1929. The market recovered for a few months and then slid again, gliding swiftly and steadily with the rest of the country into the Great Depression. Companies incurred huge layoffs, unemployment skyrocketed, wages plummeted and the economy went into a tailspin. While World War II helped pull the country out of a Depression by the early 1940s, the stock market wouldn't recover to its pre-crash numbers until 1954. Timeline . The Crash of 1929 . American Experience . WGBH | PBS Page 1 of 2 1653: Early History Dutch colonists construct a wooden stockade across lower Manhattan to protect the north side of their settlement against attacks by the British and Indians.",
"By the turn of the 18th century, the British have taken over the colony and dismantled the barrier, turning it into a paved lane called Wall Street. September 21, 1776 A devastating fire, probably the work of colonial arsonists trying to disrupt the British occupation of the city during the American Revolution, destroys hundreds of structures in the vicinity of Wall Street. January 14, 1790 In his landmark Report on the Public Credit, the young nation’s first treasury secretary, Alexander Hamilton , proposes a method for the U.S. to handle federal and state debt by issuing government bonds, and establishes the principle of free trade for securities in the marketplace. August 1790 Brokers meet in Philadelphia, where they buy and sell the first major issues of publicly-traded securities: $80 million in bonds issued by the federal government to pay off debt from the Revolutionary War . May 17, 1792 At the Merchants’ Coffee House at the corner of Wall and Water Streets, two dozen New York City stockbrokers and merchants sign the “Buttonwood Agreement,” named after a buttonwood tree under which business has been transacted in the past.",
"The agreement lists rules for securities transactions. 1793 The locus for securities transactions in New York moves to the Tontine Coffee House, across the street from the Merchants’ Coffee House. Business is also transacted on the street. March 8, 1817 A group of New York brokers formally establish the New York Stock and Exchange Board, an organization that later will be renamed the New York Stock Exchange (N.Y.S.E.). 1829: 5,000 Shares a Day The stock market reaches a trading volume of 5,000 shares a day. December 16, 1835 On a bitterly cold night, a fire starts in lower Manhattan. Raging for two days, it will destroy 700 buildings, including the Merchants’ Exchange. September 12, 1836 The N.Y.S.E. bars its members from conducting business in the streets. March 22, 1837 The N.Y.S.E. starts paying its president a salary. The first paid president, David Clarkson, earns $2000 a year ($31,960 in 2003 dollars).",
"May 24, 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse transmits the first viable telegraph message. Securities brokers quickly adopt the technology to send market quotations. The telegraph helps expand the stock market by making trades accessible to brokers and investors outside of New York. May 11, 1861 In response to the outbreak of the Civil War , trading of Confederate securities is banned. July 27, 1866 Cyrus Field completes a transatlantic cable, connecting telegraph operators across the Atlantic Ocean. For the first time, London and New York markets can communicate instantaneously. November 15, 1867 Edward Callahan invents the stock ticker, a device that shows current market prices and represents each company on the stock market with symbols based on Morse code . September 24, 1869 Black Friday . A group of speculators led by Jay Gould and Jim Fiske try to corner the gold market, setting off a U.S. financial panic.",
"Library of Congress Wall Street, 1873 September 18, 1873 The brokerage firm of Jay Cooke & Company, a major investor in new railroad construction , collapses, sparking the Panic of 1873 . November 13, 1878 The N.Y.S.E. installs the first telephones on its trading floor. November 1882: Dow Jones & Company Charles Dow and Edward Jones form Dow Jones & Company and design the first index to measure the activity of the N.Y.S.E. Library of Congress Wall Street, 1884 May 6, 1884 The Wall Street brokerage firm of Grand and Ward fails, leading to a panic and the failure of 15 other stock exchange firms. Grant and Ward is co-owned by Buck Grant, the son of former Union general and president Ulysses S. Grant , and the failure plunges the ex-president into bankruptcy. Desperate for money, he will begin writing his wartime memoirs soon afterward. December 15, 1886 The N.Y.S.E.'s trading volume reaches one million shares a day for the first time.",
"April 8, 1890 Junius S. Morgan, the head of the Morgan banking family, dies. His son, John Pierpont Morgan , will turn the family financial empire into one of the most powerful banking houses in the world. May 26, 1896 Charles Dow reveals his industrial stock average in the first publication of his daily paper — the Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones creates four averages to measure market performance, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average. January 12, 1906 The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes the day at over 100 for the first time. October 21, 1907 Rumors of financial problems at a leading New York bank trigger investors to run on banks throughout the city, beginning the Panic of 1907. J. P. Morgan devises a plan to return cash to banks, saving the country from its most severe financial crisis to date. February 28, 1913 The Pujo Committee, appointed by Congress to investigate practices of the banking and securities industry, issues a report which leads Congress to create the Federal Reserve System. The Fed is designed to stabilize the nation’s banking structure.",
"July 31, 1914: WWI Begins World War I begins in Europe, leading to sharp declines in world stock prices. The N.Y.S.E. and exchanges throughout the world temporarily suspend trading in order to stop prices from dropping further. April 7, 1917 Following a series of German provocations, President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress for a formal declaration of war. The U.S. enters World War I . June 8, 1917 A liberty loan rally is held on the trading floor of the N.Y.S.E., where former president William H. Taft encourages Americans to purchase war bonds. Library of Congress Able-bodied men return home from war. November 11, 1918 The United States emerges from World War I as a creditor nation and a rising global force. October 1923 A bull market begins. It will continue growing for nearly six years. April 13, 1928 The N.Y.S.E. introduces new and improved high-speed tickers. The devices can print 500 characters per minute, almost twice as fast as the earlier models.",
"February 1929: 1929 Astrologer Evangeline Adams, who counts Charlie Chaplin , Mary Pickford , and J. P. Morgan among her clients, predicts the market will rise in the coming months. March 15, 1929 Newspapers quote Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon saying there are bargains to be found in the bond market. Wall Street is in the midst of a buying frenzy. As the market rises, some begin to fear it will soon collapse. The Federal Reserve Board meets, but does not make any public statements. March 4, 1929 President Herbert Hoover is inaugurated. Nicknamed “The Great Engineer,” the former geologist and mining engineer takes office amid booming prosperity. During the campaign, he has promised: “We shall soon, with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation.” March 8, 1929 Michael J. Meehan begins one of the most successful brokerage pools in Wall Street history. Over the next ten days, he drives the value of R.C.A. stock up almost 50%.",
"In today’s money, his pool will make the colluding investors $100 million. March 25, 1929 A mini-crash begins as investors start to sell, revealing the market’s shaky foundations. For the many people playing the market with borrowed money, the day is a disaster, as margin calls wipe out their holdings. While the investors seek to borrow more money, interest rates soar to 20 percent. The New York Daily News calls it a “selling avalanche.” March 27, 1929 Banker Charles Mitchell announces that the national city bank will provide $25 million in credit to stop the market’s slide. His move stops the panic, and call money declines from 20 to eight percent. Senator and former Treasury Secretary Carter Glass calls for Mitchell to resign from his post on the Federal Reserve Board because of his intervention in the market. Spring, 1929 The American economy shows ominous signs of trouble. Steel production is declining, construction is sluggish, car sales are down, and consumers are building up high debts because of easy credit. Yet the stock market continues its upward momentum, heedless of real economic indicators.",
"May 14, 1929 The N.Y.S.E. opens a new bond room, adding 6,000 feet to the trading floor. Summer, 1929 The market continues to rebound, and stocks hit record levels month after month. August 17, 1929 Michael Meehan’s brokerage firm launches a new service: an office aboard ocean liners, including the Berengaria. This convenience allows transatlantic passengers to buy or sell shares during the weeklong passage between the U.S. and Europe. September 3, 1929: The Market Reaches its Peak After a surge of optimism, the bull market reaches its peak — the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 381.17. A newspaper headline trumpets, “Public Demand for Stock Appears Insatiable.” September 5, 1929 Bearish economist Roger Babson gives a speech, saying, “Sooner or later, a crash is coming, and it may be terrific.” He has been delivering this message for two years, but for the first time, investors listen.",
"The market takes a severe dip, which will be called the “Babson Break.” The next day, prices will stabilize, but the collapse has begun. Mid-September, 1929 The market fluctuates wildly up and down. October 24, 1929 “Black Thursday.” The economic bubble finally bursts. Stock prices fall sharply on a day of heavy liquidation. Ticker tape runs four hours later than normal at a volume of 12.9 million shares. Headlines will report the market’s paper loss at $5 billion. A pool of bankers acts to stem the drop by putting more money into the market, and President Hoover reassures Americans that U.S. business is sound. Within a few days, a headline will read, “Brokers Believe Worst is Over and Recommend Buying of Real Bargains.” October 28, 1929 “Black Monday.” The stock market falls 22.6%, the highest one-day decline in U.S. history. The crash triggers similar declines in markets around the world. October 29, 1929 “Black Tuesday.” Panic sets in as investors all try to sell their stocks at once.",
"Over 16 million shares of stock are sold, setting a record — and the market records over $14 billion in paper losses. Stock tickers cannot keep up with the heavy trading volume. At the end of the day, the market is down 33 points, more than 12.8%. Some of the nation’s financial elite, including General Motors’ William C. Durant and the Rockefeller family , show confidence by buying stocks, but their efforts fail to stem the tide. November 23, 1929 After weeks in freefall, the market hits its bottom and stabilizes. The New York Times reports, “Regular Schedule to be Resumed, but Trading Will Be Suspended Last Half of Week; Business Nearly Normal.” The market’s daily volume is at 3 million shares with “orderly although irregular” prices. Corbis A desperate man sells his car for $100 January 7, 1931 A report released by the Committee for Unemployment Relief states that over four million Americans are unemployed. 1 Glossary of Events: Wa Wa Wall Street Crash (October 1929) The Wall Street Crash was the U.S.",
"Stock Market crash of October 29, 1929, which precipitated a world-wide collapse of share values and triggered the Great Depression – 10 years of economic slump with catastrophic levels of unemployment across all the industrialised countries apart from the Soviet Union. After the end of the First World War, the world economy was boosted by a period of reconstruction. In the early- to mid-1920s, a series of defeats were inflicted on the workers movement which had been engaged in revolutionary struggles in the wake of the War and the Russian Revolution. These events created conditions for an economic boom which became known as the “Roaring Twenties”. The value of shares on the US stock market rapidly climbed, reaching a peak at the end of August 1929. Prices began to decline in September and early October, while speculation continued, but came to an abrupt end on October 18, when the Stock Market began to fall precipitately. The first day of real panic, October 24, is known as “Black Thursday” – a record 12,894,650 shares were traded.",
"Major banks and investment companies bought up stocks in an attempt to hold up prices and stem the panic, but the panic began again on “Black Monday”, and on “Black Tuesday”, October 29, 16,000,000 shares were sold, and prices on the stock market collapsed completely. Bankruptcies and skyrocketing unemployment spread from the US to every country in the world, except the USSR, where production continued to expand after the devastation of the Wars of Intervention (1918-1922). The Soviet Union was relatively unaffected by the Crash, firstly because it was a planned economy and not dependent on speculation, and secondly because, in any case, it had been more or less isolated from the world economy. The Great Depression lasted into the late 1930s with 14 million unemployed in the US alone, most with little means of support until Roosevelt’s New Deal was brought in.",
"Share markets had collapsed before, indeed a ten-year business cycle of boom and bust was quite normal up to that time, but the particularly rampant speculation of the preceding decade of boom, inflating the value of shares, and the proliferation of holding companies and investment trusts and the extent of large bank loans in the U.S. had accumulated a vast mass of fictitious capital , and its collapse made this crash particularly spectacular. The extent of capitalist development meant that the effects of the crash were more devastating than ever before; every sector of the economy was tied up in bank loans and share issues. When the value of stocks fell, those who had invested in them lost money, including banks who had loaned money to failed firms; banks in trouble called in their loans, borrowers were invariably unable to pay and were repossessed and their businesses closed down; employees were put off and creditors remained unpaid, triggering an indefinite chain of bankruptcies and ejecting millions onto the dole queues; when the factories closed down people had no alternative means of livelihood.",
"The preceding rapid growth of the world market meant that, as the saying went, “When America sneezed, the rest of the world caught a cold”, and stock markets crashed across the world in the wake of the Wall Street Crash, plunging the world into the Great Depression . There have been even larger crashes since 1929 as well, which have not had the same extent of effect. This is mainly because the share market is only one relatively minor avenue for speculation and even a total wipe out on the share market has only a partial impact."
] |
What was the first movie western called?
|
Kit Carson
|
[
"Josefa Jamarillo Carson",
"Rope Thrower",
"Christopher Carson",
"Christopher Houston Carson",
"Kit Carson",
"Waa-Nibe",
"Christopher %22Kit%22 Carson"
] | 10,866
|
[
"Film History Before 1920 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s The Lumiere Brothers and the Cinematographe: The innovative Lumiere brothers in France, Louis and Auguste (often called \"the founding fathers of modern film\"), who worked in a Lyons factory that manufactured photographic equipment and supplies, were inspired by Edison's work. They created their own combo movie camera and projector - a more portable, hand-held and lightweight device that could be cranked by hand and could project movie images to several spectators. It was dubbed the Cinematographe and patented in February, 1895. The multi-purpose device (combining camera, printer and projecting capabilities in the same housing) was more profitable because more than a single spectator could watch the film on a large screen. They used a film width of 35mm, and a speed of 16 frames per second - an industry norm until the talkies. By the advent of sound film in the late 1920s, 24 fps became the standard.",
"The first public test and demonstration of the Lumieres' camera-projector system (the Cinematographe) was made on March 22, 1895, in the Lumieres' basement. During the private screening to a scientific conference - a trial run for their public screening later at the end of the year (see below), they caused a sensation with their first film, Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory (La Sortie des Ouviers de L'Usine Lumiere a Lyon), although it only consisted of an everyday outdoor image - factory workers leaving the Lumiere factory gate for home or for a lunch break. As generally acknowledged, cinema (a word derived from Cinematographe) was born on December 28, 1895, in Paris, France. The Lumieres presented the first commercial and public exhibition of a projected motion picture to a paying public in the world's first movie theatre - in the Salon Indien, at the Grand Cafe on Paris' Boulevard des Capucines.",
"[In 1897, a cinema building was built in Paris, solely for the purpose of showing films.] It has often been considered \"the birth of film\" or \"the First Cinema\" since the Cinematographe was the first advanced projector (not experimental) and the first to be offered for sale. The 20-minute program included ten short films with twenty showings a day.",
"These factual shorts (or mini-documentaries), termed actualities, with the mundane quality of home movies, included the following: La Sortie des Ouviers de L'Usine Lumière à Lyon (1895) (Workers Leaving the Lumiere Factory) (46 seconds) La Voltige (1895) (Horse Trick Riders) (46 seconds) La Pêche aux Poissons Rouges (1895) (Fishing for Goldfish) (42 seconds) Le Débarquement du Congrès de Photographie à Lyon (1895) (The Disembarkment of the Congress of Photographers in Lyon) (48 seconds) Les Forgerons (1895) (Blacksmiths) (49 seconds) Le Jardinier (l'Arroseur Arrosé) (The Gardener or The Sprinkler Sprinkled) (1895) (49 seconds) Le Repas (de Bébé) (1895) (Baby's Meal) (41 seconds) Le Saut à la Couverture (1895) (Jumping onto the Blanket) (41 seconds)",
" La Place des Cordeliers à Lyon (1895) (Cordeliers Square in Lyon) (44 seconds) La Mer (Baignade en Mer) (1895) (Bathing in the Sea) (38 seconds) The ten shorts included the famous first comedy (# 6) of a gardener with a watering hose (aka The Sprinkler Sprinkled, Waterer and Watered, or L'Arrouseur Arrose), the factory worker short (# 1, see above), a sequence (# 9) of a horse-drawn carriage approaching toward the camera, and a scene (# 7) of the feeding of a baby.",
"The Lumieres also became known for their 50-second short Arrivee d'un train en gare a La Ciotat (1895) (Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat), which some sources reported was shocking to its first unsophisticated viewing audience. By 1898, the Lumiere's company had produced a short film catalog with over 1,000 titles. Other Developments in Projecting Machines: Two brothers in Berlin, Germany - inventors Emil and Max Skladanowsky - created their own film device for projecting films in November, 1895. Also in 1895, American inventor Major Woodville Latham (who had been working with Eugene Lauste and W.K.L. Dickson) developed an unpopular projector called an Eidoloscope (or Panoptikon projector). In New York on Frankfort Street, it was demonstrated by Latham for the NY press on April 21, 1895. It was one of the first public exhibitions of motion pictures in the world. What was most innovative and long-lasting was its Latham Loop - a feature of movie projectors.",
"It involved the addition of a slack-forming loop to the film path to restrain the inertia of the take-up reel, and prevent the tearing of sprocket holes. It also allowed for the use of films longer than three minutes. (This showing preceded the landmark exhibition of the Lumieres in Paris by about eight months. See above.) On June 1, 1895, Latham applied for a patent for his \"Projecting-Kinetoscope\" with the \"Latham Loop.\" It was granted and lasted until its expiration in 1913. By 1905, virtually all movie projectors used the Latham Loop. (The loop is still used in virtually all film cameras and projectors almost to this day.) And American inventors Thomas Armat and Charles Francis Jenkins developed the Phantascope in 1893, an improved device (with intermittent-motion mechanisms) for projecting films on a screen. In September-October, 1895, they debuted their projection device (projecting Kinetoscope films, but not using a Kinetoscope) at the Cotton States Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia, and then patented it.",
"In London in January of 1896, Birt Acres also developed a machine to project films, called a Kinetic Lantern. In the same year of 1896, another Englishman Robert William Paul also developed and manufactured a popular projector which he called a Theatrograph. He became a pioneering film producer in Britain through his The Northern Photographic Works company. In 1896, Edison's Company (because it was unable to produce a workable projector on its own) purchased an improved version of Thomas Armat's movie projection machine (the Phantascope, originally invented by C. Francis Jenkins in 1893), and renamed it the Vitascope. It was hailed as Edison's latest invention, although he had only commercialized the Phantascope. The Vitascope was the first commercially-successful celluloid motion picture projector in the US.",
"On April 23, 1896, Thomas Edison presented the first publically-projected Vitascope motion picture (with hand-tinting) in the US to a paying American audience on a screen, at Koster and Bial's Music Hall in New York City (at 34th Street and Broadway), with his latest invention - the projecting kinetoscope or Vitascope. Customers watched the Edison Company's Vitascope project a ballet sequence in an amusement arcade during a vaudeville act. At the time, the Vitascope was showing films in only one location, this one in NYC, but that wouldn't last for long. The \"Pathé-Frères\" Company was founded in 1896 in Paris by Charles and Emile Pathè. By the next decade, it would become the largest producer of films in the world. Around 1906-7, only one-third of the films released in the US were American-made. Pathé-Frères was responsible for over one-third of the films shown on US screens.",
"By 1897, the 35 mm film gauge became widely accepted as the standard gauge for motion pictures, although American Mutoscope and other film companies continued to use other gauges. In 1909, the 35 mm width with 4 perforations per frame became accepted as the international standard film gauge. More Notable Films and Developments: The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight (1897), another filmed boxing match, reported to be 100 minutes in length (the longest film ever to be released by that date), and shown by the Veriscope Company, had its debut on May 22, 1897 at the Academy of Music in New York City. Some consider it the world's first feature film. It included all fourteen 3-minute rounds of the bout, in addition to a 5-minute introduction, and non-stop filming during the one-minute rest period between rounds. Running commentary was provided by an expert sports announcer from the side of the ring - the first of its kind.",
"One of the earliest projects the Edison Studios created (probably in July of 1897) was the advertising film Admiral Cigarette (1897), promoting the slogan \"We All Smoke.\" The 28 second-long silent film was the first prototype commercial for the Admiral Cigarette company. Edison's film was the first advertising film, or commercial, to be submitted for copyright, on August 5, 1897. The Spanish-American War in 1898 drew camera operators to Cuba, but they were shut out by the US Army. Since they could not capture the battles on film, many went into studios and created them using models and painted backdrops -- the start of scale-model effects. The First Permanent Movie Theatres: Films were increasingly being shown as part of vaudeville shows, variety shows, and at fairgrounds or carnivals. Audiences would soon need larger theaters to watch screens with projected images from Vitascopes after the turn of the century, using stage and opera houses and music halls. The earliest 'movie theatres' were converted churches or halls, showing one-reelers (a 10-12 minute reel of film - the projector's reel capacity at the time).",
"The primitive films were usually more actualities and comedies. After showing films in a lakefront park, William \"Pop\" Rock and Walter Wainwright transformed a converted vacant store (at 623 Canal St.) in New Orleans, Louisiana into Vitascope Hall. On July 26, 1896, it became the first \"storefront theater\" in the US dedicated exclusively to showing motion pictures, although it screened films for only two months. The theatre accommodated 400 people, and had two shows per day, with admission 10 cents. The world's first permanent movie theatre exclusively designed for showing motion pictures was the Edisonia Vitascope Hall, a 72 seat theatre which opened in downtown Buffalo, New York on Monday, October 19, 1896 in the Ellicott Square Building on Main Street. It was created by Buffalo-based entrepreneur Mitchell H. Mark, a supreme visionary of the future of motion picture theaters. It was likely that the opening night's showing including US premieres of the Lumiere films (see above), since Mark had contracted with the Lumieres (and Pathe Freres) in France to exhibit their films in the US.",
"The Vitascope Theater in Buffalo remained open for nearly two years. With his brother Moe, Mitchell Mark would open other theaters in Buffalo, as well as New York City, Boston and elsewhere. They were responsible for one of history's earliest \"movie palaces,\" the 2800-seat Mark Strand Theater in NYC. Early Jewish film pioneer Sigmund Lubin (aka Siegmund Lubszynski) constructed the first purposely-built movie theater in West Philadelphia, PA for the National Export Exposition, in 1899. Lubin's Cineograph Theatre was a small, modest portable theatre built on the esplanade or midway of the fair. It was possibly the world's first structure erected expressly for the presentation of motion pictures. For ten cents, patrons could view \"continuous shows\" of the Spanish-American War, reproductions of boxing matches, and several of Lubin's own home-made productions. The film billed as \"The Sensation of the Hour\" was The Dreyfus Court Martial Scene. It was evidence of Lubin's early work as a motion picture distributor and exhibitor, to showcase his projectors, cameras, and films.",
"Later on in 1902 in downtown Los Angeles, Thomas L. Talley's storefront, 200-seat Electric Theater was another of the first permanent US theaters to exclusively exhibit movies - it charged patrons a dime, up from a nickel at the nickelodeons. Alice Guy (Blaché): The First Female Movie Director French-born Alice Guy (Blaché) started in the film business as a secretary for Léon Gaumont in 1894. In 1896, she joined Gaumont in his new company founded in Paris in 1895, the Gaumont Film Company, and began making primitive sound films when she was promoted to be the head of motion picture production at the studio. She is generally acknowledged as the world's first female director in the motion picture industry (with France's Gaumont Film Company). Her first film made in April of 1896 was the one-minute in length fictional film La Fée aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy). Some historians consider it the first ever narrative fiction film. She became one of the key figures in the systematic development of the narrative film.",
"Georges Melies: French Cinematic Magician Aside from technological achievements, another Frenchman who was a member of the Lumiere's viewing audience, Georges Melies, expanded development of film cinema with his own imaginative fantasy films. When the Lumiere brothers wouldn't sell him a Cinematographe, he developed his own camera (a version of the Kinetograph), and then set up Europe's first film studio in 1897. It was the first movie studio that used artificial illumination, a greenhouse-like structure that featured both a glazed roof and walls and a series of retractable blinds. It was an influential model on the development of future studios. Parisian French film-maker Georges Méliès first film based on a trick of substitution (one of the earliest instances of trick photography with stop-action - an early special effect) was Escamotage d'une dame au théâtre Robert Houdin (1896) (aka The Conjuring of a Woman at the House of Robert Houdin).",
"The roots of horror films (and vampire films in particular) may also be traced back to Georges Méliès' two-minute short film Le Manoir du Diable (1896) (aka Manor/House of the Devil, or The Devil's Castle, or The Haunted Castle), although it was meant to be an amusing, entertaining film. Melies became the film industry's first film-maker to use artificially-arranged scenes to construct and tell a narrative story, with his most popular and influential film to date, Cendrillon (1899) (aka Cinderella). He created about 500 films (one-reelers usually) over the next 15 years (few of which survived), and screened his own productions in his theatre. Melies wrote, designed, directed, and acted in hundreds of his own fairy tales and science fiction films, and developed techniques such as stop-motion photography, double and multiple-exposures, time-lapse photography, \"special effects\" such as disappearing objects (using stop-trick or substitution photography), and dissolves/fades.",
"In late 1911, he contracted with French film company Pathe to finance and distribute his films, and then went out of business by 1913. An illusionist and stage magician, and a wizard at special effects, Melies exploited the new medium with a pioneering, 14-minute science fiction work, Le Voyage Dans la Lune - A Trip to the Moon (1902) . It was his most popular and best-known work, with about 30 scenes called tableaux. He incorporated surrealistic special effects, including the memorable image of a rocketship landing and gouging out the eye of the 'man in the moon.' Melies also introduced the idea of narrative storylines, plots, character development, illusion, and fantasy into film, including trick photography (early special effects), hand-tinting, dissolves, wipes, 'magical' super-impositions and double exposures, the use of mirrors, trick sets, stop motion, slow-motion and fade-outs/fade-ins. Although his use of the camera was innovative, the camera remained stationary and recorded the staged production from one position only. Further US Development: The key years in the development of the cinema in the U.S.",
"were in the late 1800s and early 1900s, when the Edison Company was competing with a few other burgeoning movie companies. The major pioneering movie production companies, mostly on the East Coast, that controlled most of the industry were these rivals: the Edison Manufacturing Company - began producing films for the Kinetoscope in 1891, with headquarters and production facilities in West Orange, NJ (see above); formally became a company in 1894. Afterwards, Edison intensely fought for control of 'his' movie industry by harrassing, sue-ing, or buying patents from anyone he thought was threatening his company. the Selig Polyscope Company (originally called The W.N. Selig Company), was founded in 1896, in Chicago, Illinois by \"Colonel\" William Selig. Initially, the company specialized in slapstick comedies, \"jungle\" films, historical subjects, serials, travel films, and the early westerns starring Tom Mix. the American Vitagraph Company, formed by British-born Americans J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith in 1896.",
"The company's first fictional film was The Burglar on the Roof, filmed and released in 1897. It soon became the largest film company, turning out 200 films a year. American Mutoscope Company, founded in 1895 in New York City, NY by disenchanted Edison worker William K. L. Dickson, Herman Casler, Henry Marvin and pocket lighter inventor Elias Koopman. Their first motion picture machine was the Mutoscope - a peephole, flip-card device similar in size to a Kinetoscope. Instead of using film, a spinning set of photographs mounted on a drum inside the cabinet gave the impression of motion. This was followed by a projector - the Biograph Projector, that was first demonstrated in New York City in 1896. It was the first time projected images from an American film company were shown to an American movie theatre audience. They also devised a hand-cranked camera called the Mutograph (originally called the Biograph) that didn't use sprocket holes or perforations in the motion-picture film. The company released its first film in 1896, titled Empire State Express.",
"Soon, the American Mutoscope Company became the most popular film company in America. They were formally renamed the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company in 1899 (and simply Biograph by 1909). They marketed their own films and their new Biograph projector, thus becoming the foremost motion picture company in the US. The American Mutoscope Company's The Haverstraw Tunnel (1897) became its most popular film - it was the first \"phantom ride\" film in which a camera was mounted on the front of a train, and recorded its passage into a tunnel. They were also known for many firsts: the early documentary Divers at Work on the Wreck of the Maine (1898) - the first film shot in Havana, Cuba at the location of the sunken warship W.L.K. Dickson's filming of Pope Leo XIII in Rome, M.H.",
"Pope Leo in a Chair (1898) - Leo XIII was the first Pope captured on film at the Vatican the first production company to be contracted by the White House, in 1899, and the first studio to record films of a living president, William McKinley in 1903, establishment of the first movie studio in the world (in NYC) to rely exclusively on artificial light makers of the first western film shot and produced in the West, A California Hold Up (1906) in 1906, Biograph's Florence Lawrence was the world's first \"movie star\" -- dubbed: \"The Biograph Girl\" the first major motion picture company in southern California to make an actual film in Los Angeles -- A Daring Hold-Up in Southern California (1906) makers of the first film shot specifically in the village north of LA known as \"Hollywood\" - a \"Latino\" melodrama titled In Old California (1910) makers of one of the first full-length feature films, D. W. Griffith's epic Judith of Bethulia (1914) Edison Vs.",
"Mutoscope: In May of 1898, Edison filed a patent-infringement suit against the American Mutoscope Company, claiming that the studio had infringed on his patent for the Kinetograph movie camera. [Edison’s competitors had developed other motion-picture devices, which became the Biograph and the Mutoscope.] After years of legal battles, in July of 1901, a U.S. Circuit Court in New York ruled that Biograph had infringed on Edison's patent claims. Biograph appealed the ruling, claiming it had a different camera design. The decision was reversed in March 1902 by a U.S. Court of Appeals. It ruled that Edison did not invent the motion-picture camera, but allowed that he had invented the sprocket system that moved perforated film through the camera. The new ruling essentially disallowed Edison from establishing a monopoly on motion picture apparatus - and ultimately on the making of films. By 1903, most studios made films using the 35mm format. (See more about the development of Biograph further below) \"Moving pictures\" were increasing in length, taking on fluid narrative forms, and being edited for the first time.",
"Two of the earliest westerns (or cowboy-related) films were both Edison Manufacturing Company films made at Black Maria: the one-shot (less than one minute short) Thomas Edison's Cripple Creek Bar Room Scene (1899) - with the 'first' western saloon setting Poker at Dawson City (1899) Breakthrough Films of Edwin S. Porter - the \"Father of the Story Film\": Inventor and former projectionist Edwin S. Porter (1869-1941), who in 1898 had patented an improved Beadnell projector with a steadier and brighter image, was also using film cameras to record news events. Porter was one of the resident Kinetoscope operators and directors at the Edison Company Studios in the early 1900s, who worked in different film genres. Porter was hired at Edison's Company in late 1900 and began making short narrative films, such as the 10-minute long Jack and the Beanstalk (1902).",
"He was responsible for directing the six-minute long The Life of an American Fireman (1903) - often alleged to be the first American documentary, docudrama, fictionalized biopic or realistic narrative film, with non-linear continuity. It combined re-enacted scenes, the dreamy thoughts of a sleeping fireman seen in a round iris or 'thought balloon', and documentary stock footage of actual fire scenes, and it was dramatically edited with inter-cutting (or jump-cutting) between the exterior and interior of a burning house. Edison was actually uncomfortable with Porter's editing techniques, including his use of close-ups to tell an entertaining story. The Great Train Robbery (1903) With the combination of film editing and the telling of narrative stories, Porter produced one of the most important and influential films of the time to reveal the possibility of fictional stories on film. The film was the one-reel, 14-scene, approximately 10-minute long The Great Train Robbery (1903) - it was based on a real-life train heist and was a loose adaptation of a popular stage production.",
"His visual film, made in New Jersey and not particularly artistic by today's standards - set many milestones at the time: it was the first narrative Western film with a storyline, and included various western cliches (a shoot-out, a robbery, a chase, etc.) that would be used by all future westerns [Note: the same claim was made for the earlier 21-minute Kit Carson (1903)] it was a ground-breaking film - and one of the earliest films to be shot out of chronological sequence, using revolutionary parallel cross-cutting (or parallel action) between two simultaneous events or scenes; it did not use fades or dissolves between scenes or shots it effectively used rear projection in an early scene (the image of a train seen through a window), and two impressive panning shots it was the first 'true' western, but not the first actual western [Note: Edison's Cripple Creek Bar-Room Scene (1899) was probably the first western.] it was the first real motion picture smash hit, establishing the notion that film could be a commercially-viable medium it featured a future western film hero/star, Gilbert M.",
"Anderson (aka \"Broncho Billy\") In an effective, scary, full-screen closeup (placed at either the beginning or at the end of the film at the discretion of the exhibitor), a bandit shot his gun directly into the audience. The film also included exterior scenes, chases on horseback, actors that moved toward (and away from) the camera, a camera pan with the escaping bandits, and a camera mounted on a moving train. Porter also developed the process of film editing - a crucial film technique that would further the cinematic art. Most early films were not much more than short, filmed stage productions or records of live events. In the early days of film-making, actors were usually unidentified and not even trained actors. The earliest actors in movies, that were dubbed \"flickers,\" supplemented their stage incomes by acting in moving pictures. Nickelodeons: Expanded Film Exhibition In the early 1900s, motion pictures (\"flickers\") were no longer innovative experiments. They soon became an escapist entertainment medium for the working-class masses, and one could spend an evening at the cinema for a cheap entry fee.",
"Kinetoscope parlors, lecture halls, and storefronts were often converted into nickelodeons, the first real movie theatres. The normal admission charge was a nickel (sometimes a dime). Nickel- was attached to the Greek word for theater -- \"odeon.\" Hence the name nickelodeon. They usually remained open from early morning to midnight. The first nickelodeon, a small storefront theater or dance hall converted to view films, was opened in Pittsburgh by Harry Davis and John Harris in June of 1905, showing The Great Train Robbery . Urban, foreign-born, working-class, immigrant audiences loved the cheap form of entertainment and were the predominent cinema-goers. One-reel shorts, silent films, melodramas, comedies, or novelty pieces were usually accompanied with piano playing, sing-along songs, illustrated lectures, other kinds of 'magic lantern' slide shows, skits, penny arcades, or vaudeville-type acts. Standing-room only shows lasted between ten minutes and an hour. The demand for more and more films increased the volume of films being produced and raised profits for their producers.",
"But newspaper critics soon denounced their sensational programs (involving seduction, crime, sex and infidelity) as morally objectionable and as the cause of social unrest and criminal behavior - and they called for censorship. They also criticized the unsanitary and unsafe conditions in the often makeshift nickelodeons. By the early 20th century, nickelodeons were being transformed into more lavish movie palaces (see more below) in metropolitan areas. By 1908, there were approximately 8,000 neighborhood theatres. The First Feature-Length Films: In the early years of cinema, film producers were worried that the American public could not last through a film that was an hour long, thereby delaying the advent of feature films (60-90 minutes in length) in the US. According to most sources, the first continuous, full-length narrative feature film (defined as a commercially-made film at least an hour in length) was writer/director Charles Tait's five-reel biopic of a notorious outback folk hero and bushranger, The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906, Australia), with a running time of between 60-70 minutes. Only fragments of the film survive to this day.",
"Australia was the only country set up to regularly produce feature-length films prior to 1911. [The film was remade many times, notably as director Tony Richardson's Ned Kelly (1970) with rock star Mick Jagger in the lead role, and as Ned Kelly (2003) with Heath Ledger, Orlando Bloom, Geoffrey Rush and Naomi Watts.] The first US documentary re-creation, Sigmund Lubin's one-reel film The Unwritten Law (1907) (subtitled \"A Thrilling Drama Based on the Thaw-White Case/Tragedy\") dramatized the true-life murder -- on June 25, 1906 -- of prominent architect Stanford White by mentally unstable and jealous millionaire Harry Kendall Thaw over the affections of model/showgirl Evelyn Nesbit (who appeared as herself), Thaw's wife. The film was considered quite controversial for its sensational and scandalous story of murder and sex. [Alluring chorine Nesbit would become a brief sensation, and the basis for Richard Fleischer's biopic film The Girl in the Red Velvet Swing (1955), portrayed by Joan Collins, and E.L.",
"Doctorow's musical and film Ragtime (1981), portrayed by an Oscar-nominated Elizabeth McGovern.] The first feature-length film made in Europe was from France - Michel Carre's L'Enfant Prodigue (1907, Fr.), an adaptation of a stage play, that premiered in Paris on June 20, 1907. The first feature-length film produced in the US was Vitagraph's Les Miserables (1909) (each reel of the four-reel production was released separately). A second feature film, Stuart Blackton's Vitagraph five-reel production titled The Life of Moses (1909) was also released in separate installments. The first feature-length film to be released in its entirety in the US was the 69-minute epic Dante's Inferno (1911, It.) (aka L’Inferno), inspired by Dante's 14th century poem The Divine Comedy. It opened in New York on December 10, 1911 at Gane’s Manhattan Theatre.",
"It was made by three directors Francesco Bertolini, Giuseppe de Liguoro, and Adolfo Padovan, took two years to make, and cost over $180,000. The first US feature film to be shown in its entirety was H. A. Spanuth's five-reel production of Oliver Twist (1912). The four-reel silent costume drama Queen Elizabeth (1912, Fr.) (aka Les Amours de la Reine Élisabeth) (starring Sarah Bernhardt) was the third film to be shown whole, in its US premiere in July at the Lyceum Theatre in NYC. The five-reel Richard III (1912) is thought to be the earliest surviving complete feature film made in the US. Although US production and exhibition of feature films started slowly in 1912, the next few years demonstrated tremendous growth when foreign competition (with often superior products) encouraged development.",
"Film History of the Pre-1920s Westerns Films Westerns Films Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3 | Part 4 | Part 5 | Examples Westerns are the major defining genre of the American film industry, a nostalgic eulogy to the early days of the expansive, untamed American frontier (the borderline between civilization and the wilderness). They are one of the oldest, most enduring and flexible genres and one of the most characteristically American genres in their mythic origins. [The popularity of westerns has waxed and waned over the years. Their most prolific era was in the 1930s to the 1960s, and most recently in the 90s, there was a resurgence of the genre. They appear to be making an invigorating comeback (both on the TV screen and in theatres). Modern movie remakes, such as 3:10 To Yuma (2007) and the Coen Brothers' True Grit (2010) have also paid homage to their mid-20th century predecessors.] See all Greatest Westerns Title Screens This indigenous American art form focuses on the frontier West that existed in North America.",
"Westerns are often set on the American frontier during the last part of the 19th century (1865-1900) following the Civil War, in a geographically western (trans-Mississippi) setting with romantic, sweeping frontier landscapes or rugged rural terrain. However, Westerns may extend back to the time of America's colonial period or forward to the mid-20th century, or as far geographically as Mexico. A number of westerns use the Civil War, the Battle of the Alamo (1836) or the Mexican Revolution (1910) as a backdrop. The western film genre often portrays the conquest of the wilderness and the subordination of nature, in the name of civilization, or the confiscation of the territorial rights of the original inhabitants of the frontier. Specific settings include lonely isolated forts, ranch houses, the isolated homestead, the saloon, the jail, the livery stable, the small-town main street, or small frontier towns that are forming at the edges of civilization. They may even include Native American sites or villages.",
"Other iconic elements in westerns include the hanging tree, stetsons and spurs, saddles, lassos and Colt .45's, bandannas and buckskins, canteens, stagecoaches, gamblers, long-horned cattle and cattle drives, prostitutes (or madams) with a heart of gold, and more. Very often, the cowboy has a favored horse (or 'faithful steed'), for example, Roy Rogers' Trigger, Gene Autry's Champion, William Boyd's (Hopalong Cassidy) Topper, the Lone Ranger's Silver and Tonto's Scout. Western films have also been called the horse opera, the oater (quickly-made, short western films which became as commonplace as oats for horses), or the cowboy picture. The western film genre has portrayed much about America's past, glorifying the past-fading values and aspirations of the mythical by-gone age of the West. Over time, westerns have been re-defined, re-invented and expanded, dismissed, re-discovered, and spoofed.",
"In the late 60s and early 70s (and in subsequent years), 'revisionistic' Westerns that questioned the themes and elements of traditional/classic westerns appeared (such as Sam Peckinpah's The Wild Bunch (1969) , Arthur Penn's Little Big Man (1970), Robert Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and later Clint Eastwood's Unforgiven (1992) ). Westerns Film Plots: Usually, the central plot of the western film is the classic, simple goal of maintaining law and order on the frontier in a fast-paced action story. It is normally rooted in archetypal conflict - good vs. bad, virtue vs. evil, white hat vs. black hat, man vs. man, new arrivals vs. Native Americans (inhumanely portrayed as savage Indians), settlers vs. Indians, humanity vs. nature, civilization vs. wilderness or lawlessness, schoolteachers vs. saloon dance-hall girls, villains vs. heroes, lawman or sheriff vs. gunslinger, social law and order vs. anarchy, the rugged individualist vs. the community, the cultivated East vs.",
"West, settler vs. nomad, and farmer vs. industrialist to name a few. Often the hero of a western meets his opposite \"double,\" a mirror of his own evil side that he has to destroy. Typical elements in westerns include hostile elements (often Native Americans), guns and gun fights (sometimes on horseback), violence and human massacres, horses, trains (and train robberies), bank robberies and holdups, runaway stagecoachs, shoot-outs and showdowns, outlaws and sheriffs, cattle drives and cattle rustling, stampedes, posses in pursuit, barroom brawls, 'search and destroy' plots, breathtaking settings and open landscapes (the Tetons and Monument Valley, to name only a few), and distinctive western clothing (denim, jeans, boots, etc.). Western heroes are often local lawmen or enforcement officers, ranchers, army officers, cowboys, territorial marshals, or a skilled, fast-draw gunfighter. They are normally masculine persons of integrity and principle - courageous, moral, tough, solid and self-sufficient, maverick characters (often with trusty sidekicks), possessing an independent and honorable attitude (but often characterized as slow-talking).",
"The Western hero could usually stand alone and face danger on his own, against the forces of lawlessness (outlaws or other antagonists), with an expert display of his physical skills (roping, gun-play, horse-handling, pioneering abilities, etc.).",
"Subgenres of Westerns: There are many subgenres of the typical or traditional western, to name a few: the epic Western (i.e., The Big Country (1958)) the 'singing cowboy' Western (films of Gene Autry and Roy Rogers, see below) the \"spaghetti\" Western (the \"Man With No Name\" trilogy of films by Sergio Leone) the \"noir\" Western (i.e., Pursued (1947)) the \"contemporary\" Western (i.e., Hud (1963)) the \"revisionistic\" Western (i.e., Little Big Man (1970), Dances With Wolves (1990)) the \"comedy\" Western (i.e., Cat Ballou (1965), Blazing Saddles (1974) ) the \"post-apocalyptic\" Western (i.e., Mad Max 2: The Road Warrior (1981-2), The Postman (1997)) the \"science-fiction\" or \"space\" Western (i.e., Outland (1981)) Influences on the Western: In many ways, the cowboy of the Old West was the American version of the Japanese sam",
"urai warrior, or the Arthurian knight of medieval times.",
"[No wonder that westerns were inspired by samurai and Arthurian legends, i.e., Kurosawa's Yojimbo (1961) served as the prototype for Clint Eastwood's A Fistful of Dollars (1964), and Kurosawa's The Seven Samurai (1954) was remade as John Sturges' The Magnificent Seven (1960). Le Mort D'Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory also inspired much of Shane (1953) - a film with a mythical western hero acting like a noble knight in shining leather in its tale of good vs. evil.] They were all bound by legal codes of behavior, ethics, justice, courage, honor and chivalry.",
"Western Film Roots: The roots of the film western are found in many disparate sources, often of literary origins: folk music of the colonial period James Fenimore Cooper's novels such as his 1826 story The Last of the Mohicans (re-made as a feature film at least three times - Clarence Brown's 1920 version, a 1932 version starring Harry Carey, and George Seitz' 1936 version with Randolph Scott, and most recently as the popular film The Last of the Mohicans (1992) starring Daniel Day Lewis as the heroic white frontiersman scout named Hawkeye, raised as a Mohican) Francis Parkman's The Oregon Trail (1849) Samuel Clemens' (Mark Twain) Roughing It (1872) Bret Harte's short stories dime novels about Western heroes Owen Wister's influential The Virginian, published in 1902, the first modern western novel prolific Zane Grey's (1875-1939) 60+ novels that inspired dozens of films, including his best-known western Riders of the Purple Sage (1918, 1925, 193",
"1, 1941); also The Rainbow Trail (1918, 1925), George Seitz's The Vanishing American (1925) - the first film made in Monument Valley, Rangle River (1937), The Mysterious Rider (1933, 1938), Lone Star Ranger (1942), Nevada (1927, 1936, 1944), Western Union (1941), Gunfighters (1947), and Red Canyon (1949) other mythologies (tales of Davy Crockett, Daniel Boone, Jim Bowie, Gen.",
"George A. Custer, Wild Bill Hickok, Buffalo Bill Cody, Calamity Jane, Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Bat Masterson), and outlaws (such as the James Brothers, the original Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, and Billy the Kid) screen cowboy Gene Autry's \"Cowboy Code\" (or Cowboy Commandments) written in the late 1940s - a collection of moralistic principles and values that cowboys reportedly live by, including such tenets as: the cowboy never shoots first or takes unfair advantage, always tells the truth, must help people in distress, and is a patriot The most often-portrayed western heroes on screen have been (in descending order): William Frederick Cody (\"Buffalo Bill\"), William Bonney (\"Billy the Kid\"), Jesse James, Wild Bill Hickok, Gen. George A. Custer, and Wyatt Earp. Silent Westerns: The western was among the first film genres, growing in status alongside the development of Hollywood's studio production system. There were only a few great silent westerns, although the best ones established some of the archetypes that are part of the genre even today.",
"The earliest westerns (silent films without the sound of gunfire, horse's hoofbeats, and the cattle trail) are gems of American history. A few of the earliest western-like films were two shorts from Thomas Edison's Manufacturing Company: the less-than 1 minute-long Cripple Creek Bar Room Scene (1899) (with its prototypical western bar-room scene, and a barmaid played by a man) Poker at Dawson City (1899) (set during the Alaska Gold Rush, about a crooked poker game with flagrant cheating that led to a fight) Edwin S. Porter's Pioneering Western: But the 'first real movie' or commercially narrative film that gave birth to the genre was Edwin S. Porter's pioneering western The Great Train Robbery (1903) . Porter (named 'the father of the story film') was responsible for the one-reel, 10-minute long film, shot - curiously - on the East Coast (New Jersey and Delaware) rather than the Western setting of Wyoming.",
"[The first westerns were shot, until 1906, on the East Coast.] Porter had also directed and filmed Edison's short publicity western-themed film A Romance of the Rail (1903). Almost all the essential elements or conventions of typical westerns were included: good guys vs. bad guys, a robbery or wrong-doing, a chase or pursuit, and a final showdown, all in a natural setting. The film ended (or began) with a stunning close-up (the first!) of a gunman (George Barnes) firing directly into the camera - and audience. It was the most commercially successful film of the pre-nickelodeon era. Porter's film was a milestone in film-making for its storyboarding of the script, the first use of title cards, an ellipsis, and a panning shot, and for its cross-cutting editing techniques. One of its stars with multiple roles, Gilbert M. Anderson (Max Aronson), later took the name \"Broncho Billy\" Anderson and became famous as the first western film hero - the genre's first cowboy. As in other genres, westerns quickly became character-driven and stars began to be developed.",
"Porter's other film in the same year was a non-Western, Life of An American Fireman (1903) featuring more overlapping action and cross-cut editing, and a last-minute rescue of a mother and child in a burning building. And Edison's A Race for Millions (1907) also featured typical western plot elements - a high-noon shootout, and claim-jumping. In fact, a number of major film studios were making westerns as early as 1907, and by the end of the first decade of the century, about twenty percent of all of Hollywood's films were westerns. Other Early Westerns and Their Directors/Producers: The American Mutoscope and Biograph Co. claimed to have made the first western one year before Porter's The Great Train Robbery (1903) . A few early westerns copyrighted by Biograph were the 21-minute long Kit Carson (1903) and the 15-minute The Pioneers (1903). The first western produced in the West was Biograph's A California Hold Up (1906).",
"Note: The first sagebrush sagas were either shot on soundstages or made on the East Coast, until the wide expanse of the West opened up for on-location shoots. D. W. Griffith dabbled in silent westerns at Biograph Studios between 1908 and 1913, producing such pictures as: In Old California (1910), Griffith's first western-filmed western, followed by The Twisted Trail (1910) with Mary Pickford The Last Drop of Water (1911), with the western's first characteristic scenes of a wagon train siege and a cavalry rescue the innovatively-filmed Fighting Blood (1911) about conflict between white settlers and Sioux Indians in the Dakota territory of 1899 and Griffith's last major Biograph western filmed in S. California, titled The Battle of Elderbush Gulch (1914), a two-reel pre-cursor to his most (in)famous landmark film, Birth of a Nation (1915) , with Lillian Gish and Mae Marsh The first feature-length western was Lawrence B. McGill's six-reel Arizona (1913).",
"The first film to feature an all-Native American cast was Hiawatha (1913), made by the Colonial Motion Picture Corporation and based on Longfellow's poem. Young Cecil B. De Mille's first motion picture was The Squaw Man (1914), usually credited as the first feature filmed entirely in Hollywood. [De Mille remade the film in 1918 and 1931.] Even in the early days of the film industry, some real-life cowboys and legendary western figures appeared in films: Wyatt Earp in The Half-Breed (1919) Buffalo Bill Cody in The Adventures of Buffalo Bill (1917) Thomas Ince (1882-1924), known for inventing the studio system, was the first studio executive who embraced the western in the teen years. He arrived in California in 1911, where he produced detailed scripts with new situations and characters for a vast number of classic westerns.",
"In 1912, his Bison Company production studios (known as Inceville) purchased the Miller Brothers 101 Ranch and the Wild West Show to use their props and performers for his assembly-line, mass-produced films. In the early 1910s, famed director John Ford's older brother Francis was directing and starring in westerns in California for producer Ince, before joining Universal and Carl Laemmle in 1913. The First Westerns Super-Star of the Silent Era: William S. Hart Ince was responsible for discovering and bringing Shakespearean actor William S. Hart (1870-1946) to prominent stardom by signing him up in his New York Motion Picture Company. Hart served as both actor and director after moving to Hollywood, and was often portrayed as a \"good bad man\" on the screen (with his Pinto pony named Fritz).",
"He emerged as one of the greatest Western heroes in the mid-1910s, until the release of his last film in 1925: The Disciple (1915) The Taking of Jim McLane (1915) Devil's Double (1916) The Return of Draw Egan (1916) Truthful Tulliver (1916) The Narrow Trail (1917), Hart's first feature production for Paramount Branding Broadway (1918), set in modern-day New York City! Riddle Gawne (1918) Sand (1920), reportedly Pres.",
"Woodrow Wilson's favorite Hart film The Testing Block (1920) The Toll Gate (1920), Hart's first film with his own production company The Three Word Brand (1921), with Hart playing three roles White Oak (1921) Wild Bill Hickok (1923) Singer Jim McKee (1924) Tumbleweeds (1925), Hart's best-known and greatest western, by director King Baggot and from UA - about the Cherokee Strip (Oklahoma) Gold Rush; the film's title referred to a breed of roaming cowboys"
] |
1998 was the Chinese year of which creature?
|
Tiger
|
[
"Tigress",
"🐅",
"Tigers in captivity",
"Tigris striatus",
"Tigers (animal)",
"Mating tigers",
"Sexual behavior of tigers",
"🐯",
"Endangered Subspecies of Tiger",
"Tiger populations",
"Tigers",
"Tigris regalis",
"Panthera Tigris",
"Tiger",
"F tigris",
"Tiger blood",
"Naahar",
"African tiger",
"Panthera tigris",
"Felis tigris",
"Tigrine",
"Endangered subspecies of tiger",
"Tiger cub",
"Tiger (wild)",
"Tiger urine",
"F. tigris"
] | 8,207
|
[
"Year of the Tiger: Zodiac Luck, Romance, Personality.. Years of the Tiger include 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, 2010, and 2022. You can use the tool on the right to find your zodiac animal sign. The Tiger’s Personality: Brave, Confident... People born in the year of the Tiger are brave, competitive, unpredictable, and self-confident. They are very charming and well-liked by others. But sometimes they are likely to be impetuous, irritable, and overindulged. With stubborn personalities and tough judgment, tigers work actively and boldly express themselves, and do things with a high-handed manner. They are authoritative and never go back on what they have said. With great confidence and indomitable fortitude, they can be competent leaders. They will not make preparations for anything, but they can handle anything that comes along.",
"While they are not motivated by money or power, Tigers love be challenged and will accept any challenge if it means important value to them, and they do not like to obey others. Good Health for “Tigers” Tigers enjoy good health. They are active so they like to do various sports. Small illnesses, such as colds, coughs, and fever, are rarely experienced by Tigers. However, they should avoid excessive strenuous exercise, because some dangerous activities may lead to physical harm. When involved in outdoor excise, they should pay particular attention to warm-up exercise. Aerobic exercises, such as jogging, are suitable for keeping fit. Tigers are energetic and have great enthusiasm at work. When they feel exhausted after extended work, they need some relaxation to refresh themselves. The Best Jobs or Career for Tigers The Tiger, called “the king of the animals\" in China, is usually the center of attention. They are born with leadership, and they are respected by others. Tigers are suitable to any career as leaders. They are suited to careers such as advertising agent, office manager, travel agent, actor, writer, artist, pilot, flight attendant, musician, comedian, and chauffeur.",
"However, in their early years, Tigers’ careers are not so smooth. After their thirties they find their direction and gather wealth. How to Build Relationships with \"Tigers\" In social relationships, Tigers are always in the dominant role. Due to mistrust and over confidence, Tigers do not like to communicate with others, so they are not good at coordinating in social circles. They are inclined to use commanding means to deal with interpersonal relationships. Even though they are acquainted with a lot of people, they do not further the relationships to deep friendship. Understanding, patience, and tact are needed when dealing with Tigers. In love relationships, Tigers cannot give sweet love to their partners because they lack a sense of romance. Partners need to be equally active to keep up with the Tiger’s sense of adventure.",
"The Luckiest Things for “Tigers” Lucky numbers: 1, 3, and 4 and numbers containing them (like 13 and 43) Lucky days: the 16th and 27th of any Chinese lunar calendar month Lucky colors: blue, gray, orange Lucky flowers: yellow lily, cineraria Lucky direction: east, north, south Lucky months: the 3rd, 7th, and 10th Chinese lunar months. Things That Should Be Avoided by “Tigers” Unlucky colors: brown Unlucky months: the 1st, 4th, 5th and 11th Chinese lunar months Is Year 2017 a Lucky Year for \"Tigers\"? The fortune trend for Tigers is rather gloomy in 2017, and the odds will be against them rather than in their favor if they are not resolved successfully. Not only do many difficulties lie ahead of them, but they will also be hampered by underhand people. Just as each coin has two sides, Tigers will still have opportunities to move forward and even win in a flexible way if they pursue their advantages and avoid their disadvantages.",
"Career Trend Tigers should deal with difficulties and conflicts in their career calmly and struggle for their survival flexibly and diligently, or they will have an overwhelming defeat. One point that they should pay special attention to is that they must be flexible enough to adjust their strategies to the changing environment when encountering issues that do not run smoothly. Four months must be made full use of if they want to reach a breakthrough in their career, namely the second, fifth, sixth and tenth Chinese lunar months, when few difficulties will occur in their career. Money-Making Opportunities Tigers will not be blessed due to their poor fortune trend in 2017. They should avoid any high-risk investments in the first, fourth, and seventh, Chinese lunar months even though others may make a profit due to good market prospects. Not only will they not have any benefits in the other months (in addition to the months above), but accidents may also happen to them. Instead of being careless and inadvertent, they must carefully manage their finances and save money in case of an emergency. Health Trend Tigers will be very vulnerable to illnesses due to poor health; therefore, they should look after themselves well to avoid catching acute infectious diseases, especially in the fourth, seventh, and tenth Chinese lunar months.",
"In addition, they should stop bad habits like smoking and drinking, and be wary of drugs. Great attention should be paid to their dental health as it will be easy for them to become ill via oral infections. Instead of concealing an illness and avoiding treatment, they should go to see a doctor immediately. Relationship Trend It will be hard for Tigers to fall in love due to their dramatically unstable emotions in 2017; therefore, they will not experience any love. As far as their romantic relationships are concerned, the worst times for them will be in the first, second, and tenth Chinese lunar months. However, it will totally depend on them to make any developments in the relationships. They should deal with their relationships naturally instead of rashly and forcefully, or they will be cheated both emotionally and financially. Love Compatibility: Is She/He Compatible with You? Each animal sign has its unique characteristics. Love compatibility among Chinese zodiac animals mostly takes into account the general characteristics of each animal. Only those whose characteristics match each other well can be good partners. See below the compatibility of the Tiger with other animals.",
"Best with: Dragon, Horse, or Pig Worst with: Ox, Snake, or Monkey Take our online love Compatibility test What Type of \"Tiger\" Are You: Wood, Fire, Earth, Gold, or Water? In Chinese element theory, each zodiac sign is associated with one of five elements: Gold (Metal), Wood, Water, Fire, or Earth, which means that e.g. a Wood Tiger comes once in a 60-year cycle. It is theorized that a person's characteristics are decided by their birth year's zodiac animal sign and element. So there are five types of Tigers, each with different characteristics: Type of Tiger Chinese Zodiac: 12 Animal Signs, Calculator, Origin, App Zi Shi: 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. This is the time rats actively seek food. Ox Chou Shi: 1 to 3 a.m. This is the time that oxen ruminate. Tiger Yin Shi: 3 to 5 a.m. Tigers hunt prey and display fiercest nature. Rabbit Mao Shi: 5 to 7 a.m. The Jade Rabbit on the moon is busy pounding medicinal herb with a pestle.",
"Dragon Chen Shi: 7 to 9 a.m. Dragons are hover in the sky at that time to give people rainfall. Snake Si Shi: 9 to 11 a.m. Snakes start to leave their burrows. Horse Wu Shi: 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. With the sun high above, other animals are lying down for a noon break while the unconstrained horse is still vigorous. Sheep Wei Shi: 1 to 3 p.m. It is said that if sheep ate grass at this time, they would grow stronger. Monkey Shen Shi: 3 to 5 p.m. Monkeys become lively. You Shi: 5 to 7 p.m. Roosters return to their roost as it is dark. Dog Xu Shi: 7 to 9 p.m. Dogs begin to carry out their duty to guard entrances. Pig The Chinese Zodiac, 12 Zodiac Animals, Find Your Zodiac Sign The Chinese animal zodiac, or shengxiao (/shnng-sshyaoww/ ‘born resembling’), is a repeating cycle of 12 years, with each year being represented by an animal and its reputed attributes.",
"Traditionally these zodiac animals were used to date the years. The 12 Animals of the Chinese Zodiac In order, the 12 animals are: Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Goat, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, Pig. What Your Chinese Zodiac Animal Sign Is Your Chinese Zodiac sign is derived from your birth year, according to the Chinese lunar calendar. See the years of each animal below or use the calculator on the right to determine your own sign.",
"Rat: 2008, 1996, 1984, 1972, 1960 Ox: 2009, 1997, 1985, 1973, 1961 Tiger: 2010, 1998, 1986, 1974, 1962 Rabbit: 2011, 1999, 1987, 1975, 1963 Dragon: 2012, 2000, 1988, 1976, 1964 Snake: 2013, 2001, 1989, 1977, 1965 Horse: 2014, 2002, 1990, 1978, 1966 Goat: 2015, 2003, 1991, 1979, 1967 Monkey: 2016",
", 2004, 1992, 1980, 1968 Rooster: 2017 , 2005, 1993, 1981, 1969 Dog: 2018, 2006, 1994, 1982, 1970 Pig: 2019, 2007, 1995, 1983, 1971 Find Your Chinese Zodiac Sign Choose your date of birth and find out about your Chinese zodiac sign.",
"You are a: Love: Health: Those born in January and February take care: Chinese (Lunar) New Year moves between 21 January and February 20. If you were born in January or February, check whether your birth date falls before or after Chinese New Year to know what your Chinese zodiac year is. Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility — Is He/She Right for You? People born in a certain animal year are believed to have attributes of that animal, which could either help or hinder a relationship. An important use of Chinese Zodiac is to determine if two people are compatible, in a romantic relationship or any kind of relationship. In ancient times people were faithful to Chinese Zodiac compatibility and often referred to it before a romantic relationship began. Even nowadays some people still refer to it. Take our online test on the right and find how suitable you and your partner are. See our Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Charts Chinese Zodiac Love Compatibility Test Is she/he compatible with you? Take the test and see... Boy's Name: Date of Birth: It’s BAD LUCK When Your Zodiac Year Comes Around!",
"As the Chinese zodiac recurs every 12 years, your animal year will come around when you are 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, etc. According to ancient Chinese superstition, in your birth sign year, he will offend the God of Age, and will have bad luck during that year. The best way to avoid bad luck during this year is by wearing something red given by an elder (relative), such as socks, a neck cord, underwear, a waistband, a bracelet, or an anklet. Read more on How to be Lucky in Your Zodiac Year . Chinese Zodiac Years Have Two Different Starts! There are two dates a Chinese zodiac year could be said to start on, and neither is January 1! China traditionally uses two calendars: the solar calendar and the lunar calendar. The traditional solar calendar has 24 fifteen-day solar terms, and the first, called ‘Start of Spring’, falls on February 4 (or 5). The lunar calendar has 12 or 13 months and starts on Chinese New Year, which is somewhere in the period January 21 to February 20.",
"Most Chinese people use lunar New Year as the start of the zodiac year. But for fortune telling and astrology, people believe ‘Start of Spring’ is the beginning of the zodiac year. Chinese Zodiac Origins — Why 12 Animals The 12 animals were chosen deliberately, after many revisions. The zodiac animals are either closely related to ancient Chinese people’s daily lives, or have lucky meanings. The ox, horse, goat, rooster, pig, and dog are six of the main domestic animals raised by Chinese people. The other six animals: rat, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, and monkey are all loved by the Chinese people. Why the 12 Zodiac Animals Are in That Order The 12 Chinese Zodiac animals are in a fixed order according to Chinese Yin and Yang Theory and perceived attributes. The yin or the yang of the animals is defined based on the odd or even number of their claws (or toes, hoofs). The animals are then arranged in an alternating (complementary) yin-yang sequence. Usually an animal has is the same number of claws on its front and rear legs. However the rat has four toes on its fore legs and five on its hind legs.",
"As the old saying goes, “a thing is valued in proportion to its rarity”, so the Rat ranks first of the 12 zodiac animals. It uniquely combines the attributes of odd (yang) and even (yin). 4+5=9, and yang is dominant, so the Rat is classified as odd (yang) overall. Zodiac Animal Amiability without fidelity leads to immorality. Chinese Zodiac Hours — Each Hour is Associated with a Zodiac Animal Chinese zodiac hours It is widely known that each year is associated with a Chinese zodiac animal, but in Chinese culture the 12 zodiac animals are also associated with hours of a day. In ancient times, in order to tell the time, people divided a day into twelve 2-hour periods, and designated an animal to represent each period, according to each animal’s “special time”. According to Chinese astrology, though not popularly used, a person’s personality and life is more decided by his/her birth hour than year. The zodiac hour is widely used for character and destiny analysis.",
"Rat The Chinese Zodiac Imaginative, generous, successful, popular, curious Feb 10, 1948 – Jan 28, 1949 Jan 28, 1960 – Feb 14, 1961 Feb 15, 1972 – Feb 2, 1973 Feb 2, 1984 – Feb 19, 1985 Feb 19, 1996 – Feb 6, 1997 Feb 7, 2008 – Jan 25, 2009 Jan 25, 2020 – Feb 11, 2021 Chou (ox) Confident, honest, patient, conservative, strong Jan 29, 1949 – Feb 16, 1950 Feb 15, 1961 – Feb 4, 1962 Feb 3, 1973 – Jan 22, 1974 Feb 20, 1985 – Feb 8, 1986 Feb",
" 7, 1997 – Jan 27, 1998 Jan 26, 2009 – Feb 13, 2010 Feb 12, 2021 – Jan 31, 2022 Yin (tiger) Sensitive, tolerant, brave, active, resilient Feb 17, 1950 – Feb 5, 1951 Feb 5, 1962 – Jan 24, 1963 Jan 23, 1974 – Feb 10, 1975 Feb 9, 1986 – Jan 28, 1987 Jan 28, 1998 – Feb 15, 1999 Feb 14, 2010 – Feb 2, 2011 Feb 1, 2022 – Jan 21, 2023 Mao (rabbit) Affectionate, kind, gentle, compassionate, merciful Feb 6, 1951 – Jan 26, 1952 Jan ",
"25, 1963 – Feb 12, 1964 Feb 11, 1975 – Jan 30, 1976 Jan 29, 1987 – Feb 16, 1988 Feb 16, 1999 – Feb 4, 2000 Feb 3, 2011 – Jan 22, 2012 Jan 22, 2023 – Feb 9, 2024 Chen (dragon) Enthusiastic, intelligent, lively, energetic, innovative Jan 27, 1952 – Feb 13, 1953 Feb 13, 1964 – Feb 1, 1965 Jan 31, 1976 – Feb 17, 1977 Feb 17, 1988 – Feb 5, 1989 Feb 5, 2000 – Jan 23, 2001 Jan 23, 2012 – Feb 9, 2",
"013 Feb 10, 2024 – Jan 28, 2025 Si (snake) Charming, intuitive, romantic, highly perceptive, polite Feb 14, 1953 – Feb 2, 1954 Feb 2, 1965 – Jan 20, 1966 Feb 18, 1977 – Feb 6, 1978 Feb 6, 1989 – Jan 26, 1990 Jan 24, 2001 – Feb 11, 2002 Feb 10, 2013 – Jan 30, 2014 Jan 29, 2025 – Feb 16, 2026 Wu (horse) Diligent, friendly, sophisticated, talented, clever Feb 3, 1954 – Jan 23, 1955 Jan 21, 1966 – Feb 8, 1967 Feb 7, 1978 – Jan 27, 19",
"79 Jan 27, 1990 – Feb 14, 1991 Feb 12, 2002 – Jan 31, 2003 Jan 31, 2014 – Feb 18, 2015 Feb 17, 2026 – Feb 5, 2027 Wei (sheep) Artistic, calm, reserved, happy, kind Jan 24, 1955 – Feb 11, 1956 Feb 9, 1967 – Jan 29, 1968 Jan 28, 1979 – Feb 15, 1980 Feb 15, 1991 – Feb 3, 1992 Feb 1, 2003 – Jan 21, 2004 Feb 19, 2015 – Feb 7, 2016 Feb 6, 2027 – Jan 25, 2028 Shen (monkey) Witty, lively, flexible, humorous, curious",
" Feb 12, 1956 – Jan 30, 1957 Jan 30, 1968 – Feb 16, 1969 Feb 16, 1980 – Feb 4, 1981 Feb 4, 1992 – Jan 22, 1993 Jan 22, 2004 – Feb 8, 2005 Feb 8, 2016 – Jan 27, 2017 Jan 26, 2028 – Feb 12, 2029 You (rooster) Shrewd, honest, communicative, motivated, punctual Jan 31, 1957 – Feb 17, 1958 Feb 17, 1969 – Feb 5, 1970 Feb 5, 1981 – Jan 24, 1982 Jan 23, 1993 – Feb 9, 1994 Feb 9, 2005 – Jan 28",
", 2006 Jan 28, 2017 – Feb 15, 2018 Feb 13, 2029 – Feb 2, 2030 Xu (dog) Loyal, honest, responsible, courageous, warm-hearted Feb 18, 1958 – Feb 8, 1959 Feb 6, 1970 – Jan 26, 1971 Jan 25, 1982 - Feb 12, 1983 Feb 10 1994 – Jan 30, 1995 Jan 29, 2006 – Feb 17, 2007 Feb 16, 2018 – Feb 4, 2019 Feb 3, 2030 – Jan 22, 2031 Hai (boar/pig) 1998 - Year of the Tiger (continued) I AM THE TIGER 1998 - Year of the Tiger According to the Chinese zodiac, 1998 (beginning on",
" January 28th according to the lunar calendar) will have characteristics much like the Tiger described on our home page.",
"Unfortunately tiger years are also full of wars, unrest, dissension and catastrophes. Consider past Tiger events - such as Watergate, Irangate, the Chernobyl nuclear accident, and the space shuttle explosion. Witness already El Nino and La Nina, the current Asian currency crisis, and the current Clinton scandal. The Year of the Tiger is sure to a be a real shaker!! The best advice for getting through this year of extremes is to proceed with caution. Especially be cautious with new partnerships, friendships and agreements - for these will be extremely fragile and prone to failure. But don�t despair! This year will bring out the best in each of us as we discover hidden strengths and are cleansed of negative energies. And by avoiding impetuous decisions you will emerge energized and triumphant, enabling you to enter into 1999, the Year of the Rabbit, a much easier time for all! Chinese legend states that thousands of years ago, Buddha sent out a summons to all the animals in the kingdom. Only twelve animals answered this call. As a reward, Buddha endowed each animal with a year of its own in the order of arrival.",
"From then on, each year of the Chinese calendar bore the characteristics of the animal of that name. Using the Chinese zodiac, judge for yourself if the following characteristics describe yourself or your friends. First, find your animal by the date of your birth with the chart below. (If you are born from mid-January to mid-February, you will need to find out the date of the Chinese New Year for the year in which you were born as this changes each year in the lunar calendar. See the end of this article for suggested sources.) Chinese New Year Zodiac Animal continue reading below our video Tips for Taking Better Travel Photos Chinese New Year Cow Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 2. Cow Birth Years for the Cow Zodiac Sign: 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997 Patient, reliable and loyal, cows are happiest when their life and relationships are stable. They tend to form strong and long lasting friendships and often have a small but solid circle of friends.",
"While usually relaxed, cows can be apprehensive of change and this fear can make them sensitive to criticism and unwilling to accept other people’s opinions. Chinese New Year Tiger Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 3. Tiger Birth Years for the Tiger Zodiac Sign: 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998 Passionate about life, Tigers tend to act before they think and throw all their energies into every situation headlong. Supremely confident, they breed confidence in those around them and are natural born leaders and great orators. But their hot and cold emotions mean they are easily bored and change their mind and opinions frequently. They warm to people quickly and usually have a wide circle of friends, but can often be too easily influenced. Chinese New Year Rabbit Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 4.",
"Rabbit Birth Years for the Rabbit Zodiac Sign : 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999 One of the noblest signs, rabbits are considered principled and honorable and often gain the admiration of those around them. They care deeply about family and friends and their kindness and sympathy for others means they have long and strong relationships. Inscrutability honest and with a talent for dealing with people, they can often rise to positions of influence. Their good intentions can make them a soft target for people to take advantage of their charity and sympathy, and their gullibility can lead them into trouble. Chinese New Year Dragon Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 5.",
"Dragon Birth Years for the Dragon Zodiac Sign: 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000 The red blooded dragon is one of the strongest signs in the Chinese zodiac and their tireless spirit can often bring them success. Their backbone and resolve means they are often turned to in times of crisis, and they can be relied upon to help out others. Their bravery means there are few situations they cannot over come. Driving them is a fiery temperament and it can make them impulsive and impetuous. They dislike routines and are regularly searching for new challenges and opportunities. Chinese New Year Snake Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 6. Snake Birth Years for the Snake Zodiac Sign: 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001 Naturally intelligent, snakes have a thirst for knowledge and education giving them a wisdom that makes them prudent and rational when it comes to both money and relationships.",
"They rarely make snap decisions, preferring to be patient, weigh up the pros and cons before choosing the right course. Their cool, calm and collected approach to life snakes cope with stress well but it can make them seem emotionally detached and they struggle to express themselves. Chinese New Year Horse Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 7. Horse Birth Years for the Horse Zodiac Sign: 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002 Full of wit and personality, horses revel in being the center of attention, and their outgoing and sociable behavior means they usually have a wide circle of friends. They usually have little difficulty in attracting the opposite sex but quickly fall in love and relationships can often be intense and short; ending in heartbreak. In a relationship or not, horses like to be independent and their can do attitude and belief in themselves can often drive them to success. Chinese New Year Goat Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 8.",
"Sheep Birth Years for the Sheep Zodiac Sign: 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991, 2003 Always thoughtful and kind to those around them, sheep value deep links to family friends and are unselfish in putting other people first. Gentle in their personality, sheep tend to have an affinity for culture and are often creatively gifted. Their sensitivity and concern makes them deep thinkers, but also worriers, and they are easily stressed and often tense. Chinese New Year Monkey Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 9. Monkey Birth Years for the Monkey Zodiac Sign: 1920, 1932, 1944, 1956, 1968, 1980, 1992, 2004 Combining confidence, charisma and a dash of cuteness, monkeys are usually the life and soul of the party and popular with friends and potential partners.",
"Imaginative with an ability to think creatively, adventurous and restless, they can seem rebellious, unwilling to accept authority, but their inquisitive nature, imagination and ability to think outside the box often makes them gifted at overcoming challenges and striving under stress. Their natural talents may sometimes be lost to laziness and they can seem condescending and egotistical. Chinese New Year Chicken Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 10. Rooster Birth Years for the Rooster Zodiac Sign: 1921, 1933, 1945, 1957, 1969, 1981, 1993, 2005 With high expectations and high standards, roosters demand the best for themselves and are tenacious in doing whatever it takes to achieve their goals. While their ideals may seem impossibly ambitious, their approach to life is practical, disciplined and hard working. Sharp and capable, they conquer the obstacles that face them resolutely and are unflappable in a crisis. Roosters take failure very personally and can be highly critical of themselves and others around them; sometimes showing insensitivity. Chinese New Year Dog Zodiac Sign.",
"Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 11. Dog Birth Years for the Dog Zodiac Sign: 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006 The eternal optimists, dogs always see the best in themselves and others and have a naturally happy disposition. Their enthusiasm is infectious and can inspire others to look towards them for leadership. While they value loyalty and are trusting of others, they are easily jealous and are unforgiving after disagreements and arguments. An innate stubbornness also means they will rarely admit when they are wrong. Chinese New Year Pig Zodiac Sign. Getty/Stephanie Dalton Cowan 12. Pig Birth Years for the Pig Zodiac Sign: 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 2007 The down to earth pig is instantly likable and can always be relied upon for their honesty and sense of fair play.",
"Their friendliness and compassion make them excellent at dealing with people and they are an excellent judge of character. Despite their belief in other people they can often underestimate themselves and often --- wrongly --- feel they lack the skills or talent to achieve what they want most in life. Chinese New Year | Chinese Animal Year Zodiac | Chinese New Year Dates Today's Horoscope The Chinese Lunar calendar follows a 12 year cycle and each of the 12 years is represented by 12 Animals which form the Chinese Zodiac. After every 12 years the Chinese Calendar repeats itself. The animals in the Chinese Zodiac or the animals which constitute the Chinese calendar are Rat, Ox, Tiger, Hare, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and Pig. • Chinese New Year Dates - Chinese new year dates as per English calendar Chinese Years - Chinese Animal Years List Given below is a list of all the years starting from the year 1900 to 2100 sorted according to the Chinese Animal they represent. For example, the Years listed under the column rat represent the Chinese Year of the Rat, likewise, Chinese Year of the Tiger, Chinese Year of the Hare etc...",
"Rat 2103 Chinese New Year - Chinese New Year Date When in Chinese New Year 2018 or 2019? What is the English date corresponding to Chinese New Year date? Given below is the Chinese New Year dates of all Years between 2005 and 2020. Chinese New year date in English calendar format and English new year date in Chinese Year Format. Chinese new year date as per English calendar English date corresponding to Chinese new year i.e., first day of first Chinese month of each year.",
"Chinese New Year 2011 - February 3, 2011 Chinese New Year 2012 - January 23, 2012 Chinese New Year 2013 - February 10, 2013 Chinese New Year 2014 - January 31, 2014 Chinese New Year 2015 - February 19, 2015 Chinese New Year 2016 - February 8, 2016 Chinese New Year 2017 - January 28, 2017 Chinese New Year 2018 - February 16, 2018 Chinese New Year 2019 - February 5, 2019 Chinese New Year 2020 - January 25, 2020 Chinese New Year 2021 - February 12, 2021 Chinese New Year 2022 - February 1, 2022 Chinese New Year 2023 - January 22, 2023 Chinese New Year 2024 - February 10",
", 2024 Chinese New Year 2025 - January 29, 2025 Chinese New Year 2026 - February 17, 2026 New year date as per Chinese calendar year Chinese date corresponding to English new year i.e., January 1.",
"January, 1 2012 is 8-12-4709 January, 1 2013 is 20-11-4710 January, 1 2014 is 1-12-4711 January, 1 2015 is 11-11-4712 January, 1 2016 is 22-11-4713 January, 1 2017 is 4-12-4714 January, 1 2018 is 15-11-4715 January, 1 2019 is 26-11-4716 January, 1 2020 is 7-12-4717 January, 1 2021 is 18-11-4718 January, 1 2022 is 29-11-4719 January, 1 2023 is 10-12-4720 January, 1 202",
"4 is 20-11-4721 January, 1 2025 is 2-12-4722 January, 1 2026 is 13-11-4723 January, 1 2027 is 24-11-4724 Chinese Calendar is the traditional astrology calendar of the Chinese people.",
"Many of the chinese festivals and Government Holidays are determined based on the Chinese Calendar. The months of the Chinese Calendar is a sixty year cycle. Chinese Animal Year / Chinese Zodiac Calendar Chinese calendar related links"
] |
What did Clarice Cliff create?
|
Pottery
|
[
"Pots",
"Pottery and porcelain",
"Pottery maker",
"Art ware",
"Pottery-makers",
"Pottery-maker",
"Vase painting",
"Fine art pot",
"Clay pottery",
"Ceramics",
"Pottery",
"Ceramicware",
"Art pottery",
"Painted vase",
"Ceramic pot",
"Ceramic ware",
"Ceramics art",
"Pot throwing",
"Pottery-making",
"Pottery making",
"Ceramic paint",
"Pottery makers",
"Potterymaker",
"Ceramicist",
"Potterymaking",
"Clay pot",
"Pot",
"Pottery manufacture",
"Coil pot",
"History of pottery",
"Ceramic wares",
"Potterymakers",
"Making a pot"
] | 10,230
|
[
"Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? Why did Clarice Cliff become so famous? Leonard Griffin, author of five books on Clarice, and founder of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club, talks about the woman behind the art. When I bought my first piece of Clarice Cliff pottery in 1979 many antique dealers had not even heard of her. Some referred to her �Clarence� Cliff! The startling contrast between designs such as Crocus and Lugano; or shapes such as her Yo Yo vase and the very traditional My Garden ware, was puzzling. How could ONE person have designed such a diversity of designs? At the time there had been just one book about her, published in 1976 and was out of print. However, I finally managed to get a copy of the L�Odeon Clarice Cliff book, and devoured its contents eagerly. The more I learned about her pottery and life the more I become thoroughly engrossed. This was a very exciting time as many of the pieces I found were not in the book. What were to become her most famous creations, the classic Age of Jazz figures, were shown only in archive black and white photographs.",
"It was clear there was much to discover. Such is the �spell� cast by Clarice�s art that today posters, books and her personal possessions are all sought by enthusiasts. Yet the early eighties saw a quiet build in interest, so fortunately I managed to assemble a collection in the days when pieces cost tens of pounds, rather than thousands. To answer the many mysteries about Clarice and her pottery, I started the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club back in 1982. Seeing the vast diversity of shapes and designs in other people's collections made me realise it might take years to catalogue them all, and I am still trying to complete this task 18 years later. I began to research Clarice�s work in Stoke on Trent, where between 1982 and 1988 I traced over 30 of Clarice�s original paintresses. They had been just 14 years old when they joined her between 1927 and 1936, so were robust, lively women, surprised at the interest in their work.",
"On my trips to Stoke I also discovered both the old decorating shop at Newport Pottery and the original tip where the breakages, �shards� were dumped! I still cherish a box with hundreds of pieces of �broken Bizarre� ~ another collector�s foible! Soon, I had so much new information that I decided to write a book of my own on Clarice, but no British publisher could be interested. Then, fate played its part; American collectors Louis and Susan Meisel approached me. Our mutual love for Clarice�s work inspired us to produce a new book. We added new shapes, new designs, new names to Clarice�s story. And for the first time, we illustrated the Age of Jazz figures! Bizarre Affair was published in 1988 and is still in print today. It added a hint of the personal story behind the amazing pots, as the title referred to the affair Clarice had with the factory owner Colley Shorter. Bizarre Affair exhibitions were staged at the National Theatre, London, and Warrington Museum, and yet more devotees discovered Clarice.",
"The poster has already sold for �20 to �30, and an original edition of the book now sells for up to �50. Since 1988 the ceramics world has never been the same: suddenly Clarice was really discovered! But she was certainly not the chosen �doyenne of British ceramics amongst academics and �serious� writers. Luckily, ceramics collectors chose not to listen to the critics. Christies in South Kensington introduced sales of just Clarice Cliff pottery in 1989. They were amazed to find that hundreds of enthusiasts arrived on viewing and sales days, and �celebrity collectors� were soon spotted. Cliff devotees were rumoured to include Jerry Hall, Dawn French and Whoopi Goldberg. Clarice�s pottery was exported to many countries, including the USA and Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, so collectors and auctions are found around the world. Indeed, the current World record is for a teaset sold by Christie�s in Melbourne in 1999 for �17,500!",
"Most recently, the phenomenal prices have appeared on eBay. There are usually over 250 pieces of Clarice Cliff on offer and a humble four inch high Beehive honeypot in Carpet sold for an astounding �2530 ($4050). I only ever intended to write one other Clarice book, for her Centenary year of 1999. I had my plans mapped-out as early as 1994.. but suddenly, such was the interest in her, that I wrote three books between 1995 and 1998. In schools, thousands of youngsters did art projects based on her designs or shapes, and at the other end of the spectrum, newly retired people were studying her work because they found her bright, primary colours rejuvenating. Clarice�s unique contribution was to bring colour into the lives of everyday people. And she was also the first woman to produce her own shapes en-masse in a Staffordshire �potbank� ~ hundreds of them!",
"She designed over 20 teapot shapes alone, and companies adapted her designs; not only on pottery, but on aprons, tea towels, doormats, trays, calendars, even biscuit tins! This spate of look-alike ware cashed�in on Clarice�s style, much in the same way that �Mockintosh� appeared to copy the unique style of Charles Rennie Mackintosh. Some collectors may find it hard to accept that thousands of plates with her patterns printed on them have been produced, but it is an affordable way of buying her Art, otherwise she might be another renowned, but distant designer from another era. She really is the people�s designer from the Thirties: her work was aimed at a mass market then, and the �magic� still works! As prices continue to rise, it is still possible for new devotees to buy actual hand-painted reproductions of her work by Wedgwood. These represent an affordable way to enjoy her amazing shapes and patterns.",
"Ironically, Wedgwood has employed a team of young decorators to produce these piece, and they are based in Tunstall, Clarice�s home town! Clarice�s Centenary year was 1999, and she was finally acknowledged for her achievements in her home town of Stoke-on-Trent. The Wedgwood Museum held an exhibition Clarice Cliff : The Art of Bizarre for six months. It was visited by 100,000 people including her original painters - the Bizarre �girls�- now all in their eighties. They became the focus for the public interest and adulation Clarice never really had. Perhaps one pivotal reason Clarice Cliff has become so famous is because she was just an ordinary person with whom we can all strongly identify. She was modest about her achievements to the last, refusing to go to an exhibition of her work in 1972 just before her death. Her �girls� tell us that she would have been �stunned� at the interest now.",
"But it was inevitable for someone who, in a few years created a range of over 400 different shapes which could be ordered on any of over 500 major designs. No other Potteries designer ever achieved this unique skill of being both a prolific modeller of shapes and creator of designs: her fame is based on sheer talent. Clarice�s Centenary has gone, but her �star� continues to rise. In the first auction after Centenary year her pottery has not only maintained its high prices, but suddenly made many new record prices. Lotus jugs, one of her most available shapes, were sold for �7000 to �8000 in standard designs. An Age of Jazz figure, that we did not really know a great deal about in 1982, made a world record price of �15,500 ! One of my first members had paid �20 for hers in the seventies. Clarice would have �chuckled�, for she was an artist who thoroughly enjoyed her work.",
"She herself said in 1933: \"Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by a little innocent tomfoolery.\" The Clarice Cliff Collectors Club is at Credits: Images of Clarice Cliff and Colley Shorter are � Leonard Griffin� and Pavilion Books 1998/1999 Credits: Images of Wedgwood Clarice Cliff reproductions � Leonard Griffin� and Josiah Wedgwood� Credits: Clarice Cliff pottery images, and 1988 �Bizarre Affair� poster � Leonard Griffin� and Clarice Cliff Collectors Club The Original Clarice Cliff Website - History, Museum, Events, Forum Go to Features > Clarice Cliff is, today, regarded as one of the most influential ceramics artists of the 20th Century and her work is collected, valued and admired the world over.",
"She was born on January 20th 1899 in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent and started work at the age of 13 in 'The Potteries'. Clarice moved to the AJ Wilkinson's pottery factory in 1916. She was ambitious and her skills were recognised so that eventually she was given her own studio. It was here that she starting creating her own patterns and the famous 'Bizarre' wares were launched in 1927. In 1928 Clarice created a pattern of Crocus flowers made from individual brushstrokes, completely hand-painted in bright colours. Orders came in thick and fast and in 1930 a separate decorating department was set up to meet demand. The vast majority of Clarice's 'Art Deco' output was between 1927 and 1936. These years are commonly known, by collectors, as The 'Bizarre' years. After 'Bizarre' Clarice continued to produce many wares in her own unique style and to suit the current tastes of the nation and the various worldwide export markets.",
"Join ClariceCliff.com - read about our membership packages here > Clarice Cliff Pottery Clarice Cliff PotteryBy Mark Chervenka Clarice Cliff Pottery As you probably know from articles in antiques publications, pottery by Clarice Cliff has brought record prices. In auctions, teapots have sold for over $3,000; plates, up to $3,300; vases and jugs, $975 to $1,800. Cliff figurines have sold for over $6,000; vases have brought over $10,000. The increasing popularity of Cliff's work-- plus the scarcity and high price of originals-- has created a demand for reproductions and look-alikes and a temptation to sell the new reproductions as old. This article presents a brief history of Cliff's pottery and a list of known reproductions on the market. Clarice Cliff: The potter Clarice Cliff was born in Tunstall, England in 1899 and grew up in the Staffordshire pottery district.",
"She began work at 13 years of age and by 1916 was a studio painter at Wilkinson Royal Staffordshire Pottery in Burslem, England. In 1920, Wilkinson took over the nearby Newport Pottery which included a large amount of unsold plain white pottery. By 1926-27, Cliff had begun to decorate this unsold white ware with bright hand brushed paint in Art Deco designs. The designs were so successful that an entire new line was put into production in1928. New Art Deco ceramic shapes were added in 1929. In the late 1930s changing public tastes limited production and WW II ended it altogether. Some production was resumed after the War and continued off and on until 1963. Interest in Cliff's work was renewed with an exhibit of her works in England at both the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Brighton Museum in 1972. Later, in the same year, Cliff died and prices of her pottery began rising. In 1982, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York placed a small collection on view. Another English exhibition was assembled by the Warwick Museum in 1987.",
"Original marks and backstamps A great number and variety of marks were used on original Cliff pottery. That's why it is hard to show a \"typical\" mark or list general guidelines of original marks. Originals were hand painted, rubber stamped and lithographed; two or more methods were often used on one piece. Most rubber stamped and lithographed marks are in black ink but other colors of ink were used as well. A great deal of Cliff pottery is marked but many pieces are not. Entire sets of dinnerware, for example, that have survived the years intact will frequently have only one piece that is marked. Additional variations of marks appear on items made for large retail stores such as Harrods. From 1928-1937, most marks included a line name, such as \"Bizarre Line\" and the name \"Clarice Cliff\". These pieces can also have either the Wilkinson or Newport Pottery names as well. Between 1937 to 1963, the line names were dropped and backstamps had only the name \"Clarice Cliff.\" In 1963, the use of the Clarice Cliff name was ended when the Newport factories were sold to a company named Midwinters.",
"Midwinters was in turn acquired by the Wedgwood Group in 1970. Reproductions, fakes and forgeries There are several potential problems with Cliff pottery: 1) New decorations on old undecorated blanks with original marks; 2) New marks on old unmarked decorated pieces; and 3) Application of forged old marks to new legitimate reproductions. In 1985, Midwinters (which took over Newport in 1963), decided to produce limited editions of some Cliff pieces. These included: Conical shape teapot in Umbrellas and Rain pattern; Conical sugar shakers in six different patterns (at this time unable to verify pattern names); a Mei Ping shape vase in Honolulu pattern and a 13\" diameter wall plaque (charger) in the Summerhouse pattern. Prices for the limited editions ranged from about $20 for the sugar shakers to around $200 for a vase. Most of this production was distributed in England but some was presumably purchased by tourists and could turn up anywhere. All the Midwinters pieces were originally dated 1985 and carried a special backstamp.",
"If you encounter the above shapes and patterns, though, you might want to double check the mark. The Midwinter reproductions could carry forged old backstamps. The first outright fakes began surfacing about one year later, 1986, in London, England. These were made as copies of a Lotus (shape) vase. The glaze and painting were described as very poor but the forged backstamp was said to be very convincing. Since the mid-1980s a number of pieces of previously undecorated blanks with genuine backstamps have been newly painted in expensive old patterns such as Red Roofs, House and Bridge and others. These pieces were reported in England. Next, a group of legitimate reproductions was introduced in 1993 by The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA) in New York. There were six new pieces made. Those included: a 6 1/2\" Conical shape teapot of 20 oz. capacity decorated in Orange Autumn Cafe Au Lait pattern; a Conical shape 6 oz.",
"cup and saucer in Orange Autumn pattern; a 4\" Bonjour shape jam pot in Windbells pattern; a 6 1/4\" vase Shape #278 in Melon pattern; and a 10 1/4\" dinner plate in an early abstract design. All the MMA pieces were painted by hand in the Philippines. They are all marked with an impressed copyright symbol, the year 1993 and the letters MMA (Fig. 2). As an experiment, we were able to obtain some forged old backstamps and applied them to several new MMA pieces. We first filled in the impressed marks with a thick transparent glaze then applied the marks. The result in Fig. 3, even at twice actual size, shows that the impressed mark is all but invisible. If we can do this well, then a professional can surely do much better. Separating new from old is not easy. Due to the large number of original backstamps used, it is hard to set down rules of how old marks should appear. The forged marks we used looked a little ragged under magnification but not much more so than the usual differences that appear among genuinely old marks.",
"Original Cliff pottery is heavier than the reproductions but, again, this knowledge isn't much use if you haven't examined originals. The shapes of the MMA pieces–the vase, jam pot, cup, saucer and plate–are unlikely to call attention because they are virtually exact copies of original shapes. The MMA teapot, however, is unique. It is very unusual for original Conical shape Cliff teapots to have open pierced handles; the majority of originals have solid handles. We were unable to examine any of the Midwinter pieces and can offer no advice on them. How widespread the use of forged marks on the Midwinter and MMA reproductions isn't known. Good forgeries escape detection, it's the poor work that gets caught. If you encounter any of the reproduced shapes with an apparently old backstamp be sure to give the mark a thorough inspection. Fig. 1-A New handles are open. Fig. 1-B Old handles are solid Figs. 1-A & 1-B The teapot above is one of six legitimate Clarice Cliff reproductions sold by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. Forgeries of old backstamps, though, are being applied to these and other new Cliff reproductions.",
"This new teapot has an open pierced handle. Most comparable vintage handles were solid Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Figs. 2-3 The Metropolitan Museum of Art (MMA) reproductions are impressed with the copyright symbol, year date and MMA as shown about actual size in Fig. 2. A MMA reproduction with the impressed mark filled in and a forged backstamp added is in Fig. 3. If you look closely at the arrrow, you can see the faint circle of the copyright mark. Shown about twice actual size. Fig. 4 1000+ images about Clarice Cliff Pottery on Pinterest | As you like it, Pottery and Ceramics Forward Vintage Newport Pottery “Clarice Cliff” Spring Crocus Bonjour Shape Sugar Sifter Lovely Newport Pottery “Clarice Cliff” Bonjour shaped sugar sifter in the Spring Crocus pattern which was designed in 1933, decorated in yellow, pink and blue crocuses on a cream/white background with bands of green above and below, on two roll feet. Marked underneath with “Newport Pottery Co England” & “Made in England” & “T”. With original stopper, cork has shrunk in width so is loose.",
"Dimensions:5… See More BBC Inside Out - Clarice Cliff Inside Out - West Midlands: Monday 3rd March, 2003 CLARICE CLIFF POTTERY PRICEY POTTERY | pound for pound, Clarice Cliff's work is worth more than gold For those of you with an eye for a collectable, Inside Out may have just the thing. With her bright and original designs, Clarice Cliff took the pottery world of the 1920s by storm. Now 80 years on, some of her work, pound for pound, is worth more than gold. Clarice Cliff was born in Stoke-on-Trent in 1899. By the First World War, she was working in one of the many factories that dominated the potteries. By the late 1920s, amid economic recession, Clarice was designing innovative, colour rich pottery and her career was blossoming. Clarice Cliff's career blossomed in the height of recession \"She was successful when everyone else was just trying to make some money, she was making a load of money,\" explains Leonard Griffin, a Clarice Cliff expert and founder of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club.",
"\"The colours sold themselves, they were in the windows of the stores in London and major cities throughout the world.\" A colourful life Clarice’s pottery was matched in vibrancy by her equally colourful love life. During the 1920s, Clarice had an illicit affair with her then boss, Colly Shorter. Years later the pair married, but it was the couple’s business partnership that took the pottery industry by storm. \"People have often said she wouldn’t have succeeded without him, but the fact is, his factory wouldn’t have succeeded without her,\" says Leonard. \"This swish twenties woman came along and revolutionised British pottery for him.\" Bygone age Nowadays, Cliff’s pottery is still very much in demand and Inside Out meets Andy Muir from Birmingham, whose collection is arguably one of the largest in the UK. Andy selects a classic 1931 piece which he believes embodies Clarice’s work. \"It’s a classic piece from 1931. Fantastic pattern called Orange House,\" says Andy. \"Whimsical cottage and cartoony landscape, it’s everything Clarice was and is today.\" This may be a classic example of her work, but it is not the rarest in the collection.",
"That privilege belongs to an abstract 1930s piece that Andy bought in New Zealand. Today it would fetch a staggering £10,000. An acquired taste? Rene worked for Clarice 70 years ago, but wasn't the greatest fan of her work Whilst modern day collectors like Andy may marvel a bygone age, Inside Out has tracked down someone with first hand knowledge of Clarice Cliff. 85 year old Rene Dale, worked for Clarice at Newport pottery 70 years ago. Not only was Clarice an innovative, talented designer, but according to Rene, she an excellent boss as well. \"You couldn’t have asked for a nicer boss. She thought the world of the girls you know,\" says Rene. \"She has no family of her own and she sort of took us on as her family.\" Rene may be a huge fan of Clarice’s management style, but for Rene, her pottery was somewhat of an acquired taste. Pound for pound, Clarice's work is worth more than gold \"We all thought it was so gaudy, but then that was the idea, she wanted it gaudy, she wanted it gay,\" explains Rene.",
"\"She thought the British housewives deserved more colour in their lives.\" So with pieces of Clarice Cliff’s, fetching anywhere up to £20,000, what would this local girl from Stoke think of it all? Maybe Rene can answer that: \"If Clarice knew what was going on now, she’d dig a hole and get into it. She wouldn’t have liked all this fuss.\" See also ... History of Clarice Cliff, one of the World's Most Influential Ceramics Artists Clarice Cliff born on January 20th 1899 in Tunstall, Stoke-on-Trent. Clarice started work at the age of 13 in 'The Potteries'. Moved to the AJ Wilkinson's pottery factory in 1916. Clarice given her own studio. The famous 'Bizarre' wares launched 1927. She marries her then boss, Colley Shorter, in 1940. Moves with Colley to Chetwynd House, with its stunning gardens. The factory continues to produce pottery bearing Clarice's name until 1964. Following Colley Shorter's death Clarice sells the factory to Midwinter's.",
"Clarice retires to Chetwynd House. The first Clarice Cliff exhibition takes place at Brighton in 1972 and Clarice provides comments for the catalogue. Clarice Cliff dies suddenly at Chetwynd House on 23rd October 1972. 1999 celebrated Worldwide as Clarice's Centenary year. Want to find out more? Become a member of ClariceCliff.com and access the full version of this website. Clarice Cliff - by Susan Scott Clarice Cliff Susan Scott In November, 1997, a Clarice Cliff Age of Jazz figure set a new record -- selling to a determined American collector at Christies for over $20,000. Earlier the same month, a huge 15\" hexagonal vase in the rare and highly desired Football pattern sold in a northern English auction room for $3800. Amusingly, it had come from a solicitors office where a valuation expert had noticed the brightly colored vase being used as a doorstop. The years as a doorstop had resulted in damage to the base but the vase still sold well above estimate after determined bidding from collectors and dealers.",
"Clarice Cliff seems to be either idolized as an icon of the English Deco period or regarded as something of an aberration by design pundits of the period. Her life and her role in twentieth century British design history have been hotly debated. From the headline in a 1929 newspaper \"Bizarre looks like a Russian ballet masters nightmare\" to the headline in a 1993 Daily Mail \"How an affair with a married man and the Bizarre Girls made Clarice Cliffs fortune\" she has continued to attract notoriety. In 1931, the Pottery Gazette hailed Clarice as \"a pioneer of advanced thought\" and assured buyers that her work represented heirlooms of the future. Clarices story is well known. She was born in 1899 and grew up in a typical Potteries working class family. As one of eight children she was expected to go out to work at the earliest opportunity and at thirteen she left school and joined Lingard, Webster and Company. She was meant to apprentice for seven years in order to learn the skill of the enameller or free hand painter and for a five-and-a-half day week she was paid one shilling.",
"With so many men off at war she was able to move first to Hollinshead & Kirkham and, in 1916, to A.J.Wilkinson in the lithography department. Although she is often called an overnight success, in fact she spent four years hand painting, keeping pattern books and gilding before her work was noticed. One night when she had stayed after work, the decorating manager saw the plate she was decorating and showed it to the managing director, Colley Shorter. By late 1925 Clarice Cliff was considered Mr. Colleys prot�g�. She moved into a small apartment in Hanley much to her familys disapproval. At the same time Colley Shorter gave Clarice an office next to his at the Newport Pottery. Clarice and Colley spent more and more time behind the closed door of her studio. Neither her fellow workers nor the other directors approved of this relationship and Clarice grew more and more isolated. Colley Shorter decided that Clarice needed formal training and paid for her to go to the Royal College of Art in London for three months in 1927.",
"In the fall she was sent to Paris where she roamed the galleries and museums seeking ideas. Once again events conspired in Clarices favor. Just as the war had secured her a place at Wilkinsons, so in 1926 the General Strike in England had extended coal shortages. Factories were desperate for ware to sell. When Wilkinsons bought Newport Pottery in 1920, they inherited many hundreds of pieces of pottery which were still sitting in various stockrooms around the factory. In a letter to the Brighton Museum in 1972, Clarice said that \"this huge stock had always interested me and presented a challenge.\" She was given permission to set up a small studio and she and fifteen-year-old Gladys Scarlett set about covering the ware with brightly colored geometric decoration. Soon five more girls joined them, and Clarice set up a system for outlining, enameling and banding. The girls were told by Clarice to use the paint thickly and make the brush strokes obvious, the reverse of their usual instructions. Colley was working at the same time on a marketing plan and decided the ware should have a name. Clarice settled on \"Bizarre\".",
"Next Colley sent Clarice and a couple of the Bizarre girls to London to be photographed demonstrating the hand painting of Bizarre ware in a shop window. In September the true test came. Wilkinsons salesman, the very skeptical Ewart Oakes, was sent off with a carload of \"Bizarre\". He sold out before the end of the week. In retrospect it is truly incredible how quickly things moved after that. Colley was a master of the art of modern advertising. He planned his \"Bizarre\" campaign with great skill. Newspapers and womens magazines often featured photographs of Bizarre girls sitting in a shop window painting. The girls would sit dressed in artists smocks with big black bows at the neck and berets on their heads demonstrating their work. Colley hired well-known personalities to come to the shows and be seen and photographed buying pieces of Clarices \"Bizarre\". The constant creation of new patterns was a successful method of keeping \"Bizarre\" in the public eye. In 1931 Clarice and Colley had the idea of installing a radio in the shop so the Bizarre girls could listen to music while they painted.",
"Whether productivity really did go up 25% is irrelevant; once again they achieved a wave of publicity. Photographs of the girls working on Bizarre ware were always good for the order book and Colley and Clarice were brilliant at capturing the publics attention. The simple geometric patterns which Clarice designed were easily learned by her semi-skilled fourteen year old girls and she decided to move on to other designs. The Crocus pattern was instantly successful, and remained a best seller for the factory into the 1960s. Early in 1929 demand was so great for \"Crocus\" that a separate shop was set up underneath the Bizarre shop and at its peak employed twenty girls. Collectors today revere Clarice for patterns like Sunray and Lucerne, but it is patterns like Crocus and Ravel which kept the factory working. Newport Pottery made such enormous profits in 1929 that Colley Shorter decided to issue a new series of designs under the name \"Fantasque\". It was classed as part of the Wilkinson production for tax purposes. This was simply bookkeeping; all the ware was still decorated in the Bizarre shop.",
"The first Fantasque range consisted of eight patterns including such popular ones as Umbrellas and Rain, Broth and Fruit. There were now 25 girls and boys working in the Bizarre shop -- most of them sixteen years old or younger. They were arranged according to their jobs with the front benches occupied by outliners who passed their work on to enamellers. The banders and liners sat at the back and finished the decorating process. The vast stock of old Newport ware was running down and Clarice was busy creating new shapes more in keeping with her designs. The whole of Newport Pottery was soon given over to the production of Bizarre ware. By the start of 1930 the biscuit and glost ovens were manned 24 hours a day. By 1931 the 25 boys and girls had grown to 150. It is impossible to describe all the patterns and shapes which Clarice designed or supervised in the next few years or the speed at which events moved. In an interview at the time Clarice was asked about design ideas and she said some weeks were better than others. That week she had only come up with twelve new designs!",
"Usually Clarice would assign a particular pattern to one outliner -- from working through the pattern to filling all the orders. When a pattern became too much in demand for one girl to do, others were trained to work alongside. Look closely at several pieces of a pattern like Trees and House and you will begin to see the different styles of the girls. Part of the charm of Clarice Cliff lies in the minute variations in pattern resulting from different paintresses copying them at different times. Sometimes the girls worked from memory when the pattern book was unavailable -- the results can sometimes be quite varied but always interesting. The first of the Applique range was designed in April 1930. The range was more expensive to produce since so many colors were used and it sold for about 25% more than Bizarre. It did not sell particularly well and was mostly phased out by 1932. At the start of 1931 Clarice came up with two Fantasque landscapes -- Autumn and Summerhouse. Autumn sold very well for more than a year and then Clarice replaced it with Pastel Autumn and Orange Autumn to create a new market.",
"She was very skilled at alternating colorways in order to rekindle interest in a pattern. Before the end of the year among the patterns she had introduced were Red Roofs, Farmhouse, House and Bridge and Gibraltar. It is difficult to imagine in todays climate of committee design, just how quickly Clarice and Colley responded to the need to create new products for a depressed marketplace. Clarice was even more productive in 1932 if this were possible. Floral patterns included Nasturium, Canterbury Bells, Chintz and Hollyrose\" Fruit patterns like Apples, Oranges and Lemons and Pastel Melon were introduced. Landscapes were even more prolific--Limberlost, Poplar, Pink Roof Cottage, Moonlight, May Avenue, and Pastel Autumn and Orange Autumn. Only one year later, fashions had changed, people no longer wanted her brilliant colors and Clarice introduced her last true Bizarre landscape Bridgewater. With the ever-deepening worldwide depression, Clarice could no longer afford to fail and this may have created the climate for the uninspired patterns of the latter half of the 1930s.",
"By 1935, even the name \"Bizarre\" had been phased out and the pottery was simply marked \"Clarice Cliff, Newport Pottery or Wilkinson Ltd., England\"(the whole subject of backstamps is enormously complicated and if interested you should consult The Bizarre Affair). In November 1939 Colley Shorters wife died after a lengthy illness. Colley and Clarice married secretly a year later. Neither Colley nor Clarices family approved of the relationship and they had few visits from family members. After the war Colley spent time overseas trying to stimulate sales. Late in 1949 he and Clarice went to Canada and the United States, giving interviews and taking orders. Although Crocus was still being produced, most of the other post-war ware -- with the Clarice Cliff signature above Royal Staffordshire Ceramics -- seems to bear no relation to her earlier work and has never been considered collectible. After Colleys death Clarice sold the factory to Roy Midwinter and lived a reclusive life at Chetwynd until her death in 1972. Clarice Cliff was unique.",
"She chose to interpret art deco in her medium -- ceramics -- with vivid colors and strong lines unlike any seen before. For a very few brief years she was encouraged to try anything -- no matter how extreme -- and try anything she did. She said in 1930 that \"color seems to radiate happiness and the spirit of modern life\" and somehow that is what she created with her pottery -- joy and a sense of limitless possibility. When you look at a piece of Clarice Cliff Pottery you can almost see that room full of young boys and girls listening to the radio, gossiping about the dance to come, and painting as fast they can. Bevis Hillier argued that \"the cosy genius...continues to appeal because there are moments when one feels like cosiness rather than angst, profundity or high art.\" Clarice Cliff was a cosy genius who made people feel brighter in the darkening 1930s. Clearly her work is having the same effect in the 1990s. Tales of Clarice Cliff Collecting Some years ago in London, a South African collector told me about the \"Latona Dahlia\" teaset he had discovered.",
"A lady called him about \"a teaset with flowers on\" and when he arrived it was a 23 piece teaset in a pattern so rare that one piece causes excitement. When he asked how much she wanted she said it had been a wedding gift and was not for sale...but that she would trade it for a new microwave which she had seen in a nearby store. He said he ran so fast to the store and then back carrying the microwave that he thought he might collapse before the teaset was his! Len Griffin, the president of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club, and the researcher of most of the current information on patterns and shapes, tells the story of the elderly lady who put two 18\" YoYo vases in \"Latona Roses\" out for the garbage men to pick up. Luckily her neighbor rescued them and suggested she get them valued. They sold for $16,000 and she was able to buy the council house she had lived in for so many years. A friend of mine showed me a tiny figure of a horse he had picked up in a garage sale in London, Ontario for under one dollar.",
"I sent off a picture of his discovery to Len Griffin; he thinks it may be part of the 1930 Impressions series made by Clarice herself. Very few of these pieces exist and most are in the Brighton Museum. How did this one end up in Canada and who knows what it is worth? Just before Len was to give a talk in New Zealand early in 1996, a woman showed him a miniature teaset in Honolulu pattern. This unique set had been sent to her mother in South Africa along with a personal note from Clarice, suggesting that some day they might use it to have tea together. More than sixty years later, both mother and daughter had come along to hear Len speak and tell him this incredible story! Tips for collectors: More and more collectors are using the Internet to buy internationally. This can be wonderful since it gives you an opportunity to buy in places like New Zealand and South Africa where you may not be willing or able to travel. It also means that you must have great faith in the seller. You may be wise to establish return policies in advance and in writing before you send off for a very expensive piece of Clarice Cliff from a dealer you know nothing about.",
"Clarice prices seem to climb higher every year but, unless your budget is without limit, you would be wise to study the auction catalogues from the past ten years very carefully. Ten years ago the price for Lotus jugs was incredible, then the prices dropped and they have slowly edged back up. Three years ago anything from the Applique range went through the roof and yet at the 1996 auction at Christies, a number of pieces remained unsold. Ten years ago you could easily assemble a collection of conical sugar dredgers for a few hundred dollars each. Today a rare conical can cost from $3000 and up! Sometimes in North America dealers price anything with a Clarice Cliff backstamp as though it were a wonderful hand-painted bit of Bizarre. Like most Staffordshire potteries after the war, the Wilkinson factory suffered hard times and they produced anything they thought would sell. Although the pieces may have a Clarice Cliff backstamp, few of them were designed by Clarice and they are not of interest to most serious collectors who are looking for the hand painted wares from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s.",
"If you like the idea of Clarice Cliff, but simply cannot afford to spend $1000 on a sugar dredger, or $20,000 on an Age of Jazz figure, the 1992 and 1993 Wedgwood reproductions might interest you. They were issued in a limited edition of 500 and are carefully marked. When they were introduced they sold anywhere from $125-400. Interestingly, the November 1997 auction at Christies South Kensington included a section of these Wedgwood reproductions. The Solditude vase (see photograph) was $325 originally, but sold for $865 five years later. There was also a range done by Midwinter in 1985 but these do not turn up very often especially in North America. The Museum of Modern Art in New York brought out a series of pieces loosely based on Clarice Cliff designs several years ago and they are still in production in the Philippines today and featured in the MOMA catalogue.",
"The pieces are easily distinguished from 1930s Clarice -- they are impressed with the date and MOMA and the body is much lighter than the originals. Unlike the carefully marked reproductions, fake dredgers have started to appear. As prices for Clarice Cliff continue to go up, it was inevitable that fakes would start to turn up. In December, 1994 the first fake conicals appeared at a \"deco\" antique fair in England. Since then, a number have been sold in Red Roofs, House & Bridge, Orange Erin and Sungay. Len Griffin, head of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club, suggests that although the shape is quite well modeled the quality of the painting is poor. The body feels good but the base rim is ground flat -- instead of the rim it should have -- and the holes go too far up to the top. The banding is wavy and there are gaps between colors which is not true of the originals. The dredgers simply look too shiny and there are no scratches and no wear. It is very difficult to match Clarices colorways with todays paints, so look at each piece carefully.",
"Beware of that bargain in the flea market; by now the fakes will have made their way to America. Lotus jugs have turned up in Orange Roof Cottage and Orange Erin. Unlike genuine Clarice Cliff where the decoration is applied within an outline, these fakes are only partly outlined and have areas of decoration applied freehand. Yet another favourite trick of fakers is to take a genuine Clarice Cliff mid-1930s plain or banded dinner plate and add an enamel pattern to the center. If you look closely you should be able to see the mistakes in color and pattern. Another clue is the impressed date stamp on the underside of the plate. If it is 36 or 37 and you know the pattern dates to 1930, it may be worth looking more closely. Because prices for Clarice Cliff are so high, obviously more and more pieces are being restored. As long as they are properly marked and priced, this is not an issue. You should always look very closely at the tips of conical sugars and the spouts of tea and coffee pots. Ask the dealer if he/she knows of any restoration. The more pieces you look at and handle, the better able you will be to spot repairs.",
"If you are relatively new to Clarice collecting, you should spend some time reading some of the books and studying the pictures. It is very easy to buy a mismatched cup and saucer or jampot and lid. Patterns vary enormously in price and it is worth finding out exactly which patterns are most valuable. Often dealers who dont specialize in Clarice price similar pieces around the same price. If you happen to stumble on two plates, one Coral Firs and one May Avenue, would you know which one to buy if they were both priced at $500? If you see a May Avenue plate for $500 please give e-mail me! Further Reading The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff | The Young Creatives The Classic Creatives: Clarice Cliff Clarice Cliff, ceramic artist extraordinaire (1899-1972). What did she do? Clarice was famed for her iconic designs: her striking use of colour and pattern make her pieces instantly recognisable, and her work is still highly sought after by collectors. Her pieces regularly sell at auction for thousands of pounds.",
"Having been surrounded by the industry from a young age – her aunts worked as hand painters at a nearby pottery firm – Clarice undertook a number of apprenticeships before being given her own studio; it was then that she began to create her own patterns on pieces of broken pottery. She named her products the ‘Bizarre’ range and called the team of young women who painted her designs the ‘Bizarre girls’. In 1928, she created the ‘Crocus’ ranges, and it was here that her success began to accelerate. By 1929, she had over 70 people working for her. In the early 1930s, she was appointed the manager of a project that involved dozens of the period’s best artists, titled Modern Art for the Table. Other artists involved included Barbara Hepworth, Vanessa Bell and Paul Nash. She worked with a diverse range of products, including plates, vases and coffee pots, and created all of her designs by hand. What inspired her work?",
"Clarice was born and raised in Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire, which is still famed for its pottery today (among others, it’s home to the Wedgwood Museum); it was a city buzzing with opportunity for budding ceramic artists. One of the biggest influences in her work was the Art Deco movement, which favoured bold patterns, striking colour and screamed 1920s glamour. Many of her pieces were based around hot, dusty landscapes, often painted in Mediterranean-esque brights: think deep blue skies, rolling yellow fields and a red-roofed cottage. What is her best known piece of work? Her Crocus range is still what she is best known for, but all of her work is loved across the globe; a plaque she painted sold in America for £39,500. Why should I care about her work? In a time when the ‘career woman’ didn’t exist – women had barely managed to secure the vote when Cliff was at her most prevalent during the 1930s – Clarice managed to successfully make her mark on a traditionally male industry, based purely on her talent. Her hard-work ethic – undertaking strenuous apprenticeships and developing her talents on the job – makes her an inspiration.",
"Work hard and the results will – eventually – come. Considering that she created her designs alone, her huge range of varied patterns reflect her expert eye for design. Her colourful pieces brought a splash of practical style to homes across the country. She said… ‘Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery!’ More of Clarice’s designs can be seen at the Victoria & Albert museum . Like this:"
] |
Which James Bond film features a song by Louis Armstrong?
|
On Her Majesty's Secret Service
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[
"Ohmss",
"OHMSS",
"On Her Majesty's Secret Service",
"On Her Majestys Secret Service",
"On Her Majesty's Secret Service (disambiguation)"
] | 8,569
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[
"Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 On Her Majesty's Secret Service ] - YouTube Louis Armstrong - We Have All the Time in the World [007 On Her Majesty's Secret Service ] Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 7, 2013 \"We Have All the Time in the World\" is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry. Category Louis Armstrong, 'We Have All the Time in the World' (1969) | The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs | Rolling Stone The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs Bruce Springsteen Cover Band Drops Out of Trump...",
"The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs With the arrival of Adele's new Bond theme, we look back at the best songs from the franchise 10 Tom Copi/Michael Ochs Archive/Getty Images9/10 October 5, 2012 All Stories 9. Louis Armstrong, 'We Have All the Time in the World' (1969) James Bond title songs, as a rule, have the name of the movie in the chorus. That was a bit of a challenge with On Her Majesty's Secret Service, so producers opted to go with an instrumental in the opening sequence. Hal David and Burt Bacharach were brought on board to write another song for the movie, and they brought in Louis Armstrong to sing it. The 68-year-old jazz great was sick at the time, but he nailed the song in just a single take. He died less than two years later. Louis Armstrong - We Have All The Time In The World - YouTube Louis Armstrong - We Have All The Time In The World Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented.",
"This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Sep 20, 2011 Song: We Have All The Time In The World Artist: Louis Armstrong Writer(s): Hal David, John Barry Genre: Jazz Album: Her Majesty's Secret Service - Soundtrack Released: 1969, 1994 (Re-released) Producer: Phil Ramone ''We Have All the Time in the World'' is a James Bond theme and popular song sung by Louis Armstrong. Its music was composed by John Barry and the lyrics by Hal David. It is a secondary musical theme in 1969 James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the title theme being the instrumental \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service,\" also composed by Barry. The song title, \"We Have All the Time in the World\", is taken from James Bond's final words in both the novel and the film. Louis Armstrong was too ill to play his trumpet. Barry chose Armstrong because he felt he could \"deliver the title line with irony.\" When asked for his favourite Bond composition, John Barry cited both \"We Have All...\" and \"Goldfinger\".",
"\"Goldfinger\" because it perfected the \"Bond Sound\", and \"We Have All...\" because it was the finest piece of music he had written for a Bond movie and because of the pleasure of working with Louis Armstrong. How much time do we have? :-) Lyrics: We have all, the time in the world Time enough for life, to unfold All the precious things We have all the love in the world If that's all we have, you will find We need nothing more Every step of the way Will find us With the cares of the world Far behind us We have all the time in the world Just for love Nothing more, nothing less, only love... Every step of the way Will find us With the cares of the world Far behind us, yes... We have all the time in the world Just for love, nothing more, nothing less, only love... Only love... 23 best and worst Bond theme songs ranked: Which are classics and which need their 00 status revoked? 23 best and worst Bond theme songs ranked: Which are classics and which need their 00 status revoked? No, 'Live and Let Die' isn't at number one.",
"Don't Miss Share December 08 2016 7:52 AM Share December 05 2016 8:16 AM Share December 01 2016 10:30 PM November 28 2016 10:59 AM Latest News Share 2 hours ago 5:59 PM Share 3 hours ago 5:03 PM 4 hours ago 4:14 PM Must Read Share 3 hours ago 5:03 PM Share 4 hours ago 4:14 PM 24 December 2016 7:00 AM Shares It's the holiday period, and what would that be without a Bond film? With Spectre on Sky Cinema Action & Adventure at 8pm tonight, where does Sam Smith sit in the illustrious ranks of Shirley Bassey, Paul McCartney and Rita Coolidge(!)? We've gone back through every single 007 song to find out which ones are earworms and which need their 00 status revoked.",
"A quick point to note: we've discounted instrumentals, so the opening credits pieces from Dr No and On Her Majesty's Secret Service are not on the list. Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 23. 'Another Way to Die' - Jack White & Alicia Keys (2008) © Rex Shutterstock MGM/Everett The first and only duet in the entire Bond theme back catalogue, on paper this sounded great but what emerged was a sludgy, lifeless and unremarkable track that went in one ear and out the other. 22. 'Die Another Day' - Madonna (2002) © Getty Images Dave Benett Compounding the horror of her on-screen cameo in this stinker of a film is Madonna's dreary entry in the musical canon, its Auto-Tuning and electronic blips failing to disguise that 'Die Another Day' is dead on arrival. © Getty Images Rob Verhorst/Redferns Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Opening with a naff '80s saxophone solo, Rita Coolidge's offering was written by John Barry and Tim Rice, but the two musical legends came up with a snoozer of a track that wouldn't feel out of place in a Lifetime movie. 20.",
"'For Your Eyes Only' - Sheena Easton (1981) © Chris Walter/WireImage Notable as the only Bond film to feature its theme song artist in the opening title credits, 'For Your Eyes Only' is a cheesy throwaway that somehow managed to score an Oscar nomination. This is one of those Bond tunes that lacks punch and dynamism, and is more likely to send you off to sleep than get you amped up for 2 hours of eyebrow-raising Roger Moore action. © Getty Images Evening Standard Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Two words for this Lulu track: hot mess. The diminutive Scottish singer certainly has the pipes for a Bond theme, but her offering clumsily told the entire film's plotline in its lyrics (spoilers, Lu!), although scandalously chickened out when it came to mentioning a third nipple. 18. 'Writing's on the Wall' - Sam Smith (2015) © Twitter @samsmithworld A snoozer of a ballad from Sam Smith, 'Writing's on the Wall' sounds more like a rejected theme from The Bodyguard than it does a Bond theme.",
"Still, at least the edgeless tune has the benefit of accompanying a loopy octopus-driven credits sequence in the film itself. © David Redfern/Redferns Advertisement - Continue Reading Below We're surely not alone in having a soft spot for Shirley Bassey, but her third and (so far) final outing for the series is a pale 'Goldfinger' imitation. And while we aren't saying that Bond lyrics are the most coherent, what on earth are you crooning about, Shirley? 16. 'From Russia with Love' - Matt Monro (1963) © David Redfern/Redferns The very first Bond movie Dr No used an instrumental version of the Monty Norman/John Barry theme, so this was the first official Bond theme song. Though Monro's track isn't bad per se, it's far too laid-back and lounge crooner to have any lasting impact. It's also very much at odds with the breakneck pace of Sean Connery's second 007 outing. 15. 'You Know My Name' - Chris Cornell (2006) © J.",
"Vespa/WireImage for John Varvatos Daniel Craig's tenure got off to a storming start thanks to Casino Royale. Unfortunately, the Chris Cornell theme song – a deliberate attempt to ape the up-tempo entries from Paul McCartney and Duran Duran – couldn't quite match it. This is a perfectly decent rock song in its own right, but Bond deserves better. 14. 'Tomorrow Never Dies' - Sheryl Crow (1997) © Simon Ritter/Redferns Sheryl Crow makes a creditable effort of updating the classic Bond formula, matching some classic rumbling strings with the moody thrumming of an electric guitar. A fine if forgettable entry. © Ron Howard/Redferns Advertisement - Continue Reading Below Sean Connery's final (official) James Bond outing may have been a bit of a duffer, but at least it boasted this Shirley Bassey belter. What can we glean from this track? Shirley *really* likes Diamonds. Sample lyric: \"Diamonds are forever / They are all I need to please me / They can stimulate and tease me.\" 12.",
"'The Living Daylights' - Aha (1987) © Bob King/Redferns Feeling like a conscious effort to replicate the success of 'A View to a Kill', band-of-the-moment Aha delivered a decent ditty that's just lacking that extra bit of lyrical inspiration to elevate it into the top ten. The Norwegian pop stars reportedly clashed with John Barry on the making of this track - but the latter admirably managed to work this tune into his instrumental score to good effect. © PA Images Advertisement - Continue Reading Below 'Thunderball' had a tumultuous genesis, with Shirley Bassey and Dionne Warwick both having songs for the movie rejected before Tom Jones was rushed in. The material is fairly generic Bond and composer John Barry wisely advised Jones not to read into the lyrics, which was definitely for the best. Despite that, Jones was a pitch perfect choice and gains extra points for fainting in the studio after delivering the final high note. 10.",
"'Licence to Kill' - Gladys Knight (1989) Lyrically speaking, we'll admit it's a bit by-the-numbers, but 'License to Kill' is elevated by Gladys Knight absolutely nailing the vocals without even breaking a sweat and stomping all over her more anaemic challengers. 9. 'Skyfall' - Adele (2012) Adele's Oscar winner 'Skyfall' was exactly the right song for the occasion of Bond's 50th anniversary. A Bondian tune with a big voice, big chorus and big instrumentation. Lyrically this might not be the most sophisticated theme of the lot, but on the first listen of those opening bars it all clicks into place - this feels exactly how a classic Bond theme should. 8. 'The World is Not Enough' - Garbage (1999) Often overlooked, Garbage probably stands as the most leftfield and daring choice for a theme song. Whatever you think of the band's usual output, they nail this track by blending classic Bond with Shirley Manson's eerie and strident vocals and a '90s indie sensibility that's hardly out of date at all. 7.",
"'Nobody Does it Better' - Carly Simon (1977) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below No Bond song sums up Roger Moore's Bond run quite like this Carly Simon ballad. Moore effortlessly breezed through explosions and death-defying situations with nothing more than a raised eyebrow and a Martini glass in hand. This would be much higher on the list, but Steve Coogan's hilarious recreation of The Spy Who Loved Me's opening in I'm Alan Partridge has softened its impact somewhat. \"Glang… glang-alang-alang-alang-alang-alang…\" 6. 'You Only Live Twice' - Nancy Sinatra (1967) Nancy Sinatra was the first non-Brit to tackle a Bond theme, and they couldn't have chosen better. The sultry 'You Only Live Twice' captures all the sex and exoticism of the films, with a (much sampled) opening that is only slightly less iconic than the Bond theme itself. 5.",
"'GoldenEye' - Tina Turner (1995) Advertisement - Continue Reading Below To fans of a certain age, GoldenEye stands as a classic Bond film - thanks in no small part to Sean Bean, Famke Janssen and the N64 - and its theme is instantly recognisable from the first bar that jumps from understated right to explosive. This Bono and The Edge-written number is guilty of crimes that we've criticised lesser entries for - namely being utterly incoherent - but Tina Turner commits so completely to her subject that we can't help but love it. 4. 'Goldfinger' - Shirley Bassey (1964) Out of Bassey's Bond outings, there's no denying that 'Goldfinger' is the best. Much like the film itself, it set the tone for everything that would come afterwards, with strident brass and ultra-literal lyrics to match the globetrotting exploits and knowing campiness. Without Goldfinger, who's to say how the Bond theme would have progressed. Certainly we would have been deprived of this gem , at the very least. 3.",
"'Live and Let Die' - Paul McCartney & Wings (1973) Bond was moving into uncertain waters in the post-Sean Connery era, but a suave and unflappable Roger Moore proved that 007 had legs with his debut Live and Let Die. After a string of ballads as theme tunes, Paul McCartney & Wings tore up the rule book with an epic 3-minute rock and roll song that signalled a new era for everyone's favourite superspy. McCartney threw everything and the kitchen sink into 'Live and Let Die' - piano, raging guitars, brass, dramatic key changes - to come up with something remarkable. 2. 'We Have All the Time in the World' - Louis Armstrong (1969) George Lazenby only played James Bond once, but boy what a movie! On Her Majesty's Secret Service was a cracker across the board; great Bond girl in Diana Rigg, great villain in Telly Savalas's Blofeld and the only 007 film that'll legit make you cry. Part of its brilliance was the music.",
"John Barry's powerful 'OHMSS' instrumental theme played out over the opening credits, but the theme connected to it - Louis Armstrong's 'We Have all the Time in the World' - ties in perfectly to the film's emotionally-charged story. Sure, it doesn't feel particularly Bondy, but the fact that one of the greatest love songs of all time emerged from a 007 film is something of a miracle. 1. 'A View to a Kill' - Duran Duran (1985) The only Bond song to reach the top of the Billboard charts, 'A View to a Kill' also happens to be the best of the series. With a storming guitar riff and catchy Bondian lyrics (\"Dance into the fire, that fatal kiss is all we need\"), Duran Duran's tune brilliantly straddles the line between being a great 'Bond theme' and a cracking song in its own right. Barry also managed to weave motifs from the song into his score , creating a musical interplay that elevates this to the top of the pile. It's a shame, then, that this didn't have a better film to back it up.",
"Listen to Digital Spy's Bond theme playlist (including instrumentals) in our Spotify player below: The 10 best James Bond theme songs - CBS News CBS News David Morgan CBS News September 8, 2015, 9:33 AM The 10 best James Bond theme songs Next MGM/UA Grammy winner Sam Smith is the new voice behind \"Writing's On the Wall,\" the theme song for the new James Bond film, \"Spectre.\" It marks the first 007 theme song recorded by a British male solo artist since 1965. From Shirley Bassey to Adele, a variety of artists have recorded a track for the long-running movie franchise over the years. The 23 previous James Bond themes make up some of the most memorable movie music of all time. Click through for our countdown of the top 10 Bond songs: 10. \"A View to a Kill\" Written by Duran Duran and John Barry, performed by Duran Duran. The song - the English's band's second Number 1 hit in the U.S. - was a successful blend of rock and traditional Bond orchestral textures.",
"And the lyrics have a rueful Bondian flavor: Until we dance into the fire, That fatal kiss is all we need, Dance into the fire, To fatal sounds of broken dreams. 9. \"Nobody Does It Better\" From \"The Spy Who Loved Me.\" Music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager; performed by Carly Simon. This enormously popular hit was one of only three songs from official Bond films to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song (the others being \"Live and Let Die\" and \"Skyfall\"). Musically it's a little repetitive, but Carly Simon's soothing vocals make us completely believe that she's actually in love with James Bond. It's also a rare Bond song that can exist quite well outside the universe of secret agents, despite the telling line: The spy who loved me Is keeping all my secrets safe tonight. 8. \"Thunderball\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Don Black; performed by Tom Jones. The Welsh singer's swagger is perfectly matched against the boisterous brass of this arrangement. It's not exactly subtle, but then, neither is the film.",
"Strangely, while the song and film's title refers to intelligence agencies' plan to retrieve stolen nuclear warheads (Operation Thunderball), the lyrics seem to tell us more about the hero: He always runs while others walk. He acts while other men just talk. They call him the winner who takes all - And he strikes like Thunderball. ... Any woman he wants, he'll get; He will break any heart without regret. His days of asking are all gone. His fight goes on and on and on. But he thinks that the fight is worth it all - So he strikes like Thunderball. 7. \"Diamonds Are Forever\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Don Black; performed by Shirley Bassey. Shirley Bassey gained a lot of street cred from her dazzling performance of \"Goldfinger,\" and so we cut her some slack on her other Bond performances (for the anemic theme from \"Moonraker,\" and the rejected song for \"Quantum of Solace\"). But she brought her A-game to \"Diamonds Are Forever,\" which challenged her voice and endurance of breath as much as \"Goldfinger\" had.",
"The song has an advantage over some other Bond themes of having lyrics that are less pointed (\"The Man With the Golden Gun\" is about as plot-specific as a song can get), but the chorus is a tad repetitious repetitious repetitious. 6. \"The World is Not Enough\" Music by David Arnold, lyrics by Don Black; performed by Garbage. People like us There's no point in living If you can't feel the life. We know when to kiss And we know when to kill. If we can't have it all Then nobody will. It's performed by the Scottish-American alternative rock band Garbage (featuring singer Shirley Manson), which would lead one to anticipate a much harsher sound from the creators of the 1996 song, \"Stupid Girl.\" But this collaboration between the group and the film's composer, David Arnold, backed by a 60-piece orchestra, created a lush amalgamation of electronica beats and seductive strings. 5. \"For Your Eyes Only\" Music by Bill Conti, lyrics by Mike Leeson; performed by Sheena Easton. The Scot who'd made a splash with her hit singles \"Modern Girl\" and \"9 to 5\" (released in the U.S.",
"as \"Morning Train\") became the first singer to appear on screen performing the title song amid Maurice Binder's evocative visuals. 4. \"You Only Live Twice\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Leslie Bricusse; performed by Nancy Sinatra. You only live twice, or so it seems: One life for yourself and one for your dreams. You drift through the years and life seems tame, Till one dream appears, and love is its name. The melody and chord changes of \"You Only Live Twice\" have a mesmeric quality that flows from the preceding pre-credit sequence (when we believe we've watched Bond get killed). While Nancy Sinatra doesn't get to deliver the brash confidence of \"These Boots Are Made for Walking,\" her insouciance carries her (and us) away on John Barry's lilting strings. 3. \"Skyfall\" Written by Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth; performed by Adele. Musically it's a rich evocation of the time-honored standards of Bond music as originally encapsulated in John Barry's horn-rich orchestrations, minor chords, and ceaseless energy.",
"Lyrically, it delves deeply into the plot of the film, and of Bond's relationship with M and MI6. And in terms of performance, the only singer today who could match Shirley Bassey is Adele. You may have my number, you can take my name, But you'll never have my heart. Let the sky fall, Put your hand in my hand And we'll stand. There was some concern that the song, arranged by J. A. C. Redford, couched its sound too heavily in chords borrowed from the classic Monty Norman/John Barry Bond theme and be ruled ineligible for the Academy Awards , but cooler heads prevailed over this very cool tune -- which wound up being the first Bond song to win an Oscar. 2. \"Live and Let Die\" Written by Paul McCartney and Linda McCartney; performed by Paul McCartney and Wings. How many tonal shifts can you have in a theme song? From pop ballad to hard rock to classical, they're all here, with an invigorating, pounding drive that is impossible to resist (See Jennifer Lawrence in \"American Hustle\" for an entertaining example). 1.",
"\"Goldfinger\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley; performed by Shirley Bassey. It set the standard for Bond theme songs, and to date it hasn't been topped. Goldfinger, He's the man, the man with the Midas touch, A spider's touch. Beckons you to enter his web of sin, But don't go in Golden words he will pour in your ear, But his lies can't disguise what you fear, For a golden girl knows when he's kissed her - It's the kiss of death from Mister Goldfinger. Pretty girl, beware of his heart of gold, This heart is cold. Just as Bond films usually succeed or fail on the strength of their villain, the theme for \"Goldfinger\" demonstrates that a song about a bad guy can be so much more intriguing than a song about a good guy. There's just so much more to dig into - a charismatic character who instills dread and fear - that stirs the singer to such a guttural, enthralling, rafter-rattling shout of a performance. Bravo, Shirley! Now get yourself a cup of tea with honey.",
"Honorable Mention The following are worthy of mention even if they do not fall into the category of opening title songs. \"From Russia With Love\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Lionel Bart; performed by Matt Monro. Technically, this may not count as a theme song since it was not played with its vocals under the film's opening titles, but within the film (as a radio source music), and finally under the end credits. But the melody is much more memorable than the words anyway: I've seen places, faces and smiled for a moment But oh, you haunted me so. Still my tongue-tied young pride Would not let my love for you show In case you'd say no. To Russia I flew, but there and then I suddenly knew you'd care again. My running around is through. I fly to you, from Russia with love. \"My running around is through\"? This is James Bond, we're talking about! At least it can be heard without lyrics under the opening titles (and under a lot of jiggling female flesh). Honorable Mention \"Surrender (Tomorrow Never Dies)\" Music by David Arnold and David McAlmont, lyrics by Don Black; performed by K.D. Lang.",
"The original opening title track for \"Tomorrow Never Dies,\" sung by K.D. Lang, was rejected in favor of another song sung by Sheryl Crow. So Lang's song was retitled \"Surrender\" and relegated to the film's end credits. There were no curvy, silhouetted models dripping in oil, but in the writing and in Lang's powerful vocals, \"Surrender\" beats Crow's \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" hands down. Honorable Mention \"We Have All the Time in the World\" From \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service.\" Music by John Barry, lyrics by Hal David; performed by Louis Armstrong. The least Bond-ish of Bond songs, this slow ballad sung by the great Satchmo was heard not under the opening titles (which instead featured a great instrumental number by John Barry), but during the film, under a happy romantic montage featuring James Bond (George Lazenby) and Tracy (Diana Rigg), who would drive off together into the sunset (but not, we will learn, toward a happy ending). James Bond Themes: We've Ranked Every Song!",
"SHARE Get ready for SPECTRE with our ranked list of all the James Bond themes James Bond is one of the few constants that movie lovers have in this crazy world of ours. We seem to know that, no matter what, a new Bond movie is always on the way. With it will come new gadgets, a new car, new lovely ladies and a new James Bond theme song that will play over the opening credits and attempt to seduce us. And as always, we welcome these things with open arms. The history of James Bond theme songs isn’t quite as long as some might suspect, however. The first two films in the series – Dr. No and From Russia With Love – didn’t have opening songs, they had orchestral arrangements. Dr. No even segued into a weird rendition of “Three Blind Mice.” Later on, On Her Majesty’s Secret Service gave the opening number amiss and snuck its theme song into the middle and end of the movie. But although there may be exceptions, we all know what we think of when we think of “James Bond Theme Songs.” We think of explosive renditions of sensual songs. We think of a handful of classics and a handful of duds.",
"And we think to ourselves, “Which ones really are the best?” because that’s the way the human mind works. Here then is ComingSoon.net’s answer to that question. These are the official James Bond theme songs, ranked from worst to best, with two honorable mentions because they may or may not count, but were just that good, dang it. James Bond Themes Honorable Mention: “We Have All The Time in the World” by Louis Armstrong One of the best James Bond theme songs wasn’t actually played over the opening credits, so we’re giving it our first honorable mention. This enormously romantic song from On Her Majesty’s Secret Service is one of the few James Bond themes that helps tell the story of the film, in which our hero finally meets the love of his life. (Alas, it was short-lived.) Satchmo warbles his trademark warble, our hearts melt, and a classic is born. James Bond Themes Honorable Mention: “Surrender” by K.D. Lang Originally intended for the opening credits of Tomorrow Never Dies, and then for some reason relegated to the closing credits, K.D. Lang’s “Surrender” is silken and cool. The horn sections are sassy and powerful.",
"It’s one of the best James Bond theme songs, and it’s not even officially a James Bond theme song. And it’s a heck of a lot better than the official theme the movie finally got. James Bond Themes 21. “Die Another Day” by Madonna Madonna performing a James Bond theme? It should have been a match made in heaven. Unfortunately, Die Another Day came out after Madonna’s sultry era, and smack dab in the middle of her auto-tuned dance phase. There’s still a generic sexiness to her “Die Another Day” that, in a vacuum, is more appropriate to James Bond than several other songs on this list. But then she yells out “Sigmund Freud! Analyze this! Analyze this! Analyze this-this-this!” and the only proper reaction is a facepalm. James Bond Themes 20. “Moonraker” by Shirley Bassey You would think the theme to one of the silliest Bond movies would be equally unforgettable. You would be wrong. There was an unfortunate time in the franchise when all the James Bond theme songs were indistinguishable from the generic pop they would play in an orthodontist’s waiting room.",
"(They were, unsurprisingly, all in the midst of the Roger Moore era.) Shirley Bassey’s theme from Moonraker is the worst of the lot, in part because Bassey – who also performed two of the best Bond songs – was obviously better than this. James Bond Themes 19. “All Time High” by Rita Coolidge Another chintzy ballad from the Roger Moore era. Octopussy was a pretty bad movie to begin with but this generic love song from Rita Coolidge makes it sound about as exciting as a 1980s gum commercial. There is very little to say about this James Bond theme other than “snore.” James Bond Themes 18. “For Your Eyes Only” by Sheena Easton Sheena Easton’s theme from For Your Eyes Only is actually a pretty good song. It has a lilting, romantic quality… the sort of thing you’d play at a wedding while the bride and groom make moon eyes at each other. It is not, however, much of a James Bond theme. There’s no showmanship here. No sexiness. Nothing grand. It’s orthodontist’s music, once again, but to Easton’s credit it’s rather good orthodontist music.",
"James Bond Themes 17. “Licence to Kill” by Gladys Knight Gladys Knight belts the living daylights out of the theme to Licence to Kill, a song that sounds like the kind of tune your parents would have had sex to in the 1980s. It’s the early electronic production that kills an otherwise solid James Bond song here. If they’d put away the Casio keyboards and hired a full orchestra instead, this could have been one of the best. James Bond Themes 16. “Tomorrow Never Dies” by Sheryl Crow A dramatic intro, a mournful guitar and a bluesy attitude make Sheryl Crow’s James Bond theme from Tomorrow Never Dies a seriously cool song. Unfortunately, Crow herself can’t quite keep up with it. She nails the sexy lounge room lyrics, but she can’t quite belt the chorus, and seems to be struggling just when the song needs the most power. James Bond Themes 15. “Another Way to Die” by Jack White and Alicia Keys Another almost-great song, this James Bond theme from Quantum of Solace features a brassy and explosive orchestration that’s practically perfect for the franchise. Unfortunately the gimmick – the first duet in James Bond history – falls apart.",
"Jack White’s indie rock screeching might have been fine on its own, and Alicia Keys could have wailed the whole thing and we would have been happy. But these two great tastes taste lousy together. James Bond Themes 14. “You Know My Name” by Chris Cornell The last few songs were half-great. Either the song was awesome but the vocals mucked it up, or vice-versa. But Chris Cornell’s James Bond theme song to Casino Royale has a different problem: it’s just okay. It’s got a perfectly serviceable hard rock action riff, and Cornell’s vocals do that it perfectly serviceable justice. It’s too bad that one of the best Bond movies ever had to settle for one of the most mediocre James Bond theme songs ever. James Bond Themes 13. “The Living Daylights” by a-ha The Norwegian new wave band a-ha gave us one of the best music videos ever made (with “Take On Me” in 1985), and a pretty good James Bond theme for a pretty good James Bond movie. There’s a fun mix of orchestral bombast and feel-good synth rock in The Living Daylights. This is one of the most underrated James Bond theme songs.",
"James Bond Themes 12. “The World is Not Enough” by Garbage The theme to The World is Not Enough has exactly the right amount of brassiness for a James Bond theme song. The lyrics are enigmatic and alluring, and Garbage front woman Shirley Manson knows how to sell them. This song never quite hits the soaring heights of the best James Bond themes but it does its sexy job. James Bond Themes 11. “Writing’s On The Wall” by Sam Smith Some James Bond theme songs are erotic, and some are romantic, and some – like Sam Smith’s theme to the upcoming SPECTRE – are depressing. But to Smith’s credit, “Writing’s On The Wall” is EPICALLY depressing. It plays like the sad song that plays over and over again in the mind of a man who’s watched too many loved ones die, as he solemnly drinks himself to oblivion at the back of a bar. This sort of melancholy may not be the most enjoyable aspect of James Bond, but it’s undeniably an important part of the character, and Smith seems to understand that. James Bond Themes 10.",
"“Diamonds Are Forever” by Shirley Bassey The second-best song that Shirley Bassey performed for the James Bond franchise is still one of the best. For a series that, on some level, has always been about wish fulfillment, listening to one of the great singers belt powerful notes about avarice seems just about right. So say what you will about the film (it’s not on many of the lists of James Bond’s best), but Bassey had good material here and she knocked it out of the park. James Bond Themes 9. “The Man with the Golden Gun” by Lulu Not a lot of Bond villains get their own theme song, but Christopher Lee’s assassin from The Man with the Golden Gun gets a flashy, catchy, groovy tune that makes him seem cool as hell. (And of course, he is.) Lulu completely sells the awesomeness of the villain Scaramanga, and although the song may seem almost ridiculously upbeat today, it only adds to the charm. James Bond Themes 8.",
"“You Only Live Twice” by Nancy Sinatra Another love ballad for Bond, but if Nancy Sinatra’s song from You Only Live Twice was playing at your orthodontist’s office, it would be the sexiest orthodontist’s office in town. There’s a mysterious quality to the string section, and a playfulness to the declining notes. They combine to make something rather magical. From here on out all of the Bond songs on this list are bona fide classics. James Bond Themes 7. “Nobody Does It Better” by Carly Simon Some would argue that Carly Simon’s theme to The Spy Who Loved Me is the best James Bond theme song ever. They may have a point, but maybe what’s really going on is that this is just “the best song from a James Bond movie.” It’s a fun tune, catchy as hell, romantic and beautifully sung. But nothing about this seems to specifically evoke James Bond, his adventures, his history or even his films. “Nobody Does It Better” is still a winner by any estimation; there’s just happens to be a reason why it didn’t crack our top five. James Bond Themes 6.",
"“A View to a Kill” by Duran Duran A lot of the best James Bond theme songs sound like they belong in a lounge act. That’s not a complaint, just an observation. For whatever reason, the English new wave act Duran Duran was given free reign to provide A View to a Kill with a new and exciting sound all its own. “A View to a Kill” was a hit song, and it probably would have been a success even without the James Bond connection. It’s entertaining and cool and energetic, and it promises one hell of a good time. (Whether or not the movie actually lives up to that promise is a matter of some debate.) James Bond Themes 5. “Live and Let Die” by Paul McCartney & Wings Big and brassy! Paul McCartney (yes, yes, and also Wings) ushered in a new era of James Bond movies with the theme to Live and Let Die, sending the series careening into a 1970s musical sound as the franchise rebranded itself with a new leading man, Roger Moore. This is an almost maniacally excited song. The melody shifts and spirals and builds and sinks and hardly gives the listener a chance to get their bearings. It’s a thrill.",
"James Bond Themes 4. “Thunderball” by Tom Jones The lyrics are stupid, but who cares? Tom Jones sings like nobody’s business, and pounds the theme to Thunderball out with a silky energy. It’s powerful but alluring. This is the sort of song you imagine Bond would play on a jukebox when he’s about to seduce you. There are better James Bond theme songs, but none from a male singer. Tom Jones and James Bond probably go out for dry martinis together all the time. They’re the perfect pair. James Bond Themes 3. “Skyfall” by Adele It’s almost TOO good. Soulful and aching and grand, Adele’s theme to Skyfall is stunningly performed, and gives the distinct impression that someone tried to make the ultimate James Bond theme and had the talent to back it up. History and sensuousness have elevated two songs higher than Adele’s contribution, at least in our eyes, but not by much. James Bond Themes 2. “GoldenEye” by Tina Turner Bono and The Edge collaborated with Tina Turner on this, the sultriest James Bond song ever.",
"This is a song sung by someone you will be attracted to, damn it, and for whom you would do just about anything. Tina Turner has more erotic confidence in one Goldeneye theme than most of us will ever experience in our whole lifetimes. James Bond songs had never been this deliciously sweaty before. It’s like pheromones set to music. James Bond Themes 1. “Goldfinger” by Shirley Bassey It was the first “real” James Bond song (again, the first two films only opened with orchestral music), and it’s still the best. Shirley Bassey got an opportunity to sing her soul out and she accepted the challenge with obvious pleasure. This is a song that makes the villain Auric Goldfinger seem a lot more threatening (and attractive) than he actually is, but that’s part of the miracle of Bassey’s work here. It’s proud and heroic and enticing and it’s kind of a lie, but who cares? The music is pure James Bond, the lyrics are pure machismo, and the performance is perfect. SPECTRE"
] |
Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?
|
Peter Tork
|
[
"Peter Thorkelson",
"Peter Tork"
] | 10,113
|
[
"The Monkees Washington, D.C. Tickets - $20 - $45 at Warner Theatre. 2016-05-26 6 Stars 5.0 by 4 members Hey hey, it's The Monkees, and here they come, treating you to a night of all their greatest hits at the Warner Theatre in D.C. Two of The Monkees' original four members -- Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork -- reunite to sing \"Last Train to Clarksville\" and \"I'm a Believer,\" along with so many other jams. At the height of their success in 1967, The Monkees sold more albums than The Beatles or The Rolling Stones. Don't miss this special night of timeless rock classics, acoustic numbers and fan favorites. * Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price. All offers for The Monkees have expired. The last date listed for The Monkees was Thursday May 26, 2016 / 8:00pm.",
"The Monkees Plot 50th Anniversary Tour, New LP 'Good Times!' - Rolling Stone The Monkees Plot 50th Anniversary Tour, New LP 'Good Times!' The Monkees Plot 50th Anniversary Tour, New LP 'Good Times!' Micky Dolenz talks about new Monkees album, which features songs by Rivers Cuomo and Noel Gallagher The Monkees are cutting a new album with tracks by Rivers Cuomo, Noel Gallagher, Ben Gibbard and more Credit: Dave J Hogan/Getty All Stories This summer marks the 50th anniversary of the Monkees ' television series and the release of their debut single \"Last Train To Clarksville,\" and the group will celebrate by releasing their new album Good Times! and embarking on an extensive North American tour. The album is the Monkees' first collection of original material since 1997's JustUs, and it will feature new songs by Noel Gallagher, Rivers Cuomo, Ben Gibbard and many more. Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne serves as producer on the new LP.",
"More News Monkees' Complete TV Series, 'Head' Coming to Blu-ray Limited edition 50th anniversary collection will feature all 58 'Monkees' episodes plus bonus features Good Times! also features a handful of songs written for the Monkees back in the 1960s that they never got around to releasing, including Neil Diamond's \"Love to Love,\" Boyce and Hart's \"Whatever's Right\" and Carole King's \"Wasn't Born To Follow.\" There's also \"I Know What I Know,\" a new song by Mike Nesmith. The title track was written by Harry Nilsson and cut at a 1968 session with Nesmith on guitar, though never finished. The group plans to flesh out the tune, turning it into a virtual duet between Nilsson and Monkees singer Micky Dolenz. The Monkees returned from a decade-long hiatus in 2011 when the three-man lineup of Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork and Davy Jones reunited for a 45th anniversary tour.",
"Jones died of a sudden heart attack early the following year, and months later the group stunned fans by hitting the road with Mike Nesmith, who sat out nearly all Monkees reunion tours since the group split in 1971. The lineup of Nesmith/Tork/Dolenz played a series of American shows through the summer of 2014, though last year Nesmith stepped aside yet again and Dolenz and Tork began gigging without him. \"Mike has a lot of other arrows in his quiver,\" says Dolenz. \"For starters, he runs a big business. He's also writing a book, which was the specific reason he gave me for not wanting to leave town again for any particular length of time.\" Talk of a 50th anniversary Monkees project began a couple of years ago. The group's trademark is owned by Rhino, and they oversee the release of all Monkees reissues (both the music and TV series) and they license out the name so they can use it on tour. \"There have been some recent personnel changes at Rhino and the incoming personnel were very, very pro and positive about the Monkees,\" says Dolenz.",
"\"[Rhino executives] John Hughes and Mark Pinkus both said they wanted us to make a new album, and they spelled out the exact kind of album that would go down well with the 50th anniversary and with our fans.\" Adam Schlesinger was hired to produce the disc, and songwriters all over the world were approached about submitting tunes for the group to cut. \"I'm not a big music listener outside of Frank Sinatra during martini hour,\" says Dolenz. \"But I began doing research and I realized that the whole indie rock scene is all about recapturing that 1960s jangly guitar sound of the Monkees, amongst many other groups, of course. One reason we don't have a final track listing yet is because once we put the word out all these people said they wanted to get involved.\" The album has a hard release date of June 10th, though right now Schlesinger is busy creating music for the CW show Crazy Ex-Girlfriend and formal recording sessions have yet to begin. \"We've been talking a lot back and forth and sharing music via Dropbox,\" says Dolenz. \"It's coming together fast, which isn't a bad thing since it forces you to make decisions.",
"My job is just to come in and sing lead vocals. It's no different than the old days when we had to get everything done in three-hour sessions because that was the limit of the musician's union.\" Right now, he's focused on wrapping his head around the new songs. \"We all agree that the lyrics in the Rivers Cuomo song needed to be aged up a little but,\" Dolenz says. \"It sounds like it's about a little girl and I'm 70 years old, so Rivers is re-writing the lyrics.\" Noel Gallagher is still crafting lyrics for his contribution, though Dolenz says that Ben Gibbard's song \"Me & Magdalena\" and Zach Rogue's tune \"Terrifying\" are both in and ready to go. \"They're all keeping with our sensibility,\" says Dolenz. \"I just keep calling it that jangly guitar pop sound, though I used to call it 'progressive bubblegum.'\" The Monkees in 1965. Dezo Hoffmann/REX As of now, there's no formal plans for Mike Nesmith to contribute any guitar or vocal parts. \"I don't know what's going to happen with that,\" he says.",
"\"Frankly, we don't even have a recording schedule right now!\" Peter Tork, however, will definitely be on hand to record vocals and likely play guitar and possibly the banjo on some of the songs. Davy Jones' voice will be heard on Neil Diamond's \"Love To Love,\" which the group cut in the 1960s. \"I'm hoping to do harmonies on that,\" says Dolenz. \"But I haven't spoken to Adam about that in any great detail.\" The tour kicks off on May 18th in Fort Myers, Florida and runs though October 29th in Shippensburg, PA, though more dates may be added. The group expects to play some new songs, though the show will revolve around their deep catalog of classics. \"I've always felt it was important to give the audience what they want,\" says Dolenz, \"which is the hits. Peter and I do a lovely acoustic portion of the show, like we're sitting around a campfire. Our vocal blend has become very, very interesting.\" They plan on performing many songs that originally featured Mike Nesmith on lead vocals, though he won't be on the tour. \"He's always invited,\" says Dolenz.",
"\"And at times he has blessed us with his presence. I don't see him going on the road, and certainly not for the whole grueling thing. I sure hope he does show up at some point and sing a couple of songs with us.\" The Monkees' heyday lasted little more than three years, and nobody is more shocked than the members of the band that they're still around for the 50th anniversary. \"Here I am, 70 years old,\" says Dolenz. \"How the hell did that happen? But I'm more excited for this album and tour than I've been for anything in a long time.\" The Monkees Tour Dates The Monkees | Download Music, Tour Dates & Video | eMusic Group Members: Michael Nesmith , Micky Dolenz , Davy Jones , Michael Nesmith All Music Guide: \"Hey hey, we are the Monkees/You know we love to please/A manufactured image/With no philosophies.\" In 1968, the Monkees addressed their own reputation in the song \"Ditty Diego (War Chant),\" which summed up the bad rap they'd received in the music press since they first emerged in the summer of 1966.",
"The Monkees were talented singers, musicians, and songwriters who made a handful of the finest pop singles of their day (as well as a few first-rate albums) and delivered exciting, entertaining live shows. But at a time when rock music was becoming more self-conscious and \"serious,\" the hipper echelons of the music press often lambasted the Monkees, largely because they didn't come together organically but through the casting process for a television series, and they initially didn't write the bulk of their own material or play all the instruments on their records. The fact they later took creative control of their music was often overlooked, and the quality of their music, which featured the work of some of the finest session players and songwriters of the 1960s, often seemed to be beside the point. Time has ultimately vindicated the Monkees, and their music still sounds fresh and engaging decades after it was recorded, but in some circles they never fully shook being branded as \"the Pre-Fab Four,\" no matter how far they moved from the circumstances that brought them together.",
"The Monkees story began in the fall of 1965, when Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider, a pair of producers whose Raybert Productions had a deal with Columbia Pictures and their TV branch Screen Gems, came up with an idea for a television series about a rock group. Inspired by Richard Lester's groundbreaking comedies with the Beatles, A Hard Day's Night and Help!, Rafelson and Schneider imagined a situation comedy in which a four-piece band had wacky adventures every week and occasionally burst into song. The NBC television network liked the idea, and production began on The Monkees in early 1966. Don Kirshner, a music business veteran who was a top executive at Colgems Records (a label affiliated with Columbia/Screen Gems), was appointed music coordinator for the series, and Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart, a producing and songwriting team, signed on to handle much of the day-to-day chores of creating music for the show's fictive band. A casting call went out for four young men to play the members of the group, and Rafelson and Schneider's choices for the roles were truly inspired.",
"Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork were musicians with solid performing and recording experience who also had a flair for playing comedy, while Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones were primarily actors but had also dabbled in pop music and had strong vocal abilities. As the show went before the camera, Kirshner had Boyce and Hart take the four leads into the studio to begin recording the songs that would be featured on the show each week. While initially the cast was only going to provide vocals for material Boyce and Hart had already recorded, the producers were impressed enough with Nesmith's songwriting skills that they chose to use a few of his tunes and let him produce them. With this, the Monkees took their first step toward evolving into a proper, self-sufficient rock band. The Monkees debuted on NBC in the fall of 1966 and was an immediate hit in the ratings, while \"Last Train to Clarksville,\" the group's first single, had become a number one hit a few weeks earlier (the self-titled debut album would top the chart in October).",
"Rafelson, Schneider, and Kirshner shrewdly allowed the show to promote the records and vice versa, and while the notion that television time could sell pop records was hardly new (Ricky Nelson proved that almost a decade earlier), no one had made it work with quite the success the Monkees achieved almost immediately. Dozens of Monkees-related products flooded the marketplace, from toy guitars and lunch boxes to board games and models of the custom Pontiac the guys drove on the show. In late 1966, someone got the idea of booking a few live shows with the Monkees, and recordings of their early concerts prove that while not all four were virtuoso musicians, they worked well together on-stage and were a energetic, rough-and-ready rock band who could work a crowd. As the Monkees gained confidence in their abilities as performers, they began to chafe under the restrictions imposed on them by Kirshner, who had full control over what songs they would record and who would produce and play on the sessions.",
"The Monkees' early recordings found them working with a stellar team of songwriters (including Neil Diamond, Carole King and Gerry Goffin, and David Gates along with Boyce and Hart) and musicians (such as Glen Campbell, James Burton, Hal Blaine, and Larry Taylor), but Nesmith and Tork in particular were eager to show off their own talents (Nesmith was responsible for some of the Monkees' most distinctive tunes), and all four were stung by the negative publicity they'd received as rock critics declared they weren't a \"real\" band and couldn't play their instruments (Nesmith and Tork certainly could, and Dolenz and Jones would become capable instrumentalists, but they weren't allowed to play on their earliest recordings). When the Monkees were presented with copies of their second album, More of the Monkees, in January 1967, Nesmith and Tork were furious -- it was filled with material recorded for the TV show and the bandmembers had no input into its packaging or sequencing. This led to a standoff between the four Monkees, who demanded autonomy over the music they performed, and Kirshner, who didn't want to disrupt the hitmaking machine he'd helped create.",
"Eventually, Rafelson and Schneider sided with his stars (who could not be readily replaced) and Kirshner was fired in the spring of 1967. (Kirshner would later coordinate the music for the Archies, who as cartoon characters lacked the power to rebel against their producers.) Now calling their own musical shots, the Monkees recorded their third album, Headquarters, with Chip Douglas (aka Douglas Farthing Hatlelid) of the Turtles producing and playing bass. Outside of Douglas and a few string and horn players, the Monkees played all the instruments on Headquarters, and the album rose to number one on the charts in May of 1967, proving the group members were more than capable of making memorable records on their own (and the closing track, \"Randy Scouse Git,\" showed the cultural changes that were making themselves known in America had not escaped the attention of TV's leading pop group).",
"Another Monkees album appeared in November 1967, Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd., which is generally regarded as the group's finest work; while all four Monkees played and sang on the album, they also brought a few session players in for the recordings, hitting a middle ground between the polished studiocraft of the first two LPs and the more organic sound of Headquarters. While the Monkees now had the freedom to chart their own path in the recording studio, this also led to the musicians discovering their creative differences, and by the time they recorded The Birds, the Bees & the Monkees (released in April 1968), the foursome was starting to splinter, with each member essentially producing and coordinating 25 percent of the album, and the band's collaborative energy began to dissipate. After two successful seasons, the Monkees' television series was not renewed for the fall 1968 season, as the group hoped to launch a career in the movies.",
"But Head, their first (and last) feature film, was a commercial disaster; it was an often clever and challenging satire of the Monkees' own curious stardom and the culture that surrounded them, but it also quite literally had no plot and confounded the younger viewers who were the TV show's strongest fan base. The soundtrack album struggled to a relatively dismal number 45 on the charts, and shortly afterwards Peter Tork opted to leave the band. The Monkees released two albums as a trio in 1969, Instant Replay and The Monkees Present, but while they both contained fine music that showed the group was continuing to mature, neither launched any major hits, and the band's commercial fortunes were clearly beginning to wane. In late 1969, Nesmith left to pursue a solo career (he'd already released an instrumental solo album, The Wichita Train Whistle Sings, in 1968), and after a final Monkees album featuring just Dolenz and Jones, 1970's Changes, the group quietly dissolved.",
"Nesmith went on to a critically respected and modestly successful solo career, cutting several excellent country-rock albums, and he enjoyed considerable success in the entertainment business, producing music videos and feature films as well as running a film and video label, Pacific Arts. Both Dolenz and Jones moved back and forth between acting and music, and in 1975 they teamed up with Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart to record a new album and the foursome went out on the road, playing their new material as well as many of the Monkees' hits. Tork's music career stayed under the radar through much of the '70s, though he led a band called Release, operated a music production firm, recorded a Christmas single with Dolenz and Jones in 1976, and was courted for a solo deal with Sire Records. The Monkees' television show stayed on the air for years in reruns after the group broke up, and in 1985, MTV presented a daylong marathon of Monkees episodes, tipping their hat to the show and the band that helped bring rock and television together. The marathon was a hit in the ratings and Monkees reruns became a regular feature on the network.",
"That same year, producer and promoter David Fishof put together a Monkees reunion tour; while Nesmith's business commitments prevented him from joining his bandmates, Dolenz, Jones, and Tork were game, and the tour was a massive commercial success, and much of the group's back catalog bounced back into the charts. (Nesmith also made a guest appearance with the Monkees for their sold-out appearance at L.A.'s Greek Theater, and appeared with them on an MTV Christmas video.) In 1986, Dolenz and Tork cut a new single, \"That Was Then, This Is Now,\" which was tagged onto a Monkees hits compilation and became a hit. The success of the single prompted the Monkees (again minus Nesmith) to record a new album, but 1987's Pool It! didn't fare well with critics or fans, and the members soon went their separate ways again, though Dolenz and Jones occasionally worked as a duo.",
"As the 30th anniversary of the Monkees' debut loomed in the mid-'90s and Rhino Records (who had reissued the group's back catalog in the 1980s) assumed full control of the group's filmed and recorded legacy and began a series of definitive reissues, another reunion tour was proposed, and the talks led to Dolenz, Jones, Nesmith, and Tork getting together to jam for the fun of it. They enjoyed the process enough that they decided to record a new album, and Justus, released in October 1996, became the first Monkees album written, performed, and produced solely by the four members of the band. The four Monkees appeared in a television special tied into the album's release (called Hey Hey, We're the Monkees), and they were set to take part in a world concert tour to promote the record. However, after a string of dates in the United Kingdom in 1997, Nesmith dropped out, and while the tour went on without him, the other three did little to hide their disappointment with Nesmith in the press.",
"Another tour by the three-piece Monkees took place in 2001, but Tork left the show before the final dates; Tork told reporters he'd quit, while Dolenz and Jones said he'd been fired. Since then, Dolenz, Jones, and Tork have all toured as solo acts; Nesmith, meanwhile, released a solo album in 2006, Rays, and has taken up writing fiction, having penned two novels, The Long Sandy Hair of Neftoon Zamora and The American Gene. Hey hey, The Monkees announced a 50th anniversary album and tour Hey hey, The Monkees announced a 50th anniversary album and tour 2.5k The Monkees: Davy Jones, Peter Tork, Mike Nesmith and Mickey Dolenz. Image: Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images 2016-02-05 21:29:45 UTC Here they come ... 50 years later.",
"The Monkees — the greatest fake band ever assembled for a madcap TV show — will celebrate the 50th anniversary of the series this summer with a new album, titled Good Times!, and a lengthy North American tour kicking off May 18 in Fort Myers, Florida, Rolling Stone reported Friday. Good Times!, produced by Adam Schlesinger (Fountains of Wayne), will be comprised of new original songs, including tracks written in the 1960s that were never recorded and the late Davy Jones singing a cover of Neil Diamond's \"Love to Love\" that was recorded in the '60s. The Monkees: Mike Nesmith, Peter Tork, Davy Jones and Mickey Dolenz in 1967, London. Image: Michael Putland/Getty Images The June 10 release will also feature many guests including Noel Gallagher, Rivers Cuomo, Ben Gibbard and more. It's true! GOOD TIMES! and a tour are coming!",
"Read @TheMickyDolenz1 exclusive interview at @RollingStone - See also: Chris Martin's daughter Apple warned him of the terrors of becoming a meme This is the version of The Monkees featuring original members Mickey Dolenz and Peter Tork, but not Mike Nesmith, who briefly toured with them from 2011 to 2014. But he's \"always invited,\" Micky Dolenz tells Rolling Stone, \"and at times he has blessed us with his presence ... I sure hope he does show up at some point and sing a couple of songs with us.\" \"Peter (Tork, below right) and I do a lovely acoustic portion of the show, like we're sitting around a campfire. Our vocal blend has become very, very interesting,\" Dolenz told Rolling Stone. The Monkees perform at Eventim Apollo Hammersmith in London on Sep. 4, 2015. Image: Rex Features via AP Images/Associated Press Here's the list of tour dates and locations: May 18 - Fort Myers, FL @ Barbara B.",
"Mann Performing Arts Hall May 19 - Melbourne, FL @ King Center for the Performing Arts May 20 - Tampa, FL @ Ruth Eckerd Hall May 21 - Atlanta, GA @ Frederick Brown Jr.",
"Amphitheater May 24 - Charlotte, NC @ Blumenthal PAC - Belk Theater May 26 - Washington, DC @ Warner Theatre May 27 - Boston, MA @ The Wilbur Theatre May 28 - Philadelphia, PA @ Keswick Theatre May 29 - Red Bank, NJ @ Count Basie Theatre June 1 - New York, NY @ The Town Hall June 3 - Toronto, ON @ Casino Rama June 4 - Windsor, ON @ The Colosseum at Caesars Windsor June 5 - Cleveland, OH @ Hard Rock Live Northfield Park June 7 - Fort Wayne, IN @ Foellinger Theatre June 10 - Louisville, KY @ Louisville Palace Theatre June 12 - Indianapolis, IN @ Murat Theatre at Old National Centre June 14 - Dayton, OH @ Rose Music Center at The Heights June 28 - Dallas, TX @ AT&T PAC – Winspear Opera House June 30 - Tulsa, OK @ Hard Rock Hotel & Casino July 1 - Mayetta, KS @ Prairie Band Casino & Resort July 16 - Hampton Beach, NH @ Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom July 22 - Hot Springs, AR @ Oaklawn Racing",
" and Gaming September 15 - Phoenix, AZ @ Mesa Arts Center September 16 - Los Angeles, CA @ Pantages Theatre September 17 - Las Vegas, NV @ Primm Valley Casino Resorts September 20 - San Francisco, CA @ The Warfield September 21 - Modesto, CA @ Gallo Center For The Arts September 23 & 24 - Lincoln City, OR @ Chinook Winds Casino Resort September 25 - Seattle, WA @ The Moore Theatre October 1 - Biloxi, MS @ Hard Rock Live October 22 - Paso Robles, CA @ Vina Robles Amphitheatre October 29 - Shippensburg, PA @ H.",
"Ric Luhrs PAC The Monkees Live on TV 2016 I'm A Believer / Good Times! - YouTube The Monkees Live on TV 2016 I'm A Believer / Good Times! Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jun 4, 2016 For the first time since Davy Jones died in 2012 of a heart attack, The Monkees original members Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork sing on live TV. I'm A Believer and She Makes Me Laugh was performed on GMA the morning of June 1, 2016. In 1967, The Monkees sold more records than The Beatles and The Rolling Stones combined. Jimi Hendrix Experience was the opening act on The Monkees sixties national tour.",
"‘I’m A Believer’ from ‘More of the Monkees’ (1967) is The Monkees biggest and most enduring hit, staying at Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 for seven weeks. The Monkees most identifiable song was written by a young Neil Diamond, but the group made it their own thanks to the dynamic vocals of Mickey Dolenz. As the featured single from the band's second album, 'More Of The Monkees' was one of the biggest selling pop/rock albums of the '60's, sitting atop the Billboard 200 album charts for 18 weeks. In celebration of the 50th anniversary of the launch of The Monkees, Micky Dolenz, Peter Tork and Michael Nesmith released \"Good Times,\" the band's first album in 20 years. \"If I had known I was going to live this long, I would have taken better care of myself,\" Mickey Dolenz joked. The Monkees' first studio album in 20 years was released May 27, 2016.",
"\"Good Times!\" celebrates the band's 50th anniversary and features new contributions from surviving members Michael Nesmith, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork. CD also includes tunes written especially for the project by various respected modern-rock artists. Mike Nesmith said he was pleasantly surprised with \"Good Times!\" \"I thought it came out great, and the songs that people have been writing for it I thought were great,\" noted Nesmith. \"It just came together like an ordinary record, but because it was our 50th [anniversary], we knew it was gonna be kind of a touchstone, so everybody had high hopes for it,\" he continued. \"And then when it came out like it did, it was like, 'Holy smokes, this actually…sounds good!' And so, we were thrilled.\" The album includes tunes written by Weezer's Rivers Cuomo, Oasis' Noel Gallagher, The Jam's Paul Weller, XTC's Andy Partridge and Death Cab for Cutie's Ben Gibbard.",
"Nesmith said he especially liked Gibbard's contribution, \"Me and Magdelana,\" as well as a track that Weller and Gallagher co-wrote, \"Birth of an Accidental Hipster.\" On \"Me and Magdelana,\" Nesmith trades lead vocals with Dolenz. He said that working with his old band mate on the parts for that song, and other tracks, was one of the things he most enjoyed about making the album. \"It was very easy 'cause we worked together for so long,\" he pointed out, adding that \"having the different writers gave us so many more things to say and so many more opportunities at a good time. Ha! No pun intended.\" \"Good Times!\" certainly shares many elements with The Monkees' classic 1960s material, including infectious melodies and jangly guitars. Still, Nesmith feels that the new album is more than a trip down memory lane. \"The thing that I think works so good about the new record is that it really is in the moment,\" he insisted. \"It's happening right now.",
"These are real people, right now, singing it in this real time.\" The Monkees 50th Anniversary 2016 North America Tour Dates: May 18 - Fort Myers, FL @ Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall May 19 - Melbourne, FL @ King Center for the Performing Arts May 20 - Tampa, FL @ Ruth Eckerd Hall May 21 - Atlanta, GA @ Frederick Brown Jr.",
"Amphitheater May 24 - Charlotte, NC @ Blumenthal PAC - Belk Theater May 26 - Washington, DC @ Warner Theatre May 27 - Boston, MA @ The Wilbur Theatre May 28 - Philadelphia, PA @ Keswick Theatre May 29 - Red Bank, NJ @ Count Basie Theatre June 1 - New York, NY @ The Town Hall June 3 - Toronto, ON @ Casino Rama June 4 - Windsor, ON @ The Colosseum at Caesars Windsor June 5 - Cleveland, OH @ Hard Rock Live Northfield Park June 7 - Fort Wayne, IN @ Foellinger Theatre June 10 - Louisville, KY @ Louisville Palace Theatre June 11th - Hammond, IN @ The Venue at Horseshoe Casino June 12 - Indianapolis, IN @ Murat Theatre at Old National Centre June 14 - Dayton, OH @ Rose Music Center at The Heights June 28 - Dallas, TX @ AT&T PAC – Winspear Opera House June 30 - Tulsa, OK @ Hard Rock Hotel & Casino July 1 - Mayetta, KS @ Prairie Band Casino & Resort July 16 - Hampton Beach, NH @ Hampton",
" Beach Casino Ballroom July 22 - Hot Springs, AR @ Oaklawn Racing and Gaming September 14 - Tucson, AZ @ Fox Tucson Theater September 15 - Phoenix, AZ @ Mesa Arts Center September 16 - Los Angeles, CA @ Pantages Theatre September 17 - Las Vegas, NV @ Primm Valley Casino Resorts September 20 - San Francisco, CA @ The Warfield September 21 - Modesto, CA @ Gallo Center For The Arts September 23 & 24 - Lincoln City, OR @ Chinook Winds Casino Resort September 25 - Seattle, WA @ The Moore Theatre October 1 - Biloxi, MS @ Hard Rock Live October 22 - Paso Robles, CA @ Vina Robles Amphitheatre October 29 - Shippensburg, PA @ H.",
"Ric Luhrs PAC Category The Monkees Announce Summer U.S. Tour Dates | Billboard The Monkees Announce Summer U.S. Tour Dates COMMENTS Following the Monkees' string of tour dates with Michael Nesmith last fall, the group has announced a 24-show summer run, with surviving members Nesmith, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork at the helm. \"A Midsummer's Night With the Monkees\" kicks off on July 15 in Port Chester, N.Y., and will run through Aug. 18. Pre-sale ticket packages for all shows go on sale this Wednesday (May 1). The Monkees' late 2012 reunion tour marked Nesmith's first U.S. shows with the group since 1970. Although last year's tour was highlighted by tributes to Davy Jones, who passed away in February 2012, Dolenz tells Rolling Stone that the group's set list will be slightly different this summer. \"This time we probably won't lean so heavily on the David situation,\" says Dolenz. \"I think we have to move on. Everybody has to move on. He'll always be remembered and acknowledged, but possibly not as much as on that particular tour.",
"We will, of course, still perform 'Daydream Believer' and all the other hits.\" According to a press release, the upcoming shows will also encompass \"rare films and one-of-a-kind photographs,\" along with the group's classic hits. The Monkees' last new album came in 1996, with \"JustUs.\" Here are the Monkees' upcoming U.S. tour dates: July 15: Port Chester, NY (The Capitol Theatre) July 16: Boston, MA (Citi Performing Arts Center) July 17: Red Bank, NJ (Count Basie Theatre) July 19: Westbury, NY (NYCB Theatre At Westbury) July 20: Philadelphia, PA (The Mann Center) July 21: Washington, DC (The Warner Theatre) July 23: Raleigh, NC (Memorial Auditorium) July 24: Nashville, TN (Ryman Auditorium) July 26: St. Augustine, FL (St.",
"Augustine Amphitheatre) July 27: Boca Raton, FL (Mizner Park Amphitheatre) July 28: Clearwater, FL (Ruth Eckerd Hall) July 31: Austin, TX (The Long Center) Aug. 1: Houston, TX (Arena Theatre) Aug. 2: Grand Prairie, TX (Verizon Theatre) Aug. 3: Tulsa, OK (Brady Theater) Aug. 5: Denver, CO (Paramount Theatre) Aug. 9: Mesa, AZ (Mesa Arts Center) Aug. 10: Henderson, NV (Green Valley Events Center) Aug. 11: San Diego, CA (Humphreys) Aug. 12: Long Beach, CA (Terrace Theatre) Aug. 14: Saratoga, CA (Mountain Winery) Aug. 15: Napa, CA (Uptown Theatre) Aug. 17: Seattle, WA (Benaroya Hall) Aug. 18: Portland, OR (Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall) THE MONKEES LET THE GOOD TIMES! ROLL WITH NEW ALBUM AND TOUR FOR 50TH ANNIVERSARY | Warner Music Canada THE MONKEES LET THE GOOD TIMES!",
"ROLL WITH NEW ALBUM AND TOUR FOR 50TH ANNIVERSARY February 09 2016 THE MONKEES LET THE GOOD TIMES! ROLL WITH NEW ALBUM AND TOUR FOR 50TH ANNIVERSARY The Legendary Group To Release First New Album In Nearly 20 Years, Including Tracks Written By Rivers Cuomo, Ben Gibbard, And Andy Partridge The Album Also Features Previously Unreleased 1960s Recordings Of Songs Written By Neil Diamond, Harry Nilsson, And Others That Have Been Revisited And Completed In New Monkees Sessions Good Times! Will Be Available From Rhino On June 10 Micky Dolenz And Peter Tork Will Launch A North American Tour On May 18 LOS ANGELES – The Monkees are ready to have some fun this year as the iconic band celebrates its 50th anniversary with a tour and the group’s first new album in 20 years, appropriately titled GOOD TIMES!. GOOD TIMES! features all three surviving band members – Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork. The unmistakable voice of the late Davy Jones is also included with a vintage vocal featured on one song.",
"To produce the new album, the band found the perfect musical co-conspirator in Grammy® and Emmy®-winning songwriter Adam Schlesinger (Fountains Of Wayne, Ivy). GOOD TIMES! will be available June 10 on CD and digitally, with a vinyl version coming out on July 1. Much like The Monkees’ early albums, GOOD TIMES! features tracks written specifically for the band by some of the music world’s most gifted songwriters, including Rivers Cuomo (Weezer), Ben Gibbard (Death Cab for Cutie), Andy Partridge (XTC), and Zach Rogue (Rogue Wave). The album also includes songwriting contributions by Nesmith (“I Know What I Know”) and Tork as well as producer Schlesinger. To help bring the anniversary full circle, The Monkees completed songs for GOOD TIMES! that were originally recorded and written for the group during the 60s, including “Love To Love” by Neil Diamond, which features a vintage vocal by Jones. Harry Nilsson wrote the title track “Good Times!” which he recorded at a session with Nesmith in January 1968.",
"The production was never completed, so the band returned to the original session tape (featuring Nilsson’s guide vocal) and have created a duet with his close friend Dolenz. “Good Times!” will mark the first time Dolenz and Nilsson have sung together since Dolenz’ May 1973 single “Daybreak.” Other vintage 1960’s tracks included on GOOD TIMES! feature L.A.’s famed “Wrecking Crew” of session musicians. “This is one of the most exciting Monkee projects I’ve been involved in for decades!” says Dolenz. “Working with Adam Schlesinger has been a pure delight and the opportunity to sing a duet with my old buddy, Harry Nilsson, is just beyond cool!” In addition to the new album, Dolenz and Tork will launch a Monkees 50th Anniversary Tour on May 18. The jaunt boasts nearly 50 North American dates through the end of the year including a homecoming gig at the Pantages Theater in Los Angeles on September 16. Tickets go on sale February 12 and all tickets purchased through Ticketmaster will come with a digital download of GOOD TIMES!.",
"In other Monkees news, the band will release the entire series of “The Monkees” television show on Blu-ray for the very first time. All 58 episodes have been painstakingly restored in high-definition from the original film negatives. The 10-disc Blu-ray collection also includes the 1968 cult-classic “Head,” along with many never-before-seen outtakes from the film. Limited to 10,000 individually numbered pieces, the set will be available April 29 and can be purchased exclusively at Monkees.com for $199.98. During the band’s time together, The Monkees amassed a dozen Top 40 hits, including a trio of tunes that soared to #1. Between September 1966 and December 1967, “Last Train To Clarksville,” “I’m A Believer,” and “Daydream Believer” collectively occupied the top position for 12 weeks. Sales of their LPs were more phenomenal still: The Monkees occupied the #1 position for 13 consecutive weeks, and More Of The Monkees for 18 weeks. Both Headquarters and Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd.",
"went to the top as well, for a four-in-a-row feat in the incomprehensible space of 13 months. The final tally: 16 million albums and 7.5 million singles sold in a mere 2 1/2 years. Partial Track Listing (with songwriters noted) Final Version To Be Announced Soon “You Bring The Summer” (Andy Partridge) “Terrifying” (Zach Rogue) “She Makes Me Laugh” (Rivers Cuomo) “Love To Love” (Neil Diamond) “I Know What I Know” (Michael Nesmith) 18 Fort Myers, FL Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall 19 Melbourne, FL King Center for the Performing Arts 20 Tampa, FL Ruth Eckerd Hall 21 Atlanta, GA Frederick Brown Jr.",
"Amphitheater 24 Charlotte, NC Blumenthal PAC - Belk Theater 26 Washington, DC Warner Theatre 27 Boston, MA The Wilbur Theatre 28 Philadelphia, PA Keswick Theatre 29 Red Bank, NJ Count Basie Theatre 1 New York, NY The Town Hall 3 Toronto, ON Casino Rama - Entertainment Centre 4 Windsor, ON The Colosseum at Caesars Windsor 5 Cleveland, OH Hard Rock Live Northfield Park 7 Fort Wayne, IN Foellinger Theatre 11 Hammond, IN The Venue At Horseshoe Casino 10 Louisville, KY Louisville Palace Theatre 12 Indianapolis, IN Murat Theatre at Old National Centre 14 Dayton, OH Rose Music Center at The Heights 28 Dallas, TX AT&T PAC – Winspear Opera House 30 Tulsa, OK Hard Rock Hotel & Casino – The Joint 1 Mayetta, KS Prairie Band Casino & Resort – Grand Lakes Ballroom 16 Hampton Beach, NH Hampton Beach Casino Ballroom 22 Hot Springs, AR Oaklawn Racing and Gaming – Finish Line Theater 14 Tucson, AZ Fox Tucson Theatre 15 Phoenix, AZ Mesa Arts Center – Ikeda Theater ",
"16 Los Angeles, CA Pantages Theatre 17 Las Vegas, NV Primm Valley Casino Resorts – Star of the Desert Arena 20 San Francisco, CA The Warfield 21 Modesto, CA Gallo Center For The Arts 23 Lincoln City, OR Chinook Winds Casino Resort 24 Lincoln City, OR Chinook Winds Casino Resort 25 Seattle, WA The Moore Theatre 1 Biloxi, MS Hard Rock Live Biloxi 22 Paso Robles, CA Vina Robles Amphitheatre 29 Shippensburg, PA Shippensburg University – H.",
"Ric Luhrs PAC Monkees - Pop-Cult.Com Classic 60's Toys The Monkees On the 8th of September, 1965, an advertisement was run in The Daily Variety in Los Angeles which read: 'Madness!! Auditions. Folk & Roll Musicians-Singers for acting roles in new TV series. Running Parts for 4 insane boys, age 17-21. Want spirited Ben Frank's-types. Have courage to work. Must come down for interview.' 437 young hopefuls auditioned and the final four who were chosen became The Monkees. The four Monkees were Michael Nesmith (born 30th December 1942 in Houston, Texas), Peter Tork (born Peter Halsten Thorkelson on 13th February 1942 in Washington DC), Micky Dolenz (born George Michael Dolenz on 8th March 1945 in Los Angeles) and Davy Jones (born 30th December 1945 in Manchester, England). Michael and Peter were already musicians and Micky and Davy had experiences with fame as child stars.",
"Michael had released records under the name of Michael Blessing and Peter was a folk musician. Micky, using the name Braddock, had stared in the 1950's television series Circus Boy, and Davy had been Ena Sharples' grandson in Coronation Street and starred in stage musicals such as Pickwick and Oliver! The pilot episode, filmed in October and broadcast the following month, proved a success with teenagers. The show was a half-hour situation comedy concerned with the life of an up and coming rock band. The Beatles were the main influence, as the show was inspired by The Beatles Debut film A Hard Days Night. The TV network NBC had found a winner. In almost three years the group had filmed 58 episodes of the series, made a feature film and sold more than 16 million albums and 7.5 million singles. Originally the idea was that the show focused on the struggles of the band with a song or two per episode. Musicians were hired to play the music and The Monkees only sang. Songwriters such as Goffin and King, Neil Sedaka, Neil Diamond, and Harry Nilsson were hired to write the songs while the boys were busy filming the series.",
"The first episode premiered on the NBC network on 12 September 1966, at the same time as Star Trek. Initial ratings were low as viewers became used to the humor, but the response from teenage America was enough to ensure the series lasted for one season. Soon enough, the show clocked approximately ten million viewers per week. Most of The Monkees' fans refused to believe that they were a pre-fabricated band. So when the first single 'Last Train to Clarksville' was released in 1966 it reached number one in the charts and earned The Monkees their first of many Gold Discs. In November their self titled album was released and was also a success, staying at the top of the LP charts for 13 weeks. Both Michael Nesmith and Peter Tork protested to the fact that they were not allowed to play their own music and soon Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones joined them. By the end of '67 the popularity of the show was enough that the group were able to negotiate their artistic freedom. The Monkees entered the recording studios as a band for the first time and came up with their third album Headquarters. This album proved their musical abilities.",
"Inspired by their efforts, the Monkees became a live act and toured the world. Their live appearances in concerts in Hawaii and Britain caused riots and 'Monkeemania' was born. The last episode was aired in the US on 25 March 1968, and the end of the show saw the end of The Monkees as a band. The group featured in the film Head co-produced by Jack Nicholson and Bob Rafelson however the film failed to win critical acclaim. Peter Tork was the first member to leave the band to pursue a solo career. The remaining members continued as a trio, but by 1970 The Monkees disbanded. Mike Nesmith started a successful solo career and Mickey and Davy joined up with Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart for a little while during the seventies. The TV series still enjoys many reruns and is almost as popular as it was in the sixties. The Monkees briefly reunited in the mid 1980's and again in 1996, when they embarked on a world tour to mark their thirtieth anniversary.",
"Many of the Monkees' hits have been covered by artists such as The Sex Pistols, EMF (With Reeves and Mortimer) and Ant & Dec. Site and all content Copyrighted 2012 T Frye."
] |
Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?
|
Bellamy Brothers
|
[
"Howard Bellamy",
"Bellamy Brothers",
"The Bellamy Brothers",
"David M. Bellamy",
"David Bellamy (singer)"
] | 9,200
|
[
"in the 70s - Music From Commericals of the Seventies Music From Commericals of the Seventies This is a list of the popular 70s songs used in commercials during the 70s along with a description of the commercial and what people thought of it. We also have pages on this topic devoted to the 80s and 90s ABC using Orleans's \"Still The One\" Was used to promote the ABC schedule (circa 1977). AT&T 00 Info using Pilot's \"Magic\" Applebee's using Seduction's \"It Takes Two\" Used to promote \"Take any two you want\". Buick using Edgar Winter Group's \"Frankenstein\" A Buick SUV (what's Buick doing with SYVs) drives out of the castle...and it's Tiger Woods driving it! Burger King using Van McCoy's \"The Hustle\" Used to plug their new chicken sandwiches. Cadillac using Led Zeppelin's \"Rock and Roll\" The caddy comercials always use Led Zeppelin. When the camera pans inside the car it's quiet, peaceful, when camera pans outside of the car it's Led Zeppelin.",
"Capital One using Kool and the Gang's \"Jungle Boogie\" Chevrolet using Spinners's \"I`ll be around\" chevy uses the low riders and the spinners to introduce the new chevy Clarinex using The Who's \"\"Overture\" Tommy\" Coca Cola using Hilltop Singers's \"I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing\" This was a classic in the early 70's. Coke changed the title to \"I'd Like To Buy The World A Coke\" Coke using Dottie West 's \"Country Sunshine\" Coke Commercial with a car coming down a country road. Compaq Presario using Harry Chapin's \"Cat's in the Cradle\" The use of \"Cat's in the Cradle\" is very clever in this 2003 commercial. Normally, this song gives me goosebumps and makes me teary-eyed. But using it in this ad, it makes me laugh. A mother takes a picture of her little boy, and then plugs the camera into the computer to upload the picture. However, the picture takes eons to upload, and when her son comes into the kitchen, he asks good old mom for her car keys.",
"But, by the time the picture is FINALLY uploaded, the son, now 40 years old, asks mom if there's anything to eat. Yikes! DiGiorno Pizza using Donna Summer's \"Hot Stuff\" A guy jumps to an incredibly lame version of Hot Stuff. It was probably recorded with a $3.98 budget. Diet Coke using Donna Summer's \"Love To Love You Baby\" A cover version is used in this ad, which has been seen in the UK. Diet Coke using LaBelle's \"Lady Marmalade\" This has been aired in the UK. Diet Coke using Brothers Johnson's \"Strawberry Letter 23\" the girl is on a train and she opens the bottle and the rest is just the best memory hit you could imagine Ford Vehicles using Queen's \"We Will Rock You\" The Fox And The Hound Video using Queen's \"You're My Best Friend\" This commercial has only been on the air a couple of times but I have noticed that they used Queen's song You're my best friend. Gatorade using The Monks's \"Monk Time\" An absurd 60's garage band's song is used in the current Is It In You? campaign.",
"Geico Direct Insurance using Dan Hill's \"Sometimes When We Touch\" A woman has a good old time with the Geico gecko. General Motors using The Ides of March's \"Vehicle\" GM's new cars for the 2002 year are shown. Curiously, it runs the second verse of Vehicle (\"...I'll take you to Hollywood.\") General Motors using Grand Funk Railroad's \"We're An American Band\" HR BLOCK using BEATLES's \"Taxman\" ORWELLIAN MEN IN SUOITS WITH BRIEFCASES OMINOUSLY STALKING THE STARK, DARK CITY PRIOR TO APRIL 15TH Hanes Her Way using King Harvest's \"\"dancing In The Moonlight\"\" I believe this commercial aired around late 2001 or early 2002. Hanes Her Way wanted to change the usual look of their underware by making them look like something out of Victoria's Secret. The commercial had a woman jumping on a trampoline in the middle of the night doing back flips.",
"I thought it was a very creative :-) Heinz Ketchup using Carly Simon's \"Anticipation\" As the ketchup slowly pours out of the bottle, you hear the song \"Anticipation.\" To this day I refer to the song as the \"Heinz Ketchup\" song. Honda Motorcycles using Lou Reed's \"Walk on the Wild Side\" Hydro 1 using The Who's \"I Can See For Miles\" Is NOTHING sacred anymore? Hyundai cars using Jethro Tull's \"Thick as a Brick\" Ian Anderson re-recorded the first bit of TaaB for the commerical. No vocals - just the catchy flute. Kellogg's Special K Red Berries using Brothers Johnson's \"Strawberry Letter #23\" Makes sense, doesn't it? Kodak using The Sandpipers's \"Come Saturday Morning\" Commerical featured a grandad and small grandson on a day out. The ad was for kodak film.",
"Levis Jeans using Bellamy Brothers's \"Let Your Love Flow\" Great Microsoft using Rolling Stones's \"Start Me Up\" Mitsubishi using Curtis Mayfield's \"Superfly\" Mountain Dew using Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" The commercial spoofs the video for the song, and the song's lyrics have been changed to sing the praises of Mountain Dew. The four singers grab cans of Dew that have been flying through the air and no one can catch them except for the singers. The NFL using Harry Chapin's \"Cat's in the Cradle\" A father is teaching his son about football. Love that Joe Namath Fu Manchu (complete with Jets uniform) mustache! Nestle Toll House Cookies using KC And The Sunshine Band's \"(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty\"\" Instead of \"Shake Your Booty\", it says \"Bake Bake Bake...Bake Bake Bake...Toll House Cookies.\" Nike using John Lennon and the Plastic Ono Band's \"Instant Karma\" Commerical starts with black woman track athlete running on a running track. As the the camera zooms on the woman's shoes we can see she is wearing Nike shoes with the \"swoosh\".",
"Commerical ends with Nike trademark and the song chrous \"And we all shine on . .\" Nike using Nick Drake's \"Know\" Drake's repeating/hypnotic guitar riff used to sell athletic shoes. Nissan Maxima using The Who's \"Won't Get Fooled Again\" Lost respect for the Who after this commercial aired.\" Nissan Pathfinder using Heart's \"Barracuda\" The Pathfinder slides own like a slalom skier as Barracuda plays. Nissan Pathfinder using The Who's \"Baba O'Reilly\" Pathfinders playing polo...I wonder if the next Who song for Nissan will be \"Goin' Mobile\" Nortel Networks using John Lennon's \"Come Together\" I can't think of a better way to describe this horrible imitation except AWEFUL and it doesn't even sound a damned thing like him. Novell Networks using David Bowie's \"Changes\" Two goldfish who live in separate bowls try to kiss one another.",
"Office Depot using Bachman-Turner Overdrive's \"Takin' Care of Business\" Paine Webber Financial Services using O'Jays's \"For The Love of Money\" People are aboard a train...in the middle The \"Money - Money - Money - Money - Money ... MONEY!\" is heard (the only part used in the ad). Pantene Pro-V shampoo using Hot Chocolate's \"You Sexy Thing\" Can we get something more original? Pepsi using Village People's \"YMCA\" This was used during Super Bowl 1997. Instead of saying Y-M-C-A, the polar bears would go P-E-P-S-I Pepsi One using Hues Corporation's \"Rock the Boat\" It takes place on a boat rocking and rolling on the sea. There are a bunch of people sitting on a table with alternating cans of Coke and Pepsi One. As the boat rolls from side to side, the pop cans slide, and the people take a swig of what's in the can in front of them. Pepsi-Cola using Hot Chocolate's \"You Sexy Thing\" A man ogles a bunch of bathing-suited women in an ad, and he joins them in what appears to be a hot tub.",
"You Sexy Thing plays - and then stops - when the man is faced with the real world. Debuted at Super Bowl XXXV. Petsmart using Carole King's \"I Feel the Earth Move\" Holy cow, when I was little Carole King's album Tapestry was a touchstone of an era. Now one of its songs is being used to sell pet care? Gross! Phillips/Magnavox using Beatles?'s \"Have To Admit It's Getting Better?\" I'm ashamed that I can't be positive about the artist/title but I'm pretty sure. Aired '99/00 in North America Radio Shack using Marvin Gaye's \"What's Going On\" Cover version all but ruined Marvin Gaye's masterpiece. I wonder how many people associate it now with Teri Hatcher than Gaye. Sony Camcorders using Crosby Stills Nash and Young's \"Carry On\" This is actually a GREAT commercial. Sony got a female vocalist (I think Alana Davis) to cover the song, and she did a wonderful job...",
"the song goes on \"that's when I knew you were really gone\" while this millionaire old guy signs off a 20 million dollar (US) check for a trip into space on a Soyuz, they show him riding the train to Astrograd cosmodrome, then practicing in the Russians' neutral buoyancy pool - and as Alana goes into the crescendo \"caaarrry onnn.. love is coming, love is coming to us all\" and we see the guy in the space capsule, then he's in the Space Station taking pictures through a porthole window and the voice over goes \"When they ask you where all the money went, show them the pictures.\" Wonderful commercial, I'm very glad I taped it when recording programs. Taco Bell using Village People's \"Macho Man\" Some guy munching nachos and the song's lyrics changed to \"Nacho, Nacho Man\" UPS using Joe Walsh's \"Life's Been Good To Me\" Walsh appears in this one, singing a revamped (and lame) version of the song about Dale Jarrett. Runs during NASCAR races (as the Thorogood and Charlie Daniels versions).",
"UPS using Charlie Daniels Band's \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\" Daniels appears in this one, singing a revamped version of the song which mentions Dale Jarrett. Runs during NASCAR races. Viagara using Queen's \"We Are The Champions\" Visa Check Card using Minnie Riperton's \"Lovin' You\" At a Pittsburgh Steelers game, this song comes on over the intercom. The song is supposed to be \"Who Let the Dogs Out?\" by the Baha Men but the guy in charge of the music is trying to buy a copy of it with a check and the clerk is demanding to see some I. D. The clerk says, \"I don't care whose stadium security you work for! I got to see some I. D.!\" Volkswagon Cabrio using Nick Drake's \"Pink Moon\" A group of kids driving at night through the forest looking at the moon. They stop for a second and look at a party they were thinking about going to and then keep driving. Drake's beautiful song plays in the background. This song made Drake popular, something he had never been while he was alive.",
"Weiners using Oscar Mayer's \"Oscar Mayer\" Need the wav or MP3 of the orginal song in 1963. Not the one that has B.O.L.O.G.N.A in it. The tune is \" I wish I were an Oscar Mayer Weiner. That is what I really want to be. Cause if I were an Oscar Mayer Weiner... Everyone would be in love with me\". I have this song by the adult girls who sing it. Looking for the one that the little boy sings. Thanks!! West Virginia Lottery using Village People's \"YMCA\" When the West Virginia lottery added two more drawings of its \"Cash 25\" game to the week, they used a song set to the tune of \"YMCA\" sung by lottery balls to promote the added drawings. Who Wants To Be a Millionaire using Chic's \"Le Freak\" Highlights of contestants going ape when they won.",
"Yamaha motorcycles using The Spinners's \"Could It Be I'm Falling in Love\" A couple of motorcycle-riding guys are at a diner, and they - and several more people - look outside, and they see a Yamaha with a slogan above saying, \"Fall in Love on $1 a Day.\" We also have pages on this topic devoted to the 80s and 90s Would You Like To Add Something We Missed? Please use the submission page to submit information to be used on this page. Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics - YouTube Let Your Love Flow - Bellamy Brothers Lyrics Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Jan 25, 2013 \"Let Your Love Flow\" is the title of a pop song written by Larry E. Williams, a former roadie for Neil Diamond, and made popular by the American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers (1976). It was offered to Neil Diamond first, but he turned it down.",
"This record was a crossover hit in the United States, reaching Number One on the 1976 Billboard Hot 100 charts, #2 on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and #21 on Hot Country Singles. It was also an international hit, landing on the charts in the UK, Scandinavia and West Germany, where the Bellamy Brothers' record spent five weeks at #1 followed by \"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, which spent the next six weeks at #1. In 2008 the song was used in an advert in the United Kingdom for Barclaycard. Subsequently, the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart and peaked at #21. It appeared in the 1980 Tatum O'Neal film Little Darlings and the 2008 period drama Swingtown. The song has been covered by numerous other artists, notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 Honest Lullaby album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album The Greatest Hits Sessions.",
"There's a reason for the sunshinin' sky And there's a reason why I'm feelin' so high Must be the season when that Love light shines all around us So, let that feelin' grab you deep inside And send you reelin' where your love can't hide And then go stealin' through the Moonlit nights with your lover Just let your love flow like a mountain stream And let your love grow with the smallest of dreams And let your love show and you'll know what I mean It's the season Let Your Love Flow - YouTube Let Your Love Flow Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 14, 2006 The Bellamy Brothers singing \"Let Your Love Flow\" on German TV in th 1970s.",
"Category The Bellamy Brothers Lyrics The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, a Number One single on the Billboard Hot 100. Bad Songs of the Seventies brought out violent thoughts of hatred, revenge, etc. reminded me how lame the radio and record companies are could make me want to break my stereo would make me leave a bar or club if they started playing it would make me boo a band who started playing it suspended my believe in a divine force that governs the universe I'm not saying that there weren't ANY good songs during the 70s but there was just a truck-load of waste back then.",
"If anybody's stupid enough to think that ALL disco sucks, remember that it's just a bastard son of rhythm & blues just like rock'n'roll is- so they're related, see? Also, the 1970's definitely didn't have a monopoly on shitty music- there was tons of crap unleashed on us in the decade before and after and now also (there's a future article there somewhere). Clothes-pin anyone? I've bolded some of the major offenders, which doesn't mean I 'like' the others better but only that some of the songs are a higher grade of crap than the other manure here. Also, if we've misquoted a lyric from one of these masterpieces, please let us know . We don't want to misrepresent great art!",
"Abba \"Dancing Queen\" Nostalgia for them was cute for a few seconds but get real- 'see that girl/watch that scene/diggin' the dancing queen' Abba \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" Abba \"Take A Chance On Me\" Abba \"Waterloo\" Ambrosia \"How Much I Feel\" America \"Horse With No Name\" A Neil Young imitation in voice only America \"Tin Man\" 'Oz never did give nothin' to the Tin Man/That he didn't, didn't already have' America \"Ventura Highway\" A George Harrison imitation- they flatter him America \"Lonely People\" Paul Anka \"Having My Baby\" Did someone say abortion?",
"Atlanta Rhythm Section \"Imaginary Lover\" Sorry guys but Muscle Shoals is a real rhythm section not you Atlanta Rhythm Section \"So Into You\" Bad Company \"Rock and Roll Fantasy\" The Kinks did a little better with this title- 'It's all part of my rock'n'roll dre-eams' Bad Company \"Feel Like Makin' Love\" At least this was better than the same title by Roberta Flack Bee Gees \"How Deep Is Your Love?\" Bee Gees \"Love You Inside Out\" Bee Gees \"Stayin' Alive\" Bee Gees \"Too Much Heaven\" Bee Gees \"Tragedy\" Bee Gees \"You Should Be Dancing\" Bellamy Brothers \"Let Your Love Flow\" 'Like a bird on wing..' George Benson \"This Masquerade\" Chuck Berry \"My Ding A Ling\" A shame that he had to finally go Number 1 with a kiddie song about his dick Stephen Bishop \"On And On\" A lot less funny than his ANIMAL HOUSE cameo where he sang 'I gave my love a chicken that had no bone' Blue Magic \"Side Show\" Blue Swede \"Hooked On A Feeling\" Did these guys sound constipated or what?",
"'Ooga-choka!' Boney M \"Brown Girl in the Ring\" Debby Boone \"You Light Up My Life\" 'You give me hope/to car-ry on...' Bread \"If\" Bread \"Make It With You\" David Gates did produced Capt. Beefheart once so he has SOME hip credentials Jackson Browne \"Doctor, My Eyes\" Really dopey title. It makes about as much sense as \"Toys 'R' Us.\"- Wes Eric Burdon \"Spill The Wine\" Glen Campbell \"Rhinestone Cowboy\" Captain and Tennille \"Do That To Me One More Time\" Captain and Tennille \"Love Will Keep Us Together\" Captain and Tennille \"Muskrat Love\" If the Carpenters can be hip, why can't Toni? Captain and Tennille \"Shop Around\" They thought they could improve on Smokey? Captain and Tennille \"The Way I Want To Touch You\" Eric Carmen \"All By Myself\" Cool enough for Greg Brady to sing Carpenters \"Close To You\" I know Sonic Youth likes Karen but what about Richard? Carpenters \"For All We Know\" Carpenters \"Please Mr.",
"Postman\" Carpenters \"Rainy Days And Mondays\" Carpenters \"Sing\" 'Sing/Sing a song'- now, that's deep... Carpenters \"Top Of The World\" Carpenters \"We've Only Just Begun\" I am proud to say that I got through my newlywed years without once thinking of this song after our reception- Wes David Cassidy \"Cherish\" Shaun Cassidy \"Da Doo Ron Ron\" File under 'where are they now?' Harry Chapin \"Cat's In The Craddle\" Harry Chapin \"Taxi\" Cher \"Gypsies, Tramps and Thieves\" Cher \"Half-Breed\" Chicago \"Baby What A Big Surprise\" Chicago \"Color My World\" I don't care how many times this was played as the slow dance at dances, I never got to like it- Wes Chicago \"Does Anybody Know What Time It Is\" Chicago \"If You Leave Me Now\" 'You'll take away the biggest part of me/Woo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo Baby, please don't go' Chicago \"Make Me Smile\" Chicago \"Saturday In the Park\" Chicago \"25 Or 6 to 4\" This actually rocked a little but still...",
"Eric Clapton \"Lay Down Sally\" This guy definitely forgot this roots Eric Clapton \"Promises\" Painful to think about... 'Precious and few are moments sweet two can share' Climax Blues Band \"Couldn't Get It Right\" Joe Cocker \"You Are So Beautiful\" A great blues singer but like Clapton...",
"Natalie Cole \"I Got Love On My Mind\" Commodores \"Easy\" A shame they didn't stick with 'Machine Gun' and 'Brick House' Commodores \"Lady\" Commodores \"Three Times A Lady\" 'You're once, twice, three times a lady' But if it didn't exist we wouldn't have heard Eddie Murphy sing it as Buckwheat- Wes Bill Conti \"Gonna Fly Now (Theme From Rocky)\" A shame they wouldn't let the Feelies cover this for SOMETHING WILD Rita Coolidge \"Higher and Higher\" Jackie Wilson is doing somersults in his grave Rita Coolidge \"We're All Alone\" Coven \"One Tin Soldier\" Jim Croce \"I'll Have To Say I Love You In A Song\" Jim Croce \"Time In A Bottle\" Crosby, Stills and Nash \"Just A Song Before I Go\" Alright, as long as you leave Burton Cummings \"Stand Tall\" Daddy Dewdrop \"Chick A Boom (Don't Ya Jes' Love It)\" Charlie Daniels \"The Devil Went Down To Georgia\" Mac Davis \"Baby Don't Get Hooked On Me\" 'I'll just use you / then I'll set you free-ee-ee' Paul Davis",
" \"I Go Crazy\" Sammy Davis Jr.",
"\"The Candy Man\" Dawn \"Knock Three Times\" Dawn \"Tie A Yellow Ribbon\" Really big during the Gulf War Rick Dees and His Cast of Idiots \"Disco Duck\" Using Daffy would have been much funnier than using Donald At least nobody can claim the name of the band is fraudulent- Wes John Denver \"Rocky Mountain High\" Even more country than Hank Williams at the time John Devner \"Sunshine On My Shoulder\" I always thought this would be a good tune for post-operative lobotomites to learn- Wes John Denver \"Take Me Home Country Roads\" John Denver \"Thank God I'm A Country Boy\" Neil Diamond \"I Am I Said\" The Monkees and UB40 do his material better than he does Neil Diamond \"Song Sung Blue\" Disco Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes \"Get Dancin\" Bo Donaldson and the Haywoods \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" A bell-bottom soap opera- 'Come back and make me your wife' Doobie Brothers \"What A Fool Believes\" Carl Douglas \"Kung Fu Fighting\" 'It was as fast as lightening... In fact, it was a little bit fright-ening' Dr.",
"Hook \"Only 16\" These guys were actually funny but maybe that was just Shel Silverstein Dr. Hook \"Sharing The Night Together\" Dr. Hook \"When You're In Love With A Beautiful Woman\" For some reason this one gets my wife really angry, so it's valuable- Wes Eagles \"Best of My Love\" Rule of thumb- do not use 'wo-ho-ho' as a lyric Eagles \"Hotel California\" Part of their musical war with Steely Dan.",
"Nice 'accent' Eagles \"I Can't Tell You Why\" Eagles \"Lying Eyes\" Eagles \"New Kid In Town\" Eagles \"Take It Easy\" Eagles \"Take It To The Limit\" Eagles \"Witchy Woman\" Edison Lighthouse \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" Electric Light Orchestra \"Can't Get It Out Of My Head\" Electric Light Orchestra \"Shine A Little Love\" Yvonne Elliman \"If I Can't Have You\" '..I don't want nobody baby/Wo..oh..oh..' Emotions \"Best of My Love\" England Dan and John Ford Coley \"I'd Really Love To See You Tonight\" Exile \"Kiss You All Over\" This is supposed to be a country band, mind you Freddy Fender \"Before The Next Teardrop Falls\" 'Wasted Days and Wasted Nights' is Tex-Mex worthy of Sir Douglas but this is much too sentimental Jay Ferguson \"Thunder Island\" Firefall \"Just Remember I Love You\" 'And it'll be alright...' Roberta Flack \"Feel Like Making Love\" Roberta Flack \"First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" Roberta Flack \"Killing Me Softly\" Roberta Flack/Donny Hathaway",
" \"The Closer I Get To You\" Roberta Flack/Donny Hathaway \"Where Is the Love\" Fleetwood Mac \"Dreams\" Stevie Nicks- the queen of bad rock soap operas Floaters \"Float On\" 'Longer than, there've been fishes in the ocean/I've been in love with you' Foreigner \"Cold As Ice\" 'You're willing to sacrifice our love' Foreigner \"Double Vision\" Foreigner \"Feels Like The First Time\" Fortunes \"Here Comes That Rainy Day Feeling Again\" Four Seasons \"Who Loves You\" Four Seasons \"December 1963 (Oh, What A Night)\" 'What a ver-y special time for me/What a la-dy, what a night' Peter Frampton \"I'm In You\" Peter Frampton \"Show Me The Way\" Nice wah-wah vocals Crystal Gale \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" Gallery \"(It's so) Nice To Be With You\" 'I love all the things you say and do' Leif Garrett \"I Was Made For Dancin'\" I don't think so Gloria Gaynor \"I Will Survive\" Gloria Gaynor \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" David Geddes \"Run Joey",
" Run\" On par with 'Billy, Don't Be a Hero' Andy Gibb \"I Just Want To Be Your Everything\" Andy Gibb \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\" Name recoginition always helps Nick Gilder \"Hot Child In The City\" 'runnin' wild and looking pretty' Andrew Gold \"Lonely Boy\" See what happens when you ditch Linda Ronstadt- you become Jerry Brown Grand Funk Railroad \"Closer To Home\" Henry Gross \"Shannon\" Guess Who \"Share The Land\" Guess Who \"These eyes\" 'You're a bitch girl/you're a rich bitch girl' Hall & Oates \"Sara Smile\" Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds \"Don't Pull Your Love Out\" Albert Hammond \"It Never Rains In Southern California\" Thanks for the weather report but it does actually George Harrison \"Give Me Love (Give Me Peace On Earth)\" Didn't he learn anything from Monty Python?",
"Heatwave \"Always and Forever\" Dan Hill \"Sometimes When We Touch\" Andrew Dice Clay did a funnier version Hollies \"He Ain't Heavy\" Hollies \"The Air That I Breathe\" Eddie Holman \"Hey There Lonely Girl\" Nice Four Seasons falsetto though Clint Holmes \"Playground In My Mind\" Even kids could see through this Rupert Holmes \"Escape (The Pina Colada Song)\" Thelma Houston \"Don't Leave Me This Way\" Engelbert Humperdinck \"After The Loving\" '...I'm still in love with you' Janis Ian \"At Seventeen\" Terry Jacks \"Seasons In The Sun\" 'We had joy, we had fun...",
"But the stars we could reach were just starfish on the beach' Michael Jackson \"Ben\" Jefferson Starship \"Count On Me\" Guess their vocal coach couldn't make this session Jefferson Starship \"Miracles\" Amazing to think they once said 'up against the wall motherfukcers' (or was that Pink Floyd?) Jigsaw \"Sky High\" Billy Joel \"Just The Way You Are\" Elton John \"Don't Let The Sun Go Down On Me\" Elton John \"Someone Saved My Life Tonight\" Elton John \"Sorry Seems To Be The Hardest Word\" You SHOULD be sorry Elton- what happened to 'Saturday Night's Alright For Fighting'? Elton John and Kiki Dee \"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\" Not as fun as his remake with RuPaul Robert John \"Sad Eyes\" Rickie Lee Jones \"Chuck E's In Love\" Joni Mitchell as a fake boho ain't an appealing proposition Kansas \"Carry On My Wayward Son\" Kansas \"Dust In The Wind\" I used to call it \"Ducks in the Wind\"- Wes 'All we are is dust in the wind'- wow, man...",
"Andy Kim \"Rock Me Gently\" Carole King \"It's Too Late\" Carole King \"So Far Away\" Kiss \"I Was Made For Loving You\" Their attempt at disco Kool and the Gang \"Too Hot\" Vicki Lawrence \"The Night The Lights Went Out In Georgia\" 'don't trust your soul to no backwoods southern lawyer' Nicolette Larson \"Lotta Love\" She should know better than to try to go up against her old boss Neil Young Gordon Lightfoot \"If You Could Read My Mind\" 'what a tale my thoughts could tell' Gordon Lightfoot \"Sundown\" Gordon Lightfoot \"Wreck Of The Edmund Fitzgerald\" Little River Band \"Lonesome Loser\" 'Have you heard about the lonesome loser/beaten by the Queen of Hearts every time..' Little River Band \"Reminiscing\" Lobo \"I'd Love You To Want Me\" Lobo \"Me And You And Dog Named Boo\" 'Travelin' an' livin' off the land' Dave Loggins \"Please Come To Boston\" Kenny Loggins \"Whenever I Call You Friend\" Loggins and Messina \"Your Mama Don't Dance\" Newsflash: neither can you guys Looking Glass \"Brandy\"",
" Melissa Manchester \"Don't Cry Out Loud\" Maria Maldaur \"Midnight At the Oasis\" Chuck Mangioine \"Feels So Good\" This guy was actually 'jazz'?",
"Barry Manilow \"Can't Smile Without You\" Barry Manilow \"Copacabana\" 'At the Copa/Copacabana/The hottest spot North of Havana..' Barry Manilow \"It's A Miracle\" Barry Manilow \"I Write The Songs\" Supposedly a Brian Wilson tribute- 'I am music' Barry Manilow \"Looks Like Me Made It\" Barry Manilow \"Mandy\" 'you came and you gave without taking' Johnny Mathis/Deneice Williams \"Too Much, Too Little, Too Late\" C.W. McCall \"Convoy\" Good for a laugh but not for repeated listens: 'Eleven long-haired friends of Jesus in a chartreuse micro-bus' Paul McCartney/Wings \"My Love\" Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. \"You Don't Have To Be A Star Baby\" The title alone is putrid Van McCoy \"The Hustle\" Mary McGregor \"Torn Between Two Lovers\" 'Loving both of you, is breaking all the rules' Don McLean \"American Pie\" Why do people care what this really means? Meatloaf \"Paradise By The Dashboard Light\" Scooter, how could you?",
"Meatloaf \"Two Out Of Three Ain't Bad\" Meatloaf \"You Took The Words Right Out Of My Mouth\" Melanie \"Brand New Key\" Eddie Money \"Baby Hold On\" Moody Blues \"Nights In White Satin\" King Crimson should have stolen their mellotron Note to wise-asses: this came out in the '60's but was also a hit in the '70's Mocedades \"Eres Tu\" Anne Murray \"You Needed Me\" David Naughton \"Makin' It\" New Seekers \"I'd Like To Teach The World To Sing\" Good enough for Coca Cola New Seekers \"Look What They've Done To My Song\" Wayne Newton \"Daddy Don't You Walk So Fast\" Olivia Newton-John \"Have You Ever Been Mellow\" Olivia Newton-John \"Hopelessly Devoted To You\" Olivia Newton-John \"I Honestly Love You\" Olivia Newton-John \"Let Me Be There\" If John Denver can be country, I guess she can too.",
"Maxine Nightingale \"Right Back To Where We Started From\" 'Love is good/love can be strong' Nilsson \"Without You\" Harry was actually cool otherwise (really funny too) but a weepy ballad is too much to forgive Kenny Nolan \"I Like Dreaming\" 'Sweet dream baby I love you' Ocean \"Put Your Hand In The Hand\" Alan O'Day \"Undercover Angel\" You'd think Elton's drummer would know more about dancin' Odyssey \"Native New Yorker\" 'I want to be your partner/Dance With Me/The music has just started...' Orleans \"Love Takes Time\" Donny Osmond \"Go Away Little Girl\" A wiser future generation will vindicate Donny Osmond. You watch- Wes Donny Osmond \"Puppy Love\" Donny Osmond \"The 12th of Never\" Marie Osmond \"Paper Roses\" The Osmonds \"Down By The Lazy River\" The Osmonds \"One Bad Apple\" This is what they tried to pit against the Jacksons?",
"Gilbert O'Sullivan \"Alone Again Naturally\" Bad enough that he had to sue Biz Markie over this Gilbert O'Sullivan \"Claire\" Ozark Mountain Daredevils \"Jackie Blue\" Pablo Cruise \"Love Will Find A Way\" Paper Lace \"The Night Chicago Died\" 'I heard my mama cry/I heard her pray...' To think they wanted the city to have it as their song (about a massacre no less) Dolly Parton \"Here You Come Again\" Partridge Family \"I Think I Love You\" At least Danny's still funny You're confusing pathetic with funny- Wes Peaches and Herb \"Reunited\" Peter Paul and Mary \"Leaving On A Jet Plane\" Wow, talk about weepy Python Lee Jackson \"In A Broken Dream\" Before Rod was Rod Queen \"We Are The Champions\" Nice for sporting events but not much else Gerry Rafferty \"Baker Street\" Lou Rawls \"You'll Never Find Another Love Like Mine\" Didn't Sam Cooke teach him anything?",
"Raydio \"Jack and Jill\" Chris Rea \"Fool If You Think It's Over\" Helen Reddy \"Ain't No Way To Treat A Lady\" Helen Reddy \"Angie Baby\" Helen Reddy \"I Am Woman\" Lovely anthem but why should anyone listen? Helen Reddy \"I Don't Know How To Love Him\" Helen Reddy \"You and Me Against The World\" Helen Reddy \"Ruby Red Dress (Leave Me Alone)\" Paul Revere \"Indian Reservation\" Proving once again that the best way not to help a group of people is to write a pop song about 'em- Wes Charlie Rich \"The Most Beautiful Girl In the World\" He was much too good to try to go pop like this- great for weeping in your beer though Cliff Richard \"Devil Woman\" Cliff Richard \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" Righteous Brothers \"Rock and Roll Heaven\" Wonder if Darby Crash is there Minnie Riperton \"Loving You\" Screaming on a ballad? How punk Kenny Rogers \"Lady\" This was country too?",
"No wonder he went into fried chicken Kenny Rogers \"She Believes In Me\" Rolling Stones \"Angie\" Even Keith would nod off when they did this live Linda Ronstadt \"Blue Bayou\" Roy knew how to yell out ballads but she didn't Diana Ross \"Theme From Mahagony (Do You Know Where You're Going To)\" 'Do you like the things that life is showing you?' Diana Ross \"Touch Me In The Morning\" Todd Rundgren \"Hello It's Me\" Samantha Sang \"Emotion\" Leo Sayer \"You Make Me Feel Like Dancing\" Leo Sayer \"When I Need You\" Neil Sedaka \"Bad Blood\" Couldn't Elton John leave well enough alone? Neil Sedaka \"Laughter In The Rain\" Bob Seger \"We've Got Tonight\" This from an Ike and Tina fan who did 'Get Out of Denver'? 'Who needs tomor-row/why don't you stay?' Silver Convention \"Fly Robin Fly\" Silver Convention \"Get Up and Boogie\" Simon and Garfunkel \"Bridge Over Troubled Waters\" Carly Simon \"Anticipation\" At least Heinz liked this...",
"'It's keepin' me wai-ai-ai-ting' Carly Simon \"Haven't Got The Time For The Pain\" Carly Simon \"Nobody Does It Better\" 007 deserved better than this Carly Simon \"That's The Way I've Always Heard It Should Be\" Carly Simon/James Taylor \"Mockingbird\" Rex Smith \"You Take My Breath Away\" Sniff and the Tears \"Driver's Seat\" David Soul \"Don't Give Up On Us Baby\" Much cooler as Starsky or Hutch Starbuck \"Moonlight Feels Right\" Starland Vocal Band \"Afternoon Delight\" 'Sky rockets in flight...' Stealers Wheel \"Stuck In The Middle With You\" Do you really need a lame Dylan imitation, even if Quentin Tarentino digs it?",
"Cat Stevens \"Another Saturday Night\" Sam Cooke necrophilia Cat Stevens \"It's A Wild World\" Cat Stevens \"Morning Has Broken\" Only a special performer can get on Natalie Merchant's shitlist and want to kill Salman Rushdie Ray Stevens \"Everything Is Beautiful\" Anybody who can cluck like a chicken shouldn't bother with Barry Manilow Al Stewart \"Time Passages\" Al Stewart \"Year of the Cat\" John Stewart \"Gold\" Rod Stewart \"D'Ya Think I'm Sexy\" Forget the fact that he stole this from Jorge Ben- the answer to the title is no Rod Stewart \"You're In My Heart\" Stephen Stills \"Love The One You're With\" A lovely hippie sentiment Barbra Streisand \"Evergreen (Theme From Star Is Born)\" Barbara Streisand \"The Way We Were\" Barbara Streisand and Neil Diamond \"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\" Even a lounge act wouldn't sink to this pap 'You don't sing me love songs...' Sweet \"Love Is Like Oxygen\" Donna Summer \"MacArthur's Park\" Wasn't Richard Harris bad enough? Supertramp \"Goodbye Stranger\" Wasn't it a little early to imitate the Bee Gees?",
"Supertramp \"Logical Song\" 10CC \"I'm Not In Love\" Tavares \"Heaven Must Be Missing An Angel\" Offensive just for the title- it sounds like a really bad pick-up line James Taylor \"Fire and Rain\" James Taylor \"How Sweet It Is\" Worse than Marvin's version but it really gauls me to think that he made much more money off of it James Taylor \"You've Got A Friend\" Johnnie Taylor \"Disco Lady\" Surely a dip in his good standing as a soul man R. Dean Taylor \"Indiana Wants Me\" B.J. Thomas \"Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song\" 'And make me feel at home/while I miss my baby/while I miss my baby' B.J.",
"Thomas \"Raindrops Keep Falling On My Head\" Three Degrees \"When Will I See You Again\" Three Dog Night \"Black and White\" Even worse than Stevie and McCartney trying to make a positive statement on race relations Three Dog Night \"Old Fashioned Love Song\" Three Dog Night \"The Show Must Go On\" Toto \"Hold The Line\" 'Love isn't always on time..' John Travolta \"Let Her In\" Barbarino sings John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John \"Summer Nights\" John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John \"You're The One That I Want\" Andrea True Connection \"More More More\" Bonnie Tyler \"It's A Heartache\" It's a headache Frankie Valli \"My Eyes Adored You\" 'Like a million miles away from me, you couldn't see...' Frankie Valli \"Swearin' To God\" Vanity Fair \"Hitchin' A Ride\" Gino Vannelli \"I Just Want To Stop\" '...for your love' Randy Vanwarmer \"Just When I Needed You The Most\" Village People \"In The Navy\" Good for a laugh if you like camp but nothing you'd want to invest in Village People \"Macho Man\" Bobby Vinton \"My Melody Of Love\"",
" Well, at least he was multi-lingual Jennifer Warnes \"Right Time Of The Night\" Bob Welch \"Ebony Eyes\" Andy Williams \"Where Do I Begin (Theme From Love Story)\" More important- when do you end?",
"Wings \"Goodnight Tonight\" Paul goes disco- sounds like a lounge act Wings \"Let 'Em In\" Paul ought to know- he became the expert after divorcing Lennon (or vice versa) Gary Wright \"Dream Weaver\" Appropriately named- puts you to sleep 'I be-lieve we can make it through the ni-ight..' John Paul Young \"Love Is In The Air\" Now that you've been suitably sickened, you might want to see the professional, constructive criticism we've gotten over this article. The URL for this page is Witness the rest of PERFECT SOUND FOREVER Bellamy Brothers — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at Last.fm alt-country The Bellamy Brothers started their musical career at the end of the 1960s. In 1968, they had their first official gig, playing a free show with their father at the Rattlesnake Roundup in San Antonio, Florida, USA. They kept playing throughout the South, often with already recognized musicians, such as Percy Sledge, Eddie Floyd and others. A couple of months later, the brothers moved up north, discovering the potentials of rock/country music in Atlanta, Georgia."
] |
Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?
|
Nevada
|
[
"Silver State",
"Nevada, United States",
"Sports in Nevada",
"Geography of Nevada",
"US-NV",
"Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867",
"Transportation in Nevada",
"The Sagebrush State",
"NV (state)",
"Education in Nevada",
"Religion in Nevada",
"Nevadian",
"36th State",
"The Battle Born State",
"Thirty-Sixth State",
"Nev.",
"Demographics of Nevada",
"Navada",
"Nevada Annulment",
"Nevada, USA",
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"Economy of Nevada",
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"Nevada"
] | 11,354
|
[
"CHATTER; Mike Tyson's Boxing License - The New York Times The New York Times N.Y. / Region |CHATTER; Mike Tyson's Boxing License Search CHATTER; Mike Tyson's Boxing License AUG. 16, 1998 Should Mike Tyson have had his license to fight in New Jersey approved by the state Athletic Control Board? A Concrete Thinker Why is it inappropriate to bite off an opponent's ear while boxing? This is a ''sport'' where the goal is to beat one's opponent into unconsciousness so that he falls to the floor, at which point the beater and his fans wait excitedly to see if the opponent is hurt severely enough to remain on the floor during the referee's count. Tyson has already been punished with jail for being a literal thinker. He does not and will never understand mixed messages, so don't punish him further. DORIS ROSE Whiting The Best Give Tyson his license. To me, boxing is synonymous with violence, and Mike Tyson is certainly as violent as they come. I abhor barbarity, but those who crave it may as well enjoy the top of the line.",
"AUDREY CORN Denville Fans Will Pay Regardless of whether Mike Tyson can fight, or even read for that matter, is of no concern to the promoters and fans of boxing. If enough enthusiasm is focused on his return to the ring, fans will be curious enough to watch the fight. Somehow everyone will make money except for the fans who pay $60 dollars or more to watch for three minutes of fist and fury. Advertisement Bronx, N.Y. Judge Him in the Ring Tyson has paid millions for his mistake. He should be allowed to fight again. Latrell Sprewell (the strangler) has not paid as much. Only in the ring can Tyson now be judged. MANUEL GARCIA Pittsburg, Calif. Emotional Instability No one seems to be speaking of emotional instability in the case of Mike Tyson. He said he bit the ear of the other fighter because the other fighter made him mad. Normal, healthy people, including boxers, do not react that way. This was only one of many examples he has given to us. Do we need to be 'burned' twice to learn the lesson?",
"KATHERINE PACHECO Elizabeth With the many stories about Mike Tyson's uncontrollable and sometimes violent behavior, it would have been very foolish for the state Athletic Control Board to give him a license to box in New Jersey. A sports figure often becomes the idol of youngsters. By giving Mr. Tyson a license to box in New Jersey, the state would be telling youngsters in an indirect way that these uncontrollable burts of anger are O.K. LAURA COBRINIK BOXING; Tyson Loses His Temper at His License Hearing - The New York Times The New York Times Sports |BOXING; Tyson Loses His Temper at His License Hearing Search BOXING; Tyson Loses His Temper at His License Hearing By TIMOTHY W. SMITH Continue reading the main story Mike Tyson, displaying the same loss of control that compelled him to bite off a piece of Evander Holyfield's ear and led to his banishment from boxing, testified today before the State Athletic Control Board to apply for the reinstatement of his New Jersey boxing license. Accompanied by two lawyers and a parade of character witnesses, Tyson made his case inside the hearing room at the Richard J. Hughes Justice Complex here.",
"But the efforts to portray him as a changed man who deserved the right to fight again may have been undercut by a moody appearance that ranged from a near-tearful apology to an angry outburst laced with an expletive. The board did not rule on Tyson's petition, delaying a decision until it could convene in a private session on Aug. 6. The final ruling could come two days later on Aug. 8, although the board has 45 days to render a decision. Tyson said he did not reapply for a license in Nevada, because he wanted to make a fresh start. But his adviser, Shelly Finkel, said Tyson might apply for a boxing license in other states in the future. Continue reading the main story Flanked by a gallery of reporters and friends, including his wife, Dr. Monica Tyson, and the boxer Larry Holmes, Tyson at first expressed remorse for biting Holyfield's ears in a heavyweight bout on June 28, 1997, an act that prompted Nevada to revoke his license.",
"But Tyson said he did it only after constant head butting from Holyfield made his ''head foggy and incoherent'' and that he became ''desperate, irate and I just snapped. Nothing really mattered.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story At one point, Tyson seemed to choke back tears when talking about how his life had been irrevocably altered by the events on June 28. ''I'm sorry for what I did,'' Tyson said. ''It will haunt me for the rest of my life.'' When Michael Haas, an assistant Attorney General, asked Tyson if he thought he would ever commit a similar act if he were granted a New Jersey boxing license, Tyson said: ''I doubt it. My life has been devastated over this.'' Dr. Bertram Rotman, a Wayne, N.J., psychologist who evaluated Tyson for an hour on July 21, testified that he saw no reason why Tyson shouldn't get his license back, and Raymond A. Reddin, one of Tyson's lawyers, read a brief letter from Holyfield that said the fighter did not object to Tyson's getting a license from New Jersey.",
"Although he slumped forward on the table occasionally, Tyson patiently sat through the three-and-a-half- hour proceeding, and withstood a 43-minute questioning from Haas before he snapped. Most of Haas's questions centered around Tyson's 1992 conviction in Indiana for the rape of Desiree Washington and the biting incident with Holyfield. Tyson, who was dressed in a dark gray pin-striped suit and wearing a black T-shirt, twice complained of the cold temperature in the room. But following the questioning from Haas, Tyson reached a slow boil. When Haas asked him if he wanted to make a final statement, Tyson declined, saying he was too angry to do so. A few minutes later as one of his lawyers, Anthony J. Fusco Jr., was delivering an impassioned closing statement Tyson couldn't contain his anger. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy ''What he did was wrong,'' Fusco said.",
"''But how many times does one individual have to hear are you sorry for what you did?'' Tyson angrily interjected, agreeing with Fusco: ''You know what I mean, man? Why do I have to relive my . . . '' Just as Tyson uttered an expletive, Fusco reached over and stopped him and told the panel hearing the petition that Tyson was not angry at them, but was merely expressing the frustration that had built up in him during his exile from the ring. Later, in a hastily called news conference in the lobby of the Hughes Justice Complex, Tyson said he used the wrong choice of words when he told the panel that he was too angry to deliver a final statement in his own behalf. As for the outburst and the expletive, Tyson said: ''I never lost my cool. I was just expressing my hurt and frustration.'' Advertisement Continue reading the main story Today's public hearing, which drew a throng of fans and protesters from the New Jersey chapter of the National Organization for Women, attracted great news media interest, with television satellite broadcast trucks crowding the sidewalk outside the building and banks of television cameras corralled by wooden barricades inside.",
"The proceeding was broadcast live by ESPN, CNN-SI and Fox News Network. Larry Hazzard, New Jersey State boxing commissioner, said the board decided to hold a public hearing on Tyson's request because it wanted to avoid the appearance that Tyson was getting a back-room deal. If Tyson is allowed to return to boxing, it will be a boon to the casino economy in Atlantic City. Tyson hasn't held a New Jersey boxing license since 1991. His last bout in New Jersey came on Dec. 8, 1990, against Alex Stewart. Finkel said if Tyson gets his license back, his first bout would be in New Jersey. Under state commission rules and New Jersey law, Tyson has to provide ''clear and convincing evidence of good character, honesty, responsibility and integrity'' in order to get a New Jersey boxing license. There was a videotaped statement attesting to Tyson's honesty and good character from Camille Ewald, the 93-year-old woman who ran the house in Catskill, N.Y., where Cus D'Amato trained the young Tyson.",
"And there was an explanation from Chuck Wepner and Bobby Czyz as to why a boxer would do what Tyson did to Holyfield during a bout. Czyz, a television boxing analyst, described it as ''performance blackout.'' ''In a world title fight, if I hit an opponent and his eye fell out of his head, I'd eat it before he could pick it up and put it back in,'' Czyz said regarding the state of mind that boxers have during a title bout. ESPN.com: BOXING - Mike Tyson timeline Mike Tyson timeline ESPN.com news services A timeline surrounding the life and career of boxer Mike Tyson: 1978 -- Arrested for purse snatching as a 12-year-old in Brooklyn and sent to Tryon School for Boys. 1979 -- A boxing instructor at a New York State correction facility for boys brought Tyson to the attention of Cus D'Amato, who had guided Floyd Patterson to the heavyweight title. 1982 -- Expelled from Catskill High School for a series of transgressions. 1984 -- D'Amato becomes Tyson's legal guardian. Nov. 4, 1985 -- D'Amato dies of pneumonia.",
"March 6, 1985 -- In his professional debut, Tyson defeats Hector Mercedes in one round. Nov. 22, 1986 -- Tyson knocks out Trevor Berbick in the second round, winning the WBC heavyweight title to become the youngest heavyweight champion in history at age 20. March 3, 1987 -- Tyson defeats James \"Bonecrusher\" Smith at Las Vegas to win the WBA heavyweight title. May 30, 1987 -- Tyson knocks out Pinklon Thomas in the sixth round at Las Vegas to retain his WBA-WBC heavyweight titles. Aug. 1, 1987 -- Tyson decisions Tony Tucker to retain the WBA--WBC heavyweight titles and win the IBF heavyweight title. Oct. 16, 1987 -- Knocks out Tyrell Biggs in the seventh round in Atlantic City to retain the world heavyweight title. Jan. 22, 1988 -- Tyson knocks out Larry Holmes in the fourth round to retain the world heavyweight title. Feb. 9, 1988 -- Actress Robin Givens and Tyson are married in New York.",
"March 20, 1988 -- Tyson knocks out Tony Tubbs to retain the world heavyweight title. June 17, 1988 -- Givens and her family go public with tales of beatings by Tyson. June 27, 1988 -- Tyson sues manager Bill Cayton to break their contract, then knocks out Michael Spinks in 91 seconds to retain the world heavyweight title. July 27, 1988 -- Settles the Cayton suit out of court, reducing Cayton's managerial share from one-third to 20 percent of purses. Aug. 23, 1988 -- Breaks a bone in his right hand in a 4 a.m. street brawl with professional fighter Mitch Green in Harlem. Sept. 4, 1988 -- Tyson is knocked unconscious after driving his BMW into a tree. Three days later, the New York Daily News reports the accident was a \"suicide attempt\" caused by a \"chemical imbalance\" that made him violent and irrational. Sept.",
"30, 1988 -- Givens says in a nationally televised interview that Tyson is a manic-depressive and that she is afraid of him. Tyson sits meekly next to her. Oct. 7, 1988 -- Givens files for divorce. Oct. 14, 1988 -- Tyson countersues Givens for divorce and annulment. Oct. 26, 1988 -- Tyson becomes partners with Don King. Dec. 12, 1988 -- Sandra Miller of New York sues Tyson for allegedly grabbing her, propositioning her and insulting her at a nightclub. A jury later finds Tyson guilty of battery, fining him only $100. Dec. 15, 1988 -- Lori Davis of New York sues Tyson for allegedly grabbing her buttocks while she was dancing at the same nightclub on the same night as the incident with Miller. Feb. 14, 1989 -- Tyson and Givens are divorced in the Dominican Republic. Feb. 25, 1989 -- Tyson knocks out Frank Bruno to retain the world heavyweight title.",
"April 9, 1989 -- Accused of striking a parking attendant three times with an open hand outside a Los Angeles nightclub after the attendant asked Tyson to move his Mercedes--Benz out of a spot reserved for the club's owner. The charges are later dropped due to lack of witness cooperation. July 21, 1989 -- Tyson knocks out Carl \"The Truth\" Williams to retain the world heavyweight title. Feb. 11, 1990 -- In a stunning upset, Tyson is knocked out by James \"Buster\" Douglas in the 10th round and loses his world heavyweight title. Nov. 1, 1990 -- A New York City civil jury finds Tyson committed battery in the Sandra Miller case, but Miller is awarded just $100 in damages because the jury decides Tyson's behavior was \"not outrageous.\" June 28, 1991 -- In what would be his last fight before his legal problems, Tyson defeats Razor Ruddock in 12 rounds. July 18, 1991 -- Tyson meets Desiree Washington, a Miss Black America contestant, at a pageant rehearsal.",
"They go to the boxer's hotel room in the early morning hours. July 22, 1991 -- Washington files a complaint with police accusing Tyson of rape. Sept. 9, 1991 -- A special grand jury indicts Tyson on rape and three other charges. Two days later, he is booked in Indianapolis and released on $30,000 cash bond. Feb. 10, 1992 -- After nine hours of deliberation, Tyson is found guilty on one count of rape and two counts of deviate sexual conduct. March 26, 1992 -- Superior Court Judge Patricia Gifford sentences Tyson to 10 years in prison, suspending four. She orders him to serve the term immediately. May 8, 1992 -- Tyson is found guilty of threatening a guard and disorderly conduct in prison, adding 15 days to his sentence. Oct. 28, 1992 -- Tyson's father, Jimmy Kirkpatrick, dies in Brooklyn, N.Y. Tyson does not ask for a leave to attend the funeral. Aug.",
"6, 1993 -- By a 2-1 vote, the Indiana Court of Appeals upholds Tyson's conviction. Sept. 2, 1993 -- The Indiana Supreme Court denies Tyson's appeal without comment. March 25, 1995 -- Tyson is released from the Indiana Youth Center near Plainfield, Ind. Aug. 19, 1995 -- Begins comeback with 89 seconds victory over Peter McNeeley in Las Vegas. Dec. 16, 1995 -- Knocks out Buster Mathis, Jr. in third round in Philadelphia. March 16, 1996 -- Knocks out Frank Bruno in third round to win the WBC heavyweight title in Las Vegas. Nov. 9, 1996 -- Loses to Evander Holyfield when referee Mitch Halpern stops the bout in the 11th round. June 28, 1997 -- Tyson is disqualified after the third round of his rematch with Holyfield after he bites Holyfield twice, once on each ear. Tyson claims he was retaliating for a head butt inflicted by Holyfield that opened up a gash above his right eye.",
"Referee Mills Lane ruled the butt was accidental. July 9, 1997 -- The Nevada State Athletic Commission, in a unanimous voice vote, revoked Mike Tyson's boxing license and fined him $3 million for biting Holyfield. Oct. 16, 1997 -- Ordered to pay boxer Mitch Green $ 45,000 even though a jury ruled the former heavyweight champion was provoked into a Harlem street fight in 1988. Oct. 29, 1997 -- Broke a rib and punctured a lung on his right side when his motorcycle skidded off a Connecticut highway after hitting a patch of sand. March 5, 1998 -- Filed a $100 million lawsuit in U.S. District Court in New York against Don King, accusing the promoter of cheating him out of tens of millions of dollars. March 9, 1998 -- Filed a lawsuit against former managers Rory Holloway and John Horne, claiming they betrayed him by arranging a deal that made King the former heavyweight champion's exclusive promoter.",
"March 9, 1998 -- Sherry Cole and Chevelle Butts filed a $22 million lawsuit against Tyson claiming he verbally and physically abused them March 1 at a Washington bistro them at a restaurant after his sexual advances toward one of them were spurned. July 16, 1998 -- The 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reinstated a $4.4 million award that a jury decided boxer Tyson owes former trainer Kevin Rooney for unjustly firing him. July 17, 1998 -- Applied for a boxing license in New Jersey. July 29, 1998 -- Appeared before the New Jersey Athletic Control Board to get a boxing license to resume his career. Tyson first choked back tears as he apologized for biting Evander Holyfield's ears. At the end of his 35-minute appearance, however, Tyson cursed in front of regulators after being continually questioned about biting Holyfield. Aug. 13, 1998 -- On the eve of a meeting of the New Jersey Athletic Control Board, Tyson's advisers abruptly withdrew his application for a New Jersey boxing license. Aug.",
"31, 1998 -- Was involved in a minor auto accident in Gaithersburg, Md., and had to be restrained by bodyguards from fighting the driver of the other car. Sept. 2, 1998 -- Richard Hardick filed an assault charge against Tyson. Hardick says he was kicked in the groin by Tyson after his car rear-ended a Mercedes driven by Tyson's wife, Monica, on Aug. 31. Sept. 3, 1998 -- Abmielec Saucedo filed a criminal assault against Tyson claiming Tyson punched him in the face as Saucedo talked with another driver following the accident of Aug. 31. Oct. 13, 1998 -- The psychiatric report of Tyson is released. According to doctors who examined him for five days, the report states Tyson is depressed and lacks self-esteem, but is mentally fit to return to boxing. The psychiatrists believe Tyson most likely won't \"snap\" again as he did when he bit Holyfield. Oct. 19, 1998 -- The Nevada Athletic Commission voted 4-1 to restore Tyson's boxing license, with the lone holdout commissioner James Nave. Dec.",
"1, 1998 -- Tyson pleads no contest to misdemeanor assault for kicking and punching two motorists involved in the Aug. 31 auto accident in Maryland. Jan. 16, 1999 -- Tyson knocked out Francois Botha in the fifth round. Tyson admitted to trying to break Botha's arm during the fight Feb. 5, 1999 -- Tyson was sentenced to two concurrent two-year sentences for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident last summer. Judge Stephen Johnson suspended all but one year of jail time. Tyson was also fined $5,000 and sentenced to two years' probation after his release from jail. The decision could lead to more jail time for violating parole in Indiana. Feb. 20, 1999 -- Tyson was put in an isolation cell after a disturbance Saturday night at the Montgomery County Detention Center. Several TV stations in Washington reported that Tyson became upset, either in his cell or a break room, and threw a television set. The set narrowly missed jail guards, and there were no injuries. It was later reported that Tyson was taken off anti-depressants two days previous to this incident. Feb.",
"26, 1999 -- Tyson was allowed to step out of solitary confinement today and won back his privileges following an appeal of a disciplinary ruling, his lawyer said. Paul kemp said Tyson's punishment for throwing a television in a recreation room in jail on February 19 \"was reduced to time served and he was restored to regular privileges.\" October 24, 1999 -- vs. Orlin Norris Tyson hit Norris after the bell in the 1st round and the fight was declared a no contest Dec. 10, 1999 -- Tyson won't have ferret neglect charges on his record. Authorities say they won't charge the former heavyweight champion with neglecting two ferrets at his Las Vegas home mostly because they don't know who was supposed to be taking care of the animals. Feb 8, 2000 -- Former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson reached a settlement Monday with two women who alleged the boxer assaulted them at a restaurant in the nation's capital, The Washington Post reported in its Tuesday and Chevelle Butts, both 33, filed the lawsuit in U.S. District Court in Greenbelt.",
"They said they were in the Au Pied de Cochon restaurant in the city's Georgetown neighborhood on March, 1, 1998, when Tyson grabbed Cole and requested a sexual relationship. They alleged Tyson, who served time in an Indiana prison for a rape conviction, swore at Butts after learning she was a correctional officer. In papers filed by Tyson's lawyers, six witnesses said the boxer was verbally harassed by the women and was not abusive. Cole and Butts were seeking a total of $7.5 million in damages. Lawyers for both sides said they agreed to keep terms of the settlement confidential. May 19, 2000 -- American boxer Mike Tyson's lawyer said that his client is determined to clear his name following allegations that the boxer hit a stripper in a Las Vegas nightclub. The dancer, Victoria Bianco, has filed a report on the alleged incident with local police who are now investigating her claim, according to the BBC reports on Friday. Bianco claims the former world heavyweight champion punched her in the chest and hurled expletives at her in a club where she was working as a topless dancer.",
"Police were called to the scene, but after interviewing witnesses, including Tyson himself, they decided not to press charges. June 27, 2000 -- A former topless dancer is seeking unspecified damages from heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson in connection with a May incident in which she says the boxer struck her while she was at work. In a lawsuit filed Friday, Victoria Bianco said Tyson struck her in the chest without provocation at Cheetah's, a topless club near downtown Las Vegas. The lawsuit has not been brought to court yet (as of Jan. 23, 2002). June 24, 2000 -- vs. Lou Savarese. Tyson knocked the referee down in order to keep punching Savarese after the bout was stopped. August 22, 2000 -- Tyson was fined $187,500 for his behavior after his 38-second victory over Lou Savarese but escaped a ban from fighting again in Britain.",
"July 29, 2001 -- Heavyweight boxer Mike Tyson continued preparations for his next fight Sunday in Phoenix while authorities in California continued investigating an allegation that he sexually assaulted Arlene Moorman, 50, at his rented home in the small mountain town of Big Bear City. Tyson, a former world champion who served three years in prison for a 1992 rape, has not been charged in the alleged incident, although San Bernardino County sheriff's investigators have indicated they wanted to question the boxer in the near future. Aug. 18, 2001 -- California prosecutors have decided not to press charges against boxer Mike Tyson in connection with an alleged sexual assault on Arlene Moorman near Big Bear Lake. Dec. 18, 2001 -- Police were today investigating claims that Mike Tyson assaulted an ex--boxer outside a New York nightclub. Retired heavyweight Mitchell Rose has filed a complaint, claiming Tyson attacked him after he made a joke about the former champion's entourage of women. Police in New York are investigating the claims but have not yet interviewed Tyson, a convicted rapist, or pressed any charges following the alleged incident early on Sunday morning. Jan.",
"2, 2002 -- Mike Tyson checked out of a Havana hotel early Wednesday, a day after witnesses said he tossed glass Christmas ornaments at journalists trying to interview him. There were no reports of injuries, arrests or serious damage following the Tuesday evening dispute. The former heavyweight champion reportedly was headed to the airport for a flight on Air Jamaica after checking out at dawn, workers at the Hotel Melia Habana said. Jan. 22, 2002 -- Tyson and Lennox Lewis come to blows during their scheduled TV press conference hyping their April 6th meeting. It was alleged that Tyson bit Lennox's leg during the melee. Jan. 22, 20002 -- Police in Las Vegas said that they found evidence supporting a woman's claim she was raped by Tyson. The case is with the local district attorney's office, which will decide over the next weeks whether to charge Tyson. Jan. 29, 2002 -- In a 4-1 vote, the Nevada Athletic Commission on Tuesday rejected Tyson's request to get his Nevada boxing license back.",
"ESPN Tools Mike Tyson - BoxRec Mike Tyson Hall of Fame bio: click Name: Mike Tyson Birth Name: Michael Gerard Tyson Born: 1966-06-30 Birthplace: Brooklyn, New York, USA Hometown: Henderson, Nevada, USA 4 of 6 amateur losses were classed as controversial decisions 1981 United States Junior Olympic Heavyweight Champion. Results: Jesus Esparza - RSC 1 1981 Ernie Bennett - L 3 1982 United States Junior Olympic Heavyweight Champion. Results: Tito Llanes - RSC 1 Al Evans - L RSC 3 1983 National Golden Gloves Heavyweight Finalist. Results: Ronald Williams - RSC 1 Kimmuel Odum - L DQ 2 1983 Ohio State Fair Heavyweight Champion. Results: 1983 United States Under-19 Heavyweight Champion, defeating Mark Scott by RSC 1 1984 United States Under-19 Heavyweight Champion, defeating Orbit Pough by KO 1 1984 National Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion.",
"Results: 1984 United States Olympic Trials Heavyweight Finalist. Results: Kelton Brown - KO 1 1984 United States Olympic Box-Offs. Results: Olian Alexander - W 3 Haakan Brock (Sweden) - W 3 (5-0) Preceded by: Tyson wearing the WBA, WBC, and IBF heavyweight title belts. Tyson vs. Trevor Berbick Has a record of 12-4 (10 KO) in world title fights. Has a record of 3-2 (3 KO) in lineal title fights. Has a record of 11-4-0-1 (9 KO) against former or current world titlists: No Contest against Orlin Norris . Has a record of 3-4 (3 KO) against former or current lineal titlists: Lost against James Douglas , Evander Holyfield (twice), and Lennox Lewis . Has a record of 7-0 (6 KO) against undefeated boxers: Lost against Lennox Lewis and Evander Holyfield (twice). Has a record of 4-1 (4 KO) in fights outside his native United States.",
"Year-By-Year Record 1992-1994: Did not fight (served prison sentence) 1995: 2(1)-0 1998: Did not fight (boxing license suspended) 1999: 1(1)-0-0-1 (2) WBC Heavyweight Title (1986-1990; 9 defenses, 1996; 0 defenses) (2) WBA Heavyweight Title (1987-1990; 8 defenses, 1996; 0 defenses) IBF Heavyweight Title (1987-1990; 6 defenses) Unified & Undisputed Titles Unified Heavyweight Title (1996; WBC , WBA ) The Ring Magazine Titles Named the 50th greatest boxer of all-time by ESPN in 2007. Mike Tyson's World Tour \"Mike Tyson's World Tour,\" a series of four-round exhibitions bouts, was announced on September 28, 2006. Tyson said he anticipated taking the show to Europe, Asia and the Middle East.",
"\"Mike Tyson's World Tour\" was shades of the 1930's exhibition tour by former World Heavyweight Champion Jack Dempsey . On October 21, 2006, Tyson made the first and only stop of his exhibition tour in Youngstown, Ohio. Tyson and Corey Sanders boxed four two½ minute rounds. Tyson weighed 241½ lbs, while Sanders weighed 292½ lbs. Both boxers wore t-shirts, and Sanders wore headgear. Tyson dropped Sanders in the first round, but he didn't go for the knockout when Sanders got up. Later in the round, Tyson held Sanders up after landing another hard punch. The fans booed throughout the match. Promoter Sterling McPherson said afterwards, \"I don't know what people were looking for. We weren't trying to fool anyone or pull the wool over anyone's eyes. This was an exhibition. People boo at real fights...",
"this isn't about him beating anybody up.\" Preceded by: New Adviser Finkel Could Help Punch Up Tyson's Credibility - tribunedigital-chicagotribune New Adviser Finkel Could Help Punch Up Tyson's Credibility September 17, 1998|By Michael Hirsley, Tribune Staff Writer. LAS VEGAS — When Mike Tyson appears before the Nevada State Athletic Commission on Saturday, if indeed he keeps the much-anticipated date to seek restoration of his boxing license, he will have a solid reputation in his corner. It won't be his own, of course. Assault charges against Tyson stemming from an alleged altercation after a recent auto accident in Maryland won't convince the Nevada commissioners of his rehabilitation since June 1997. That's when they revoked his license for biting Evander Holyfield's ears, which disqualified him from a heavyweight title fight. The respected reputation Tyson brings to his plea for reinstatement belongs to his latest adviser, Shelly Finkel. As a multimillionaire who carried credentials as a civilized and successful rock music promoter to the world of boxing, Finkel has thrived in two cutthroat businesses.",
"So how did this 54-year-old \"adviser\" wind up in Tyson's camp? \"I've known Mike for 16 years, going back to when he was an amateur boxer,\" Finkel said. \"We've kept a relationship over the years. When (Don) King and Mike broke up, I thought it was time to rekindle our friendship.\" Why? \"I just think he's an amazing person, the good and the not-so-good,\" Finkel said. \"He's a magnet for publicity . . . and a magnet for problems.\" The magnetic fields of Tyson and Finkel, both born in Brooklyn neighborhoods, connected through Finkel's fondness for boxing after he'd been a successful music promoter. In 1973 he produced the biggest-ever rock concert, drawing 600,000 to Watkins Glen, N.Y. Boxing was the sport his father loved. One of the early fighters he managed was Mark Breland. When Breland was an amateur Golden Gloves star, he and Finkel befriended fellow amateur Tyson. That acquaintance was renewed in February, Finkel coming to Tyson's side after the fighter split with previous co-managers John Horne and Rory Holloway.",
"Finkel says his non-paying adviser role will be more like manager than promoter if Tyson regains a license to box. He says he doesn't know who would train or promote the ex-champion. King? \"Not that I'm aware of,\" Finkel said cautiously. \"We don't think that will be the case.\" He stopped short of admitting it was a strategic mistake for Team Tyson to seek a New Jersey boxing license rather than return to the scene of his biting transgression and face the Nevada commission that revoked Tyson's license. The East Coast strategy was dropped just before the New Jersey boxing commissioners were about to rule, following Tyson's less-than-impressive, expletive-inclusive appearance before them. \"When we decided not to go before New Jersey, that Nevada was the right thing to do, any other person would have gotten a blurb in sports,\" Finkel said. \"But Mike Tyson was front-page news.\" Anticipating Saturday's hearing, at which Tyson will be asked about the Maryland incident and the apparent New Jersey end-run as well as what happened in the ring more than a year ago, Finkel concedes: \"I see some difficulty.",
"But I hope we can overcome it.\" Aware that critics see Tyson as a fading fighter, if not a shot one, Finkel respectfully disagrees: \"I believe he can beat anyone out there if he really wants to do it. I think he lost some interest, he was knocking everyone out . . .\" That is until Holyfield ended Tyson's comeback and re-ascension to the heavyweight throne with a stunning knockout in November 1996, a prelude to last June's ear-biting debacle. Finkel, whose camp includes veteran Pernell Whitaker, another rehabilitation project, plus young guns Zabdiel Judah, David Tua and Fernando Vargas, was once Holyfield's manager. King is now Holyfield's promoter. That means if there is a Holyfield-Tyson III, each fighter could face a former ally in his opponent's corner. Finkel is not averse to the matchup. \"Evander is wonderful, but not like Mike,\" he said. \"There's no one like Mike.\" And there's no one in boxing quite like Shelly Finkel, who moved from Bruce Springsteen and the Eagles to Holyfield and Tyson.",
"He says the two worlds aren't that different--Finkel could just as well be describing some rock stars' egotism when he says, \"In boxing, you get someone who didn't have adoration and financial rewards in his youth, and suddenly he has them both.\" In the worlds of boxing and music, \"you're dealing with a lot of egos,\" Finkel said. MORE: Tyson Applies For License In N.j. - tribunedigital-chicagotribune Tyson Applies For License In N.j. July 18, 1998|By Stephen Nidetz. Mike Tyson, who hasn't fought since Nevada revoked his license for biting Evander Holyfield's ears during a championship bout last year, has applied for a boxing license in New Jersey. Tyson's attorney, Anthony Fusco Jr., said the former heavyweight champion has strong ties to the state, where he once lived and made Atlantic City one of his favorite fighting venues. The state Athletic Control Board has scheduled a July 29 hearing in Trenton to consider the license application. Nevada officials said they expect New Jersey and other states to continue to abide by their 1997 decision to revoke Tyson's license.",
"- Ex-champ Tommy Morrison was charged with drunken driving, running a red light and driving with a revoked license in Broken Arrow, Okla. MORE: Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to circumvent ban - tribunedigital-baltimoresun Tyson taking Jersey road Nevada objects to bid to circumvent ban July 29, 1998|By Alan Goldstein | Alan Goldstein,SUN STAFF A war between the states could be triggered in a Trenton, N.J., hearing room today, when Mike Tyson applies to the New Jersey Athletic Commission's three-man Board of Control for a boxing license. Last July, the former heavyweight champion's license was revoked indefinitely and he was fined $3 million by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for chomping Evander Holyfield's ear in their championship match in Las Vegas on June 28, 1997. Tyson was eligible to appeal the revocation in Nevada this month, but, acting on the advice of his new managerial team headed by Shelly Finkel, he turned to New Jersey in an attempt to resume his ring career, which was first interrupted in 1992 by a three-year prison term for rape.",
"Finkel, who once managed Holyfield's affairs, said he \"liked the odds better\" in New Jersey. The Nevada Commission viewed the New Jersey hearing as an end run by Tyson to circumvent a federal law that requires the Association of Boxing Commissions (ABC) to recognize statewide suspensions. \"I feel like I'm at Fort Sumter,\" said Nevada commission executive director Marc Ratner. \"There can be a lot of interpretations, but in the spirit of the law, states should follow our revocation. Mike Tyson should take care of business here before going anywhere else. This could be the death knell for the ABC.\" Jim Nave, a member of the Nevada board who voted to revoke Tyson's license, took a different stance. Said Nave: \"In my opinion, this has nothing to do with the federal law. States honored suspensions and revocation before the federal law took effect. I don't know what the difference is now.\" Roger Shatzkin, a spokesman for New Jersey Attorney General Peter Verniero, said there is a difference between a suspension and a revocation. \"We don't think revocation is covered by [federal] law,\" he said. \"We are working within the boundaries of the law. This process is carefully measured.",
"It is no rush to judgment.\" But New York Attorney General Dennis Vacco told the New York hTC Post that he has told Verniero of his opposition to today's hearing in a letter. Said Vacco: \"I would be offended if they actually licensed him or permitted him to box in New Jersey. It really undermines what we are trying to do.\" Nevada chose to revoke rather than suspend Tyson's license in order to fine him 10 percent of his $30 million purse for the bout with Holyfield. The fight was stopped in the third round after Tyson bit Holyfield a second time. Anthony Fusco, a New Jersey attorney who will represent Tyson at the hearing, said that the fighter could have elected to apply for a license in any other state but Nevada, but opted to wait at least a calendar year. Finkel estimated Tyson has lost at least $25 million in potential ring revenue the past year. \"That's more than all the fines in the four major leagues,\" he said, adding that, in the past year, he has rejected lucrative offers for Tyson to fight in Germany, Russia and Canada. An unfavorable political atmosphere helped persuade Tyson to steer clear of Nevada.",
"\"We got intimations they [the Nevada commission] weren't going to OK Mike until January,\" said Jeff Wald, another member of Tyson's new advisory team. \"That, effectively, meant a two-year suspension. Mike's not getting younger [32]. He's got bills to pay.\" Fusco insists Tyson is a changed man. \"We'll probably have witnesses and affidavits to indicate the positive things he has done,\" Fusco said. \"The public doesn't know about his family life. We're confident that the New Jersey board will see the good side of Mike Tyson.\" On the surface, Tyson has attempted to mend his ways by severing his lengthy association with controversial promoter Don King and his two managers, John Horne and Rory Holloway. King's backing led to combined $35 million exclusive deals with the Showtime cable network and the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas. Tyson reportedly has earned $140 million since being released from prison in 1995. But Tyson said half that money went to King and his managers, who were widely viewed as King's proxies. Last February, Tyson discovered he owed $7 million in taxes.",
"He fired King and initiated a $100 million suit against the promoter, Horne and Holloway for mismanagement. Boxing promoter Dino Duva, a close associate of Finkel, said: \"My opinion is that Mike has served his penalty and has a right to get his license back and go on with his life.\" The New Jersey Control Board is expected to take at least a month before ruling on Tyson's license application. Realistically, he would not be prepared to return to the ring until December. Pub Date: 7/29/98 ESPN.com: BOXING - Transcript: Mike Tyson's medical evaluation Neuropsychological evaluation Circumstances of the Evaluation: This evaluation was requested by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in order to provide medical input regarding Mr. Tyson's request for reinstatement of his boxing license. Pursuant to your letter of September 21, 1998, we have completed an evaluation by a team of psychiatrists, psychologists, and neurologists. To the extent possible, we utilized the assessment measures which you requested. Where other measures were used, the reasons for their use will be discussed. Members of the evaluation team: The following individuals took direct part in the evaluation.",
"Thomas Deters, Ph.D, Neuropsychologist, Law and Psychiatry Service Massachusetts General Hospital and Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts David Henderson, MD, Psychiatrist, Massachusetts General Hospital and Freedom Trail Clinic, Boston, Massachusetts Barry D. Jordan, MD, Neurologist, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California David Medoff, Ph.D, Psychologist, Law and Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Jeremy D. Schmahmann, MD, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts Ronald Schouten, MD, JD, Director, Law & Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital Sources of Information: The following sources of information were relied upon in conducting this evaluation and in reaching the conclusions contained herein. Multiple formal interviews with Mr. Tyson over a five-day period, in addition to frequent contact wit Mr. Tyson and opportunities to observe him in the clinical setting over the course of five days. Dr. Schouten's interview time was six hours, Dr. Henderson's 1.5 hours, and Dr. Jordan's one hour. Drs. Deters and Madoff conducted additional clinical interviews as part of the testing.",
"Neurological evaluation by Drs. Schmahmann and Jordan. Psychological testing by Dr. Medoff Neuropsychological testing by Dr. Deters Telephone conference between Dr. Schouten and Larry Curry, MSW. Telephone conference between Monica Tyson, MD and Dr. Schouten. Electroencephalogram (EEG) -- New Jersey Athletic Commission hearing on July 29, 1998 -- Nevada Athletic Commission hearing on September 19, 1998 Warning of Limitation on Confidentiality: At the initiation of the evaluation, Mr. Tyson was informed that the contents of the evaluation would not be protected by the usual rules of confidentiality. He was further informed that he could refuse to answer any or all questions posed to him. Mr. Tyson expressed a clear understanding of these limitations and agreed to proceed. He indicated his ongoing understanding of these conditions throughout the evaluation process. Relevant history: Mr. Tyson is a 32-year-old, African-American, married man. He has four children. Mr. Tyson spent his early childhood in Brooklyn, New York, where he attended school. Due to behavioral difficulties he was placed in a school in upstate New York.",
"He reports receiving special education services because of these behavioral problems. At approximately age 12 he was taken into the home of Cus D'Amato and Camille Ewald where he came under Mr. D'Amato's tutelage and trained as a boxer. Mr. Tyson attended Catskill High School but left school after the 10th grade. He studied for the Graduate Equivalency Diploma but failed to pass the examination by a narrow margin. Mr. Tyson became very close to Mr. D'Amato and Ms. Ewald. The relationship between these individuals and Mr. Tyson has been described by Mr. Tyson and others as a relationship between parents and a child. Mr. D'Amato died in 1985 and Mr. Tyson describes his reaction to Mr. D'Amato's death as that of a child losing a parent. He continues to maintain contact with Ms. Ewald and continues to support her. Mr. Tyson's biological parents are both deceased, as is his sister. He has one brother who lives in California. Mr.",
"Tyson gave a history of repeated head injuries as a child, including multiple episodes of loss of consciousness as a result of being struck with objects in fights. He denied any loss of consciousness as an adult and particularly denies loss of consciousness while boxing. He has no history of serious illness, surgeries, or seizures. There is no history of headache or other neurological difficulties. He denied current substance abuse, including steroids. In 1992, Mr. Tyson's successful boxing career was interrupted by a prison sentence of six years. Mr. Tyson was released in three years due to a reduction in sentence for good behavior while incarcerated. Upon release from prison he returned to boxing. His career was once again interrupted on June 28, 1997. On that date, during a bout with Evander Holyfield, Mr. Tyson committed a major foul by biting Mr. Holyfield on the ear. After a two-point deduction, the fight resumed and Mr. Tyson again bit Mr. Holyfield. After the end of the round, Mr. Tyson was disqualified as a result of the second biting. Mike Tyson following his psychological evaluation at Massachusetts General Hospital. As part of the evaluation process, Mr.",
"Tyson was asked about symptoms of depression and other illnesses at the time of the Holyfield fight. He reported that he was experiencing significant depression at the time, in the contest of multiple financial and personal problems. There was no indication that he was suffering symptoms of another psychiatric disorder at the time. He denied using steroids or other substances at the time. Immediately following the fight, Mr. Tyson explained in an interview that he had retaliated for the head-butting because he was concerned about his career being ended by repeated injury from head-butting, feared that he would lose his job and not be able to support his family, and was not being protected by the officials. When asked about the foul, Mr. Tyson reports that he was very angry because he felt he had been the victim of head-butting from Mr. Holyfield in their previous bout and nothing had been done. His head been cut in that fight, and was cut again in Tyson-Holyfield II. After protesting the head butt and getting no response, Mr. Tyson reported that he felt that this was no longer a prize fight, but had become a street fight. He reported that when that occurred, he simply \"snapped\" and retaliated against Mr. Holyfield by biting him.",
"While he did not have perfect recall for all the events that occurred during this bout, there was no evidence from Mr. Tyson's account of the incident or from the videotape that the incident occurred during a dissociative state, psychotic episode, or in any other state of loss of awareness. Review of the tape indicates that the initial bite occurred after a few blows from Mr. Holyfield and immediately after another clashing of heads. This had been preceded by at least one head butt. Mr. Tyson had his license revoked for life by the Nevada Athletic Commission after this incident. It is our understanding that he became eligible to apply for reinstatement after one year. This report is requested in connection with that application for reinstatement. Since the fight in June 1998, Mr. Tyson has asked Mr. Holyfield to forgive him, and Mr. Holyfield has written in support of Mr. Tyson's reinstatement. Mr. Tyson reported that the biting incident, and loss of his license, has ruined his career and his life. He expressed remorse about the incident, as well as great concern that he will not be able to fulfill his obligation to support his family if he cannot box. Mr.",
"Tyson was adamant that he will never let anything like that happen again. Mr. Tyson has changed his management team since June 1997. He feels that he was betrayed by members of that team and has has a civil lawsuit pending against them for monetary damages. He noted that \"people let me down. People I would have died for.\" According to Mr. Tyson, he underwent some psychological evaluation and some counseling as a child. The exact nature of those evaluations is unclear, and the records of the evaluations and any testing he may have had are not available at this time. Mr. Tyson reported that he has felt depressed all of his life. He received a diagnosis of Manic Depressive Illness several years ago and was placed on lithium carbonate, a mood stabilizer. He stated that this slowed him down considerably and that he stopped taking the medication after several doses. In December of 1997, Mr. Tyson entered treatment with Richard Goldberg, MD, Professor and Chair of the Department of Psychiatry at Georgetown Medical School. Mr. Tyson saw Dr. Goldberg for seven or eight visits until Mr. Tyson relocated to Denver to begin training.",
"He subsequently contacted Larry Curry, MSW, who is a psychotherapist with expertise in anger management and working with professional athletes. Mr. Tyson has been on an antidepressant medication prescribed by Dr. Goldberg; however, he reported that this has not been particularly helpful to him. He has had discussions with Dr. Goldberg about the possibility of increasing the dosage of this medication. The frequency of meetings between Mr. Tyson and Dr. Goldberg remains uncertain, as Mr. Tyson has relocated to Denver for the present time. The relationship with Dr. Goldberg appears to be a solid one. Mr. Tyson reported that he derives great benefit from working with Dr. Goldberg and wishes to continue the relationship if at all possible. Mr. Tyson was particularly protective of that relationship and is hesitant to have the content of their discussions revealed in detail. Dr. Goldberg's findings on examination and his impressions of Mr. Tyson are similar to those derived by this evaluation team as outlined below. On September 29, the evaluation team received a copy of Dr. Goldberg's letter of July 21, 1998 to Attorney Fusco in which he indicated that Mr.",
"Tyson suffers from \"dysthymic disorder (chronic depression) and issues related to his personality.\" Members of the evaluation team reviewed the videotape of the July 27, 1998 New Jersey hearing. We noted that Mr. Tyson maintained excellent behavioral control during the course of the extensive and detailed questioning. He indicated that he did not want to speak any further because he was \"angry\" and did so in a calm voice. Mr. Tyson did raise his voice plaintively when Attorney Fusco began advocating for him, asking Mr. Fusco if he knew what Mr. Tyson meant. he subsequently used an expletive, wondering out loud what he was expected to do. It was the impression of the evaluation team the Mr. Tyson's behavior at the New Jersey hearing was not indicative of a significant problem with impulse control. In fact, we interpreted it as an example of reasonable control under significant pressure. Similarly, we found Mr. Tyson's behavior during the Nevada hearing on September 19, 1998 to be appropriate and evidence of good control under stress. Several incidents have occurred over the last months involving Mr. Tyson which have raised concerns about his impulse control and anger management.",
"The evaluation team has reviewed testimony and evidence involving these incidents. The evidence regarding the restaurant incident in Washington, D.C, is consistent with Mr. Tyson's account that while words were exchanged between Mr. Tyson and a young woman in a restaurant, Mr. Tyson did not engage in any form of physical assault towards the individual. A second incident, involving a motor-vehicle accident in Gaithersburg, Maryland, was explained by Mr. Tyson in a manner consistent with his representations to others. No further details of that incident are outlined here in light of the fact that the alleged incident is potentially the subject of an ongoing criminal hearing."
] |
Which English-born US citizen hosted Masterpiece theater?
|
Alistair Cooke
|
[
"Alastair Cooke",
"Alistar Cooke",
"Alistar Cook",
"Cooke, Alistair",
"Alfred Alistair Cooke",
"Alistair Cooke"
] | 9,254
|
[
"A New 'Good Evening' For 'Masterpiece Theater' - NYTimes.com A New 'Good Evening' For 'Masterpiece Theater' By ELIZABETH KOLBERT Correction Appended It's a tough chair to fill, but someone's got to sit in it. Three months after Alistair Cooke ever so politely bade goodbye to \"Masterpiece Theater,\" the show's sponsors announced yesterday that Russell Baker would become the program's new host. At a news conference in the \"library\" of the Palace Hotel in Manhattan, Mr. Baker, surrounded by fake books, assured reporters that he would not allow his irreverent style to impinge on the highbrow tone of \"Masterpiece Theater.\" In the case of an episode that is \"egregiously ridiculous,\" though, he acknowledged, \"a little needle might be apropos.\" Mr. Baker, who is 67 and a New York Times columnist, said he had first been approached about taking Mr. Cooke's place almost a year ago. He demurred. \"My reply was I'd like to be the man who succeeds the man who succeeds Alistair Cooke,\" he said. But several months went by, and Mr.",
"Baker's self-esteem improved to the point where, he said, \"I thought, 'Why not give it a try?' \" He added that is was particularly influenced by his daughter, Kasia, who urged him to get out of his \"rut,\" and by a desire to fulfill his destiny as a citizen: \"In America, if you're not on television, somehow you're not American,\" he said. Hundreds Were Considered Rebecca Eaton, the executive producer of \"Masterpiece Theater,\" said Mr. Baker had been chosen from among hundreds of actors, journalists, historians and aristocrats who had been considered for the job, and dozens more who had sent in unsolicited tapes. \"We knew it when we found it,\" she said of Mr. Baker, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist and the author of more than a dozen books. In spite of his new duties as host, which he is to assume in the fall, Mr. Baker will continue to write his \"Observer\" column for The Times. Mr. Baker will be only the second regular host of \"Masterpiece Theater,\" the nation's longest-running prime-time drama series. Mr.",
"Cooke, who held the position since the show's inception in 1971, announced his retirement in July. Since he left the show in November, guest hosts have filled in. Mr. Cooke and his genteel English manner became so closely identified with \"Masterpiece Theater\" that the news of his American successor yesterday seemed to suggest not so much a passing of the torch as a passing of an era. Mr. Baker took pains, however, to reassure reporters that he enjoyed the kind of long, rambling 19th-century novels favored by \"Masterpiece Theater's\" producers, and that in any case he did not plan to have any influence on the content of show. But he said, \"I certainly hope we'll do Proust's 'Remembrance of Things Past.' \" \"Masterpiece Theatre\" is sponsored by the Mobil Corporation and presented by WGBH, the public television station in Boston. The programs in the series are usually purchased from British producers. A Longtime Fan Mr. Baker, who lives in Virginia, said he was a fan of \"Masterpiece Theater,\" and had watched most of the shows.",
"He listed among his favorites \"The Golden Bowl,\" \"Jeeves and Wooster\" and \"Memento Mori.\" Under closer questioning, he also acknowledged that he was a fan of the afternoon soap opera \"All My Children.\" As interpreted by Mr. Cooke, the duties of the host were to introduce the show and offer a few closing comments. Mr. Baker said viewers should not expect radical changes. \"It's a mistake to make brave assertions about how original you're going to be,\" he said. Mr. Baker said he was succeeding Mr. Cooke in a spirit of humility: \"You enter, as George Bush would say, in a prayer mode.\" Photo: Russell Baker will be only the second regular host of the popular \"Masterpiece Theater.\" (Michelle V. Agins/The New York Times) Correction: February 25, 1993, Thursday A front-page picture caption in The Living Section yesterday, with a cross reference to an article about Russell Baker's selection as host of \"Masterpiece Theater,\" omitted the identity of the girl with Mr. Baker. She was his granddaughter Laura Baker.",
"wned: : 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at 95 (2004-03-31) TV 'Masterpiece Theatre' Host Alistair Cooke Dies at 95 Alistair Cooke, 95, the ultra-civilized, silver-haired British broadcaster best known to American audiences as the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" died March 30 at his home in New York. by Adam Bernstein Alistair Cooke, 95, the ultra-civilized, silver-haired British broadcaster best known to American audiences as the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" died March 30 at his home in New York. He had heart disease, an ailment that recently led him to leave his 58-year career hosting the weekly \"Letter from America\" radio series for the British Broadcasting Corp. In many ways a traditional Englishman -- the rich, clipped voice; the dry, WASPish wit; the dapper, avuncular appearance -- Mr. Cooke had an insatiable appetite for American culture. He was not condescending in his radio reports and instead found fun ways to explain what he considered the \"vitality\" of American literature, politics and daily life.",
"His longevity and sterling public reputation brought him wide recognition in popular culture. He sometimes was lampooned, notably on \"Sesame Street,\" where the Cookie Monster puppet became the erudite Alistair Cookie of \"Monsterpiece Theatre.\" To many, Mr. Cooke was an American institution. \"He has defined what public television was and is for so many people that it is difficult to imagine life without him,\" Christopher Sarson, the original executive producer of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" once said. That series, for which Mr. Cooke acted as master of ceremonies from 1971 to 1992, was an English drama import that ran on public television. He wrote insightful and amusing introductions to the program's featured adaptations, notably \"Upstairs Downstairs,\" \"I, Claudius\" and \"The Jewel in the Crown.\" For the latter show, he told audiences, \"As empires go,\" the British empire was \"a wink in the eye of history.\" Because of his work on \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" he received a 1975 Emmy Award for special classification of outstanding program. It was one of several top industry awards he received. Mr.",
"Cooke became a familiar fixture to American audiences in the 1950s as host of the network television program \"Omnibus,\" a much-honored show that aired news documentaries and literary adaptations. He narrated the BBC-produced series \"America: A Personal History of the United States\" in 1972 and 1973. The program, a wise and witty exploration of American culture and history, won four Emmy Awards and provided the basis for his best-selling written account, \"Alistair Cooke's America\" (1973). \"Letter from America,\" his BBC radio program, was supposed to last 13 weeks when it debuted in 1946 to give English listeners a reprieve from wartime news. Instead, it continued almost until Mr. Cooke's death. He gave lively accounts of daily living. Mr. Cooke once described his radio program this way: \"Just about American children or the history of ice cream or why the maples go scarlet in the fall and the oaks go yellow. Anything, all the things, the byways and whatnot. . . . I love the business of playing over the air.",
"To me, it's literature for blind men.\" Alfred Alistair Cooke was born in Salford, near Manchester in northern England, where his father was a lay preacher who founded a mission that provided aid to slum districts. As a child, Mr. Cooke, who did not enjoy church attendance, was permitted to stay home and pore over the newspapers instead of the Bible. He once said his youthful ambition was to be some combination of Noel Coward and Eugene O'Neill. At Cambridge University, he had two key influences: Arthur Quiller-Couch, editor of the \"Oxford Book of English Verse,\" who told him the keys to clear writing; and the historian D.W. Brogan, who dazzled him with brilliant political allusions that he melded with contemporary culture, such as references to Cole Porter lyrics. Mr. Cooke went on to edit the campus literary journal and helped start a drama group. He graduated summa cum laude in 1930 and began contributing articles and reviews to the American theater publication Theatre Arts Monthly. Not long after, he won a prestigious fellowship to study drama in the United States.",
"He received an audience with Edward VIII, the Duke of Windsor, who was reported to have sized up the tall, handsome Mr. Cooke with the statement, \"My God, my brother!\" He researched drama at Yale and Harvard universities but mostly enjoyed the experience outside the classroom, such as sitting in on the piano at jazz clubs. Traveling across the country during the Depression, he decided that a career in theater was too narrow a focus. \"I began to take up what I felt was the real drama going on -- namely America itself,\" he said decades later. He went to Hollywood and impressed fellow Briton Charlie Chaplin with his good looks and bearing. They worked on an unproduced movie script about Napoleon. The project went nowhere, and Mr. Cooke's fellowship required he return to England to put his learning to use there. Professionally, it was a fine time to return. The BBC film critic had been fired, and Mr. Cooke got the job. He also began his book-writing career, including a study about silent film era idol Douglas Fairbanks. He returned to the United States in 1938 as a BBC commentator. He said it was far from an elite position.",
"Pre-World War II America, he said, was viewed by many Europeans as \"rather uncivilized and unexciting.\" He tried to reverse that notion with stories about Mark Twain, the American vernacular and popular music. He became a U.S. citizen in 1941. In the mid-1940s, he began a nearly three-decade career as a top American correspondent for the Manchester Guardian (now called the Guardian), covering in those early days the formation of the United Nations and the House Un-American Activities Committee hearings. The search for Communist subversion elevated the career of then-Rep. Richard M. Nixon (R-Calif.) and led to the downfall of many prominent government workers, including Alger Hiss, a ranking State Department official involved in a spying case. Mr. Cooke wrote \"Generation on Trial: U.S.A. vs. Alger Hiss\" (1950), which the journalist and political observer Richard Rovere called \"one of the most vivid and literate descriptions of an American political event that has ever been written.\" Mr. Cooke considered himself a journalist above all else, and despite some political friendships, notably with two-time Democratic presidential nominee Adlai E.",
"Stevenson, he had a strong sense of objectivity. He learned an early lesson on the danger of offering journalistic analysis when he all but declared the defeat of President Harry S. Truman in the 1948 race in a major story for the Guardian. Meanwhile, Mr. Cooke's work on \"Letter From America\" brought him the Peabody Award for international reporting in 1952. That led to his job hosting \"Omnibus\" from 1952 to 1961 on a series of major networks, ABC, CBS and NBC. During the 1950s, he also appeared on \"An Evening With Alistair Cooke,\" an album that showcased his skills as a musician and entertainer; made a study for the BBC on songwriter George Gershwin, a favorite of his; and provided narration to \"The Three Faces of Eve\" (1957), the film for which Joanne Woodward won an Academy Award for playing a woman with multiple personalities. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mr. Cooke remained England's preeminent chronicler of American life.",
"He covered such sporting events as the rise of Muhammad Ali and the great tragedies of the time, including the assassinations of John and Robert Kennedy. He was energetic and constantly roving, which brought him great perspective but left his newsroom bosses exasperated. The Guardian wrote an editorial in 1968 about its chief correspondent, saying that the readers got the \"best of him\" -- \"because his pieces will often contain a sentence or a phrase which will crystallize a torrent of acts or a cascade of opinion.\" The paper noted: \"Cooke is a nuisance. He telephones his copy at the last moment, so that everything else has to be dropped to get it into the paper. He says that he will be in Chicago and turns up in Los Angeles. He discards the agreed subject to write about something which has taken his fancy, news of the moment or not.",
"But we think he's worth it, and we love him just the same.\" One of his greatest accomplishments in broadcasting was the 13-installment \"America\" series, for which he traveled 100,000 miles reporting on such topics as the treatment of Native Americans, the influence of French and Spanish culture, the Constitution, the Civil War, the Jazz Age and the counterculture period. The series became a hit and a staple of library collections nationwide. The series and the ensuing book version made him independently wealthy. He then went about his next project, \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" which began after WGBH, a public television station in Boston, bought the rights to British television shows. Mr. Cooke wrote several more books, including \"Six Men\" (1977), sketches about some of his closest associates over the years: the dyspeptic journalist H.L. Mencken, philosopher Bertrand Russell, Edward VIII, Stevenson and actors Chaplin and Humphrey Bogart. Over time, Mr. Cooke was viewed less as a journalist and more as a historian.",
"Lecturing to a women's club in Washington in 1973, he was reported to have surveyed American history from Pocahontas to Nixon chief of staff H.R. Haldeman \"in 40 seconds flat.\" His marriage to Ruth Emerson Cooke ended in divorce. Survivors include his wife, Jane Hawkes Cooke, whom he married in 1946; a son from his first marriage; a daughter from his second marriage; and two stepchildren. For more news, or to subscribe to the newspaper, please visit USATODAY.com - A media masterpiece A media masterpiece By Robert Bianco, USA TODAY Alistair Cooke didn't just introduce British classics. He was a British classic. Journalist and broadcaster Alistair Cooke was best known for his Letter from America weekly BBC broadcast. By John Jefford, AP To millions of Americans, Cooke, who died Tuesday at age 95, was more than just the host of PBS' Masterpiece Theatre, a post he held from 1971 to 1992.",
"Born in England in 1908, Cooke became a symbol of all that is cultured, literate and erudite about Great Britain — a living representative of the best his native country had to offer. And yet, he was an equally well-admired representative of his adopted country, the United States, where he became a citizen in 1941. For 58 years, from 1946 until his retirement March 3, Cooke hosted the BBC radio program Letter From America. In these weekly essays, Cooke tried to explain America to his BBC listeners — in the same soft-spoken and yet authoritative way he explained all those British Masterpieces to us. Cooke's dedication to television at its best, however, began long before Masterpiece Theatre. He made his first mark on the medium in 1953 as the host of one of the most respected commercial television programs of all time, Omnibus. Running for eight years — first on CBS, then on ABC and NBC — and usually airing commercial-free on Sunday afternoons, Omnibus attempted to offer something cultural for everyone.",
"Plays, musicals, operas, ballet, symphonic music, all found a home on Omnibus, along with animal adventures and the first TV work by aquatic explorer Jacques Cousteau. Still, if Omnibus was his great achievement, and the 1972 documentary series America his most touching salute to his new home, it was Masterpiece Theatre that made him an American star. So familiar did his style become that it earned him the ultimate American cultural compliment: He was spoofed on both Saturday Night Live and Sesame Street, where he became \"Alistair Cookie.\" A classic character on a classic show. It just seems fitting. Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired 'Letter From America' - latimes Alistair Cooke, 95; Host of 'Masterpiece Theatre' Aired 'Letter From America' March 31, 2004 |Mary Rourke | Times Staff Writer Alistair Cooke, the British-born journalist and commentator who brought a refinement and elegance to American television as the popular host of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" has died. He was 95. Cooke, who offered insightful radio commentaries for the British Broadcasting Corp.",
"for 58 years, died at his home in New York City at midnight Monday, the network announced in London. The cause of death was not reported, but Cooke was known to have had heart disease. He retired from the BBC just weeks ago, citing health concerns. As the host of \"Masterpiece Theatre\" from 1971 to 1992, Cooke supplied wry, informative introductions for adaptations of Evelyn Waugh's \"Brideshead Revisited,\" Jane Austen's \"Emma\" and Henry James' \"The Golden Bowl\" as well as the made-for-television series \"Upstairs Downstairs.\" His urbane manner recalled a kindly professor. \"Cooke introduced more people to what one would call good literature than thousands of high school and college instructors might have done,\" said Howard Gottlieb, director of the Mugger Library at Boston University in a 1998 interview with Cooke's biographer, Nick Clarke. Cooke donated his personal library to the university.",
"For The Record Los Angeles Times Thursday April 01, 2004 Home Edition Main News Part A Page 2 National Desk 1 inches; 37 words Type of Material: Correction Alistair Cooke -- The obituary of commentator Alistair Cooke in Wednesday's California section stated incorrectly that \"Brideshead Revisited\" and \"Emma\" were part of the PBS series \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" on which Cooke served as host for many years. Cooke joined the BBC in 1934 as a film critic, but European audiences knew him best for his \"Letter From America\" -- weekly commentaries broadcast on BBC radio starting in 1946 and continuing until his final report aired Feb. 20. There were 2,869 talks in all, each a 13-minute, 30-second spot offering Cooke's observations on political and cultural life in the United States. \"Cooke had a mission to explain his adopted country to his native country,\" Clarke said. \"He wanted to show that Americans have a depth you don't necessarily see in American films and television sitcoms.\" His \"letter\" aired in 50 countries and gained a broad audience in England.",
"\"With equal verve and knowledge, Mr. Cooke comments on the activities of the churches, Hollywood, university presidents, baseball players, gangsters and scientists,\" the London Financial Times wrote some years ago. \"People who want to know what really goes on in America cannot dispense with Mr. Cooke.\" In London, Prime Minister Tony Blair led the mourning Tuesday for the popular commentator. \"I was a big fan,\" Blair told the BBC. \"I thought they were extraordinary essays, and they brought an enormous amount of insight and understanding to the world. \"He was really one of the greatest broadcasters of all time, and we shall feel his loss very, very keenly indeed,\" Blair added. The U.S. ambassador to Britain, William Farish, was another of Cooke's admirers. \"His death is like that of a longtime friend or a wise and kindly uncle, and reminds us all of the impact a life well lived can have,\" he said. Clarke told British reporters Tuesday that \"Letter From America\" \"was the thing that mattered to him more than anything. He reckoned it was work in progress. He never thought the thing was over....",
"I think he thought retirement was a very bad idea and when he was forced to stop work three weeks ago, I thought, this won't be long now because here was a man living for this one task.\" From the time that Cooke moved permanently to New York City in the late 1930s, he was appreciative of his adopted country but not blind to its flaws. In his final letter, he compared President Bush's decision to invade Iraq with the U.S. invasion of Iraq by the president's father in 1991 and suggested that this time, as last, it could cost Republicans at the polls. \"The new, invigorating party conviction is a belief that Democrats had not dreamed of so far,\" Cooke observed. \"It is the belief that George Bush can be beaten in November.\" With typical wry humor, he added: \"This thought apparently took hold of the primary voters long before it dawned on the Democratic Party as a whole.\" By English standards, \"Cooke was more American than the Americans.... Cooke loved America far more than he loved his home country,\" Clarke told The Times in 1998. Cooke became a U.S. citizen in 1941.",
"A self-made man, Cooke explained his enthusiasm in one of his earliest letters from America. \"I never remember hearing anyone in America, no matter how snobbish, say that somebody didn't know his place,\" he said. \"It is a deep, almost unconscious belief of Americans, that your place is what your talent and luck can make it.\" Cooke first attracted a U.S. following as host of \"Omnibus,\" a pioneering commercial television program about the arts and culture. The show aired from 1952 to 1961 -- first on CBS and later on ABC. He proved to be a thoughtful observer with a rare appreciation for both British and American culture. Masterpiece Theatre Masterpiece Theatre and the Politics of Quality by Laurence A. Jarvik This book is published by Scarecrow Press . It details the origins of the drama series which has become a pillar of the PBS schedule. Here is a London Times article about MASTERPIECE THEATRE AND THE POLITICS OF QUALITY. The catalog description: Masterpiece Theatre, the popular British-made series that enjoyed a long and successful run on public television, is regarded by many as the standard against which all \"quality\" programs should be measured.",
"In this study, Laurence Jarvik provides insight into the many forces that shaped the series: its sponsor ( Mobil Corporation ), its American broadcast affiliate (television station WGBH in Boston), the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) , its host (Alistair Cooke) , and the Nixon Administration. In the process of providing us with detailed \"inside\" information about this particular television series, Jarvik sheds light on the many political and social issues involved in public television and in broadcast media in general. How much influence do American government and business have over the media in this and other countries? How does this affect the content and quality of the programs that we see? Meticulously researched and brimming with references to related resources on the politics of media. Author's comment: This is the real behind-the-scenes story of how Masterpiece Theatre and Mystery! were born -- and continue to provide quality programs on PBS (made possible by a grant from Mobil Corporation...). There's plenty of intrigue and the backstage saga is as interesting as anything on Upstairs, Downstairs or I, Claudius, involving everyone from Richard Nixon to Diana Rigg and Alistair Cooke. You will not find this information anywhere else.",
"The book makes a good companion to keep by the TV while watching the programs, and includes a full index, footnotes, and bibliography. It makes an excellent addition to any local, school, or university library collection. Pefect for fans of British drama, too! Author photo by Bill Petros for the Northwest Current (Washington, DC). \"A fascinating narrative and analysis of Masterpiece Theatre's birth. Jarvik's book exposes the commercial and political motives of all the interested players and makes it no longer possible to think of the series only as a pleasant weekly visit to Edwardian England.\" SUNDAY, MAY 9, 1999, The New York Times Arts and Leisure Section TELEVISION 'Masterpiece Theater': An Oasis of Literate TV or Snobbish Escapism? By DAVID FINKLE The very words \"Masterpiece Theater\" have increasingly been used as a pejorative by those who think of the show, on the air since 1971, as simply escapism for Anglophiliacs... [more] EARLIER ARTICLE THE LOVE THAT DARE NOT SPEAK ITS NAME by Laurence Jarvik MASTERPIECE THEATRE is \"boring.\" I love it.",
"But in certain American circles it is a love that dare not speak its name... [more] Table of Contents Preface: Russell Baker and Masterpiece Theatre While Russell Baker is no Alistair Cooke, he plays an important role in setting the tone for the series. You can find his New York Times columns by clicking here. 1. Introduction Masterpiece Theatre is the longest running prime-time anthology drama series in the history of American Television. It has won more Emmy awards than any other program. It has influenced network television by inspiring the mini-series, and been mined by cable companies for programming. Yet the series is far more complicated than it appears on the surface. Although it seems to be British, it is a purely American phenomenon, more closely tied to the sponsor-supplied fare of the 1950's than to anything found across the Atlantic. A close look reveals the interplay of politicial, financial, diplomatic, cultural, and personal forces in the development of this series during the crucible of the Nixon years and bears the imprint of that time. You can find out more about the period at the Nixon Library in Yorba Linda, California. 2.",
"WGBH and Masterpiece Theatre WGBH president Stanford Calderwood originated Masterpiece Theatre with a trip to England in 1970. Shortly after setting up the series and laying the groundwork for Mystery! and Nova he was forced to leave his job. Today he heads Trinity Investments in Boston where he manages over $8 billion for his clients. You can find him right now and thank him for his bright idea by clicking here. Calderwood's legacy remains in the voice of his hire -- original line producer Christopher Sarson, who still gives the on-air credit to Mobil (he left the program because of his opposition to inclusion of Upstairs, Downstairs ). 3. Alistair Cooke and Masterpiece Theatre Perhaps no one can be said to embody the essence of Masterpiece Theatre more that Alfred Alistair Cooke, the urbane and unflappable host who presided over the program from its inception until the end of the 1992 television season.",
"Earlier, he had served as master of ceremonies for Omnibus, the cultural program which came to define uplift for the 1950's (the anthology program ran Sunday afternoons from 1952-1960 on all three networks garnering ratings as high as 17 million, far more than Masterpiece Theatre enjoys today). Cooke became an American citizen in 1941, and still broadcasts his weekly BBC report \"Letter from America\" which you can hear (and read) on the World Wide Web. He turned 90 in 1999. 4. PBS and Masterpiece Theatre The series is clearly the \"jewel in the crown\" of the PBS schedule. Masterpiece Theatre sets a benchmark for quality drama and is an anchor for the weekly schedule. Yet, it is a program which has endured misunderstanding and hassles from the network bureaucracy in Washington. You can go to the PBS website by clicking here. 5. British Television and Masterpiece Theatre Of course, British Drama is and was the franchise for Masterpiece Theatre, and the series has presented a view of England which has changed over the years -- from one of stately homes to one of council flats and violent gangs.",
"Yet in an important sense the escapist role of the program has remained the same. It is a weekly visit to England (or bi-weekly, if one also watches Mystery!), a televisual form of tourism in which one can forget the mundane hassles of everyday life and luxuriate in worlds either long-ago, or far-away, or both. Masterpiece Theatre has indeed presented Masterpieces of British television including Upstairs, Downstairs, The Jewel in the Crown, I, Claudius, Flame Trees of Thika, and House of Cards. It endures as a televisual club -- with a membership open to all viewers -- spreading the gospel of the English way of life. To reach British television companies on the Web, a good set of links designed for expatriates is at HomeAndAway.com. 6. Mobil Masterpiece Theatre Perhaps no one had more influence on the development of Masterpiece Theatre than Mobil public relations executive Herb Schmertz and his team of show business veterans, which included Xerox advisor Frank Marshall and press agents Frank and Arlene Goodman. You can get a copy of his memoirs Goodbye to the Low Profile from Amazon.com. 7.",
"Masterpiece Theatre and the Nixon Administration President Nixon was a man who left a lasting imprint on PBS. The Watergate Hearings were broadcast day and night on the publicly supported network. But equally important, Nixon's success in driving the Ford Foundation out of PBS programming (Watergate was their last Hurrah) left the field open for commercial sponsors of quality drama. Among them was the Mobil Corporation, and in Masterpiece Theatre they replaced confrontational agitprop from Ford (Day of Absence, about a world in which black workers had vanished) with period costume drama from England. Indeed Masterpiece Theatre went into the Sunday night slot PBS had given Public Broadcasting Laboratory, the Ford Foundation project devised by Fred Friendly, literally replacing Ford with Mobil. In its Churchillian tone, and its reflection of a 1950's style high-class anthology program with echoes of Omnibus (paradoxically sponsored before Ford embraced the 60's)though the choice of Alistair Cooke, Masterpiece Theatre is a reminder of the taste and sensibility of Richard Nixon, who idolized Winston Churchill. It remains a televisual legacy of his presidency to this day. You can reach the Nixon library to find out more about the former President by clicking above.",
"Bibliography Index About the Author Laurence A. Jarvik wrote PBS: Behind the Screen (Prima, 1997) and edited Public Broadcasting and the Public Trust (Second Thoughts Books, 1995) and The National Endowments: A Critical Symposium (Second Thoughts Books, 1995). He received his Ph.D. and Master of Fine Arts in Film and Television from UCLA's School of Film and TV and taught at UCLA and California State University, Los Angeles. He produced and directed the feature documentary film WHO SHALL LIVE AND WHO SHALL DIE (distributed by Kino International) which was broadcast on PBS stations and shown in international festivals. He has testified before Congress about PBS and cultural policy, and appeared on C-Span's Washington Journal, CNN Crossfire, ABC Nightline, and the CBS Evening News, among other programs. His articles have appeared in scholarly and popular publications including The New York Times, The Boston Globe, The Los Angeles Times, American Film, Montage, and American Cinematographer. Visit the Literary Calendar web site I spoke about Masterpiece Theatre at January 19th, 1999 at the Martin Luther King, Jr. branch of the DC Public Library.",
"The event was a great success, the audience lively and informed, about 30 people of all ages, races, and creeds, and I sold TWO books! I spoke again about Masterpiece Theatre at the Williams Club on April 28th, 1999 in New York City. A good time was had by all, with delicious tidbits to nibble on and an open bar followed by an interesting discussion of favorite episodes. Another success, where I sold THREE books! The Master Of 'Masterpiece' - latimes The Master Of 'Masterpiece' January 08, 1986 |HOWARD ROSENBERG SAN FRANCISCO — The elegant Huntington Hotel sits atop the city's famous Nob Hill. You expected Alistair Cooke to stay at Motel 6? The Huntington is where you envision half the male guests being named Alistair, the other half Trevor or Nigel. Mary, who has operated the hotel elevator for 35 years, told me en route to Cooke's tasteful top-floor suite that he and his wife have been staying there for years when in town from New York.",
"Feigning anger, Mary grumbled that she once had asked Cooke for a copy of \"The Americans,\" a collection of his weekly radio talks for the British Broadcasting Corp. \"He told me to buy it at a bookstore.\" \"Oh, yes, Mary ,\" Cooke responded a bit later. \"She's famous for her stories, some of which are true.\" Slightly stooped at 77, Cooke looks more like an earl than a career journalist and host of a TV series--\"Masterpiece Theatre\" on PBS--that is celebrating its 15th year on the air this week. He curled into a blue wingback chair and crossed his legs, as if this were \"Masterpiece Theatre.\" I sat in a wingback chair opposite him. He wore his customary button-down shirt, tie and V-neck pullover beneath a tweed jacket. Believing one should look like Alistair Cooke when interviewing Alistair Cooke, I also wore a button-down shirt, tie and V-neck pullover beneath a tweed jacket. Two hours later, at the conclusion of our interview, Cooke would hurriedly change clothes to visit a friend in the hospital.",
"Off came the jacket, pullover and tie as he headed toward the bedroom, shortly to emerge wearing only a shirt and corduroys. Just as I had dressed as TV's Alistair Cooke for him, it seemed he had dressed as TV's Alistair Cooke for me. Now that our business was ended, only I was dressed as Cooke. Earlier, though, we had sat there, tweed to tweed, penny loafer to penny loafer, as Cooke chain-smoked Vantage cigarettes and spoke animatedly. He was charming and unpretentious. I asked him what it was like to be revered. \"I find it impossible to believe that I'm anybody but me,\" said Cooke, who was chief American correspondent for the Manchester Guardian (now the Guardian) for 24 years. \"My whole life was lived as a reporter, so I still feel a little phony being interviewed. I've done so much of it myself, from hobos to gangsters and tattoo artists. The only fun about this recognition business is the variation of human reactions.\" Cooke recalled speaking to a convention of librarians in Las Vegas a few years ago.",
"\"There were about 2,000 slot machines in the hotel, and I thought, 'Well, thank God, this is one place where people are too busy 24 hours a day even to watch television.' \" He was wrong. A burly casino guard mistook him for Lord Kenneth Clark. \"He said, 'Civilisation,' and I said, 'Right on!' \" Cooke is such a recognizable institution that it seems unlikely he'd be mistaken for anyone else. His visibility--and credibility--are such that he's frequently offered glittering sums to make commercials, but rejects them with a brief form letter: \"Mr. Cooke does not do commercials.\" Period. No Big Mac endorsements in his future? Why so sniffy? \"A man known for his ideas or opinions has absolutely no right to make commercials,\" Cooke said. \"It's a form of whoredom, even though the money is grotesque.\" Cooke said his secretary was appalled that John Houseman would make commercials for Smith Barney. \"She said a truly distinguished actor would never do that.",
"Then I told her about John Gielgud making Paul Masson commercials.\" When Cooke says \"we,\" he refers to Americans, not the British, although he considers himself an Englishman abroad who just happens to be a United States citizen. It surprises people that the British-born-and-bred Cooke has been a U.S. citizen since 1941. Although a resident for 52 years, he has never bothered to learn the language and seems about as stereotypically American as kidney pie. For 40 years, though, he has shared his perceptive views of the United States on his weekly BBC radio program \"A Letter From America.\" Cooke's U.S. fame evolved during his nine seasons of hosting the erudite \"Omnibus\" in the 1950s. He was shooting his \"America\" documentary series in 1970 when he agreed to host a new series that was to be produced by WGBH-TV in Boston and draw upon the best of British TV. It was called \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" and the rest is delicious history.",
"Cooke's literate, informative and chatty intros and closes quickly became the signature of \"Masterpiece Theatre,\" filling in the gaps for Americans unfamiliar with the literature or history upon which the British dramas were based. The videotapes come to him in New York from London. After boning up on background, he writes and memorizes his program notes and then tapes them (a 12-part series usually takes him two days) at WGBH. He wears no makeup and uses no crib sheets or TelePrompTer. \"Masterpiece Classic\" (1971) - News NEWS trailers and videos full cast and crew trivia official sites memorable quotes Overview 31 March 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » LONDON -- Former BBC broadcaster Alistair Cooke , who was famous in the United States as host of Omnibus in the 1950s and Masterpiece Theatre in the 1970s and '80s, died Tuesday at his New York home. He was 95. No cause of death was given.",
"The Britain-born American citizen broadcast a 15-minute weekly news commentary, Letter From America, on BBC Radio for 58 years, recording his last one this month (HR 3/3). The show, which began in 1946, had more than 2,500 editions, making it the longest-running radio program in the world. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, ' \" Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC at the time. \"I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty and goodbye.\" » 30 March 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » LONDON -- Veteran BBC broadcaster Alistair Cooke , who was famous in the United States as host of Omnibus in the '50s and Masterpiece Theater in the '70s and '80s, died at his New York home Tuesday. He was 95.",
"The British-born American citizen broadcast a 15-minute news commentary, Letter From America on BBC Radio for 58 years, recording his last one earlier this month (HR 03/03). The show, which began in 1946, had more than 2,500 editions, making it the longest-running radio program in the world. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '\" Cooke said in a statement released at the time by the BBC. \"I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye.\" Tributes to Cooke, whose distinctive voice and broadcasting style bridged American and British society since his arrival in Manhattan in 1937, flowed in Tuesday after the BBC announced his death. \"He was really one of the greatest broadcasters of all time,\" said British Prime Minister Tony Blair . \"I was a big fan. I thought they were extraordinary essays. They brought an enormous amount of insight and understanding to the world.",
"We shall feel his loss very keenly indeed.\" » 2 March 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » LONDON -- The longest-running radio program in the world came to an end Tuesday when Alistair Cooke , 95, announced his retirement from BBC Radio 4's 58-year-old Letter from America on doctor's orders. \"I can no longer continue my 'Letter From America, '\" Cooke said in a statement released by the BBC. \"Throughout 58 years, I have had much enjoyment in doing these talks and hope that some of it has passed over to the listeners, to all of whom I now say thank you for your loyalty, and goodbye.\" Transplanted Englishman Cooke, who typed his weekly Letter from a Manhattan apartment overlooking Central Park since 1946, became famous in America as the host of Masterpiece Theatre on PBS from 1971-1992, introducing British dramatic series with his distinctive voice.",
"» 11 January 2004 | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » PBS has yet to find a new corporate sponsor to support Masterpiece Theater after longtime underwriter Exxon Mobil Corp. bows out at end of the current season, PBS president Pat Mitchell said Saturday during PBS' TCA session. PBS needs an estimated $7 million in corporate funding to support its veteran franchise. Mitchell vowed that Masterpiece would continue for the next two seasons with PBS' support even without a corporate partner. Separately, PBS announced the start of production today in New York on a new entry, PBS Hollywood Presents , a series to star Richard Dreyfuss as a veteran cop working Manhattan's Upper West Side. The production, which also features Rita Moreno , Blair Brown and Rosie Perez , will be shot live in real-time in two 45-minute segments to simulate a live telecast, PBS officials said.",
"» 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2004 4 items from 2004 IMDb.com, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the above news articles, Tweets, or blog posts. This content is published for the entertainment of our users only. The news articles, Tweets, and blog posts do not represent IMDb's opinions nor can we guarantee that the reporting therein is completely factual. Please visit the source responsible for the item in question to report any concerns you may have regarding content or accuracy."
] |
What is the distance between bases on a little league baseball field?
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60 feet
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[
"60 distance",
"60 feet",
"sixty distance"
] | 9,466
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[
"Field Specifications Field Specifications Print The responsibility for the upkeep of the fields at a local Little League program belongs to the local league board of directors. In many areas, the local league has an agreement with a municipality to maintain the fields. Generally, the distance between base paths on fields for 12-year-olds and below in baseball and in all divisions of softball is 60 feet. A local Little League board of directors may opt to use a 50-foot diamond in the Tee Ball divisions. The distance in all divisions of baseball for 13-year-olds, is up to 90 feet, with a local league option to shorten the distance to 75 feet for Junior League Baseball and 70 feet for Intermediate (50/70) Baseball Division for regular season play. The pitching distance for divisions of baseball for the Major Division and below is 46 feet. Pitching distance for divisions of baseball for Junior and Senior League Divisions is 60 feet, 6 inches, with a local league option to shorten the distance to 54 feet for Junior League Baseball and 50 feet for Intermediate (50/70) Baseball Division for regular season play.",
"The pitching distance for the different divisions of softball are as follows: Minor League: 35 feet; Little League (Majors): 40 feet; Junior and Senior League: 43 feet. Distance from the back of home plate to the outfield fence is a local league option, but the following distances are recommended: baseball, Major Division and below, 200 feet; Intermediate (50/70) Baseball is 200 feet and Junior and Senior League Divisions, is 300 feet. See playing rules for tournament distances. For girls softball, all divisions, 200 feet. All dugouts must be protected by a fence or screen. Lights, if used, must meet the minimum standards required by Little League. Standards are published in the Operating Manual. Selection of fields for Tournament Play is solely the responsibility of the District Administrator(s) for levels below regional. Contact your regional headquarters if you have further questions. Quick Links Baseball Field Dimensions for Little League, Softball, Youth Leagues Second (base) Third (base) These three bases are square white bags that are secured to the ground. They are safe havens for offensive players trying to make the difficult journey from home and back to home.",
"The distance between bases is 60 feet in most softball leagues and for Little League baseball. By the time players reach high school, they find the same field dimensions as Major Leaguers: 90 feet between bases. Diagram 1: The Major League baseball field 2. The rubber (officially, the \"pitcher's plate\") It's on top of a mound of dirt almost in the middle of the diamond, i.e., the area outlined by the four bases. The pitcher has to have one foot touching the rubber when he delivers the ball to his opponent, the batter . In Little League baseball, the distance from the rubber to home plate is 46 feet. For high school, college, youth and professional leagues, the dimension is 60 feet, 6 inches. In softball, it ranges from 35 to 53 feet, depending on the league. 3. Two straight white lines (the foul lines) They extend from the outside edges of home plate, touching the outside edges of, respectively, first and third bases. Each line continues a lot farther, until it finally hits the wall that encloses the entire field. A tall pole marks the spot where each one meets the wall.",
"Major League Baseball rules don't dictate the wall's dimensions or shape, so each baseball park has unique characteristics. As long as both lines are longer than a certain minimum, they can be—and usually are—of different lengths.The distance from each pole to home plate must be at least 325 feet. At the halfway point between the poles, the fence or wall must be at least 400 feet from home. These two rules apply only to fields built after 1957--some older ones are smaller. The lines and the poles divide the field into fair and foul territories, which is of the utmost importance, because they have a lot to say about whether a baseball that is hit becomes a fair ball (maybe good for the offense) or a foul ball (almost never good for the offense). The following pages, using these dimensions and markings as a starting point, describe fair and foul territories and balls. By Steven Ellis , former pro pitcher ATTENTION PITCHERS: One of the big misconceptions in baseball is that playing the game keeps you in shape to pitch. I wish that was true. It's not. To get to the next level, preparation matters. Big league pitchers spend far more time preparing to pitch than actually pitching.",
"If you believe adding velocity could be critical to your success, check out my proven programs for pitchers of all ages . Looking for information on what little league baseball pitching distance is? It's always a good idea to double check with your little league baseball coach or call the league office to make sure you're practicing and pitching from the right baseball pitching distance, but the official little league baseball pitching distance between the point of home plate and the front (near) side of the pitcher's rubber is 46 feet. That's about 14 feet, 6 inches shorter than standard baseball pitching distance on a regulation field; standard pitching distance is 60 feet, 6 inches. Additionally, the pitcher's mound is raised by a gradual slope to an elevation of 6 inches above the level of home plate and the base paths. The little league baseball pitcher's rubber is 4 inches wide by 18 inches long.",
"Here are some additional pitching distances: Little League pitching distance - 46 feet Pony League pitching distance - 54 feet Babe Ruth league pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches High school pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches College pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches Professional pitching distance - 60 feet, 6 inches Get my pitching velocity program One of the big misconceptions in baseball is that playing the game keeps you in shape to pitch. I wish that was true. It's not. To get to the next level, preparation matters. Big league pitchers spend far more time preparing to pitch than actually pitching. Baseball Field Dimensions Better Fields Make Better Players Baseball Field Dimensions on June 13, 2008 Baseball Field Dimensions, Diagrams, Layouts, Measurements Here is a resource of Baseball & Softball Field dimensions for you to download. Click on the link below to download .pdf. High resolution printing for planning purposes. All files about 150 kb. Use our Free Quote form to start the free consultation process.",
"Baseball and Softball backstop diagrams and measurements (pdf 208 kb) Mapping It Out: A Baseball Field’s Dimensions Is it the Babe Ruths, the raging competition or the beautiful weather that brings you to the field every spring? All three deserve some credit. But, there wouldn’t be a game to watch without a playing field. Sometimes the hard work and behind the scenes makeup gets overlooked. In 1845, Alexander Cartwright and Daniel Adams, the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club leaders, devised the first set of rules for the game that has had fans everywhere buying “peanuts and crackerjacks” and rooting. Today, the field dimensions may have changed a little, but the field they play on is still a diamond. Think, before the possibility of homeruns exists; the field must be created using specific dimensions. However, professional baseball fields are built using a different set of dimensions than the little leagues. Professional Field Dimensions High school, college and professional teams use the professional field dimensions for everything from the pitchers mound to the catchers box.",
"Although the outfield varies in size, the infield measurements are the identical: Free Download of high school, college baseball field dimensions The Baseball Diamond Here you can find the infield baseball dimensions for regulation baseball and description of outfield. Outfields are not uniform throughout. • Infield is a 90-foot square • Outfield is the space between the two foul poles/lines Home Plate The dimensions and the regulations are given for distances between home and the bases, and the foul lines in the outfield. • A 17 x 17 inch plate that sets at the center of a 26-foot diameter, making up the home plate area. ( ) From here, players must cover a 90-foot sprint to reach each consecutive base. • Starting from home plate, foul lines must extend at least 325 feet to where a pole marker stands. These poles can be set farther, but the minimum must be met. At the pole’s halfway point, the wall or fence must be 400 feet from home plate (official rules.org). Bases Here you can find the regulation distance between bases and their size. • 90 feet apart There is a set size of the box and specified distance from home plate.",
"• 4ft x 6ft • 6 inches from home plate Umpire Box The professional dimensions of the umpire box. • 43 inches by 8 feet Pitcher’s Mound Regulation pitcher mound dimensions and location is described. • First of all, a pitcher’s mound, which is a 24 -by-6 inch pitching rubber, lies at the center of every baseball diamond. This mound, which has a diameter of 18 feet, must be 10-and-a-half inches above the height of home plate. Home plate is 60 feet, 6 inches away. The Babe Ruth League (named after the famous player himself) for ages ranging from 13 to 18. And its Cal Ripken division is specifically for players in the 4-12-year-old category.",
"The 16-18-year-old division plays on regulation fields, but Babe Ruth breaks down into several other teams formed in the Babe Ruth League: • Bambino Buddy (5-20) For physically or mentally challenged • Cal Ripken (4-12) Major 70, Major 60, Minor, Rookie (7-8 year olds) and T-ball • Babe Ruth (13-15) Baseball Field Layout and Construction Support Baseball Field Layout and Construction The following page answers many questions about baseball field layouts including field dimensions, contstruction tips, and materials necessary for building a baseball field. \"The ball field itself is a mystic creation, the Stonehenge of America.\" - Roger Kahn in A Season in the Sun (1997) Baseball Field Layout and Construction (1) by Grady L. Miller (2) Copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) Properly laid out and constructed baseball fields are paramount to the game. Whether you are a parks and recreation type, work for a local school system, or just want your own regulation backyard baseball field, knowing a few basics is necessary before you can build your own field.",
"The following instructions are designed to help set up a field from a relatively level, open area of ground. In addition to the field set-up requirements, keep in mind that to have a quality turfgrass playing surface, sports fields must have the following: 1. adequate water drainage 2. properly designed, installed and maintained irrigation systems 3. a sound maintenance program to address turf and clay conditions 4. the necessary field equipment (bases, pitching rubber) and surrounding structures such as fences. Baseball and softball are the only major sports that are played on fields that have both turf and exposed soil for a playing surface. Since about 66% of the game is played on the infield, \"skinned\" areas should receive as much attention as the turf areas. The concept of clay management is similar to turf management in that it is difficult to write a maintenance program for all infield skinned areas due to diversity among infield soils. One thing that does not change though, is the basic layout. Figure 1. Baseball Infield Dimensions ( click here for a full size image of Figure 1. ) The following list is a basic 13-step program for laying out a baseball field (Figure 1).",
"If you can follow these basic 13 steps, you can build your own field of dreams. In addition to the steps, a few tips and suggestions were also included. A few basic tools such as shovels, rakes, a couple of measuring tapes, a small sledge hammer, a tamp or roller as well as some supplies such as stakes, string, paint (inverted aerosol spray cans), pitching rubber, bases, and home plate are needed to complete this project. Power tools and some extra hands will make the project go much faster. Basic Baseball Field Layout 1. Start with a flat, open area. If some elevation is on-site, it should be in the infield area. Ideally, the open area has a good, dense stand of turf or with a little help one can be rejuvenated. If that is not the case, plan a turf management program to coincide with the construction of your ball field. It is helpful to mark out the components of an infield with paint as outlined below to visualize the field before you actually start removing turf. 2. Placement of home plate determines layout of the field. Be sure to plan for some type of backstop to contain stray pitches and to protect fans from tipped balls.",
"If it is truly a backyard field and fans behind the batters box are not likely, planting shrubs about 60 feet (minimum required for high school and college fields) behind home plate may prevent errant balls from rolling too far away from the field. 3. Using the apex of home plate (back corner), cut out turf in a 13-foot radius. 4. The next step is to locate second base. Measure from the back tip of home plate to a distance of 127 feet and 3 3/8 inches (see Table 2 for distance between bases for other leagues). Mark with a wooden stake. When installing base pads, this will be the center of second base. 5. With the tape measure still in place, it is easiest to go ahead and mark the location of the pitching rubber at this time. The placement can be marked by measuring from the back tip of home plate along a string stretched to second base. The pitching rubber should be at 60 feet 6 inches. 6. The easiest way to find first and third base is to use two tape measures. Stretch one tape from second base stake toward the first base line and the second tape from the back tip of home plate toward first base area.",
"The point where the two tapes cross at the 90-foot mark is the back corner of the bases. Repeat this step to find third base. A baseball diamond is actually a 90-foot square. 7. First and third base fit within the square, but second base is measured to the center of the bag. Improperly placed second base is one of the most common mistakes made when setting up a baseball field. 8. To make a \"slide area\" around the bases, cut out turf around bases by measuring a 13-foot radius within the 90-foot square. You can leave the base paths grassed if you like, or you can turn them into skinned base paths. 9. Next, turn your attention to the pitcher's mound. The diameter of a pitcher's mound clay is 18 feet, with 10 feet from the front of the rubber, toward home plate and 8 feet from the back of the rubber. 10. The top of the mound consists of a plateau that is 5 feet wide. 11. A regulation pitcher's mound is 10 � inches high (compared to surface level of home plate).",
"Miscalculation of the pitcher's mound height is probably the second most common error in setting up a baseball field. A transit or field level is best for setting the height, but in a pinch, other methods my also work. I once saw a guy peering through a cheap scope clamped to a carpenter's level on a makeshift tripod. Another option is to use your stakes with taut string and a ruler. A standard pitcher's rubber is 24 inches by 6 inches. 12. Building a pitcher's mound is as much an art as it is a science. Build the mound from ground up, 1 inch at a time keeping in mind the mound's slope (see next step). As you add each layer, tamp or roll the soil. 13. Beginning 12 inches in front of the pitcher's rubber and measuring toward home plate, for every one foot of distance the slope will fall one inch (until the slope meets ground level). Figure 2. Batting Area Detail ( click here for a full size image of Figure 3.",
") The mix used to build the pitcher's landing area (and often the batter's box and catcher's box) should have a significant concentration of clay to provide the necessary stability to resist degradation from increased traffic. A good material will be about 40% sand, 20% silt, and 40% clay. If necessary, you can mix individual components together. Just be sure that individual components are evenly distributed throughout the material. A quality infield material will have a lower concentration of clay than the pitcher's mound. The infield skin should be moist and firm, not hard and baked dry. To achieve firmness, an infield mix should not be too sandy. An infield mix with greater than 75% sand causes unstable footing for ballplayers and increases infield skin maintenance problems. A sandy infield will create low spots more quickly and is more likely to create lips at the infield skin/turf interface. Ideally, the infield mix should be between 50% and 75% sand and 25% to 50% clay and silt.",
"A combination that has been successfully used is a 60% sand, 20% silt, 20% clay base mix (sandy clay loam to sandy loam). The silt and clay give the mix firmness. If the mix contains too much silt and clay, compaction and hardness become a problem. Well, now you have your field of dreams. If you have some big hitters, you may want to erect your outfield fence. This distance varies with the level of play. Confer with League Officials for data listed and recommended placement of outfield fences. Refer to Table 2 for a summary of base, pitching rubber, and outfield wall distances. Tables Table 1. Suggested Tool and Supplies for Building a Baseball Field Tool and Supply List 3 Ways to Set up a Baseball Diamond - wikiHow Setting Up a Regulation Diamond for Adults 1 Choose an ideal area for your baseball field. Pick a spot that’s level and free of obstructions. If any part of the ground rises slightly above the rest, plan to make this your infield. If possible, select an area where strong, dense grass already grows for proper turf.",
"[1] Although the infield’s measurements are standardized, the size and shape of the outfield may vary from field to field. To have a total distance of 400 feet from home plate to the backend of outfield, you will need an open field of roughly 195,000 square feet. [2] If you’re constructing a baseball field for official play (as opposed to one for neighborhood pickup games) and no ideal patches of turf are available, choose one where the grass can be easily nurtured back to health. If no such area exists, hire a professional landscapist to plant adequate turf. To maintain quality, install both an irrigation and drainage system if your field is for official play. 2 Set up home plate. Determine where “home” will be. Position your plate. Face the flat portion of the plate toward the field so that the back corner points away from it. For official play, plan to remove the grass surrounding home plate. Once you’ve positioned your plate, measure a 13-foot circle encompassing it, with the back corner of the plate as its center. Use spray-paint to trace the circle of turf to be removed later. [3] 3 Determine the location of second base.",
"Begin your measurement from the back corner of home plate. From there, extend your tape measure straight forward from home plate into the infield. Measure a distance of a 127 feet and 3 3/8 inches (38.795 meters). Mark this measurement with a stake in the ground. [4] If you’re only setting up a diamond for a friendly neighborhood game, go ahead and place your second base down now, with the mark from your stake as its center. 4 Find your pitcher’s mound. After you’ve marked second base, keep your tape measure fully extended. Slowly retract your tape measure until you’re 60 feet and 6 inches away from home plate. Stake the ground here to mark where the front of your pitcher’s rubber will be. [5] For a temporary field, go ahead and place your pitcher’s rubber now, with the front of the rubber centered at the mark you’ve just made in the ground. Position the rubber so that it’s parallel to the front of home plate. For a permanent field to be used for official play, plan to create a pitcher’s mound.",
"Once you’ve marked where the front of the rubber will be, continue to slowly retract the tape measure toward home plate by another 18 inches. Stake the ground here to mark the center of your mound. With this mark as your center, measure an 18-foot circle surrounding it. Use spray-paint to trace the area for later turf-removal and/or added soil to elevate the mound. [6] 5 Locate first and third base. To find each base, use two tape measures. Begin one measurement from the back tip of home plate. Start the other from the center of second base. Extend each tape measure in the direction of either first or third base until they both read 90 feet. Stake the ground where the two tape measures meet. [7] . To set up a diamond right away for immediate play, set the bases down now with the back corners of each (the ones pointing away from the infield) positioned at the marks you’ve just made in the ground. For a professional field, use spray-paint to trace all of the baselines from stake to stake for turf-removal.",
"Also measure and trace a 13-foot radius around each base within the square created by the baselines for the players’ slide areas. Method Setting Up a Diamond for Little League 1 Choose an ideal area for your baseball field. Pick a spot that’s level and free of obstructions. If any part of the ground rises slightly above the rest, plan to make this your infield. If possible, select an area where strong, dense grass already grows for proper turf. [8] Although the infield’s measurements are standardized, the size and shape of the outfield may vary from field to field. To have a total distance of 200 feet from home plate to the backend of outfield, you will need an open field of roughly 60,000 square feet. [9] If you’re constructing a baseball field for official play (as opposed to one for neighborhood pickup games) and no ideal patches of turf are available, choose one where the grass can be easily nurtured back to health. If no such area exists, hire a professional landscapist to plant adequate turf. To maintain quality, install both an irrigation and drainage system if your field is for official play. 2 Set up home plate. Determine where “home” will be.",
"Position your plate. Face the flat portion of the plate toward the field so that the back corner points away from it. For official play, plan to remove the grass surrounding home plate. Once you’ve positioned your plate, measure a 9-foot circle encompassing it, with the back corner of the plate as its center. Use spray-paint to trace the circle of turf to be removed later. [10] 3 Determine the location of second base. Begin your measurement from the back corner of home plate. From there, extend your tape measure straight forward from home plate into the infield. Measure a distance of a 84 feet and 10 1/4 inches. Mark this measurement with a stake in the ground. [11] If you’re only setting up a diamond for a friendly neighborhood game, go ahead and place your second base down now, with the mark from your stake as its center. 4 Find your pitcher’s mound. After you’ve marked second base, keep your tape measure fully extended. Slowly retract your tape measure until you’re 46 feet away from home plate. Stake the ground here to mark where the front of your pitcher’s rubber will be.",
"[12] For a temporary field, go ahead and place your pitcher’s rubber now, with the front of the rubber centered at the mark you’ve just made in the ground. Position the rubber so that it’s parallel to the front of home plate. For a permanent field to be used for official play, plan to create a pitcher’s mound. Once you’ve marked where the front of the rubber will be, continue to slowly retract the tape measure toward home plate by another 10 inches. Stake the ground here to mark the center of your mound. With this mark as your center, measure an 10-foot circle surrounding it. Use spray-paint to trace the area for later turf-removal and/or added soil to elevate the mound. [13] 5 Locate first and third base. To find each base, use two tape measures. Begin one measurement from the back tip of home plate. Start the other from the center of second base. Extend each tape measure in the direction of either first or third base until they both read 60 feet. Stake the ground where the two tape measures meet.",
"[14] To set up a diamond right away for immediate play, set the bases down now with the back corners of each (the ones pointing away from the infield) positioned at the marks you’ve just made in the ground. For a professional field, use spray-paint to trace all of the baselines from stake to stake for turf-removal. Also measure and trace a 9-foot radius around each base within the square created by the baselines for the players’ slide areas. Method Finishing Your Diamond 1 Soil the baselines. Use a sod cutter to remove the marked turf. Slice the turf into strips along each baseline, [15] creating a bare path of earth that is 3 feet wide. Roll the strips up and remove them from the area. Replace the turf with a mix of sand, clay, and silt. [16] Use a mix that’s 50-75% sand and 25-50% clay and silt. A mix that’s too sandy will be unstable underfoot, while a mix with too much clay and silt will be too hard and compact. 2 Anchor your bases.",
"For each base, dig a 2’ x 2’ hole, 8.5” deep, where the base will be. Level the bottom and then set your anchor inside. Before burying the anchor, attach the base to the anchor's post. Double-check the anchor's placement by remeasuring the base’s distance from the back tip of home plate. Reposition the anchor if necessary. Then fill the hole back in with soil. [17] Compact the soil at the bottom of your hole to make sure your anchor doesn’t settle any farther down over time. Make sure the bottom is level so that the base will be, too. Also make sure that the soil you shovel back into the hole is compact by adding only small amounts at a time and packing that in before shoveling in more. Remember that for second base, you’re measuring from the back tip of home plate to the center of second base. For first and third bases, you’re measuring from the back tip of home plate to the foul-side corner of each base. The top of your anchor post should be roughly a half-inch below the top of your hole.",
"Lay a 2x4 over the hole and measure the distance between its bottom and the top of the post to double-check the distance before burying the anchor. 3 Create a pitcher’s mound. Remove the marked turf within your pitcher’s mound. Replace the turf with a mix of sand, clay, and silt. For adults, build your mound until the center rises 10 1/2 inches higher than home plate. For Little League, make your mound 6 inches at its highest. [18] Then create the “slope” in front of the pitcher’s rubber by removing 1 inch of soil from the mound for every foot in front of the rubber, starting one foot out, until the soil reaches ground level at the edge of the mound. [19] For the pitcher’s mound, use a mix that’s 40% sand, 20% silt, and 40% clay. 4 Anchor your pitcher’s rubber. Dig a 10” x 23” hole, 9.5” deep, where the rubber will be, with the longer side parallel to the front of home plate. Level the bottom, place the anchor inside, and stake it into position.",
"Press soil along the base of each tube in the anchor to prevent concrete from leaking inside. Then fill the area surrounding the anchor with concrete without covering the anchor itself. Once the concrete has dried, withdraw the stakes and plug the anchor’s tubes. Refill the hole with soil. Then unplug the tubes and attach the rubber. [20] When you first place the anchor into the hole, attach the rubber. Double-check the anchor’s placement by measuring the distance between each of the rubber’s front corners with those of home plate to make sure they’re equidistant. Then gently remove the rubber without moving the anchor out of position. Compact the soil at the bottom of your hole to make sure your anchor doesn’t settle any farther down over time. Make sure the bottom is level so that the rubber will be, too. Also make sure that the soil you shovel back into the hole is compact by adding only small amounts at a time and packing that in before shoveling in more. The top of each tube should be 1.5” below the top of the hole. Lay a 2x4 over the hole and measure the distance between its bottom and the tubes’ tops to double-check the distance before pouring concrete.",
"5 Finish the batter’s area. Remove the marked turf within your batter’s area. Replace the turf with a mix of sand, clay, and silt. Then outline your batter’s and catcher’s boxes with chalk. [21] Batter’s boxes (for both left-handed and right-handed players) are 4 feet wide and 6 feet long for adults, while those in Little League are 3 feet wide and 6 feet long. Measure the boxes so their midpoints are even with that of home plate. Allow six inches of free space between each box and home plate. [22] The catcher’s box is 43 inches wide and 8 feet long for adults, and 25 inches wide and 8 feet long for Little League. Measure your box so that it’s center is even with that of home plate. [23] 6 Create two foul lines. For each, begin your measurement from the back corner of home plate. From there, measure a distance of 325 feet along the outside of the square created by the baselines. At that distance, plant a pole marker. Then stretch a lining cord between the back corner of home plate and the pole marker.",
"Chalk directly over the lining cord to create your foul line. [24] Also an install a protective fence that extends 400 feet from home plate behind each foul line to shield spectators. 7 Erect a backstop. Protect spectators behind the batter’s area from missed pitches and stray balls. Install a backstop 60 feet behind home plate for adult players; for Little League, install it 25 feet behind home plate. [25] Failing that, plant hedges instead to catch stray balls. [26] Standard-sized backstops stand 30 to 40 feet high and measure 30 feet wide directly behind home plate, with 40-foot extensions running parallel with the baselines from either end. For a 30-foot height, dig foundation holes 2 feet in diameter and 7.5 feet deep for the supports. For a 40-foot height, make your holes 9.5 feet deep. Once they are placed inside each hole, secure the poles firmly in place by filling the hole with concrete. [27] Community Q&A If this question (or a similar one) is answered twice in this section, please click here to let us know.",
"Tips Dry line marker machines and batter's box chalking frame can be purchased from most baseball supply companies. While a baseball field is often referred to as a diamond, it is actually a square that's 90 feet (27.43 meters) on each side. Since the measurements for 1st and 3rd base consist of finding the back corner of the bag, each base is within the baseball diamond. This differs from 2nd base where the measurement is taken from the center of the base. Warnings Make sure you place the center of 2nd base on the measurement and not the back corner like 1st and 3rd base. Otherwise, the baselines will not measure correctly. PONY League divides its players into seven age-groups, and the dimensions of the diamond vary even further between each age-group. The above techniques will still help you measure your diamond correctly, but you will need to look up the specific dimensions for your age-group. Things You'll Need Baseball Field Dimensions | iSport.com Baseball Field Dimensions Baseball Field Dimensions The baseball diamond is one of the oldest and most complex pieces of geometric symmetry in all of sports.",
"Of course, not every field is constructed exactly the same; Fenway Park has different dimensions than Dodger Stadium, and both differ substantially from most high school fields, public parks, and youth fields. The main reason for this is that there is no designation for the authorized size of an outfield. In the official rules for Major League Baseball, it is stated that the outfield fence should be at least 250 feet from home plate. A distance of 325 feet or more along the foul lines and 400 feet or more to center field has since become mandatory for any new stadiums. As such, professional fields are all a little different. Even more significant is the fact that those rules only apply to MLB; a field designed for youth baseball or even college baseball is likely to have somewhat (or substantially) shorter fences. click to enlarge However, the outfield fences are where the inconsistencies end, because very specific perimeters are in place for infield dimensions. It must be noted, though, that many leagues and organizations around the world use variations of the dimensions and standards listed below for different levels of youth baseball. However, in some instances, fields do not subscribe exactly to these dimensions (usually due to lack of space or resources).",
"Infield dimensions vary depending on location and governing body, but all are designed to retain or closely mimic the proportions of the following official dimensions. Official Major League Field Dimensions (Apply to International Baseball, Minor Leagues, Independent Leagues, College, High School, Babe Ruth, Big/Senior League, and virtually every other level of play for ages 14 and up.) Home Plate Area Home Plate: The plate is a pentagon with one side measuring 17 inches in length (facing the pitcher’s mound), two sides measuring 8.5 inches in length, and two sides measuring 12 inches in length. The two 12-inch sides form a point and face directly away from the pitcher’s rubber. The plate is 17 inches in length from the base to the point. Batter’s Boxes: Both the right-hand and left-hand boxes measure 4 feet in width and 6 feet in length; each box is 6 inches away from home plate, positioned so the midpoints correspond to the midpoint of home plate. Catcher's Box: The catcher’s box measures 8 feet in length from the back of home plate, and 43 inches in width.",
"Pitcher’s Mound Area Pitcher's Rubber: The rubber is a white slab, measuring 24 inches by 6 inches. Pitcher's Mound: The mound can be a dirt and/or clay surface, measuring 18 feet in diameter; it is 10 inches in height at its peak. Bases and Baselines First, second, and third base: The bases are white, measure 15 square inches, and are 3 to 5 inches thick. First base and third base are positioned evenly along the foul lines, entirely in fair territory. Second base lines up squarely with first base and third base, so that the four bases form a perfect 90-foot square. Distance between the bases: 90 feet. Width of each baseline: 3 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 13 feet (radius). Other Dimensions Infield Radius: From the third base foul line to the first base foul line, the back edge of the infield dirt is 95 feet from the pitcher’s rubber at all points.",
"Coach’s Box: The coach’s box is 20 feet in length and 10 feet in width; it’s positioned so the back of the box lines up evenly with the line from second base to third base; the box is 15 feet from the third base foul line. Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 60 feet, 6 inches. Distance across the diamond: 127 feet, 3⅜ inches. Distance from home plate to the backstop: 60 feet. Regulations for Baseballs and Bats The ball: Per the official rules, the baseball “shall be a sphere formed by yarn wound around a small core of cork, rubber or similar material, covered with two strips of white horsehide or cowhide, tightly stitched together.” The ball must weigh between 5 and 5¼ ounces, and its circumference must be between 9 and 9¼ inches. The bat: As stated in the rules, the bat “shall be a smooth, round stick not more than 2¾ inches in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches in length.",
"The bat shall be one piece of solid wood.” These rules have been amended at many levels of baseball to allow the use of aluminum bats. Little League Field Dimensions Batter’s Boxes: 6 feet by 3 feet; positioned 6 inches from home plate. Catcher's Box: 8 feet by 25 inches. Pitcher's Rubber: 18 inches by 6 inches. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 10 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: 6 inches, at its peak. Baselines Distance between the bases: 60 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 9 feet (radius). Other Dimensions Infield Radius: From the third-base foul line to the first-base foul line, the back edge of the infield dirt is 50 feet from the pitcher’s rubber at all points. Coach’s Box: 8 feet by 4 feet; positioned 6 feet from the third-base foul line. Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 46 feet. Distance across the diamond: 84 feet, 10 inches. Little League Bat Regulations Bats may be made from aluminum or other composite non-wood materials.",
"All Little League bats must be labeled with a Bat Performance Factor (BPF) of 1.15 or lower. Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-12. Maximum Bat Length: 33 inches. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2¼ inches. PONY Field Dimensions PONY is a worldwide youth baseball organization that uses specific field sizes for their seven age divisions: Colt/Palomino Field Dimensions (ages 15-19) Distance between the bases: 90 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 13 feet. Infield Radius: 95 feet. Coach’s Box: 20 feet by 10 feet; positioned 15 feet from the third-base foul line. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 18 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: 10 inches. Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 60 feet, 6 inches. Distance across the diamond: 127 feet, 3⅜ inches. Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-3. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2⅜ inches.",
"Pony Field Dimensions (ages 13-14) Distance between the bases: 80 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 12 feet (radius). Infield Radius: 80 feet. Coach’s Box: 16 feet by 8 feet; positioned 12 feet from the third-base foul line. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 15 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: 8 inches. Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 54 feet. Distance across the diamond: 113 feet, 2 inches. Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-8. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2¾ inches. Bronco Field Dimensions (ages 11-12) Distance between the bases: 70 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 11 feet (radius). Infield Radius: 65 feet. Coach’s Box: 12 feet by 6 feet; positioned 6 feet from the third-base foul line. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 12 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: 6 inches.",
"Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 48 feet. Distance across the diamond: 99 feet. Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-12. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2¾ inches. Mustang Field Dimensions (ages 9-10) Distance between the bases: 60 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 9 feet (radius). Infield Radius: 50 feet. Coach’s Box: 8 feet by 4 feet; positioned 6 feet from the third-base foul line. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 9 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: 4 inches. Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 44 feet. Distance across the diamond: 84 feet, 10 inches. Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-12. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2¼ inches. Pinto Field Dimensions (ages 7-8) Distance between the bases: 50 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 9 feet (radius). Infield Radius: 50 feet.",
"Coach’s Box: 8 feet by 4 feet; positioned 6 feet from the third-base foul line. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 9 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: 4 inches. Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: 38 feet. Distance across the diamond: 70 feet, 8 ½ inches. Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-12. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2¼ inches. Shetland Field Dimensions (ages 4-6) Distance between the bases: 50 feet. Distance from each base to the cut-out of the infield grass: 9 feet (radius). Infield Radius: 50 feet. Coach’s Box: 8 feet by 4 feet; positioned 6 feet from the third-base foul line. Pitcher's Mound Diameter: 9 feet. Pitcher’s Mound Height: N/A (coaches pitch or batting tee is used). Distance from home plate to the pitcher’s mound: N/A (coaches pitch or batting tee is used) Distance across the diamond: 70 feet, 8 ½ inches.",
"Maximum Differential between Bat Length (in.) and Weight (oz.): minus-12. Maximum Barrel Diameter: 2¼ inches. Perfectly Imperfect Most players begin playing permanently on the official full-size field around the time they start high school. Prior to that point, there are countless youth organizations in existence all over the world that give young boys and girls the chance to play baseball. In most cases, the regulations for Little League and PONY fields outlined above serve as the model for the field dimensions of other, smaller youth leagues. And ultimately, despite decades of effort to standardize the baseball diamond, no two fields are exactly the same. Share this Guide:"
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When Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it/
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Frosted food
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"Frosted food"
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"A Chilling History of Frozen Food A Chilling History of Frozen Food A Chilling History of Frozen Food Swanson TV Dinner. Courtesy of the Pinnacle Foods Corporation By Mary Bellis Updated April 01, 2016. When we crave fresh fruits and vegetables in the middle of winter, we can thank an American taxidermist for making possible the next best thing. Clarence Birdseye, who invented and commercialized a method for quick-freezing food products in convenient packages and without altering the original taste, was simply seeking a way for his family to have fresh food all year round. The solution came to him while conducting fieldwork in the arctic, where he observed how the Inuit would preserve freshly caught fish and others meats in barrels of sea water that quickly froze due to the frigid climate. The fish were later thawed, cooked and most importantly tasted fresh -- much more so than anything at the fish markets back at home. He surmised that it was this practice of rapid freezing in extremely low temperatures that allowed meat to retain freshness once thawed and served months later. Back in the U.S., commercial foods were typically chilled at a higher temperature and thus took longer to freeze.",
"continue reading below our video Should I Buy my House or Continue to Rent? Compared to conventional techniques, fast freezing causes smaller ice crystals to form, which is less likely to damage the food. So in 1923, with an investment of $7 for an electric fan , buckets of brine, and cakes of ice, Clarence Birdseye developed and later perfected a system of packing fresh food into waxed cardboard boxes and flash-freezing under high pressure. And by 1927, his company General Seafoods was applying the technology to preserve beef, poultry, fruit, and vegetables. Two years later, The Goldman-Sachs Trading Corporation and the Postum Company (later the General Foods Corporation) bought Clarence Birdseye’s patents and trademarks in 1929 for $22 million. The first quick-frozen vegetables, fruits, seafoods, and meat were sold to the public for the first time in 1930 in Springfield, Massachusetts, under the trade name Birds Eye Frosted Foods®. These frozen products were initially only available at 18 stores as a way to gauge whether consumers would take to what was then a novel approach to selling food.",
"Grocery shoppers could choose from a fairly wide selection that included frozen meat, blue point oysters, fish fillets, spinach, peas, various fruits and berries. The products were a hit and with the company continued to expand, with frozen food products transported by refrigerated boxcars to distant stores. Today commercially frozen foods are a multi-billion dollar industry and \"Birds Eye,\" a top frozen-food brand, is widely sold just about everywhere. Birdseye served as consultant to General Foods up until 1938 and eventually turned his attention to other interests and invented an infrared heat lamp , a spotlight for store window displays, a harpoon for marking whales. He would also establish companies to market his products. By the time of his sudden passing in 1956 he had about 300 patents to his name.",
"The Strange History of Frozen Food: From Clarence Birdseye to the Distinguished Order of Zerocrats - Eater The Strange History of Frozen Food: From Clarence Birdseye to the Distinguished Order of Zerocrats Photo: ValeStock / Shutterstock.com Gregory Ng is the chief marketing officer for a marketing agency from North Carolina and the self-proclaimed \"Frozen Food Master.\" He doesn't like pickles — especially the frozen kind — and as the dedicated host to the Youtube frozen food review series Freezerburns , he tried Bob's Pickle Pops, which apparently is pretty trendy in Texas. \"People tell me they use it as an energy boost before exercising or as a refreshing snack,\" he says. \"To me that's really disgusting.\" But the pickle popsicle is only one of thousands of frozen food items Greg has sampled. He walks the frozen food aisle twice a week at every major supermarket chain. He gets two or three shipments of new frozen meal or snack options per week on dry ice. \"Part of the reason why I coined the term \"Frozen Food Master\" is really just the idea that I can say with great certainty that I have tasted more [frozen food] variety than anyone on this planet,\" he says.",
"There are thousands of new items introduced into the market every month, he says. Some gourmet, some gluten-free, others family size. These days, there are entire grocery store aisles dedicated to frozen pizzas alone. In 2010 — during a recession — frozen-food sales grew 3.1%, according to the Wall Street Journal . Since then, frozen food technology has increased its popularity by including healthier options and more eco-friendly packaging, which allow foods to stay fresher longer and retain more nutrients. Clarence Birdseye: Father of Frozen Food The frozen food industry would be nothing without Clarence Birdseye, the man responsible for Birds Eye frozen foods, which is currently owned by Pinnacle Foods Inc. People have been freezing foods as a means of preservation since as early as 1000 B.C., when the Chinese stored goods in ice cellars. But Birdseye figured out the logistics of selling frozen foods: how could he freeze it fast so it didn't deform the food tissue? How would he package it? How would he transport the product?",
"Clarence Birdseye [Photos: Birdseye] As a young engineer in Labrador, an eastern province in Canada, Birdseye often froze his catch after a day of fishing to keep it fresh. He learned this from the Inuit who would fish from holes in the ice and let it freeze instantly in the frigid temperatures, Mark Kurlansky writes in Birdseye: The Adventures of a Curious Man. Birdseye noticed that when the fish thawed, it wasn't mushy like other frozen foods he had tried before. This was around 1912. \"When he lived in Labrador, the food he froze for his family was really good — not like the frozen food that was available everywhere,\" Kurlasky writes. \"He realized that because it froze instantly, because it was so cold — that was the key to making frozen food good.\" It wasn't until 1927 that Birdseye applied to patent a multiplate freezing machine. According to the Handbook of Frozen Foods, Birdseye placed food between two metallic plates at -13 degrees F against a low convection tunnel to flash-freeze the product.",
"In 1928, Birdseye was successful in creating the double belt freezer which would be the forerunner to modern freezing technology. In 1930, the first line of frozen foods went public through the Birds Eye Frosted Food Company which was later sold to Postum, Inc. The company advertised June peas \"as gloriously green as any you will see next summer.\" The original, flash-frozen foods included haddock fillets, 17 other cuts of meat and fish, as well as fruits and veggies like spinach, loganberries and raspberries. The company advertised June peas \"as gloriously green as any you will see next summer.\" By World War II, canned goods were sent to soldiers overseas and Americans were encouraged to purchase frozen foods. Frozen also used fewer ration points than canned, according to the National Frozen & Refrigerated Foods Association's (NFRA) website. Post-war, between 1945 and 1946, Americans bought 800 million pounds of frozen food, Kurlansky writes. With the invention of the fish stick and the 98-cent TV dinner in 1954, frozen meals became an American staple.",
"TV trays are still among foods Greg reviews on his show, but they make up less than one percent of the total frozen variety. \"People just don't eat that way anymore,\" he says. \"You can make a really good full meal using frozen products out of components in a way that saves time without sacrificing health.\" [Photo: letsgoroadtripping / Flickr ] Gerry Thomas: Father of the TV Dinner Back in 1954, when the Swanson TV dinner was first sold in retail outlets, a complete, frozen meal was the first of its kind. And it was controversial: men wrote to the company complaining that they preferred their wives cook from scratch like their mothers did as opposed to the \"just heat and serve\" Swanson meal. (A sign of the times, surely). In 25 minutes, this commercial from 1955 says, your wife could make a meal with \"hearty slices of moist tender Swanson turkey, with whipped sweet potatoes and golden Swanson butter.\" The original TV dinner also included \"garden fresh\" peas and a cornbread dressing.",
"Video: 1955 Swanson TV Dinner Ad But as these invention stories go, at least three different sources have been attributed to the TV dinner, according to the Library of Congress: Gerry Thomas, the Swanson Brothers, and Maxson Food Systems, Inc. In 1944, W.L. Maxson Co. created the first frozen dinner called \"Strato-Plates,\" which it sold to the Navy and airlines. In 1944, W.L. Maxson Co. created the first frozen dinner called \"Strato-Plates,\" which it sold to the Navy and airlines. The meals consisted of three basic dishes — meat, vegetables and a potato — on a paperboard tray treated with Bakelite resin. According to the April 1947 issue of Popular Mechanics , until then, crew members and passengers had only had the choice of cold sandwiches and K-rations. Knowing that airplanes had weight limits, founder William Maxson invented a convection oven called the \"Maxson Whirlwind Oven\" that weighed 35 pounds (made of aluminum and steel) and could cook six frozen meals at once in half the time of a conventional oven.",
"At the time of the Popular Mechanics article, Maxson was making plans to produce \"single food items for the busy housewife\" like french fries, corn, carrots, Swiss steak and turkey. But due to decline in demand at the end of WWII and the death of Mr. Maxson in 1947, Strato-Plates never made it to the retail market. Three years later, Jack Fisher released FrigiDinner, the first aluminum tray for frozen meals. It was the design the Swanson TV dinner tray — which was shaped like a television — would borrow from a decade later. When Albert and Meyer Bernstein created Frozen Dinners, Inc. in 1949, the FrigiDinner found a market. By 1954, the same year Swanson trademarked the TV dinner concept, the brothers sold over two and a half-million frozen dinners. [Photos: blakta2 , joebehr / Flickr ] The most popular story — until recently — was that Swanson exec Gerry Thomas came up with the idea during a turkey surplus in 1952. The company needed a way to sell 520,000 pounds of extra bird.",
"The most popular story was that a Swanson exec came up with the idea during a turkey surplus in 1952. Thomas, then 30, was on a business trip to Pittsburgh flying Pan American Airlines, when it hit him. His heated meal was served in a metal tray. This was how Swanson would package the extra turkeys: frozen and in trays like the one on the plane. \"It was just a single compartment tray with foil,\" he said in a 1999 Associated Press interview. \"I asked if I could borrow it and stuck it in the pocket of my overcoat.\" The first few thousand TV dinners were sold in Omaha near Swanson headquarters in 1954. After the meal went national, they sold ten million dinners in the first year. In the 1999 AP interview, Thomas claimed credit not for the TV dinner itself — the airlines did that first — but for the method of how it was served. Marketing the product as an easy-to-eat meal in front of the television set, which was then skyrocketing in popularity, and using your lap as a table is what set Swanson apart from the previous frozen meals.",
"The Swanson TV Dinner Tray at the Smithsonian National Museum of American History [Photo: SNMAH ] For his years of work in the industry and, of course, the TV dinner, Thomas was inducted into the Frozen Food Hall of Fame (more on that later). One of his trays made an appearance in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History and his hand prints are cemented into the ground outside Grauman's Chinese Theatre. But in 2003, controversy over the real inventor surfaced from a Los Angeles Times article that questioned Thomas's story. Heirs to the Swanson fortune told the newspaper that Thomas made the whole thing up, that he had little or nothing to do with the design of the dinner tray. Carol Swanson Price said her father, Clarke Swanson, and uncle, Gilbert Swanson, who ran the company in the early 1950s, pitched the idea. \"This has been a source of annoyance to me over the years because I have seen a lot of people claim credit,\" Price told the LA Times. \"I'd like to set the record straight.\" Nearly 60 years later, the true inventor remains unknown.",
"One thing we do know: Thomas stuck with his story until he died from cancer in 2005. He was 83. The First Frozen Bagel The first frozen bagel was born in New Haven, Connecticut, a product that would introduce a convenience for shoppers that would change the American breakfast table for good. In 1927, Harry Lender and his sons Murray and Marvin began selling traditional Jewish breads and rolls and what would eventually make them famous: bagels. With the efficiency of the Thompson machine (it could form 600 bagels an hour), Lender's outgrew the state of Connecticut in bagel production. Even after they began packaging them in plastic bags in the mid-fifties, the bagels would go stale after a few days. To extend the shelf life of the bagels they were producing in such large quantities, they flash-froze the product before shipping. This, of course, compromised some of the made-from-scratch goodness of the original Lender's bagel, but over time, the company developed recipes for sweeter, softer bagels post freeze. By the seventies, Lenders bagels could be found in grocers' freezers across the country.",
"Murray Lender, founder of Lender's Bagels. [Photo: Easy Home Meals ] The original use of frozen technology was just to keep the bread fresh before delivery. The night before, they'd defrost the bagels and their recipients were \"none the wiser,\" writes Maria Balinska in her book The Bagel: The Surprising History of a Modest Bread. Word eventually got out that the \"fresh\" bagels were yesterday's frozen bread and buyers were angry at first. But the convenience of the easy-to-grab, frozen breakfast item drowned out initial complaints. Lender's was also the first bagel producer to sell frozen bagels pre-cut so clumsy customers wouldn't slice themselves on slippery, recently-defrosted bread. Pre-cut, the frozen product was toaster ready straight from the freezer — a first for bagels and the frozen food industry as a whole. The Frozen Food Hall of Fame Gerry Thomas is among hundreds of others in the Frozen Food Hall of Fame, which honors individuals who have substantial involvement with the frozen food industry or have contributed substantially to the advancement of the industry.",
"According to National Frozen & Refrigerated Foods Association president and CEO Skip Shaw, the first class of the Hall-of-Famers included frozen food wonders from Clarence Birdseye, John Baugh from the Sysco Corporation, to C. James McNutt of the Campbell's company, among others. The Hall of Fame was co-founded by the NFRA in 1990, but has roots dating back to the early fifties with the creation of the somewhat mysterious group known as The Distinguished Order of Zerocrats. Each spring, the Zerocrats, made up of industry professionals including Hall-of-Famers and incoming chairman of various trade associations, vote on the newest inductees. The nominations are then sent to the selection committee, which consists of the Chairman of the Zerocrats, the Chairman-Elect and presidents of the NFRA and The American Frozen Food Institute (AFFI). The 2013 Refrigerated Food Hall Of Fame Inductees: Harry Hussmann, Nevin B. Montgomery, and L.B. (Lively) Willoughby. [Photo: The Shelby Report ] At the last Zerocrat dinner, the inductees for October 2013 were announced.",
"Three individuals: the late Harry Hussmann, founder of the Hussmann Patented Refrigerated Meat Display case and Hussmann Refrigerator Company; Nevin B. Montgomery, retired president of the National Frozen & Refrigerated Foods Association; and the late L.B. (Lively) Willoughby, patented inventor of the refrigerated biscuit dough (later used by Pillsbury). This summer, the Zerocrats will meet again to pick next year's recipients. While the TV dinner seems a novelty item these days — nostalgic down to its individual tray compartments — it doesn't seem like frozen food products are going anywhere. At least if the \"Frozen Food Master\" has anything to say about it. \"The technology and convenience of frozen food has created a hyper niche market served by Whole Foods and Trader Joe's,\" Gregory says. \"These healthier companies like Amy's Organics and Kashi are feeding really specific eaters—gluten free, low calorie, and organic. As long as companies have microwave-only kitchens and there are healthy options are out there, frozen food technology is always gonna be around.\" —K. Annabelle Smith writes about weird food history at Smithsonian.com and has tackled everything from gun culture in New Mexico to the lost Rice Krispie mascot.",
"Her work also appears in OutsideOnline.com and Esquire.com . The PeopleString Story The PeopleString Story Fun Food Trivia Fun food trivia questions and answers. What milk product did the U.S. Agriculture Department propose as a substitute for meat in school lunches, in 1996? A: Yogurt. What breakfast cereal was Sonny the Cuckoo Bird \"cuckoo for\"? A: Cocoa Puffs. Why was the Animal Crackers box designed with a string handle? A: The animal shaped cookie treats were introduced in 1902 as a Christmas novelty, and packaged so they would be hung from the Christmas trees. On what vegetable did an ancient Egyptian place his right hand when taking an oath? A: The onion. Its round shape symbolized eternity. How many flowers are in the design stamped on each side of an Oreo cookie? A: Twelve. Each as four petals. Black-eyed peas are not peas. What are they? A: Beans What European nation consumes more spicy Mexican food than any other? A: Norway What part of the banana is used to make banana oil? A: No part. Banana oil, a synthetic compound made with amyl alcohol, is named for its banana-like aroma.",
"Under what name did the Domino's Pizza chain get its start? A: DomNick's What was margarine called when it was first marketed in England? A: Butterine What are the two top selling spices in the world? A: Pepper is 1st and mustard is second. What was the name of Cheerios when it was first marketed 50 years ago? A: Cheerioats What flaver of ice cream did Baskin-Robbins introduce to commemorate Americ's landing on the moon on July 20, 1969? A: Lunar Cheescake What is the most widely eaten fish in the world? A: The Herring What is the name of the evergeen shrub from which we get capers? A: The caper bush. What fruits were crossed to produce the nectarine? A: None. The nectarine is a smooth skinned variety of the peach. What animals milk is used to make authentic Italian mozzarella cheese? A: The water buffalo's. What nation produces two thirds of the world's vanilla? A: Madagascar. Why did candy maker Milton S. Hershey switch from making caramels to chocolate bars in 1903?",
"A: Caramels didn't retain the imprint of his name in summertime, chocolate did. What was the drink we know as the Bloody Mary originally called? A: The Red Snapper, which was its name when it crossed the Atlantic from Harry's New York Bar in Paris. What was the first commercially manufactured breakfast cereal? A: Shredded Wheat. When Birdseye introduced the first frozen food in 1930, what did the company call it? A: Frosted Food. Company officials feared the word frozen would suggest flesh burns. The name was changed to frozen soon after. What American city produces most of the egg rolls sold in grocery stores in the United States? A: Houston, Texas. What was the first of H.J. Heinz' \"57 varieties\"? A: Horseradish, marketed in 1869 What is the literal meaning of the Italian word linguine? A: Little tongues. Where did the pineapple plant originate? A: In South America. It didn't reach Hawaii until the early nineteenth century. What recipe, first published 50 years ago, has been requested most frequently through the years by the readers of \"Better Homes and Garden\"?",
"A: The recipe for hamburger pie, which has been updated and republished a number of times over the years. What is the only essential vitamin not found in the white potato? A: Vitamin A PeopleString Homepage & Mailbox-CashBox Tutorial Learning all the new things necessary for you to become efficient on the PeopleString Homepage can be a bit confusing when you are a new member. This video will help you to become more familiar with some of the functions of the PeopleString Homepage. I hope you find that this will also help you to become better at recommending PeopleString to your friends, family and interested people of the world. Thinking of joining the PeopleString team? There is no better time than now, as the Ground Floor opportunities are filling up fast. Just click on the this link for more info. The PeopleString Story PeopleString 'Where You Own the Web'. It is the new wave in relationship and social communities; it has the Creativity, Culture, Expressive Forums and places to meet new people and network; but now it combines all that with giving you a share in the revenues that are created by the users of the website. The 'other' social sites keep all of the money for themselves and never give any to their users.",
"They are making millions off of your actions and keeping it all. PeopleString shares the revenues that are generated by its members. This is unique for online social communities. Who other than PeopleString gives its members back 70% of the revenues? (Find Out More) In additions to the online community, what do you get? Self-Destructing Email, Email Tracking and you can aggregate your other Email Accounts. Video Emails, Contact Management. Web based IM: AOL, YAHOO. GTALK &MSN with Self Destructing feature, 1 on 1 Video Conferencing, Cash Back Shopping, Share Ad/ Search Revenue, Mailbox Cash. How do you get started? Sign Up for your PeopleString account for free and take a short survey. This will position you to share in revenue. PeopleString members get higher payouts when they upgrade to the entrepreneurs package. As long as you are an active member, which means all you need to do is login once a month, you get Paid!!! Oh, if you refer your friends and family and they make money. You make money! The PeopleString technology creates a digital link for life between users. So, are you online interacting on social sites, sending emails, clicking on ads?",
"Then why not get paid for what you are doing? So, go ahead and join PeopleString and start making money on the internet. Whether you want to make a few friends, extra money or a second income you can find it all at PeopleString . Just click on the link below for some additional details. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME \"The easiest money you will ever make.\" Posted by About Us « Hillphoenix About Us Since Hillphoenix began with a single New Jersey grocer in search of a solution to a problem, we have made a conscious decision to listen to what our customers need and provide fresh ideas that help them serve their customers better. Our mission is to provide fresh, industry-leading solutions that help our customers stay relevant and competitively differentiated in their markets through our customer-centric approach to innovation. Our vision inspires us to become the recognized global leader in creative, flexible and responsible innovations in retail refrigeration. And the values that every Hillphoenix associate aspires to, drive what we stand for and how we deliver on the promises we make to our customers. It’s a restless spirit, part of our heritage that drives us to deliver “ Fresh thinking. Responsible solutions .” Hillphoenix has provided innovative technologies to retailers for more than a century.",
"View some of the highlights of our illustrious history. Hillphoenix Timeline 1887 – C.V. Hill, a New Jersey grocer is dissatisfied with the coolers currently available both with regard to price and performance. Because he dislikes lifting out the heavy butter and lard tubs stored in the coolers he invents a butter slide that comes out automatically when the cooler door is opened. A neighboring grocer heard about the unit and when he saw it he bought it on the spot. Mr. Hill sold another cooler and then decided to go into the cooler manufacturing business. He calls the new business C. V. Hill Refrigerator Works. 1889 – Mr. Hill establishes his first factory to produce coolers for C.V. Hill Refrigerator Works. 1890 – Mr. Hill invents the first baffle and bunker system for ice-refrigerated coolers. 1896 – C.V. Hill Refrigerator Works moves to a larger building located in Trenton, NJ. In addition to the coolers he produces Mr. Hill starts to develop concepts for refrigerated showcases. 1905 – The first Hill Refrigerated Showcase for dairy products is introduced.",
"1909 – Utilizing the growing availability of the electric motor and ammonia as the refrigerant develops a showcase that displays fresh meat. Hill Refrigeration Company is born. 1920 – During the early 1920’s Hill introduces the first “top display” cases which allow customers to view the merchandise inside. 1927 – Hill introduces the first all metal display case. 1928 – Hill develops the first display cases capable of holding frozen food and ice cream. Swift and Company uses the Hill cases in their laboratory as they work to develop frozen foods. 1929 – Hill installs the first frozen food case in a retail store. 1930 – Clarence Birdseye recommends the use of the Hill “2000” model frozen food case to display the new Birdseye “frosted foods” then being introduced in the marketplace. 1932 – C.V. Hill retires and turns the company over to his sons, C.V. Hill Jr., and J.S. Hill.",
"1932 – Hill introduces the first porcelain-clad display cases 1934 – Hill introduces the first service deli cases with mezzanine shelving and storage in the bottom area. 1934 – Hill publishes first edition of Hardcover book entitled “Modern Food Merchandising”. 1936 – Hill introduces “add-a-unit” feature to display cases allowing cases to be joined together to make lineups. 1945 – Hill introduces the first three-deck open dairy case. 1953 – Hill becomes the first manufacturer to offer the option to add color to display cases. “Color Blend” transforms an industry that previously only offered white. 1967 – Hill introduces Vista Line of medium temp cases with expanded Color Blend® colors and sleek streamlined styling. 1977 – Grant Brown starts new refrigeration systems business in Georgia called Engineered Supermarket Products. 1977 – ESP introduces the first uneven parallel refrigeration system. 1980 – Grant Brown sells ESP and starts up Engineered Refrigeration Systems. 1980 – Hill starts new service training program called Hill Aware, a program that became an acclaimed success throughout the industry. 1981 – Hill introduces the first U.S.",
"manufactured curved glass service deli case. 1983 – Hill introduces ParaTemp®, the industry’s first outdoor parallel distributed refrigeration system. 1985 – Grant Brown sells ERS to Margaux, Inc. 1988 – Grant Brown re-enters the refrigeration systems market with a new company named Phoenix Refrigeration Systems. 1990 – Hill introduces the Origin® line of display cases; a bold departure in case styling. 1990 – Hill introduces WeatherPac® distributed outdoor refrigeration systems 1993 – Dover Corporation acquires Phoenix Refrigeration Systems. 1994 – Phoenix Refrigeration Systems acquires Hill Refrigeration to form Hillphoenix®. 1995 – Hillphoenix acquires Margaux Refrigeration. 1995 – Display case operations move to new factory in Colonial Heights, Virginia. 1995 – Hillphoenix introduces ORIGIN2® display cases. 1995 – Hillphoenix introduces Phill, the first commercially available secondary coolant refrigeration system prototype. 1996 – Hillphoenix introduces 2Cool™ secondary coolant refrigeration systems 1997 – EDS (Electrical Distribution Systems) merged back into Hillphoenix.",
"1999 – Hillphoenix re-enters the Walk In Cooler business. 2002 – Hillphoenix expands secondary coolant refrigeration system focus with introduction of Second Nature® Technology. 2002 – Hillphoenix introduces patented Coolgenix® service case technology. 2003 – Hillphoenix introduces the industry’s first six-door, refrigerated display case at the Food Marketing Institute FMI Show. 2004 – Hillphoenix introduces the industry’s first true 5-deck rear load fresh meat display case and a companion front load model (O5MR/O5M) 2005 – Hillphoenix management commissions team to develop educational programs for sales, service, dealers, customers and contractors. 2006 – Hillphoenix launches the Hillphoenix Learning Center. 2006 – Refrigeration Systems Division introduces InviroPac™ distributed systems. 2006 – Hillphoenix Refrigeration Systems Division installs first test sites utilizing CO2 as a secondary fluid at a Food Lion store in Montpelier, Virginia and a Sam’s Club in Savannah, Georgia. 2007 – Hillphoenix begins field testing of SmartValve™ patented superheat management system.",
"2007 – Hillphoenix introduces Climate Keeper™ providing an advanced approach to in-store, environmental control that significantly improves upon these less successful methods. 2007 – Hillphoenix becomes the first refrigeration equipment manufacturer to join the EPA’s GreenChill Advanced Refrigeration Partnership. 2007 – Hillphoenix releases the industry’s first Sustainability Report from a refrigeration manufacturer. 2008 – Hillphoenix installs the first test site utilizing Second Nature CO2 Cascade Refrigeration technology at Price Chopper location in New York. 2008 – Hillphoenix installs the first full store test site utilizing Second Nature medium temp system utilizing Propylene Glycol and low temperature system utilizing CO2 as a secondary coolant. 2009 – Hillphoenix receives an Ozone Layer Protection Award in the corporate/government category from the U.S. EPA. 2009 – Hillphoenix receives the 2008-2009 GreenChill Advanced Refrigeration Partnership “Distinguished Partner Award” from the U.S. EPA. 2009 – Hillphoenix acquires select assets of Tyler Refrigeration Corporation.",
"2009 – Hillphoenix acquires Barker Company creating Specialty Products by Hillphoenix. 2009 – Hillphoenix introduces Clearvoyant® LED Systems; LED lighting specifically designed for display cases. 2009 – Hillphoenix becomes the first manufacturer to receive SNAP approval from the U.S. EPA to use CO2 as a replacement for HCFCs in retail refrigeration 2010 – Hillphoenix launches Synerg-E™ Technology; the most energy efficient display case refrigeration technology available. 2010 – Hillphoenix expands Second Nature CO2 technology offering announcing the availability its industry-leading Second Nature Low Temperature Direct Expansion Cascade system. 2010 – The Champlain Valley Vermont Chapter of ASHRAE presents Hillphoenix with its first Research Promotion Award, recognizing the Hillphoenix Learning Center for its leadership and commitment to training for the commercial refrigeration/supermarket industries. 2011 – Hillphoenix helps Sprouts Farmers Market become the third U. S. retailer to achieve Platinum GreenChill status with the installation of the new Hillphoenix Second Nature CO2 Cascade System for both low and medium temperature applications. All three Platinum Certified GreenChill stores are Hillphoenix designs.",
"Hillphoenix History Company History – We Were Born To Leap Hillphoenix Inc., a Dover Company, designs and manufactures an extensive line of commercial refrigerated display merchandisers, commercial and light industrial refrigeration systems and mechanical centers, electrical distribution products, and specialty display cases and fixtures. The origin of Hillphoenix dates back to 1887, when C.V. Hill, a New Jersey grocer, dissatisfied with the coolers currently available to him both with regard to price and performance, decides to build his own. Because Mr. Hill “dislikes lifting out the heavy butter and lard tubs stored in the coolers”, he invents a butter slide which comes out automatically when the cooler door is opened. This is the first of many patents the company will own as new ideas are initiated over the decades that follow. A neighboring grocer hears of the unit and when he sees it, buys it on the spot. Mr. Hill sells another cooler and then decides to go into the cooler manufacturing business, as he says “for a few years,” then return to the grocery store. He starts a new company and names it C. V. Hill Refrigerator Works.",
"He never returns to the grocery business deciding instead to focus on developing better ways for grocers to display perishable products. Not only is a company born but so is an industry. Mr. Hill learns about refrigeration and air circulation on the first two coolers he builds and in 1889 he establishes his first factory. He builds two more refrigerators and shows them at the first Trenton State Fair. Although he enjoys the fair, he does not sell any products. In March of 1890, he sells two refrigerators at $115.00 each. He also invents the first baffle and bunker system for ice-refrigerated coolers. This “puts him on the map in Trenton.” By 1896 Hill Refrigerator Works moves to a larger facility in Trenton, N.J., and begins to receive orders from the government and steamship operators, as well as from grocers. As the turn of the century arrives Mr. Hill starts developing refrigerated show cases and in 1905 introduces the first Hill refrigerated show case. As he continues to develop show case concepts he is particularly focused on developing the first refrigerated display case for fresh meat.",
"Around 1909, utilizing the growing availability of the electric motor and ammonia as the refrigerant, Mr. Hill begins to make a name for himself as grocers up and down the Eastern Seaboard want to buy his meat cases for their stores. Hill Refrigeration Company is born. In the early 1920s, the company develops the first top display case, which allows customers to view the merchandise inside. Other innovations include the 1927 introduction of the first all-metal case and the 1928 introduction of the first display case capable of maintaining frozen food and ice cream at the right temperatures. When Swift and Company is looking for a case to use for frozen meat, they are surprised to learn that one has already been developed by Hill. Swift uses the Hill case successfully in their laboratory test helping to establish the retail frozen food business in grocery stores. In 1929 Hill installs the first frozen food case in a retail food store and in 1930 Clarence Birdseye recommends the use of the Hill 2000 model to display the Birdseye “frosted foods” then being introduced in the marketplace. In 1932, Mr.",
"Hill retires, leaving the company in the very capable hands of his sons, C. V. Hill Jr., and J. S. Hill. That same year the company creates the first porcelain-clad cases, providing retailers with a more durable case that is easier to clean. In the next few years, the company introduces the first service deli case with mezzanine shelving and storage in the bottom area. As the 1930’s introduce larger, self-service stores, Hill Refrigeration is ready, once again leading the way with their new “add-a-unit” feature, developed in 1939, which allows cases to be joined together in a continuous lineup. This feature is perfect for the larger stores that are being built and catches on with grocers all over the country. At the height of the depression, the company scores another first, only this one is in the area of marketing. Hill Refrigeration publishes a book called “Modern Food Merchandising” in 1934 which enumerates guidelines on successful food marketing. The book is enthusiastically received and five editions are published. The company also builds its own grocery store, both to test its new equipment and to try out new merchandising ideas.",
"During World War II, Hill manufactures landing craft for the military along with refrigerators for use on Navy vessels. When the war ends the company is in an excellent position to meet the demands of the food industry for new equipment, since it was able to devote significant time in research and development efforts focused on making war-time products better. In 1945, Hill Refrigeration announces a major breakthrough in refrigerated display case design; a three-deck open dairy case. This mechanical and merchandising breakthrough maintains temperature on each level while showcasing a greater quantity and variety of product. The new case not only gives grocers an attractive display setting that stimulates impulse sales, it also allows them to show much more quantity and variety in the same floor space. The case breaks new merchandising ground, and helps speed the spread of “self-service shopping”. The immediate success of the new Hill dairy case leads to the introduction of the Hill self-service open frozen food cases with the “add-a-unit” feature and automatic defrost. During the 1950’s Hill dramatically expands its manufacturing capabilities to meet the requirements of the many new “super markets” that are being built for the ex-soldiers and their families who are moving in huge numbers to the suburbs.",
"In 1953 Hill becomes the first manufacturer to offer grocers the option to add color to their display cases. The introduction of “Color Blend” styling leads a design transformation in an industry that previously only offered one color, white. Up to this point, Hill Refrigeration has been a family-owned operation. In the 1950s, the company is sold and, after a series of owners, Hill becomes a division of Emhart Corp. in 1964. The “Color Blend” trend that began in 1953 culminates with the 1967 introduction of the Vista line of medium temperature cases. The Vista line offers a departure from the traditional white boxes by expanding the range of available colors and sporting sleek, streamlined styling. With the arrival of the 1970s comes the nation’s first real energy crisis. Hill Refrigeration responds by improving the energy efficiencies of its cases and by developing technologies to allow grocers to capitalize on the most efficient refrigeration systems for their specific needs. In 1971 the company introduces a new five-deck frozen food case, the most efficient in the industry and it immediately becomes the best selling multi-deck case.",
"In 1977, Georgia entrepreneur Grant Brown recognizes a neglected niche in the market for custom refrigeration systems and starts Engineered Supermarket Products (ESP). Immediately, ESP introduces the first uneven parallel system and begins to establish a leadership position in the refrigeration systems market. In 1980 ESP is sold and ultimately becomes the company known today as Emerson CPC Controls. That same year Grant Brown forms a new company, names it Engineered Refrigeration Systems (ERS) and continues to expand his presence in the custom refrigeration systems business. At the FMI 1981 trade show, Hill unveils the first U.S. manufactured curved glass service deli case. The prototype creates much positive response, and as a result, Hill develops the first complete line of curved glass service cases to meet the varied needs of its customers. In 1985 Grant Brown sells Engineered Refrigeration Systems to Margaux, Incorporated.",
"In 1988, realizing that the niche is still unfulfilled, Grant re-enters the market, forming a new company which he names Phoenix Refrigeration Systems and completely changes the nature of system design with innovative ideas such as the introduction of the first pre-fabricated mechanical centers and electrical distribution centers. Phoenix Refrigeration Systems quickly becomes a major designer and manufacturer of refrigeration systems in the United States. In 1990, Hill Refrigeration introduces a new look for Hill cases. The ORIGIN™ line represents a bold departure in case styling, featuring soft, rounded exteriors with a distinctly European flavor. Hill pioneers the use of polymers, which permits the creation of curved bumpers and rounded edges while increasing the durability of the cases. No other case on the market looks like this one. Phoenix Refrigeration Systems is acquired by Dover Corporation in 1993 and in 1994 Phoenix acquires Hill Refrigeration to form Hillphoenix®. The merger of Phoenix Refrigeration Systems with Hill Refrigeration is a natural and the circle is completed one year later when Hillphoenix acquires Margaux Refrigeration, the company that acquired ERS from Brown 10 years earlier.",
"Display Case Operations relocate to a new 450,000-square-foot factory in Chesterfield County, Va., in 1995. The new facility is outfitted with state-of-the-art equipment and expanded manufacturing processes for producing Hillphoenix cases. The stream of innovative new product lines continues with the 1995 introduction of ORIGIN2®, which extends the exterior case makeover of ORIGIN to the interior. The redesign features curved tanks for improved sanitation; improved coils and fan plenums for increased efficiency, sanitation and ease of maintenance and upgraded lighting for better product display. The ORIGIN2 line also introduces Radial Airflow®, a patented feature that improves airflow for better case performance and removable casters to aid in assembly line movement, in shipping, and in the installation of cases in stores. No other case in the industry offers this patented, convenient feature. In 1995, Hillphoenix is the first to introduce secondary coolant refrigeration technology to the supermarket industry both as a “green” environmental initiative and as a system with positive design advantages over conventional direct expansion systems. After seven years’ performance experience for its growing installed base of secondary coolant systems at many of the top U.S.",
"chains, in 2002 the company brands its secondary coolant technology Second Nature®. Hillphoenix Second Nature technology includes secondary coolant system design and installation, low- and medium-temperature merchandisers, walk-ins and prep rooms. In January of 1997 a team of 40 Hillphoenix associates meets over a long weekend and develops a statement of purpose that defines the Hillphoenix commitment to achieve a leadership position in the industry through the delivery of excellence to customers. This call to action continues to clearly communicate the company’s ideals and goals providing every Hillphoenix associate with the focus and direction needed to provide answers that help our customers be successful. It is in fact a rededication to the principles that C.V. Hill and Grant Brown were dedicated to when they started the respective businesses that became Hillphoenix. The Hillphoenix Statement of Purpose We will lead the markets we serve with innovative products, solutions and technical advances in a relentless pursuit to exceed customer expectations. We will create a culture that promotes teamwork, integrity and respect for our customers, our suppliers and ourselves. We are intolerant of mediocrity and dedicated to continuous improvement as a way of life.",
"As a result, Hillphoenix will enhance the success of our customers, the return to our shareholders, and the satisfaction of our employees. Also in 1997, Electrical Distribution Systems (EDS), a Dover Diversified Company, manufacturer of electrical distribution systems that was originally started by Grant Brown during the Phoenix Refrigeration years, is merged back into Hillphoenix. EDS, located in Covington, Ga., becoming the Power Systems Division of Hillphoenix. Power Systems designs and manufactures pre-assembled, pre-wired electrical distribution products including PowerCenter®, PowerPlus, Power On, Power Flow, industrial enclosures and solar equipment. Hillphoenix re-enters the Walk-In Cooler and Freezer business in 1999 and in 2009 begins a series of major commitments in people, plants and processes all focused on creating the industry’s leading Walk-In’s business. Today, the mission of Hillphoenix Walk In’s Division is consistent with the same mission Mr. Hill had when he started the Hill Refrigerator Works cooler business in 1889; to provide the Food Retail industry with high quality products and services that exceed our customers’ expectations.",
"With a renewed focus on providing innovative product designs and customer service, the people who make up Hillphoenix WALK INS look forward to the opportunity to serve our customers needs in a more comprehensive manner than they have ever experienced. As the 21st Century gets under way, Hillphoenix continues its leadership position as an industry innovator with a strategic direction dedicated to developing products focused on making supermarket operators more effective operationally and financially. The May 2002 introduction of the proprietary Coolgenix® display case technology provides retailers with the opportunity to reinvent their service departments. The patented secondary coolant conduction design enables significant increases in product shelf life and dramatically reduces product shrinkage. At the 2003 May FMI Show, the introduction of new ORIGIN2 display case technologies including the industry’s first six-door reach-in display case and a focus on efficiency in system and display case design and performance provides customers with answers to energy cost concerns. Hillphoenix introduces “The People Factor Makes The Difference”, a campaign that celebrates the impact that the people and the culture that make up Hillphoenix have in providing daily examples of Hillphoenix’s century-long commitment to providing specific answers to customer challenges.",
"In 2004, Hillphoenix introduces the industry’s first true 5-deck rear load fresh meat case, the O5MR, and its companion O5M front load model. A key feature is a patented articulating shelf design that provides supreme product integrity and striking display opportunities. In 2005 a team is formed and a charter created that leads an intense focus on the development of the industry’s most extensive product and process training program. The Hillphoenix Learning Center is launched in June of 2006. President Ray Hoglund says at the time, “Throughout Hillphoenix, we believe we can only provide the individual answers that help improve the profitability of our customers by supporting our sales force and customers with top quality training. I am pleased to announce the opening of The Hillphoenix Learning Center. We have made a very significant investment in the development of distinctive product training programs, increased our training staff and renovated our facilities in order to provide the best possible product training experience using state of the art technology.",
"I invite you to learn about Hillphoenix Answers; people, products and technology working together for a brighter future.” In 2006, as environmental concerns move to the forefront of the industry’s focus, Hillphoenix Refrigeration Systems Division begins redesign work on the distributed systems offering that was first introduced in 1984. The ParaTemp® and WeatherPac® system designs are updated and the industry’s most complete and efficient indoor distributed system, InviroPac™, is introduced. Also in 2006, the company’s Refrigeration Systems Division installs the first test stores utilizing CO2 as a secondary fluid at sites in Montpelier, Virginia and Savannah, Georgia. In 2007 Hillphoenix becomes the first refrigeration equipment manufacturer to join the U.S. EPA’s GreenChill Refrigeration Partnership program. As a charter member, Hillphoenix is instrumental in helping the EPA work together for the first time with supermarket retailers to develop this partnership program designed to advance the deployment of sustainable refrigeration technologies. That same year Hillphoenix releases its first SustainAbility Report, the first from a refrigeration manufacturer.",
"There is no doubt that at this time, Hillphoenix leads the way in the commitment to and development of sustainable technologies for its customers. Also in 2007, two distinguishable energy-saving technologies are introduced by Hillphoenix. The company starts extensive field testing of SmartValve®, a patented superheat management system designed to help customers insure that display case superheat is maintained at a pre-set condition eliminating adjustments that are typically required to maintain optimum efficiency. And Climate Keeper™, a proprietary air distribution system is introduced during the FMI Energy Conference. 2008 brings the first test site utilizing a new Hillphoenix Second Nature CO2 Cascade system design. Installed at a Price Chopper location in New York this design provides yet another example of Hillphoenix’s commitment to work together with its customers to continue moving the technology envelope forward in an effort to help them implement their sustainability plans. Also in 2008 Hillphoenix works with Food Lion to install the first full store test site utilizing Second Nature glycol medium temp systems and CO2 secondary coolant low temp systems. And in 2009, Hillphoenix receives two awards from the U.S.",
"EPA; an Ozone Layer Protection Award and the 2008-2009 GreenChill advanced Refrigeration award. In 2009 Hillphoenix completes two key acquisitions. In May the company acquires key assets of Tyler Refrigeration and the opportunity to welcome many key Dealers from the Tyler Dealer Network to the Hillphoenix Dealer group. As a result, the Hillphoenix Dealer network immediately becomes the largest of any manufacturer, servicing the needs of customer in the U.S. and Canada. And in November, Hillphoenix acquires Barker Company of Keosauqua, Iowa creating Specialty Products by Hillphoenix. Both acquisitions help deliver strategic initiatives directed at helping food retailers sell more products, more profitably and more responsibly driving significant growth with existing and new customers. 2009 also sees the introduction of Hillphoenix’s proprietary Clearvoyant® LED lighting system designed specifically for use in Hillphoenix display cases. And Hillphoenix becomes the first manufacturer to receive SNAP (Significant New Alternatives Policy) approval from the U.S. EPA to use CO2 as a replacement for HCFCs in retail refrigeration.",
"When the announcement is made Drusill Hufford, the director of the EPA’s Stratospheric Protection Division says, “I am glad to see Hillphoenix’s continued leadership in the supermarket industry in providing options that protect the ozone layer and significantly reduce impacts on the climate.” In 2010 Hillphoenix expands its Second Nature CO2 technology offering announcing the availability of its industry-leading Second Nature Low Temperature Direct Expansion Cascade system. And at the FMI Show Hillphoenix introduces the availability of its Synerg-E™ display case technology, the most energy efficient case technology available in the marketplace. In December of 2010, the Champlain Valley Chapter of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) in Burlington, VT, presents Hillphoenix with its first Research Promotion Award, recognizing the Hillphoenix Learning Center for its leadership and commitment to training for the commercial refrigeration/supermarket industries. In 2011 Hillphoenix helps Sprouts Farmers Market become the third U. S. retailer to achieve Platinum GreenChill status with the installation of the new Hillphoenix Second Nature CO2 Cascade System for both low and medium temperature applications.",
"Hillphoenix is the manufacturer as of this point in time that has been able to help customers achieve the Platinum certification level. Mr. Hill started something over a century ago – and the people of Hillphoenix are determined to live up to that legacy. As a result, Hillphoenix “LEAP of Excellence” innovations continue to define an industry. L.E.A.P. is an acronym born of over a century of experience. Learn our customer’s business. Earn their trust. Answer their needs. Perform beyond their expectations. Today, while there’s no doubt that the spirit of innovation runs deep in our bloodline, it’s most apparent to our customers in the products and services we bring them. Every day, systems and technologies are being improved – even revolutionized– to be the next leap that makes a difference. We can’t wait to see what tomorrow will bring! Hillphoenix has its corporate headquarters in Conyers, GA. The company employs more than 3,500 people nationwide. Manufacturing facilities are located in Covington and Conyers, GA., Richmond, VA., Keosauqua and Centerville, IA, and Chino, CA.",
"The company also has Comprehensive Services Operations located in Phoenix, AZ and Brea, CA."
] |
Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the Red Sea?
|
Suez Canal
|
[
"Suez Canal Zone",
"Suez Channel",
"Suez canal",
"Nile Canal",
"Suez Canal",
"Suez Canal (Egypt)",
"Egypt's Canal Zone",
"The suez canal"
] | 10,281
|
[
"Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the RedSea? View the step-by-step solution to: Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the RedSea? This question was answered on Jun 08, 2016. View the Answer Which 100-mile long waterway links the Mediterranean and the RedSea? ChristopherLane posted a question · Jun 08, 2016 at 1:45am Top Answer Here's the explanation you needed for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29990764) ]} leonardkabib answered the question · Jun 08, 2016 at 1:46am Other Answers Here's the explanation you needed for... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(29994732) ]} The Suez canal which connects the... View the full answer {[ getNetScore(30000863) ]} Search for Other Related Study Materials Recently Asked Questions Need a World History tutor? mathtutor1983 2 World History experts found online!",
"Average reply time is less than an hour Get Homework Help Why Join Course Hero? Course Hero has all the homework and study help you need to succeed! We’ve got course-specific notes, study guides, and practice tests along with expert tutors and customizable flashcards—available anywhere, anytime. - - Study Documents Find the best study resources around, tagged to your specific courses. Share your own to gain free Course Hero access or to earn money with our Marketplace. - Question & Answers Get one-on-one homework help from our expert tutors—available online 24/7. Ask your own questions or browse existing Q&A threads. Satisfaction guaranteed! - Flashcards Browse existing sets or create your own using our digital flashcard system. A simple yet effective studying tool to help you earn the grade that you want! Which 100- mile-long waterway links the mediterranean and the red sea? Which 100- mile-long waterway links the mediterranean and the red sea? Answers: The Suez-canal which runs through the desert in Egypt. Isn't that the Suez Canal? More Related Questions & Answers...",
"9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal - History in the Headlines 9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal November 17, 2014 By Evan Andrews Painting of the Suez Canal by Albert Reiger Share this: 9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal Author 9 Fascinating Facts About the Suez Canal URL Google On November 17, 1869, the Suez Canal connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas was officially opened in a lavish ceremony at Egypt’s Port Said. The canal took more than 15 years to plan and build, and its construction was repeatedly hindered by political disputes, labor shortages and even a deadly cholera outbreak. When finally completed, the 101-mile-long waterway permanently transformed international shipping by allowing vessels to skip the long and treacherous transit around the southern tip of Africa. On the 145th anniversary of its opening, check out nine surprising facts about the canal that links the Eastern and Western worlds. 1. Its origins date back to ancient Egypt. The modern Suez Canal is only the most recent of several manmade waterways that once snaked their way across Egypt.",
"The Egyptian Pharaoh Senusret III may have built an early canal connecting the Red Sea and the Nile River around 1850 B.C., and according to ancient sources, the Pharaoh Necho II and the Persian conqueror Darius both began and then abandoned work on a similar project. The canal was supposedly finished in the 3rd century B.C. during the Ptolemaic Dynasty, and many historical figures including Cleopatra may have traveled on it. Rather than the direct link offered by the modern Suez Canal, this ancient “Canal of the Pharaohs” would have wound its way the through the desert to the Nile River, which was then used to access the Mediterranean. 2. Napoleon Bonaparte considered building it. After conquering Egypt in 1798, the French military commander Napoleon Bonaparte sent a team of surveyors to investigate the feasibility of cutting the Isthmus of Suez and building a canal from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. But following four separate excursions to the region, his scouts incorrectly concluded that the Red Sea was at least 30 feet higher than the Mediterranean.",
"Any attempt to create a canal, they warned, could result in catastrophic flooding across the Nile Delta. The surveyors’ faulty calculations were enough to scare Napoleon away from the project, and plans for a canal stalled until 1847, when a team of researchers finally confirmed that there was no serious difference in altitude between the Mediterranean and Red Seas. ferdindand de lesseps 3. The British government was strongly opposed to its construction. Planning for the Suez Canal officially began in 1854, when a French former diplomat named Ferdinand de Lesseps negotiated an agreement with the Egyptian viceroy to form the Suez Canal Company. Since Lesseps’ proposed canal had the support of the French Emperor Napoleon III, many British statesmen considered its construction a political scheme designed to undermine their dominance of global shipping.",
"The British ambassador to France argued that supporting the canal would be a “suicidal act,” and when Lesseps tried to sell shares in the canal company, British papers labeled the project “a flagrant robbery gotten up to despoil the simple people.” Lesseps went on to engage in a public war of words with British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, and even challenged railway engineer Robert Stephenson to a duel after he condemned the project in Parliament. The British Empire continued to criticize the canal during its construction, but it later bought a 44 percent stake in the waterway after the cash-strapped Egyptian government auctioned off its shares in 1875. 4. It was built using a combination of forced peasant labor and state-of-the-art machinery. Building the Suez Canal required massive manpower, and the Egyptian government initially supplied most of the labor by forcing the poor to work for nominal pay and under threat of violence. Beginning in late-1861, tens of thousands of peasants used picks and shovels to dig the early portions of the canal by hand. Progress was painfully slow, and the project hit a snag after Egyptian ruler Ismail Pasha abruptly banned the use of forced labor in 1863.",
"Faced with a critical shortage of workers, Lesseps and the Suez Canal Company changed their strategy and began using several hundred custom-made steam- and coal-powered shovels and dredgers to dig the canal. The new technology gave the project the boost it needed, and the company went on to make rapid progress during the last two years of construction. Of the 75 million cubic meters of sand eventually moved during the construction of the main canal, some three-fourths of it was handled by heavy machinery. 5. The Statue of Liberty was originally intended for the canal. As the Suez Canal neared completion in 1869, French sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi tried to convince Ferdinand de Lesseps and the Egyptian government to let him build a sculpture called “Egypt Bringing Light to Asia” at its Mediterranean entrance. Inspired by the ancient Colossus of Rhodes, Bartholdi envisioned a 90-foot-tall statue of a woman clothed in Egyptian peasant robes and holding a massive torch, which would also serve as a lighthouse to guide ships into the canal.",
"The project never materialized, but Bartholdi continued shopping the idea for his statue, and in 1886 he finally unveiled a completed version in New York Harbor. Officially called “Liberty Enlightening the World,” the monument has since become better known as the Statue of Liberty. The opening of the Suez Canal on November 17, 1869 (Credit: The Print Collector/Getty Images) 6. Its creator later tried—and failed—to build the Panama Canal. Having silenced his critics by completing the Suez Canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps later turned his attention toward cutting a canal across the Isthmus of Panama in Central America. Work began in 1881, but despite Lesseps’ prediction that the new canal would be “easier to make, easier to complete, and easier to keep up” than the Suez, the project eventually descended into chaos. Thousands died during construction in the sweltering, disease-ridden jungle, and the team burned through nearly $260 million without ever completing the project.",
"The company finally went belly up in 1889, triggering a massive scandal that saw Lesseps and several others—including Eiffel Tower designer Gustave Eiffel, who had been hired to design canal locks—convicted of fraud and conspiracy. It would take another 25 years before the Panama Canal was finally completed in a decade-long, American-led construction project. 7. The canal played a crucial role in a Cold War-era crisis. In 1956, the Suez Canal was at the center of a brief war between Egypt and the combined forces of Britain, France and Israel. The conflict had its origins in Britain’s military occupation of the canal zone, which had continued even after Egypt gained independence in 1922. Many Egyptians resented the lingering colonial influence, and tensions finally boiled over in July 1956, when Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, supposedly to help fund a dam across the Nile River. In what became known as the Suez Crisis, a combined British, Israeli and French force launched an attack on Egypt in October 1956.",
"The Europeans succeeded in advancing close to the canal, but later withdrew from Egypt in disgrace following condemnation from the United States and the threat of nuclear retaliation from the Soviet Union. British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigned in the wake of the scandal, and the Suez Canal was left under Egyptian control. Sunken ships during the 1956 Suez Canal Crisis (Credit: Fox Photos/Getty Images) 8. A fleet of ships was once stranded in the canal for more than eight years. During June 1967’s Six Day War between Egypt and Israel, the Suez Canal was shut down by the Egyptian government and blocked on either side by mines and scuttled ships. At the time of the closure, 15 international shipping vessels were moored at the canal’s midpoint at the Great Bitter Lake. They would remain stranded in the waterway for eight years, eventually earning the nickname the “Yellow Fleet” for the desert sands that caked their decks. Most of the crewmembers were rotated on and off the stranded vessels on 3-month assignments, but the rest passed the time by forming their own floating community and hosting sporting and social events. As the years passed, the fleet even developed its own stamps and internal system of trade.",
"The 15 marooned ships were finally allowed to leave the canal in 1975. By then, only two of the vessels were still seaworthy enough to make the voyage under their own power. 9. It’s about to get a major overhaul. The Suez Canal has enjoyed increased traffic in recent years, with roughly 50 ships passing through its waters every day. Shipping tolls allow Egypt to rake in around $5 billion annually, but the canal is still hampered by its narrow width and shallow depth, which are insufficient to accommodate two-way traffic from modern tanker ships. In August 2014, Egypt’s Suez Canal Authority announced an ambitious plan to deepen the canal and create a new 22-mile lane branching off the main channel. Preliminary work has already begun on the $8.5 billion project, which Egyptian authorities claim could more than double the canal’s annual revenue by 2023. Tags Suez Canal: History and Overview - Geography Geography Suez Canal Connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea Egptian Suez Canal Has Been Center of Conflict The guided missile destroyer USS Scott transits the Suez Canal.",
"Getty Images Suez Canal Construction History Although the Suez Canal wasn't officially completed until 1869, there is a long history of interest in connecting both the Nile River in Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It is believed that the first canal in the area was constructed between the Nile River delta and the Red Sea in the 13th Century B.C.E. During the 1,000 years following its construction, the original canal was neglected and its use finally stopped in the 8th Century. The first modern attempts to build a canal came in the late 1700s when Napoleon Bonaparte conducted an expedition to Egypt. He believed that building a French controlled canal on the Isthmus of Suez would cause trade problems for the British as they would either have to pay dues to France or continue sending goods over land or around the southern part of Africa. continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Studies for Napoleon's canal plan began in 1799 but a miscalculation in measurement showed the sea levels between the Mediterranean and the Red Seas as being too different for a canal to be feasible and construction immediately stopped.",
"The next attempt to build a canal in the area occurred in the mid-1800s when a French diplomat and engineer, Ferdinand de Lesseps, convinced the Egyptian viceroy Said Pasha to support the building of a canal. In 1858, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was formed and given the right to begin construction of the canal and operate it for 99 years, after which time, the Egyptian government would take over control of the canal. At its founding, the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company was owned by French and Egyptian interests. Construction of the Suez Canal officially began on April 25, 1859. It opened ten years later on November 17, 1869 at a cost of $100 million. Suez Canal Use and Control Almost immediately after its opening, the Suez Canal had a significant impact on world trade as goods were moved around the world in record time. In 1875, debt forced Egypt to sell its shares in ownership of the Suez Canal to the United Kingdom . However, an international convention in 1888 made the canal available for all ships from any nation to use.",
"Shortly thereafter, conflicts began to arise over use and control of the Suez Canal. In 1936 for example, the U.K. was given the right to maintain military forces in the Suez Canal Zone and control entry points. In 1954, Egypt and the U.K. signed a seven year contract that resulted in the withdrawal of British forces from the canal area and allowed Egypt to take control of the former British installations. In addition, with the creation of Israel in 1948, the Egyptian government prohibited the use of the canal by ships coming and going from the country. Also in the 1950s, the Egyptian government was working on a way to finance the Aswan High Dam . Initially it had support from the United States and the U.K. but in July 1956, both nations withdrew their support and the Egyptian government seized and nationalized the canal so passage fees could be used to pay for the dam. On October 29 of that same year, Israel invaded Egypt and two days later Britain and France followed on grounds that passage through the canal was to be free. In retaliation, Egypt blocked the canal by intentionally sinking 40 ships.",
"These events were known as the Suez Crisis. In November 1956, the Suez Crisis ended when the United Nations arranged a truce between the four nations. The Suez Canal then reopened in March 1957 when the sunken ships were removed. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Suez Canal was closed several more times because of conflicts between Egypt and Israel. In 1962, Egypt made its final payments for the canal to its original owners (the Universal Suez Ship Canal Company) and the nation took full control of the Suez Canal. The Suez Canal Today Today, the Suez Canal is operated by the Suez Canal Authority. The canal itself is 101 miles (163 km) long and 984 feet (300 m) wide. It begins at the Mediterranean Sea at Point Said flows through Ismailia in Egypt, and ends at Suez on the Gulf of Suez. It also has a railroad running its entire length parallel to its west bank.",
"The Suez Canal can accommodate ships with a vertical height (draft) of 62 feet (19 m) or 210,000 deadweight tons. Most of the Suez Canal is not wide enough for two ships to pass side by side. To accommodate this, there is one shipping lane and several passing bays where ships can wait for others to pass. The Suez Canal has no locks because Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea's Gulf of Suez have approximately the same water level. It takes around 11 to 16 hours to pass through the canal and ships must travel at a low speed to prevent erosion of the canal's banks by the ships' waves. Significance of the Suez Canal In addition to dramatically reducing transit time for trade worldwide, the Suez Canal is one of the world's most significant waterways as it supports 8% of the world's shipping traffic and almost 50 ships pass through the canal daily. Because of its narrow width, the canal is also considered a significant geographic chokepoint as it could easily be blocked and disrupt this flow of trade.",
"Future plans for the Suez Canal include a project to widen and deepen the canal to accommodate the passage of larger and more ships at one time. To read more about the Suez Canal visit the Suez Canal Authority official website. Suez Canal - Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea - YouTube Suez Canal - Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Feb 24, 2013 For Egypt Holidays visit our website: Suez Canal - Connects the Mediterranean sea to the Red sea Suez Canal is the largest man-made artificial sea-level waterway found in Egypt. It was opened in the 1869 to allow water transportation between Europe and Asia to avoid ships navigation around Africa. The canal original size was 164 km long and 8metre deep. However enlargements have been undertaken and it now has a length of 193.30 km and its 24 metres deep.",
"It also has a northern access channel of 22 km and 9 km southern access. The canal has a northern terminus known as Port Said and a southern terminus called Port Tewfik. Suez Canal is owned and maintained by the Suez Canal Authority of the Arab Republic of Egypt. A treaty signed under the International Treaty Act shows that the canal can be used in times of war or peace by every vessel of commerce or of war and no flag is required for distinction. The canal allows passage of ships up to 20 metres and with weight of 240,000 tons. The height allowed above water is a maximum of 68 metres. Big ships offload their cargo to canal- owned boats to reduce their weight and reload later at the end of the canal. Suez Canal attracts a lot of visitors who come to see the amazing wonders of this man made sea. It serves as the first salt water passage between the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The canal has attracted attention from film makers. A film known as Suez was made in 1938 and it's based on the canal's history.",
"Also in the novel 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne, a character known as Nautilus travels through an underwater passage beneath the Suez Canal. All these highlight the canal as a very import part in opening up Africa to other parts of the world. Subscribe, Like and coment the video for more content. Thanks for watching. Canal History Canal History Time in SC: GMT+2 Canal & The Society The Suez Canal ’s role is not confined to servicing the world trade. It goes beyond that to serve the Canal Zone community ... Canal History Historical Outline: Egypt was the first country to dig a man-made canal across its lands to connect the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea via the branches of the River Nile. The first who dug it was Senausert III, Pharaoh of Egypt (1874 B.C.). This canal was abandoned to silting and reopened several times as follows: - Canal of Sity I 640 A.D. The Suez Canal is actually the first canal that directly links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It was opened for navigation on the 17 th of November 1869.",
"Egypt nationalized the canal on the 26 th of July 1956. The Canal was closed five times; the last time was the most serious one since it lasted for 8 years. The Canal was then reopened for navigation on the 5 th of June 1975. Suez Canal History: It is recorded that Egypt was the first country to dig a canal across its land with a view to activate world trade. The Suez Canal is considered to be the shortest link between the east and the west due to its unique geographic location; it is an important international navigation canal linking between the Mediterranean sea at Port said and the red sea at Suez. The idea of linking the Mediterranean sea with the red sea by a canal dates back to 40 centuries as it was pointed out through history starting by the pharaohs era passing by the Islamic era until it was dredged reaching its current condition today. It is considered to be the first artificial canal to be used in Travel and Trade. The Whole Idea of establishing a canal linking between the red sea and the Mediterranean dates back to the oldest times, as Egypt dredged the first artificial canal on the planet’s surface.",
"The pharaohs dredged a canal link in between river Nile and the red sea. The inscriptions in the tomb of Weni the Elder, who lived during the 6th Dynasty of the Old Kingdom (c. 2407-2260 BC) tell us a lot about Egyptian canal building and the reasons for building them - (for war ships and for transporting monument stone). Scholars are still debating, however, whether his waterways ran all the way from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. The first canal was dug under the reign of Senausret III, Pharao of Egypt (1887-1849 BC) linking the Mediterranean Sea in the north with the Red sea in the south via the river Nile and its branches. The Canal often abandoned to silting and was successfully reopened to navigation by Sity I (1310 BC), Necho II (610 BC), Persian King Darius (522 BC), Polemy II (285 BC), Emperor Trajan (117 AD) and Amro Ibn Elass (640 AD), following the Islamic conquest.",
"Under Necho II , a canal was built between the Pelusian branch of the Nile and the northern end of the Bitter Lakes (which lies between the two seas) at a cost of, reportedly, 100,000 lives. However, over many years, the canal fell into disrepair, only to be extended, abandoned, and rebuilt again. Necho was the first who attempted the channel leading to the Erythraian Sea (Red sea and Gulf of Suez which was extended to near by Ismailia city), which Dareios the Persian afterwards completed: the length of this is a voyage of four days, and in breadth it was so dug that two triremes could go side by side driven by oars; and the water is brought into it from the Nile.",
"The channel is conducted a little above the city of Bubastis (near by Zagazig city) by Patumos the Arabian city (Near by Ismailia city), and runs into the Erythraian Sea: and it is dug first along those parts of the plain of Egypt which lie towards Arabia (Eastern desert), just above which run the mountains which extend opposite Memphis (south of Cairo), where are the stone-quarries,--along the base of these mountains the channel is conducted from West to East for a great way; and after that it is directed towards a break in the hills and tends from these mountains towards the noon-day and the South Wind to the Arabian gulf (Gulf of Suez).",
"Now in the place where the journey is least and shortest from the Northern to the Southern Sea (which is also called Erythraian), that is from Mount Casion (east of Port Said), which is the boundary between Egypt and Syria, the distance is exactly a thousand furlongs (1 furlongs equals about 200 meter) to the Arabian gulf; but the channel is much longer, since it is more winding; and in the reign of Necos there perished while digging it twelve myriads of the Egyptians. Now Necos ceased in the midst of his digging, because the utterance of an Oracle impeded him, which was to the effect that he was working for the Barbarian: and the Egyptians call all men Barbarians who do not agree with them in speech. After having been neglected, it was rebuilt by the Persian ruler, Darius I (522-486 BC), whose canal can still be seen along the Wadi Tumilat. According to Herodotus, his canal was wide enough that two triremes could pass each other with oars extended, and that it took four days to navigate.",
"He commemorated the completion of his canal with a series of granite stelae set up along the Nile bank. This canal is said to have been extended to the Red Sea by Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246 BC), abandoned during the early Roman rule, but rebuilt again by Trajan (98-117 AD). Over the next several centuries, it once again was abandoned and sometimes dredged by various rulers for various but limited purposes. Amro Ibn Elass rebuilt the canal after the Islamic takeover of Egypt linking the Nile to the Red Sea creating a new supply line from Cairo . It was used for shipping grain to Arabia and to transport the pilgrimages to the Holy Land. The canal was stopped up in 767 AD by the Abbasid caliph El-Mansur to cut off supplies to insurgents located in the Delta and to starve out rebels in Medina. In modern times the Suez Canal is actually the first canal directly linking the Mediterranean to the Red sea. The first efforts to build a modern canal came from the Egypt expedition of Napoleon Bonaparte, who hoped the project would create a devastating trade problem for the English.",
"Though this project was begun in 1799 by Charles Le Pere, a miscalculation estimated that the levels between the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea were too great (estimating that the Red Sea was some ten meters higher than that of the Mediterranean Sea) and work was quickly suspended. Napoleon was told that the Red Sea was 30 feet higher than the Mediterranean. Dig a canal, his surveyors said, and the Red Sea will hemorrhage into the Mediterranean. Napoleon's engineers also considered the idea of a canal running directly between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, but they miscalculated a difference of ten meters between the two sea levels and gave up the idea, and it would sweep away the Nile Delta. Then, in 1833, a group of French intellectuals known as the Saint-Simoniens arrived in Cairo and they became very interested in the Suez project despite such problems as the difference in sea levels. Unfortunately, at that time Mohammed Ali had little interest in the project, and in 1835, the Saint-Simoniens were devastated by a plague epidemic. Most of the twenty or so engineers returned to France.",
"They did leave behind several enthusiasts for the canal, including Ferdinand de Lesseps (who was then the French vice-consul in Alexandria) and Linant de Bellefonds In Paris, the Saint-Simoniens created an association in 1846 to study the possibility of the Suez Canal once again. In 1847, Bourdaloue confirmed that there was no real difference in the levels between the Mediterranean and Red Seas, and it was Linant de Bellefonds that drew up the technical report. Unfortunately, there was considerable British opposition to the project, and Mohammed Ali, who was ill by this time, was less than enthusiastic. In 1854 the French diplomat and engineer Vicomte Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps succeeded in enlisting the interest of the Egyptian viceroy Said Pasha in the project. In 1858 La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez (Universal Company of the Maritime Suez Canal) was formed with authority to cut a canal and to operate it for 99 years, after which ownership would return to the Egyptian government. The company was originally a private Egyptian concern, its stock owned chiefly by French and Egyptian interests.",
"In 1875 the British government purchased Egypt's shares. The pilot study estimated that a total of 2,613 million cubic feet of earth would have to be moved, including 600 million on land, and another 2,013 million dredged from water. The total original cost estimate was 200 million francs. When at first the company ran into financial problems, it was Pasha Said who purchased 44 percent of the company to keep it in operation. However, the British and Turks were concerned with the venture and managed to have work suspended for a short time, until the intervention of Napoleon III. Excavation of the canal actually began on April 25th, 1859, and between then and 1862, the first part of the canal was completed. However, after Ismail succeeded Pasha Said in 1863, the work was again suspended. After Ferdinand De Lesseps again appealed to Napoleon III, an international commission was formed in March of 1864. The commission resolved the problems and within three years, the canal was completed.",
"On November 17, 1869 the barrage of the Suez plains reservoir was breached and waters of the Mediterranean flowed into the Red Sea and the canal was opened for international navigation. Completion of the 160- kilometer long waterway, however, took ten years of excruciating and poorly compensated labor by Egyptian workers, who were drafted at the rate of 20,000 every ten months from the ranks of the peasantry. The completion of the Suez Canal was a cause for considerable celebration. In Port Said , the extravaganza began with fireworks and a ball attended by six thousand people. They included many heads of state, including the Empress Eugenie, the Emperor of Austria, the Prince of Wales, the Prince of Prussia and the Prince of the Netherlands. Two convoys of ships entered the canal from its southern and northern points and met at Ismailia. Parties continued for weeks, and the celebration also marked the opening of Ismail's old Opera House in Cairo , which is now gone.",
"Because of external debts, the British government purchased the shares owned by Egyptian interests, namely those of Said Pasha, in 1875, for some 400,000 pounds sterling. Yet France continued to have a majority interest. Under the terms of an international convention signed in 1888 (The Convention of Constantinople), the canal was opened to vessels of all nations without discrimination, in peace and war. Nevertheless, Britain considered the canal vital to the maintenance of its maritime power and colonial interests. Therefore, the provisions of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 allowed Britain to maintain a defensive force along the Suez Canal Zone. However, Egyptian nationalists demanded repeatedly that Britain evacuate the Suez Canal Zone, and in 1954 the two countries signed a seven-year agreement that superseded the 1936 treaty and provided for the gradual withdrawal of all British troops from the zone. The canal remained under the control of two powers until Nasser nationalized it in 1956; it has since been operated by the Suez Canal Authority . The canal was closed to navigation twice in the contemporary period.",
"The first closure was brief, coming after the tripartite British-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956, an invasion primarily motivated by the nationalization of the waterway. The canal was reopened in 1957. The second closure occurred after the June 1967 War with Israel and lasted until 1975, when Egypt and Israel signed the second disengagement accord. After July 1952 Revolution, president Gamal Abd El Naser publicized the canal in announcement in (26 July, 1956) making the management of the canal a 100% Egyptian, which enraged the major countries leading to the Triad assault on Egypt in (29 October, 1956) which caused to the closing of the canal and it was reopened in (march 1957). Canal History 13th century BCE, A canal is constructed between the Nile Delta and the Red Sea. For the following centuries, the canal was only partially maintained... 1854, By a French initiative, the viceroy of Egypt, Said Pasha, decides for a project to build a canal from the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea...",
"1858, La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Maritime de Suez is formed to construct the canal. 17 Nov 1869, With great splendour, the canal is opened for navigation. Dimensions were 22 metre in bottom width, 58 metre in surface width, and a depth of 8 metres... 2 Mar 1888, The Convention of Constantinople guaranteed right of passage of all ships through the Suez Canal during war and peace... 13 Jun 1956, Suez Canal Zone restored to Egypt. 26 Jul 1956, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal. 5 Jun 1975, Suez Canal reopened... What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect? | Reference.com What two bodies of water does the Suez Canal connect? A: Quick Answer The two bodies of water connected by the Suez Canal are the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. The Suez Canal is located through a narrow strip of land in the north of Egypt. Full Answer The Suez Canal was opened to commercial shipping in 1869.",
"The canal measures 100.82 miles, with a northern access channel 14 miles in length and a southern access channel 5.6 miles long. Its northern point on the Mediterranean sea is Port Said, while its southern point along the Red Sea is Port Tewfik. The canal reduces the sea voyage between Europe and Asia by about 4,300 miles. Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal - BBC News BBC News Egypt holds trial run on second Suez Canal 25 July 2015 Image copyright EPA Image caption The exercise was closely monitored by helicopters and naval vessels The first cargo ships have passed through Egypt's second Suez Canal, amid tight security, ahead of the new waterway's official opening next month. Construction on the new lane, which runs alongside part of the existing canal, started less than a year ago . The 72km (44 mile) route allows two-way traffic and can accommodate larger vessels. Several container ships from around the world successfully navigated it on Saturday as part of a trial run. Helicopters and naval vessels escorted the ships as part of the security operation.",
"The Sinai Peninsula, which borders the canal, is a base for Islamic militants, who have killed hundreds of people since the military overthrew President Mohammed Morsi in 2013. Trade boost The original Suez Canal opened almost 150 years ago and links the Mediterranean with the Red Sea. Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi says the expansion of one of the world's busiest shipping routes will boost trade and increase employment across the country. It currently handles 7% of global sea-borne business, and is one of Egypt's main sources of foreign currency income. Suez Canal project projected revenue by 2023 (up from $5.3bn) 72km of new channel and bypasses 97 ships a day by 2023 (up from 49) 11-hour southbound transit (down from 18) 12 months to complete project by Aug 2015 Source: Suez Canal Authority AFP Work on the second waterway is estimated to have cost about $8.5bn (£5.4bn) and is being carried out by the army around the clock.",
"It will be formally inaugurated on 6 August - one year after construction started - meeting an ambitious target set out by Mr Sisi. The project has been labelled \"a rebirth\" for Egypt by the head of the Suez Canal Authority, Adm Mohab Mameesh. Image copyright EPA Image caption Officials say the new waterway will be a symbol of the new Egypt But it does have its critics. Some experts are dubious about the revenue projections and believe the money should have been spent elsewhere. \"It's a patriotic project first of all, and that's very difficult to quantify,\" Cairo-based investment analyst Angus Blair told the BBC. On Saturday, Adm Mameesh also revealed plans to build another canal near East Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea. It is expected to cost around $60m and will be 9.5km (6 miles) long, Reuters reports. Map of Suez Canal - Suez Canal Map, History Facts, Suez Canal Location - World Atlas SUEZ CANAL Suez Canal - Map & Details The Suez Canal, mostly man made, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Gulf of Suez.",
"The canal opened in 1869, and remains one of the planet's busiest shipping lanes. Through it the vast percentage of Europe's energy needs are transported from the Middle East oil fields. This vital corridor of commerce has been closed due to war twice. The most recent closing occurred during the Six-Day War (in 1967), a brief war between Israel and its Arab neighbors. A terrific photo by NASA: the Suez Canal . Red Sea | sea, Middle East | Britannica.com sea, Middle East Indian Ocean Red Sea, Arabic Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar , narrow strip of water extending southeastward from Suez , Egypt , for about 1,200 miles (1,930 km) to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait, which connects with the Gulf of Aden and thence with the Arabian Sea . Geologically, the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba (Elat) must be considered as the northern extension of the same structure. The sea separates the coasts of Egypt, Sudan , and Eritrea to the west from those of Saudi Arabia and Yemen to the east.",
"Its maximum width is 190 miles, its greatest depth 9,974 feet (3,040 metres), and its area approximately 174,000 square miles (450,000 square km). El Gouna, Egypt, a tourist resort on the Red Sea. © Xufang/Shutterstock.com Red Sea area. Inset shows the relative motions of the three plates that make up the Red Sea area. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The Red Sea contains some of the world’s hottest and saltiest seawater . With its connection to the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal, it is one of the most heavily traveled waterways in the world, carrying maritime traffic between Europe and Asia . Its name is derived from the colour changes observed in its waters. Normally, the Red Sea is an intense blue-green; occasionally, however, it is populated by extensive blooms of the algae Trichodesmium erythraeum, which, upon dying off, turn the sea a reddish brown colour. The following discussion focuses on the Red Sea and the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba. For treatment of the Suez Canal, see Suez Canal .",
"Physical features Physiography and submarine morphology The Red Sea lies in a fault depression that separates two great blocks of Earth’s crust—Arabia and North Africa . The land on either side, inland from the coastal plains, reaches heights of more than 6,560 feet above sea level , with the highest land in the south. Similar Topics Andaman Sea At its northern end the Red Sea splits into two parts, the Gulf of Suez to the northwest and the Gulf of Aqaba to the northeast. The Gulf of Suez is shallow—approximately 180 to 210 feet deep—and it is bordered by a broad coastal plain. The Gulf of Aqaba, on the other hand, is bordered by a narrow plain, and it reaches a depth of 5,500 feet. From approximately 28° N, where the Gulfs of Suez and Aqaba converge, south to a latitude near 25° N, the Red Sea’s coasts parallel each other at a distance of roughly 100 miles apart. There the seafloor consists of a main trough, with a maximum depth of some 4,000 feet, running parallel to the shorelines.",
"South of this point and continuing southeast to latitude 16° N, the main trough becomes sinuous, following the irregularities of the shoreline. About halfway down this section, roughly between 20° and 21° N, the topography of the trough becomes more rugged, and several sharp clefts appear in the seafloor. Because of an extensive growth of coral banks, only a shallow narrow channel remains south of 16° N. The sill (submarine ridge) separating the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at the Bab el-Mandeb Strait is affected by this growth; therefore, the depth of the water is only about 380 feet, and the main channel becomes narrow. The clefts within the deeper part of the trough are unusual seafloor areas in which hot brine concentrates are found. These patches apparently form distinct and separated deeps within the trough and have a north-south trend, whereas the general trend of the trough is from northwest to southeast. At the bottom of these areas are unique sediments, containing deposits of heavy metal oxides from 30 to 60 feet thick. Earth’s Seas Most of the islands of the Red Sea are merely exposed reefs.",
"There is, however, a group of active volcanoes just south of the Dahlak Archipelago (15° 50′ N), as well as a recently extinct volcano on the island of Jabal Al-Ṭāʾir. Geology The Red Sea occupies part of a large rift valley in the continental crust of Africa and Arabia. This break in the crust is part of a complex rift system that includes the East African Rift System , which extends southward through Ethiopia , Kenya, and Tanzania for almost 2,200 miles and northward for more than 280 miles from the Gulf of Aqaba to form the great Wadi Aqaba–Dead Sea–Jordan Rift; the system also extends eastward for 600 miles from the southern end of the Red Sea to form the Gulf of Aden. Britannica Stories Scientists Ponder Menopause in Killer Whales The Red Sea valley cuts through the Arabian-Nubian Massif, which was a continuous central mass of Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks (i.e., formed deep within the Earth under heat and pressure more than 540 million years ago), the outcrops of which form the rugged mountains of the adjoining region.",
"The massif is surrounded by these Precambrian rocks overlain by Paleozoic marine sediments (542 to 251 million years old). These sediments were affected by the folding and faulting that began late in the Paleozoic; the laying down of deposits, however, continued to occur during this time and apparently continued into the Mesozoic Era (251 to 65.5 million years ago). The Mesozoic sediments appear to surround and overlap those of the Paleozoic and are in turn surrounded by early Cenozoic sediments (i.e., between 65.5 and 55.8 million years old). In many places large remnants of Mesozoic sediments are found overlying the Precambrian rocks, suggesting that a fairly continuous cover of deposits once existed above the older massif. The Red Sea is considered a relatively new sea, whose development probably resembles that of the Atlantic Ocean in its early stages. The Red Sea’s trough apparently formed in at least two complex phases of land motion. The movement of Africa away from Arabia began about 55 million years ago.",
"The Gulf of Suez opened up about 30 million years ago, and the northern part of the Red Sea about 20 million years ago. The second phase began about 3 to 4 million years ago, creating the trough in the Gulf of Aqaba and also in the southern half of the Red Sea valley. This motion, estimated as amounting to 0.59 to 0.62 inch (15.0 to 15.7 mm) per year, is still proceeding, as indicated by the extensive volcanism of the past 10,000 years, by seismic activity, and by the flow of hot brines in the trough. Climate Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram Pinterest The Red Sea region receives very little precipitation in any form, although prehistoric artifacts indicate that there were periods with greater amounts of rainfall. In general, the climate is conducive to outdoor activity in fall, winter, and spring—except during windstorms—with temperatures varying between 46 and 82 °F (8 and 28 °C). Summer temperatures, however, are much higher, up to 104 °F (40 °C), and relative humidity is high, rendering vigorous activity unpleasant.",
"In the northern part of the Red Sea area, extending down to 19° N, the prevailing winds are north to northwest. Best known are the occasional westerly, or “Egyptian,” winds, which blow with some violence during the winter months and generally are accompanied by fog and blowing sand. From latitude 14° to 16° N the winds are variable, but from June through August strong northwest winds move down from the north, sometimes extending as far south as the Bab el-Mandeb Strait; by September, however, this wind pattern retreats to a position north of 16° N. South of 14° N the prevailing winds are south to southeast. Hydrology No water enters the Red Sea from rivers, and rainfall is scant; but the evaporation loss—in excess of 80 inches per year—is made up by an inflow through the eastern channel of the Bab el-Mandeb Strait from the Gulf of Aden. This inflow is driven toward the north by prevailing winds and generates a circulation pattern in which these low- salinity waters (the average salinity is about 36 parts per thousand) move northward.",
"Water from the Gulf of Suez has a salinity of about 40 parts per thousand, owing in part to evaporation, and consequently a high density. This dense water moves toward the south and sinks below the less dense inflowing waters from the Red Sea. Below a transition zone, which extends from depths of about 300 to 1,300 feet, the water conditions are stabilized at about 72 °F (22 °C), with a salinity of almost 41 parts per thousand. This south-flowing bottom water, displaced from the north, spills over the sill at Bab el-Mandeb, mostly through the eastern channel. It is estimated that there is a complete renewal of water in the Red Sea every 20 years. Britannica Lists & Quizzes"
] |
In which country is the Aswan Dam?
|
Egypt
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"Gift of the Nile",
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[
"Aswan High Dam Controls the Nile River Aswan High Dam Aswan High Dam Controls The Nile River Cars drive on a bridge crossing the Nile River in central Cairo, Egypt. Getty Images Europe Share By Matt Rosenberg Just north of the border between Egypt and Sudan lies the Aswan High Dam, a huge rockfill dam which captures the world's longest river , the Nile River, in the world's third largest reservoirs, Lake Nasser. The dam, known as Saad el Aali in Arabic, was completed in 1970 after ten years of work. Egypt has always depended on the water of the Nile River. The two main tributaries of the Nile River are the White Nile and the Blue Nile. The source of the White Nile are the Sobat River Bahr al-Jabal (The \"Mountain Nile\") and the Blue Nile begins in the Ethiopian Highlands. The two tributaries converge in Khartoum, the capital of Sudan where they form the Nile River. The Nile River has a total length of 4,160 miles (6,695 kilometers) from source to sea.",
"Nile Flooding Before the building of a dam at Aswan, Egypt experienced annual floods from the Nile River that deposited four million tons of nutrient-rich sediment which enabled agricultural production. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know This process began millions of years before Egyptian civilization began in the Nile River valley and continued until the first dam at Aswan was built in 1889. This dam was insufficient to hold back the water of the Nile and was subsequently raised in 1912 and 1933. In 1946, the true danger was revealed when the water in the reservoir peaked near the top of the dam. In 1952, the interim Revolutionary Council government of Egypt decided to build a High Dam at Aswan, about four miles upstream of the old dam. In 1954, Egypt requested loans from the World Bank to help pay for the cost of the dam (which eventually added up to one billion dollars). Initially, the United States agreed to loan Egypt money but then withdrew their offer for unknown reasons. Some speculate that it may have been due to Egyptian and Israeli conflict.",
"The United Kingdom , France, and Israel had invaded Egypt in 1956, soon after Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal to help pay for the dam. The Soviet Union offered to help and Egypt accepted. The Soviet Union's support was not unconditional, however. Along with the money, they also sent military advisers and other workers to help enhance Egyptian-Soviet ties and relations. Building of the Aswan Dam In order to build the Aswan Dam both people and artifacts had to be moved. Over 90,000 Nubians had to be relocated. Those who had been living in Egypt were moved about 28 miles (45 km) away but the Sudanese Nubians were relocated 370 miles (600 km) from their homes. The government was also forced to develop one of the largest Abu Simel temple and dig for artifacts before the future lake would drown the land of the Nubians. After years of construction (the material in the dam is the equivalent to 17 of the great pyramid at Giza), the resulting reservoir was named for the former president of Egypt, Gamal Abdel Nasser , who died in 1970.",
"The lake holds 137 million acre-feet of water (169 billion cubic meters). About 17 percent of the lake is in Sudan and the two countries have an agreement for distribution of the water. Aswan Dam Benefits The Aswan Dam benefits Egypt by controlling the annual floods on the Nile River and prevents the damage which used to occur along the floodplain. The Aswan High Dam provides about a half of Egypt's power supply and has improved navigation along the river by keeping the water flow consistent. There are several problems associated with the dam as well. Seepage and evaporation accounts for a loss of about 12-14% of the annual input into the reservoir. The sediments of the Nile River, as with all river and dam systems, has been filling the reservoir and thus decreasing its storage capacity. This has also resulted in problems downstream. Farmers have been forced to use about a million tons of artificial fertilizer as a substitute for the nutrients which no longer fill the flood plain. Further downstream, the Nile delta is having problems due to the lack of sediment as well since there is no additional agglomeration of sediment to keep erosion of the delta at bay so it slowly shrinks.",
"Even the shrimp catch in the Mediterranean Sea has decreased due to the change in water flow. Poor drainage of the newly irrigated lands has led to saturation and increased salinity. Over one half of Egypt's farmland in now rated medium to poor soils. The parasitic disease schistosomiasis has been associated with the stagnant water of the fields and the reservoir. Some studies indicate that the number of individuals affected has increased since the opening of the Aswan Dam. The Nile River and now the Aswan High Dam are Egypt's lifeline. About 95% of Egypt's population live within twelve miles from the river. Were it not for the river and its sediment, the grand civilization of ancient Egypt probably would have never existed. High Dam at Aswan, Egypt | Building the World High Dam at Aswan, Egypt High Dam at Aswan, Egypt Aerial of the High Dam at Aswan, from NASA at nasa.gov. WHY EGYPT? The legendary Nile, river of Cleopatra, has enchanted the world. The Nile has sustained Egypt for years, as it has always been a source of transport, commerce, irrigation, and inspiration. However, floods were a frequent threat, choked in turn by alternating times of drought.",
"Interventions in the Nile can be traced back to 1843. But the most dramatic harnessing of the mighty river went far beyond national traditions of the pyramids and pharaohs when Egypt partnered with Soviet Russia to build the High Dam at Aswan. A new word entered modern parlance: hydropolitics. HYDROPOLITICS Nikita Kruschev, from Time Magazine at time.com. Lexicons added the term “hydropolitics” since the High Dam at Aswan. There are two dams: the Low Dam built by Mohammed Ali, founder of modern Egypt, in 1843; and the High Dam built between 1960 and 1970. When the High Dam was bid on there was a long line of possible suitors. First, of course, the Egyptians, but then jointly by the British and Americans, followed by the World Bank. Having had a difficult experience during the Suez Canal’s nationalization, the World Bank demurred. Instead, the United States initially offered and then declined the project; the eventual winner of the contract was Soviet Russia.",
"Nikita Khrushchev was soon welcomed by Nasser; his visit marked the first Soviet general secretary to set foot in an Arab country. But even before Russia, others envied the Nile’s power. Napoleon observed, at a time when the French were occupying Egypt, “If I were to rule a country like Egypt, not a single drop of water would be allowed to flow into the Mediterranean.” (Biswas, 25; Building the World, 612). Politics on the Nile continue today. According to the Earth Policy Institute, Saudi Arabia may be tapping the Nile. Institute president Lester Brown stated: “The Saudis tapped into an aquifer far below the desert to produce irrigated wheat, making themselves self-sufficient.” But now almost all that water is gone, and Saudis are investing in farmland in Ethiopia and Sudan, but that means they will draw more Nile water for irrigation away from Egypt. HIGH AND LOW There are two dams on the Nile River at Aswan, Egypt’s southernmost city. The first site developed, in 1843 by Albanian founder of modern-day Egypt, Mohammed Ali, was a barrage (an artificial obstruction to encourage irrigation) to improve agriculture.",
"While the Nile is revered as a fountain of life, only 4% of Egypt’s soil was nourished by the river, leaving the rest of the country a desert. As the population of Egypt expanded, demands upon the Nile grew. From 1898 to 1902, the Egyptians and British collaborated to build what is now referred to as the Aswan Low Dam. Built with the dual purpose of irrigation and power generation, this Low Dam measures 7,000 feet (2,100 meters)long; after additional heightening in 1907-12 and again from 1929-34, it is now 125 feet (38 meters) high. In comparison, Itaipu is 55 meters high. The Low Dam has 180 sluices through which silt-laden water passes – the design proved to be a boon to the land near the riverbanks. The High Dam is located four miles (six kilometers) upstream.",
"Made of earth and rock fill on a core of cement and clay, the dam is 3,000 feet (about 1,000 meters) thick at the base and 130 feet (40 meters) at the top. The reservoir is one of the world’s largest with capacity of 131 million acre feet or MAF (162 billion cubic meters) of water. BENEFITS WITH CONSEQUENCES Results brought many benefits including electricity for every city, town, and village in Egypt, as well as agricultural improvements through irrigation, fewer disastrous floods, and better navigation on the Nile. But there were consequences. The portion of the Nile downstream lost much of its power, something of concern to Brazilians living near the site of Belo Monte, Itaipu’s successor. Prior to the dam’s construction, the river brought along 12 million tons of rich silt full of nutrients, but after completion, silt now collects instead behind the dam. Whereas the silt used to bring fertilizing nitrogen to the land, now nutrients must be added via lime-nitrate. Salinity is also a major problem. High Aswan Dam, from University of Michigan at umich.edu.",
"WHAT WOULD THE SPHINX SAY? Flooding to create a reservoir entails difficult decisions regarding relocation. Such was the case when developing the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in the United States and in China’s Three Gorges Dam. But Egypt faced a particularly difficult situation, in part due to its history. Land of the Pharaohs, pyramids, and the ancient Nubians, Egypt struggled to balance history and innovation; areas designated for flooding contained treasures. Before flooding, Egyptian museums and government agencies mounted one of the most massive relocation programs of historic objects in history. Egyptian tombs were relocated, temples, monuments and relics were excavated and moved. In the site of Abu Simbel, the cost of transferring objects mounted to over US$40 million. But even after the effort to save Egyptian treasures, many were lost in the flooding of what would become Lake Nasser. And not just objects were destroyed (or perhaps are waiting to be discovered) but 150 islands were now just 36. SALINE SOLUTION Whether Australia’s Snowy Mountains Hydroelectric , Egypt’s Aswan or Brazil and Paraguay’s Itaipú , dams eventually cause salinity.",
"In California, the Imperial Valley now suffers from increased salinity in its irrigated soil. In the Netherlands the same problem is seen. The Nile River also suffers. In fact, 40% of all irrigated land in the world is currently damaged by salinity. The World Bank, who did not get involved in the High Dam at Aswan, has built more dams than any other organization in history: 527 dam-construction loans totally US$58billion (in 1993 dollars). Altogether, more than 604 dams have been built in 93 countries with World Bank funding. In the late 1990’s, the Manibeli Declaration, endorsed by groups from 44 countries and many nongovernmental organizations, suggested a halt to World Bank funding of more dams until a worldwide body was established to review environmental implications. Is it time to universities and businesses in countries with significant hydroelectric salinity problems to found a global program to find a solution? Will water resources faculty at leading universities such as the University of Massachusetts Amherst Water Resources Research Center find the saline solution?",
"Might the work of Ellen Douglas, Allen Gontz and others at the Department of Environmental, Earth and Ocean Sciences bring to impacts of dam removal? Will discussions between Jack Wiggin of the Urban Harbors Institute and Robbin Peach of the Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security– both at University of Massachusetts Boston – reveal important findings? ARAB SPRING-FED WATERS? According to Thomas Friedman, author of The World is Flat, and journalist for the New York Times, the Middle East may be on the edge of the cliff regarding water supply. Running out of water, Tunisia, Yemen, and Syria are in trouble. During a period of time from 2006 to 2011, Syria had terrible droughts and crop failures affecting over half the country. The United Nations confirms that 800,000 thousand people saw their livelihoods dried up. With predictions for a population boom in most Middle Eastern countries (up 132% by 2030), water will be an issue. Ditto for Asia where supply will exceed demand by 40% in 2040.",
"Friedman conjectures “environmental, population and climate stresses are driving the Arab Spring as much as political and economic factors.” WATER AND DIPLOMACY According to Philippe Bernard of France, diplomatic fights over shared water of rivers might need world governance. Some examples include: River Countries Rio de la Plata Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay Amou Daria Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan Tigris/Euphrates Iraq, Syria, Turkey As a city on a river (the Charles) as well as an ocean (the Atlantic), should the University of Massachusetts Boston sponsor an exploration of Bernard’s proposal, perhaps in cooperation with Le Havre? Can the UMB’s Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security’s mission ( addressing “human security, threatened by climate-inducted changes in marine and coastal community ecosystems” be a leader of such an international forum? FRACKING Fracking is a controversial method of obtaining natural gas, from The Wall Street Journal at wsj.com. While hydroelectrics may be one of the earliest connections of water and energy, there is a new development. Water is being used to obtain resources of natural gas.",
"Hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as “fracking,” uses between 3 and 8 million gallons of water per day – per well, according to Alex Prud’Homme. But that’s not the worst of it. That water is mixed with chemicals including formaldehyde, xylene, benzene, among other ingredients that drilling companies brew up in sometimes proprietary ways that are not revealed before use. While there are attempts to recover the water, Prud’Homme states much wastewater from fracking goes back into the ground. Fracking is now on the American political agenda. What should be done? Document of Authorization AGREEMENT with the U.S.S.R. Concerning the Project for the Implementation of the High Dam, Approved by Decree No. 8 of January 9, 1959 (Official Gazette No. 2n). December 27, 1958 The government of the U.A.R.",
"and the U.S.S.R., impelled by the friendly relations which exist between them, and in their desire to strengthen economic and technical cooperation between them on a basis of equality and non-intervention in internal affairs and full respect for the dignity and national sovereignty of each of the two countries, and in view of the great importance of the High Dam project at Aswan to the national economy of the U.A.R., have agreed upon the following: 1. In answer to the desire of the Government of the U.A.R. to develop its national economy, the Government of the U.S.S.R. expresses its readiness to cooperate with the Government of the U.A.R. in constructing the first stage of the High Dam at Aswan.The first stage comprises the construction of the front part of the main dam with a height of 50 meters an a length of 600 meters, and the downstream coffer cam with a height of 27 meters and a length of 600 meters; together with work on the diversion of the waters and sluices, as well as the supply of equipment, and instruments necessary for this work.",
"The two parties will agree on measures in the course of study of the details, or whenever the need arises in the course of implementation….It is agreed that all the expenses which will be assumed by the Soviet side, whether for the construction of the Dam itself or for implementation of the works of irrigation and the conversion of the basis, imputed to the loan, will be covered within the limit of the loan offered, according to Article 5 of this agreement. 5. The Government of the U.S.S.R. offers the U.A.R. Government a loan of 400 million roubles (the rouble is equal to 0.222168 grammes of pure gold) to cover the cost of the operations to be carried out by the Soviet organisms for all matters relating to the execution of the projects as well as the studies and researches, the delivery of machinery, equipment and material on the basis of Soviet port prices free of charge to the U.A.R. and back. – Building the World, pages 614-622. See also Building the World, pp. 614-622.",
"VOICES OF THE FUTURE: Discussion and Implications Hydropolitics: A dam in Egypt built (and financed) by Russia, the High Dam at Aswan opened a new era of hydropolitics. Today, shared water resources present challenges and opportunities around the world: Middle East (Israel, Jordan, Palestine) and the Jordan River, for example. Or the Mekong river in Southeast Asia where Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam might share a vision. Can the lessons learned about ocean waters by UMB’s Collaborative Institute for Oceans, Climate and Security ( ) inform decisions about the understanding of human and environmental security implications of climate change and effects on oceans and rivers? Fracking: Water and energy are linked in other ways than hydroelectricity. Water is the means of obtaining natural gas through hydraulic fracturing. But there are environmental concerns, despite the race for energy resources. Fracking is likely to be a key issue in the decade from 2015 – 2025. What are guidelines, safeguards, and policies to be considered? RESOURCES To read the complete chapter, members of the University of Massachusetts Boston may access the e-book through Healey Library Catalog and ABC-CLIO here.",
"Alternatively the volumes can be accessed at WorldCat , or at Amazon for purchase. Further resources are available onsite at the University of Massachusetts Boston, Healey Library , including some of the following: Building the World Collection Finding Aid (*indicates printed in notebook series) Barringer, Felicity. “A Rare Isotope Helps Track an Ancient Water Source.” The New York Times, November 21, 2011. Bernard, Philippe. “Water,” in author correspondence dated 21 June, 2012. Available in the Healey Library Archives and Special Collections, University of Massachusetts Boston. Berns, Pam. “Priceless Water.” Chicagolife.net, Publisher’s Letter. May, 2012. Biswas, Asit K. “Aswan Dam Revisited: The Benefits of a Much Maligned Dam” D+C (Development and Cooperation), Monograph No. 6 (November/December 2002): 25-27. Also see . Fahim, Hussein M. Egyptian Nubians: Resettlement and Years of Coping. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1983. Failure, Jacob M.",
"The Everything Middle East Book: The Nations, Their Histories, and Their Conflicts. Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2004. Frankel, Ernst G. “Rhone-Algeria Aqueduct: Feasibility of Fresh Water Supply for Algeria and the Sahara.” Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 1998, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 317-320 Fung, Fai, Ana Lopez, and Mark New. “Water Availability in +2C and +4C Worlds. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (2011) 369:100. Gorlov, Alexander. “Tidal Power.” Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. London: Academic Press, 2001. Hourani, Albert. A History of the Arab Peoples. New York: Warner Books, 1991. Macaulay, David. Building Big. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. Steele, James. “The Effect of the Aswan High Dam upon Village Life in Upper Egypt.” IASTE 2nd International Conference.",
"“First World-Third World: Duality and Coincidence in Traditional Dwellings and Settlements.” University of California at Berkeley, CA, USA, October 1990. Whittington, Dale and Giorgio Guariso. Water Management Models in Practice: A Case Study at the Aswan High Dam. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing, 1983. Internet For a summary of the High Dam at Aswan, including a link to an article by Sayed El-sayed and Gert L. van Kijken relating to the effects of the dam on the Mediterranean, see: . For a drawing showing both the Low Dam and High Dam, as well as detailing the cooperative efforts between Egypt and the Soviet Union, see: . For a report on the World Bank’ role in funding dams, including an analysis by the International Rivers Network, see: . For a tool kit for educators on rivers and climate change, see: The Aswan Dam - The River Nile The River Nile Bibliography The Aswan Dam The Aswan Dam was an important change for Egypt.It is an enbankment dam.",
"The Egyptian Government had this as a key objective in their eyes because the power to control floods which brought famine to Egypt would change their country forever and it also generates hydroelectricity. It is situated in Aswan, in Egypt. The dam was started to be built in 1960 and was opened in 1970. It is 111 metres tall and 3,830 metres long. It's Surface area is 5,250 square kilometres and it's normal elevation is 183 metres high. It's maximum water depth is 180 metres deep. It's reservoir length is 550 km whereas it's width is 35. The amount of MW it's creates per average each day is 2,100. Create a free website Aswan Dam - YouTube Aswan Dam Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. The interactive transcript could not be loaded. Loading... Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later.",
"Published on Nov 3, 2012 A documentary about the Aswan Dam on the Nile river in Egypt. Category Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go? Where Does the Water Go? Lesson 6: The Nile River - Where Does the Water Go? Problems with the Aswan Dam The 1959 Water Agreement divided up the average annual Nile waters as shown below: Egypt 84.0 BCM (average flow 1912-1959) Naturally, when the river's flow was below the long-term average, sharing according to those specifications was impossible. The Egyptians, who are more heavily industrialized than the Sudanese, claimed that their water needs should take priority, leading to regional tensions that persist to this day. Oddly enough, the Ethiopians, in whose country the Blue Nile begins, were left out of the 1959 agreement entirely. The Nile River and the Aswan High Dam are Egypt's lifelines. About 95% of Egypt's population lives within twelve miles of the river. The dam benefits Egypt by controlling the annual floods on the Nile and prevents the damage that used to occur along the floodplain.",
"The Aswan High Dam provides about a half of Egypt's power supply and has improved navigation along the river by keeping the water flow consistent. Following completion of the dam there have been extensive problems, ironically caused in part because the annual flood no longer occurs. We will discuss five different issues: agriculture, changes to the Egyptian fishing industry, and erosion of the Delta. Agriculture Agriculture in the delta has traditionally benefited from the water and silt deposited by the flood (remember that the silt comes from eroding basalt lava in the Ethiopian highlands). This silt made the Nile delta one of the richest agricultural areas in the world and the basis of one of the most ancient human civilizations. Irrigation and more intensive farming, combined with inadequate drainage, has created swamps. The rise in water tables has led to accumulation of harmful salts, fertilizers, and pesticides in the upper layers of the soil. Farmers have been forced to use about a million tons of artificial fertilizer as a substitute for the nutrients that no longer fill the flood plain. Poor drainage of the newly irrigated lands has led to soil saturation and increased salinity. Over half of Egypt's farmland is now rated medium to poor in quality.",
"The high cost of developing drainage systems is the main problem, and Egypt lacks hard foreign investment currency. The water table has risen since the dam was built, increasing the danger of fertilizer and other agricultural waste products seeping into the river, which is the main source of drinking water for the local population. Why would the water table rise? All soil is permeable, so water will always leak out of the lake. The lake essentially forces water into the surrounding soils when it is full, and then water can flow back into the lake when it is low. Increased diseases The parasitic disease schistosomiasis has been associated with the stagnant water of the fields and the reservoir. Some studies indicate that the number of individuals affected has increased since the opening of the High Dam. Recall from the Theroux reading (National Geographic) that schistosomiasis has been present in the region for thousands of years, but the reservoir is a huge breeding ground.In some areas, the building of the Aswan dam caused an increased occurrence of schistosomiasis among the population -- from 21% to almost 100%. Similarly, the first cases of malaria in northern Africa happened after establishment of Lake Nasser.",
"Mosquitoes need shallow stagnant water to breed, and the lakeshore is the perfect environment. The recent identification of West Nile virus also indicates a water-bred and mosquito-borne disease that would not flourish if Lake Nasser had not been built. Human issues - Antiquities and resettlement of the Nubians In order to build the dam, both people and artifacts had to be moved. Over 90,000 (by some estimates over 120,000) Nubians had to be relocated. Those who had been living in Egypt were moved about 28 miles (45 km) away, but the Sudanese Nubians were relocated 370 miles (600 km) from their homes. The resettlement program was carried out very quickly, with severe consequences for the ~50,000 farmers who had to abandon their land. Their settlement, called New Nubia, was far from arable land. Like the northern Nile valley, agriculture in Nubia had traditionally been based on the annual flood of the rivers. The regulation of the rivers put an end to this kind of farming. In addition, arable land was submerged by the reservoir.",
"The people tried to farm the riverbank instead, causing increased erosion. Efforts to start a system of rotation of crops clashed with tradition and did not work out. The area they were moved to could not sustain the population, resulting in poverty and rising death. The resettlement areas were infested with the tsetse fly, and many people were exposed to sleeping sickness. Because of poor planning, about 50,000 people ended up in camps resembling refugee camps. The hygiene in these camps was very bad, and epidemics flourished. The program of resettlement made the Nubians dependent on food aid in order not to starve. Nubia is also of tremendous historic importance, as this area - located between the First and Third cataracts - was the Kingdom of Kush, founded during the Middle Kingdom about 2000 years BC (4000 years BP). The government became aware (rather late in the game) that many artifacts and antiquities would be submerged. The Great Temple of Ramses II at Abu Simbe. The Kiosk of Trajan is in the foreground, while the Temple of Isis is at the right rear.",
"The reservior of the first Aswan Dam flooded the complex for much of each year. Date and photographer unknown. Source: From the Collections of the Kelsey Museum - ~kelseydb/Exhibits/AncientNubia/PhotoIntro.html Ambitious rescue operations were begun in 1960, after an appeal by the Director-General of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization). Twenty monuments from the Egyptian part of Nubia and four monuments from the Sudan were dismantled, relocated and re-erected. Many others were identified during the survey, and were documented before their subsequent inundation. Special permits were issued by the Egyptian and Sudanese governments for archaeological excavations conducted by multinational teams of researchers. This statue was taken apart and moved from the Nile Valley onto the bluffs overlooking Lake Nasser in a last-minute effort by UNESCO. Source: The Temples of Abu Simbel - built over 3250 years ago by Pharaoh Ramses II - were salvaged successfully. The effort involved moving 300,000 tons of rock, cutting the temple into over 1000 blocks and moving the pieces to higher ground.",
"Many other sites were similarly relocated and are now preserved on the higher ground surrounding Lake Nasser. In the end, however, time ran out. It became clear that it would not be possible to document many of the sites of Lower Nubia completely, and that much of the information which careful archaeological excavation can yield would be lost forever. Changes to the Egyptian fishing industry One good aspect of the lake was to be its contribution to a new Egyptian fishing industry. However, weeds flourished in the reservoir, causing problems for the dam and the generators. Five years after the dam was built, two thousand fishermen managed to catch 3,628 tons annually, while the catch was expected to be around 20,000 tons. Ten years later the catch had dropped to 907 tons, and in 1978 the fisheries were so poor that only a small part of the population was able to live off fishing. The effect of the dam on the Mediterranean fishing industry was more dramatic. The silt and sediments normally carried by the river contain important minerals and nutrients for fisheries in the sea at the river mouth.",
"Unlike more fertile, nutrient-rich seas, such as the North Sea and the Arabian Sea, the Mediterranean is noted for its nutrient-poor waters that contribute to a low level of primary productivity. Primary productivity is the creation of organic matter through photosynthesis by unicellular organisms called phytoplankton. In the Mediterranean Sea, primary productivity is unusually low for several reasons. The circulation of the sea brings low-nutrient water from the North Atlantic through the Strait of Gibraltar, and allows nutrient-rich bottom water to exit the sea through the same opening. The arid climate of the region and the low levels of nutrient-rich river runoff also contribute to the low productivity of the Mediterranean. Before the High Dam was built, fifty percent of the Nile flow drained into the Mediterranean. During an average flood, the total discharge of nutrient salts was estimated to be approximately 5,500 tons of phosphate and 280,000 tons of silicate. The nutrient-rich floodwater, or Nile Stream, was ~15 kilometers wide; it extended along the Egyptian coast and was detected off the Israeli coast and sometimes off southern Turkey. The decrease in fertility of the southeastern Mediterranean waters caused by the High Dam has had a catastrophic effect on marine fisheries.",
"The average fish catch declined from nearly 35,000 tons in 1962 and 1963 to less than one-fourth of this catch in 1969. Hardest hit was the sardine fishery: from a total of 18,000 tons in 1962, a mere 460 and 600 tons of sardine were landed in 1968 and 1969. The shrimp fishery also took a heavy toll as the catch decreased from 8,300 tons in 1963 to 1,128 tons in 1969. In recent years there has been a noticeable increase in the sardine catch along the Egyptian coast (8,590 tons in 1992) with most of the landings coinciding with the period of maximum discharge from the coastal lakes during winter. Since the late 1980s, the total fish catch (pelagic and bottom) off the Egyptian coast has grown to levels comparable to those that existed before construction of the dam. Whether this is due to improved fishing efforts or recovery of fish stocks is not clear.",
"Erosion of the Delta The reduced supply of silt and sediment from the annual flood has caused heavy erosion in the Nile Delta and as far away as Israel. The erosion, coupled with normal compaction of deltaic sediments, has decreased the inhabitable land on the Delta for the first time in over 10,000 years. The lack of silt reaching the Delta has made for a different set of problems farther upriver as well. The silt now gets trapped behind the Aswan Dam, where it settles out of the water and falls in thick layers on the floor of Lake Nasser. As a result, the reservoir becomes smaller each year, and is less able to handle the water and electricity-generation needs of the nation. The Aswan Dam is hardly the only problematic example of engineering. Consider also the Kariba Dam, completed in 1959 across the Zambezi River. The purpose of the Kariba Dam was to provide electricity to the population and the industry of southern Zimbabwe, as well as to the copper mines in the north. Construction was started in 1956, financed by the largest World Bank loan ever.",
"The dam was built by the British colonial government where the river formed the border between Northern and Southern Rhodesia (currently Zambia and Zimbabwe). There are places in the world where dam building is not so problematical. Iceland, for example, has almost limitless hydroelectric power, and is working to dam many of the rivers in the country's interior. In this case, there are no people to resettle, and no international boundaries involved. The only \"loss\" is that of spectacular canyons and valleys, but there may be enough to go around. BUILDING BIG: Databank: Aswan High Dam Aswan High Dam Reservoir Capacity: 5.97 trillion cubic feet Type: Embankment Purpose: Flood control, hydroelectric power, irrigation Reservoir: Lake Nasser Materials: Rock, clay Engineer(s): planned by a team of British engineers; built by a team of Soviet engineers In the middle of the arid Egyptian desert lies one of the largest embankment dams in the world. It is called the Aswan High Dam, or Saad el Aali in Arabic, and it captures the mighty Nile River in the world's third largest reservoir, Lake Nasser.",
"Before the dam was built, the Nile River overflowed its banks once a year and deposited four million tons of nutrient-rich silt on the valley floor, making Egypt's otherwise dry land productive and fertile. But there were some years when the river did not rise at all, causing widespread drought and famine. In 1952, Egyptian president Gamal Abdal-Nasser pledged to control his country's annual flood with a giant new dam across the Nile River. His plan worked. Click photo for larger image. The Aswan High Dam captures floodwater during rainy seasons and releases the water during times of drought. The dam also generates enormous amounts of electric power -- more than 10 billion kilowatt-hours every year. That's enough electricity to power one million color televisions for 20 years! Unfortunately, the dam has also produced several negative side effects. In order to build the dam, 90,000 Egyptian peasants had to move. To make matters worse, the rich silt that normally fertilized the dry desert land during annual floods is now stuck at the bottom of Lake Nasser!",
"Farmers have been forced to use about one million tons of artificial fertilizer as a substitute for natural nutrients that once fertilized the arid floodplain. Here's how this dam stacks up against some of the biggest dams in the world. (reservoir capacity, in cubic feet) Aswan High Dam Fast Facts: About 95 percent of Egypt's population lives within 12 miles of the Nile River. Since the dam was completed in 1970, the fertility of Egypt's farmland has gradually decreased. Today, more than half of Egypt's soil is rated medium to poor. Enough rock was used in the construction of the Aswan High Dam to build 17 Great Pyramids at Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan - Water Technology The dam's reservoir improved navigation across the Nile River, enhancing tourism. Aswan High Dam, River Nile, Sudan, Egypt Aswan High Dam is a rock-fill dam located at the northern border between Egypt and Sudan. The dam is fed by the River Nile's waters, and the reservoir created by the dam forms Lake Nasser. The dam's construction began in 1960 and was completed in 1968.",
"It was, however, officially inaugurated in 1971. The total investment for constructing the dam reached $1bn. With a reservoir capacity of 132 cubic kilometres, the Aswan High Dam provides water for about 33,600km of irrigation land. It serves the irrigation needs of both Egypt and Sudan, controls flooding, generates power and helps in improving navigation across the Nile. Egypt and Sudan reached an agreement in 1959, as part of which about 18.5 cubic kilometres of water from the reservoir was allocated to Sudan. History of the Aswan High Dam \"Institute Hydroproject of Russia, in collaboration with various engineers from Egypt, designed the Aswan High rock-fill dam.\" Efforts to harness water from the River Nile were first initiated with the construction of the Aswan Low Dam in 1898 under the direction of Sir William Willcocks. The dam was completed in 1902 and was raised twice during the period of 1907-1912 and 1929-1933 to further alleviate the Nile from flooding. The Aswan Low Dam was, however, not adequate to control the annual flooding of the Nile.",
"This gave rise to the idea of constructing a higher dam in 1952 with funding from the World Bank being sought in 1954. The US and Britain had earlier tried to fund part of the project but it did not materialise. The US withdrew the funding, followed by Britain and the World Bank. The Soviet Union finally came to the rescue of Egypt by providing the required funds for the project in 1958. Construction of Aswan High Dam finally began in 1960. Purpose and benefits of the North African project The dam was constructed with the primary aim of regulating the flow of the River Nile, which serves as a lifeline to almost the whole of Egypt. Flooding of the Nile occurs annually, with almost half of the water being drained into the sea wastefully. The dam controls floods by regulating the flow of river and supplies water for irrigation throughout the year, almost doubling the agricultural yield. The dam also improved navigation across the Nile, benefiting the tourism and fishing industries. Water from the dam is used for feeding 12 power turbines providing half of Egypt's power needs. The reservoir also helps to supply the stored water during droughts.",
"Details of the rock-fill dam project Aswan High Dam measures 111m in height, 3,830m in length and has a base width of 980m. The spillway has a discharge capacity of 11,000 cubic meters a second. \"The dam was constructed with the aim of regulating the flow of the River Nile, which serves as a lifeline to almost all of Egypt.\" Comprising of rocks, cement and metals, it creates the reservoir of the dam measuring 550km in length and 35km in width. The reservoir, with its surface area of 5,250 square kilometres, elevation of 183m and depth of 185m, has a storage capacity of 132 cubic kilometres. The dam consists of 180 sluice gates to regulate the flow of water to achieve flood control. It also has 12 Francis turbines, with an installed capacity of 2,100MW to supply electricity for industrial and household use. The dam's construction required some 44 million cubic metres of building materials and a workforce of about 34,000 people.",
"Controversies surrounding Aswan High Dam Related project Nile River Barrage, Naga Hammadi, Egypt The barrage is of crucial importance to the development of the Nile Valley water supply infrastructure. Aswan High Dam had been controversial right from its inception. The project was hit by financial controversies before its implementation when US, Britain and the World Bank backed out from their decision of partially funding the project. It created tension between various countries and lead, in part, to the Cold War, when Egypt decided to fund the project by nationalising the Suez Canal. The project came through after the then Soviet Union funded part of the project. The dam also witnessed various oppositions due to environmental issues. The River Nile was the main source of providing silts required for irrigation along the course of the river. Issues concerning aquatic life were also raised. The dam's site also submerged certain historical sites and caused the relocation of about 100,000 inhabitants. Key players involved with the African dam Institute Hydroproject of Russia, in collaboration with various engineers from Egypt, designed the Aswan High rock-fill dam. Out of the 34,000 people involved during the construction process, 25,000 were Egyptian engineers.",
"The construction project involved Osman Ahmed Osman. Related content Egypt High Dam The High Dam The High Dam of Aswan is one of the most important achievements of the in the last century in Egypt, even for many years it was a symbol of the New Era of the Revolution of 1952. It provided Egypt with water and electricity and secured the country of the risk of the destructive inundation. The Aswan High Dam was a great project! In fact it was one of the most important achievements of the last century in Egypt, for many years symbolising the New Era after 1952. Today It provides Egypt with water and electricity, and secures the country from the risk of the destructive inundation of the River Nile. After the revolution of July 1952, President Nasser announced his proposal for building the High Dam, but was met with Western refusals to co-operate, so he turned to the Soviet Union for both technological and financial aid. The result was the present rock-filled structure. The work began on the 9th January 1960 and the completed dam was opened in the spring of 1971.",
"This gigantic building is 111m tall, 3.5Km in length and about 1Km wide! It has a Hydro-electric plant, with 6 turbines, capable of producing 2.1 million kilowatts. As a result of its construction, a great lake was formed, Lake Nasser, which is about 10 km wide in some places, and 500km long. extending between Egypt and The Sudan – the worlds largest man-made lake! This lake also has an immense fish population, which is commercially exploited. Because raising the water caused the damage, and loss, of so many of the Nubian monuments, great efforts were made by the Egyptian Government, aided by UNESCO and other countries, to save the most important monuments of Nubia. Tourists who visit this site also visit the following sites:"
] |
What is the former name of the People's Republic of Venin?
|
Dohomey
|
[
"Dahomey kingdom",
"Dohomey",
"Danhome",
"Dahomey",
"Kingdom of Dahomey",
"DHY",
"Dahomeyan"
] | 9,934
|
[
"Benin: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide & Travel/Holidays/Cities Boni Forms New Government without a Prime Minister Geography This West African nation on the Gulf of Guinea, between Togo on the west and Nigeria on the east, is about the size of Tennessee. It is bounded by Burkina Faso and Niger on the north. The land consists of a narrow coastal strip that rises to a swampy, forested plateau and then to highlands in the north. A hot and humid climate blankets the entire country. Government Republic under a multiparty democratic rule. History The Abomey kingdom of the Dahomey, or Fon, peoples was established in 1625. A rich cultural life flourished, and Dahomey's wooden masks, bronze statues, tapestries, and pottery are world renowned. One of the smallest and most densely populated regions in Africa, Dahomey was annexed by the French in 1893 and incorporated into French West Africa in 1904. It became an autonomous republic within the French Community in 1958, and on Aug. 1, 1960, Dahomey was granted its independence within the Community. Gen.",
"Christophe Soglo deposed the first president, Hubert Maga, in an army coup in 1963. He dismissed the civilian government in 1965, proclaiming himself chief of state. A group of young army officers seized power in Dec. 1967, deposing Soglo. In Dec. 1969, Benin had its fifth coup of the decade, with the army again taking power. In May 1970, a three-man presidential commission with a six-year term was created to take over the government. In May 1972, yet another army coup ousted the triumvirate and installed Lt. Col. Mathieu Kérékou as president. Between 1974 and 1989 Dahomey embraced socialism, and changed its name to the People's Republic of Benin. The name Benin commemorates an African kingdom that flourished from the 15th to the 17th century in what is now southwest Nigeria. In 1990, Benin abandoned Marxist ideology, began moving toward multiparty democracy, and changed its name again, to the Republic of Benin.",
"Benin - Republic of Benin - Country Profile - West Africa Location map of Benin A virtual guide to Benin. The Republic of Benin is a from north to south long stretched country in West Africa , situated east of Togo and west of Nigeria , it is bordered to the north by Burkina Faso and Niger , in south by the the Bight of Benin, in the Gulf of Guinea, that part of the tropical North Atlantic Ocean which is roughly south of West Africa. Benin's coastline is just 121 km (75 mi) long. With an area of 112,622 km² the country is slightly larger than Bulgaria , or slightly smaller than the U.S. state Pennsylvania . Benin's former name, until 1975, was Dahomey. Porto-Novo , a port on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea is the nations capital city, largest city and economic capital is Cotonou . Spoken languages are French (official), Fon and Yoruba. Ethnic groups: 42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, Yoruba, and Bariba.",
"Religions: Indigenous beliefs (animist) 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20%. Languages : French (official), Fon and Yoruba in the south; Nagot, Bariba and Dendi in the north. Literacy: Total population 39%; men 53%, women 25%. Natural resources: Small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber.",
"Agriculture products: Cotton, corn, cassava (tapioca), yams, beans, palm oil, peanuts, livestock (2001) Industries: Textiles, food processing, construction materials, cement (2001) Exports - commodities: cotton, cashews, shea butter, textiles, palm products, seafood Exports partners: India 24.2%, Gabon 14.6%, China 7.2%, Niger 6%, Bangladesh 5%, Nigeria 4.9%, Vietnam 4.2% (2015) Imports - commodities: foodstuffs, capital goods, petroleum products Imports partners: China 42.1%, US 8.9%, India 5.7%, Malaysia 4.8%, Thailand 4.3%, France 4% (2015) Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF) Note: External links will open in a new browser window. Official Sites of Benin Benin | Define Benin at Dictionary.com Benin noun 1. Formerly Dahomey . a republic in W Africa: formerly part of French West Africa; gained independence in 1960.",
"44,290 sq. mi. (114,711 sq. km). Capital: Porto Novo. Bight of, a bay in N Gulf of Guinea in W Africa. 3. a former native kingdom in W Africa: now incorporated into Nigeria. 4. a river in S Nigeria, flowing into the Bight of Benin. Dictionary.com Unabridged Examples from the Web for Benin Expand Contemporary Examples At the Global awards ceremony, musical artists set the crowd on fire, especially Benin singer Angelique Kidjo. Bill Clinton, Loretta Claiborne: Best Moments From 2012 Clinton Global Initiative (Video) Nina Strochlic September 24, 2012 Historical Examples The kings of Benin and Congo could not be more indignant at the sight of a British cruiser blockading one of their rivers. The Guinea Voyage James Field Stanfield In quest of these she ran up the Bight of Benin; and here, close in with the coast, we presently raised a large school. West African studies Mary Henrietta Kingsley As the Lander brothers floated down the stream formed by the union of these two, they soon found themselves in the Bight of Benin.",
"British Dictionary definitions for Benin Expand noun 1. a republic in W Africa, on the Bight of Benin, a section of the Gulf of Guinea: in the early 19th century a powerful kingdom, famed for its women warriors; became a French colony in 1893, gaining independence in 1960. It consists chiefly of coastal lagoons and swamps in the south, a fertile plain and marshes in the centre, and the Atakora Mountains in the northwest. Official language: French. Religion: animist majority. Currency: franc. Capital: Porto Novo (the government is based in Cotonou). Pop: 9 877 292 (2013 est). Area: 112 622 sq km (43 474 sq miles) Former name (until 1975) Dahomey 2. a former kingdom of W Africa, powerful from the 14th to the 17th centuries: now a province of S Nigeria: noted for its bronzes Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd.",
"1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012 Word Origin and History for Benin Expand former West African kingdom, from the Bini people, whose name is perhaps related to Arabic bani \"sons.\" Though now the people is associated with Nigeria, the name was taken 1974 by the former nation of Dahomey. Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper Culture of Benin - history, people, clothing, women, beliefs, food, customs, family, social Culture of Benin Beninese Orientation Identification. Before 1975, the Republic of Benin was known as Dahomey, its French colonial name. Three years after the coup that brought Major Kérékou to power, the name was changed to the People's Republic of Benin, reflecting the Marxist-Leninist ideology of the new government.",
"After the collapse of the Kérékou government in 1989, the name was shortened to the Republic of Benin. In the precolonial period, Dahomey was the name of the most powerful kingdom on the Slave Coast, which extended along the Bight of Benin to Lagos. Today Benin includes not only the ancient Fon kingdom of Dahomey but also areas inhabited by many other groups. The nation's lack of cultural homogeneity is due to geographic factors and a history that has included waves of migration, competition between precolonial kingdoms, four centuries of commercial relations with Europe, and the impact of colonialism. In addition to language and ethnicity, there are divisions along lines of occupation and religion. Location and Geography. The country has an area of 43,483 square miles (112,622 square kilometers). It shares borders with Niger, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, and Togo. There are five distinct geographic zones. In the south, coconut palms grow on a narrow coastal strip broken by lagoons and creeks. In the north, a plateau of fertile iron clay soil interspersed with marshy areas supports oil palms.",
"The central area is a wooded savanna with some hilly areas. The Atacora mountain chain in the northwest is the area of greatest elevation, while the northeast is part of the Niger river basin. Most of the country has a tropical climate with a dry season from November to April and a rainy season from May to October. Rainfall and vegetation are heaviest in the south. The country is divided into six departments containing eighty-four districts. The capital is Porto-Novo, but the seat of government is in nearby Cotonou, the largest city. Demography. The current population is estimated to be about 6.5 million and is concentrated in the southern and central regions. The growth rate is high, and 48 percent of the people are less than fifteen years old. Linguistic Affiliation. French is the national language, and English is taught in secondary schools. There are about fifty languages and dialects. Most people speak at least two languages. Fifty percent of the population speaks Fon; other important languages include Yoruba, Aja, Mina, Goun, Bariba, Dendi, Ditamarri, Nateni, and Fulfulde. Approximately 36 percent of the population is illiterate.",
"Symbolism. The flag first flown after independence was green, red, and yellow. Green denoted hope for renewal, red stood for the ancestors' courage, and yellow symbolized the country's treasures. In 1975, the flag was changed to green with a red star in the corner. In 1990, the original flag was reestablished to symbolize the rejection of Marxist ideology. History and Ethnic Relations Emergence of the Nation. Although several ethnic groups are assumed to be indigenous, migration that began four hundred years ago brought Aja-speaking peoples (the Gbe) into the southern part of the country, where they founded several kingdoms. The Yoruba presence in the southern and central regions also dates back several hundred years. The Bariba migrated west from what is now Nigeria and established a cluster of states. In the northwest, Benin several indigenous groups remained independent of Bariba control. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to make contact at Ouidah (Whydah) in 1580s; Dutch, French, and English traders followed. The coastal communities became part of an emerging trans-Atlantic trading system. In the seventeenth century, slaves became the most important commodity, traded for manufactured items.",
"At first the trade took place with coastal kingdoms, but the interior kingdom of Dahomey later conquered those kingdoms. Although a tributary of the Yoruba kingdom Oyo from 1740 to 1818, Dahomey dominated the regional slave trade. Traders dealt directly with the royalty of Dahomey, who continued to sell slaves to Brazilian merchants after the 1830s. Merchants and travelers wrote about the power of the Dahomean monarch, his army of \"amazons\" (female warriors), and ceremonies that included human sacrifice. The French presence and influence increased after 1840 as a result of commercial and missionary activity. Tension with France increased as competition between European imperial powers escalated. France engaged in three military campaigns against Dahomey, and in 1894 King Behanzin surrendered and was exiled. By 1900, the Bariba had been defeated and the new boundaries had been determined. From 1904 to 1958, Dahomey was a colony in the federation of French West Africa. Colonial rule forced the people to accept a new system of central administration, heavy taxation, forced labor, and harsh laws.",
"France conscripted men to fight in both world wars. By the end of World War II, the economy was weak and growing discontent was difficult to manage. After World War II, France followed a policy of increased representation and autonomy. During this period, a triumvirate of leaders emerged who would dominate national politics for decades. In 1958, Dahomey chose independence, which was declared in 1960. Hubert Maga was elected as the first president. His term was interrupted by a military coup in 1963, the first of six in the next nine years. National Identity. Political turmoil before and after independence was not conducive to the formation of a national identity. The Kérékou regime and the seventeen-year experiment with socialism stabilized the country under a central bureaucracy. In the early years of his rule, Kérékou's called for the creation of a nation less aligned with French commercial and cultural interests. After the government adopted a Marxist-Leninist ideology in 1974, a rhetoric of national unity and \"the revolution\" permeated the media and government propaganda, but even today national identity is secondary to ethnic identity for much of the rural population. Ethnic Relations.",
"Beninese recognize about twenty sociocultural groups. In some cases, a cultural cluster is associated with one or more of the ancient kingdoms. The Fon (founders of the Dahomey kingdom) are the largest group. Their language is closely related to that of the Aja and Goun, and there are close ethnic ties with those groups as a result of shared precolonial history. Lines of cleavages create constantly changing northern, southern, and south-central coalitions of leaders who vie for control of limited resources and political power. The Afro-Brazilian community in the south is descended from European traders, Africans who lived near European trading establishments, and traders and returned slaves from Brazil. The educated peoples of the more urbanized southern region have dominated the nation's political and economic life. The teachers and civil servants who were given posts in the north were considered to be as foreign as the Europeans. Benin is also home to Fulani herders known locally as the Peul. These herders move their livestock over long distances in search of grass. Even when they become sedentary, the Fulani maintain a unique cultural identity. Many of them serve in the military.",
"Urbanism, Architecture, and the Use of Space More than 40 percent of the population lives in urban environments, primarily in Cotonou. Cities have a mixture of modern and colonial architecture. Although some Cotonou residents live in multi-story apartment buildings, their neighborhoods usually consist of walled compounds. In small towns and villages, new houses tend to be built from concrete block with metal roofs, but many are constructed from mud bricks and roofed with thatch. Large towns have both mosques and churches, and every town has at least one open-air market. Food and Economy Food in Daily Life. Even in many urban areas, cooking is done outside or, when it rains, in a separate room or shelter. Women and girls cook family meals, although more young men are learning to cook. Because many homes do not have refrigeration, most people go to the market several times a week to purchase food. The basic meal consists of a staple starch prepared as a sort of mush, eaten with a sauce that contains vegetables and meat or fish. Food is prepared at least twice a day: at midday and in the evening. The morning meal may consist of warmed-up leftovers from the previous evening's meal or food purchased from roadside vendors.",
"In the south, rice, corn, and manioc are the primary starches; millet, sorghum, and yams are preferred in central and northern communities. Sauces may contain okra, tomatoes, pumpkin seeds, peanuts, eggplant, peppers, and other vegetables. Legumes may be made into side dishes. In the marshy areas, carrots, green beans, and lettuce are being incorporated into the diet. Beninese also eat many varieties of tropical fruits. Traditionally palm wine was produced in the south, while millet beer was brewed and consumed by the northern peoples. Today alcoholic beverages are likely to be imported. Smoked, dried, or fresh fish is likely to accompany a meal in the south, while beef is more common in the north. Goats, sheep, and poultry are found throughout the country. Poor people often eat meals with no protein. \"European\" foods were introduced during the colonial period. Many young people perceive the traditional diet as monotonous and want to eat more expensive and often less nutritious imported foods. Children and adults buy snacks from roadside vendors. Men without female family members to cook for them often eat in makeshift outdoor restaurants. In the cities, French cuisine is available in restaurants.",
"Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions. Weddings, funerals, and holidays always involve eating. The Muslim feast day of Tobaski is celebrated by eating mutton, and families save to purchase a large sheep. Items such as pasta and canned peas are purchased by rural dwellers to eat on special occasions. Basic Economy. The country is self-sufficient in food production, despite the increased production of cash crops. About half the population is engaged in agriculture, and traditional systems of internal trade still function to move food from one area to another. The lack of passable roads in rural areas makes it difficult to transport agricultural products to market. About nine hundred thousand people face intermittent food shortages. Fishing is concentrated in the south, and pigs are raised by Christians. Most cattle are raised by Fulani herders. During the socialist period, the government encouraged agro-business initiatives and increased production through rural development programs Traditional Benin applique cloth; these are associated with the ancient Beninese cultures of Dahomey. such as cooperatives, but farmers' incomes remained low. Forced to sell their products to government managed companies at artificially low prices, farmers were forced into additional subsistence agriculture to feed themselves.",
"In the last decade, increases in subsistence and cash crops and growth in manufacturing and industry have led to a higher economic growth rate. However, structural adjustment programs negotiated with the World Bank and the International Money Fund after the collapse of the socialist government have involved painful austerity measures, and in 1994 the currency (the Communate Financiere Africaine franc or CFAF) was devalued. Land Tenure and Property. In the precolonial period, access to land was primarily through lineages and clans. However, private holdings existed before the colonial period as a result of gifts from kings to their supporters and purchases from lineage groups. Inheritance. Patterns of inheritance vary according to the customs of individual groups; while national law permits women to inherit and own land, in patrilineal societies land is likely to be inherited by brothers and sons. Commercial Activities. Agricultural products and consumer goods are sold wholesale and retail. Consumers can purchase goods at retail outlets for international import-export companies. Small stores called boutiques sell consumer goods and processed foodstuffs in most towns; many are run by Yoruba or Lebanese trading families. Modern stores are found only in the larger cities.",
"Most people still depend on open-air markets to buy not only food but textiles, clothing, furniture, and manufactured goods. The informal economy is large. Historically, women have played an important role in trade, and many women attempt to engage in commerce in addition to household or wage-earning labor. Major Industries. After the fall of the socialist government, many inefficient industries were privatized. Most manufacturing is geared to processing agricultural products and import substitution of consumer goods. There has been increased foreign investment in cotton gins, but most industrial concerns operate at low capacity and serve the local market. There are deposits of gold, oil, limestone, phosphates, iron ore, kaolin, and silica sand. Oil production has not been successful. The tourism industry will also require financial investment. Hooded and masked egunguns are present at a voodoo festival. Egunguns are the ghosts of ancestors, believed to visit earth at certain times of year by possessing living people. A hydroelectric power project on the Mono River is planned, and there is a project to build a natural gas pipeline. Trade. Cotton, crude oil, palm products, and cocoa are the major exports. Major imports include textiles, machinery, food, and agricultural raw materials.",
"After independence, France continued to be the main destination for exports. Other current trading partners include Brazil, Portugal, Morocco, and Libya. Division of Labor. In rural areas, the division of labor is usually clearly prescribed, with specific tasks assigned to men and women. Children are expected to help with chores. In polygynous families, the division of labor among cowives is precise. The more senior a wife is, the more likely she is to have time to pursue commercial interests. Social Stratification Classes and Castes. The system of social stratification has its roots in the precolonial kingdoms. Kingdoms in the south included royal and commoner families as well as slaves. At the top of the hierarchy was the ruling group of the Bariba, followed by a class of Bariba cultivators. Next came the Fulani pastoralists, and on the bottom were the Gando, the slaves of the Wasangari. Colonization broke the power of the traditional rulers, but social status is still partially determined by a person's family roots. Wealth is another way to gain social status, and those who become wealthy through commerce are held in high regard. One of the most significant social divisions is between the educated urban elite and the rural population.",
"During the colonial period, educated Beninese in other states were expelled. Some found work in the bureaucracy at home, but many moved to European countries. The career goal of many students is to become a civil servant, although structural adjustment programs have reduced the civil service sector. The objectives of the new national employment program include developing the private sector and encouraging expatriates to contribute to the economic development process. Symbols of Social Stratification. The dress, manners, activities, and worldview of the urban elite set them apart from other segments of society, and their lifestyle often is emulated by people in lower classes. Speaking French, wearing Western-style clothes, eating European foods, living in a house with a tin roof, and listening to modern music distinguish a person who is \"civilized.\" Political Life Government. Political instability has resulted from the inability of leaders to gain support outside their regional bases. Benin was the first country in the 1990s to make the transition from a dictatorship to a multiparty democracy. Under the new constitution, the president is directly elected to a five-year term and is limited to two terms. The president chooses the members of the cabinet. Members of parliament are elected to four-year terms. The National Assembly meets twice a year.",
"Leadership and Political Officials. Dozens of political parties have been formed since 1990, and the ability to negotiate alliances is essential to political success. Elections in the 1990s exhibited old patterns of patron-client relations, ethnic and regional fragmentation, brittle and shifting alliances, and isolated incidents of violence. Social Problems and Control. The crime rate is low, and most disputes are resolved by local leaders. Few civilians have access to guns. Theft is a problem, A woman selling baguettes at a market in Cotonou. Many Beninese homes lack refrigeration, necessitating almost daily trips to the marketplace. and many wealthier homeowners hire a night watchman. Military Activity. Military activity has been limited to domestic operations, and civilian rule has been toppled several times by factions of the military. Social Welfare and Change Programs Poverty has prevented the state from addressing the nation's health and educational needs, and it has relied on foreign aid and assistance from international organizations. Adjustment programs initiated after the collapse of the economy in 1989 limited the state's investment in health and social development. The National Family Planning Association was founded in 1972. Gender Roles and Statuses Division of Labor by Gender.",
"In farming communities, men do the heavier tasks such as clearing land. Women help plant, harvest, and process many of the food products. Women carry wood and water and are responsible for household tasks involving food and children. Women are active in local and regional trade. The degree to which women work as healers and ritual specialists varies between ethnic groups. The Relative Status of Women and Men. Although women in the Dahomey kingdom could increase their wealth and power as part of the royal palace organization and often served in primarily male occupations, the general pattern has always been for women to be socially and economically subordinate to men. The 1977 constitution conferred legal equality on women, but this was ignored in practice. Currently 65 percent of girls are not in school. Marriage, Family, and Kinship Marriage. In the past, most marriages were arranged by families, but individual choice is becoming more common, especially among the educated elite. A couple may have both civil and traditional ceremonies. The wife joins her husband's family, or the new couple may relocate. Marriage is nearly universal because remarriage occurs quickly after divorce or the death of a spouse. Although cowives in polygamous marriages are supposed to get along, jealousy is not unusual.",
"A fishing village on stilts. Ganvie, Lake Nokoue. Fish is more common as a daily meal in the southern part of Benin. Marriage may involve the transfer of money or goods to the bride's family. After a divorce, renegotiation of bridewealth may be necessary, especially if there are no children. Because women marry into a patrilineal descent system, the children belong to the father. Because wives do not become part of the husband's kin group, marriages tend to be brittle. Kin Groups. Kinship ties involve loyalty as well as obligation. Outside the immediate family, the lineage and the clan are the most common descent groups. Kin are expected to attend important ceremonies and provide financial aid. Kin networks link members in urban and rural areas. Children may be sent to relatives to raise, but fostering sometimes results in country relatives being brought to large cities to work as domestic servants. Domestic Unit. The average household contains six persons, but extended families and polygamous households may be much larger. Often close relatives live in the same vicinity in separate households but function as a cooperative economic unit. Socialization Infant Care. Infants are carried, often on the mother's back, and most are breast-fed.",
"Children are cared for by siblings and other family members when they are not with the mother. Babies sleep anywhere, no matter how noisy it is. Child Rearing and Education. Children are expected to be obedient and to show respect for their elders. Children learn gender-appropriate tasks early, especially girls. Most children have few toys and amuse themselves with simple games. It is estimated that 8 percent of rural children work as laborers on plantations and as domestic servants. The educational system is modeled after that of France. School is free and compulsory for seven years beginning at age five. However, many families cannot afford uniforms and supplies or need their children's labor. It is recognized that education is the key to social advancement, and most parents sacrifice to send their children to school. Etiquette Good manners include taking time to greet people properly, using conventional oral formulas. Upon entering or leaving an appointment, it is appropriate to shake the hand of each person present. People who are well acquainted may greet each other by kissing on the cheek. Public displays of affection between members of the opposite sex are discouraged, but men frequently walk together holding This Benin village cooks food communally in a large pot. Most cooking is done outdoors, even in urban areas. hands.",
"Offering food and drink to visitors is a key element of hospitality, and to refuse is considered rude. Many people eat in the traditional style, using the fingers of the right hand. It is considered bad taste to eat with the left hand or offer another person something with it. Religion Religious Beliefs. About 15 percent of the population is Muslim, and 15 percent is Christian, mostly Roman Catholic. The rest of the population follows indigenous systems of belief. Vodun (voodoo) was taken with the coastal slaves to Brazil and the Caribbean. Some Vodun spirits were borrowed from the Yoruba religion, and Vodun involves divination and spirit possession. These supernatural powers help believers cope with illness and infertility and provide a philosophy for living. Death and the Afterlife. In indigenous belief systems, ancestors are considered to remain part of the community after death. Shrines honor the ancestors, and offerings \"feed\" them. Among the Fon, circular metal sculptures on staffs called asen are made for each deceased person and kept in the family compound. In some communities, funerals involve a sequence of rituals before the person is considered to have made a complete transition to being an ancestor.",
"Medicine and Health Care The birthrate and maternal mortality rate are high. Malaria and diarrheal dehydration are endemic. Only half the population is vaccinated. Over three-quarters of the population does not have access to primary health care. AIDS is straining the health care system. The rates of infection is three times higher in rural areas. People often employ more than one system of healing. Even those who have access to an infirmary or clinic may visit herbalists or other healers. Secular and Religious Celebrations The major state holidays are New Year's Day (1 January), May Day (1 May), and National Day (1 August). The Arts and Humanities Support for the Arts. Support for the arts and humanities is limited by poverty of the nation. Literature. Benin has produced many scholars and writers from the educated urban class, such as the novelist and historian Paul Hazoumé and the philosopher Paulin Houndtonji. Graphic Arts. The arts include fine craftsmanship in iron and brass and cloth appliqué banners associated with ancient Dahomey. The State of the Physical and Social Sciences There is only one postsecondary institution, the University of Benin in Cotonou.",
"The university serves as a base for international research teams, and its faculty members have produced important scholarly contributions. About twelve thousand students are enrolled. Bibliography Benin This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website Benin 2:3 Image by Željko Heimer, 04 March 2001 Flag adopted 16 November 1959, abandoned in 1975 and reintroduced 01 August 1990. History of the flag Benin gained independence in 1960 as a Republic of Dahomey. Up to 1975 the flag was the same as the current one. However, between 1975 and 1990 the country was known as the People's Republic of Benin and used a flag that was red with green star in the canton. The flag originally adopted at independence was re-introduced in 1990.",
"Jarig Bakker, 22 Sept 2000 Flag of Benin (1959 - 1975; 1990 - ) The symbolism of the colours of the flag are explained in the national anthem - Green recalls hope and revival, red the courage of ancestors and yellow is a reminder to preserve the country's wealth. The flag of August 1960 (adopted on 16 November 1959, but hoisted for the first time on 01 August 1960) was reestablished during the National Conference of Active Forces of the Nation (19-28 February 1990). Dorling-Kindersley Pocket Book explains the colours as being Pan-African. Pedersen [ ped70g ] associates red to the soil, yellow to the savannas and green to palm trees. Whitney Smith [smi80] agrees with Pedersen, except for the red symbolizing the blood of ancestors.",
"According to Album des Pavillons [pay00] , the national flag is also used as the national ensign When the country abandoned its socialist policies in 1990, a multi-party democracy was established in 1991. Although the original flag was re-adopted, the country retained the name Benin introduced in 1975. This was the name of the ancient African empire centered in that area. Summary of contributions by Željko Heimer and John Andrew Lowe, 30 Nov 1995; Nick Artimovich, 05 June 1996 and Ivan Sache, 23 April 2000 2:3 Image by Željko Heimer based on Album des Pavillons 2000 [pay00] , 11 Jan 2001 In the construction sheet is given in Album des Pavillons 2000 [pay00] , the ratio between the length of the green field to the fly is 6:9, while ratio of yellow and red stripes is 5:5.",
"In many sources an erroneous flag image is shown where green stripe is of equal width as the yellow and red stripes. Željko Heimer, 11 Jan 2001 Image by �eljko Heimer, 04 March 2001 It is said that star represents \"peoples unity, unity of all revolutionary forces in overwhelming of inner and outer enemy and making a new, revolutionary and socialist land of Benin\" . This flag reversed the colours of the The flag reversed the colours of the flag of the People's Revolutionary Party of Benin , which had a green star and red background. Stuart Notholt The national flag 1975-1990 was, as far as I am aware, never officially adopted, (meaning there was no law regarding it) and therefore the construction details (size and position of the star) were never determined either.",
"�eljko Heimer, 04 March 2001 Kingdom of Dahomey (19th century) Image by Jaume Oll�, 12 Sept 1996 The Béhanzin king (1889-1892, born 1844, died 1906), successor of the king Gle-Gle, had a flag (r atio 43:59) with a light blue field. The shield is yellow with a dark grey shark, and white egg and tusks; green palm; light green snakes, and a white ribbon. Some inscriptions suggest manufacture by one of the Portuguese who had commercial relations along the coast. The French General Alfred Dodds captured a flag in the Dahomey royal Palace at Abomey on 18 November 1892. It was sent to the Musee de l'Arme in Paris and was transferred in 1932 to the Musee Colonial (now the Musée des Arts Africains et Océaniens). Details of the flag is reported in the issue 145 of the Flag Bulletin.",
"That museum has an engraving by Albert Vallon, showing a French mission being received by King Ghezo (1818-1858), with a different flag, which suggests that each king may have had his own flag. The flag used by King Ghezo is shown above. Jaume Oll�, 12 Sept 1996 (1) (2) Images by Željko Heimer, 04 March 2001 While Jaume Ollé states that the star should be in the center of the flag (2), other sources seems to imply that it was indeed in canton as (1) (e.g. Smith [smi80] , Crampton [cra90] ). The flag of PRP may have been adopted earlier then 1975.",
"Željko Heimer, 23 April 2000 Coat of Arms Image sent by Jarig Bakker, 22 Sept 2000 The Coat of Arms were originally adopted in 1964 and were re-adopted in 1990 after being replaced in 1975 when the country became the People's Republic of Benin . The Arms are surmounted by the national crest which consists of two horns with corn in the ear and filled with sand. These are reputed to stand for prosperity. Below is the national shield which is quartered and depicts a local Somba fortress in the top left quadrant representing the history of the country; in the top right quadrant is the Order of the Star of Benin, the highest decoration in the country. The bottom left quadrant features a palm tree and in the bottom right is a sailing ship representing the arrival of the Europeans. The shield is supported by a pair of leopards, the national animal of Benin. Below the shield is the national motto (in French) 'Fraternite, Justice, Travail' (meaning: Fraternity, Justice, Work).",
"Image sent by Jarig Bakker, 22 Sept 2000 On 01 December 1975 the name, arms, and flag of the country were changed. The Arms adopted at the time comprised a green shield with red star within a wreath of yellow, ripe maize-cobs (symbol of agriculture) a cog-wheel (industry). On the red ribbon, that has been bound around a stack of maize-cobs, are the initials of the name of the country RPB in green. These Arms were replaced in 1990 when the previous Arms were restored as outlined above. Jarig Bakker, 22 Sept 2000 Benin Fact Sheet December 12, 2015 More information about Benin is available on the Benin Page and from other Department of State publications and other sources listed at the end of this fact sheet. U.S.-BENIN RELATIONS The United States established diplomatic relations with Benin (then called Dahomey) in 1960, following its independence from France.",
"Between 1960 and 1972, a succession of military coups brought about many changes of government, followed by one-party, Marxist-Leninist rule until the early 1990s, when the country transitioned to a democratic government. In the years since then, the history of bilateral relations has been excellent. The United States supports the consolidation of democracy and economic liberalization in Benin. Presidential and legislative elections in 2011 were peaceful and benefited from strong citizen participation and robust press freedom. However, poor health care, low quality of public education, and insufficiently transparent governance persist as obstacles to national development. U.S. Assistance to Benin The United States supports efforts to improve the health of Beninese families by reducing the malaria disease burden, improving the health of mothers and young children, and strengthening the health system. U.S. assistance also provides support to Benin’s defense and military capacity enhancement, enabling the country to maintain domestic peace and security while contributing to regional stability. Bilateral Economic Relations Benin is eligible for preferential trade benefits under the African Growth and Opportunity Act. Trade between Benin and the United States is small, but interest in U.S. products is growing.",
"U.S. exports to Benin include vehicles, oil, machinery, low-value shipments, and perfumery/cosmetics. U.S. imports from Benin include Shea butter and cashews. The United States aims to promote increased trade with Benin and thereby with Benin's neighbors, particularly Nigeria, Niger, and Burkina Faso, whose imports pass through Benin. The United States also works to stimulate U.S. investment in key sectors such as energy, telecommunications, and transportation. Benin and the United States have a bilateral investment agreement. The United States also has a trade and investment framework agreement with the West African Economic and Monetary Union, of which Benin is a member. In September 2015, Benin and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) signed a second compact for $375 million, plus a $28 million contribution from the Government of Benin. The MCC compact aims to strengthen Benin’s national utility, attract private sector investment, and fund infrastructure investments in electric generation and distribution as well as off-grid electrification for poor and unserved households.",
"Benin's Membership in International Organizations Benin and the United States belong to a number of the same international organizations, including the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization. Benin also is an observer to the Organization of American States. Bilateral Representation The current U.S. Ambassador to Benin is Lucy Tamlyn . Other principal embassy officials are listed in the Department's Key Officers List . Benin maintains an embassy in the United States at 2124 Kalorama Road, Washington, DC 20008, tel. 202-232-6656. More information about Benin is available from the Department of State and other sources, some of which are listed here: HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN List of subjects | Sources | Feedback HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN HISTORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN Enjoy the Famous Daily The kingdom of Dahomey: 17th-19th century The modern republic of Benin, given that name only in 1975, is the successor to one of west Africa's most interesting and long-lasting kingdoms, that of Dahomey.",
"The traditional date of the founding of the local dynasty is1625, when three brothers of the Dahomey people rule adjacent territories along the lower reaches of the Mono river. In the early eighteenth century one member of the family defeats his cousins and brings into a single kingdom the region known today as Benin. There are European trading stations on the Dahomey coast from the 17th century. Europe is fascinated by news of the local customs, and in particular Dahomey's famous Amazons. Women, trained to form the crack regiments of the king's army, are given the place of honour in any military campaign. Richard Burton, visiting Dahomey in 1862, sees some 2500 women setting off as if for battle. But in fact battle is what they are trained to avoid. The slave trade is the king's major source of revenue, and the classic Dahomey tactic is surprise. When still a few days away from an enemy town, the invading army abandons the established tracks and melts into the jungle. Strict silence is maintained. Fires are forbidden. Under cover of darkness the town is surrounded.",
"In a dawn raid the intention is to capture everyone, with minimum loss of life, for the slave markets on the coast. The only occasion on which Dahomey is profligate with life, again mesmerizing European observers, is on the death of the king. In a custom practised also in the earliest civilizations of Mesopotamia and China , large numbers of people (said to be about 500 in a funeral ceremony in 1791) are sacrificed to provide the ruler with wives and attendants in the next world. Twice yearly there is a smaller number of sacrifices, usually of prisoners of war, to make up any deficiencies which may have developed in the dead king's retinue. The customs of Dahomey greatly offend the sensibilities of many 19th-century Europeans, in particular those trying to abolish the slave trade. They also provide an excellent motive for colonial interference. The French have been the first in the region, with a fort established at Ouidah in the 17th century, and it is they who launch a military campaign into the interior in the 1890s. A French protectorate is established in part of the kingdom in 1892.",
"By the end of the decade the entire region is under control. In 1899 Dahomey is included in the newly established French West Africa , to begin sixty years under French colonial rule - until achieving independence in 1960. A turbulent independence: from1960 Dahomey has a turbulent existence in its first decades of independence, from 1960, after the dissolution of French West Africa . Power changes hands in no fewer than six military coups between 1963 and 1972. In the last of these coups, in 1972, control of the state is seized by Major Mathieu Kérékou. Pursuing a communist policy, he introduces a measure of stability in the nation's life. As if to write a line under the past he changes the name of the republic in 1975 from Dahomey to Benin. (The historic Benin lies to the east, in Nigeria, but Dahomey's coastline is on the Bight of Benin.) Kérékou proves a rarity among politicians, a communist leader capable of relinquishing power.",
"He announces in 1989 that Marxism-Leninism is no longer to be the political creed of Benin. Instead there is to be a transition to democracy. A multiparty presidential election is held in 1991 and Kérékou loses - to Nicéphore Soglo. Benin continues to prove during the 1990s that democracy has arrived as a workable system, even in quite difficult circumstances. Votes cast in the 1995 election to the national assembly give 49 seats to opposition parties and only 32 seats to the party providing President Soglo's power base (the PRB, or Benin Resistance Party). For a year Benin achieves the difficult feat of a president working with an opposed assembly. Then, in the presidential election of 1996, the voters of Benin provide another surprise. The ex-Marxist soldier Mathieu Kérékou, who has spent nearly twenty years running the nation as a military dictatorship (followed by five in the political wilderness), is voted back into power as a civilian president."
] |
Who was the Egyptian king whose tomb an treasures were discovered in the Valley of the Kings in 1922?
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Tutankhamen
|
[
"King Tut",
"Tutanhamon",
"Tutankamun",
"Tutankhamen",
"Nebkheprure",
"Tut-Anj-Amon",
"King Tutankhamun",
"Tutankhaten",
"Tutankamen",
"King tut",
"Tutankhaumen",
"Tutenkhamun",
"King Tut's Death",
"Tut-ankh-amun",
"Tutankhamen's Death Mask",
"Tutankamon",
"Kingtut",
"Tutenkamen",
"Living Image of Amun",
"Tutankhamum",
"Tutankhamun",
"Come on, Tutan",
"Tuthankamun",
"Tut Anj Amon",
"Tutankhaton",
"King Tutankhamen",
"Pharaoh Tutankhamun",
"The Boy King",
"Living Image of Aten",
"Tutankhamon",
"Tuthankamen",
"Nebkheperure Tutankhamun",
"Tutenkhamen",
"Nebkheperure",
"Tutankhanum"
] | 9,769
|
[
"Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered - Nov 04, 1922 - HISTORY.com Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered Share this: Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered Author Entrance to King Tut’s tomb discovered URL Publisher A+E Networks British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discover a step leading to the tomb of King Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt. When Carter first arrived in Egypt in 1891, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs had been discovered, though the little-known King Tutankhamen, who had died when he was 18, was still unaccounted for. After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for “King Tut’s Tomb,” finally finding steps to the burial room hidden in the debris near the entrance of the nearby tomb of King Ramses VI in the Valley of the Kings. On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist Lord Carnarvon entered the interior chambers of the tomb, finding them miraculously intact. Thus began a monumental excavation process in which Carter carefully explored the four-room tomb over several years, uncovering an incredible collection of several thousand objects.",
"The most splendid architectural find was a stone sarcophagus containing three coffins nested within each other. Inside the final coffin, which was made out of solid gold, was the mummy of the boy-king Tutankhamen, preserved for more than 3,000 years. Most of these treasures are now housed in the Cairo Museum. Related Videos Tomb discovered in Valley of the Kings - Wikinews, the free news source Tomb discovered in Valley of the Kings From Wikinews, the free news source you can write! Friday, February 10, 2006 The Valley of the Kings in Luxor Archaeologists have discovered a tomb, referred to as KV63 , in Egypt 's Valley of the Kings . It is the first such discovery since Howard Carter's 1922 discovery of Tutankhamun 's tomb. The discovery was made by a team from the University of Memphis . Zahi Hawass , head of the Supreme Council of Antiquities said in a statement that five intact sarcophagi that all contained mummies and 20 large storage jars that were sealed with pharaonic seals had been recovered.",
"American archaeologist Kent Weeks , who was not part of the team but had seen photographs of the site, told the Associated Press that \"It could be the tomb of a king's wife or son, or of a priest or court official\". The find refutes the long held belief that the Valley of the Kings has little left to discover. According to Weeks: \"It's ironic. A century ago, people said the Valley of the Kings is exhausted, there's nothing left,\" he said. \"Suddenly Carter found Tutankhamun. So then they said, 'Now there's nothing to find.' Then we found KV5 . Now we have KV63.\" KV63 is located in the area between KV10 ( Amenmesse ) and KV62 (Tutankhamun), in the very centre of the Valley's eastern branch and near the main crossroads of the network of paths traversed by thousands of tourists every day. The tomb was found at a depth of some three metres beneath the ground. The burial site is believed to date from the latter portion of the 18th dynasty (ca. 14th century BC ), but the occupants have not yet been identified.",
"Sources Valley of the Kings -- National Geographic Space The Pyramids of Giza and the Nile Delta were the tombs of choice for pharaohs of Egypt's Old Kingdom. But New Kingdom pharaohs, who wanted to be closer to the source of their dynastic roots in the south, built their crypts in the hills of this barren tract west of Luxor, now called the Valley of the Kings. Photograph by Kenneth Garrett By Brian Handwerk The ancient Egyptians built massive public monuments to their pharaohs. But they also spent time and treasure creating hidden underground mausoleums that no one was ever meant to see. The most famed collection of such elaborate tombs—the Valley of the Kings—lies on the Nile's west bank near Luxor. During Egypt's New Kingdom (1539-1075 B.C.) the valley became a royal burial ground for pharaohs such as Tutankhamun, Seti I, and Ramses II, as well as queens, high priests, and other elites of the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties.",
"The tombs evidence elaborate preparations for the next world, in which humans were promised continuing life and pharaohs were expected to become one with the gods. Mummification was used to preserve the body so that the deceased's eternal soul would be able to reanimate it in the afterlife. The underground tombs were also well stocked with all the material goods a ruler might need in the next world. Treasures—like the golden masks found with King Tut—are dazzling, but the tombs also contained the more mundane. \"They included furniture, clothes (even underwear), and jewelry [though] it's curious that we have no books—from Tut at least,\" says Salima Ikram, a professor of Egyptology at American University in Cairo and a National Geographic grantee. Tombs were also well provisioned with enough food and drink, including wine and beer, for royal feasting in the next world, as well as sacred objects meant to help the deceased achieve eternal life, even favored companions. \"[We find] pets buried nearby,\" Ikram says. \"Hunting dogs, pet baboons, and gazelles.\" More Mysteries Await?",
"Tomb robbers, treasure hunters, and archaeologists have been combing the Valley of the Kings for centuries—yet it continues to yield surprises. Many thought that the 62 tombs discovered before 1922 represented all that would be found in the valley—until Howard Carter discovered the resting place of a boy king called King Tutankhamun. In 2005 a team led by archaeologist Otto Schaden discovered the valley's first unknown tomb since Tutankhamun's. The site, dubbed KV 63, was found only about 50 feet (15 meters) from the walls of Tut's resting place. KV 63 had no mummy but housed sarcophagi, pottery, linens, flowers, and other materials. Some believe it heralds the presence of another as yet undiscovered tomb. \"KV 63 is an embalming cache; there must be a tomb to go with it,\" Ikram says. At least one late Ramesside pharaoh's tomb (Ramses VIII) is still undiscovered, and many believe it may be found within the valley.",
"Clues to such discoveries may be found in period Egyptian writings that mention notables who likely rated tombs but have not been identified. \"You try to find out what hasn't been discovered, and figure out where they might possibly be, and then look in those areas,\" said David P. Silverman, an Egyptologist at the University of Pennsylvania. \"You never know what you are going to find.\" But if more tombs are found, will they be as relatively unmolested as Tut's? The odds are against it. Though their entrances were well hidden, nearly all of the valley's known royal tombs were likely robbed before the end of the 20th dynasty—Egyptian records testify to robbers' trials and to the harsh punishments handed down. By the time the Greek writer Diodorus Siculus visited the valley's tombs (circa 60 B.C.) he wrote, \"We found nothing there except the results of pillage and destruction.\" It's possible, perhaps, that any tomb yet to be found was so well hidden that it also escaped the notice of ancient thieves. Only time will tell.",
"Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings - Seeker Dec 5, 2013 09:10 AM ET Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Valley of Kings Multiple tombs lay hidden in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, where royalty were buried more than 3,000 years ago, awaiting discovery. Previous Next Przemyslaw Idzkiewicz, CC Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 Generic Multiple tombs await discovery in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration project in the valley since the 1920s. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts King Tut's Mask \"Tutankhamun: His Tomb and the Treasures\" is a new exhibition now in Zurich that has meticulously reconstructed the tomb complex and its treasures. Specially trained craftspeople in Cairo built more than 1,000 exact replicas under scientific supervision. The work took over five years. Here is a replica of the famous mask of King Tut, weighing 24 lbs, which was pressed over the head of the king's bandaged mummy. The idealized portrait of the young king echoes the style of the late Amarna period.",
"The life-like eyes are formed by bright quartz, with obsidian inlays for the pupils. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts King Tut, With Wife This scene, depicted on the backrest of King Tut's throne, shows how Tutankhamen used to lean back in a relaxed manner while his wife, Anchesenamun, stood beside him and rubbed ointment into his shoulder. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts Tomb Discovery This is how the tomb of the boy king Tutankhamun appeared to archaeologist Howard Carter when he discovered it in 1922. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts King Tut's Tomb in 3-D Tutankhamun's tomb and its contents, as viewed in a 3-D model. A corridor led to an antechamber and an annex filled with objects. The antechamber opened into the coffin chamber with King Tut's sarcophagus. The coffin chamber led to another small room filled with King Tut's treasures. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts Treasures Galore Two tiny mummified female fetuses were found in the tomb with the king.",
"But they were not the only companions placed in the tomb for King Tut's journey to the afterlife. The boy king was buried with more than 5,000 priceless objects, including this treasure chest. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts Boy Throne The famous gold throne found in the tomb was ordered when Tutankhamen became king at the age of nine. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts Lion Head The dead king in the underworld was akin to the sun at night and, in the New Kingdom, this was identified with the god of death, Osiris. The heads of lions corresponded to the time the sun god spent in the body of the god of heaven in feline form. The facial details of the lion head –- the rims of the eyes, tip of the nose and tear ducts -- are given almost life-like properties through the use of glass. Rossella Lorenzi/Semmel Concerts Hired Help for the Afterlife These figures were supposed to take the place of the king in performing the daily tasks that came up in the afterlife. A total of 413 of these figures, known as ushabtis, were found in Tutankhamun's tomb.",
"Among the collection, 365 were responsible for carrying out day-to-day duties, 36 ushabtis served as overseers for groups of 10 workers each, and 12 acted as monthly supervisors Multiple tombs lay hidden in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, where royalty were buried more than 3,000 years ago, awaiting discovery, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration of the area in nearly a century. The hidden treasure may include several small tombs, with the possibility of a big-time tomb holding a royal individual, the archaeologists say. Egyptian archaeologists excavated the valley, where royalty were buried during the New Kingdom (1550–1070 B.C.), between 2007 and 2010 and worked with the Glen Dash Foundation for Archaeological Research to conduct ground- penetrating radar studies. ( See Photos of Egypt's Valley of the Kings ) Weird Facts About King Tut and His Mummy The team has already made a number of discoveries in the valley, including a flood control system that the ancient Egyptians created but, mysteriously, failed to maintain.",
"The system was falling apart by the time of King Tutankhamun , which damaged many tombs but appears to have helped protect the famous boy-king's treasures from robbers by sealing his tomb. The team collected a huge amount of data that will take a long time to analyze properly, wrote Afifi Ghonim, who was the field director of the project, in an email to LiveScience. \"The corpus was so extensive it will take years, maybe decades, to fully study and report on,\" wrote Ghonim, an archaeologist with the Ministry of State for Antiquities in Egypt who is now chief inspector of Giza. The project is part of \"the most extensive exploration in the Valley of the Kings since Howard Carter's time,\" he said, referring to the Egyptologist whose team discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922. Lost Egyptian Pyramids Found? The search for undiscovered tombs \"The consensus is that there are probably several smaller tombs like the recently found KV 63 and 64 yet to be found. But there is still the possibility of finding a royal tomb,\" wrote Ghonim in the email.",
"\"The queens of the late Eighteenth Dynasty are missing, as are some pharaohs of the New Kingdom, such as Ramesses VIII .\" That sentiment was echoed by the famous, and at times controversial, Egyptologist Zahi Hawass at a lecture in Toronto this past summer. Hawass was the leader of the Valley of the Kings team. \"The tomb of Thutmose II , not found yet, the tomb of Ramesses VIII is not found yet, all the queens of dynasty 18 [1550-1292 B.C.] were buried in the valley and their tombs not found yet,\" said Hawass, former minister for antiquities, during the lecture. \"This could be another era for archaeology,\" he added in an interview. Ghonim said that it is hard to say how many tombs remain undiscovered but it is \"more than just a couple.\" Locating tombs in the Valley of the Kings is difficult to do even with ground-penetrating radar, a non-destructive technique in which scientists bounce high-frequency radio waves off the ground and measure the reflected signals to find buried structures.",
"( 10 Modern Tools for Indiana Jones ) Multiple tombs await discovery in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration project in the valley since the 1920s. Przemyslaw Idzkiewicz, CC Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 Generic Radar instruments and related computing power have vastly improved in the last couple of decades, scientists say. Even so, it \"is difficult to avoid false positives in a place like the Valley of the Kings. There (are) many faults and natural features that can look like walls and tombs. Our work did help refine the technology for use here and it does have a place.\" In one instance, radar work carried out by a previous team suggested that tombs dating from the Amarna period (the period within the New Kingdom in which Tutankhamun lived) could be found in a certain area of the main valley. The team excavated the spot but didn't find any tombs. When the undiscovered tombs — those that do exist — are unearthed, they may not hold their original occupants.",
"For instance, KV 64, a small tomb discovered in 2011by a University of Basel team, was found to hold a female singer named Nehmes Bastet who lived around 2,800 years ago. She apparently re-used a tomb that was created for an earlier, unknown, occupant. Mummy Mystery: Tombs Still Hidden in Valley of Kings Mummy Mystery: Multiple Tombs Hidden in Egypt's Valley of Kings By Owen Jarus, Live Science Contributor | December 4, 2013 09:43am ET MORE Multiple tombs await discovery in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration project in the valley since the 1920s. Their conclusion is based on excavations and ground-penetrating radar. Credit: Photo by Przemyslaw Idzkiewicz, CC Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 Generic Multiple tombs lay hidden in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, where royalty were buried more than 3,000 years ago, awaiting discovery, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration of the area in nearly a century.",
"The hidden treasure may include several small tombs, with the possibility of a big-time tomb holding a royal individual, the archaeologists say. Egyptian archaeologists excavated the valley, where royalty were buried during the New Kingdom (1550–1070 B.C.), between 2007 and 2010 and worked with the Glen Dash Foundation for Archaeological Research to conduct ground- penetrating radar studies. [ See Photos of Egypt's Valley of the Kings ] The team has already made a number of discoveries in the valley, including a flood control system that the ancient Egyptians created but, mysteriously, failed to maintain. The system was falling apart by the time of King Tutankhamun , which damaged many tombs but appears to have helped protect the famous boy-king's treasures from robbers by sealing his tomb. The team collected a huge amount of data that will take a long time to analyze properly, wrote Afifi Ghonim, who was the field director of the project, in an email to LiveScience.",
"\"The corpus was so extensive it will take years, maybe decades, to fully study and report on,\" wrote Ghonim, an archaeologist with the Ministry of State for Antiquities in Egypt who is now chief inspector of Giza. The project is part of \"the most extensive exploration in the Valley of the Kings since Howard Carter's time,\" he said, referring to the Egyptologist whose team discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922. The search for undiscovered tombs \"The consensus is that there are probably several smaller tombs like the recently found KV 63 and 64 yet to be found. But there is still the possibility of finding a royal tomb,\" wrote Ghonim in the email. \"The queens of the late Eighteenth Dynasty are missing, as are some pharaohs of the New Kingdom, such as Ramesses VIII .\" That sentiment was echoed by the famous, and at times controversial, Egyptologist Zahi Hawass at a lecture in Toronto this past summer. Hawass was the leader of the Valley of the Kings team.",
"\"The tomb of Thutmose II , not found yet, the tomb of Ramesses VIII is not found yet, all the queens of dynasty 18 [1550-1292 B.C.] were buried in the valley and their tombs not found yet,\" said Hawass, former minister for antiquities, during the lecture. \"This could be another era for archaeology,\" he added in an interview. Ghonim said that it is hard to say how many tombs remain undiscovered but it is \"more than just a couple.\" Locating tombs in the Valley of the Kings is difficult to do even with ground-penetrating radar, a non-destructive technique in which scientists bounce high-frequency radio waves off the ground and measure the reflected signals to find buried structures. [ 10 Modern Tools for Indiana Jones ] Radar instruments and related computing power have vastly improved in the last couple of decades, scientists say. Even so, it \"is difficult to avoid false positives in a place like the Valley of the Kings. There (are) many faults and natural features that can look like walls and tombs.",
"Our work did help refine the technology for use here and it does have a place.\" In one instance, radar work carried out by a previous team suggested that tombs dating from the Amarna period (the period within the New Kingdom in which Tutankhamun lived) could be found in a certain area of the main valley. The team excavated the spot but didn't find any tombs. When the undiscovered tombs — those that do exist — are unearthed, they may not hold their original occupants. For instance, KV 64, a small tomb discovered in 2011by a University of Basel team, was found to hold a female singer named Nehmes Bastet who lived around 2,800 years ago. She apparently re-used a tomb that was created for an earlier, unknown, occupant. Still, Ghonim said they could indeed find a tomb whose original occupants are buried within. \"It is not impossible however for one or more to be intact,\" he said. And if they do find such pharaohs, they may also find their brains, as work by Hawass and Dr.",
"Sahar Saleem of Cairo Universitysuggests the Egyptians didn't remove the brains of their dead pharaohs in the mummification process . An ancient flood control system While the prospect of new tombs is tantalizing, they are but one of many things the researchers looked for in the valley. Last spring, the researchers gave a taste of what was to come at the Current Research in Egyptology conference at the University of Cambridge. We \"made a number of finds, which we believe will change our understanding of how the ancient Egyptians managed and utilized the site,\" Ghonim wrote in the email. Not only did the archaeologists look for new tombs in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, but they discovered evidence of an ancient flood control system, the remains of workers' huts and numerous graffiti (an example seen here), among other findings. Credit: Photo courtesy Afifi Ghonim The researchers discovered, for instance, the ancient Egyptians created a flood control system in the valley that, for a time, prevented the tombs from being damaged by water and debris. They detected a deep channel that would have run through the valley about 32 feet (10 meters) below the modern-day surface.",
"As part of their anti-flood measures the Egyptians would have emptied this channel of debris and built side channels that diverted water into it, allowing water and debris to pass through the valley without causing damage. [ Images: Beautiful Sarcophagus of an Egypt Pharaoh ] Strangely enough, the ancient Egyptians \"for some reason after building it, they let it fall into disrepair rather quickly. By (the) time Tutankhamun was buried, flooding events had become a problem again,\" Ghonim said. \"That was bad for most tombs, but good for Tutankhamun since, at least according to one theory, flooding events effectively sealed the tomb and made it inaccessible to later tomb robbers .\" Today flood control is still a problem in the Valley of the Kings, and scientists are looking at ways to protect the tombs. \"There have been many studies recommending what to do, but the need to keep the valley open and the costs involved remain a problem. There's also the need to develop a consensus on such an important thing,\" Ghonim said.",
"More discoveries and challenges Many more finds will be detailed in scientific publications in the future, including the excavation of huts used by the workers who built the tombs and the documentation of graffiti left throughout the valley's history. One important challenge that Egyptian antiquities in general face is the need to bring tourists back to Egypt. In June, at a lecture at Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum , Hawass explained such tourist money not only helps Egypt's economy but also provides much needed funds for excavation and conservation. The flow of tourists has been disrupted at times since the 2011 revolution as the political turmoil has kept many foreign visitors away. The lecture by Hawass was given a few weeks before the ouster of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi. Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut - Nov 26, 1922 - HISTORY.com Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut Share this: Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut Author Archaeologists enter tomb of King Tut URL Publisher A+E Networks In Egypt’s Valley of the Kings, British archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first souls to enter King Tutankhamen’s tomb in more than 3,000 years.",
"Tutankhamen’s sealed burial chambers were miraculously intact, and inside was a collection of several thousand priceless objects, including a gold coffin containing the mummy of the teenage king. When Carter first arrived in Egypt, in 1891, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs had been discovered, and the majority of these had been hopelessly plundered by tomb raiders over the millennia. However, Carter was a brilliant excavator, and in the first years of the 20th century he discovered the tombs of Queen Hatshepsut and King Thutmose IV. Around 1907, he became associated with the Earl of Carnarvon, a collector of antiquities who commissioned Carter to supervise excavations in the Valley of the Kings. By 1913, most experts felt there was nothing in the Valley left to be uncovered. Carter, however, persisted in his efforts, convinced that the tomb of the little-known King Tutankhamen might still be found. King Tutankhamen was enthroned in 1333 B.C. when he was still a child.",
"He died a decade later at the age of 18 and thus made only a faint impression on the history of ancient Egypt. In the 13th century B.C., Tutankhamen and the other “Amarna” kings were publicly condemned, and most records of them were destroyed–including the location of Tutankhamen’s tomb. A century later, in the 12th century B.C., workers building a tomb for Ramses VI inadvertently covered Tutankhamen’s tomb with a deep layer of chips, further protecting it from future discovery. After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for Tutankhamen’s tomb and on November 4, 1922, discovered a step leading to its entrance. Lord Carnarvon rushed to Egypt, and on November 23 they broke through a mud-brick door, revealing the passageway that led to Tutankhamen’s tomb. There was evidence that robbers had entered the structure at some point, and the archaeologists feared they had discovered yet another pillaged tomb. However, on November 26 they broke through another door, and Carter leaned in with a candle to take a look.",
"Behind him, Lord Carnarvon asked, “Can you see anything?” Carter replied, “Yes, wonderful things.” It was the antechamber of Tutankhamen’s tomb, and it was gloriously untouched. The dusty floor still showed the footprints of the tomb builders who left the room more than 3,000 years before. Apparently, the robbers who had broken into Tutankhamen’s tomb had done so soon after it was completed and were caught before moving into the interior chambers and causing serious damage. Thus began a monumental excavation process in which Carter carefully explored the four-room tomb over several years, uncovering an incredible collection of several thousand objects. In addition to numerous pieces of jewelry and gold, there was statuary, furniture, clothes, a chariot, weapons, and numerous other objects that shed a brilliant light on the culture and history of ancient Egypt. The most splendid find was a stone sarcophagus containing three coffins nested within each other. Inside the final coffin, made out of solid gold, was the mummified body of the boy-king Tutankhamen, preserved for 3,200 years. Most of these treasures are now housed in the Cairo Museum.",
"Related Videos Valley of the Kings | archaeological site, Egypt | Britannica.com Valley of the Kings Alternative Titles: Wādī al-Bībān al-Mulūk, Wādī Al-Mulūk Related Topics Africa Valley of the Kings, Arabic Wādī Al-Mulūk, also called Valley of the Tombs of the Kings or Arabic Wādī Bībān al-Mulūk, long narrow defile just west of the Nile River in Upper Egypt . It was part of the ancient city of Thebes and was the burial site of almost all the kings ( pharaohs ) of the 18th , 19th , and 20th dynasties (1539–1075 bce), from Thutmose I to Ramses X . Located in the hills behind Dayr al-Baḥrī , the 62 known tombs exhibit variety both in plan and in decoration. In 1979 UNESCO designated the valley part of the World Heritage site of ancient Thebes, which also includes Luxor , the Valley of the Queens , and Karnak .",
"Tutankhamun’s tomb (lower left) in the Valley of the Kings, near Luxor (ancient Thebes), Egypt. © Robert Holmes A discussion of some of the most important sites associated with ancient Egypt. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Valley of the Kings, Egypt, designated a World Heritage site in 1979. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Overview of the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. Contunico © ZDF Enterprises GmbH, Mainz The kings of the New Kingdom (c. 1539–1075 bce), fearing for the safety of their rich burials, adopted a new plan of concealing their tombs in a lonely valley in the western hills behind Dayr al-Baḥrī. There, in tombs sunk deep into the heart of the mountain, pharaohs were interred, as were several queens, a few officials of high rank, and the numerous sons of Ramses II . The plan of the tombs varies considerably but consists essentially of a descending corridor interrupted by deep shafts to baffle robbers and by pillared chambers or vestibules.",
"At the farther end of the corridor is a burial chamber with a stone sarcophagus in which the royal mummy was laid and store chambers around which furniture and equipment were stacked for the king’s use in the next world. Similar Topics Oxyrhynchus The walls were in many cases covered with sculptured and painted scenes depicting the dead king in the presence of deities, especially the gods of the underworld, and with illustrated magical texts similar to those found in funerary papyri , designed to help him on his journey through the nether regions. There were a number of these texts; they represent differing but not necessarily conflicting views of the afterlife, in which the king had to undergo trials and surmount perils. In the “ Book of That Which Is in the Underworld,” for instance, he travels in the boat of the sun god through 12 divisions that represent the 12 hours of the night. In the “ Book of Gates,” giant serpents guard the portals through which the sun has to pass as strange demons help or hinder the boat on its way.",
"Other funerary compositions include the “Book of Day” and the “ Book of Night,” which depict Nut , the sky-goddess, spread out across the heavens, as well as the “ Book of the Heavenly Cow,” in which Nut is transformed into a cow on whom Re ascends to the firmament. Astronomical figures decorate the ceilings of several burial chambers. Virtually all the tombs in the valley were cleared out in antiquity. Some had been partially robbed during the New Kingdom, but all were systematically denuded of their contents in the 21st dynasty , in an effort to protect the royal mummies and to recycle the rich funerary goods back into the royal treasury. In the time of Strabo (1st century bce), Greek travelers were able to visit 40 of the tombs. Several tombs were reused by Coptic monks, who left their own inscriptions on the walls. Only the little tomb of Tutankhamun (reigned 1333–23 bce), located on the floor of the valley and protected by a pile of rock chippings thrown down from a later Ramesside tomb, escaped pillage.",
"The wonderful treasures that were exhumed from Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1922 and that now reside in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo vividly indicate how rich the burial of a great pharaoh of the empire’s heyday must have been. The longest tomb (number 20) belongs to Queen Hatshepsut (reigned c. 1472–58), whose burial chamber is nearly 700 feet (215 metres) from the entrance and descends 320 feet (100 metres) into the rock. Tutankhamun, gold funerary mask found in the king’s tomb, 14th century bce; in the Egyptian … © Lee Boltin Mortuary temple of Queen Hatshepsut in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Egypt. © Vova Pomortzeff/Shutterstock.com Valley of the Kings (New Book of Knowledge) | Scholastic News Edition 4 | Scholastic.com EMAIL The Valley of the Kings is the burial place for pharaohs from ancient Egypt's New Kingdom (1570-1070 B.C.).",
"(The New Kingdom was a period of Egyptian history that included the 18th, 19th, and 20th dynasties.) It is located on the west bank of the Nile River opposite the modern town of Luxor (ancient Thebes). This dry and desolate place is one of the richest archaeological sites on Earth. The Tombs There are more than sixty tombs in the Valley of the Kings. Some were carved into the mountainsides, others into the valley floor. Each tomb is assigned a number, preceded by the letters \"KV\" (King's Valley). When a new tomb is discovered it is given the next number in sequence. This system was established in the 1800's by British Egyptologist John Gardner Wilkinson. The tombs in the Valley were made in many different shapes and sizes. They usually consisted of a combination of corridors and chambers. The tomb of Queen Hatshepsut (KV 20), who ruled Egypt as king, contains a curving central corridor nearly a quarter mile long. The largest tomb yet discovered in the valley is called KV 5. It was not built for a pharaoh, however. It was built for the sons of the pharaoh Ramses II.",
"For more information, see the feature accompanying this article. Most of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings were decorated with religious texts. These texts were intended to guide the pharaoh into the afterlife. They included the Book of the Dead and the Book of Gates. Many tombs were also decorated with brightly painted relief carvings featuring the pharaoh and various gods. In the tomb of Seti I (KV 17) the ceiling of the burial chamber features a painting of the night sky with all the Egyptian constellations. Buried with the pharaohs was everything they would need to exist comfortably in the afterlife. This included furniture, preserved food, games, jars of wine, cosmetics, and many kinds of jewelry made of precious metals and semiprecious stones. These last items in particular made the tombs tempting targets for robbers. Almost every tomb was robbed and emptied of its contents in ancient times. The most famous exception is the tomb of Tutankhamen (KV 62). His tomb was discovered essentially intact in 1922 by Egyptologist Howard Carter. Not every tomb in the Valley of the Kings was constructed for a pharaoh or other royalty.",
"In rare cases, a commoner who served the pharaoh well might be rewarded with a small tomb in the Valley. Maiherperi, a royal fan-bearer under Thutmose IV, was buried in tomb KV 36. The non-royal parents of Queen Tiy were buried in KV 46. History The first pharaoh to be buried in the Valley of the Kings was Thutmose I. He knew that all the pyramid tombs of the previous pharaohs had been robbed. (The pyramids were large, obvious targets for tomb robbers.) So Thutmose decided to be buried in a secret, isolated location: the Valley of the Kings. The architect of this tomb (possibly KV 38) was Ineni. Ineni wrote on the walls of his own tomb that he built Thutmose's tomb with \"No one seeing, no one knowing.\" Some scholars have suggested that to keep the tomb s location a secret, Ineni used captured foreigners as workers and had them killed when the tomb was completed. The final tomb built in the Valley of the Kings was for Ramses XI (KV 4). He was the last ruler of the 20th dynasty.",
"At the end of the 20th dynasty, Egypt began a steady decline. The government could no longer afford to guard the Valley of the Kings. The tombs were robbed and the Valley was abandoned as the burial place of Egypt's kings. Over the centuries many of the tombs became lost to history. Some were covered or filled by rocks and other debris washed in by the heavy rains that occasionally occur in the Valley. Tutankhamen's tomb remained hidden for so long because its entrance had been covered by debris left from the building of another tomb nearby. The Valley Today After thousands of years, the Valley of the Kings still holds secrets. In 2005, a short shaft was discovered not far from the tomb of Tutankhamen. At the bottom of the shaft was a single small chamber. The chamber (KV 63) was not the burial place of a king, however, and no mummy was found inside. Instead, it was what Egyptologists call an embalmers cache. It contained an assortment of materials used in the mummification process. These included dozens of jars of natron (the salt used to dry a body for mummification), bandages, and coffins of various sizes.",
"Egyptologists will continue to work in the Valley of the Kings for many years to come, studying previously discovered tombs and searching for still-hidden tombs and other treasures. —Bob Brier Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of Kings | Fox News Mummy mystery: Multiple tombs hidden in Egypt's Valley of Kings Published December 05, 2013 Facebook 0 Twitter 0 Email Print Multiple tombs await discovery in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration project in the valley since the 1920s. Their conclusion is based on excavations and ground-penetrating radar. (Photo by Przemyslaw Idzkiewicz, CC Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 Generic) Multiple tombs lay hidden in Egypt's Valley of the Kings, where royalty were buried more than 3,000 years ago, awaiting discovery, say researchers working on the most extensive exploration of the area in nearly a century. The hidden treasure may include several small tombs, with the possibility of a big-time tomb holding a royal individual, the archaeologists say.",
"Egyptian archaeologists excavated the valley, where royalty were buried during the New Kingdom (1550 - 1070 B.C.), between 2007 and 2010 and worked with the Glen Dash Foundation for Archaeological Research to conduct ground- penetrating radar studies. [ See Photos of Egypt's Valley of the Kings ] The team has already made a number of discoveries in the valley, including a flood control system that the ancient Egyptians created but, mysteriously, failed to maintain. The system was falling apart by the time of King Tutankhamun, which damaged many tombs but appears to have helped protect the famous boy-king's treasures from robbers by sealing his tomb. [pullquote] Tomb of ancient Egyptian princess discovered The team collected a huge amount of data that will take a long time to analyze properly, wrote Afifi Ghonim, who was the field director of the project, in an email to LiveScience. \"The corpus was so extensive it will take years, maybe decades, to fully study and report on,\" wrote Ghonim, an archaeologist with the Ministry of State for Antiquities in Egypt who is now chief inspector of Giza.",
"The project is part of \"the most extensive exploration in the Valley of the Kings since Howard Carter's time,\" he said, referring to the Egyptologist whose team discovered King Tut's tomb in 1922. The search for undiscovered tombs \"The consensus is that there are probably several smaller tombs like the recently found KV 63 and 64 yet to be found. But there is still the possibility of finding a royal tomb,\" wrote Ghonim in the email. \"The queens of the late Eighteenth Dynasty are missing, as are some pharaohs of the New Kingdom, such as Ramesses VIII.\" That sentiment was echoed by the famous, and at times controversial, Egyptologist Zahi Hawass at a lecture in Toronto this past summer. Hawass was the leader of the Valley of the Kings team. \"The tomb of Thutmose II, not found yet, the tomb of Ramesses VIII is not found yet, all the queens of dynasty 18 [1550 - 1292 B.C.] were buried in the valley and their tombs not found yet,\" said Hawass, former minister for antiquities, during the lecture.",
"\"This could be another era for archaeology,\" he added in an interview. Ghonim said that it is hard to say how many tombs remain undiscovered but it is \"more than just a couple.\" Locating tombs in the Valley of the Kings is difficult to do even with ground-penetrating radar, a non-destructive technique in which scientists bounce high-frequency radio waves off the ground and measure the reflected signals to find buried structures. [ 10 Modern Tools for Indiana Jones ] Radar instruments and related computing power have vastly improved in the last couple of decades, scientists say. Even so, it \"is difficult to avoid false positives in a place like the Valley of the Kings. There (are) many faults and natural features that can look like walls and tombs. Our work did help refine the technology for use here and it does have a place.\" In one instance, radar work carried out by a previous team suggested that tombs dating from the Amarna period (the period within the New Kingdom in which Tutankhamun lived) could be found in a certain area of the main valley. The team excavated the spot but didn't find any tombs.",
"When the undiscovered tombs those that do exist are unearthed, they may not hold their original occupants. For instance, KV 64, a small tomb discovered in 2011by a University of Basel team, was found to hold a female singer named Nehmes Bastet who lived around 2,800 years ago. She apparently re-used a tomb that was created for an earlier, unknown, occupant. Still, Ghonim said they could indeed find a tomb whose original occupants are buried within. \"It is not impossible however for one or more to be intact,\" he said. And if they do find such pharaohs, they may also find their brains, as work by Hawass and Dr. Sahar Saleem of Cairo Universitysuggests the Egyptians didn't remove the brains of their dead pharaohs in the mummification process . An ancient flood control system While the prospect of new tombs is tantalizing, they are but one of many things the researchers looked for in the valley. Last spring, the researchers gave a taste of what was to come at the Current Research in Egyptology conference at the University of Cambridge.",
"We \"made a number of finds, which we believe will change our understanding of how the ancient Egyptians managed and utilized the site,\" Ghonim wrote in the email. The researchers discovered, for instance, the ancient Egyptians created a flood control system in the valley that, for a time, prevented the tombs from being damaged by water and debris. They detected a deep channel that would have run through the valley about 32 feet (10 meters) below the modern-day surface. As part of their anti-flood measures the Egyptians would have emptied this channel of debris and built side channels that diverted water into it, allowing water and debris to pass through the valley without causing damage. [ Images: Beautiful Sarcophagus of an Egypt Pharaoh ] Strangely enough, the ancient Egyptians \"for some reason after building it, they let it fall into disrepair rather quickly. By (the) time Tutankhamun was buried, flooding events had become a problem again,\" Ghonim said.",
"\"That was bad for most tombs, but good for Tutankhamun since, at least according to one theory, flooding events effectively sealed the tomb and made it inaccessible to later tomb robbers.\" Today flood control is still a problem in the Valley of the Kings, and scientists are looking at ways to protect the tombs. \"There have been many studies recommending what to do, but the need to keep the valley open and the costs involved remain a problem. There's also the need to develop a consensus on such an important thing,\" Ghonim said. More discoveries and challenges Many more finds will be detailed in scientific publications in the future, including the excavation of huts used by the workers who built the tombs and the documentation of graffiti left throughout the valley's history. One important challenge that Egyptian antiquities in general face is the need to bring tourists back to Egypt. In June, at a lecture at Toronto's Royal Ontario Museum , Hawass explained such tourist money not only helps Egypt's economy but also provides much needed funds for excavation and conservation. The flow of tourists has been disrupted at times since the 2011 revolution as the political turmoil has kept many foreign visitors away.",
"The lecture by Hawass was given a few weeks before the ouster of Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi. Copyright 2013 LiveScience , a TechMediaNetwork company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed."
] |
Name the East African country which lies on the equator.
|
Kenya
|
[
"Kenyan",
"Prehistory of Kenya",
"Kenya-Africa",
"ISO 3166-1:KE",
"Jamhuri ya Kenya",
"Kenya",
"Republic of Kenya",
"Kenya (disambiguation)",
"Etymology of Kenya"
] | 11,032
|
[
"Which African countries does the equator pass through? | Reference.com Which African countries does the equator pass through? A: Quick Answer The equator passes through the African countries of Gabon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Somalia. In total, the equator passes through 12 countries. Full Answer In addition to the six African countries that the equator passes through, it also passes through Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Maldives, Indonesia, Kiribati and Sao Torne and Principe. The equator represents a great circle that is equal distance from both poles on the Earth, the North and South Poles. It divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The tropics are more likely to be found around the equator and as a result, temperatures are consistently hotter in these areas of the world than any others. Countries of the World - 2 | Britannica.com Countries of the World This general category includes a selection of more specific topics. Browse Subcategories: (240) Displaying 1 - 100 of 195 results Afghanistan landlocked multiethnic country located in the heart of south-central Asia.",
"Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia... Albania country in southern Europe, located in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula on the Strait of Otranto, the southern entrance to the Adriatic Sea. The capital city is Tirana (Tiranë). Albanians refer to themselves as shqiptarë —often taken to mean... Algeria large, predominantly Muslim country of North Africa. From the Mediterranean coast, along which most of its people live, Algeria extends southward deep into the heart of the Sahara, a forbidding desert where the Earth’s hottest surface temperatures have... Andorra small independent European coprincipality situated among the southern peaks of the Pyrenees Mountains and bounded by France to the north and east and by Spain to the south and west. It is one of the smallest states in Europe. The capital is Andorra la... Angola country located in southwestern Africa. A large country, Angola takes in a broad variety of landscapes, including the semidesert Atlantic littoral bordering Namibia ’s “Skeleton Coast,” the sparsely populated rainforest interior, the rugged highlands...",
"Antigua and Barbuda islands that form an independent state in the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea, at the southern end of the Leeward Islands chain. There is one dependency, the small island of Redonda. The capital is St. John’s, on Antigua. Land Antigua’s... Argentina country of South America, covering most of the southern portion of the continent. The world’s eighth largest country, Argentina occupies an area more extensive than Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas combined. It encompasses immense plains, deserts,... Armenia country of Transcaucasia, lying just south of the great mountain range of the Caucasus and fronting the northwestern extremity of Asia. To the north and east Armenia is bounded by Georgia and Azerbaijan, while its neighbours to the southeast and west... Australia the smallest continent and one of the largest countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, located in the southeast between the larger and more important economic and cultural... Austria largely mountainous landlocked country of south-central Europe.",
"Together with Switzerland, it forms what has been characterized as the neutral core of Europe, notwithstanding Austria’s full membership since 1995 in the supranational European Union (EU).... Azerbaijan country of eastern Transcaucasia. Occupying an area that fringes the southern flanks of the Caucasus Mountains, it is bounded on the north by Russia, on the east by the Caspian Sea, on the south by Iran, on the west by Armenia, and on the northwest by... Bahamas, The archipelago and state on the northwestern edge of the West Indies. Formerly a British colony, The Bahamas became an independent country within the Commonwealth in 1973. The name Bahamas is of Lucayan Taino (Arawakan) derivation, although some historians... Bahrain small Arab state situated in a bay on the southwestern coast of the Persian Gulf. It is an archipelago consisting of Bahrain Island and some 30 smaller islands. Its name is from the Arabic term al-bahrayn, meaning “two seas.” Located in one of the world’s...",
"Bangladesh country of south-central Asia, located in the delta of the Padma (Ganges [Ganga]) and Jamuna (Brahmaputra) rivers in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. The riverine country of Bangladesh (“Land of the Bengals”) is one of the most densely... Barbados island country in the southeastern Caribbean Sea, situated about 100 miles (160 km) east of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Roughly triangular in shape, the island measures some 20 miles (32 km) from northwest to southeast and about 15 miles (25 km)... Belarus country of eastern Europe. Until it became independent in 1991, Belarus, formerly known as Belorussia or White Russia, was the smallest of the three Slavic republics included in the Soviet Union (the larger two being Russia and Ukraine). While Belarusians... Belgium country of northwestern Europe. It is one of the smallest and most densely populated European countries, and it has been, since its independence in 1830, a representative democracy headed by a hereditary constitutional monarch. Initially, Belgium had... Belize country located on the northeast coast of Central America.",
"Belize, which was known as British Honduras until 1973, was the last British colony on the American mainland. Its prolonged path to independence was marked by a unique international campaign... Benin country of western Africa. It consists of a narrow wedge of territory extending northward for about 420 miles (675 kilometres) from the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean, on which it has a 75-mile seacoast, to the Niger River, which forms part of... Bhutan country of south-central Asia, located on the eastern ridges of the Himalayas. Historically a remote kingdom, Bhutan became less isolated in the second half of the 20th century, and consequently the pace of change began to accelerate. With improvements... Bolivia country of west-central South America. Extending some 950 miles (1,500 km) north-south and 800 miles (1,300 km) east-west, Bolivia is bordered to the north and east by Brazil, to the southeast by Paraguay, to the south by Argentina, to the southwest... Bosnia and Herzegovina country situated in the western Balkan Peninsula of Europe.",
"The larger region of Bosnia occupies the northern and central parts of the country, and Herzegovina occupies the south and southwest. These historical regions do not correspond with the two... Botswana country in the centre of Southern Africa. The territory is roughly triangular—approximately 600 miles (965 km) from north to south and 600 miles from east to west—with its eastern side protruding into a sharp point. Its eastern and southern borders are... Brazil country of South America that occupies half the continent’s landmass. It is the fifth largest country in the world, exceeded in size only by Russia, Canada, China, and the United States, though its area is greater than that of the 48 conterminous U.S.... Brunei independent Islamic sultanate on the northern coast of the island of Borneo in Southeast Asia. It is bounded to the north by the South China Sea and on all other sides by the East Malaysian state of Sarawak, which also divides the state into two disconnected... Bulgaria country occupying the eastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe. Founded in the 7th century, Bulgaria is one of the oldest states on the European continent.",
"It is intersected by historically important routes from northern and eastern... Burkina Faso landlocked country in western Africa. The country occupies an extensive plateau, and its geography is characterized by a savanna that is grassy in the north and gradually gives way to sparse forests in the south. A former French colony, it gained independence... Burundi country in east-central Africa, south of the Equator. The landlocked country, a historic kingdom, is one of the few countries in Africa whose borders were not determined by colonial rulers. The vast majority of Burundi’s population is Hutu, traditionally... Cabo Verde country comprising a group of islands that lie 385 miles (620 km) off the west coast of Africa. Praia, on Santiago, is the capital. Cabo Verde is named for the westernmost cape of Africa, Cape Verde (French: Cap Vert), which is located in nearby Senegal... Cambodia country on the Indochinese mainland of Southeast Asia. Cambodia is largely a land of plains and great rivers and lies amid important overland and river trade routes linking China to India and Southeast Asia. The influences of many Asian cultures, alongside... Cameroon country lying at the junction of western and central Africa.",
"Its ethnically diverse population is among the most urban in western Africa. The capital is Yaoundé, located in the south-centre of the country. The country’s name is derived from Rio dos Camarões... Canada second largest country in the world in area (after Russia), occupying roughly the northern two-fifths of the continent of North America. Despite Canada’s great size, it is one of the world’s most sparsely populated countries. This fact, coupled with... Central African Republic landlocked country located in the centre of Africa. The area that is now the Central African Republic has been settled for at least 8,000 years; the earliest inhabitants were the probable ancestors of today’s Aka (Pygmy) peoples, who live in the western... Chad landlocked state in north-central Africa. The country’s terrain is that of a shallow basin that rises gradually from the Lake Chad area in the west and is rimmed by mountains to the north, east, and south. Natural irrigation is limited to the Chari and... Chile country situated along the western seaboard of South America.",
"It extends approximately 2,700 miles (4,300 km) from its boundary with Peru, at latitude 17°30′ S, to the tip of South America at Cape Horn, latitude 56° S, a point only about 400 miles north... China country of East Asia. It is the largest of all Asian countries and has the largest population of any country in the world. Occupying nearly the entire East Asian landmass, it occupies approximately one-fourteenth of the land area of Earth. Among the... Colombia country of northwestern South America. Its 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of coast to the north are bathed by the waters of the Caribbean Sea, and its 800 miles (1,300 km) of coast to the west are washed by the Pacific Ocean. The country is bordered by Panama,... Comoros an independent state comprising three of the islands of the Comorian archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. A fourth island of the Comorian archipelago, Mayotte, is claimed by the country of Comoros but administered by France....",
"Congo, Democratic Republic of the DRC country located in central Africa. Officially known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the country has a 25-mile (40-km) coastline on the Atlantic Ocean but is otherwise landlocked. It is the second largest country on the continent; only Algeria... Congo, Republic of the country situated astride the Equator in west-central Africa. Officially known as the Republic of the Congo, the country is often called Congo (Brazzaville), with its capital added parenthetically, to distinguish it from neighbouring Democratic Republic... Costa Rica country of Central America. Its capital is San José. Of all the Central American countries, Costa Rica is generally regarded as having the most stable and most democratic government. Its constitution of 1949 provides for a unicameral legislature, a fair... Côte d’Ivoire country located on the coast of western Africa. The de facto capital is Abidjan; the administrative capital designate (since 1983) is Yamoussoukro. Land Côte d’Ivoire is bounded to the north by Mali and Burkina Faso, to the east by Ghana, to the south...",
"Croatia country located in the northwestern part of the Balkan Peninsula. It is a small yet highly geographically diverse crescent-shaped country. Its capital is Zagreb, located in the north. The present-day republic is composed of the historically Croatian... Cuba country of the West Indies, the largest single island of the archipelago, and one of the more-influential states of the Caribbean region. The domain of the Arawakan-speaking Taino, who had displaced even earlier inhabitants, Cuba was claimed by Christopher... Cyprus an island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea renowned since ancient times for its mineral wealth, superb wines and produce, and natural beauty. A “golden-green leaf thrown into the Sea” and a land of “wild weather and volcanoes,” in the words of the Greek... Czech Republic country located in central Europe. It comprises the historical provinces of Bohemia and Moravia along with the southern tip of Silesia, collectively often called the Czech Lands. In 2016 the country adopted the name “Czechia” as a shortened, informal...",
"Denmark country occupying the peninsula of Jutland (Jylland), which extends northward from the centre of continental western Europe, and an archipelago of more than 400 islands to the east of the peninsula. Jutland makes up more than two-thirds of the country’s... Djibouti small strategically located country on the northeast coast of the Horn of Africa. It is situated on the Bab el Mandeb Strait, which lies to the east and separates the Red Sea from the Gulf of Aden. Formerly known as French Somaliland (1896–1967) and... Dominica island country of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It lies between the French islands of Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante to the north and Martinique to the south. The country has been a member of the Commonwealth since independence in 1978.... Dominican Republic country of the West Indies that occupies the eastern two-thirds of Hispaniola, the second largest island of the Greater Antilles chain in the Caribbean Sea. Haiti, also an independent republic, occupies the western third of the island. The Dominican...",
"East Timor island country in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands, at the southern extreme of the Malay Archipelago. It occupies the eastern half of the island of Timor, the small nearby islands of Atauro (Kambing) and Jaco, and the enclave of Ambeno surrounding the... Ecuador country of northwestern South America. Ecuador is one of the most environmentally diverse countries in the world, and it has contributed notably to the environmental sciences. The first scientific expedition to measure the circumference of the Earth,... Egypt country located in the northeastern corner of Africa. Egypt’s heartland, the Nile River valley and delta, was the home of one of the principal civilizations of the ancient Middle East and, like Mesopotamia farther east, was the site of one of the world’s... El Salvador country of Central America. El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Despite having little level land, it traditionally was an agricultural country, heavily dependent upon coffee exports. By the... Equatorial Guinea country located on the west coast of Africa.",
"It consists of Río Muni (also known as Continental), on the continent, and five islands (known collectively as insular Equatorial Guinea): Bioko (formerly Fernando Po), Corisco, Great Elobey (Elobey Grande),... Eritrea country of the Horn of Africa, located on the Red Sea. Eritrea’s coastal location has long been important in its history and culture—a fact reflected in its name, which is an Italianized version of Mare Erythraeum, Latin for “Red Sea.” The Red Sea was... Estonia country in northeastern Europe, the northernmost of the three Baltic states. Estonia’s area includes some 1,500 islands and islets; the two largest of these islands, Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, are off mainland Estonia’s west coast. Estonia has been dominated... Ethiopia country on the Horn of Africa. The country lies completely within the tropical latitudes and is relatively compact, with similar north-south and east-west dimensions. The capital is Addis Ababa (“New Flower”), located almost at the centre of the country.... Fiji country and archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean.",
"It surrounds the Koro Sea about 1,300 miles (2,100 km) north of Auckland, New Zealand. The archipelago consists of some 300 islands and 540 islets scattered over about 1,000,000 square miles (3,000,000... Finland country located in northern Europe. Finland is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries and is subject to a severe climate. Nearly two-thirds of Finland is blanketed by thick woodlands, making it the most densely forested... France country of northwestern Europe. Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western world, France has also played a highly significant role in international affairs, with former colonies in every corner of the globe. Bounded by... Gabon country lying on the west coast of Africa, astride the Equator. A former French colony, Gabon retains strong ties to France and to the French language and culture. The capital is Libreville. Land Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon to... Gambia, The country in western Africa situated on the Atlantic coast and surrounded by the neighbouring country of Senegal.",
"It occupies a long narrow strip of land that surrounds the Gambia River. The land is flat and is dominated by the river, which is navigable... Georgia country of Transcaucasia located at the eastern end of the Black Sea on the southern flanks of the main crest of the Greater Caucasus Mountains. It is bounded on the north and northeast by Russia, on the east and southeast by Azerbaijan, on the south... Germany country of north-central Europe, traversing the continent’s main physical divisions, from the outer ranges of the Alps northward across the varied landscape of the Central German Uplands and then across the North German Plain. One of Europe ’s largest... Ghana country of western Africa, situated on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. Although relatively small in area and population, Ghana is one of the leading countries of Africa, partly because of its considerable natural wealth and partly because it was the... Greece the southernmost of the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. Geography has greatly influenced the country’s development. Mountains have historically restricted internal communications, but the sea has opened up wider horizons. The total land area of Greece... Grenada island country of the West Indies.",
"It is the southernmost island of the north-south arc of the Lesser Antilles, lying in the eastern Caribbean Sea about 100 miles (160 km) north of the coast of Venezuela. Oval in shape, the island is approximately 21... Guatemala country of Central America. The dominance of an Indian culture within its interior uplands distinguishes Guatemala from its Central American neighbours. The origin of the name Guatemala is Indian, but its derivation and meaning are undetermined. Some... Guinea country of western Africa, located on the Atlantic coast. Three of western Africa’s major rivers—the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal —rise in Guinea. Natural resources are plentiful: in addition to its hydroelectric potential, Guinea possesses a large... Guinea-Bissau country of western Africa. Situated on the Atlantic coast, the predominantly low-lying country is slightly hilly farther inland. The name Guinea remains a source of debate; it is perhaps a corruption of an Amazigh (Berber) word meaning “land of the blacks.”... Guyana country located in the northeastern corner of South America.",
"Indigenous peoples inhabited Guyana prior to European settlement, and their name for the land, guiana (“land of water”), gave the country its name. Present-day Guyana reflects its British and... Haiti country in the Caribbean Sea that includes the western third of the island of Hispaniola and such smaller islands as Gonâve, Tortue (Tortuga), Grande Caye, and Vache. The capital is Port-au-Prince. Haiti, whose population is almost entirely descended... Honduras country of Central America situated between Guatemala and El Salvador to the west and Nicaragua to the south and east. The Caribbean Sea washes its northern coast, the Pacific Ocean its narrow coast to the south. Its area includes the offshore Caribbean... Hungary landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary lost 71 percent of its territory as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920). Since then, grappling with the loss of more than two-thirds of their... Iceland island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lying on the constantly active geologic border between North America and Europe, Iceland is a land of vivid contrasts of climate, geography, and culture.",
"Sparkling glaciers, such as Vatna Glacier (Vatnajökull),... India country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is a constitutional republic consisting of 29 states, each with a substantial degree of control over its own affairs; 6 less fully empowered union territories; and the Delhi national capital territory,... Indonesia country located off the coast of mainland Southeast Asia in the Indian and Pacific oceans. It is an archipelago that lies across the Equator and spans a distance equivalent to one-eighth of Earth’s circumference. Its islands can be grouped into the Greater... Iran a mountainous, arid, ethnically diverse country of southwestern Asia. Much of Iran consists of a central desert plateau, which is ringed on all sides by lofty mountain ranges that afford access to the interior through high passes. Most of the population... Iraq country of southwestern Asia. During ancient times the lands now comprising Iraq were known as Mesopotamia (“Land Between the Rivers”), a region whose extensive alluvial plains gave rise to some of the world’s earliest civilizations, including those... Ireland country of western Europe occupying five-sixths of the westernmost major island of the British Isles.",
"The magnificent scenery of Ireland’s Atlantic coastline faces a 2,000-mile- (3,200-km-) wide expanse of ocean, and its geographic isolation has helped... Israel country in the Middle East, located at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded to the north by Lebanon, to the northeast by Syria, to the east and southeast by Jordan, to the southwest by Egypt, and to the west by the Mediterranean Sea.... Italy country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy comprises some of the most varied and scenic landscapes on Earth and is often described as a country shaped like a boot. At its broad top stand the... Jamaica island country of the West Indies. It is the third largest island in the Caribbean Sea, after Cuba and Hispaniola. Jamaica is about 146 miles (235 km) long and varies from 22 to 51 miles (35 to 82 km) wide. It is situated some 100 miles (160 km) west... Japan island country lying off the east coast of Asia.",
"It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest arc that stretches for approximately 1,500 miles (2,400 km) through the western North Pacific Ocean. Nearly the entire land area is taken... Jordan Arab country of Southwest Asia, in the rocky desert of the northern Arabian Peninsula. Jordan is a young state that occupies an ancient land, one that bears the traces of many civilizations. Separated from ancient Palestine by the Jordan River, the region... Kazakhstan country of Central Asia. It is bounded on the northwest and north by Russia, on the east by China, and on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and the Aral Sea; the Caspian Sea bounds Kazakhstan to the southwest. Kazakhstan is the largest... Kenya country in East Africa famed for its scenic landscapes and vast wildlife preserves. Its Indian Ocean coast provided historically important ports by which goods from Arabian and Asian traders have entered the continent for many centuries. Along that coast,... Kiribati island country in the central Pacific Ocean. The 33 islands of Kiribati, of which only 20 are inhabited, are scattered over a vast area of ocean.",
"Kiribati extends 1,800 miles (2,900 km) eastward from the 16 Gilbert Islands, where the population is concentrated,... Korea, North country in East Asia. It occupies the northern portion of the Korean peninsula, which juts out from the Asian mainland between the East Sea (Sea of Japan) and the Yellow Sea; North Korea covers about 55 percent of the peninsula’s land area. The country... Korea, South country in East Asia. It occupies the southern portion of the Korean peninsula. The country is bordered by the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) to the north, the East Sea (Sea of Japan) to the east, the East China Sea to the south,... Kuwait country of the Arabian Peninsula located in the northwestern corner of the Persian Gulf. A small emirate nestled between Iraq and Saudi Arabia, Kuwait is situated in a section of one of the driest, least-hospitable deserts on earth. Its shore, however,... Kyrgyzstan country of Central Asia. It is bounded by Kazakhstan on the northwest and north, by China on the east and south, and by Tajikistan and Uzbekistan on the south and west.",
"Most of Kyrgyzstan’s borders run along mountain crests. The capital is Bishkek (known... Laos landlocked country of northeast-central mainland Southeast Asia. It consists of an irregularly round portion in the north that narrows into a peninsula-like region stretching to the southeast. Overall, the country extends about 650 miles (1,050 km) from... Latvia country of northeastern Europe and the middle of the three Baltic states. Latvia, which was occupied and annexed by the U.S.S.R. in June 1940, declared its independence on August 21, 1991. The U.S.S.R. recognized its sovereignty on September 6, and United... Lebanon country located on the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea; it consists of a narrow strip of territory and is one of the world’s smaller sovereign states. The capital is Beirut. Though Lebanon, particularly its coastal region, was the site of some... Lesotho country in Southern Africa. A scenic land of tall mountains and narrow valleys, Lesotho owes a long history of political autonomy to the mountains that surround it and protect it from encroachment. Since the Neolithic Period, the mountain kingdom was...",
"Liberia country along the coast of western Africa. Liberia’s terrain ranges from the low and sandy coastal plains to rolling hills and dissected plateau further inland. The country is home to a lush rainforest containing a rich diversity of flora and fauna.... Libya country located in North Africa. Most of the country lies in the Sahara desert, and much of its population is concentrated along the coast and its immediate hinterland, where Tripoli (Ṭarābulus), the de facto capital, and Banghāzī, another major city,... Liechtenstein western European principality located between Switzerland and Austria. It is one of the smallest countries of Europe; its capital is Vaduz. Geography The eastern two-thirds of the country is composed of the rugged foothills of the Rhätikon Mountains,... Which African Countries are Located on the Equator? Which African Countries are Located on the Equator? Crossing the Equator, Gabon. Tim Makins/ Lonely Planet Images/ Getty Images By Anouk Zijlma Updated November 21, 2016. The equator is the imaginary line that separates the northern hemisphere from the southern hemisphere and runs across the center of the Earth at a latitude of exactly zero degrees.",
"In Africa, the equator runs for almost 2,500 miles/ 4,020 kilometers through seven West , Central and East African countries just south of the Sahara Desert. Ironically, the list of African countries bisected by the equator does not include Equatorial Guinea . Instead, they are as follows: São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon , Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda , Kenya and Somalia. Experiencing the Equator In the past, it was possible for intrepid travelers to follow the equator on its journey through Africa. However, the route is no longer safe, with several of the countries along the equatorial line plagued by civil war, terrorism, crippling poverty and piracy. The imaginary line also traverses some of the most extreme environments on Earth - including the remote jungles of the Congo, the mist-soaked mountains of Uganda and the deep waters of the largest lake in Africa , Lake Victoria. continue reading below our video Tipping Etiquette Around the World However, while traveling the length of the equator is no longer advisable, visiting it at least once is an unmissable African experience.",
"The equator's position is directly related to that of the Earth's rotating axis, which moves slightly throughout the course of the year. Therefore, the equator isn't static - which means that the line drawn on the ground at some equatorial markers is not always entirely accurate. However, this is a technical detail, and these markers are still the closest that you can get to the center of the Earth. Pay any one of them a visit, and you'll be able to say that you've straddled the equator with one foot in each hemisphere. Africa's Equatorial Markers Often, the African equator is marked without much fanfare. Usually, a sign at the side of the road is the only indication that you'll have of your momentous location - so it's important to research where the line is in advance so that you can keep a watchful eye out for it. In Kenya, there are signs announcing the equator in the rural towns of Nanyuki and Siriba, while similar signs exist on the Masala- Kampala road in Uganda, and the Libreville -Lambaréné road in Gabon.",
"One of Africa's most beautiful equatorial markers belongs to its second smallest country, São Tomé and Príncipe. The island nation celebrates its equatorial location with a stone monument and a frieze of the world map located on tiny Rolas Island . The imaginary line also runs through Kenya's Meru National Park , and while there's no marker, there's a certain novelty to game-viewing directly on top of the equator. At luxury hotel Fairmont Mount Kenya Safari Club Resort , you can cross the equator just by walking from your room to the restaurant. Equatorial Phenomena If you do find yourself on the equator, take a moment to test a few of the bizarre facts and theories connected with standing on the line between both hemispheres. The force of the planet's rotation causes a bulge in the Earth's surface at the equator, which means that you're further from the Earth's center here than anywhere else on the planet. Gravity therefore exerts less of a pull on your body, so that at the equator, you weigh approximately 0.5% less than you would at the Poles.",
"Some also believe that the rotation of the Earth has an affect on the direction in which draining water flows - so that a toilet flushes clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the southern hemisphere. This phenomenon is known as the Coriolis Effect and should dictate that at the equator, water flows straight down the drain. Most scientists agree that due to a high number of external factors, this can't be proven with any real accuracy - but it's still fun to check it out for yourself. This article was updated and re-written in part by Jessica Macdonald on November 21st 2016. Africa Africa Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African state. With a total border length of 3,192 kilometers (1,984 miles), Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali to the north and west; Niger to the east; and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire to the south. Cameroon Located on the west coast of Central Africa, Cameroon covers an area of 475,400 square kilometers (183,695 square miles), slightly more than California.",
"Land boundaries extend for a total of 4,591 kilometers (2,853 miles) between Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.) to the east, and the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea to the south. Cape Verde Cape Verde is an archipelago of 10 islands and 5 islets situated 483 kilometers (300 miles) due west of Dakar, Senegal, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Cape Verde's total land area is 4,033 square kilometers (1,557 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the U.S. Central African Republic The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari, now the Central African Republic (CAR), is well named; it is a landlocked country in the center of the African continent. Land boundaries extend for 5,203 kilometers (3,233 miles) connecting Cameroon to the west, Chad and Sudan to the north, and the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the south.",
"Chad The former French colony of Chad, a landlocked country located in northern Central Africa, is more than 3 times the size of California. The country has an area of 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 square miles), with a land boundary length of 5,968 kilometers (3,708 miles). Congo, Republic of The; The Republic of the Congo (ROC) is located in Western Africa and has an area of 342,000 square kilometers (132,000 square miles). It has a modest coastline of 169 kilometers (105 miles) along the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest and shares land borders with Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic on the west and north. Côte D'ivoire Côte d'Ivoire (which means \"Ivory Coast\") is a West African country bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia.",
"It has an area of 322,460 square kilometers (124,502 square miles) of which 318,000 square kilometers (122,780 square miles) are occupied by land while water occupies the remaining 4,460 square kilometers (1,722 square miles). Djibouti Djibouti is situated in the Horn of Africa, at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, bordering the Gulf of Aden. To the north lies Eritrea with a shared border of 113 kilometers (70 miles); to the north, west, and southwest lies Ethiopia, with a border length of 337 kilometers (209 miles); and to the southeast lies Somalia, with a border length of 58 kilometers (36 miles). Egypt The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya to the west, the Gaza Strip to the east, and Sudan to the south.",
"With an area of 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,659 square miles) and a coastline of 2,450 kilometers (1,522 miles), Egypt is slightly more than 3 times the size of New Mexico. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is a small West African nation of 28,051 square kilometers (10,830 square miles), roughly the same size as Maryland. It consists of a mainland enclave called Río Muni, on the west coast of Africa bordering Cameroon and Gabon, and 5 small islands off the coast of Cameroon in the Bight of Biafra: Bioko, Annobón, Corisco, and the 2 small islands known together as Islas Elobey. Eritrea Eritrea is an eastern African country occupying an area of 121,320 square kilometers (46,841 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the state of Pennsylvania. It borders Sudan to the north and west, Ethiopia and Djibouti to the south, and the Red Sea to the east.",
"Ethiopia Located in the Horn of Africa— the pointy peninsula-like landmass that emanates out of the eastern part of the continent—Ethiopia has a total area of 1,127,127 square kilometers (935,183 square miles), rendering it slightly less than twice the size of Texas. A landlocked country completely surrounded by other states, Ethiopia has a total border length of 5,311 kilometers (3,300 miles). Gabon The Gabonese Republic lies along the equator on the west coast of Africa with a border length of 2,551 kilometers (1,585 miles) and a coastline of 885 kilometers (550 miles). Gabon is bounded to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the north by Equatorial Guinea (350 kilometers/218 miles) and Cameroon (298 kilometers/185 miles), and to the east and south by the Republic of the Congo (1,903 kilometers/1,183 miles).",
"The Gambia The Republic of The Gambia measures 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles) and consists of a long narrow ribbon of land sitting astride the river Gambia, one of the major waterways in West Africa. Apart from the 50-kilometer (31-mile) stretch of coastline on the Atlantic ocean, it is entirely surrounded by Senegal. Ghana The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, is a West African country lying on the Gulf of Guinea. It has a total border of 2,093 kilometers (1,300 miles), including 548 kilometers (341 miles) with Burkina Faso to the north, 688 kilometers (428 miles) with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, and 877 kilometers (545 miles) with Togo to the east. Guinea Guinea lies on the West African coast, bordered by Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the north, and Mali and Côte d'Ivoire inland to the east.",
"It has 320 kilometers (199 miles) of coastline, and a land area of 245,857 square kilometers (94,925 miles). Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau lies on the west coast of Africa, with Senegal to the north and Guinea to the east and south. With a total area of 36,120 square kilometers (13,946 square miles), the country is a bit less than 3 times the size of the U.S. Kenya Located in east Africa, Kenya has a total area of 582,650 square kilometers (224,962 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of Nevada. With a coastline of 536 kilometers (333 miles), Kenya borders the Indian Ocean to the east, Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, and Tanzania to the south. Malawi Malawi is located in southeast Africa, landlocked between Mozambique to the east and south, Zambia to the west, and Tanzania to the north.",
"Malawi is separated from Mozambique and Tanzania to a large extent by Lake Malawi, which lies on the country's eastern edge. Mali Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa covering an area of 1.24 million square kilometers (478,764 square miles), of which 1.22 million square kilometers (471,042 square miles) is occupied by land and 20,000 square kilometers (7,722 square miles) is occupied by water. Its border is 7,243 kilometers (4,500 miles) long. Mauritania Located in northwestern Africa, bordered by Western Sahara (occupied by Morocco) and Algeria on the north, by Mali on the east and south, by Senegal on the southwest, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the country has an area of 1,030,700 square kilometers (398,000 square miles), making it slightly larger than 3 times the size of New Mexico.",
"Its total estimated boundary length is 5,828 kilometers (3,622 miles), including 754 kilometers (469 miles) of coast on the Atlantic Ocean. Mozambique Located in southeast Africa, Mozambique has a total area of 801,590 square kilometers (309,493 square miles)—an expanse which is slightly less than twice the size of the state of California. The coastline of the country, which spans 2,470 kilometers (1,535 miles) along the entire eastern frontier, borders the Mozambique Channel and the Indian Ocean. Namibia The Republic of Namibia lies across the Tropic of Capricorn in the south of Africa and covers an area of 824,292 square kilometers (318,259 square miles), making it slightly more than half the size of Alaska. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Botswana and Zimbabwe on the east, Angola on the north, and the South Atlantic Ocean on the west. Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda is a land-locked country located in central Africa.",
"It is bordered on the east by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with which it shares the shores of Lake Kivu; on the north by Uganda; on the west by Tanzania; and on the south by Burundi. São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe is located in the Gulf of Guinea 290 kilometers (180 miles) west of Gabon, which is located on the western edge of Africa. The 2 mountainous main islands of the republic are São Tomé and Príncipe; other rocky islets include Caroco, Pedras, and Tinhosas off Príncipe Island, and Rolas off São Tomé Island. Senegal A relatively small country located in West Africa, Senegal has a total area of 196,190 square kilometers (75,748 square miles), making it slightly smaller than the state of South Dakota. Water composes 4,190 square kilometers (1,618 square miles) of this area, while the coastline, which borders the North Atlantic Ocean, stretches for 531 kilometers (330 miles).",
"Seychelles The Seychelles are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean about 925 kilometers (575 miles) northeast of Madagascar. The country consists of 115 small islands with a total land area of 455 square kilometers (176 square miles) and a total coastline of 491 kilometers (305 miles). Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is located in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, with an area of 71,740 square kilometers (27,925 square miles) and a total coastline of 402 kilometers (250 miles). The country shares a border with Guinea in the north and east and with Liberia in the southeast. Somalia Somalia, formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a coastal country covering a land area of 637,657 square kilometers (246,199 square miles) and a water area of 10,320 square kilometers (3,985 square miles), with a land-bordered circumference of 2,366 kilometers (1,470 miles).",
"It has a coastline of 3,025 kilometers (1,880 miles) stretching along the Indian Ocean to the southeast and along the Gulf of Aden in the southern mouth of the Red Sea to the north. South Africa South Africa is situated at the southern tip of the continent of Africa. Ranging from west to east across its northern border are the neighboring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; Mozambique lies to the east, as does the small nation of Swaziland, which is nearly encircled by South Africa. Sudan Sudan is located in North Africa.",
"Sudan borders the following countries: Central African Republic (1,165 kilometers, 724 miles), Chad (1,360 kilometers, 845 miles), Democratic Republic of the Congo (628 kilometers, 390 miles), Egypt (1,273 kilometers, 791 miles), Eritrea (650 kilometers, 404 miles), Ethiopia (1,606 kilometers, 998 miles), Kenya (232 kilometers, 144 miles), Libya (383 kilometers, 238 miles), and Uganda (435 kilometers, 270 miles). Swaziland Swaziland is a small landlocked country in southern Africa, with an area of 17,363 square kilometers (6,704 miles), extending 176 kilometers (109 miles) north to south and 135 kilometers (84 miles) east to west. By comparison, it is slightly smaller than the state of New Jersey.",
"Tanzania A relatively large country located in East Africa, Tanzania has a total area of 945,087 square kilometers (364,900 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of California. The area of Tanzania includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Unguja; the latter 2 form a semi-autonomous region called Zanzibar that is part of an official union with the republic of Tanzania. Tunisia Situated in northern Africa, Tunisia is bordered by Algeria on the west and Libya on the southeast and by the Mediterranean Sea on the north, where it has a coastline of 1,148 kilometers (713 miles). Tunisia has an area of 163,610 square kilometers (63,169 square miles), making it slightly larger than the state of Georgia.",
"Uganda A landlocked state in Eastern Africa, west of Kenya and east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), Uganda has an area of 236,040 square kilometers (146,675 square miles) and a total land boundary of 2,698 kilometers (1,676 miles). Comparatively, the area occupied by Uganda is slightly smaller than the size of Oregon. The Equator, Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn By Matt Rosenberg Updated August 31, 2016. Three of the most significant imaginary lines running across the surface of the Earth are the equator, the Tropic of Cancer, and the Tropic of Capricorn. While the equator is the longest line of latitude on the Earth (the line where the Earth is widest in an east-west direction), the tropics are based on the sun's position in relation to the Earth at two points of the year. All three lines of latitude are significant in their relationship between the Earth and the sun. The Equator The equator is located at zero degrees latitude .",
"The equator runs through Indonesia, Ecuador, northern Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Kenya, among other countries . It is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 kilometers) long. On the equator, the sun is directly overhead at noon on the two equinoxes - near March and September 21. The equator divides the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. On the equator, the length of day and night are equal every day of the year - day is always twelve hours long and night is always twelve hours long. continue reading below our video Overview of the Four Seasons The Tropic of Cancer and The Tropic of Capricorn The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn each lie at 23.5 degrees latitude. The Tropic of Cancer is located at 23.5° North of the equator and runs through Mexico, the Bahamas, Egypt, Saudi Arabia , India, and southern China.",
"The Tropic of Capricorn lies at 23.5° South of the equator and runs through Australia, Chile, southern Brazil (Brazil is the only country that passes through both the equator and a tropic), and northern South Africa . The tropics are the two lines where the sun is directly overhead at noon on the two solstices - near June and December 21. The sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Cancer on June 21 (the beginning of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of winter in the Southern Hemisphere) and the sun is directly overhead at noon on the Tropic of Capricorn on December 21 (the beginning of winter in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of summer in the Southern Hemisphere). The reason for the location of the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5° north and south respectively is due to the axial tilt of the Earth. The Earth is titled 23.5 degrees from the plane of the Earth's revolution around the sun each year.",
"The area bounded by the Tropic of Cancer on the north and Tropic of Capricorn on the south is known as the \"tropics.\" This area does not experience seasons because the sun is always high in the sky. Only higher latitudes, north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn, experience significant seasonal variation in climate. Realize, however, that areas in the tropics can be cold. The peak of Mauna Kea on the big island of Hawaii stands nearly 14,000 feet above sea level, and snow is not unusual. If you live north of the Tropic of Cancer or south of the Tropic of Capricorn, the sun will never be directly overhead. In the United States, for example, Hawaii is the only location in the country that is south of the Tropic of Cancer, and it is thus the only location in the United States where the sun will be directly overhead in the summer..",
"Prime Meridian While the equator divides the Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres , it is the Prime Meridian at zero degrees longitude and the line of longitude opposite the Prime Meridian (near the International Date Line ) at 180 degrees longitude that divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres . The Eastern Hemisphere consists of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia while the Western Hemisphere includes North and South America . Some geographers place the boundaries between the hemispheres at 20° West and 160° East so as to not run through Europe and Africa. Unlike the equator and the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, the Prime Meridian and all lines of longitude are completely imaginary lines and have no significance with regard to the Earth or to its relationship with the sun."
] |
In which country did King Hassan II ascend the throne in 1961?
|
Morocco
|
[
"ISO 3166-1:MA",
"Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyya",
"Maroc",
"Royaume du Maroc",
"Norocco",
"Moraco",
"Sultanate of Fez",
"Etymology of Morocco",
"المغرب",
"Al-Mamlaka al-Maġribiyya",
"Maroc (disambiguation)",
"Morroco",
"Al-Maġrib",
"Lmaġrib",
"Sherifian Empire",
"Maroco",
"Name of Morocco",
"Morrocco",
"Moroccan Kingdom",
"Morocco",
"Morrocan",
"Al-Mamlakah al-Maġribiyah",
"Moroco",
"Marokko",
"المملكة المغربية",
"Marocko",
"Sultanate of Morocco",
"Al-Mamlaka al-Maghrebia",
"Kingdom of Morocco"
] | 10,476
|
[
"King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless despot - World Socialist Web Site World Socialist Web Site Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI) King Hassan of Morocco: world leaders mourn a ruthless despot By Jean Shaoul 28 July 1999 King Hassan II of Morocco, who died at the age of 70 last Friday after 38 years on the throne, was the second Middle Eastern puppet of US and European imperialism to die in the last six months. Delegations and representatives from more than 60 countries flocked to the Moroccan capital, Rabat, to pay their respects to such a loyal servant. That more than a few put aside their public differences with each other and Morocco to attend speaks volumes for the unstable character of international relations today. The US delegation included Bill and Hillary Clinton, who broke off a fund-raising trip to Colorado to attend, former president George Bush and two former Secretaries of State that have played key roles in earlier Middle East peace processes—James Baker and Warren Christopher. \"King Hassan worked tirelessly for the welfare of his people,\" Clinton gushed.",
"\"He had taken important steps to deepen freedom in his country\", he added, in an apparent reference to the release from prison of political and militant opponents. President Jacques Chirac represented France, which ruled Morocco under the Treaty of Fez from 1912 to 1956. \"We have lost a man who loved France and the French people—we feel immense pain,\" Chirac said. King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofia represented Spain, which also once ruled part of Morocco. Prince Charles and Foreign Secretary Robin Cook represented Britain. Yassir Arafat came from Palestine. Hafez el-Assad, the Syrian President, pulled out at the last moment but sent his deputy, Mohammed Zuhair Masharqua. President Hosni Mubarak represented Egypt. All these leaders had, publicly at least, opposed Hassan for maintaining friendly relations with Israel, represented at the funeral by Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Foreign Secretary David Levy. Shimon Peres, a former Israeli Prime minister, said, \"With his passing we lose one of the most experienced and wisest leaders that this region has enjoyed in the last half century\". Hassan's relations with his North African neighbours had been far from amicable, yet they too came.",
"Mohamed Abdelazziz, the president of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), whose territory is controlled by Morocco, joined the mourners. The Polisario Front fought a bitter war against Morocco for more than a decade over Western Sahara, which Morocco claims as its territory. President Mohammed Bouteflika came from Algeria, the first official visit in two decades between the two countries, which had closed their borders to the movement of goods and people as a result of the dispute over the Western Sahara. Colonel Muammar Gadhaffi ordered Major Khouildi Hamidi, a member of the country's revolutionary council, to cut short his visit to the Gambia in order to represent the Libyan government. Three days of national mourning were declared, despite relations between the two countries having roller-coastered over the last three decades. Libya is technically at war with Israel. High level delegations came from all the Middle East states, including Iraq, and other Moslem countries. Heads of state came from 14 African countries. The Organisation for African Unity (OAU) sent condolences, even though Morocco left the OAU more than 20 years ago when it recognised the SADR.",
"The various politicians portrayed King Hassan as some kind of elder statesman in Middle East affairs, like King Hussein of Jordan who died earlier this year. Yet Hassan has had a substantially lower public profile than Hussein, and ruled a country that was nearer to London than Jerusalem, and poorer than any other in North Africa. Known as the \"great survivor\" by his political opponents, Hassan became the longest reigning monarch in the Arab world after the death of Hussein. He became king in 1961, after the death of his father. His crown remained in place while those of Libya, Egypt, Iran and Iraq toppled. He survived half a dozen coups and assassination attempts. In the 38 years of his despotic rule, he played a crucial role in ensuring the survival of the Zionist State at the expense of the Palestinians. He suppressed the Polisario in phosphate-rich Western Sahara and Islamic fundamentalism in Morocco itself. He opened up the Moroccan economy as a platform for cheap mineral resources and manufactured goods, particularly clothing for the European market. His death comes at a crucial time not only for the Middle East peace process, but also for the Maghreb countries of northwest Africa that are seeking to breathe life into the Arab-Maghreb trading union.",
"Within Africa, rivalries between the US and the former colonial powers are destabilising economic and political relations. It is for all these reasons that the world's leaders came to Rabat. While officially they were there to mourn and pay tribute to Hassan, more than a few made use of the opportunity for formal and informal talks with those they have not spoken to for years. Most came to inspect the new King, about whom little is known, and see if he is a man they can do business with. A puppet of the French The official eulogies to Hassan's statesman-like qualities conveniently omitted any mention of his brutal suppression of his political opponents, gross abuse of human rights, the conditions that have left the Moroccan people the poorest in North Africa and the isolation and betrayal of the Palestinian people. Born Moulay Hassan in 1929, he was the oldest of the six children of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef—who claimed descent from the Prophet Mohammed. At that time, Morocco was a protectorate of France except for sections governed by Spain in the northwest and the southern coast, and the city of Tangier, an international zone. As Sultan, Sidi Mohammed was responsible for local and religious affairs.",
"Resistance to colonial rule mounted over the next decade. After the fall of France during World War II, President Roosevelt for the USA, Winston Churchill for Britain and Charles de Gaulle of France met in Casablanca and promised independence within 10 years if Morocco would cooperate in the war against the Axis powers. This was a promise the French proved unwilling to keep. After an education in France and service in the French navy aboard the battleship Jeanne d'Arc, Moulay Hassan became a playboy frequenting Europe's casinos and sporting the typical accoutrements of royals, with or without their crowns: racehorses, sports cars, aircraft, and film star girlfriends. As demands for self-rule grew, the Sultan put himself at the head of the movement. In 1953, the French exiled him and his family, firstly to Corsica and then to Madagascar. As the rioting and guerrilla warfare increased, the French, by this time already embroiled in the Algerian war of independence, were forced to concede. Making the calculation that their interests would best be served by heading off the working class and pan-Maghreb nationalism by granting independence, they accepted Sidi Mohammed as ruler of Morocco.",
"The sultan changed his title to King and proclaimed himself Mohammed V to give his new throne an air of legitimacy. His son became commander in chief of the Royal Moroccan Army, which was divided between those who had been loyal to the French and the former rebels. Moulay Hassan reorganised the army, doubled its size and put it to work on civilian projects. But the monarchy was far from popular in the squalor and misery of the shantytowns of Rabat, Casablanca and other cities. He became King in 1961, after the unexpected death of his father following a minor operation, and assumed the title of Hassan II. A measure of the \"success\" of his regime may be seen from the following statistics. The two chief problems faced by the country in 1961 were unemployment and illiteracy. After nearly 40 years and a trebling of the population to just under 30 million, official youth unemployment is 25 percent, but the real figure is probably double that. At least 55 percent of Moroccans are illiterate and 40 percent of children have never attended school.",
"Infant mortality has halved to 64 per 1,000, but is still the highest in North Africa and more than double that of Algeria. Only half the rural population has access to proper healthcare and less than one fifth have access to sanitation and clean water. In 1997, Morocco ranked 119th on the United Nations human development index, very little above Iraq (126th) after years of sanctions. The bodies washed up every month on the coast of southern Spain, as desperate would-be migrants take to the Strait of Gibraltar in flimsy boats, are a powerful testimony to Hassan's legacy. The venal monarch himself owned ten palaces and 20 percent of the agricultural land. How Hassan overcame opposition The appalling social conditions gave rise to continual opposition throughout his reign. As early as 1965, there were violent student riots in Casablanca and elsewhere over plans to cut higher education. Arrests, imprisonment, exile and execution of opposition leaders followed. Mehdi Ben Barka, a prominent nationalist and opposition leader of the Union des Forces Populaires, who had taught the King mathematics for four years, was kidnapped in Paris and assassinated.",
"Israeli intelligence experts have said that Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency, helped with the assassination. The King's right hand man, the Minster of the Interior, Mohamed Oufkir, was widely believed to have been responsible but charges were never pressed. Hassan dissolved Parliament and instituted a state of emergency, wielding absolute power until a new constitution was adopted in 1970. For much of his reign, he suppressed opposition with an iron hand and sought help from the West in maintaining his rule. The CIA had him on their payroll for years. In 1971, at his 42nd birthday banquet for 800 guests at the summer palace, 1,400 armed cadets invaded the palace, shooting indiscriminately. They killed more than 100 people, including the Belgian ambassador and wounded some 200 others. Hassan hid in a bathroom until the firing died down. Loyal troops crushed the revolt, killing more than 150 rebels and capturing 900 others. A dozen high ranking, conservative officers were later executed. The king appointed General Oufkir as Minister of Defence.",
"A little more than 12 months later, four Royal Moroccan Airforce F-5 fighters attacked the King's aircraft as it came into land at Rabat after a visit to Paris. The fighters continued strafing the runway after it made an emergency landing, until Hassan seized the radio and told them that they had been successful and the King was dead. The rebels broke off the attack and within hours, the leaders were arrested and shot by a firing squad. One of these was General Oufkir, who had also been involved in the earlier attack on the palace. According to official reports, the General committed suicide, but his body was found with several wounds. After razing their Rabat home to the ground, Hassan had Oufkir's widow and six children banished to the desert where they were placed under house arrest and not released until 1991. Suppression of the Polisario During the 1970s, Hassan took several steps aimed at damping domestic turmoil. In 1973, he put through measures to increase Moroccan ownership and employment in companies doing business in Morocco and redistributed farmland owned by foreigners to local peasants.",
"In this way, he tried to manoeuvre a path between the national bourgeoisie and the masses, at the expense of foreign capitalists. In 1975, Hassan asserted Morocco's claim to Western Sahara, a region claimed by Morocco in the north and Mauritania in the south, but still officially under Spanish administration, by marching 350,000 Moroccans armed only with the Koran and banners across the frontier. Western Sahara covers an area of 100,000 square miles with fewer than 75,000 residents, mainly nomadic pastoralists. Although the land was largely desert, it was rich in minerals. Spain withdrew and ceded control to Morocco and Mauritania. This ignited a brutal and expensive war against the Polisario Front, which had been fighting for independence from Spain and did not want to be ruled by the Moroccans. With Libya and Algeria supporting the Polisario against Morocco and some 70 governments worldwide recognising the Polisario Front, their victory seemed assured. But Hassan brushed aside international protests and occupied the contested territory. If anyone dared to speak out against the Moroccan takeover, the King's response was unfailingly brutal. Opponents disappeared in their hundreds.",
"Many were never accounted for. Amnesty International's reports are littered with incidents of torture and ill treatment by Morocco's security forces. In 1979, following a coup, the new government of Mauritania relinquished its claims to Western Sahara. But Morocco simply used this opportunity to extend its administration to cover the whole of the country. In 1984, after standing by and watching the Palestinians slaughtered at the Sabra and Shatilla refugee camps, Colonel Gadhaffi applied the same treatment to the Saharan rebels. He signed a deal with Morocco that ended Libyan backing for the Polisario and paved the way for their defeat. Hassan built a rampart several hundred miles long to protect Morocco's mining interests in Western Sahara against incursions by the Polisario. Algeria, increasingly beset by its own internal problems, provided little effective support to the rebels. With the Polisario isolated, Morocco eventually gained control of most of the region and agreed to a UN brokered cease-fire in 1991. The UN were supposed to hold a referendum to resolve the conflict, but with no agreement as to who had the right to vote, this failed to materialise.",
"The 16-year war is estimated to have cost $20 billion, about equal to a national debt that is among the highest of any Arab country. Hassan isolated the Palestinians Above all it was Hassan's prominent role in supporting the Zionist state of Israel at the expense of the Palestinians that won him the support of the US. Nearly all of the quarter of a million Jews living in Morocco were encouraged to leave for Israel, which depended upon immigration for survival. Despite sending a nominal number of troops to support Egypt and Syria in the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973, Hassan kept his informal channels open with Israel. Israeli history is studded with accounts of high-level secret visits to Morocco that proved pivotal for the peace process. Golda Meir, Moshe Dayan, Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres were among the Israeli leaders who, in elaborate disguises, flew in Hassan's private planes at crucial moments. Israeli newspapers said that Hassan allowed Mossad to set up a station in Morocco and develop close ties with Moroccan security forces.",
"As Joseph Alpher, a former Mossad official and director of the American-Jewish Committees's office in Israel, said: \"For Morocco, it provided the King with additional intelligence and know-how to stabilise his regime. For the Israelis, it was good as a window into the Arab world.\" Dayan's visit as Foreign Secretary to Fez in 1977 established the foundation for the Egyptian-Israeli peace accord and paved the way for Anwar Sadat's historic visit to Jerusalem. Peres' first secret trip, in 1978, laid the groundwork for a dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organisation; a subsequent one brought him together with Yassir Arafat, the PLO leader, to overcome a moment of crisis in 1995. In 1982 Hassan hosted a meeting of Arab leaders in Fez where he pushed through agreement on a peace plan that called for the creation of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital, but implicitly recognised Israel's right to exist. The plan, although rejected by Israel, laid the groundwork for the King to meet Prime Minister Peres in 1986.",
"In 1993, the King gave de facto recognition to Israel by welcoming Prime Minister Rabin, marking the first official visit by an Israeli leader to an Arab nation other than Egypt. He played a crucial role in the Oslo agreement in 1993 and the peace deal a year later with Jordan. Despite ritual protests, other Arab nations encouraged Hassan's relationship with Israel because it allowed Morocco, geographically distant from the immediate conflicts, to play a key role in brokering deals with the US and Israel on their behalf. Morocco's unstable future Formal political independence, within the framework of continued imperialist domination and the monarchy, has failed to resolve any of the economic, social and political problems that are the legacy of colonialism and precolonial backwardness. Hassan's 38-year rule leaves behind a country seething with social problems. On the economic front, the European Union agreement that opens up Morocco's market to European products will leave many native companies bankrupt and exacerbate unemployment. The US last year launched its own initiative to build economic ties with North African countries. On the political front, the long running dispute with the Polisario over Western Sahara has still to be settled.",
"One by one, as the elderly despots that have held together increasingly polarised states for decades come to the end of their days, they leave behind a Middle East and North Africa teetering on the precipice. It was in a vain attempt to shore up one such state that the world leaders gathered in Rabat. Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the West Hassan II of Morocco Dies at 70; A Monarch Oriented to the West By JOSEPH R. GREGORY King Hassan II, who ruled Morocco for 38 years, acted as a go-between in Egyptian-Israeli efforts to make peace and prolonged the life of his 300-year-old dynasty in an era when monarchies in Libya, Egypt, Iraq and Iran fell to socialist revolutions or the force of militant Islam, died yesterday in Rabat. He was 70. The cause of death was a heart attack, Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed, the King's eldest son and successor, announced on state television.",
"The King, who had been in fragile health since he was hospitalized in the United States four years ago for lung problems, had been admitted earlier in the day to the Avicenne hospital in Rabat, the capital, with an acute lung infection, according to a statement by the palace. Moroccan television said the funeral would be Sunday. The White House said that President Clinton planned to attend. As King, Sidi Mohammed is expected to continue his father's policies, including close ties with Washington and active pursuit of peace in the Middle East. The United States and its allies considered King Hassan one of the most Western-oriented of Arab leaders, a ruler who outmaneuvered Islamic militants in his country and stood out among his peers for his openness to rapprochement with Israel. Through the years he acted as an intermediary in Middle East diplomacy, helping to arrange a visit to Jerusalem in 1977 by Egypt's President, Anwar el-Sadat, and during the 1980's, meeting with the Israeli leaders Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres when other Arabs shunned them.",
"A master at managing Morocco's complex quilt of ethnic and ideological forces, he maintained a hold on power that was by turns iron-fisted and deftly offhand. He survived half a dozen assassination attempts and uprisings. On one occasion, he intimidated the leader of rebel troops by looking him in the eye and reciting the first verse of the Koran. Another time, when pilots of his air force attacked his Boeing 727 jetliner, the King, himself a pilot, seized the radio and shouted, ''Stop firing! The tyrant is dead!'' -- fooling the rebels into breaking off their attack. The heir to the Alawite dynasty, which claimed direct descent from the Prophet Mohammed and ruled the Sharifian empire of the Western Sahara, Hassan II was the author of Morocco's first Constitution. But he was at heart an autocrat, and democracy waxed and waned at his pleasure. He tolerated opposition parties and a relatively free press that could offer opinions on policy matters. But criticism of the monarchy was forbidden, and his ruthlessness in crushing opponents was criticized by human rights groups. Economic and political reform proceeded steadily through his years in power.",
"Though the pace was slower than his critics would have liked, said William Zartman, director of African Studies at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, many would agree that the country was better off during the final years of his reign than it was when he came to power. His success lay in an ability to be different things to different people. He kept Morocco's elite content with royal patronage and instituted market-oriented reforms that improved the lives of the urban middle class. He used his position as ''Commander of the Faithful'' to woo the rural peasantry, quadruple the number of mosques and build the world's largest, the Great Mosque of Hassan the II. Completed in 1993, the 54-acre complex was built on the edge of the sea near Casablanca, with a tower more than 650 feet tall and equipped with a laser that beamed at night toward Mecca. ''He had deep understanding from the early days of the tribal mentality of Morocco and the importance of the throne as a unifying force,'' said Robert H. Pelletreau, a former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs, who knew the King well.",
"''He was a superb student, and he could be exceedingly charming.'' Moroccans said of King Hassan that he had ''baraka,'' or ''blessedness,'' an Arabic expression for a charismatic person blessed with divine protection. Yet when he ascended the throne on Feb. 26, 1961, most observers expected him to fail. Worked With Father To Buttress Monarchy Moulay Hassan ben Mohammed Alaoui was born on July 9, 1929, the oldest of six children of Sultan Sidi Mohammed ben Youssef. Most of Morocco was then a protectorate of France, except for sections governed by Spain in the northwest and southern coast and the city of Tangier, an international zone. As World War II unfolded, resistance to colonial rule grew. After the fall of France, the Free French forces promised independence if Morocco would cooperate in the war against the Axis, a promise that Paris proved unwilling to keep. After the war, tension rose between the Sultan and the French, but the young Prince Moulay Hassan was educated as befitted the heir of two traditions: He attended the imperial college at Rabat, where instruction was in Arabic and French.",
"Later he earned a law degree from the University of Bordeaux and served in the French Navy aboard the battleship Jeanne d'Arc. But his father's agitation for Moroccan self-government continued, and in 1953 the French forced the Sultan into exile. In 1954 and 1955, as rioting and guerrilla warfare increased, Prince Moulay's father regained his title, and the following year, Morocco won independence. Prince Moulay worked with his father, now Mohammed V, to maintain the monarchy's authority during a time of social discontent and the conflicting expectations of those who fought for Moroccan independence. In 1957, he became the commander in chief of the Royal Moroccan Army, which was splintered between officers who had been loyal to the French and the former rebels. Prince Moulay kept the military occupied with civilian projects, and led it to victory against rebel Berber tribesmen in the Rif mountains in 1958. But in the shantytowns of Rabat, Casablanca and other cities, opposition simmered against the royal house. Though the monarchy looked to Paris and Washington for financial support, it needed to placate the leftist opposition.",
"Declaring neutrality in the cold war, the Prince made overtures to Moscow and accepted Soviet military aid. ''As an Islamic people,'' he told The Associated Press in 1961, ''we have the right to practice bigamy. We can wed East and West and be faithful to both.'' Such comments caused consternation in Western capitals. So did the reputation of the young Prince, whom the Western press often portrayed as a playboy who liked gambling and actresses and was overly concerned with his wardrobe. After Mohammed V died of heart failure following what was expected to be a minor operation, Prince Moulay, who had been named Prime Minister in 1960, moved quickly to establish his rule. His Constitution, which was ratified in 1962, guaranteed freedom of the press and of religion, and created an elected legislature. But the new Parliament, fractured by bitter rivalries, proved ineffectual. The new King retained the power to name the Prime Minister, disband the legislature and control the army. In the mid-1960's, student agitation led to a wave of rioting and arrests. Opposition figures fled abroad or were imprisoned; some were executed.",
"In 1965 Mehdi Ben Barka, a prominent nationalist and opposition leader, was kidnapped in Paris and never seen again. The King's right-hand man, the Minister of Interior, Mohammed Oufkir, was linked to the disappearance, but the case was never pressed. In June of that year, Hassan dissolved Parliament and instituted a state of emergency, wielding absolute power until a new Constitution was adopted in 1970. The Constitution restored limited parliamentary government, but discontent simmered amid continuing poverty and official corruption. How He Overcame Two Deadly Coups On July 10, 1971, King Hassan invited some 400 prominent Moroccans, diplomats and other guests to his seaside palace of Skhirat near Rabat to celebrate his 42d birthday. The festivities ended in a burst of gunfire as more than 1,000 mutinous troops attacked the palace, hurling grenades and spraying the grounds with small-arms fire. Nearly 100 guests were killed and more than 125 wounded. The King hid in a bathroom. When the firing died down, he re-emerged to find himself face to face with one of the rebel commanders.",
"Keeping eye contact, he recited the opening verse of the Koran, and the rebel knelt and kissed his hand. Loyal troops crushed the revolt, killing more than 150 rebels and capturing 900 others, many of them young military cadets. A dozen high-ranking, conservative officers were executed. Mohammed Oufkir was named Minister of Defense. A little more than 12 months later, on Aug. 16, 1972, the King was returning from Paris aboard his private Boeing 727 when it encountered an unscheduled escort of four Royal Moroccan Air Force F-5 fighters. As the Boeing approached Rabat's airport, the fighters fired on the plane, knocking out an engine and scoring other hits. The Boeing landed safely, but the renegade pilots continued to strafe the runway until Hassan radioed them, saying the King had been killed. The rebels broke off the attack. Within hours, key participants in the coup were arrested and shot. One of their leaders proved to be General Oufkir, who apparently had been secretly involved in the earlier attack on the palace. According to official reports, the general committed suicide, but his body was supposedly found with several wounds.",
"His widow and six children were placed under house arrest and were not released until February 1991, in an amnesty marking the King's 30 years in power. Uniting Moroccans Over Western Sahara As the 1970's unfolded, the King took several steps to damp domestic turmoil. In 1973 he put through measures to increase Moroccan ownership and employment in companies doing business in Morocco and also redistributed farmland owned by foreigners to rural peasants. ''He alternated very cleverly between the kinds of reforms that would be popular with the people and the kinds of reforms popular with the ruling elite and in doing so was popular with both,'' said Mr. Pelletreau, the former American diplomat. In November 1975, in a move that would unite Moroccans against a common foe, Hassan reasserted his country's authority over the Western Sahara, a region claimed by both Morocco and Mauritania but still officially under Spanish administration, by trucking some 350,000 civilians under army escort to the region, where they staged a march. The move help secure Morocco's claim but ignited a war with guerrillas of the Polisario Front, who had been fighting for independence from Spain.",
"Libya and Algeria supported the guerrillas in their war against the Moroccan Army. In 1984, the King signed an accord with Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi that ended Libyan backing for the insurgents. Algeria, plagued by its own domestic problems, could give them only minimal support. Militarily, Morocco eventually triumphed, agreeing to a cease-fire with Polisario in 1991 that left the country in control of most the region. The Polisario Front continues to hang on, but the United Nations is scheduling a referendum in March to determine the future of the region's 300,000 people. Seen as Bridge To the Israelis King Hassan was adept at managing Arab-Israeli relations, and he liked to say he viewed Morocco's Jewish population, which numbers around 8,000, as a bridge between Israelis and Arabs. During World War II his father, Mohammed V, had defied the Axis and protected his country's Jews. In 1956, the year of Moroccan independence, there were about 275,000 Jews in Morocco. Most were allowed to emigrate to Israel, Europe and elsewhere.",
"During the Arab-Israeli wars of 1967 and 1973, King Hassan contributed a nominal number of troops to support Egypt and Syria. Nevertheless, he kept his channels open with Israel. In 1982 he was the host of a meeting of Arab leaders in Fez where he pushed through agreement on a peace plan that called for the creation of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital but implicitly recognized Israel's right to exist. The plan, though rejected by Israel, laid the groundwork for the King to meet with Prime Minister Peres in 1986, a meeting that caused the King to be criticized by Arab leaders. He responded by saying they had neither the ability to make war on Israel nor the willingness to make peace. In September 1993, Morocco gave de facto recognition to Israel by welcoming Prime Minister Rabin, marking the first official visit by an Israeli leader to an Arab nation other than Egypt. Despite such bold gestures, he was careful to play both sides of a conflict when necessary. After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, he sent 1,300 troops to Saudi Arabia, a gesture that pleased the West.",
"At the time he expressed sympathy for the plight of Iraqi suffering under United Nations sanctions and ordered members of the Moroccan royal family to supervise the collection of supplies to ease their plight. Gradual Freedom And Continuing Poverty Despite aid from the West, sporadic reform efforts, and an estimated $2 billion a year sent home by Moroccans working abroad, the economic situation during the 1990's remained difficult for most of Morocco's 25 million people, two-thirds of whom are under the age of 25. In the census of 1994, the urban population exceeded the rural population for the first time. Unrest generally declined in the cities, where most of the economic reforms were concentrated. Although unemployment remained a problem and the strains of a relatively slow pace of development continued, political freedom gradually increased. In the early 1990's, pressure from human rights groups reduced the number of political prisoners and reports of incidents of torture declined. In recent years, the King pushed his version of ''Hassanian democracy,'' which has widened political freedom while retaining the decisive power of the King.",
"After elections last year, in which leftist parties gained the largest bloc of seats, the King appointed an old leftist adversary, Abdurrahman Youssufi, as Prime Minister, but the new Government has been widely criticized for failing to fulfill election promises to deal with poverty and other social problems. Like his father, the Crown Prince comes to the throne with the reputation of a playboy. At 35, he is still single in a society that emphasizes family ties. He was educated in France, where he received a degree in law and studied international relations. In addition to Arabic and French, he speaks Spanish and English. In recent years, as illness caused the King to withdraw progressively from active public life, the Crown Prince began to take a more active role in public as second in command of the Moroccan military and in helping to direct Government aid to the poor. In February the King sent the Crown Prince as his representative to the funeral of King Hussein of Jordan. With Sidi Mohammed's accession to the throne, his younger brother Moulay Rashid will become Crown Prince. In addition to his two sons, the King is survived by his wife, Lalla Latifa, a commoner who is officially described as the Mother of the Royal Children, and three daughters.",
"Palace officials say the transition will bring no change in key Moroccan policies, including the longstanding alliance with the United States and strong support for peace between Israel and its Arab neighbors. The aides also said Sidi Mohammed would continue his father's policy of insisting on Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed territory of the Western Sahara. Nonetheless, the Crown Prince is expected to take his distance from some of his father's closest advisers, principally the Interior Minister, Driss Basri, who in his 20 years in that post has been associated with hard-line policies toward domestic opposition from both the left and the Islamic fundamentalists, who have been excluded from forming parties to compete in elections. Aides to King Hassan said recently that Sidi Mohammed was likely to move hard-liners in his father's entourage aside in effort to accelerate democratic reforms that his father had initiated in recent years. Despite his moves toward democracy, throughout his reign King Hassan remained jealous of preserving the symbols of his monarchy. He refused, for instance, to abandon the practice of having his subjects show their fealty by kissing his hand, even though advisers urged him to end it.",
"Whether he donned a business suit to meet with Western leaders or appeared in traditional white robes to preside over religious ceremonies, the King was a leader of commanding presence, an eloquent orator in Arabic who spoke excellent French and capable English. ''His golf outings were the picture of an Oriental potentate,'' recalled Mr. Pelletreau, the diplomat. ''He would be accompanied by a vast entourage. If he wanted to sit, chairs would appear, and his guests would be offered sherbet.'' Through intelligence, charm and cunning, he steered an absolute monarchy into the modern world. ''He sheltered Morocco from the various political winds that blew across the Arab world and caused such turmoil in other countries,'' Mr. Pelletreau said. King Hassan II | Jewish Virtual Library Tweet King Hassan II was the King of Morocco from 1961 till his death in 1999. He was the 21st Monarch of the Alaouite Dynasty. Hassan II was born in Rabat, Morocco on July 9, 1929.",
"From his childhood, he was prepared by his father, the late His Majesty Mohammed V, for the responsabilities he was later to assume as he was the right hand to the King in Affairs of State. To this end, Hassan II received a modern education at a high school in Rabat where he studied alongside young Moroccans drawn from all the regions and all conditions of life in the country. His studies included Arabic language and Literature, but also the normal curicculum of a modern school; in addition, he was given personal training in Statesmanship by the late King Mohammed V. After brilliant studies at the University of Bordeaux in France, he obtained the higher University Diploma in Law. King Hassan II shared his fathers' exile in Madagascar at a time when the French Protectorate transferred the royal family to the Island of Corsica on August 20, 1953, then to Madagascar in Africa in January 1954; during all this period of time he was the political advisor to his father. On the restoration of Moroccan independence, Hassan II played the leading part in the creation of the Armed Forces of which he became the Chief of Staff in 1956.",
"On July 9, 1957, Hassan II was officially invested as Crown Prince and Heir to the Throne by Late His Majesty Mohammed V, and, in 1960, he was appointed head of the Government. On the February 26, 1961, he was invested as King of Morocco after the demise of his father. King Hassan died of a heart attack on July 23, 1999, and was succeeded by his son 36 year old Sidi Mohammed. Hassan is remembered fondly by Israelis for his constructive role in the peace process. During the 1970s, a series of secret meetings between Israelis and Egyptians were held under Hassan's auspices and helped pave the way to the historic peace agreement . he continued to be a facilitator in later years, hosting Israeli and Arab leaders, and encouraging them to work toward peace agreements. Hassan II had five children.",
"BBC News | Africa | Obituary: King Hassan II Saturday, July 24, 1999 Published at 16:13 GMT 17:13 UK World: Africa Obituary: King Hassan II King Hassan (left) played a key role in the Middle East peace process King Hassan II of Morocco was a leading figure in North African politics after his ascension to the throne in 1961. BBC's Nick Pelham in Rabat: King Hassan held the country together At the time of his death, he was the Arab world's longest reigning monarch. He was born on 9 July, 1929 as Prince Moulay Hassan, son of King Mohammed V, 16th sovereign of the Alawite dynasty. During his rule he survived a series of assassination attempts and developed a reputation as a committed Arab nationalist. He also played an important behind-the-scenes role in the Middle East peace process and is credited with being a key influence in the signing of the 1979 peace treaty between Israel and Egypt. Throughout his reign he maintained friendly relations with the US, but his often heavy-handed domestic human rights record came in for strong international criticism.",
"Commander of the Faithful For almost four decades King Hassan ruled Morocco as a theocracy, taking his authority from his proclaimed role as Commander of the Faithful and deriding his opponents as heretics. In the early years of his reign, he survived repeated military coups and popular unrest, but opposition was stamped out with an iron fist. He sought to unite the country behind him in his campaign to expand Morocco's border south into the Western Sahara and divert attention from the kingdom's gruelling social inequality. King Hassan was determined Morocco would hold on to the barren but phosphate-rich Western Sahara despite resistance from the Polisario Front and pressure from abroad. Abdul Bari Atwan of Al Quds newspaper: \"He did not deliberately snub the Queen\" In the latter years of his reign, he succeeded in mollifying much of the opposition by moving towards a constitutional monarchy and including former dissidents in the affairs of state. Last year, he appointed the leader of the leftist movement - which had once advocated the overthrow of the king and his replacement with a republic - to be the country's prime minister.",
"However, some people have asked how well the institutions of the kingdom could cope in the absence of the man who since 1961 has held the country, in a volatile region, together. The swift enthronement of his son as King Mohammed VI signals an intention for a smooth succession. The new king has played an increasingly public role in recent months. But as in the handover of power in Jordan from King Hussein to his son Abdullah, for many Moroccans he is a relative unknown. King Hassan II The Late King Hassan II Morocco's King Hassan II, whose health had been fragile in recent years, died Friday (23/7/99) at a hospital in the capital of Rabat. The all-powerful monarch, who had been an important unifying force in his North African nation, was 70. In a statement Friday, the Royal Palace medical staff announced that the king had been admitted to Avicennes Hospital with \"acute pneumonia, which requires a cardiac and respiratory surveillance.\" State-run television later interrupted programming, without explanation, to read verses from the Koran. Hassan's heir is Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed, 35.",
"Hassan, the longest serving monarch in the Arab world, ascended to the throne in 1961. He once told his friend, Spanish King Juan Carlos, that many people thought he wouldn't last six months. But Hassan ruled for more than 38 years, surviving military coups, leftist plots and Islamic-based opposition. His personal popularity among Morocco's 29 million people was acknowledged even by political foes, who called him \"the great survivor.\" \"Moroccans need a popular monarch that governs,\" Hassan wrote in his book, \"The Challenge.\" \"That is why the king governs in Morocco. The people would not understand if the king did not govern.\" Hassan's prestige as a descendant of the prophet Mohammed helped contain the threat of Islamic fundamentalism. But in the wake of coup attempts in the 1970s, opponents accused the king of human rights abuses, including harsh treatment of those who opposed him. In the early 1990s, Hassan ordered the release of more than 800 political opponents and commuted 195 death sentences, which helped improve his relations with the United States and Europe.",
"The country's 1992 constitution made respect for human rights part of official dogma. Hassan was also a discreet but key mediator in the Middle East peace process, whose contacts with Israeli leaders helped lead to the 1978 peace accord between Egypt and Israel. He also sent troops to battle Iraq during the Persian Gulf War, angering some domestic opponents who backed Iraq in its standoff with the West. King Hassan II on His Magnificent Arabian Horse King Hassan II has been on the throne since 1962, when he succeeded his late father, Sultan Mohammed V. King HassanII is one of the few true autocrats in the world. Despite the appearances of a constitutional democracy. Part of his legitimacy is rooted in his family (The Alaouis) historical relationship to the Prophet Mohammed. Hassan is a direct descendant of the Prophet's son in law, Ali Ibn Abi Talib. King HassanII is considered head of the faith, Islamic \"commander of the faithful,\" in Morocco.",
"The Alaouis, known for their piety and scholarship, were invited to settle in Morocco in the 1200s A.D., and rose to power in their native oasis district in southeast Morocco, The Tafilalt, in the early 1600s. Hassan is not only a skillful actor in domestic politics and society but is a powerful, behind-the-scenes politician on the world stage. In the picture above, King Hassan appears in an official ceremony marking his accession to the throne, Throne Day, which is a national holiday each March 3. His entourage includes palace guards (in red tunics), national police (gray uniforms), Islamic officials (in white overgarments, of fouqiya), and handservants. Several men are wearing the traditional yellow slipper, or belgha. The King is shaded by a wooden parasol carried by a handservant.",
"King Hassan of Morocco | The Economist King Hassan of Morocco King Hassan II, the Arab world’s ruthless manipulator, died on July 23rd, aged 70 Jul 29th 1999 Tweet Reuters WHEN King Hassan II came to the throne in 1961, the breed of Arab monarchs was facing extinction. During the 1950s and 1960s, the royal rulers of Tunisia, Egypt, Iraq, Yemen and Libya succumbed to coups and revolutions. Yet King Hassan died in bed, after a 38-year reign, with many of his near-feudal powers intact. Whenever the royal train careened through a Moroccan railway station, however minor, all the local dignitaries had to stand by the track and bow before the passing majesty. The Arab world's longest-serving ruler remained feared and revered by stationmasters across Morocco. Railway-workers are more easily cowed than revolutionaries. But King Hassan took care of those, too. As crown prince and army chief, aged 29, he put down a rebellion in the Rif mountains in 1958.",
"The ringleaders, Moroccans say, were packed into helicopters, flown out to sea, and shoved overboard. King Hassan saw off at least ten attempts on his life. In 1971, army rebels raked the king's birthday party with gunfire, killing 98 guests, including the Belgian ambassador. His British counterpart survived by jumping over the palace walls, while the king locked himself in a lavatory. A year later, a faithful minister turned renegade and sent up fighter aircraft to shoot down the royal jet flying home from France. The king is said to have grabbed the controls and radioed “The tyrant is dead”, fooling his would-be assassins into letting him land. Once safely on the ground, he sent the rebels, like so many of their countrymen, to the torture chambers and dungeons of his desert forts. Nevertheless, Moroccans came to believe that Hassan must be a good ruler as he had so much baraka, a kind of God-given mixture of luck and grace. His shrewdness King Hassan was not all iron fists. He displayed shrewdness in staying a step ahead of each new trend in the Arab world.",
"He countered the nationalist ardour of Nasserite revolutionaries with a burning Moroccan nationalism of his own, annexing the ex-Spanish colony of Western Sahara and going to war with neighbouring Algeria. To guard against Islamic insurgency, he played up his descent from the prophet Muhammad and styled himself “Commander of the Faithful”. He was among the first Arab rulers to embark on market-led economic reforms. He made good friends with America before it was fashionable to do so. He was less polite to European monarchs, perhaps because they have little power, and turned up nearly an hour late to dine with Queen Elizabeth when she visited Morocco in 1980. But where he considered it mattered, King Hassan was a dab hand at manipulating western opinion. On independence from France in 1956, Morocco had 350,000 Jews, a large and influential minority. Within two decades nearly all had been exported, most to Israel, under covert agreement with that country. King Hassan used the few Jews who remained to sell his kingdom as an oasis of pluralism amid the climate of Arab intolerance, a fancy lapped up by pro-Israel lobbies in Washington and Paris.",
"Having earned trust in Israel, he was often able to act as a go-between for other Arab countries. European dignitaries, plus a present and past American president, came to his funeral to hail him as a peacemaker. But his relationship with Israel was less about peace than the elimination of mutual foes. Israel's secret service, the Mossad, helped the king to abduct his former maths teacher and leftist opponent, Mehdi Ben Barka, in a Paris café in 1965, and subsequently kill him. Israel and the United States supplied the tanks to crush the Polisario Front, a guerrilla force struggling for independence in Western Sahara. United Nations officials say the defensive sand walls in Western Sahara bear remarkable similarity to the Bar Lev line the Israelis once constructed to keep Egypt at bay. The king let the Mossad set up a base in Morocco in 1964, and eavesdrop on an Arab summit called to discuss a united military command on the eve of the 1967 six-day war. In domestic affairs, King Hassan fiddled continually with the constitution to secure power while retaining a whiff of democracy.",
"His amendments of 1970 banned parliament from debating royal decrees, since that was tantamount to challenging the will of God. The king retained control of internal security, foreign policy and defence. Moroccan law still forbids inquiry into the king's finances. In the mid-1970s, having expropriated the property of French settlers, the king was reported to own a fifth of the country's arable land. The mining of phosphates (Morocco is the world's largest exporter) remains a royal concern. By the time of his death, the king had built at least ten golf courses for his private use, including one in Fez, floodlit for nighttime rounds. Moroccans earn an average of $100 a month. Yet they donated $500m to build the Hassan II mosque in Casablanca, one of the many claiming to be the world's largest. By building the mosque, Moroccans were told, the king “could be remembered as the pharaohs are remembered in the pyramids of Egypt”. He was not the most modest of men.",
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] |
Which African country is bordered by Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, and Mali?
|
Burkino Faso
|
[
"Bourkina-Fasso",
"Maximes, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi",
"Burkina Fasso",
"Burkina",
"Bourkina Faso",
"Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi",
"Burkinabè",
"Berkina faso",
"ISO 3166-1:BF",
"Burkina faso",
"Faso",
"Burkina Fasoan",
"Bourkina Fasso",
"Burkinafaso",
"Burkino Faso",
"Burkina-Faso",
"Burkina Faso",
"Burkina Fatso"
] | 8,406
|
[
"Burkina Faso Map | Map of Burkina Faso World Map in French History of Burkina Faso Originally inhabited by hunter-gatherer tribes as far back as 14,000 BC, Burkina Faso's early indigenous people included the Bura civilization. Later, the land was occupied by the Dogon ethnic group in the 15th century, followed by the Mossi Kingdoms, including the Ouagadougou and the Yatenga, by the 16th century. The Mossi Kingdoms had control of the region, holding off the Muslim conquest, when the first Europeans arrived at the end of the 19th century. The first to reach Burkina Faso were the French, who were met with resistance. Despite their defenses, the region became part of French West Africa as the French Upper Volta in 1919, which was divided into two colonies in 1932. The Upper Volta joined French West Africa on its own in 1947, soon becoming an autonomous republic of France in 1958.",
"Upper Volta gained independence in 1960, but a military coup led to over two decades of unrest and conflict, with alternating civilian and military rule. The National Council for the Revolution was formed in 1983, and became the dominant power. Upper Volta became Burkina Faso in 1984, with Thomas Sankara, the leader of the National Council, as its leader. During a 1987 military coup, Sankara was assassinated and replaced by Blaise Compaore, as part of the Popular Front. In 1991, Burkina Faso adopted a new constitution, which was amended in 2000. President Compaore was elected for his fourth consecutive term in 2010. The 2011 Burkina Faso uprising saw unrest and military mutiny, and the country has had conflict with nearby Ivory Coast and Sierra Leone. Neighboring Countries Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali, Niger, Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Ivory Coast.",
"Major Cities Banfora Geography Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, situated in the Sahel region between the Sahara Desert and the Sudanian Savanna. Much of the country is located on a plateau, though there are low hills, and the highest point in Burkina Faso is Tena Kourou, which stands 749 meters (2,457 feet) above sea level. The three main rivers that traverse Burkina Faso, Black Volta, White Volta, and Red Volta, lent the country its original name, Upper Volta. These rivers are also known as Mouhoun, Nakambe, and Nazinon, respectively. The Black Volta, along with the Komoe River are the two year-round rivers in the country. There are also several tributaries to the Niger that flow through Burkina Faso, including the Gorouol and the Goudebo. Significant lakes in Burkina Faso are Tingrela, Bam, and Dem.",
"Points of Interest Burkina Faso is a fairly undeveloped country in terms of tourism, though there are several important natural attractions, including game reserves like Arli National Park and Nazinga, which are home to a variety of wild animals such as lions, hippos, and elephants. Along the border with Niger and Benin is W National Park, a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site and home to many species, including cheetahs, leopards, and warthogs, as well as 350 types of birds, which are frequently viewed on safaris. Another UNESCO Site is at the Ruins of Loropeni, outside of Gaoua, which is the location of ancient ruins of an early civilization. In the capital, Ouagadougou, there are also natural sites including the sacred forest of Bangre-Weoogo, where crocodiles live, as well as Jardin de l'amitie Ouaga-Loudun in the city center. Other city attractions are the National Museum, the monuments of La Place du Grand Lyon and Naba Koom, and the Central and Gounghin Markets.",
"Transportation The main international airport in Burkina Faso is Ouagadougou Airport in the capital, which offers service from France, Belgium, Turkey, and several destinations around Africa, including Ethiopia, Niger, Algeria, and Ivory Coast. Another main way to enter the Burkina Faso is via train from Ivory Coast, which takes one to two days. The other way to travel to Burkina Faso is via bus from Ivory Coast, Niger, Ghana, Mali, or Benin. Getting around Burkina Faso by bus is the best option for domestic transport, with decent roads between the cities. Car and taxi are a less desirable choice, but are still an option. Taxis are typically green and can be quite costly, and they may be shared with other passengers. Train service is available between the capital and Bobo, Banfora, and Abidjan. ACOD~20140305 Africa Africa Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked West African state.",
"With a total border length of 3,192 kilometers (1,984 miles), Burkina Faso is bordered by Mali to the north and west; Niger to the east; and Benin, Togo, Ghana, and Cote d'Ivoire to the south. Cameroon Located on the west coast of Central Africa, Cameroon covers an area of 475,400 square kilometers (183,695 square miles), slightly more than California. Land boundaries extend for a total of 4,591 kilometers (2,853 miles) between Nigeria to the northwest, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic (C.A.R.) to the east, and the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea to the south. Cape Verde Cape Verde is an archipelago of 10 islands and 5 islets situated 483 kilometers (300 miles) due west of Dakar, Senegal, in the North Atlantic Ocean. Cape Verde's total land area is 4,033 square kilometers (1,557 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the U.S.",
"Central African Republic The former French colony of Ubangi-Shari, now the Central African Republic (CAR), is well named; it is a landlocked country in the center of the African continent. Land boundaries extend for 5,203 kilometers (3,233 miles) connecting Cameroon to the west, Chad and Sudan to the north, and the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of Congo to the south. Chad The former French colony of Chad, a landlocked country located in northern Central Africa, is more than 3 times the size of California. The country has an area of 1,284,000 square kilometers (495,755 square miles), with a land boundary length of 5,968 kilometers (3,708 miles). Congo, Republic of The; The Republic of the Congo (ROC) is located in Western Africa and has an area of 342,000 square kilometers (132,000 square miles).",
"It has a modest coastline of 169 kilometers (105 miles) along the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest and shares land borders with Gabon, Cameroon, and the Central African Republic on the west and north. Côte D'ivoire Côte d'Ivoire (which means \"Ivory Coast\") is a West African country bordering the North Atlantic Ocean between Ghana and Liberia. It has an area of 322,460 square kilometers (124,502 square miles) of which 318,000 square kilometers (122,780 square miles) are occupied by land while water occupies the remaining 4,460 square kilometers (1,722 square miles). Djibouti Djibouti is situated in the Horn of Africa, at the southern entrance to the Red Sea, bordering the Gulf of Aden.",
"To the north lies Eritrea with a shared border of 113 kilometers (70 miles); to the north, west, and southwest lies Ethiopia, with a border length of 337 kilometers (209 miles); and to the southeast lies Somalia, with a border length of 58 kilometers (36 miles). Egypt The Arab Republic of Egypt is located in North Africa, bordering on the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Libya to the west, the Gaza Strip to the east, and Sudan to the south. With an area of 1,001,450 square kilometers (386,659 square miles) and a coastline of 2,450 kilometers (1,522 miles), Egypt is slightly more than 3 times the size of New Mexico. Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea is a small West African nation of 28,051 square kilometers (10,830 square miles), roughly the same size as Maryland.",
"It consists of a mainland enclave called Río Muni, on the west coast of Africa bordering Cameroon and Gabon, and 5 small islands off the coast of Cameroon in the Bight of Biafra: Bioko, Annobón, Corisco, and the 2 small islands known together as Islas Elobey. Eritrea Eritrea is an eastern African country occupying an area of 121,320 square kilometers (46,841 square miles), which makes it slightly larger than the state of Pennsylvania. It borders Sudan to the north and west, Ethiopia and Djibouti to the south, and the Red Sea to the east. Ethiopia Located in the Horn of Africa— the pointy peninsula-like landmass that emanates out of the eastern part of the continent—Ethiopia has a total area of 1,127,127 square kilometers (935,183 square miles), rendering it slightly less than twice the size of Texas. A landlocked country completely surrounded by other states, Ethiopia has a total border length of 5,311 kilometers (3,300 miles).",
"Gabon The Gabonese Republic lies along the equator on the west coast of Africa with a border length of 2,551 kilometers (1,585 miles) and a coastline of 885 kilometers (550 miles). Gabon is bounded to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the north by Equatorial Guinea (350 kilometers/218 miles) and Cameroon (298 kilometers/185 miles), and to the east and south by the Republic of the Congo (1,903 kilometers/1,183 miles). The Gambia The Republic of The Gambia measures 11,295 square kilometers (4,361 square miles) and consists of a long narrow ribbon of land sitting astride the river Gambia, one of the major waterways in West Africa. Apart from the 50-kilometer (31-mile) stretch of coastline on the Atlantic ocean, it is entirely surrounded by Senegal. Ghana The Republic of Ghana, formerly the Gold Coast, is a West African country lying on the Gulf of Guinea.",
"It has a total border of 2,093 kilometers (1,300 miles), including 548 kilometers (341 miles) with Burkina Faso to the north, 688 kilometers (428 miles) with Côte d'Ivoire to the west, and 877 kilometers (545 miles) with Togo to the east. Guinea Guinea lies on the West African coast, bordered by Sierra Leone and Liberia to the south, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal to the north, and Mali and Côte d'Ivoire inland to the east. It has 320 kilometers (199 miles) of coastline, and a land area of 245,857 square kilometers (94,925 miles). Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau lies on the west coast of Africa, with Senegal to the north and Guinea to the east and south. With a total area of 36,120 square kilometers (13,946 square miles), the country is a bit less than 3 times the size of the U.S.",
"Kenya Located in east Africa, Kenya has a total area of 582,650 square kilometers (224,962 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of Nevada. With a coastline of 536 kilometers (333 miles), Kenya borders the Indian Ocean to the east, Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west, and Tanzania to the south. Malawi Malawi is located in southeast Africa, landlocked between Mozambique to the east and south, Zambia to the west, and Tanzania to the north. Malawi is separated from Mozambique and Tanzania to a large extent by Lake Malawi, which lies on the country's eastern edge. Mali Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa covering an area of 1.24 million square kilometers (478,764 square miles), of which 1.22 million square kilometers (471,042 square miles) is occupied by land and 20,000 square kilometers (7,722 square miles) is occupied by water.",
"Its border is 7,243 kilometers (4,500 miles) long. Mauritania Located in northwestern Africa, bordered by Western Sahara (occupied by Morocco) and Algeria on the north, by Mali on the east and south, by Senegal on the southwest, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the country has an area of 1,030,700 square kilometers (398,000 square miles), making it slightly larger than 3 times the size of New Mexico. Its total estimated boundary length is 5,828 kilometers (3,622 miles), including 754 kilometers (469 miles) of coast on the Atlantic Ocean. Mozambique Located in southeast Africa, Mozambique has a total area of 801,590 square kilometers (309,493 square miles)—an expanse which is slightly less than twice the size of the state of California. The coastline of the country, which spans 2,470 kilometers (1,535 miles) along the entire eastern frontier, borders the Mozambique Channel and the Indian Ocean.",
"Namibia The Republic of Namibia lies across the Tropic of Capricorn in the south of Africa and covers an area of 824,292 square kilometers (318,259 square miles), making it slightly more than half the size of Alaska. It is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Botswana and Zimbabwe on the east, Angola on the north, and the South Atlantic Ocean on the west. Rwanda The Republic of Rwanda is a land-locked country located in central Africa. It is bordered on the east by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with which it shares the shores of Lake Kivu; on the north by Uganda; on the west by Tanzania; and on the south by Burundi. São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe is located in the Gulf of Guinea 290 kilometers (180 miles) west of Gabon, which is located on the western edge of Africa.",
"The 2 mountainous main islands of the republic are São Tomé and Príncipe; other rocky islets include Caroco, Pedras, and Tinhosas off Príncipe Island, and Rolas off São Tomé Island. Senegal A relatively small country located in West Africa, Senegal has a total area of 196,190 square kilometers (75,748 square miles), making it slightly smaller than the state of South Dakota. Water composes 4,190 square kilometers (1,618 square miles) of this area, while the coastline, which borders the North Atlantic Ocean, stretches for 531 kilometers (330 miles). Seychelles The Seychelles are a group of islands in the Indian Ocean about 925 kilometers (575 miles) northeast of Madagascar. The country consists of 115 small islands with a total land area of 455 square kilometers (176 square miles) and a total coastline of 491 kilometers (305 miles).",
"Sierra Leone Sierra Leone is located in West Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, with an area of 71,740 square kilometers (27,925 square miles) and a total coastline of 402 kilometers (250 miles). The country shares a border with Guinea in the north and east and with Liberia in the southeast. Somalia Somalia, formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a coastal country covering a land area of 637,657 square kilometers (246,199 square miles) and a water area of 10,320 square kilometers (3,985 square miles), with a land-bordered circumference of 2,366 kilometers (1,470 miles). It has a coastline of 3,025 kilometers (1,880 miles) stretching along the Indian Ocean to the southeast and along the Gulf of Aden in the southern mouth of the Red Sea to the north. South Africa South Africa is situated at the southern tip of the continent of Africa.",
"Ranging from west to east across its northern border are the neighboring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; Mozambique lies to the east, as does the small nation of Swaziland, which is nearly encircled by South Africa. Sudan Sudan is located in North Africa. Sudan borders the following countries: Central African Republic (1,165 kilometers, 724 miles), Chad (1,360 kilometers, 845 miles), Democratic Republic of the Congo (628 kilometers, 390 miles), Egypt (1,273 kilometers, 791 miles), Eritrea (650 kilometers, 404 miles), Ethiopia (1,606 kilometers, 998 miles), Kenya (232 kilometers, 144 miles), Libya (383 kilometers, 238 miles), and Uganda (435 kilometers, 270 miles).",
"Swaziland Swaziland is a small landlocked country in southern Africa, with an area of 17,363 square kilometers (6,704 miles), extending 176 kilometers (109 miles) north to south and 135 kilometers (84 miles) east to west. By comparison, it is slightly smaller than the state of New Jersey. Tanzania A relatively large country located in East Africa, Tanzania has a total area of 945,087 square kilometers (364,900 square miles), rendering it slightly larger than twice the size of California. The area of Tanzania includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Unguja; the latter 2 form a semi-autonomous region called Zanzibar that is part of an official union with the republic of Tanzania. Tunisia Situated in northern Africa, Tunisia is bordered by Algeria on the west and Libya on the southeast and by the Mediterranean Sea on the north, where it has a coastline of 1,148 kilometers (713 miles).",
"Tunisia has an area of 163,610 square kilometers (63,169 square miles), making it slightly larger than the state of Georgia. Uganda A landlocked state in Eastern Africa, west of Kenya and east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (former Zaire), Uganda has an area of 236,040 square kilometers (146,675 square miles) and a total land boundary of 2,698 kilometers (1,676 miles). Comparatively, the area occupied by Uganda is slightly smaller than the size of Oregon. Burkina Faso Travel Guide and Country Information click to zoom Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bordered by Niger in the east, Benin in the southeast, Togo and Ghana and Ivory Coast in the south, and in the west and north by Mali . The country consists, for the most part, of a vast lateritic plateau in the West African savanna, approximately 650-1000 ft above sea level.",
"This plateau is slightly inclined toward the south and notched by valleys formed by the three principal rivers, the Black, White and Red Voltas, and their main tributary, the Sourou. These rivers flow southward and meet in Ghana. They are alternately dry or in flood and all are unnavigable. In general, the land is dry and poor. Political Map of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon - Atlapedia® Online Algeria Algeria is located in North Africa midway along the Mediterranean coastline. It is bound by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Morocco to the west, Mauritania and Mali to the southwest, Niger to the southeast, Libya to the east and Tunisia to the northeast.... Burkina Faso Burkina is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is bound by Mali to the north and west, Niger to the northeast and east, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south and the Ivory Coast to the southwest.... Cameroon Cameroon is located in Central West Africa.",
"It is bound by Equatorial Guinea to the southwest, Gabon to the south, Congo to the southeast, the Central African Republic to the east, Chad to the northeast, Nigeria to the northwest and the Gulf of Guinea to the west.... West Africa West Africa Questions Regional Characteristics Located in sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa is defined by a series of elongated countries that border the Atlantic Ocean, with an exception of Burkina Faso. The countries are small in area compared to the other parts of Africa. Western Africa makes up the largest population cluster in sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the population lives in the southern coastal area, along the Atlantic, a result of European trading that led to economic development beginning in the 1200s. The area consists of plateaus with coastal plains. The coastal areas have a tropical climate while the northern areas transition to savannas. The countries to the north that extend across the southern Sahara tend to be very large, mostly steppe, and contain a lot of deserts. While the remaining West African countries tend to be smaller, elongated and have wetter environments. West African agriculture is based on cash crops for exports in the coastal trade areas. There are many different sorts of exports that come out of Western Africa.",
"The most common crops are peanuts, sorghum, cotton, rice, cassava, coffee, and livestock. One of the most important crops for countries like Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana is cacao, which is grown in the fertile soil of the wet areas. The countries of West Africa have incomes to a large extent derived from the sale of their products on the international market. The Europeans developed the coastal areas for trade. The people living along the coasts became the middlemen in trade, especially in the slave trade. They experienced changes of the colonial period in education, religion, urbanization, agriculture, politics, and health. The people living in the interior experienced less change, which resulted in divisions among people. All of the countries, except Liberia, experienced colonial control. The Portuguese settled in Guinea-Bissau. Togo was a German settlement. The British colonies were Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, and Gambia. The French colonized the remainder of West Africa, except Liberia, which remained independent. No coastal or interior railroad transportation system was developed, so the countries are not interdependent economically. Railroads were developed but they ran perpendicular to the coastal areas to transport goods and minerals to be exported.",
"The population distribution is coastal corresponding to the major economic regions. The southern half of the region is home to the majority of the people. Total population of the area is 210 million. Nigeria is the largest country with 123.3 million. The next most populous country is Ghana with 19.5 million people. Smaller countries include Senegal, Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin. West African culture is expressed in architecture, arts, music and dance. There are more than one thousand languages. In Nigeria over 250 languages are used so all school instruction takes place in English. Muslim and Christianity are the primary religions, although there are many different religions practiced. Many people use the barter system to buy and sell goods at the markets in rural areas. Countries At 123.3 million, Nigeria is the largest country in Western Africa having 59 percent of the entire population of sub-Saharan Africa. The country has two distinct climates. A tropical climate dominates along the coast that brings heavy rainfall and high humidity. In the north there are dry, dusty winds that come from the Sahara.",
"English is the official language of Nigeria, but the most commonly used language is Hausa, a lingua franca in West Africa. Nigeria gained independence in 1960 and established a federal political system that divided the country into three areas based on culture. The Yoruba, located in the southwest, are people with a long history of urbanization and agriculture. Their capital, Lagos, was the first capital and now has a population of 12 million people. The Ibo people, with a population of 20 million, live in the southwest around Port Harcourt. They are less urbanized, more densely populated, and were less affected by the changes colonialism brought. The third area is the north where the Muslim population is separated from the rest of the country by location and traditional conservatism. At least 45 percent of Nigeria's population practices the Muslim religion. The federal system failed and led to a civil war from 1967 to 1971 between ethnic groups. Today, Nigeria has a large Muslim population in the north and Christians in the south. In recent years, the relationship between these two groups has worsened.",
"Nigerian society is being torn in two directions and the breakdown of this country would be tremendous tragedy. The country's economy is dependent on the oil reserves located in the Niger delta around Port Harcourt. Oil accounts for 90% of Nigeria's exports. Nigeria is a member of OPEC but does not have control of oil prices, which have a large impact on its economy. Those who control the oil subjugate the people. The Republic of Benin borders Nigeria on the east. It gained independence in 1960 under the name of Dahomey, and was renamed in 1975 as Benin. The population is only about 6.4 million. The official language is French, but most speak an African language. Most of Benin's population is engaged in agriculture of some kind, whether it is for cash crops or to feed their families. The average salary is only $380.00 per year. On the western side of Benin lies a small country, Togo. Togo is also a republic. It was a German colony until W.W.I when Germany lost all of its African territories.",
"They have a tropical climate, which secures the crops of cassava, coffee, yams, and sorghum. About 78 percent of the labor force works in agriculture. Togo is a leading producer of phosphates. Ghana, west of Togo, was once called the Gold Coast. As a British colony it was the first black nation in sub-Saharan Africa to gain independence in 1957. The population of Ghana is 19.5 million. The most important export is cacao, which is grown by many small-scale farmers. Following cacao, the most common exports are coconut oil, tobacco, citrus fruits, and a variety of other commodities. Gold and diamonds are also exported from Ghana. Compared to other African countries, Ghana is well developed in manufacturing. The establishments are usually small businesses like sawmills, printing companies, and furniture building. There are a few large scaled operations that produce mostly beer, cigarettes, and nails. The GNP per capita is $390.00 a year. Burkina Faso, formally known as Upper Volta, is the only country that does not have an Atlantic border.",
"Burkina Faso is known to have rich deposits of manganese, gold, copper, and iron ore. There is little water supply in this country so irrigation is not possible. Only about 10 percent of the land is cultivated, and 37 percent is pasture. There is a large rural population in Burkina Faso. The population is 11.9 million. The country has many types of wild animals; elephants, hippopotamuses, and crocodiles are the most commonly seen. The Ivory Coast, or Cote d�Ivoire, borders Ghana to the east. It gained independence from France in 1960. The economy developed lower-middleclass income based on the cash crops of coffee and cocoa. The land has rich soil that favors agriculture and the dense forests that are found there. The population of Ivory Coast is 16 million. At least three million of those are immigrant workers and their families. The former president of Ivory Coast built an extravagant capital, which includes a replica of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. This creation caused public resentment and great economic strain on the country. Liberia, located west of the Ivory Coast, was never colonized.",
"Freed slaves returning from America founded the area in the early 1800's. Due to a civil war in the 1990's over political control, Liberia's rubber plantations and iron mines ceased to function. As a result of the ensuing political and economic turmoil, 10 percent of the entire population died. A majority of the population is indigenous Africans who make up more than 15 ethnic groups. The largest are the Kpelle and Bassa. The descendants of the emancipated slaves who migrated from the United States makes up no more than 5 percent of the population. The overall population of Liberia is only 3.2 million people. Sierra Leone is an independent nation that borders Liberia on its eastern side. Its population is 5.2 million people with a natural increase of only 2.6 percent. A bulk of the population is engaged in subsistence farming. Minerals are the country's principle export. The staple food crop of Sierra Leone is rice. Imports of rice are still needed because they cannot grow a sufficient amount for themselves. Sierra Leone is the world's leader of rutile, a titanium ore, which produces half of all earnings.",
"Guinea, from the former French Empire, is one of the least developed countries in West Africa. It lies just west of Sierra Leone. The population of Guinea is 7.5 million. The ethnic make up of Guinea is very diverse. About 85 percent of the people are Muslim, the remainder follow traditional beliefs. The official language is French but the country has eight national languages. Mineral wealth makes Guinea potentially one of the strongest in Africa. More than 25 percent of the known world reserves of high-grade bauxite ore, used for the making of aluminum, are found here. Large amounts of iron ore also exist along with diamonds, gold, petroleum, cobalt and platinum. Guinea has great potential with all of its natural resources, but manufacturing facilities are lagging. Guinea-Bissau, a former Portuguese colony, is a small country to the west of Guinea. Its population is only 1.2 million people. Most of these people are subsistence farmers. For their staple crop they grow mostly rice, cassava, and maize. For export, peanuts and cashew nuts are the most dominant. Cattle ranching are very common in the interior of Guinea-Bissau.",
"Manufacturing is limited to the processing of raw materials and production of basic goods. The official language is Portuguese, but Creole, a mixture of Portuguese and African, is most common. Senegal lies west of Guinea-Bissau. Senegal's development is due to the cash crops coffee and cocoa. Its economy is dependent on the export of peanuts and phosphates and on its fishing industry. The overall population is 9.5 million people with a natural increase of 2.8 percent. French is the official language. About 90 percent of the people are Sunni Muslim. Senegal has a growing industrial sector that is one of the largest in Western Africa. Nevertheless the economy is still driven by the one single crop of peanuts. The last of the countries in Western Africa is Gambia. Senegal surrounds this country; with only it's western side on the Atlantic Ocean. Gambia has a population of only 1.3 million with an increase of only 2.4 percent. The people of Gambia are mostly Muslim. The official language is English, but each ethnic group has it's own language. About three fourths of the people live in rural villages. The main natural resource is the Gambia River.",
"The country's soil is mostly poor and sandy, except in the swamps. The land is ideal for peanuts, which the economy depends on. References Bradshaw, M. (1997). A World Regional Geography: The New Global Order. Madison, WI: Brown and Benchmark. Rowntree, L., Lewis, M., Price, M., & Wyckoff, W. (2000). Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. 2000 World Population Data Sheet of the Population Reference Bureau. (2000). Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau. Questions 1. Which of the following is the single most important export of Senegal: a. bananas b. peanuts c. fish d. maize e. livestock 2. The population of Western Africa is: a. 210 million b. 174 million c. 182.3 million d. 85.2 million e. 198 million 3. What country was founded by freed slaves in the early 1800's: a. Nigeria b. Liberia c. Senegal d.",
"Gambia e. Benin 4. Which of the following countries is not located in the West African sub region: a. Sierra Leone b. Benin c. Ivory Coast d. Liberia e. Gabon 5. The African country with the largest population is: a. Nigeria b. South Africa c. Kenya d. Egypt e. Ethiopia 6. The most stable and prosperous country in West Africa is: a. Nigeria b. Ghana c. Senegal d. Liberia e. Ivory Coast 7. Which of the following countries was not a colony of France: a. Ivory Coast b. Chad c. Nigeria d. Senegal e. Tunisia 8. The most heavily populated country of the African continent, which comprises a confederation of the Yoruba, Ibo, and northern Moslem peoples is: a. Zimbabwe b. Kenya c. South Africa d. Nigeria e. Egypt 9. Nigeria's dominant export commodity, produced in quantities in the zone surrounding the Niger Delta, is: a. coal b. oil c. iron ore d. coffee e. bauxite 10.",
"Which of the following is not an export of West Africa: a. peanuts b. sorghum c. cocoa d. horses e. livestock 11. Port Harcourt, which contains valuable oil reserves, is located in: a. Ghana b. Liberia c. Ivory Coast d. Nigeria 12. Senegal completely surrounds this country excluding a small Atlantic coast: a. Ghana b. Gambia c. Guinea d. Guinea-Bissau 13. The staple food of Sierra Leone is: a. maize b. beef c. rice d. potatoes e. beans 14. Most of the farming in West Africa: a. uses irrigation; b. is done by migrant workers traveling on the railway system; c. is sustenance; d. is washed away by frequent floods. 15. Which of the following is not a major religion in West Africa: a. Christianity b. Islam c. Hindu d.",
"Native religions Submitted by Renee O'Doherty on 12-6-96 Resubmitted by Shanda Stick 4-28-97 Resubmitted by Sarah Meland 12-01-00 List of Countries in West Africa | Our Everyday Life List of Countries in West Africa by Cate Julia Not all countries allow single parents to adopt. Related Articles There are 16 countries that make up West Africa. They are: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Cape Verde, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Types Great Britain and France were the major European countries to colonize West Africa. Most countries in the region have English or French as their national language. Independence Liberia is the only country to remain independent during the colonial era. Ghana was the first to gain independence in 1957, and all countries in the region had independence by 1974. Government Since gaining independence, many countries in West Africa were ruled by corrupt governments led by military dictators.",
"In recent years, most of these nations are trying a democratic form of governance, but corruption still exists. Culture Islam and Christianity are the major religions in West Africa. Soccer is the most popular sport. Considerations Many slaves in the trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured from West Africa. Large populations of these descendants live in the United States, Brazil, the Caribbean and other parts of Latin America. References U.S. Department of State About the Author Cate Julia has been a freelance writer for over five years. She has a B.A. in English from the University of Maryland, a M.A. in liberal arts from Johns Hopkins University and a Master of Library and Information Science from Florida State University.",
"Her work has appeared in the \"Greenwood Encyclopedia of African American Literature\" and the \"Encyclopedia of American Race Riots.\" Photo Credits Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) Guide Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) Guide Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire) Guide Parent page click to zoom The Republic of the Ivory Coast, on the south coast of the western bulge of Africa, is bordered to the north by Mali and Burkina Faso , to the east by Ghana , to the south the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean and to the west by Liberia and Guinea . Except for the prolongation of the Guinea Highlands in the northwest (from Man to Odienne), with peaks rising to 4000 and 5,000ft, the most part the Ivory Coast is vast plateau, tilted gently towards the Atlantic. It is drained by four major rivers running roughly parallel from north to south, the Cavally (on the Liberian frontier), Sassandra, Bandama and Comoe. They are not of much value for transportation as they are sluggish in the dry season, broken by numerous falls and rapids and subject to torrential flooding in the rains."
] |
The Zambesi and which other river define the borders of Matabeleland?
|
Limpopo
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[
"Northern Province, South Africa",
"Limpopo Province",
"Limpopo (South African province)",
"Northern Province (South Africa)",
"Limpopo",
"Northern Transvaal",
"Limpopo province"
] | 8,220
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[
"About Zimbabwe Contact Us Situated in Central Southern Africa, between the Limpopo and the Zambezi, Zimbabwe is landlocked, bounded by Zambia, Mozambique, South Africa and Botswana The country of Zimbabwe is 390,580 sq km and is bordered on all sides by other countries. Zambia lies to the northwest with the Zambezi river and its Victoria Falls forming the border. Mozambique lies to the northeast with its border formed by the Eastern Highlands.",
"Botswana lies to the southwest and South Africa to the south (its border formed by the Limpopo River) Capital City Harare Other main cities are Bulawayo, Chitungwiza, Mutare , Masvingo, Gweru ,Kwekwe ,Chinhoyi ,Chegutu ,Victoria Falls, Kariba, Chiredzi Zimbabwe is divided into ten administrative provinces namely, Harare Metropolitan, Bulawayo Metropolitan, Mashonaland West, Mashonaland East , Mashonaland Central, Masvingo, Manicaland, Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South TIME ZONE +2 Hours GMT POPULATION 12,236,805 (ZIMSTART)) Matabeleland | Article about Matabeleland by The Free Dictionary Matabeleland | Article about Matabeleland by The Free Dictionary Also found in: Dictionary , Wikipedia . Matabeleland a region of W Zimbabwe, between the Rivers Limpopo and Zambezi, comprises three provinces, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, and Bulawayo: rich gold deposits. Chief town: Bulawayo. Area: 181 605 sq.",
"km (70 118 sq. miles) Want to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us , add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: Zimbabwe References in periodicals archive ? The closing pages of the novel, focalized through the consciousness of Cephas Dube, the restorer of documents, look back at the horrors of Matabeleland in the rural enclave of Kezi (retrospection), look into the psychology of violence and survival (introspection) and look forward to a renewed and restored nation based on concepts of true freedom (prospection). Turning a savage eye/I: writing survival and empowerment in Yvonne Vera's The Stone Virgins The second form of reconciliation, this time referred to as \"unity\" and targeting black-black relations, was back on the new black government's political agenda in 1987 following seven years of political disturbances in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces, which left \"at least 30 000 people\" dead (Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP) and Legal Resources Foundation of Zimbabwe (LRF) 1997: ix).",
"Zambezi : definition of Zambezi and synonyms of Zambezi (English) 3,400 m3/s (120,070 cu ft/s) [1] [2] The Zambezi and its river basin The Zambezi (also spelled Zambeze and Zambesi) is the fourth-longest river in Africa , and the largest flowing into the Indian Ocean from Africa. The area of its basin is 1,390,000 square kilometres (540,000 sq mi), [1] [2] slightly less than half that of the Nile . The 3,540-kilometre-long river (2,200 mi) has its source in Zambia and flows through Angola , along the borders of Namibia , Botswana , Zambia again, and Zimbabwe , to Mozambique , where it empties into the Indian Ocean . The Zambezi's most well-known feature is the Victoria Falls . Other notable falls include the Chavuma Falls at the border between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls , near Sioma in Western Zambia. There are two main sources of hydroelectric power on the river.",
"These are the Kariba Dam , which provides power to Zambia and Zimbabwe and the Cahora Bassa Dam in Mozambique which provides power to both Mozambique and South Africa. There is also a smaller power station at Victoria Falls. Contents Course of the river Source The river rises in a black marshy dambo in north-western Zambia, in undulating miombo woodland , quite dense in parts, about 1,524 m (4,900 ft) above sea level . Eastward of the source, the watershed between the Congo and Zambezi basins is a well-marked belt of high ground, falling abruptly north and south, and running nearly east-west. This distinctly cuts off the basin of the Lualaba (the main branch of the upper Congo) from that of the Zambezi. In the neighborhood of the source the watershed is not as clearly defined, but the two river systems do not connect. [3] The region drained by the Zambezi is a vast broken-edged plateau 900–1200 m high, composed in the remote interior of metamorphic beds and fringed with the igneous rocks of the Victoria Falls.",
"At Shupanga , on the lower Zambezi, thin strata of grey and yellow sandstones , with an occasional band of limestone , crop out on the bed of the river in the dry season, and these persist beyond Tete , where they are associated with extensive seams of coal . Coal is also found in the district just below the Victoria Falls. Gold -bearing rocks occur in several places. The upper Zambezi The river flows to the south-west and into Angola for about 240 kilometres (150 mi), then is joined by sizeable tributaries such as the Luena and the Chifumage flowing from highlands to the north-west. [3] It turns south and develops a floodplain and becomes very variable in width between the dry and rainy seasons. It enters a region with dense patches of evergreen Cryptosepalum dry forest , though on its western side, Western Zambezian grasslands also occur. Where it re-enters Zambia it is nearly 400 metres (1,300 ft) wide in the rainy season and flows quite quickly with rapids ending in the Chavuma Falls , where the river flows through a rocky fissure.",
"The river drops about 400 metres (1,300 ft) in elevation from its source at 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) to the Chavuma Falls at 1,100 metres (3,600 ft), in a distance of about 400 kilometres (250 mi). From this point to the Victoria Falls, the level of the basin is very uniform, dropping only by another 180 metres (590 ft) in a distance of around 800 kilometres (500 mi). The first of its large tributaries to enter the Zambezi is the Kabompo River in the north-western province of Zambia. [3] The savanna through which the river has flowed gives way to a wide floodplain, studded with Borassus fan palms . A little farther south is the confluence with the Lungwebungu River .",
"This is the beginning of the Barotse Floodplain , the most notable feature of the upper Zambezi, but this northern part does not flood so much and includes islands of higher land in the middle Thirty kilometres (20 mi) below the confluence of the Lungwebungu the country becomes very flat, and the typical Barotse Floodplain landscape unfolds, with the flood reaching a width of 25 kilometres (16 mi) in the rainy season . For more than 200 kilometres (120 mi) downstream the annual flood cycle dominates the natural environment and human life, society and culture. Eighty kilometres (50 mi) further down, the Luanginga , which with its tributaries drains a large area to the west, joins the Zambezi. A few kilometres higher up on the east the main stream is joined in the rainy season by overflow of the Luampa / Luena system. [3] A short distance downstream of the confluence with the Luanginga is Lealui , one of the capitals of the Lozi people who populate the Zambian region of Barotseland in Western Province.",
"The chief of the Lozi maintains one of his two compounds at Lealui; the other is at Limulunga , which is on high ground and serves as the capital during the rainy season. The annual move from Lealui to Limulunga is a major event, celebrated as one of Zambia's best known festivals, the Kuomboka . After Lealui, the river turns to south-south-east. From the east it continues to receive numerous small streams, but on the west is without major tributaries for 240 km (150 mi). Before this, the Ngonye Falls and subsequent rapids interrupt navigation. South of Ngonye Falls, the river briefly borders Namibia's Caprivi Strip . [3] The strip projects from the main body of Namibia, and results from the colonial era: it was added to German South-West Africa expressly to give Germany access to the Zambezi. Below the junction of the Cuando River and the Zambezi the river bends almost due east. Here, the river is very broad and shallow, and flows fairly slowly, but as it flows eastward towards the border of the great central plateau of Africa it reaches a chasm into which the Victoria Falls plunge.",
"The middle Zambezi Victoria Falls , the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi The Victoria Falls are considered the boundary between the upper and middle Zambezi. Below them the river continues to flow due east for about 200 kilometres (120 mi), cutting through perpendicular walls of basalt 20 to 60 metres (66 to 200 ft) apart in hills 200 to 250 metres (660 to 820& ft) high. The river flows swiftly through the Batoka Gorge , the current being continually interrupted by reefs. It has been described[ citation needed ] as one of the world's most spectacular whitewater trips, a tremendous challenge for kayakers and rafters alike. Beyond the gorge are a succession of rapids which end 240 km (150 mi) below Victoria Falls. Over this distance, the river drops 250 metres (820 ft). At this point, the river enters Lake Kariba , created in 1959 following the completion of the Kariba Dam .",
"The lake is one of the largest man-made lakes in the world, and the hydroelectric power-generating facilities at the dam provide electricity to much of Zambia and Zimbabwe . The Luangwa and the Kafue are the two largest left-hand tributaries of the Zambezi. The Kafue joins the main river in a quiet deep stream about 180 metres (590 ft) wide. From this point the northward bend of the Zambezi is checked and the stream continues due east. At the confluence of the Luangwa (15°37' S) it enters Mozambique. The middle Zambezi ends where the river enters Lake Cahora Bassa (also spelled Cabora Bassa). Formerly the site of dangerous rapids known as Kebrabassa, the lake was created in 1974 by the construction of the Cahora Bassa Dam. The lower Zambezi The lower Zambezi's 650 km (400 mi) from Cahora Bassa to the Indian Ocean is navigable, although the river is shallow in many places during the dry season .",
"This shallowness arises as the river enters a broad valley and spreads out over a large area. Only at one point, the Lupata Gorge , 320 km (200 mi) from its mouth, is the river confined between high hills. Here it is scarcely 200 m wide. Elsewhere it is from 5 to 8 km (3 to 5 mi) wide, flowing gently in many streams. The river bed is sandy, and the banks are low and reed-fringed. At places, however, and especially in the rainy season , the streams unite into one broad fast-flowing river. About 160 km (100 mi) from the sea the Zambezi receives the drainage of Lake Malawi through the Shire River . On approaching the Indian Ocean , the river splits up into a delta . [3] Each of the four prinmbe (distributaries?), Kongone, Luabo and Timbwe, is obstructed by a sand bar. A more northerly branch, called the Chinde mouth, has a minimum depth at low water of 2 m at the entrance and 4 m further in, and is the branch used for navigation.",
"100 km (60 mi) further north is a river called the Quelimane , after the town at its mouth. This stream, which is silting up, receives the overflow of the Zambezi in the rainy season. Floods and floodplains The delta of the Zambezi is today about half as broad as it was before the construction of the Kariba and Cahora Bassa dams controlled the seasonal variations in the flow rate of the river. Before the dams were built seasonal flooding of the Zambezi had quite a different impact on the ecosystems of the delta from today as it brought nutritious fresh water down to the Indian Ocean coastal wetlands. The lower Zambezi experienced a small flood surge early in the dry season as rain in the Gwembe catchment and north-eastern Zimbabwe rushed through while rain in the Upper Zambezi, Kafue, and Lake Malawi basins, and Luangwa to a lesser extent, is held back by swamps and floodplains.",
"The discharge of these systems contributed to a much larger flood in March or April, with a mean monthly maximum for April of 6,700 cubic metres (240,000 cu ft) per second at the delta. The record flood was more than three times as big, 22,500 cubic metres (790,000 cu ft) per second being recorded in 1958. By contrast the discharge at the end of the dry season averaged just 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) per second. [1] In the 1960s and 1970s the building of dams changed that pattern completely. Downstream the mean monthly minimum–maximum was 500 cubic metres (18,000 cu ft) to 6,000 cubic metres (210,000 cu ft) per second; now it is 1,000 cubic metres (35,000 cu ft) to 3,900 cubic metres (140,000 cu ft) per second.",
"Medium-level floods especially, of the kind to which the ecology of the lower Zambezi was adapted, happen less often and have a shorter duration. As with the Itezhi-Tezhi Dam 's deleterious effects on the Kafue Flats, this has the following effects: fish , bird and other wildlife feeding and breeding patterns disrupted The river and its floodplain near Mongu in Zambia. Water is black in this false-colour image of the Zambezi flood plain. This highly detailed true-colour image shows the stark eastern edge of the Zambezi floodplain. Ecology of the delta As well as the Zambezi this section applies to the Buzi , Pungwe , and Save rivers which also drain the Zambezi basin. Together the floodplains of these four river floodplains make up the World Wildlife Fund 's Zambezian coastal flooded savanna ecoregion . They are a mixture of open grassland and freshwater swamp inland from the Indian Ocean in Mozambique. Although the dams have stemmed some of the annual flooding of the lower Zambezi and caused the area of floodplain to be greatly reduced they have not removed flooding completely.",
"They cannot control extreme floods, they have only made medium-level floods less frequent. When heavy rain in the lower Zambezi combines with good runoff upstream, massive floods still happen and the wetlands are still an important habitat. However, as well as the shrinking of the wetlands further severe damage to wildlife was caused by uncontrolled hunting of animals such as buffalo and waterbuck during the Mozambique Civil War and now the conflict has ceased it is likely the floodplains will become more populated, and further damming has also been discussed. The only protected area of floodplain is the Marromeu Game Reserve near the city of Beira . Although the region has seen a reduction in the populations of the large mammals it is still home to some including the Reedbuck and migrating eland . Carnivores found here include lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) and Side-striped jackal (Canis adustus).",
"The floodplains are a haven for migratory waterbirds including Pintails , Garganey , African Openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus), Saddle-billed Stork (Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis), Wattled Crane , and Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus). Reptiles include Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), Nile monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus) and African rock python (Python sebae), the endemic Pungwe worm snake (Leptotyphlops pungwensis) and three other snakes that are nearly endemic; Floodplain Water Snake (Lycodonomorphus whytei obscuriventris), Dwarf wolf snake (Lycophidion nanus) and Eyebrow viper ( Proatheris ). There are a number of endemic butterflies. Climate The north of the Zambezi basin has mean annual rainfall of 1100 to 1400 mm which declines towards the south, reaching about half that figure in the south-west.",
"The rain falls in a 4-to-6-month summer rainy season when the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone moves over the basin from the north between October and March. Evaporation rates are high (1600 mm-2300 mm) and much water is lost this way in swamps and floodplains, especially in the south-west of the basin. [1] Wildlife The river supports large populations of many animals. Hippopotamuses are abundant along most of the calm stretches of the river, and many crocodiles are also present. Monitor lizards are found in many places. Birds are abundant, with species including heron , pelican , egret and African fish eagle present in large numbers. Riverine woodland also supports many large animals, such as buffalo , zebras , giraffes , elephants . The Zambezi also supports several hundred species of fish , some of which are endemic to the river. Important species include cichlids which are fished heavily for food, as well as catfish , tigerfish , yellowfish and other large species. The bull shark is sometimes known as the Zambezi Shark after the river but is found around the world.",
"It normally inhabits coastal waters but has been found far inland in many large rivers including the Zambezi. Tributaries, their basin areas, discharge rates and region drained Upper Zambezi: 507,200 km², discharges 1044 m³/s at Victoria Falls, comprising: Northern Highlands catchment, 222,570 km², 850 m³/s at Lukulu : Cuando /Linyanti/Chobe River : 133,200 km², Angolan S plateau & Caprivi Middle Zambezi cumulatively 1,050,000 km², 2442 m³/s, measured at Cahora Bassa Gorge (Middle section by itself: 542,800 km², discharges 1398 m³/s (C.",
"Bassa–Victoria Falls) Gwembe Catchment, 156,600 km², 232 m³/s (Kariba Gorge–Vic Falls): Gwayi River : 54,610 km², NW Zimbabwe Sengwa River : 25,000 km², North-central Zimbabwe Sanyati River : 43,500 km², North-central Zimbabwe Kariba Gorge to C. Bassa catchment, 386200 km², 1166 m³/s (C.",
"Bassa–Kariba Gorge): Kafue River : 154,200 km², 285 m³/s, West-central Zambia & Copperbelt Luangwa River : 151,400 km², 547 m³/s, Luangwa Rift Valley & plateau NW of it Panhane River : 23,897 km², North-central Zimbabwe plateau Lower Zambezi cumulatively, 1,378,000 km², 3424 m³/s, measured at Marromeu (Lower section by itself: 328,000 km², 982 m³/s (Marromeu–C.",
"Bassa)) Luia River : 28,000 km², Moravia-Angonia plateau, N of Zambezi Luenha River / Mazoe River : 54,144 km², 152 m³/s, Manica plateau, NE Zimbabwe Shire River , 154,000 km², 539 m³/s, Lake Malawi basin Zambezi Delta, 12,000 km² Total Zambezi river basin: 1,390,000 km², 3424 m³/s discharged into delta Source: Beilfuss & Dos Santos (2001) [1] The Okavango Basin is not included in the figures because it only occasionally overflows to any extent into the Zambezi. Due to the rainfall distribution, northern tributaries contribute much more water than southern ones, for example: the Northern Highlands catchment of the upper Zambezi contributes 25%, Kafue 8%, Luangwa and Shire Rivers 16% each, total 65% of Zambezi discharge.",
"The large Cuando basin in the south-west on the other hand contributes only about 2 m³/s because most is lost through evaporation in its swamp systems. The 1940s and 1950s were particularly wet decades in the basin. Since 1975, it has been drier, the average discharge being only 70% of that for the years 1930 to 1958. [1] Geological changes to the course More than two million years ago, the Upper Zambezi river used to flow south through what is now the Makgadikgadi Pan to the Limpopo River . The land around the pan experienced tectonic uplift (perhaps as part of the African superswell ) and a large lake formed, and extended east. Meanwhile, 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) east, a western tributary of the Shire River in the East African Rift 's southern extension through Malawi eroded a deep valley on its western escarpment.",
"At the rate of a few cm per year, this river, the Middle Zambezi, started cutting back the bed of its river towards the west, aided by grabens ( rift valleys ) forming along its course in an east-west axis. As it did so it captured a number of south-flowing rivers such as the Luangwa and Kafue. Eventually the large lake trapped at Makgadikgadi (or a tributary of it) was captured by the Middle Zambezi cutting back towards it, and emptied eastwards. The Upper Zambezi was captured as well. The Middle Zambezi was about 300 metres (980 ft) lower than the Upper Zambezi, and a high waterfall formed at the edge of the basalt plateau across which the upper river flows. This was the first Victoria Falls, somewhere down the Batoka Gorge near where Lake Kariba is now. [4] For details of how the falls cuts back its bed to form the gorge, see How the Victoria Falls formed .",
"History Etymology The first European to come across the Zambezi river was Vasco da Gama , in January 1498, who anchored at what he called Rio dos Bons Sinais (River of Good Omens), now the Quelimane , a small river on the northern end of the delta, which at that time was connected by navigable channels to the Zambezi river proper (the connection silted up by the 1830s). In a few of the oldest maps, the entire river is denoted as such. But already by the early 1500s, a new named emerged, the Cuama river (sometimes 'Quama' or 'Zuama'). Cuama was the local name given by the dwellers of the Swahili Coast for an outpost located on one the southerly islands of the delta, near the Luabo river. Most old nautical maps denote the Luabo entry as Cuama, the entire delta as the 'rivers of Cuama' and the Zambezi river proper as the 'Cuama river'.",
"Nonetheless, already in 1552, Portuguese chronicler João de Barros notes that the same Cuama river was called Zembere by the upriver people of Monomatapa . [5] The Portuguese Dominican friar João dos Santos , visiting Monomatapa in 1597, reported it as Zambeze ( Bantu language frequently shifts between z and r) and inquired into the origins of the name, and was told it was named after an upriver people or settlement. Map by Willem Janszoon Blaeu , dated 1635, showing the course of the Zambezi, and its source in a great lake. \"The River Cuama is by them called Zambeze; the head whereof is so farre within Land that none of them know it, but by tradition of their Progenitors say it comes from a Lake in the midst of the continent which yeelds also other great Rivers, divers ways visiting the Sea. They call it Zambeze, of a Nation of Cafres dwelling neere that Lake which are so called.\" - J.",
"Santos Ethiopia Oriental, 1609 [6] Thus 'Zambezi' is a derivation from a locality, probably named 'M'biza' (or something very close to that) in the original Bantu. The Monomatapa notion that the Zambezi was sourced from a great internal lake might be a reference to one of the African Great Lakes . Indeed, one of the names reported by early explorers for Lake Malawi was 'Lake Zambre' (probably a corruption of 'Zambezi'). The Monomatapa story complied with the European notion - drawn from classical antiquity - that all the great African rivers - the Nile, the Senegal, the Congo, now the Zambezi too - were all sourced from the same great internal lake. The Portuguese were also told that the Mozambican Espirito Santo 'river' (actually an estuary formed by the Umbeluzi , Matola and Tembe rivers) was sourced from a lake (hence its outlet became known as Delagoa Bay ). As a result, many old maps show the Zambezi and the 'Espirito Santo' converging deep in the interior, at the same lake.",
"Exploration of the river Satellite image showing Victoria Falls and subsequent series of zigzagging gorges The Zambezi region was known to medieval geographers as the Empire of Monomotapa , and the course of the river, as well as the position of lakes Ngami and Nyasa , were given broadly accurately in early maps. These were probably constructed from Arab information.[ citation needed ] The first European to visit the upper Zambezi was David Livingstone in his exploration from Bechuanaland between 1851 and 1853. Two or three years later he descended the Zambezi to its mouth and in the course of this journey discovered the Victoria Falls . During 1858–60, accompanied by John Kirk , Livingstone ascended the river by the Kongone mouth as far as the Falls, and also traced the course of its tributary the Shire and reached Lake Malawi . For the next 35 years very little exploration of the river took place.",
"Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto examined some of the western tributaries of the river and made measurements of the Victoria Falls in 1878.[ citation needed ] In 1884 the Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot traveled over the height of land between the watersheds of the Zambezi and the Congo , and identified the source of the Zambezi. [7] He considered that the nearby high and cool Kalene Hill was a particularly suitable place for a mission. [8] Arnot was accompanied by the Portuguese trader and army officer António da Silva Porto . [9] In 1889 the Chinde channel north of the main mouths of the river was discovered. Two expeditions led by Major A. St Hill Gibbons in 1895 to 1896 and 1898 to 1900 continued the work of exploration begun by Livingstone in the upper basin and central course of the river.[ citation needed ] Two local people in the Zambezi river near Victoria falls, Zambia. Economy The population of the Zambezi river valley is estimated to be about 32 million.",
"About 80% of the population of the valley is dependent on agriculture , and the upper river's flood plains provide good agricultural land. Communities by the river fish extensively from it, and many people travel from far afield to fish. Some Zambian towns on roads leading to the river levy unofficial 'fish taxes' on people taking Zambezi fish to other parts of the country. As well as fishing for food, game fishing is a significant activity on some parts of the river. Between Mongu and Livingstone , several safari lodges cater for tourists who want to fish for exotic species, and many also catch fish to sell to aquaria . The river valley is rich in mineral deposits and fossil fuels , and coal mining is important in places. The dams along its length also provide employment for many people near them, in maintaining the hydroelectric power stations and the dams themselves. Several parts of the river are also very popular tourist destinations. Victoria Falls receives over 1.5 million visitors annually, while Mana Pools and Lake Kariba also draw substantial tourist numbers. Transport 1975 photo of Victoria Falls Bridge The river is frequently interrupted by rapids and so has never been an important long-distance transport route.",
"David Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition attempted to open up the river to navigation by paddle steamer , but was defeated by the Cahora Bassa rapids . Along some stretches, it is often more convenient to travel by canoe along the river rather than on the unimproved roads which are often in very poor condition due to being regularly submerged in flood waters, and many small villages along the banks of the river are only accessible by boat. In the 1930s and 40s a paddle barge service operated on the stretch between the Katombora Rapids, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) upstream from Livingstone, and the rapids just upstream from Katima Mulilo. However, depending on the water level, boats could be paddled through— Lozi paddlers, a dozen or more in a boat, could deal with most of them—or they could be pulled along the shore or carried around the rapids, and teams of oxen pulled barges 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) over land around the Ngonye Falls. [10] Road, rail and other crossings of the river, once few and far between, are proliferating.",
"They are, in order from the source: Cazombo road bridge, Angola , bombed in the civil war and not yet reconstructed [11] Chinyingi suspension footbridge near the town of Zambezi , a 300-metre (980 ft) footbridge built as a community project Tete Suspension Bridge , 1-kilometre (1,000 m) road bridge (1970s) Dona Ana Bridge , originally railway but converted to single-lane road, (1935), the longest at 3 kilometres (1.9 mi), since late 2009 it is again a railway bridge, passenger and freight trains are again running across it and from 2011 on the railway line over this bridge may convey several million of tonnes of Tete coal to the port of Beira.",
"Caia Bridge —construction started in 2007 of a 2.3-kilometre (1.4 mi) road bridge to replace the Caia ferry, which, with Kazungula, is the largest ferry across the river There are a number of small pontoon ferries across the river in Angola, western Zambia, and Mozambique, notably between Mongu and Kalabo . Above Mongu in years following poor rainy seasons the river can be forded at one or two places. In tourist areas, such as Victoria Falls and Kariba , short-distance tourist boats take visitors along the river. Ecology Lake Cahora Bassa in Mozambique, one of the river's major sources of hydroelectric energy Sewage effluent is a major cause of water pollution around urban areas, as inadequate water treatment facilities in all the major cities of the region force them to release untreated sewage into the river. This has resulted in eutrophication of the river water and has facilitated the spread of diseases of poor hygiene such as cholera , typhus and dysentery . The construction of two major dams regulating the flow of the river has had a major effect on wildlife and human populations in the lower Zambezi region.",
"When the Cahora Bassa Dam was constructed in 1973, its managers allowed it to fill in a single flood season, going against recommendations to fill over at least two years. The drastic reduction in the flow of the river led to a 40% reduction in the coverage of mangroves , greatly increased erosion of the coastal region and a 60% reduction in the catch of prawns off the mouth due to the reduction in emplacement of silt and associate nutrients . Wetland ecosystems downstream of the dam shrank considerably. Wildlife in the delta was further threatened by uncontrolled hunting during the civil war in Mozambique. The transfrontier Okavango-Zambezi Conservation Park will cover parts of Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Botswana, including the famous Okavango Delta in Botswana and Mosi-oa-Tunya (The Smoke That Thunders, or Victoria Falls). It is thought that the cross-border park will help with animal migration routes and assist in the preservation of wetlands which clean water, as sewage from communities is a problem. Funding boost for cross-border conservation project along the Zambezi in 2008.",
"The Okavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation project—which follows the Zambezi River and stretches across Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe—has received a grant of €8 million from a German nongovernmental organisation. Part of the funds will be used for research in areas covered by the project. However, Angola has warned that landmines from their civil war may impede the project. [12] EUS outbreak On 14 September 2007, epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) killed hundreds of sore-covered fish in River Zambezi. Zambia Agriculture Minister Ben Kapita asked experts to investigate the outbreak to probe the cause to find out if the disease can be transmitted to humans. [13] Major towns Along much of the river's length, the population is sparse, but important towns and cities along its course include the following: ^ \"Zambia warns against fish killed by mysterious disease\" . AFP. . [ dead link ] General references Bento C.M., Beilfuss R.",
"(2003), Wattled Cranes, Waterbirds, and Wetland Conservation in the Zambezi Delta, Mozambique, report for the Biodiversity Foundation for Africa for the IUCN - Regional Office for Southern Africa: Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project. Bourgeois S., Kocher T., Schelander P. (2003), Case study: Zambezi river basin, ETH Seminar: Science and Politics of International Freshwater Management 2003/04 Davies B.R., Beilfuss R., Thoms M.C. (2000), \"Cahora Bassa retrospective, 1974–1997: effects of flow regulation on the Lower Zambezi River,\" Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnologie, 27, 1–9 Dunham KM (1994), The effect of drought on the large mammal populations of Zambezi riverine woodlands, Journal of Zoology, v. 234, p. 489–526 Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Inc. (2004). World reference atlas.",
"New York: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7566-0481-8 Wynn S. (2002), \"The Zambezi River - Wilderness and Tourism\", International Journal of Wilderness, 8, 34. H. C. N. Ridley: “Early History of Road Transport in Northern Rhodesia”, The Northern Rhodesia Journal, Vol 2 No 5 (1954)—Re Zambezi River Transport Service at Katombora. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press."
] |
Who won the Oscar for directing It Happened One Night?
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Frank Capra
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[
"Frank Capra",
"Francesco Rosario Capra",
"The American Film Institute Salute to Frank Capra",
"The american film institute salute to frank capra",
"Capraesque",
"Francesco Capra",
"Lou Capra",
"Frank R. Capra"
] | 10,336
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"1934 Academy Awards® Winners and History Actor: CLARK GABLE in \"It Happened One Night\" , Frank Morgan in \"Affairs of Cellini\", William Powell in \"The Thin Man\" Actress: CLAUDETTE COLBERT in \"It Happened One Night\" , Grace Moore in \"One Night of Love\", Norma Shearer in \"The Barretts of Wimpole Street\" Director: FRANK CAPRA for \"It Happened One Night\" , Victor Schertzinger for \"One Night of Love\", W. S. Van Dyke for \"The Thin Man\" This was the first year that the Academy decided to match the eligibility period to the calendar year. From now on, the nominating selections and the award ceremony would cover the same calendar year. Three new categories were added: for Film Editing, Song, and Scoring. The Academy allowed write-in candidates in all categories after members denounced the omission of Bette Davis ( Of Human Bondage ) from the Best Actress nominees. Write-in candidates were disallowed after 1935, a year later. The Best Picture category had a record twelve nominated films.",
"(This total would remain for one more year, and then decrease to ten, and finally to five.) The film that dominated and swept all major categories of the awards was Columbia's come-from-behind It Happened One Night , Frank Capra's exceptional screwball romantic comedy that gave birth to the genre. The sparkling, 'Capra-corn' film was about an antagonistic couple - a spoiled runaway heiress (Colbert) and a recently-fired newspaper reporter (Gable in his first comedic role) - an affectionate feuding, battle of the sexes during their bus and hitch-hiking trip on the road. Instead of turning her in for the reward, he falls in love with her. The film illustrated that even a wealthy heiress could find happiness and adventure on the road among the common folk.",
"Numerous scenes in the film have become classics: the hitchhiking scene with Claudette Colbert lifting her skirt for a ride, Gable's bared chest (causing undershirt sales to drop dramatically), and the motel room divided by the \"walls of Jericho.\" It was Columbia's first Best Picture winner and the first major Academy Awards sweep of the \"Top Five\" awards categories (with five nominations and five wins - Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director, and Best Adaptation by screenwriter Robert Riskin), un-equaled and un-duplicated until One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest (1975) and The Silence of the Lambs (1991) . [In each case, these films won no other Oscars than the top awards.] It was the first time in Academy history that both male and female leads (Gable and Colbert) from the same film, a Best Picture nominee (and winner), won the top or lead award for acting (Best Actor and Best Actress).",
"There were eleven other films nominated for Best Picture in 1934: the second film of dancing duo Astaire and Rogers - director Mark Sandrich's The Gay Divorcee (with five nominations and one award - Best Song \"The Continental\") director W. S.",
"Van Dyke's comedy/mystery The Thin Man (with four nominations and no wins) based on Dashiell Hammett's novel with William Powell and Myrna Loy as married sleuths in the first of their popular series director Victor Schertzinger's operatta about a \"Pygmalion-like\" American diva who rebels against her Italian singing teacher in One Night of Love (with six nominations and two wins - Best Sound Recording and Best Score) director Sidney Franklin's account of the romancing of poetess Elizabeth Barrett by Victorian poet Robert Browning in The Barretts of Wimpole Street (with two nominations and no wins) Wallace Beery in the title role of Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa in director Jack Conway's (and an un-credited Howard Hawks') Viva Villa director John Stahl's Imitation of Life (with three nominations and no wins) - the first version of the classic melodrama on race relations based on Fanny Hurst's novel (this film was remade by Douglas Sirk as Imitation of Life (1959) with Lana Turner and Juanita Moore) Claudette Colbert as the Egyptian temptress in master showman Cecil B.",
"DeMille's classic Cleopatra (with four nominations and one win - Best Cinematography) director Frank Borzage's musical film starring Ruby Keeler and Dick Powell as the general's daughter and a West Point cadet who are in love in Flirtation Walk (with two nominations and no wins) director Lloyd Bacon's Here Comes the Navy (with one nomination and no wins) - Warner Bros.' sole nominee with James Cagney as a naval hero director Alfred R. Werker's Napoleonic costume drama, The House of Rothschild (with one nomination and no wins) and Irving Cummings' dramatic film about hospital student nurses in The White Parade (with two nominations and no wins) The winner of the Best Actor award was the \"King\" - Clark Gable (with the first of three career nominations and his sole win) for his role as down-on-his-luck reporter Peter Warne in It Happened One Night .",
"The two Best Actor competitors were: Frank Morgan (with his first nomination) as Alessandro, a 16th century Duke of Florence in director Gregory La Cava's Affairs of Cellini (with four nominations and no wins) William Powell (with his first of three unsuccessful career nominations) as urbane, tippling, witty detective Nick Charles in The Thin Man Gable's French-born co-star, Claudette Colbert (with the first of three career nominations and her sole win) won the Best Actress award for her performance as runaway heiress Ellie Andrews in It Happened One Night . [Colbert was the first performer to appear in three Best Picture-nominated films in the same year - she also starred in Cleopatra and Imitation of Life. This feat would be repeated by Charles Laughton in 1935, Thomas Mitchell in 1939 and John C. Reilly in 2002]. The hitchhiking scene contained Gable's immortal line to Colbert when she lifted her skirt slightly to expose a bit of her leg, and promptly stopped a passing car: \"Why didn't you take off all your clothes?",
"You could have stopped 40 cars.\" The other two Best Actress nominees were: Metropolitan Opera soprano star Grace Moore (with her sole career nomination) as American opera singer Mary Barrett in One Night of Love Norma Shearer (with her fourth nomination) for her performance as invalid Elizabeth Barrett in The Barretts of Wimpole Street Five year old, popular Fox Studios money-maker Shirley Temple (born on April 23, 1928, she was almost six years old at the time of the Academy banquet held on March 16, 1934) was presented with a miniature statuette - a Special Award - for her \"outstanding contribution to screen entertainment during the year 1934\". By some accounts, she remains the youngest Oscar recipient in history. And Walt Disney picked up another (his third consecutive) Short Subject: Cartoon Award for The Tortoise and the Hare. Oscar Snubs and Omissions: Howard Hawks' Twentieth Century with John Barrymore (with a tour-de-force performance) and Carole Lombard The Academy also ignored another Josef von Sternberg (and Marlene Dietrich) film, The Scarlet Empress.",
"Horror films rarely received nominations, such as director Edgar Ulmer's The Black Cat with the leads (Karloff, Lugosi) and its brilliant Expressionist cinematography (John Mescall) and art direction/set design (Charles D. Hall). One of the most controversial oversights of the Academy was denying Warner Bros' actress Bette Davis an official Best Actress nomination for her performance as the slutty, bleach-blonde, Cockney waitress Mildred, who took advantage of sensitive, crippled (club-footed) doctor Philip Carey (Leslie Howard), in RKO's Of Human Bondage - she was a write-in candidate only (who lost), but was compensated the next year with a Best Actress Oscar win for Dangerous (1935). Myrna Loy was un-nominated for her performance in The Thin Man . It Happened One Night (1934) Pages: ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Background It Happened One Night (1934) is one of the greatest romantic comedies in film history, and a film that has endured in popularity.",
"It is considered one of the pioneering \"screwball\" romantic comedies of its time, setting the pattern for many years afterwards along with another contemporary film, The Thin Man (1934) . The escapist theme of the film, appropriate during the Depression Era, is the story of the unlikely romantic pairing of a mis-matched couple - a gruff and indifferent, recently-fired newspaper man (Gable) and a snobbish, superior-acting heiress (Colbert) - a runaway on the lam. It is a reversal of the Cinderella story (the heroine rejects her wealthy lifestyle), a modern tale with light-hearted sex appeal in which courtship and love triumph over class conflicts, socio-economic differences, and verbal battles of wit.",
"The madcap film from Columbia Studios (one of the lesser studios) was an unexpected runaway box office sleeper hit (especially after it began to play in small-town theaters), and it garnered the top five Academy Awards (unrivaled until 1975, forty-one years later by One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) - and then again by The Silence of the Lambs (1991) .) It won all five of its nominated categories: Best Picture, Best Actor (Clark Gable), Best Actress (Claudette Colbert), Best Director (Frank Capra), and Best Adaptation (Robert Riskin). The film, composed mostly of a road trip (by bus, car, foot, and by thumb in locales such as bus depots or interiors of buses, and the open road) by the social-class-unmatched couple, contains some of the most classic scenes ever made: the \"Walls of Jericho\" scene in an auto-camp bungalow so that they can sleep in the same room out of wedlock, the doughnuts-dunking lesson, the hitchhiking scene, the night-time scene on a haystack in a deserted barn, and the dramatic wedding scene.",
"With his good-natured, street-smart, and breezy performance, Gable influenced the un-sale of undershirts by taking off his shirt and exposing his bare chest, and bus travel by women substantially increased as a result of the film. Capra had originally wanted MGM stars Robert Montgomery and Myrna Loy to play the lead roles, but ended up, surprisingly, with top MGM star Gable 'on-loan' (as punishment for refusing a role opposite Joan Crawford) from the studio. [Another Montgomery film, Fugitive Lovers (1934) with a semi-similar tale was released at the same time by MGM.] Others who turned down the female lead role, before Colbert accepted the four weeks of work for $50,000, included Miriam Hopkins, Margaret Sullavan, and Constance Bennett. The screenplay, co-written by director Frank Capra (uncredited) and Robert Riskin, was based on an August 1933 Cosmopolitan magazine story titled \"Night Bus\" by Samuel Hopkins Adams.",
"[Another of Adams' short stories about a woman traveling on a bus, \"Last Trip\" in the March edition of Collier's Magazine, may also be considered a source for the film.] In both 1945 and 1956, it was remade as musicals: Eve Knew Her Apples (1945) starring Ann Miller, and You Can't Run Away From It (1956) with Jack Lemmon and June Allyson.",
"Animation expert Friz Freleng, in his unpublished memoirs, claimed that the film helped to inspire the creation of various cartoon characters: Bugs Bunny's fast-talking personality was partially based on Oscar Shapeley (Roscoe Karns), and also related to the one mention by Gable of an imaginary hitman named 'Bugs' in the film; (Bugs Bunny's debut film was Porky's Hare Hunt (1938)); Bugs Bunny's carrot-eating technique was based on Peter Warne (Clark Gable) and the way he talked while chewing on a carrot Yosemite Sam was inspired by Alexander Andrews (Walter Connolly) Pepe LePew was inspired by King Westley (Jameson Thomas) The Story The film's opening line is the question that the portly, millionaire tycoon father Alexander Andrews (Walter Connolly) asks about his angry daughter's behavior and refusal to eat: Hunger strike, eh? How long has this been going on? On his yacht moored in the sunny waters off Florida with him is his spoiled, stubborn, devil-may-care headstrong heiress daughter Ellie Andrews (Claudette Colbert).",
"In an impulsive moment and possibly to spite her father, she has just married (in name only) a worthless playboy, King Westley (Jameson Thomas), a fortune-hunting, ne'er-do-well celebrity aviator. Objecting to the wedding, although Westley is in her own upper social class, Mr. Andrews has kidnapped his daughter and brought her aboard his yacht, holding her as a prisoner against her will. He plans to annul the unconsummated marriage to the mercenary, worthless, stuffed-shirt playboy he despises. Ellie is first seen backed up against a stateroom wall by her father - both are engaged in a vicious argument. In a temper tantrum, Ellie defiantly shouts at her father for controlling her life (\"I'm over twenty-one and so is he\") and not letting her assert her freedom: Ellie You've been telling me what not to do ever since I can remember. Mr. Andrews: That's because you've always been a stubborn idiot. Ellie: I come from a long line of stubborn idiots.",
"She knocks away her father's fork (with a piece of steak on it), overturns his tray of food all over the floor, and he reacts by slapping her - she is surprised. Fully clothed, she rushes up on deck, up onto the railing and effortlessly dives overboard, and then swims ashore to freedom and independence - as if it were that simple to 'jump ship'. Her father helplessly watches as she swims away, and calls for his staff to \"lower the boats.\" Detectives are dispatched to find her - \"Watch all roads, airports and railway stations in Miami.\" The next scene is introduced by a sign reading: Night Bus to New York. In the Miami bus station, detectives can't believe she would take a lower-class night bus. \"We're wasting our time. Can you imagine Ellie Andrews riding on a bus?\" To evade her father's search by traveling incognito, she has another elderly lady buy a ticket for her on a Greyhound bus - a rickety, proletarian means of transportation which would be unlikely for a rich heiress. She is determined to escape detection and join her husband (to spite her father) after a night bus ride from Miami, Florida to New York.",
"The other major character in the film is tall, outspoken newspaper reporter Peter Warne (Clark Gable), who is first seen surrounded by a mob of onlookers listening to \"history in the making\" as he is arguing with his fatherly editor-boss Joe Gordon (Charles C. Wilson) in a telephone booth in another part of the bus station. He has recently been fired for drinking on the job - and turning in a story in \"free verse.\" He drunkenly tells off his boss on the other end of the line: In a pig's eye, you will!...Hey listen monkey face, when you fired me, you fired the best newshound your filthy scandal sheet ever had...That was free verse, you gashouse palooka! The crowd outside the phone booth has overheard his side of the conversation and believes he has won the argument, but he has been play-acting - his boss is no longer on the line. With a headstrong display of an assertive will and dramatic theatricality, he shouts into the receiver and declares his independence from the newspaper (as Ellie did against familial control) long after he has been fired and disconnected: \"Oh, so you're changing your tune, eh?",
"You're a little late with your apologies. I wouldn't go back to work for you if you begged me on your hands and knees. And I hope this will be a lesson to you!\" [Onlookers refer to Peter Warne as \"the King\" -- Gable's nickname in real life.] Peter, like another 'father-less' passenger, has also purchased a ticket for the crowded night bus ride to New York, traveling on the bus because he is down-and-out and broke, and that is the only fare he can afford. These circumstances will soon bring the two main characters together and contrast their status in the social hierarchy. The only bus seat left is in the back of the bus, and it is covered with a bundle of newspapers - Warne hurls through the window to the platform. After the bus driver (Ward Bond) objects to his brash action, he replies: I never did like the idea of sitting on newspaper. I did it once, and all the headlines came off on my white pants. On the level! It actually happened. Nobody bought a paper that day. They just followed me around over town and read the news on the seat of my pants.",
"While he is engaged in an altercation with the driver, Ellie quickly takes the seat that he has cleared off. In their first encounter together, he orders her out of his seat: \"Now listen, I put up a stiff fight for that seat. So if it's just the same to you - scram.\" But since it is the last seat on the bus, and the seats are \"first come, first serve,\" they must share it. The front of the bus fills the screen, with its several state licenses, lit headlights, and its destination over the front window: NEW YORK. As the bus lurches forward while she is obstinately putting her own bag up in the rack, she is thrown into his lap. He tells her: \"Next time you drop in, bring your folks.\" At a night-time rest stop, where 5 cent cones and hot dogs and hamburgers for 10 cents are advertised, Ellie listlessly leans up against the side of the bus, smoking a cigarette. Her small briefcase is stolen with all her money in it (except four dollars). Peter acts gentlemanly, but is unable to catch and apprehend the thief for her.",
"To his surprise, she refuses to have it reported, so that she won't be found out: \"I don't want it reported!...Can you understand English? Would you please keep out of my affairs. I want to be left alone.\" He recognizes that she is a spoiled brat: \"Why, you ungrateful brat!\" At the next stop, a thirty-minute breakfast stop in Jacksonville, Ellie has finally fallen asleep next to the newspaperman. She wakes up clutching his lapel, with her head nestled on his shoulder. She asks the driver to wait for her, expecting the bus to wait while she has a leisurely breakfast. The bus takes off without her when she returns twenty minutes late. Peter deliberately misses the bus too, reacquainting himself: Remember me? I'm the fellow you slept on last night. The next bus leaves twelve hours later, but she reminds him of her independence: \"You needn't concern yourself about me.",
"I can take care of myself.\" Then he reveals to her that he knows her true identity: \"You'll never get away with it, Miss Andrews.\" During the stop, he had discovered who she is - a runaway heiress - through a front-page headline in the Florida Journal newspaper - ELLEN ANDREWS ESCAPES FATHER. Acting in character, knowing that money can get her anything she wants, Ellie bribes him into not informing her father about her whereabouts - while touching his chest: \"Listen, if you promise not to do it, I'll pay you. I'll pay you as much as he will. You won't gain anything by giving me away, as long I'm willing to make it worth your while. I've got to get to New York without being stopped. It's terribly important to me.\" Again, Peter berates her as a spoiled brat: You know, I had you pegged right from the jump. Just a spoiled brat of a rich father. The only way you get anything is to buy it, isn't it? You're in a jam and all you can think of is your money. It never failed, did it? Ever hear of the word humility? No, you wouldn't.",
"I guess it would never occur to you to just say, 'Please mister, I'm in trouble, will you help me?' No, that would bring you down off your high horse for a minute. Well, let me tell you something, maybe it will take a load off your mind. You don't have to worry about me. I'm not interested in your money or your problem. You, King Westley, your father. You're all a lot of hooey to me! At the Western Union office, he telegrams his New York Mail boss, Joe Gordon, about a possible scoop - sending it collect: Am I laughing? The biggest scoop of the year just dropped in my lap. I know where Ellen Andrews is...How would you like to have the story, you big tub of mush...Will try and get it. What I said about never writing another line for you still goes. Are you burning? PETER WARNE Oscars' best actresses of all time - CNN.com Oscars' best actresses of all time By Lisa Respers France, CNN Updated 3:10 PM ET, Fri February 28, 2014 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.",
"Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Brie Larson accepts the best actress award at the 88th annual Academy Awards on February 28, 2016. Larson won for her role in \"Room.\" Here are all the other actresses who have captured the prize over the years: Hide Caption 1 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Janet Gaynor (1929) – Douglas Fairbanks Sr. hands Janet Gaynor her best actress Oscar in 1929 for Gaynor's performance in the 1927 film ''Sunrise.\" It was the first best actress Oscar ever awarded. Hide Caption 2 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Mary Pickford (1930) – In 1930, there were actually two Oscar ceremonies.",
"Actress Mary Pickford, seen here, receives her best actress Oscar in April 1930 for her performance in the 1929 film \"Coquette.\" Hide Caption 3 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Norma Shearer (1930) – Norma Shearer receives a best actress Oscar in October 1930 for her role in \"The Divorcee.\" Giving her the award is Conrad Nagel, who starred with her in the film released earlier that year. Hide Caption 4 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Marie Dressler (1931) – Marie Dressler and Lionel Barrymore collect their best actress and best actor Oscars in 1931. Dressler won for \"Min and Bill\" and Barrymore won for \"A Free Soul.\" Hide Caption 5 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Helen Hayes (1932) – Film producer Louis B. Mayer presents the best actress Oscar to Helen Hayes for her role in \"The Sin of Madelon Claudet.\" Hide Caption 6 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Katharine Hepburn (1934) – Douglas Fairbanks Jr.",
"and Katharine Hepburn appear in the 1933 film \"Morning Glory.\" Hepburn's performance earned her the best actress Oscar in 1934. There was no Academy Awards ceremony in 1933; films from that year and the last half of 1932 were eligible to win at the 1934 ceremony. Hide Caption 7 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Claudette Colbert (1935) – Claudette Colbert won the best actress Oscar in 1935 for \"It Happened One Night,\" a film that was the first to win all five of the major Academy Award categories -- best picture, best director, best actor, best actress and best screenplay. Hide Caption 8 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Bette Davis (1936) – Bette Davis and film producer Jack L. Warner hold Davis' best actress Oscar at the ceremony held in 1936.",
"Davis won her first Oscar for her role in the film \"Dangerous.\" Hide Caption 9 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Luise Rainer (1937) – Luise Rainer, second from left, is seen at the 1937 ceremony with, from left, Louis B. Mayer, Louise Tracy and Frank Capra. Rainer won for \"The Great Ziegfeld.\" Hide Caption 10 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Luise Rainer (1938) – For her performance in \"The Good Earth,\" Luise Rainer won the best actress Oscar for the second consecutive year.",
"Hide Caption Bette Davis (1939) – Bette Davis won her second Oscar in 1939, this time for \"Jezebel.\" Hide Caption 12 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Vivien Leigh (1940) – Vivien Leigh accepts her Oscar in 1940 for her performance in \"Gone With the Wind.\" Hide Caption 13 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Ginger Rogers (1941) – Actors James Stewart and Ginger Rogers smile after winning Oscars in 1941.",
"Stewart won best actor for his performance in \"The Philadelphia Story,\" while Rogers won best actress for her performance in \"Kitty Foyle: The Natural History of a Woman.\" Hide Caption 14 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Joan Fontaine (1942) – Joan Fontaine looks at the best actress Oscar she won for her role in the film \"Suspicion.\" Hide Caption 15 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Greer Garson (1943) – After winning the best actress Oscar in 1943, Greer Garson gets a congratulatory kiss from her \"Mrs. Miniver\" co-star Walter Pidgeon. Hide Caption 16 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jennifer Jones (1944) – Jennifer Jones holds the best actress Oscar she won in 1944 for her performance in \"Song of Bernadette.\" To her right is actress Ingrid Bergman. Hide Caption 17 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Ingrid Bergman (1945) – Ingrid Bergman didn't have to wait long to hold her own best actress award.",
"Here, she poses with the Oscar she earned for her role in the film \"Gaslight.\" Hide Caption 18 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Joan Crawford (1946) – Joan Crawford receives her Academy Award in bed because of an illness. She was recognized for her performance in the 1945 film \"Mildred Pierce.\" Hide Caption 19 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Olivia de Havilland (1947) – Olivia de Havilland receives her best actress Oscar from actor Ray Milland for her performance in \"To Each His Own.\" Hide Caption 20 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Loretta Young (1948) – Loretta Young, second from left, won the best actress Oscar in 1948 for her role in \"Farmer's Daughter.\" Hide Caption 21 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jane Wyman (1949) – Jane Wyman stands by a doorway backstage at the Academy Awards.",
"She won her best actress Oscar for the film \"Johnny Belinda.\" Hide Caption 22 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Olivia de Havilland (1950) – Olivia de Havilland looks at her two best actress Oscars. She won her second in 1950 for her role in \"The Heiress.\" Hide Caption 23 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Judy Holliday (1951) – Judy Holliday bursts into tears in 1951 after winning the best actress Oscar for her performance in \"Born Yesterday.\" Hide Caption 24 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Vivien Leigh (1952) – Vivien Leigh appears with Karl Malden in \"A Streetcar Named Desire.\" Her performance in the film earned her a second Oscar. Hide Caption 25 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Shirley Booth (1953) – Shirley Booth wins the best actress Oscar for \"Come Back, Little Sheba\" in 1953.",
"Hide Caption 26 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Audrey Hepburn (1954) – Audrey Hepburn is surrounded by reporters as she holds her best actress Oscar for \"Roman Holiday.\" Hide Caption 27 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Grace Kelly (1955) – Grace Kelly poses with her Oscar after the Academy Awards ceremony in 1955. She won the statuette for her role in \"The Country Girl.\" Hide Caption 28 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Anna Magnani (1956) – Anna Magnani enthusiastically holds the Oscar she won for \"Rose Tattoo.\" The award was presented to her by U.S. Ambassador Clare Luce at the Villa Taverna in Rome. Hide Caption 29 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Ingrid Bergman (1957) – Ingrid Bergman, right, appears with Helen Hayes in a scene from the movie \"Anastasia.\" Her performance earned her a second Oscar for best actress.",
"Hide Caption 30 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Joanne Woodward (1958) – Joanne Woodward smiles while holding her best actress Oscar (and a cigarette). She received the award for her role in the film \"Three Faces of Eve.\" Hide Caption 31 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Susan Hayward (1959) – From left, actor Burl Ives, actress Susan Hayward and actor David Niven pose with their Oscars in 1959.",
"Hayward won for her role in \"I Want to Live!\" Hide Caption 32 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Simone Signoret (1960) – Actress Simone Signoret, seen here next to actor Rock Hudson at the Academy Awards ceremony in 1960, won the best actress Oscar for her role in \"Room at the Top.\" Hide Caption 33 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Elizabeth Taylor (1961) – Elizabeth Taylor is seen with her Oscar after being named best actress for her part in \"Butterfield 8.\" Hide Caption Sophia Loren (1962) – Sophia Loren reacts after winning best actress for the film \"La Ciociara.\" Hide Caption 35 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Anne Bancroft (1963) – Anne Bancroft cries in her New York apartment as she accepts a congratulatory phone call following her win for \"The Miracle Worker.\" Hide Caption 36 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Patricia Neal (1964) – Patricia Neal and her three children look at her Oscar statuette, which she won in 1964 for her role in \"",
"Hud.\" Hide Caption 37 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Julie Andrews (1965) – Julie Andrews looks at the Academy Award she won for \"Mary Poppins'\" in 1965.",
"The role was her film debut. Hide Caption 38 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Julie Christie (1966) – Julie Christie is seen with her Academy Award, which she won for her role in \"Darling.\" Hide Caption 39 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Elizabeth Taylor (1967) – Elizabeth Taylor holds up her second Oscar, this one for the film \"Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf.\" Hide Caption 40 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Katharine Hepburn (1968) – Katharine Hepburn and Cecil Kellaway appear in a scene from \"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner.\" Hepburn won her second Oscar more than 30 years after her first. Hide Caption 41 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Barbra Streisand (1969) – Barbra Streisand gazes at the best actress statuette she won for \"Funny Girl.\" There was a tie for the award in 1969, with the other winner being Katharine Hepburn.",
"Hide Caption 42 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Katharine Hepburn (1969) – Katharine Hepburn and Peter O'Toole appear in \"The Lion in Winter.\" The film earned Hepburn her third Oscar for best actress. Hide Caption 43 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Maggie Smith (1970) – Maggie Smith, who won for \"The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie,\" celebrates with her husband at the time, Robert Stephens. Hide Caption 44 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Glenda Jackson (1971) – Glenda Jackson won the best actress Oscar for her part in \"Women In Love.\" Hide Caption Liza Minnelli (1973) – Liza Minnelli holds the Oscar she won for \"Cabaret.\" Hide Caption 47 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Glenda Jackson (1974) – George Segal and Glenda Jackson appear in a scene from \"A Touch of Class,\" which snagged Jackson the best actress Oscar in 1974.",
"Hide Caption 48 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Ellen Burstyn (1975) – Ellen Burstyn, left, appears in \"Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore,\" which won her the best actress Oscar in 1975. Hide Caption 49 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Louise Fletcher (1976) – From left, producer Saul Zaentz, actor Jack Nicholson, actress Louise Fletcher and producer Michael Douglas pose with their Oscars at the 1976 Academy Awards ceremony. They all won for the film \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest,\" which swept the major categories that year. Hide Caption 50 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Faye Dunaway (1977) – Faye Dunaway rests by the Beverly Hills Hotel swimming pool the morning after she received the best actress Oscar for \"Network.\" Hide Caption 51 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Diane Keaton (1978) – Diane Keaton places her Oscar on a restaurant table after the Academy Awards ceremony in 1978.",
"She received the award for her role in \"Annie Hall.\" Hide Caption 52 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jane Fonda (1979) – Jane Fonda is ecstatic about winning her second Academy Award, this one for \"Coming Home.\" Hide Caption Cher (1988) – Cher wears that dress in 1988, when she won the Academy Award for \"Moonstruck.\" Hide Caption 62 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jodie Foster (1989) – Jodie Foster holds her Oscar in the press room after winning for her role in \"The Accused.\" Hide Caption 63 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jessica Tandy (1990) – Jessica Tandy acknowledges applause after receiving the Oscar for her role in \"Driving Miss Daisy.\" Hide Caption 64 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Kathy Bates (1991) – Kathy Bates, far left, clutches the best actress award for her role in \"Misery.\" To her left are fellow Oscar winners Jeremy Irons, Whoopi Goldberg and Joe Pesci.",
"Hide Caption 65 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jodie Foster (1992) – Jodie Foster holds up her second Oscar, this one for her role in \"The Silence of the Lambs.\" Hide Caption 66 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Emma Thompson (1993) – Emma Thompson poses with her Oscar after winning best actress for her role in \"Howards End.\" Hide Caption 67 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Holly Hunter (1994) – Holly Hunter poses in the press room after being awarded the best actress Oscar for her performance in \"The Piano.\" Hide Caption 68 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jessica Lange (1995) – Jessica Lange holds the Oscar she won for her role in the film \"Blue Sky.\" Hide Caption Charlize Theron (2004) – Charlize Theron poses with her Oscar after winning for the film \"Monster.\" Hide Caption 78 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Hilary Swank (2005) – Hilary Swank grabbed her second Academy Award in 2005 for the film \"Million Dollar Baby",
".\" Hide Caption 79 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Reese Witherspoon (2006) – Reese Witherspoon kisses then-husband Ryan Phillippe before going on stage to accept the best actress award for \"Walk the Line.\" Hide Caption 80 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Helen Mirren (2007) – Director Taylor Hackford kisses his wife, Helen Mirren, after Mirren won the best actress Oscar for her role in \"The Queen.\" Hide Caption Kate Winslet (2009) – Kate Winslet reacts after winning the best actress Oscar for \"The Reader.\" Hide Caption 83 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Sandra Bullock (2010) – Best actress Sandra Bullock gives her acceptance speech after winning for \"The Blind Side.\" Hide Caption 84 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Natalie Portman (2011) – Natalie Portman poses in the press room after winning the best actress Oscar for \"Black Swan.\" Hide Caption 85 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Meryl Streep (2012) – Meryl Streep, right, laughs with Sandra",
" Bullock after Streep's win for her role in \"The Iron Lady.\" Hide Caption 86 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Jennifer Lawrence (2013) – Jennifer Lawrence charms the audience in 2013 as she accepts the best actress Oscar for her performance in \"Silver Linings Playbook.\" Hide Caption 87 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Cate Blanchett (2014) – Cate Blanchett won an Oscar in 2014 for her turn as a modern-day Blanche DuBois in the Woody Allen film \"Blue Jasmine.\" Hide Caption 88 of 89 Photos: Oscar-winning best actresses Matthew McConaughey presents Julianne Moore with the Oscar for best actress at the 87th Academy Awards in 2015.",
"She won for her role in \"Still Alice.\" Hide Caption It Happened One Night (1934) - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Unrated | From $2.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC A spoiled heiress running away from her family is helped by a man who is actually a reporter in need of a story.",
"Director: Robert Riskin (screen play), Samuel Hopkins Adams (based on the short story by) Stars: a list of 41 titles created 14 Mar 2011 a list of 25 titles created 18 Sep 2011 a list of 29 titles created 15 Oct 2013 a list of 45 titles created 26 Nov 2014 a list of 32 titles created 12 Feb 2015 Title: It Happened One Night (1934) 8.2/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Won 5 Oscars. Another 5 wins & 1 nomination. See more awards » Videos A naive man is appointed to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate. His plans promptly collide with political corruption, but he doesn't back down. Director: Frank Capra A self-conscious bride is tormented by the memory of her husband's dead first wife.",
"Director: Alfred Hitchcock Directors: Victor Fleming, George Cukor, and 1 more credit » Stars: Clark Gable, Vivien Leigh, Thomas Mitchell An ingenue insinuates herself into the company of an established but aging stage actress and her circle of theater friends. Director: Joseph L. Mankiewicz A man tries to rise in his company by letting its executives use his apartment for trysts, but complications and a romance of his own ensue. Director: Billy Wilder A private detective takes on a case that involves him with three eccentric criminals, a gorgeous liar, and their quest for a priceless statuette. Director: John Huston An insurance representative lets himself be talked into a murder/insurance fraud scheme that arouses an insurance investigator's suspicions. Director: Billy Wilder A bored and sheltered princess escapes her guardians and falls in love with an American newsman in Rome. Director: William Wyler An allegorical tale about a man fighting the good and evil within him. Both sides are made flesh - one a sophisticated woman he is attracted to and the other his wife. Director: F.W. Murnau A poor Midwest family is forced off of their land.",
"They travel to California, suffering the misfortunes of the homeless in the Great Depression. Director: John Ford A hack screenwriter writes a screenplay for a former silent-film star who has faded into Hollywood obscurity. Director: Billy Wilder An ex-prize fighter turned longshoreman struggles to stand up to his corrupt union bosses. Director: Elia Kazan Edit Storyline Ellie Andrews has just tied the knot with society aviator King Westley when she is whisked away to her father's yacht and out of King's clutches. Ellie jumps ship and eventually winds up on a bus headed back to her husband. Reluctantly she must accept the help of out-of- work reporter Peter Warne. Actually, Warne doesn't give her any choice: either she sticks with him until he gets her back to her husband, or he'll blow the whistle on Ellie to her father. Either way, Peter gets what (he thinks!) he wants .... a really juicy newspaper story. Written by A.L.Beneteau <[email protected]> An unforgettable entertainment...the outstanding performance of two outstanding careers!",
"See more » Genres: 23 February 1934 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Mono (Western Electric Noiseless Recording) Color: Did You Know? Trivia Instead of the usual static camera set-up, Frank Capra insisted on sticking a camera onto a crane. This enabled him to do more tracking shots, which was entirely in keeping with a film in which the main characters spend most of their time on the move. See more » Goofs When Peter is chasing after the police escort that Ellen is riding in, the road has a solid line down the middle. As he pulls over to the side of the road and gets the flat tire, there is no line down the middle of the road. It is a different road. See more » Quotes Zeke's Wife : If you ask me, I don't believe they're married. Zeke : They're married all right. I just seen the license. Zeke's Wife : They made me get them a rope and a blanket on a night like this. What do you reckon that's for? Zeke : Blamed if I know. I just brung 'em a trumpet. Zeke : Yeah, one of them toy things.",
"They sent me to the store to get it. Zeke's Wife : But what in the world do they want a trumpet for? [...] Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf (uncredited) (Buffalo, New York) – See all my reviews In his autobiography, The Name's Above the Title, Frank Capra said that until It Happened One Night drama had four stock characters, the hero, the heroine, the comedian, and the villain. What Capra did and you might notice he followed that in a whole lot of his films, the characters of hero and comedian are combined. Not completely though because Claudette Colbert gets a few laughs herself, especially with that system all her own. But in doing what he did for Clark Gable's character, Capra created a whole new type of screen comedy, the classic screwball comedy and It Happened One Night surely set the mold. Capra's autobiography told the story of the making of It Happened One Night which in itself could be a movie. Capra worked for Columbia Pictures which at that time was a minor studio, along the lines of Republic or Monogram.",
"As Capra tells it he had a vision about this story that Samuel Hopkins Adams wrote and persuaded Harry Cohn to buy it. Capra also had a stroke of good luck. Adolph Zukor at Paramount and Louis B. Mayer at MGM were looking to punish a couple of recalcitrant stars, Claudette Colbert and Clark Gable. The idea was to show these two what it was like to work in a small budget studio without all the perks of Paramount and MGM. In fact the description of Gable arriving to work at Columbia that first day, drunk as a skunk, is priceless. Capra dressed him down good and said that to his credit Gable came to work afterwards and couldn't have been more cooperative. At some point Harry Cohn at Columbia was convinced that maybe Capra had something. He had in fact delivered for Columbia the previous year with Lady for a Day. So the publicity drums were beat. The rest as they say is history. It Happened One Night won the first Oscar grand slam, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, and Best Actress. It won the first Oscars Columbia Pictures ever got and lifted it right into the ranks of the major studios. And it set the standard for screwball comedy.",
"The film could never have gotten off the ground were it not for the chemistry of Gable and Colbert. They're together for most of the film so if it doesn't click between the two of them, you have people walking out in droves. Colbert had already played a wide variety of parts at Paramount, ranging from Poppaea and Cleopatra to comedies with Maurice Chevalier like The Big Pond. Gable had played a whole lot of tough guys on both sides of the law at MGM. It Happened One Night showed he had some real comic talent, a flair MGM exploited in his roles from then on in. Gable and Colbert did only one other film together, Boom Town for MGM. You can't get much more different than those two films. Boom Town had a huge MGM budget, Spencer Tracy and Hedy Lamarr as well, and a lot of special effects involving the oil industry and hazards therein. It's also a great film, but it's not a classic like It Happened One Night. 64 of 71 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes"
] |
Sam Phillips was owner of which legendary recording studio?
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Sun
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"Structure of the Sun",
"Sun",
"Orbit of the sun",
"Solar X-ray astronomy",
"Internal structure of the Sun",
"🌞",
"The Sun",
"Solarian",
"Solar glare",
"Layers of the Sun",
"Solar photosphere",
"Solar atmosphere",
"Solar magnetic field",
"Sun (astronomy)",
"Sun gravity",
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"The sun",
"Atmosphere of the Sun",
"Exploration of the Sun",
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"Parts of the sun"
] | 11,334
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[
"About | Sam Phillips Recording Search Sam Phillips is not just one of the most important producers in rock history, he is also one of the most important figures in 20th-century American culture. As owner and founder of his Memphis Recording Service Studio and Sun Record Company, he was the vital creative innovator at the epicenter of establishing rock n’ roll as the fresh, new, global music of the 20th-century era. He produced, recorded, inspired and launched the careers of the artists that originally defined this new musical sound…Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Roy Orbison, Charlie Rich, B.B. King, Ike Turner, Howlin’ Wolf, Little Milton, Rufus Thomas, and so many more. Sam first made his mark (and a very deep one) with electric rhythm and blues by African American black performers. He will always be remembered for all of the music he created, but probably most remembered for his difference-making rock n’ roll artists, particularly Elvis Presley. After successfully outgrowing his Memphis Recording Service/ Sun Studio, Phillips opened Sam Phillips Recording service in 1960.",
"1960 Local Newspaper Memphis Press-Scimitar Writes: Sam Phillips, who made $2 million in the record business without a desk, finally has one-and a new three quarters of a million dollar studios to go with it. As he leans back in an upholstered arm chair as white and billowy as the heavenly chariot, the white Formica top of the walnut desk slashes across in front of him like the wing of a jet. His left hand rests on the colorfully buttoned control panel of the huge stereophonic hi-fi- a juke box that requires no dimes-which sits at the other end of the office. “This is a little Cape Canaveral of the recording business,” he says, his eye taking in the two floors of studios, control rooms, mastering rooms, mailing rooms and offices which lie beneath the penthouse executive offices. “Woodshed recordings have had it. You’ve got to have the latitude today- all the electronic devices, built in high and low frequency equalization and attenuation, echoes, channel-splitting facilities, and metering on everything. “Each section of the building is structurally isolated from the rest, and there are exact humidity controls for the studios, control rooms, editing and mastering rooms.",
"Everything that has gone into this building”, Phillips continued, “has been custom built which is why it has taken us two and a half years to get it finished. We have built for the future. We are fully equipped to perform the finest recording techniques now, and we are prepared for any new innovation that may come along. In our experience, and in the opinions of many professional people who have already visited our new studio, we have one of the best equipped and most versatile recording studios, not just in the South or even in the nation, but in the world.” Formerly the Midas Muffler shop, the building at 639 Madison was stripped to it’s shell and completely rebuilt. William W. Bond Jr. was the architect and Denise Howard, of Decor by Denise, assisted in design phases of the front, and designed the mobile of brightly colored disks which keynotes it. She also handled interior designing and furnishing, including such luxury features such as an employees lounge, executive bar, and the roof top sun deck which, with potted plants and redwood fencing, provides an atmosphere of outdoor living, visible through the windows of the penthouse executive offices.",
"Over the years Sam Phillips Recording has recorded these artists: Jerry Lee Lewis How Recording Studios Work | HowStuffWorks How Recording Studios Work Liaison/ Getty Images In 1953, a skinny 18-year-old with slicked-back hair walked into Memphis Recording Service. He wanted to make a personal recording and was looking for owner Sam Phillips. Since Phillips wasn't in, the teen talked to secretary Marion Kiesker. When she asked what style of music he played, he responded, \"I don't sound like nobody.\" Although few people ever heard that first $4 recording, Elvis Presley turned his personal style into worldwide fame with the help of Sam Phillips and that recording studio, which became the legendary Sun Studio. The studio was also home to Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison, Jerry Lee Lewis and B.B. King [source: Rockabilly Hall of Fame ].",
"Up Next How the RIAA Works Sun Studio may be what comes to mind when you think of recording studios, or the Beatles' Abbey Road in London -- or maybe even Chess Records in Chicago where artists such as Muddy Waters, Chuck Berry, Buddy Guy, Bo Diddley and Aretha Franklin produced recordings that introduced the blues, jazz and gospel to listeners far from the Mississippi Delta [source: Save America's Treasures ]. While recording artists still need some type of music studio for cutting and mixing music, the digital era has simplified the process. Plenty of large studios still exist to provide sophisticated, high-end services, but many musicians have turned to smaller studios using computers and digital sound equipment. How did recording studios start? And, what's involved with putting together a recording studio? Check out the next page to find out. 1 Sam Phillips | Sun Record Company Sam Phillips Biography Samuel Cornelius Phillips ( January 5 , 1923 – July 30 , 2003 ), better known as Sam Phillips, was an American record producer who played an important role in the emergence of rock and roll as the major form of popular music in the 1950s.",
"He is most notably attributed with the discovery of Elvis Presley , and is associated with several other noteworthy rhythm and blues and rock and roll stars of the period. Phillips was a native of Florence, Alabama and a graduate of Coffee High School. The “Memphis Recording Service” and Sun Records In the 1940s, Phillips worked as a DJ for Muscle Shoals , Alabama radio station WLAY (AM) . According to Phillips, this radio station’s “open format” (of broadcasting music from both white and black musicians) would later inspire his work in Memphis. On January 3 , 1950 , Phillips opened the “Memphis Recording Service” at 706 Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee , which also served as the studios for Phillips’ own label, Sun Records , through the 1950s. In addition to musical performances, he recorded events such as weddings and funerals, selling the recordings. Phillips recorded what some—notably music historian Peter Guralnick —consider the first rock and roll record : “ Rocket 88 ” by Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats , a band led by 19-year-old Ike Turner , who also wrote the song.",
"The recording was released on the Chess/Checker record label in Chicago, in 1951. From 1950 to 1954 Phillips recorded the music of black rhythm and blues artists such as James Cotton , Rufus Thomas , Rosco Gordon , Little Milton , Bobby Blue Bland , and others. Blues legends such as B.B. King and Howlin’ Wolf made their first recordings at his studio. In fact, Phillips deemed Howlin’ Wolf his greatest discovery and he deemed Elvis Presley his second greatest discovery.",
"Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, Roy Orbison Although much has been written about Phillips’ goals, he can be seen stating the following: “Everyone knew that I was just a struggling cat down here trying to develop new and different artists, and get some freedom in music, and tap some resources and people that weren’t being tapped.” (The Rockabilly Legends; They Called It Rockabilly Long Before they Called It Rock and Roll by Jerry Naylor and Steve Halliday DVD, 22:00 ISBN-13;: 978-I-4234-2042-2) Elvis Presley , who recorded his version of Arthur “Big Boy” Cruddup’s “ That’s All Right (Mama) ” at Phillips’ studio, met that goal, and became highly successful, first in Memphis, then throughout the southern United States.",
"For the first six months, the flip side, “Blue Moon of Kentucky”, his upbeat version of a Bill Monroe bluegrass song, was slightly more popular than “That’s All Right (Mama).” While still not known outside the South, Presley’s singles and regional success became a drawing card for Sun Records, as singing hopefuls soon arrived from all over the region. Singers such as Sonny Burgess (“My Bucket’s Got A Hole In It”), Charlie Rich , Junior Parker , and Billy Lee Riley recorded for Sun with some success, while others such as Jerry Lee Lewis , BB King , Johnny Cash , Roy Orbison , and Carl Perkins would become superstars. Despite this popular regional acclaim, by mid 1955 Sam Phillips’ studio experienced financial difficulties, and he sold Presley’s contract in November of that year; RCA Records ‘ offer of $35,000 beat out Atlantic Records ‘ offer of $25,000. Through the sale of Presley’s contract, he was able to boost the distribution of Perkins’ song “ Blue Suede Shoes “, and it became Sun Records’ first national hit. Phillips is credited with teaching production to Presley who used this knowledge into his career with RCA Victor.",
"Although Steve Sholes was credited as the official producer of Elvis after his move to RCA, it was Elvis who in reality, produced most of the music, using what he had learned from Sam Phillips. Phillips had an open style and insightful guidance that seemed to allow musicians, especially Presley, to search and feel their way to a point to where they would perform beyond Phillips’ and their own expectations. He also seemed to have a sense for when the artist was about to reach the point of their best performance. Phillips recorded looking for a feel, not technical perfection. Phillips told Elvis that the worst thing he could go for was perfection. Phillips was always seeking what he called the perfect/imperfect cut. This meant that it was not technically perfect, but perfectly conveyed the feeling and emotion of the song to the listener and gave the song a living personality, partially due to it being technically imperfect. Phillips innovated while recording Elvis. Most recordings at the time gave substantially more volume to the vocals. Phillips pulled back the Elvis vocals, blending it more with the instrumental performances. Phillips also used tape delay to get an echo into the Elvis recordings by running the tape through a second recorder head.",
"RCA, not knowing the method that Phillips had used, was unable to recreate the Elvis echo when recording “ Heartbreak Hotel “. In an attempt to duplicate the Sun Records sound, RCA used a large empty hallway at the studio to create an echo, but it sounded nothing like the echo that Phillips had created at Sun Records. Elvis did not have a band when he arrived at Sun Records. It was Sam Phillips who decided that little was needed to augment Elvis’ vocals and rhythm guitar. Phillips chose two musicians, lead guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black to perform with Elvis. This choice of musicians proved to be inspired as this group along with drummer D.J. Fontana produced some of the biggest hits in rock ‘n’ roll history, even after Phillips had sold the Presley contract to RCA Victor. These included “ Heartbreak Hotel “, “ Hound Dog “, and “ Don’t Be Cruel “. Phillips’ pivotal role in the early days of rock and roll was exemplified by a celebrated jam session on December 4 , 1956 which came to be known as the Million Dollar Quartet . Jerry Lee Lewis was playing piano for a Carl Perkins recording session at Phillips’ studio.",
"When Elvis Presley walked in unexpectedly, Johnny Cash was called into the studio by Phillips, leading to an impromptu session featuring the four musicians. Phillips challenged the four to achieve gold record sales, offering a free Cadillac to the first. The contest is commemorated in a song by the “ Drive-by Truckers “. WHER Phillips launched radio station WHER on October 29 , 1955 . Each of the young women who auditioned for the station assumed there would only be one female announcer position like other stations at that time. Only a few days before the first broadcast did they learn of the “All Girl Radio” format. Almost every position at the station was held by a woman. [1] Other business interests Through savvy investments, Phillips soon amassed a fortune. He was one of the first investors in Holiday Inn , a new motel chain that was about to go national; he became involved with the chain shortly after selling the rights to Elvis Presley to RCA for $35,000 which he multiplied many times over the years with Holiday Inn. He would also create two different subsidiary recording labels–Phillips International and Holiday Inn Records.",
"Neither would match the success or influence of Sun, which Phillips ultimately sold to Shelby Singleton in the 1960s. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame In 1986 Sam Phillips was part of the first group inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and his pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame . In 1987, he was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame . He received a Grammy Trustees Award for his lifetime achievements in 1991. In 1998, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame , and in October 2001 he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame . Phillips died of respiratory failure at St. Francis Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee on July 30 , 2003 , only one day before the original Sun Studio was designated a National Historic Landmark. He is interred in the Memorial Park Cemetery, Memphis .",
"Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll - Purdue Convocations Sun Studio: The Birthplace of Rock ‘n’ Roll Friday, December 13, 2013 Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window) It was on a tiny corner in Memphis, Tennessee, that Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Jerry Lee Lewis came together for a legendary impromptu jam on December 4, 1956, at Sun Studio. When owner Sam Phillips called the media, the iconic photo and nickname that inspired the musical were born. But Sun Studio gave birth to something bigger: rock ‘n’ roll. Phillips, a radio engineer, opened this postage stamp-sized studio in 1950. Just one year later, “Rocket 88,” considered the first-ever rock ‘n’ roll song, was recorded there. It’s also where Presley cut his first-ever recording (“My Happiness”). After Phillips sold the studio in 1969, no recordings were made there until 1985, when Perkins, Cash, and Lewis reunited along with Roy Orbison for their Class of ’55 album.",
"Reopened as Sun Studio in 1987 and now a National Historic Landmark, it’s open both to the public for tours and artists for recording. Artists and acts such as Ringo Starr, Def Leppard, Bonnie Raitt, Tom Petty, Beck, John Fogerty, Matchbox 20, and Maroon 5 have recorded there. U2 recorded three songs for Rattle and Hum there, including radio hits “Angel of Harlem” and “When Love Comes to Town”—cramming the band, a horn section,background vocalists, and a film crew into the small studio. John Mellencamp cut a majority of his most recent studio album, No Better Than This, at Sun, praising the acoustical aptitude literally marked by Phillips’s X’s on the floor. In 2011, Chris Isaak recorded covers of Sun Studio classics there for Beyond the Sun—including “Ring of Fire,” “Great Balls of Fire,” “It’s Now or Never,” “Oh, Pretty Woman,” and more.",
"Plus, the PBS broadcast Sun Studio Sessions features intimate studio footage of Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Jakob Dylan, Justin Townes Earle, the Walkmen, Ryan Bingham, and more. Before or after Million Dollar Quartet, be sure to make a pilgrimage to this musical mecca—a day’s drive down the road from West Lafayette—and walk the same floor as these legends! Nick Rogers, contributor Sam Phillips Sun Records Sam Phillips' Sun Records Sam Phillips is not just one of the most important producers in rock history. There's a good argument to be made that he is also one of the most important figures in 20th-century American culture. As owner of Sun Records and frequent producer of discs at his Sun Studios he was vital to launching the careers of Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis, B.B. King, Howlin' Wolf, Rufus Thomas and numerous other significant artists. Although he first made his mark (and a very deep one) with electric blues by Black performers, he will be most remembered for his rockabilly stars, particularly Elvis Presley.",
"Good News for those that like online gambling The Phillips Family 1916 (L to R: Charles, Irene, Horace, Madgie and Tom. Standing: Mary and Turner) Photo courtesy Sam Phillips Family (L to R: Sam and brother J.W. (Jud) Phillips) Photo courtesy Sam Phillips Family Sam and Aunt Emma Lovelace late 1955 or early 1956 Photo courtesy Sam Phillips Family Sam Phillips was born January 5, 1923, the youngest of eight children and was raised on a farm just outside Florence, Alabama. In high school Phillips conducted the school band. His onstage presence impressed the manager of local WLAY radio that he was hired as a part-time announcer. The Phillips were a typical middle class family until the Great Crash of 1929. Sam's father died in 1941 just after Pearl Harbor. He then dropped out of high school to help support his mother and deaf mute aunt. He worked first at a grocery and later a funeral home. It was while at the Brown-Service funeral home that Phillips learn how to handle people tactfully in emotional situations, a skill that later would serve him well.",
"Jim Connolly Photo courtesy Dot Connolly West WLAY Photo courtesy Sam Phillips Family Originally Phillips wanted to study law, but because of circumstances decided to go into radio. He went to Alabama Polytechnical Institute in Auburn, Alabama where he majored in engineering, including audio engineering for radio. In broke into radio in 1940 when he conducted and emceed the band for a college concert. This impressed Jim Connally the station manager at WLAY enough that he hired Phillips. Sam and Becky Phillips Phillips at his desk at WREC WMSL 1944 In 1942 he married Rebecca Burns. Phillips next radio job was for three years at WMSL in Decatur, Alabama, then to WLAC in Nashville, Tennessee and finally in June, 1945 to WREC. At WREC he hosted the \"Songs of the West\" show daily at 4 PM. There he was able to put his engineering skills into use. In those days many programs were prerecorded on 16 inch acetate discs which were often duplicated and passed to other stations. Thus the radio engineers were also recording engineers and thus Phillips was able to develop his recording skills.",
"He also took care of the station's sound effects and found records for its library. Skyway Ballroom Photo courtesy Sam Phillips family While at WREC he hosted \"Saturday Afternoon Tea Dance\" where he played jazz, blues and pop from the Skyway Room of the Peabody Hotel. The shows were broadcast nationally over the CBS radio network Memphis Recording Studio Photo courtesy Sam Phillips Family 706 Union Street Photo Courtesy Jim Cole In October 1949 Phillips signed a lease on a small storefront located at 706 Union Avenue near downtown Memphis. The rent was $150 a month. With the help of two year loan from Buck Turner, a regular performer at WREC, he installed recording equipment. The Memphis recording studio opened in January 1950 with the slogan \"We Record Anything-Anywhere- Anytime.\" With a Presto five-input mixer board and Presto PT900 portable tape recorder in the trunk of his car, Phillips would whatever weddings, funerals or religious gatherings he could book. Most of his early commercial recordings were done onto acetate rather than than at that time unproven tape.",
"By 1954 he had upgraded his equipment and installed two Ampex 350 recorders: one a console model and another mounted behind his head for the tape delay echo, or slapback. Memphis Recording Studio's first paying job was transcriptions of Buck Turner's band for the Arkansas Rural Electrification Program. These were distributed to fifteen to twenty stations throughout the mid-South. It was probably five or six months later that Phillips decided to record artists to sell or lease masters. Phillips along with his friend Dewey Phillips decided to start their own record label. The new label was simply called Phillips - \"The Hottest Thing in the Country.\" The first record was \"Boogie in the Park\" by Joe Hill Louis. On August 30, 1950 three hundred copies were pressed and shipped to Music Distribution in Memphis. Saul and Joe Bihari Photo courtesy Michael Bihari Phillips decided to get out of the manufacturing end of the business as his relationship the Biharis (Joe, Saul and Jules) Modern Records grew. The Biharis had started a subsidiary RPM Records for music with a down home feel.",
"At first Phillips sent them samples of Joe Hill, a local gospel group and jazz pianist PhineasNewborn, Jr . Riley (B.B.) King Photo courtesy B.B. King Museum In 1950 Jules Bihari signed B.B. King to a contract and placed him with Phillips. Working under Bihari's direct Phillips recorded King from mid-1950 until June 1951. The Biharis released five singles from the material Phillips sent, making King one of the first artists on their new RPM subsidiary.Phillips' involvement with King would later end a casualty of the dispute between the Biharis and Phillips over the placing of \"Rocket 88\" with Chess Records. Sam Phillips (by Adriaan Sturm) Rocking & Stomping / R&S Jerry Lee Lewis & Sam Phillips I am sure by now you must have heard the sad news about the passing of Sam Phillips, the owner and founder of the legendary SUN label. Sam passed away 7 o'clock Wednesday night, July 30, 2003 at St. Frances Hospital in Memphis Tennessee.",
"To the general public he will always be the man who discovered Elvis Presley but there was much more to Sam Phillips. Most European music lovers and record collectors learned about Sam and his Sun Recording studio during the mid sixties when records on the now famous yellow label appeared on various auction lists. I believe I bought my first Sun singles from \"Breathless\" Dan Coffey and they included such gems as \"Rock Boppin' Baby\" by Ed Bruce, \"With Your Love With Your Kiss\" by Johnny Powers, \"Slow Down\" by Jack Earls, \"Red Hot\" by Billy Lee Riley, \"Rock & Roll Ruby\" by Warren Smith, \"Right Behind You Baby\" by Ray Smith, \"Red Headed Woman\" by Sonny Burgess. Then one weekend a friend came by with an album which made me dig even deeper and further back into the Sun catalogue \"The Blues Came Down From Memphis\" featured some of the blues material Sam recorded prior to his discovery of Elvis and his ventures into Rockabilly. The album stayed on the record player all weekend as we listened and critiqued \"The Boogie Disease\" by Dr.",
"Ross, \"Baker Shop Boogie\" by Willie Nix, \"Cotton Crop Blues\" by James Cotton and \"Bear Cat\" and \"Tiger Man\" by Rufus Thomas. It eventually lead to the discovery of \"Rocket 88\" by Jackie Brenston (with Ike Turner on piano), the great Chess sides of Howlin' Wolf as well as Junior Parker's \"Mystery Train\" and \"Red Hot\" by Billy \"The Kid\" Emerson. In the early seventies I had the good fortune of being able to make two trips to Memphis. I never did meet Sam but I spent several days in the backroom of his brother Tom's \"Selecto Hits\" record store, digging through stacks of boxes with original Sun singles. The real great stuff, like albums by Charlie Rich, Carl Perkins and Frank Frost were gone but lots of Johnny Cash, Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins material was still readily available. Around that same time Sam struck a deal with Shelby Singleton in Nashville which resulted in the release of many albums with Sun recordings. Mostly reissues of previously released material but every now and then an unreleased track would appear. Then when Charly Records in England obtained the rights to the Sun catalogue the flood gates opened.",
"Compilations like \"Sun Rockabillies Vol. 1 -3\" and box sets covering the complete recordings of Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash and Carl Perkins showed the world how much great music was recorded at 706 Union during the late fifties. This barrage of unreleased material continued, on the new CD medium, into the eighties and nineties. It must have filled Sam with great pride to have the Sun Records building at 706 Union in Memphis declared a National Landmark recently. A tourist attraction by day, the studio is still used at night time to record any artist who is willing to pay for studio time. Billy Swan recorded his highly acclaimed Elvis tribute CD \"Like Elvis Used To Do\" as well as \"Bop To Be\" at Sun Studios during the nineties and also original Sun rockabilly cats Billy Lee Riley and Jimmy Van Eaton returned to 706 Union to record. Sam Phillips, through the music recorded on his labels, touched the hearts of millions of people all around the world.",
"The Sun catalogue is without equal in the world of the independent labels and fans of Rockabilly, Country and Blues music will always be thankful to Sam for providing the opportunity to record to so many artists who knocked on his door. May He Rest In Peace! Adriaan Sturm Scotty Moore - Sun Records Photo courtesy Elvis Presley Community added May 6, 2013 Taylor's Restaurant adjacent to the Memphis Recording Service - ca. 1950s Photo from Memphis Public Library courtesy Ana Fern�ndez Sangil added May 6, 2013 On January 2, 1950 Sam Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service at 706 Union Ave. in Memphis. The building, centrally located just east of downtown, had been the former home of a radiator repair shop. The storefront he rented cost him approximately $75 to $80 a month and shared the building with Mrs. Dell Taylor's restaurant next door on the corner. The space consisted of a small area in front upon entry that served as the office where Marion Keisker sat, the recording room (or studio) and then the control room in the rear. A wall with a large window separated each room.",
"North wall of studio with window to control room Photo � James V. Roy Lacking in funds, Sam, with the aid of one carpenter, did most of the renovations himself. In an interview Sam said \"I used the old 1-foot-square acoustic tiles, and I knew there were a lot of ways to approach it to make a live-er studio or deader studio. I never truly liked a dead room for what was I going to do with a very sparse number of people on the session - maybe two to four or five was a big band - so all that was taken into account.\" Northwest corner of Studio Photo � James V. Roy West front wall and ceiling of studio with V-Type ceiling Photo � James V. Roy The room itself measures 18' by 33' and Sam went about designing by going around the room clapping his hands to feel the vibe of the room trying to get a sound that he felt was natural. Jim Dickinson, who worked as a producer at both Sun and Phillips Recording Service, said \"The room sound, even with the gear they have in there now, is still special.",
"It has to do with that old asbestos square acoustic tile, which covers everything but the floor. When you speak, you can feel the air pressure in the room. The more volume that you put into that room, the more the midrange compresses. It is sort of like the Phil Spector principle of putting in too much in too small of a space, and the whole room becomes a compressor.\"3 RCA 76D General Purpose Mixing console and Presto 6N lathe photo courtesy Gary Hardy - Sun Studio Most of his studio equipment at first was made by Presto Recording Corporation, which included a portable five input mixer with four microphone ports and a fifth with a multi-selector input/output toggle switch. This allowed him to record at various off site locations. His motto was \"We Record Anything, Anywhere, Anytime.\" Presto Model 6N Lathe (portable model) similar to Sam's photo courtesy Alan Graves Prior to switching to magnetic tape in 1951 Sam did all of his recording directly to 16\" acetate discs. He did them at 78 rpm to get the highest quality before making masters on his Presto 6N lathe and turntable.",
"\"Acetates\", or reference records, contain a \"soft\" surface on an aluminum base so they can be \"cut\". This is the same process as cutting masters for pressing. Masters are then electroplated to become stampers and then pressed to become the vinyl you buy in a record store. Masters are cut on oversize 16\" discs; dubs are actual size (7, 10, or 12\"). 1 Ampex 350 Tape Recorder (console) When he first switched to magnetic tape he used Crestwood and Bell Tape machines and then a Presto 900P recorder recording at 7 1/2 ips (inches per second) due to the high cost of tape at the time. By 1954 Sam had upgraded the tape machines to a couple of Ampex 350 recorders, one a console model and the other rack mounted and used primarily to achieve his signature slapback delay echo.2 He also acquired a used RCA 76D broadcast mixing console for $500 from a little station in South Carolina. He had to essentially rebuild and retube it but it had 6 inputs, all that he felt he needed.",
"Sam at the RCA 76D consol A mixing console is used to mix all the audio input signals (in this case microphones) adjusting for volume, tone and balance on to, in this case, a single output channel for recording. The RCA 76D was somewhat rare and is basically the same as a 76C with two VU meters. It is a mono mixer with 6 mic preamps, 1 program channel and output, and 1 audition channel with a monitor output. 1954 Memphis Phone Book listing Photo � James V. Roy From 1950 to 1952 Sam recorded artists such as Junior Parker, Howlin Wolf, Jackie Brenston and Ike Turner (\" Rocket 88 \"). This was usually for such labels as Chess and Modern but in 1952 he started his own label, Sun Record Company. Scotty began his association with Sam in 1952 after leaving the Navy because he felt that for any band, even a local one to successfully get gigs he'd need a record. He would usually go by after work and he and Sam would have coffee in the restaurant next door and discuss what they thought would be the future of music.",
"He and Bill Black first recorded there in early 1954 with the Starlite Wranglers prior to auditioning Elvis and then were brought in on July 5 to accompany Elvis to see how he'd sound on tape. That turned into the first session and yielded the recording of \"That's Alright Mama\". RCA 44BX, Shure 55, 77DX and Altec 21B \"coke bottle\" microphones courtesy web and \"All of the great recordings at Sun were literally made with five microphones,\" says Jim Dickinson, which included a RCA 77DX , Shure 55 , RCA 44BX and an Altec Lansing pencil mic (more likely a 21B \"coke bottle\"). The RCA 44-BX microphones and 77-DX (introduced in 1954) Poly-directional microphones are high-fidelity microphones of the ribbon type that are specially designed for broadcast studio use. The Shure 55 has all but become synonymous and easily identifiable as \" the Elvis mic .\" Most of these microphones at the time were bought in abundance for the military and could be picked up used as surplus very cheaply.",
"Sam worked with how each different vocalist would work the microphone. Some he'd have directly in front, maybe six inches back, others he would have work across the mic. Jim Dickinson said \"even when Sam was using the RCA as a vocal mic, it was a room mic, if you get my point. The instruments were clustered around them, so the major character that you hear in those recordings is the room, or sometimes the room with slapback added.\"3 Sam in the control room with Presto 6N and Ampex 350 photo courtesy Gary Hardy - Sun Studio Sam never used EQ (equalization), which is adjustment of frequency response to obtain a desired quality of sound, until they got to the mastering stage. He had a homemade compressor that he made in case something got out of hand but he had very little limiting and compression. Compression is used to control or smooth the volume peaks of an input signal to deliver a more even signal while a limiter reduces the volume or gain of a signal to prevent overload. Though he did his own mastering early on he eventually would have Bill Putnam and his wife at Universal Recording in Chicago do most of the acetate mastering.",
"He felt that the one deep-cutting head on the Presto lathe that he had just wasn't adequate to get the level that he needed. 706 Union as Andy's Barber Shop - ca. 1970s The masters, or stampers, were sent to Plastic Products at 1746 Chelsea Ave. in Memphis for pressing. Robert \"Buster\" Williams had opened the record pressing plant in 1949, only a short time before Sam opened for business at 706 Union. They pressed records for most of the area's independent labels like Sun, Hi, Fernwood , Stax, Meteor, and other country, rockabilly and Soul labels. In July of 1954 Elvis went down to the plant to watch the first records of Sun #209 \"That's All Right/Blue Moon of Kentucky\" come off the press. By the time it was officially released on July 19, 1954 Sam already had 6,000 local orders. 706 Union Avenue - ca.",
"1978 Photo courtesy web Coupled with the cost to fill orders and distribute the ever-growing popularity of the recordings and the desire to produce other artists Sam sold Elvis' contract by November of 1955 and the band left Sun. In 1958 Sam began building a new studio almost around the corner on Madison Ave. and by 1960 had moved out of the location at 706 Union. It briefly became first a scuba shop and then a garage but then would remain empty for many years. 706 Union Avenue reopened as Sun Recording Studios - ca. 1980s Photo courtesy Ger Rijff 706 Union Avenue reopened as Sun Recording Studios - ca. 1980s Photo courtesy web A more contemporary look of 706 Union Avenue and former restaurant - ca.1990s Today a lot of Sam's original equipment like the RCA 76D mixer is on loan for display at the Rock 'N' Soul Museum in Memphis. In the mid '80s the building at 706 Union Ave. was restored for use as a studio and many bands have since recorded there.",
"Scotty returned there once again to record with Carl Perkins in 1992. It is now on the National Register as a historic landmark and a favorite attraction for the many Elvis fans that still flock to Memphis each year. Sun Studios at 706 Union Avenue - Aug. 14, 2001 James V. Roy February 2004 Sam Phillips donated the equipment from Sun pictured below to the Memphis Rock 'N Soul Museum where they currently are on display. We especially wish to thank Chuck Porter, the Curator of the Museum for his assistance and permission to photograph these items. Photo � James V. Roy Photo � James V. Roy Photo � James V. Roy Photo � James V. Roy photo by Sloppy Joe courtesy Juke 'n Jam As mentioned on the page above , Plastic Products pressed records for most of the Memphis area's independent labels including Sun and in July of 1954 Elvis was there to watch the first records of Sun #209 \"That's All Right/Blue Moon of Kentucky\" come off the press. copy of one of Sam Phillip's' Plastic Products receipts (enhanced) - Aug.",
"30, 1950 courtesy Colin Escott and Good Rockin' Tonight In January 1946 Robert E. \"Buster\" Williams and Clarence Camp had launched a record distributorship in Memphis and New Orleans called Music Sales. The major labels largely controlled their own distribution, but small distributors handled the indies. Music Sales distributed most of the R&B labels, such as Atlantic and Chess. In 1949 Williams started a pressing plant, Plastic Products, on Chelsea Avenue in Memphis. His intention was to press some product for the labels he distributed, thereby taking advantage of the shipping location of Memphis, in the center of the country. Williams found the major plants unwilling to share their technology, though, and, in a display of rugged individualism, he designed his own presses and compound (the shellac-based amalgam from which records were made). Williams and [Sam] Phillips became fast friends, and Williams supplied the manufacturing credit and local distribution that Phillips came to need after he started Sun, as well as supplying a warehousing and shipping point.",
"courtesy Good Rockin' Tonight by Colin Escott with Martin Hawkins The four Quonset huts that comprised the Record Plant in an industrial part of Memphis can easily be an overlooked landmark of Rock �n Roll history, but worth visiting even though they can only be viewed from the outside. On August 17th, during Elvis Week 2012 in Memphis there will be a dedication of a historical marker there for Plastic Products. It is free to attend. Here are the first images of the marker Photos � Andrea Shaw Special thanks to Andrea Shaw for this addition section Billy Lee Riley at Sun Photos courtesy Martin Willis Multi-instrumentalist and Bill Black Combo alumni Martin Willis got his musical start as a fifth grader at Hollywood Jr. High in Memphis watching saxophonist John Henry (Ace) Cannon play for the class. Later he began a long musical association with classmate J. M. Van Eaton in a talent show at Memphis Tech. High School. They joined Conway Twitty's band in 56 and in 57 left to join Billy Lee Riley and the Little Green Men. These pictures of them in the studio at 706 Union Ave.",
"in 1958 or 1959* provide an excellent view of a working band in the studio during its \"hay days\" and are courtesy of Willis' Facebook page . Jimmy Wilson, Billy Lee Riley, Martin Willis and Pat O'Neil recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis Billy Lee Riley and Martin Willis at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis J. M. Van Eaton, Jimmy Wilson, Billy Lee Riley and Martin Willis recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis J. M. Van Eaton and Martin Willis between takes at Sun in Memphis (different session) - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis Jimmy Wilson, Pat O'Neil and Billy Lee Riley recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis Pat O'Neil, Billy Lee Riley and Martin Willis recording in the studio at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis Billy Lee Riley, J. M.",
"Van Eaton, Jimmy Wilson and Martin Willis read the March '58 issue of MAD Magazine at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis Jack Clement at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958 Photo courtesy Martin Willis J. M. Van Eaton, Martin Willis, Pat O'Neil, Jimmy Wilson and Billy Lee Riley listening to a playback at Sun in Memphis - ca. 1958* Photo courtesy Martin Willis Martin went on to play with several combos and recorded with many artists before leaving music professionally in 1966 to pursue a career in the hotel and hospitality business. In 2006 he came out of retirement to perform again in Memphis with Riley and Van Eaton. section added March 20, 2015 *this is just a guess - but I'm thinking these pictures were taken on January 7th, 1959 for the \"Down By The Riverside\" session. You'll notice in this set that the curtain is pulled away from the furnace indicating that the furnace was probably on (a cold season.) The personnel is the same in the pictures as was on the Down By the Riverside session too.",
"Also note that Billy Riley's LP Custom is capo'd on the 3rd fret, so most likely the song being recorded is in G - like DBTR. I know these pictures are often dated as 1958, but Billy had left Sun during the early part of '58. I can't find a session on the books with the material in the key of G until this session on January 7, 1959. I need to look up Jerry Lee Lewis' touring schedule during that year. Roland Janes would have been out on the road with JLL, otherwise he would have been at this session - but he's not present in the photos. Might be another clue as to when these pictures where taken/ what session they were from. Hope this helps some what. I was very excited to see the rest of the pictures from this set! I'm currently working on a presentation proposal to the AES on the \"Sun Sound\" and these pictures will prove really handy in understanding mic placement and other things of that nature. - Carl DaCorte - March 21, 2015 Dell Taylor Carlos and Dell Taylor at the entrance to the restaurant - ca.",
"1948 Photo � Carlos Holcomb Mrs. Dell Taylor's Restaurant - ca. 1950s Photo from Memphis Public Library courtesy Ana Fern�ndez Sangil Here are a few pictures courtesy of Carlos Holcomb, the grandson of Mrs. Dell Taylor who was kind enough to share them with us. Dell owned and operated the restaurant adjacent to the studio at 706 Union Avenue from about 1948 to 1981. menu for May 31, 1957 Photo � Carlos Holcomb \"I was still working until mid afternoon, and then I�d drive by the studio a couple of times a week. If Sam wasn�t busy cutting demos for somebody, we�d go next door to Miss Taylor�s Restaurant and have coffee and just sit and talk about music and stuff. Then one day, his secretary Marion Keisker came over and had coffee with us, and she says: �Sam, did you ever talk to that boy who was in here a few weeks back?",
"He had a real good voice.� �A couple of weeks went by, and Sam still hadn�t called him, so he asked Marion to give his number to me. I looked at it and I said: �Elvis Presley? What kind of a name is that?� I called his house that afternoon, and his mother answered and said that he was at a movie and that she�d have him call me. �He called me when he got home, and I told him I was working in conjunction with Sam Phillips of Sun Records and that we were looking for new artists, and then I asked him if he was interested. I didn�t realize this at the time, but in the back of my mind I was hoping to get some work in the studio from Sam with other artists.",
"So I asked Elvis if he could come over to my house the next day, which was actually the 4th of July.\" Scott Moore, in an interview with Jonathan Wingate Taylor's restaurant ashtray Photo � Carlos Holcomb Plaque presented to Dell Taylor Photo � Carlos Holcomb The Restaurant operated at least until the early 1980s after the studio reopened but according to Carlos' father, Dell sold the business around 1981. The restaurant at 710 Union Avenue - ca. 1980s Photo courtesy Ger Rijff Elvis Presley | Sun Record Company Official Website Biography Elvis Aaron Presley, in the humblest of circumstances, was born to Vernon and Gladys Presley in a two-room house in Tupelo, Mississippi on January 8, 1935. His twin brother, Jessie Garon, was stillborn, leaving Elvis to grow up as an only child. He and his parents moved to Memphis , Tennessee in 1948, and Elvis graduated from Humes High School there in 1953.",
"Elvis’ musical influences were the pop and country music of the time, the gospel music he heard in church and at the all-night gospel sings he frequently attended, and the black R&B he absorbed on historic Beale Street as a Memphis teenager. In 1954, he began his singing career with the legendary Sun Records label in Memphis. In late 1955, his recording contract was sold to RCA Victor. By 1956, he was an international sensation. With a sound and style that uniquely combined his diverse musical influences and blurred and challenged the social and racial barriers of the time, he ushered in a whole new era of American music and popular culture. He starred in 33 successful films, made history with his television appearances and specials, and knew great acclaim through his many, often record-breaking, live concert performances on tour and in Las Vegas. Globally, he has sold over one billion records, more than any other artist. His American sales have earned him gold, platinum or multi-platinum awards for 150 different albums and singles, far more than any other artist.",
"Among his many awards and accolades were 14 Grammy nominations (3 wins) from the National Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences, the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, which he received at age 36, and his being named One of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the Nation for 1970 by the United States Jaycees. Without any of the special privileges his celebrity status might have afforded him, he honorably served his country in the U.S. Army. His talent, good looks, sensuality, charisma, and good humor endeared him to millions, as did the humility and human kindness he demonstrated throughout his life. Known the world over by his first name, he is regarded as one of the most important figures of twentieth century popular culture. Elvis died at his Memphis home, Graceland, on August 16, 1977. June 3, 1953 Elvis graduates from Humes High School. 1953 Elvis works at Parker Machinists Shop right after graduation.",
"That summer he drops by The Memphis Recording Service, home of the Sun label and makes a demo acetate of “My Happiness” and “That’s When Your Heartaches Begin” for a cost of about $4.00. (The studio came to be known as Sun Studio though never officially named that until the 1980s. For simplicity this text uses the name Sun Studio.) The studio owner isn’t in, so his assistant, Marion Keisker handles the session. Elvis wants to see what his voice sounds like on a record and he has aspirations to become a professional singer. He takes the acetate home, and reportedly gives it to his mother as a much-belated extra birthday present. By the fall, he is working at Precision Tool Company, and soon changes jobs again, going to work for Crown Electric Company. At Crown, he does various jobs, including driving a delivery truck. He also goes to night school and studies to be an electrician. January, 1954 Elvis makes another demo acetate at Sun. Sam Phillips, the owner, is in this time and, like Marion Keisker, is intrigued by this unusual looking and sounding young man.",
"Summer 1954 At Marion Keisker’s suggestion, Sam Phillips calls Elvis into the studio to try singing a song Sam hopes to put out on record. The song is “Without You” and Elvis does not sing it to Sam’s satisfaction. Sam asks Elvis what he can sing, and Elvis runs through a number of popular tunes. Sam is impressed enough to team Elvis up with local musicians Scotty Moore (guitar) and Bill Black (bass) to see if they, together, can come up with something worthwhile. Nothing really clicks until July 5, when after a tedious session, Elvis and the guys break into a sped-up version of Arthur “Big Boy” Crudup’s “That’s All Right.” This song, backed with Blue Moon of Kentucky becomes the first of five singles Elvis will release on the Sun label. Elvis, Scotty, and Bill start performing together, with Scotty acting as the group’s manager. Elvis continues to work at Crown Electric as the group starts to play small clubs and other small time gigs locally and throughout the South, enjoying moderate success with the records and personal appearances.",
"Elvis’ one appearance on the Grand Ole Opry doesn’t go over particularly well, with one of the Opry officials reportedly suggesting that Elvis go back to driving a truck. The Opry is very important at this time. This is a painful disappointment in Elvis’ early career. Elvis, Scotty, and Bill continue to record and to travel. October 16, 1954 They appear for the first time on the Louisiana Hayride, a live Saturday night country music radio show originating in Shreveport, Louisiana, broadcast over KWKH Radio. The show is the Grand Ole Opry’s chief competitor, carried by 190 stations in thirteen states. This leads to regular appearances on the Hayride and, in November, Elvis signs a one-year contract for fifty-two Saturday night appearances. This is a great break, but as Elvis’ popularity grows, his commitment to the Hayride prevents him from traveling much outside the South to further his career on a larger scale. During Elvis’ association with the Hayride he meets “Colonel” Tom Parker, a promoter and manager connected with various acts, and connected with the Louisiana Hayride. Parker is also the manager for country star, Hank Snow.",
"A previous Parker client is country star Eddy Arnold. January 1955 Elvis signs a contract with Bob Neal, who becomes his manager. 1955 Elvis, Scotty, and Bill continue touring on their own and in package shows with various country stars, including package tours of artists from the Hayride. Colonel Parker is involved. This includes touring with Hank Snow. The regular Hayride appearances continue. Drummer D.J. Fontana joins Elvis’ band. In the spring, Elvis fails to be accepted on Arthur Godfrey’s Talent Scouts, a network television show. As always, Elvis’ live appearances have special appeal for the teenagers, especially the females. His unusual style, sexy moves, and good looks start to cause more and more excitement wherever he plays. Sometimes the crowds break through the barricades in near-riot behavior. Elvis gains more and more popularity and begins to receive national attention. Colonel Parker becomes more involved in Elvis’ career. August 15, 1955 Elvis signs a management contract with Hank Snow Attractions, which is owned equally by Snow and Colonel Tom Parker. Bob Neal remains involved as an adviser.",
"Colonel Parker is to be Elvis’ exclusive manager from this time on, and Snow is soon no longer connected to Elvis. November 20, 1955 Elvis signs his first contract with RCA Records. Colonel Parker negotiates the sale of Elvis’ Sun contract to RCA, which includes his five Sun singles and his unreleased Sun material. The price is an unprecedented $40,000, with a $5,000 bonus for Elvis. RCA soon re-releases the five Sun singles on the RCA label. At the same time Elvis signs a contract with Hill and Range Publishing Company, which is to set up a separate firm called Elvis Presley Music, Inc. Elvis will share with Hill and Range the publishing ownership of songs bought by Hill and Range for him to record. Elvis is the hottest new star in the music business. [Used with Premission – Source: Elvis.com ]"
] |
Which actor played Maxwell Smart?
|
Don Adams
|
[
"Adams, Don",
"Don Adams (Actor)",
"Don Adams",
"Donald James Yarmy",
"Donald Yarmy",
"Missed it by that much"
] | 9,803
|
[
"Get Smart (TV Series 1965–1970) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error Bumbling Maxwell Smart, Agent 86 for CONTROL, battles the evil forces of KAOS with the help of his competent partner Agent 99. Creators: Agent 99 accepts a marriage proposal from a handsome and wealthy suitor, but Max finds out that he is actually a KAOS agent. 8.9 Both sides are kidnapping agents at such a rate that almost no one is left on either side. 8.8 Agents are disappearing at the airport and that includes the Chief. Max trails them to a POW camp in New Jersey run by KAOS. 8.7 Memorable Looks From the Golden Globes Red Carpet From gorgeous gowns to famous friendships, take a stroll down memory lane with our gallery of unforgettable Golden Globes red-carpet photos. Don't miss our live coverage of the Globes beginning at 4 p.m. PST on Jan. 8 in our Golden Globes section.",
"a list of 27 titles created 16 May 2011 a list of 21 titles created 05 Jan 2012 a list of 23 titles created 20 Mar 2014 a list of 21 titles created 21 Feb 2015 a list of 35 images created 4 months ago Search for \" Get Smart \" on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Title: Get Smart (1965–1970) 8.3/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 2 Golden Globes. Another 11 wins & 11 nominations. See more awards » Photos A United States astronaut finds his life vastly complicated when he stumbles on to a bottle containing a female genie. Stars: Barbara Eden, Larry Hagman, Bill Daily A witch married to an ordinary man cannot resist using her magic powers to solve the problems her family faces. Stars: Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York, Dick Sargent Seven men and women are stranded on an uncharted island following a torrential storm.",
"Stars: Bob Denver, Alan Hale Jr., Jim Backus A family of friendly monsters have misadventures, never quite understanding why people react to them so strangely. Stars: Fred Gwynne, Al Lewis, Yvonne De Carlo The misadventures of a blissfully macabre but extremely loving family. Stars: John Astin, Carolyn Jones, Jackie Coogan The Cunningham family live through the 1950s with help and guidance from the lovable and almost superhuman greaser, Fonzie. Stars: Ron Howard, Henry Winkler, Marion Ross A nouveau riche hillbilly family moves to Beverly Hills and shakes up the privileged society with their hayseed ways. Stars: Buddy Ebsen, Donna Douglas, Irene Ryan The misadventures of a TV writer both at work and at home. Stars: Dick Van Dyke, Mary Tyler Moore, Rose Marie A sarcastic Martian comes to live with a hapless young Terran on Earth. Stars: Ray Walston, Bill Bixby, Pamela Britton A wacky alien comes to Earth to study its residents, and the life of the human woman he boards with is never the same.",
"Stars: Robin Williams, Pam Dawber, Ralph James A New York City attorney and his wife attempt to live as genteel farmers in the bizarre community of Hooterville. Stars: Eddie Albert, Eva Gabor, Tom Lester The Caped Crusader battles evildoers in Gotham City in a bombastic 1960s parody of the comic book hero's exploits. Stars: Adam West, Burt Ward, Alan Napier Edit Storyline Maxwell Smart is a bumbling secret agent, assigned by his \"Chief\" to foil KAOS' latest plans for taking over the world. Invariably, Smart's bumbling detective style lands him in hot water. Lucky for him, his faithful assistant \"99\" is there to bail him out. Written by Murray Chapman <[email protected]> 18 September 1965 (USA) See more » Also Known As: El superagente 86 See more » Filming Locations: Color (137 episodes)| Black and White (pilot episode) Aspect Ratio: Did You Know? Trivia In the final season, Max and 99 have twins, a boy and a girl.",
"The boy is likely the individual who grows up to be Zach Smart in the later revival Get Smart (1995). See more » Quotes Maxwell Smart : [running gag, after being warned by the Chief that his next assignment will be the most dangerous yet] ... And loving it! (Brooklyn, NY. (Where I'm from originally.)) – See all my reviews Forget \"The Producers\", which was lame anyway. If you want to see Mel Brooks's earliest work, then watch an episode of Get Smart on TV Land! Don Adams plays an inept and bumbling spy named Maxwell Smart who has his share of brilliance once in a while. He works for an origanization called Control. He teams up with the competent Agent 99 who he falls in love with and eventually get married to in later episodes. Together they take orders from the chief to take down an evil syndicate called \"Kaos\". I also liked the hi-tec equipment they used, very innovative for it's time. I enjoy all those 'tricks' the Max and 99 pull to outwit the Kaos agents!",
"Get Smart is a comedic send off of those James Bond and other super-spy movies that were popular in the 1960's. Another reason why I enjoy Get Smart is how they sometimes use references from The Three Stooges, Charlie Chaplin, and Laurel and Hardy. From what I've heard, Mel Brooks was a fan of those old comedians from the past! I thought the best episodes were that two-parter involving the wax museum! It was called \"House of Max\". So, don't delay! Watch Get Smart on TV Land and you won't by disapointed! It will keep you laughing from beginning to end! Long live Maxwell Smart and Agent 99! 19 of 22 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes Actor Don Adams dead at 82 - TODAY.com Today.com Actor Don Adams dead at 82 2005-09-26T18:40:07.000Z comment () Don Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, “Get Smart,” has died.",
"He was 82. Adams died of a lung infection late Sunday at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, his friend and former agent Bruce Tufeld said Monday, adding that the actor broke his hip a year ago and had been in ill health since. As the inept Agent 86 of the super-secret federal agency CONTROL, Adams captured TV viewers with his antics in combatting the evil agents of KAOS. When his explanations failed to convince the villains or his boss, he tried another tack: “Would you believe ... ?” It became a national catchphrase. Smart was also prone to spilling things on the desk or person of his boss — the Chief (actor Edward Platt). Smart’s apologetic “Sorry about that, chief” also entered the American lexicon. The spy gadgets, which aped those of the Bond movies, were a popular feature, especially the pre-cellphone telephone in a shoe. Smart’s beautiful partner, Agent 99, played by Barbara Feldon, was as brainy as he was dense, and a plot romance led to marriage and the birth of twins later in the series.",
"“He had this prodigious energy, so as an actor working with him it was like being plugged into an electric current,” Feldon said from New York. “He would start and a scene would just take off and you were there for the ride. It was great fun acting with him.” Adams was very intelligent, she said, a quality that suited the satiric show that had comedy geniuses Mel Brooks and Buck Henry behind it. “He wrote poetry, he had an interest in history ... He had that other side to him that does not come through Maxwell Smart,” she said. “Don in person was anything but bumbling.” Adams had an “amazing memory” that allowed him to take an unusual approach to filming, Feldon said. Instead of learning his lines ahead of time he would have a script assistant read his part to him just once or twice. He invariably got it right but that didn’t stop people from placing bets on it, she recounted. Adams, who had been under contract to NBC, was lukewarm about doing a spy spoof. When he learned that Brooks and Henry had written the pilot script, he accepted immediately. “Get Smart” debuted on NBC in September 1965 and scored No.",
"12 among the season’s most-watched series and No. 22 in its second season. “Get Smart” twice won the Emmy for best comedy series with three Emmys for Adams as comedy actor. After four seasons on NBC, CBS picked up the show but the ratings fell off as the jokes became repetitive and it was canceled in 1970 after just one year. The show lived on in syndication and a cartoon series. In 1995 the Fox network revived the series with Smart as chief and 99 as a congresswoman. It lasted seven episodes. Fought at Guadalcanal, voiced Inspector Gadget Adams never had another showcase to display his comic talent. “It was a special show that became a cult classic of sorts, and I made a lot of money for it,” he remarked of “Get Smart” in a 1995 interview. “But it also hindered me career-wise because I was typed.",
"The character was so strong, particularly because of that distinctive voice, that nobody could picture me in any other type of role.” He was born Donald James Yarmy in New York City on April 13, 1923, Tufeld said, although some sources say 1926 or ’27. The actor’s father was a Hungarian Jew who ran a few small restaurants in the Bronx. In a 1959 interview Adams said he never cared about being funny as a kid: “Sometimes I wonder how I got into comedy at all. I did movie star impressions as a kid in high school. Somehow they just got out of hand.” In 1941, he dropped out of school to join the Marines. In Guadalcanal he survived the deadly blackwater fever and was returned to the States to become a drill instructor, acquiring the clipped delivery that served him well as a comedian. After the war he worked in New York as a commercial artist by day, doing standup comedy in clubs at night, taking the surname of his first wife, Adelaide Adams. His following grew, and soon he was appearing on the Ed Sullivan and late-night TV shows.",
"Bill Dana, who had helped him develop comedy routines, cast him as his sidekick on Dana’s show. That led to the NBC contract and “Get Smart.” Adams, who married and divorced three times and had seven children, served as the voice for the popular cartoon series, “Inspector Gadget” as well as the voice of Tennessee Tuxedo. In 1980, he appeared as Maxwell Smart in a feature film, “The Nude Bomb,” about a madman whose bomb destroyed people’s clothing. Adams’ survivors include six of his children; a sister; and grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Tufeld said funeral arrangements were incomplete. 'Get Smart' actor dies - People - Entertainment - smh.com.au 'Get Smart' actor dies Agent 86 dies at 82 ... Don Adams as Maxwell Smart. Related What you said: 'Get Smart' moments Actor-comedian Don Adams, who starred as bumbling but earnest secret agent Maxwell Smart on the 1960s television spy spoof Get Smart, has died. Aged 82, he died of of a lung infection, family and friends said on Monday.",
"Adams, who had been in failing health in recent years, suffering from lymphoma, repeated bouts of pneumonia and a broken hip, died at Cedars Sinai Medical Centre in Los Angeles on Sunday night, said son-in-law Jim Beaver. Adams's death came three weeks after that of another TV sitcom icon from the same era, Gilligan's Island star Bob Denver, who succumbed to complications from cancer at 70. Born Donald James Yarmy to a Hungarian-Jewish father and Irish Catholic mother, Adams dropped out of high school and served in the US Marine Corps during World War II. He began in show business as a stand-up comic and impressionist, gaining notice in 1954 as a winner on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts, which led to appearances on a number of variety series, including The Steve Allen Show and Perry Como's Kraft Music Hall. He also supplied the voice of the cartoon character Tennessee Tuxedo. But his big break came in 1965 when NBC offered Adams a chance to star in Get Smart, a sitcom created by Mel Brooks and Buck Henry lampooning the James Bond spy genre.",
"Adams played the buttoned-down but inept Maxwell Smart, who worked as Agent 86 for the government intelligence agency C.O.N.T.R.O.L., which existed to battle the evil forces of rival espionage agency K.A.O.S. Smart answered to his boss, Thaddeus, \"the Chief\" (played by Edward Platt) and worked closely with a beautiful and far more intelligent partner, Agent 99 (Barbara Feldon). The two agents later married on the show. Feldon remembered Adams as \"the perfect person to inhabit\" his character, but said that in real life he was the polar opposite of his TV alter ego. \"He was very intelligent and very sentimental in person,\" she said. The Maxwell Smart persona grew out of a clueless hotel detective character, Byron Glick, that Adams developed for an earlier variety show. The pet expressions \"Would you believe ... ?\" and \"Sorry about that, Chief\" became signature phrases on Get Smart. The show was also known for its recurring sight gags, such as Smart's shoe telephone and the \"cone of silence\" he used to carry on secret conversations. Get Smart became an overnight sensation with its 1965 debut and remained on NBC for four years.",
"The show was then picked up for one more season on CBS and is still often seen on pay television. The role earned Adams three Emmy Awards, but he admitted that he sometimes tired of the recognition he received. \"In restaurants, [people] send over shoes. I'm so tired of it. I keep getting shoes,\" Adams was quoted as saying in The Get Smart Handbook, published in 1993. Adams reprised the character in a 1980 feature film - The Nude Bomb - and reunited with Feldon for the 1989 TV movie, Get Smart Again. The Fox network revived the show in 1995 with Max now the chief of C.O.N.T.R.O.L. and Agent 99 elected to Congress. The new series lasted only seven episodes. More recently, Adams performed voice work for the children's film Inspector Gadget (as Brainy the dog) and for related TV programs.",
"Reuters Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s Actor Don Adams Dies at 82; Starred in 'Get Smart' in '60s TOOLBOX Washington Post Staff Writer Tuesday, September 27, 2005 Don Adams, 82, the television comedian best known for playing a bumbling secret agent on the 1960s spy spoof \"Get Smart,\" died Sept. 25 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles. He had lymphoma and a lung infection. Mr. Adams won three Emmy Awards for his portrayal of Agent 86, Maxwell Smart, a character created by Mel Brooks and Buck Henry. When they stopped writing for the program, Mr. Adams contributed scripts and directed episodes. The show ran from 1965 to 1970, first on NBC and on CBS the final year. Smart's partner at the fictional U.S. intelligence agency named CONTROL was the sexy, straight-laced Agent 99, played by Barbara Feldon. Together, they irritated their boss, \"the Chief\" (Edward Platt), and fought the agents of nemesis KAOS.",
"Unlike James Bond's arsenal of deadly devices, Smart's tools of spycraft were a series of jokey inventions, such as a shoe phone that he held to his ear to take incoming calls. With a distinctive voice once described as a nasal staccato, Mr. Adams delivered Smart's trademark expression, \"Sorry about that, Chief\" whenever the character fouled up or, \"Would you believe . . .\" whenever he got into trouble. One memorable exchange had Smart trying to pass for a music expert. \"I once listened to three weeks of Beethoven,\" Smart says. \"I don't believe it,\" another character says. \"Would you believe two weeks of Brahms?\" \"No.\" \"A day of Looney Tunes?\" Mr. Adams found it hard to escape typecasting and convince people that his off-screen voice was a register below that of Maxwell Smart. He spoke of a wish to do drama, but his efforts failed. He played Maxwell Smart in a feature film, \"The Nude Bomb\" (1980), about a fashion designer who threatens to destroy people's clothing, and in a 1995 Fox TV revival of \"Get Smart\" that lasted seven episodes.",
"He also was the title character's voice for the 1980s cartoon series \"Inspector Gadget.\" However, Mr. Adams said he \"never saw one of them. They aired at 8 a.m. on Saturdays. I wouldn't get up for the Second Coming at 8 a.m.\" Mr. Adams was born Donald James Yarmy in New York on April 13, 1923. His father, of Hungarian descent, managed restaurants and presided over a home filled with loud, overlapping conversation. Mr. Adams said he had little use for school (\"I was the great truant of my day\") and instead spent his days at the movie theaters on 42nd Street. \"I had the fundamentals: divide, subtract,\" he once told the Saturday Evening Post. When the United States entered World War II, he served in the Marine Corps and participated in the invasion of Guadalcanal in the Pacific. He contracted blackwater fever and was hospitalized for more than a year at a Navy hospital in Wellington, New Zealand. After his discharge, he hung around beaches in Florida, eventually teaming with a friend to do impersonations of movie stars.",
"Their early engagements were strip bars (\"the toilets of the world,\" he said) where he shared the stage with such variety acts as a woman who had birds tear off her clothes. Mr. Adams refused to use \"blue\" material, so he was fired. He supported his growing family -- he had four daughters with his first wife, a nightclub singer -- by working as a commercial artist. In 1954, he befriended comic and writer Bill Dana, best known for his bellhop character Jose Jimenez, and they refined Mr. Adams's jokes and stage personality for various television appearances. One of their favorite bits was Mr. Adams's impersonation of suave film sleuth William Powell: \"There's your man, Inspector.\" He played a variation of that role as the incompetent house detective on \"The Bill Dana Show\" from 1963 to 1965. At the time, he also was the voice of the penguin cartoon character Tennessee Tuxedo. Mr. Adams was initially skeptical of the offer to do \"Get Smart.\" He casually asked who was writing the show, and when he heard it was Brooks and Henry, he said, \"I'll do it now.",
"Right now.\" At times irascible, he told the New York Times after four years on the show: \"I hate performing. It was never anything more to me than a means to get behind the scenes in show business.\" For a time, he owned an ad agency and managed younger comedians. He also was a regular on TV commercials, telling a reporter: \"I've pushed everything from toys to beer.\" Mr. Adams had other short-lived series in the 1970s. In his spare time, he gambled at the horse track, played card games at the Playboy Mansion and read profusely about Abraham Lincoln and Adolf Hitler. His marriages to Adelaide Efantis Adams, Dorothy Bracken Adams and Judy Luciano ended in divorce. A daughter from his first marriage, Cecily Adams, died in 2004. Survivors include three daughters from his first marriage, Carolyn Steel of Pahoa, Hawaii, Christine Adams of Elkridge and Cathy Metchik of Henderson, Nev.; two children from his second marriage, Stacey Adams and Sean Adams, both of Los Angeles; a daughter from his third marriage, Beige Adams of Los Angeles; a sister; five grandchildren; and three great-grandchildren.",
"© 2005 The Washington Post Company Get Smart Characters Don Adams' Father Maxwell Smart Maxwell Smart is one of the top agents of Control , a secret spy agency with a direct hotline to LBJ in the White House. Perhaps this had something to do with Johnson only serving one Presidential term. But we digress. Bumbling Max might be, but it shouldn't be ignored that he does eventually get the job done. Whether it's in a gun fight or a tumbling, fist fight, Max usually prevails. Compare this with the number of times those top UNCLE agents, Napoleon and Ilya, end up in the hands of the bad guys, and Max's score doesn't look all that bad. A small bantum rooster, Max bobs back up from his dunks into disaster with his confidence intact. Failures get filed into their proper perspective. After all, he is the chief field agent for Control and has saved the world innumerable times. What balances out Max's nickle-pinching cheapness is the generosity of his affection and loyalty.",
"Sure, he might momentarily wonder if the Chief has volunteered for anything recently when the bad guys are wondering who to shoot first, but he is quickly brought back to perspective and his courage certainly matches that of many of our favorite spy guys. Though there is a good amount of physical comedy, at which Max is a master, much of the comedy is verbal, the show owing a large debt to a great set of writers. Gathering clips for music videos for this show needs to be done with the sound off, since it's impossible to turn off one of their wonderful jokes in the middle, even when the action needed for a music video clip is long over and done. Don Adams (1923-2005) won three Emmys (1967-9) for his role as Maxwell Smart, and they were well deserved. The actor submerged into the character, and we believed in Max just as much as he did in himself. While the series was a success with audiences and critics, the movies didn't do well at all. It wasn't that the audience had given up on Maxwell Smart, it was more that Don Adams had. Part of Max's appeal was that he never saw himself as the bumbler the audience saw.",
"He could fall flat on his face and still come back knowing that he was as good as he thought he was. By the time Don Adams played Max in the movies, he'd become a spectator of the famous character, and that innocent belief Max had in himself was just gone. Instead of seeing Max, we saw Don Adams playing a bumbling spy that Adams let you know, unconsciously, wasn't him at all. And all the repeats of those beloved, familiar jokes just couldn't rise past that loss of the character's innocence. After the success of Get Smart, Adams appeared in series such as Love Boat, Fantasy Island and the Fall Guy, and was also the voice of Inspector Gadget. Don Adams joined the Marines early in World War II. Agent 99 Agent 99 appears in the first black and white episode as a chauffeur, and from the moment she takes off her cap and reveals herself to be a woman, it's clear that there's a chemistry between 99 and Max. But she seems to be divided between the two worlds of the 60's - the woman who steps back and lets the man lead, and the woman who is very, very good at the career she's chosen for herself.",
"Half of her might be good at the spy game, but the other half of her is willing to give the credit for her ideas to the male of her choice - Max. They're partners, even though Max always wants to protect her. But 99 fights for the right to do her job in the dangerous world in which they operate, and Max will back down and let her be that full partner. If there's a comparison that can be made for 99, it might be to Sidney Bristol in Alias. Like Sidney, 99 marries her spy partner and has children while still on the job. In both shows, their organizations come though with babysitting services. Not bad company benefits. Barbara Feldon 's extensive roles include appearing in Flipper, Man from Uncle, McMillan & Wife and Cheers. In 2003, she won the TV Land Award for the \"Hippest Fashion Plate - Female\". The woman is a wonder. After graduating from Carnegie-Mellon, Barbara Feldon went on to win the $64,000 question with questions on Shakespeare, showing that the actress had the same nerves of steel displayed by the character she played. Brilliant, beautiful and talented.",
"What an absolute joy and pleasure she's been for us. Chief of Control It's the Chief of Control's job to put his agents into danger, and that the Chief does, guilt not withstanding. But as a former agent himself, the Chief isn't so rigid in his lines of authority that he won't go out to save Max himself. In one of the most wonderful episodes, Max wanders the room picking up objects that remind him of Agent Fang, the dog Max loyally defends against Fang's own bumbling efforts. Against orders, Max goes in to save Fang. When Max is captured, the bad guys believe that they now have the bait to catch the Chief. And, sure enough, Thaddeus wanders his office where everything reminds him of Max, including Max's rubber duck gun, which then goes off, reminding the Chief how often he reminded Max not to leave his duck loaded. And off goes the Chief, too, to save his friend. And when events turn the organization upside down, the military background of the principles make it not surprising that a demotion doesn't mean the Chief storming out but, rather, acting as Max's subordinate and putting his heart into the job.",
"Edward Platt (1916-1974) attended Princeton and Julliard, becoming a band vocalist with Paul Whiteman, and performing in \"The Mikado\" and \"The Pirates of Penzance\". He joined the army, during World War II, as a radio operator. After the war ended, he went back into Broadway musical comedies and a variety of dramatic film roles. He appeared in Gunsmoke, Dr. Hudson's Secret Journal, Have Gun Will Travel, Rawhide, Peter Gunn, and many others. Platt's musical background is used in an episode where he returns to the field with the cover of a singing waiter. Hymie Hymie is a state of the art robot created by Dr. Ratton, a rogue scientist. He's used to kidnap a professor that Max is assigned to protect. Taking the place of a new agent Max doesn't know, Hymie builds a relationship with Max, and a drink that Max presses on him creates some unknown effect on the robot's inner workings. When Hymie brings Max and 99 and Dr. Shotwire back, he's ordered to kill Max, who forgives him in advance.",
"The affection and respect that he gets from Max is in pointed contrast to his being called a monster by his creator, and Hymie takes a mental leap forward by changing sides. Max refers to Hymie as his best friend, and there's a real warmth between them. When Hymie is reprogrammed as an assassin and attacks the Chief, Max is ordered to disassemble him, but Max is unable to destroy the robot and brings in the pieces of a washing machine which he attempts to pass off as his disassembled friend. The relationship between Max and Hymie is one of the high points of the show though, unfortunately, Hymie only appears in 6 episodes. Richard Gautier 's filmography is extensive, appearing in Gidget, Bewitched, Divorce American Style, Flying Nun, Love American Style, Mary Tyler Moore, Rockford Files, Kolchak, Marcus Welby, Wonder Woman, Love Boat, Charley's Angels, and on and on. Admiral Hargrade Admiral Hargrade was the first Chief of Control, and is brought in by the president in times of extreme stress.",
"While he, like the current Chief, might have once been a very competent agent, he's clearly past his prime now, and too old for the job. But there's always a way to make use of the man, even if only as a floor lamp when he falls asleep on his feet. Hidden behind the white hair of Admiral Hargrade, William Schallert is well known for his role of Nilz Baris, in Star Trek's \"Trouble with Tribbles.\" He was also the father of Patty Duke for three years in the Patty Duke Show, and has appeared in an incredible number of films and TV episodes, beginning his career in 1947. He appeared in, among other things, Space Patrol, Mr and Mrs North, the Gray Ghost, Zorro, Adventures of Jim Bowie, Maverick, Peter Gunn, Philip Marlowe, Wagon Train, Seahunt, Bat Masterson, The Rifleman, Bonanza, Dobie Gillis, Lassie, Have Gun Will Travel, The Mod Squad, Bewitched, Kung Fu, Lou Grant, Magnum PI, Scarecrow and Mrs King, Simon and Simon, Deep Space Nine, and Lois and Clark.",
"No wonder he was always falling asleep as the Admiral. His schedule would exhaust anyone! Larabee Larabee is the secretary and driver for the Chief of Control. He's as literal in his own way as Hymie the robot, and so good-natured that his inability to discern sarcasm will always be forgiven. Once the Chief's jaws unclench, that is. You have to wonder how anyone that incompetent could keep his job. You'd almost think there's nepotism at play. Robert Karvelas (1921-1991) was recruited for the role of Larabee by his cousin, Don Adams. Following that role, he also appeared in Love American Style and Mary Tyler Moore. Agent 13 Agent 44 and, later, Agent 13, provide one of the most consistent gags in the show - their ability to hide in the strangest places. This is taking survelliance to its logical conclusion. Whether they're in a wall safe, a washing machine, an ice machine, a chimney or a grandfather clock, they can always be counted on to overhear the villains' plans, and guide Max (eventually) in the right direction.",
"But first they expect Max to listen to their woes, and commiserate, which he does. After all, isn't life about friends helping friends? David Ketchum appeared in the role of Murph in the Union 76 gas station commercials over twenty years. But beyond that, he's been in an amazing number of TV episodes and films, including MASH, Wonder Woman, Love Boat, MacGyver, Sledge Hammer, Munsters, Mod Squad, Odd Couple, Mork and Mindy, and Happy Days. Carlson It's usually the members of his own team that have the most frustration with Max, and wonder if he's actually a secret double agent for KAOS, he spreads so much confusion throughout Control. And none are more frustrated with Max than Carlson, the inventor of their technological gadgets. For some reason, Carlson never gets over challenging Max to discover the underlying cleverness in his devices, usually leading to their complete destruction. Having spent incredible years and funds developing a spy fly, he challenges Max to find the device on the Chief's desk. When Max doesn't come up with the right answer, Carlson draws his attention to the fly, which Max instantly crushes with the already examined, rolled newspaper.",
"Sometimes it just doesn't pay to get up and go to work. Stacy Keach Sr. (1914-2003) was the father of Stacy Keach Jr. and James Keach. James is married to actress Jane Seymour. Stacy Sr.'s filmography is extensive, including The Lone Ranger, 77 Sunset Strip, Maverick, Cheyenne, Dick Van Dyke, Wagon Train, Perry Mason, Bonanza, Kojak, Mannix, Barnaby Jones, Rockford Files, and Dr. Quinn. Det. Harry Hoo Honolulu Detective Harry Hoo, now working in San Francisco, is modeled perfectly on the very famous detective Charlie Chan. Like Chan, Hoo wears white suits and is fond of spouting inscrutible oriental wisdom. Besides the obvious 'Who is Hoo' jokes on his name, Hoo will interrupt Max with astute observations that take investigation into the realm of the theoretical, such as his conjectures about the meaning of a shirt button that eventually turns out to be his own. Finding Hoo on a case is always a pleasure for Max.",
"Joey Forman (1929-1982) was another actor with an extensive acting history. Among his many roles, Forman played in The Silent Service, Dragnet, Make Room for Daddy, Bewitched, McMillan & Wife, MASH, Ironside, Love American Style, Three's Company, Starsky and Hutch, Quincy, and Nero Wolfe. Siegfried One of the most wonderful villains on TV, Siegfried is a spy of Control's archenemy KAOS , an organization devoted to world domination. In the 60's, World War II was still fresh in the mind of most viewers, so it wasn't unexpected to see Siegfried and his underling Shtarker presented with thick German accents and a penchant for military uniforms. Siegfried is as bumbling in his own way as Max is in his. They meet on a park bench and divest themselves of weapons before they sit down to negotiate, the alternating array of hardware an early precurser of Lethal Weapon's Martin Riggs dropping weapons with a fellow cop, though with a different purpose. Comparing weapons and company benefits of the two organizations is one of the running gags in Get Smart.",
"Even though Siegfried is always trying to kill Max, they seem to have an amazingly good relationship, with Siegfried trying to recruit Max into KAOS. And when Max and 99 are captured on the eve of their marriage, Max seems shocked that Siegfried doesn't intend to come to the wedding. And this when Siegfried plans for the pair includes slicing and dicing them in the propeller of his old German bi-wing plane, a Snoopy and the Red Baron throwback. Bernie Kopell went on from Get Smart to become famous as Love Boat's Dr. Adam Bricker. His extensive filmography included roles in The Jack Benny Show, McHale's Navy, Ben Casey, Flying Nun, Iron Side, Odd Couple, Bewitched, Bob Newhart, Harry O, Kolchak, Mary Tyler Moore, Six Million Dollar Man, Charley's Angels, Hart to Hart, Fantasy Island, Mike Hammer, Sledge Hammer, and Charmed. Shtarker Shtarker , or Starker, is Siegfried's sidekick, and the one expected to do the manual labor, like rowing their escape dingy while Siegfried uses a megaphone to shout out the row rhythm.",
"A running joke between them is Shtarker's fondness for explaining something with funny noises while Siegfried, striving to maintain some dignity for KAOS, reminds Shtarker that this is KAOS, and they don't make that noise in KAOS. King Moody (1929-2001) appeared in TV shows such as Seahunt, Man from Uncle, Bonanza, Mannix, Dragnet, Mission Impossible, Bob Newhart, McMillan & Wife, Starsky and Hutch, and Quantum Leap. The Claw The Claw is a character created in the days before racial stereotyping became an insensitive no-no. He runs a chain of Chinese laundries that a henchman believes to be the actual source of their funds, the spy business being only a front, and has a running joke with Max where he pronounces his name as The Craw, a name which Max accepts at face value and repeats, to the unending frustration of his opponent. The torture planned for Max turns out to be pressing his head in the clothes presser, and a parody of fencing with hot irons.",
"Leonard Strong (1908-1080) has a career that goes back to 1942, when he appeared in \"Little Tokyo\". He was the interpreter in \"The King and I\", and the fortune teller in \"Love is a Many Splendored Thing\". His TV acting included roles in Twilight Zone, Alfred Hitchcock, 77 Sunset Strip, Peter Gunn, The Untouchables, Man from Uncle, and Rawhide. LINKS Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' - SFGate Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' Published 4:00 am, Tuesday, September 27, 2005 Image 1of/4 Close Image 1 of 4 In this undated file photo, Don Adams is seen in character as Maxwell Smart. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, \"Get Smart,\" died of a lung infection late Sunday, Sept 25, 2005 in Los Angeles. He was 82.",
"(AP Photo) Ran on: 09-27-2005 Ran on: 09-27-2005 less In this undated file photo, Don Adams is seen in character as Maxwell Smart. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s TV spoof of James Bond movies, ... more Image 2 of 4 Actor Don Adams (R) and co-star Barbara Feldon from the television show \"Get Smart\" are seen in this file publicity picture from 1966. Adams, best known for his role as clumsy secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s television comedy, has died of a lung infection, his agent said on Septenber 26, 2005. Adams, who had been in failing health in recent years, died at Cedars Sinai hospital in Los Angeles on Sunday night, according to agent Bruce Tufeld. NO ARCHIVES REUTERS/Files Ran on: 09-27-2005 Don Adams and Barbara Feldon were an immediate hit when &quo;Get Smart&quo; premiered in 1965.",
"less Actor Don Adams (R) and co-star Barbara Feldon from the television show \"Get Smart\" are seen in this file publicity picture from 1966. Adams, best known for his role as clumsy secret agent Maxwell Smart in the ... more Photo: FLS Image 3 of 4 **FILE**Barbara Feldon and Don Adams, co-stars of the spy spoof show \"Get Smart,\" expose the arsenal of weapons and gimmicks in her coat lining in Los Angeles, Calif., on Sept. 10, 1965. Adams plays the role of Maxwell Smart, Agent 86, and Feldon, holding a telephone concealed in a compact, plays Agent 99. Adams died of a lung infection late Sunday,Sept. 25, 2005, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, his friend and former agent Bruce Tufeld said Monday, adding the actor broke his hip a year ago and had been in ill health since.",
"He was 82(AP Photo) less **FILE**Barbara Feldon and Don Adams, co-stars of the spy spoof show \"Get Smart,\" expose the arsenal of weapons and gimmicks in her coat lining in Los Angeles, Calif., on Sept. 10, 1965. Adams plays the role of ... more Image 4 of 4 **FILE**Don Adams, from \"Get Smart,\" arrives at NBC's 75th anniversary celebration, May 5, 2002, at New York's Rockefeller Center. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell Smart in the 1960s television spoof of James Bond movies, \"Get Smart,\" has died. He was 82. Adams died of a lung infection late Sunday,Sept.",
"25, 2005, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, his friend and former agent Bruce Tufeld said Monday, adding the actor broke his hip a year ago and had been in ill health since.(AP Photo/Tina Fineberg) less **FILE**Don Adams, from \"Get Smart,\" arrives at NBC's 75th anniversary celebration, May 5, 2002, at New York's Rockefeller Center. Adams, the wry-voiced comedian who starred as the fumbling secret agent Maxwell ... more Photo: TINA FINEBERG Don Adams -- played lame spy in 'Get Smart' 1 / 4 Back to Gallery Don Adams, whose inept-yet-enthusiastic Maxwell Smart character on TV's \"Get Smart\" supplied the nation with catchphrases during the 1960s, has died. He was 82. The actor died Sunday of a lung infection at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, said his former agent Bruce Tufeld . He had been slowed in recent years by a hip injury. With his distinctively wry delivery, which the actor called \"clippy,\" Mr.",
"Adams was also a recognizable voice-over artist, playing the title roles in \"Inspector Gadget\" and \"Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales.\" But he was best known for his lead role on \"Get Smart,\" which ran from 1965 to 1970 and returned from time to time with a new movie or reunion special. Born Donald James Yarmy , Mr. Adams served with the Marine Corps during World War II and began working in television in the mid-1950s, appearing on \"The Perry Como Show\" and other programs. After co-starring in the early 1960s on \"The Bill Dana Show,\" Mr. Adams had a year left on his NBC contract and almost passed on \"Get Smart.\" He initially wasn't interested in a spy comedy, but when Mr. Adams found out Mel Brooks and Buck Henry were the writing team, he signed on as Agent 86 of the top-secret government outfit CONTROL, which battled the bad guy agents of KAOS. The sitcom was an immediate hit, finishing 12th in the ratings its first season. Mr. Adams said his delivery was inspired by William Powell of the \"Thin Man\" movies.",
"Except the Smart character was constantly bumbling, often saved by his shapely and equally brainy partner Agent 99, played by Barbara Feldon . Mr. Adams said he didn't mind playing a bit of a buffoon -- especially since he had signed a contract that gave him a third of the profits from the series. \"What it really came down to was that women are intelligent and men are stupid,\" he said of \"Get Smart,\" during a 2002 \"Today Show\" interview. \"I was the dummy, and she was the smart one. So there you are. I don't mind -- I made a lot of money.\" While the show was a spoof of James Bond pictures -- Mr. Smart's gadgets included a shoe that doubled as a phone -- it had the catchphrase-heavy vibe that the \" Austin Powers \" series would duplicate three decades later. \"Would you believe ... ?\" and \"Missed it by that much\" were two of the most popular one-liners. The phrase, \"Sorry about that, chief,\" was even used during a 1966 NASA mission, when a urine bag exploded on Gemini VII. Sucked into the typecasting vortex after \"Get Smart,\" Mr.",
"Adams mostly worked in voice-over jobs or Smart-related productions, reprising his role in \"The Nude Bomb\" (1980), \"Get Smart, Again\" (1989) and a short-lived 1995 revival of \"Get Smart\" starring Andy Dick as his son. Mr. Adams' co-stars said the actor was actually the opposite of his character -- with an incredible memory and a quick wit. \"He had this prodigious energy, so as an actor working with him it was like being plugged into an electric current,\" Feldon told the Associated Press . \"He would start, and a scene would just take off, and you were there for the ride. It was great fun acting with him.\" Smart is survived by six children and several grandchildren and great-grandchildren. His daughter, Cicely Adams , also an actor, died of lung cancer last year. Latest from the SFGATE homepage: Click below for the top news from around the Bay Area and beyond. Sign up for our newsletters to be the first to learn about breaking news and more. Go to 'Sign In' and 'Manage Profile' at the top of the page."
] |
Which Welsh singer was invited to sing at the White House on Millennium Eve?
|
Tom Jones
|
[
"Jones, Tom",
"Tom Jones (opera)",
"Tom Jones (footballer)",
"Tom Jones (Australian footballer)",
"Tom Jones (film)",
"Tom jones (film)",
"Tom jones",
"Tom Jones!",
"Tom Jones (disambiguation)",
"Tom Jones (Opera)",
"Tom Jones",
"Tom Jones (movie)"
] | 9,685
|
[
"Singers.com - Welsh choral groups - celtic, choral and folk music from Wales | Ralph Vaughn Williams London Welsh Chorale : A Century of Welsh Music Review: The London Welsh Chorale's second CD: Cennin Aur - A Century of Welsh Music charts the progress of choral music in Wales over the last hundred years. The most recent work being In My Craft by Geraint Lewis, a commission to celebrate the life of Dylan Thomas whose daughter Aeronwy was one of the Chorale's vice presidents for many years.",
"Songlist: Efe A Ddaw, Gweddi Y Pechadur, Yr Arglwydd Yw Fy Mugail, Dyn A Aned O Wraig, Gwel Uwchlaw Cymylau Amser, Dyrchafaf Fy Llygaid, Laudamus, Molwch Yr Arglwydd, Y Mae Afon, Cennin Aur, Cadwyn, Magnificat & Numc Dimittis, In My Craft Or Sullen Art 6207c | 1 CD | $12.95 | Men Aloud : Live From Wales Review: Fresh off their Platinum album debut, and on the heels of their stunning victory on BBC's television smash hit show, Last Choir Standing , Britain's favorite choir MEN ALOUD is set to bring their unique music making to North America. The choir, led by Tim Rhys-Evans, features 20 tremendous vocal talents from across Wales. In addition, Men Aloud is also a recent winner of the Classical Brit Album of the Year award for their second album, Band of Brothers.",
"The program was produced in association with the BBC and was filmed in the Wales Millennium Center with featured performances by opera star Bryn Terfel, John Owen Jones (leading man of Broadway and London's West End's Les Miserables, Phantom of the Opera & Showboat) and pop icon, Bonnie Tyler. Men Aloud was formed in 2000 by Tim Rhys-Evans. Tim s primary aim was to encourage young men to get involved with one of Wales oldest and best loved traditions, male voice singing. The group are unafraid to tackle music not normally associated with male voice choirs, and their repertoire ranges from the 17th Century to the present day.",
"Songlist: O Verona, It Ain't Necessarily So, Don't Rain on My Parade, Macarthur Park, Bridge Over Troubled Water, All by Myself, Bui-Doi, Sit Down You'Re Rocking the Boat, Rhythm of Life, Cwm Rhondda, Gwahoddiad, Mae Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau 20801c | 1 CD | $15.95 | Rhos Orpheus Male Choir : Carols at Christmas Review: The Village of RHOSLLANNERCHRUGOG (\"Rhos\") is situated some 4 miles south west of Wrexham in North Wales, which itself is 12 miles south of the historic Roman city of Chester. lt is a former mining village, but the last remaining pit closed in 1987. Once known as the largest village in Wales, it has a long history of producing talented performers in all areas of the arts. Over the years, it has been home to two male voice choirs, a ladies' choir, a girls' choir, a mixed choir and a championship quality Silver Band.",
"Rhos has been the birthplace of many top class musicians, actors and singers who have made significant contributions to Welsh culture not only as performers, but also as writers and composers. Here the male choir sings some holiday favorites. Songlist: The First Nowell, While Shepards Watched, Deck The Halls, Away In A Manger, The Coventry Carol, God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen, The Holly And The Ivy, Hark The Herald Angels Sing, O Come All Ye Faithful, In The Bleak Midwinter, Ding-Dong Merrily On High, We Three Kings, O, Little Town Of Bethlehem, Once In Royal David's City, It Came Upon The Midnight Clear, Silent Night 8357c | 1 CD | $15.98 | Serendipity : Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam Review: Serendipity is one of the best of the new breed of Welsh choirs; young, vibrant, have great panache with an identifiable sound as well as exhibiting impeccable intonation, phrasing and musicianship under their musical director Tim Rhys-Evans.",
"I first heard them at the finals of the 2003 C�r Cymru competition and the performance was hugely impressive; so much so that I invited them to perform at my 60th birthday celebrations at the Royal Festival Hall the following year as well as singing, under Tim's direction, the choral parts of my Requiem released on EMI Classics. It's been a privilege to have this association with the choir that I hope will continue and I am thrilled that they have chosen to perform the Benedictus from my The Armed Man: A Mass For Peace on this, their debut CD.",
"Songlist: Aberystwyth, Frolocket Ihr Volker Auf Erden, Agnus Dei, Lord Bless And Keep You, Gonna Set Down An' Rest Awhile, Lay a Garland, Benedictus, Lux Aurumque, This Little Light of Mine, Souls Of The Righteous (Iustorum Animae), O nata lux, Give Me Jesus, I Was Glad When They Said Unto Me 6210c | 1 CD | $12.95 | Tenebrae : Paul Mealor - A Tender Light Review: The sublime new album from the star composer of the Royal Wedding. Performed by the Tenebrae Choir and also features the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra the album includes the moving A Spotless Rose and Ubi Caritas, performed at the Royal Wedding. \"Paul Mealor has a deep connection with our choral heritage yet his works have immediacy and modernity. He has the rare gift of being able to create joyous melody within music that is both sincere and profound.",
"This is an album with hints of Celtic mystery, moments of great solemnity, splendiferous singing and above all sumptuous tunes.\" - Gareth Malone - Choir Master and BAFTA Award-winning BBC Presenter of The Choir Songlist: Now Sleeps The Crimson Petal, Lady, When I Behold The Roses Sprouting, Upon A Bank, A Spotless Rose, She Walks In Beauty, O Vos Omnes, Stabat Mater, Salvator Mundi: Greater Love, Locus Iste, Ave Maria, Ubi Caritas 2602c | 1 CD | $23.95 | | Paul Mealor Tredegar Orpheus Male Choir : the Voice Of Wales Review: The rich blend of Tenors, Baritones and Basses in the male voice choir has an appealing homogeneity and power, one that has flourished in Wales hymn-singing festivals for centuries.",
"15 memorable tunes: \"God Bless the Prince of Wales,\" written in 1862 gets the CD off to a rousing start, and the two best-loved Welsh hymns \"Cvm Rhondda\" (Guide me, O Thou Great Jehovah\"), and \"The Lord Is My Shepherd,\" now known as the tune \"Crimond\" are well done here. \"Fantasia on Famous Welsh Airs,\" the dramatic \"The Lost Chord,\" \"See, The Conquering Hero Comes,\" \"The Ash Grove,\" the exciting \"Hunting the Hare,\" and two spirituals, \"Swing Low, Sweet Chariot\" and \"Nobody Knows The Trouble I See Lord,\" are particularly wonderful. Some organ, harp and piano accompaniment. The Tredegar Orpheus Male Voice Choir, directed by Ieuan Davies, and the Rhos Orpheus Male Voice Choir are as good as they come, with a visceral, ancient wall of sound that hits us where we live. \"Voice of Wales\" is powerful and wonderful!",
"Songlist: God Bless The Prince Of Wales, David Of The White Rock, The Rising Of The lark, All Through The Night, Hunting The Hare, Fantasia On Famous Welsh Airs, The Lost Chord, See The Conquering hero Comes, The ash Grove, Swing Low Sweet Chariot, Guide Me O Thou Great Jehovah, Crimond, Praise Ye The Lord, Nobody Knows The Trouble I See Lord, And The Glory Of The Lord Shall Be Revealed 7504c | 1 CD | $13.98 | Various Artists : Take Me Home - The Male Choirs of Wales Review: A beautiful collection of favourite songs by the Welsh Male Voice choirs from Porth Tywyn, Godre'r Aran, Bangor, Llangwm, Dyffryn Tywi, Caernarfon, Lleisiau'r Frogwy, Dyffryn Tywi, Hogia'r Ddwylan, Llanelli, Cwmbach, Brythoniaid, Dyffryn Peris, Pendyrus & Maesteg Gleemen.",
"Songlist: Take Me Home , Dawnsio'r Ffandango , Lily Of The Valley , Bytholwyrdd , Hen Fenyw Fach Cydweli , When The Saints Go Marching In , Gwenno Penygelli , Un Dydd Ar Y Tro , The Rhythm Of Life , Gweddi Dros Gymru (Finlandia) , Cwm Rhondda , Pan Fo'r Nos Yn Hir , La Vergine , Dyffryn Peris , Morte Criste , The Lonely Steppe , Kalinka , Myfanwy , Llongau Caernarfon , You'll Never Walk Alon 2036c | 1 CD | $12.95 | Various Artists : The Very Best of Welsh Male Choirs Review: Wales is famous for its choirs and SAIN is Wales' foremost recording company, and over the years, it has built up the most comprehensive catalogue ever of Welsh choral singing, including all the leading male voice choirs. This compilation has been carefully selected from the Sain catalogue of recent years to reflect the best of Welsh male choral singing. All the tracks were recorded digitally, ensuring a consistently high standard of sound quality throughout.",
"Songlist: Arwelfa - United Choirs, Now The Day Is Over - Llanelli Choir, Y Goedwig Werdd - Cor Godrer Aran, Deep Harmony - Pendryus And Cory Band, The Last Words Of David - United Choirs, With A Voice Of Singing - CWM Bach, Ol' Ark's A-Moverin - Trelawnyd Choir, The Lost Chord - Pontarddulais Choir, Pilgrim's Chorus - United Choirs, Iechyd Da - Rhos Choir, Gloria - Pendryus And Cory Band, Kwmbayah - Trelawnyd Choir, Gwn Dafydd Ifan - TWM o'r NANT Choir, Amen - United Choirs, Pie Jesu - Llanelli Choir, The Bandit's Chorus - CWM Bach, Ar Derfyn Dydd - Godrer Aran, Where Shall I Be - Pontarddulais Choir, Love I Could Ony Tell Thee - Rhos Choir, Mae D'Eiseau Di Bob Awr - United Choirs 8381c | 1 CD | $15.98 | Various Artists : Welsh Choirs Sing Folk Review: Two",
" great Welsh tradition have been brought together on this recording: the Male Choir tradition on the one hand, and the wealth of traditional folk songs on the other.",
"Two traditions of the Welsh people, - two \"folk\" tradition in the true sense of that over-used word. It is very difficult to say precisely how old these songs are, though it is evident tat some are considerable older than others. They mainly reflect the rural way of life, though there are more recent and urban connections to songs such as \"Ffarwel i ddociau Lerpwl\" (\"Farewell to Liverpool docks\") and \"Sosban Fach\", known the world over as Llanelli's rugby anthem. Two recurring themes are romance and the battle for Welsh independence, and there are also a lullaby and children's songs such as \"Hen fenyw fach Cydweli\" (\"The old woman of Kidwelly\"). 24 traditional songs in all, - arranged for Male Choirs in four-part harmony.",
"Songlist: Deryn Y Bwn O'r Banna , Bugeilio'r Gwenith Gwyn , Tair Alaw Werin Gymreig-Rew-Di-Ranno/Mae 'Nghariad I'n Fenws/Hela'r Sgyfarnog , Y Pren Ar Y Bryn , Tros Y Garreg , Fantasia On Famous Welsh Airs , Si Hei Lwli 'Mabi , Ffarwel I Ddociau Lerwpl , Dacw 'Nghariad , Gwn Dafydd Ifan , Lisa Lan , Hen Ferchetan , Ar Lan Y Mor , Cadwyn O Alawon-Ar Hyd Y Nos/Dafydd Y Garreg Wen/Sosban Fach , Titrwm, Tatrwm , Hen Fenyw Fach Cydweli , 2039c | 1 CD | $12.95 | Blaenavon Male Choir : Songs From The Valley of Wales Review: Wales is known by the phrase \"The Land Of Song\", a fact underlined by the international success of artists of the calibre of Tom Jones, Shirley Bassey and Charlotte Church.",
"Choirs are the base of this rich heritage and The Blaenavon Male Choirwere formed close to a century ago in 1910. With member ranging in age from 15 to 80, the choir have enjoyed success in major competitions throughout the UK and successful tours of America, France, Norway and Hungary This rich collection of songs highlights both the traditional and modern and underlines their supreme vocal skills.",
"Songlist: Men Of Harlech, We Shall Walk Through The Valley, Ar Lan Y Mor, The Gypsy, Angels Watching O'er Me, Ty Di A Roddaist, What Would I Do Without My Music?, Nant Y Mynydd, There Is A Land, With A Voice Of Singing, Laudamus, My Love Is Like A Red, Red Rose, I'll Walk With God, Adiemus, Soldier's Chorus, Abide With Me, You Raise Me Up, Bridge Over Troubled Water, If I Fell, Let It Be Me, She, Take Me Home, The Rose, Love Changes Everything, Bring Him Home, Mame, The Impossible Dream, Bui-Doi, Wishing You Were Somehow Here Again, You'll Never Walk Alone, and more 6204c | 2 CDs | $15.95 | Various Choirs : Ultimate Welsh Choirs Review: Enjoy the sound of Wales with this extensive collection performed by some of the country's most cherished choirs. Featuring traditional Welsh songs, West End musical classics and popular standards this collection is full of spirit and charm. A beautifully packaged 2 CD set.",
"Songlist: Love Changes Everything, Take Me Home, Sailing, Lily of the Valley, Do You Hear The People Sing, The Sound Of Silence, Gloria, I Have a Dream, With a Voice of Singing, The Wonder of You, Solitare, There's A Valley Called the Rhondda, Battle Hymn of the Republic, The Lost Chord, Where Shall I Be?, Abide With Me, Passing By, Love Could I Only Tell The , Sunrise Sunset, Amen, The Crusaders, Pilgrims Chorus, Softly As I Leave You, Rhythm of Life, Myfanwy, Deryn Y Bwn o'r Banna, Speed Your Journey, Beautiful Dreamer, Calm is the Sea, Amazing Grace, and more 2763c | 2 CDs | $17.95 | A Cappella | | Welsh Choral Music Arrangements | Paul Mealor Simon Halsey : Five Welsh Carols Review: These lyrical and atmospheric carols for the Christmas season offer choirs the chance of exploring treasures from one of the most musical of nations. The Welsh texts are accompanied by new English singing translations.",
"Songlist: The Shepherds Were Keeping Their Watch (Roed Yn Y Wlad Honno), Come from Ev'ry Land (Tua Bethl'em Dref) , Come All Christians, Singing (O Deued Pob Cristion), Dark the Night (Seren Bethlehem), Deck the Hall with Boughs of Holly (Oer Yw'r Gwr Sy'n Methu Caru) 7290b | Songbook | $6.95 | SATB | A Cappella | | Welsh Choral Music Arrangements Men Aloud : Live From Wales Review: Fresh off their Platinum album debut, and on the heels of their stunning victory on BBC's television smash hit show, Last Choir Standing , Britain's favorite choir MEN ALOUD is set to bring their unique music making to North America. The choir, led by Tim Rhys-Evans, features 20 tremendous vocal talents from across Wales. In addition, Men Aloud is also a recent winner of the Classical Brit Album of the Year award for their second album, Band of Brothers.",
"The program was produced in association with the BBC and was filmed in the Wales Millennium Center with featured performances by opera star Bryn Terfel, John Owen Jones (leading man of Broadway and London's West End's Les Miserables, Phantom of the Opera & Showboat) and pop icon, Bonnie Tyler. Men Aloud was formed in 2000 by Tim Rhys-Evans. Tim s primary aim was to encourage young men to get involved with one of Wales oldest and best loved traditions, male voice singing. The group are unafraid to tackle music not normally associated with male voice choirs, and their repertoire ranges from the 17th Century to the present day.",
"Songlist: O Verona, It Ain't Necessarily So, Don't Rain on My Parade, Macarthur Park, Bridge Over Troubled Water, All by Myself, Bui-Doi, Sit Down You'Re Rocking the Boat, Rhythm of Life, Cwm Rhondda, Gwahoddiad, Mae Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau 2080dvd | DVD | $18.95 | Margery Hargest Jones : Songs of Wales Review: Bumper collections of folk songs with manageable piano accompaniments, guitar chords and background notes. Ideal for solo singers of all ages or for classroom singing and cross-curricular activities.",
"Songlist: A Lovely Lady Softly Sighed, All The Day (North Wales Version), All The Day (South Wales Version), All Through The Night, As The Night Is Approaching, David Of The White Rock, Fair Country, Farewell My Dear Country, Forth To The Battle, From Your Slumber Arise!, God Bless The Prince Of Wales, If She Were Mine, In The Vale Of Llangollen, Land Of My Fathers, Let Now The Harp, Loudly Proclaim, Megan's Fair Daughter, Men Of Harlech, My Heart, My Lady Is More Fair, New Year's Eve, O Mountain White, On this day, Once A Farmer And His Wife, One Bright Summer Morning, Over The Stone, Sad Was The Day, So Early In The Morning, Springtime Is Returning, The Ash Grove, and more Style: World / Folk | Welsh Choral Music Arrangements Llyfr Caneuon : The Welsh Children's Songbook Review: A beautifully presented, illustrated collection of children's songs from Wales.",
"It is compulsory for all children to learn Welsh up to the age of 16 in Welsh schools, and this book provides a fun way of teaching and learning the language both in and out of the classroom. All songs are printed in the Welsh language and arranged for easy Piano and Voice.",
"Songlist: A Ei Di'r Deryn Du (Blackbird Will You Go), Ar Hyd Y Nos (All Through The Night), Bwrw Glaw Yn Sobor Iawn (Raining Heavily), Dafydd Y Garreg Wen (David Of The White Rock), Dau Gi Bach (Two Little Dogs), Daw Hyfryd Fis (The Lovely Month), Deryn Y Bwn O'r Banna (The Bittern From The Beacons), Gee Ceffyl Bach (Gee Up Little Horse), Hen Fenyw Fach Cydweli (Little Old Woman Of Kidwelly), Hen Wraig Fach (Little Old Lady), Heno, Heno (Tonight, Tonight), Jac Y Do (The Jackdaw), Llongau Caernarfon (Ships Of Caernarfon), Llwyn Onn (The Ash Grove), Myfanwy (Myfanwy), Mynd Drot Drot (Trotting Along), Pedoli, Pedoli (The Horseshoe), Robin Ddiog (Lazy Robin), Robin Goch (Red Robin), Sosban Fach (Little Saucepan), Y Broga Bach (The Little Frog), Y Deryn",
" Bach Syw (Birdie My Dear), Y March Glas (The Grey Stallion) Style: World / Folk Tom Jones Celeb Profile - Hollywood Life Date of Birth: June 7, 1940 Hometown: Glamogan, Wales Melinda Trenchard Best Quotes: “You can't be a sexy person unless you have something sexy to offer.",
"With me, it's my voice: the way that I sing, the way I express myself when I sing.” “I haven't become an American! Having a house in LA is just where the house is. It's just a convenience thing living there. I carry Wales around inside me. I'd consider moving back there one day. I never really left.” “First of all, I love singing. I mean, I get out of bed and I sing. I can't help it.” Bio: Tom Jones (born Thomas Jones Woodward in Glamorgan, Wales on June 7, 1940) is a Welsh singer who rose to fame in the mid- 1960s with hits like, “She’s A Lady” and “Whats New Pussycat.” In total, Tom has sold over 100 million records and in 2006 he received a knighthood from Queen Elizabeth II. Best Known For: Tom Jones is best known for his mega hits, “She’s A Lady,” and “It’s Not Unusual.” Tom also revealed that during the height of his career he would sleep with up to 250 groupies a year.",
"Tom had a resurgence of popularity in the new millennium and is currently a judge on The Voice UK. In his over fifty year career Tom has won several awards including a Grammy for Best New Artist and an MTV Video Music Award for Best Breakthrough Video for his song, “Kiss” in 1989. Personal Life: Tom Jones was diagnosed with tuberculosis at age 12 which he later said caused him to stay in bed for almost 2 years. At the age of 16, Tom married his wife Melinda Trenchard and a month later they welcomed their son Mark. In 1963, he joined the group Tommy Scott and the Senators as the frontman. Tom went solo in 1964 with his mega hit, “It’s Not Unusual” and in 1966 he was awarded the honor of Best New Artist at the Grammys. A few years later he came to America to perform at Las Vegas where he forged a friendship with his longtime idol, Elvis Presley. Besides a very successful music career, Tom has had several Television shows including This Is Tom Jones. During the 80s Tom turned his focus to Country Music.",
"His popularity increased again in the new millennium after President Bill Clinton invited him to perform on New Years Eve in Washington. In 2006 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II. Duffy Bio. New queen of soul. Photos, music, videos, albums, awards, stage and private life of Duffy. Rockferry. Leave Your Comment for Duffy! Duffy Duffy, a Welsh singer and songwriter, is a rising soul star winning the world with her strong voice and genuine lyrics. She’s young but she’s already cited as one of the brightest soul stars of the day. Though being often in the spotlight now, Duffy manages to balance sincerity and openness in public and privacy of her personal life. Before she became famous Aimee Anne Duffy was born on June 23, 1984 in Gwynedd, Wales and raised in Nefyn on the Llŷn Peninsula in North Wales. When she was 10, her parents divorced and she moved to Pembrokeshire with her mother, older sister Kelly, and twin sister Katy. When Duffy turned 19 she dropped her first name Aimee, calling herself Duffy professionally and personally. According to Duffy, she grew up without a record collection of her own.",
"Duffy started singing at the age of 6 and at that age carried around a notebook in which she scribbled lyrics. She wanted to sing in her school choir but she wasn’t allowed because her voice was “too big; I didn’t fit in.” Her first experience of music was seeing a VHS cassette of Mick Jagger singing ‘Jumpin’ Jack Flash’, but it wasn’t this that kick-started her decision to pursue music. Duffy’s early interest in singing was apparently inspired by her father John Duffy’s videotape of the 1960s television rock show Ready Steady Go! Performances of the Beatles and Stones left an indelible impression so when Duffy was 15 she was already singing in local bands herself. After an unsuccessful music project in Switzerland, Duffy returned to Wales in 2003 and was invited to appear on Wawffactor, a Welsh television show similar to American Idol. She was expected to win, but came second. As a teen, Duffy wanted and expected to be a world famous pop star. At the age of 18 thinking her dreams were not going to come true she “became almost a quite withdrawn singer.” Eventually she decided to just make music for her own pleasure.",
"Duffy went to College Meirion-Dwyfor in North Wales where she was elected president of the Students Union. Then she transferred to the University of Chester in England. A lecturer advised her to “go on the dole, love, and become a singer,” she left the university and worked for an optician and performed with guitarist David Burton from the band The Invisible Wires. Getting famous Duffy recorded a three-song-EP in Welsh in 2004 and appeared on two tracks on the album See You in the Morning by Mint Royale the same year. In August 2004 Duffy was introduced to former Public Image Ltd. member turned music manager and part-owner of Rough Trade Records, Jeanette Lee. Lee moved Duffy to Crouch End in London, and arranged her meeting with Suede’s ex-guitar player Bernard Butler. Butler not only co-wrote for her album and helped create a new retro sound, he was giving Duffy soul music classes by downloading tracks onto her iPod. The music included Al Green, Bettye Swann, Ann Peebles, Beyoncé, Doris Duke, Scott Walker, Phil Spector and Burt Bacharach. Duffy entered into the contract with A&M Records in 2007.",
"Duffy became the most prominent of the so-called “new Amys”. “Duffy, Gabriella Cilmi and Adele lead the charge to be the next Winehouse. First sightings seem to indicate that they are all bright-eyed innocents with bags of talent—a familiar starting point, no?” Adam Thompson from The Times wrote on December 30, 2007. Duffy herself often states she doesn’t like to be compared with Amy Winehouse or Dusty Springfield, saying she wants to be recognized in her own right. She said: “To be honest, if it’s not Leona Lewis, it’s Amy Winehouse. I’m being compared with Lily Allen or Dusty Springfield, bless her soul, she was an amazing woman. I just feel like one day I’ll be known as myself, but time will tell.” Meantime, singer-songwriter Alison Goldfrapp said while Duffy has a great voice she was trained to sound essentially like Amy Winehouse as part of a business plan.",
"Though Duffy’s manner of performing is obviously similar to Amy Winehouse’s ice-cold 60s grooves and Dusty Springfield influence, Duffy is outstandingly different from Amy at least in one but important thing – her squeaky-clean image has nothing to do with Winohouse’s rollercoaster life. It was the end of 2007 when Duffy got to be often invited to perform at different shows as a part of promoting Rockferry. She performed on the BBC2 television show Later with Jools Holland, and later on the related New Year’s Eve show Hootenanny, on which she performed with soul legend Eddie Floyd. On February 22, 2008 Duffy appeared on Later with Jools Holland for a third time and performed ‘Rockferry’, ‘Mercy’ and ‘Stepping Stone’, songs from her debut album Rockferry that was released in March 2008. In January 2008, she came second in the annual BBC News Sound of 2008 website poll of industry experts for acts to emerge in the coming year.",
"International success When her first single, the lonely hearts-friendly tear jerker ‘Rockferry’ was released in December 2007, Duffy instantly captured media attention and adoration for her strong sanguine, melodic voice and sincere lyrics. First Duffy released a debut limited edition single ‘Rockferry’ in November 2007, and then a follow-up single, ‘Mercy’ (released February 25, 2008), which went straight to number one on download sales as of February 17, 2008. The debut album Rockferry was released on March 3, 2008 reaching number 1 in the UK. Rockferry has become the best-selling album of the year in the UK so far. In North America Duffy is seen as the latest in a recent wave of British singers, so-called “British invaders,” consisting of females with a unique take on writing and performing songs. Duffy first performed in America at the SXSW conference and in New York City in March 2008. The Coachella Festival was her first festival gig.",
"By May her song ‘Mercy’ was a VH1 hit and a hot Adult Contemporary radio hit, and had been featured in TV shows ER, Smallville and the season finale of Grey’s Anatomy as well as included into the soundtrack album for Sex and the City: The Movie. Rockferry was released in the United States on May, 13. It debuted at number 4 in charts. To coincide with the album release Duffy performed at New York’s historic Apollo Theater and made a number of television appearances. By the week of May, 22, ‘Mercy’ was at number 27 position on the Billboard Top 100 propelled by digital downloads. By the end of May Rockferry had sold more than 700,000 copies in the United Kingdom. In France, Rockferry had sold 159,583 copies between March 3 and the end of June. On 12 June the album topped the European albums charts. ‘Mercy’ was number 2 on the European singles chart. As of 9 July 2008, The Official UK Charts Company confirmed Rockferry had already sold over 1 million copies.",
"Rockferry’s success in the US was very impressive for a newcomer. The Los Angeles Times predicted Duffy was likely to win a Grammy Award if the voters were willing to vote for a United Kingdom soul singer in consecutive years (Amy Winehouse got 5 Grammy Awards in 2008). According to the source, Duffy was the fifth best selling artist worldwide in the first half of 2008, selling 2.25 million copies. Duffy’s latest video for ‘Stepping Stone’ (out September, 1) is set to surprise fans, as it will be a steamy one, depicting Duffy as a 1960s sexpot who is seduced by a stranger in a nightclub. “This video will be one of the hottest ever released – very suggestive but tasteful. The sexual encounter will be hinted at but not shown,” a source told The Daily Star. Duffy has lately claimed that she fears her quick rise to fame will lead to a breakdown. “As a girl I thought I was superhuman… but I’m borderline on a breakdown. The scary thing is that this feels like the beginning.",
"It would be easy to become a recluse… I have sold my soul.” Duffy says it’s difficult for her to deal with all the fans. “It can be scary when there are 15 lads on one side of a pub and a gang of girls on the other who all want a photo. I’m never calm anymore. There’s a lot to it I didn’t think of. It’s not the physical stuff – it’s mental.” Success in music industry provided Duffy with a number of proposals to star in ad campaigns. Duffy’s first endorsement ad in the U.S was for Nivea that has chosen her as their new face. She appeared in the brand’s ad exclusively featured in the Fashion Rocks Magazine September issue. On October 28, 2008 Duffy performed her hit ‘Stepping Stone,’ on The View, confessing that it was Whoopi Goldberg, one of The View hostesses to inspire her soul sound. “My first introduction to soul music was Sister Act, so I’m having a Whoopi moment. I’ve gone full-circle.” Duffy appeared on The Late Show with David Letterman on September 4. On September 5 Duffy performed at the Fashion Rocks benefit concert at New York’s Radio City Music Hall.",
"In fall 2008 she was an opening act for five Coldplay shows during her first ever North American tour. Her shows with Coldplay started in Cleveland on October 21 while her own tour to support the debut album Rockferry kicked off in San Diego on October 9. When her American tour was over on November, 1 in Philadelphia, she headed back to the UK for a month-long tour. Duffy made her MTV EMA debut on November 6 in Liverpool, UK. She was nominated in three categories: Album of the Year for Rockferry, Most Addictive Track for ‘Mercy’ and New Act. If she did win her nomination in the New UK & Ireland Act category, she would have lead with the most nominations in EMA’08 awards (total of four). Though she didn’t win she performed her super hit ‘Mercy’ on stage during the show. Duffy is still bemused by her fame: “If I sat and thought about everything, I’d probably lose my mind.",
"So I just go, ‘That’s weird, isn’t it?’ You’ve just got to get on with it – don’t give yourself a chance to dwell,” adding she’s still got a lot to learn. “It’s been like baby steps along the way. It wasn’t like one day I won the lottery. I’ve got a few more years and a few more lessons to learn.” The singer also confesses she gets every emotional on stage now and then: “I wish I could explain it. Once in every 15 shows, I get teary. The lights are so bright, I can’t hide. I feel very exposed. At the moment, I am growing up under a microscope.” In January 2009 it was reported Duffy is chosen face of new Diet Coke’s European ads. Duffy said she “loved the attitude of this new Diet Coke ad” and drank “so much of the stuff, they were either going to give me shares in the company or put me in the advert.” “Duffy is a great embodiment of today’s modern female attitudes,” the beverage company said in their statement. In February 2009 Duffy received a very special present.",
"She was honored with a special new variety of Daffodil called the Duffydil. “The Duffydil – brilliant. Maybe now I can forgive myself for stealing them from people’s gardens,” Duffy said in the interview. Albums ENDLESSLY (2010) Duffy’s sophomore album hit shelves on November 29, 2010. Video for the first single ‘Well, well, well’ featured American hip hop band The Roots. ROCKFERRY (2008) Duffy’s debut studio album Rockferry (2008) has generally received only positive reviews from critics. The Observer described it as “a fantastic album of burning blue soul.” According to some reviews, Duffy managed to do an entire pop album without one hip-hop beat. Rockferry is “an interesting mix of up beat and slower tempo pop music borrowing much from the styles of ‘60s chanteuses while still being in touch with current tastes.” Rockferry managed to “respect the past of pop music, while showing the way for the future of the genre.” On its first day of release in the UK the album sold 60,000 copies becoming one of the fastest selling debuts ever.",
"It sold 180,000 copies in the UK alone during the first week, and spent a cumulative total of 5 weeks in the number 1 spot of the charts. In America, the album sold 16,000 copies during the first day, and 72,000 copies in its first week, debuting at number 4 on the Billboard 200. Universal Records stated that Rockferry is the best American debut for one of its UK acts. Track Title Awards 2008 Duffy was nominated for MOJO Awards for Song of the Year (‘Mercy’), Album of the Year (Rockferry) and Breakthrough Act. The awards ceremony was held on June, 16 with Duffy winging Single of the Year. The three nominations were the largest amount of nominations for any one act. “This time last year I was eating fish and chips on a North Wales beach! This is my first big awards ceremony. No one cared about me then so I don’t know why they do now,” Duffy said.",
"Duffy was nominated for World’s Best Pop/Rock Female Artist and World’s Best New Artist at World Music Awards 2008 but won in neither of the categories. 2009 Duffy was nominated for Best International Album for her hit LP at the French NRJ Music Awards but did not get the award. She also got three nods at Ivor Novello Awards. Duffy is nominated for Best Selling British Song, Most Performed Work and Album awards. The Ivor Novellos honours achievements in song writing and is considered one of the most prestigious honours in the music industry. Duffy was honored a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album for Rockferry in February 2009. And later that month she won three awards at 2009 Brit Awards , becoming the best in such categories as Best British Album for Rockferry, Best British Female Solo Artist and Best British Breakthrough Act. “I’m overwhelmed. I didn’t think I would win three awards. The chances were slim. It’s been the most amazing night,” she said. [Show as slideshow] Keeping it private Duffy manages to keep her personal life private so there’s not much information about her love life available.",
"Duffy has revealed she is happiest living the simple life. “I guess my life is a lot more glamorous than it used to be in terms of the things I wear, the places I go, the places I stay, the places I eat at and the people I meet. Everything is just wonderful, it’s really fantastic – but I don’t get too caught up in it,” she said. Duffy says she’s a confirmed singleton for two years, adding a glass of merlot is “better than a man” because she’s not interested in complicated relationships, all she wants is to be able to be herself. “My music is the most honest thing I have. Actually, it’s the only thing I can be honest in, because everything else in life – like love and friendship – is so complex,” she said. Duffy spent five years with Mark Durston, whom she met while studying for A-levels. “I’m a bit of a commitment-phobe. Why? I don’t know… It’s the only thing I’m afraid of. And besides, I’m really happy on my own. Because, that way, no one can hurt you,” she said.",
"As for her ideal man, Duffy would like him to be someone who is charismatic and funny and intriguing and dresses well, “who’s good with his hands, a real man”. In October 2008 it was reported that Duffy is dating her guitarist Jon Green. “They’ve gone to great lengths to play down their feelings in public, but the truth is Duffy and Jon are completely loved up,” an insider told the News Of The World. “They have had plenty of time together as Jon is touring with Duffy to promote her hit album. It all stemmed from their chemistry on stage – he’s a wonderful guitarist and she absolutely loves performing with him.” Friends say that Duffy has finally found her Mr. One. Though being really busy recently, Duffy always has time for her everyday routine: “I like getting home after a day’s work, taking everything off, slipping into my bathrobe, pouring a glass of red wine, having the radio on in the background, then calling my friends and family and gassing on the phone all night. I like to hang out in my bathrobe a lot and just kick back. Sometimes I’ll stay like that the whole weekend,” she said.",
"Duffy says vintage is her favorite fashion style: “I like to wear vintage designer clothes, you can never go wrong with that.” “At the moment I’m wearing vintage Chanel and I also like vintage Gucci, especially little handbags that are battered and have been around for 40 years. I love wearing things that have been around longer than me.” Though being often compared to Amy Winehouse, Duffy keeps away from the rock and roll destructive lifestyle. She’s not into drinking, or using any drugs. She limits herself to a few glasses of wine and lives on seafood on which she was raised. Her favorite dish is lobster linguini. Also, Duffy says fame hasn’t changed her personality a bit. “It’s weird because I don’t really feel any different since I became famous. I remember being in the bath one night and calling my mum, and saying, ‘When you reach a goal you always think you’ll feel different but the truth is you don’t.’ I remember saying, ‘Wouldn’t it be cool to feel elevated, famous, special?’ But you don’t, I’ve tried pretending but you don’t,” Duffy said in November 2010. “In Britain I constantly seem to attract this sorrowfulness, ‘Is it difficult?",
"Is it hard? How are you coping?’. I think it’s because I’m blonde, young and from a small town. People want to protect me from the success I’ve achieved.” 10 things you should know about Duffy 1. Duffy is the first Welsh female to achieve a number one pop single in the past 25 years, and the only female from the Llŷn Peninsula to ever top the UK music singles charts. 2. Duffy was put in a safe house in 1998 when police uncovered a plot by her stepfather’s ex-wife to pay a hitman £3000 to kill her stepfather. The tabloid quoted Duffy as saying about the alleged incident: “I was so terrified. I felt so ill.” She cites the effects of her stepfather’s ex-wife’s alcoholism as the reason for her not being a user of alcohol or drugs. 3. There were claims in American media that Duffy is the lovechild of fellow Welsh singer Tom Jones. She had to deny those rumors. “I’m dealing with this every day here. It’s kind of bizarre. You’ve got to laugh”, she told a UK tabloid. 4.",
"Duffy’s real farther runs a bar in North Wales. 5. She reached the number 1 spot on Siart C2 with her Welsh language EP entitled simply Aimée Duffy. 6. Duffy has nothing against illegal downloading of music. She has said it will encourage more of kids to buy records in the long run. “Well, I mean, it can go two ways. Some people think it creates illegal access, but I think the big wheel is round, y’know? I think it’s got more positives because it basically gives people access, what’s the harm in that? So it’s just making music a part of everyone’s lives.” 7. The video for ‘Warwick Avenue’ was filmed at Warwick Avenue underground station and Merrick Square, London. 8. Duffy’s debut studio album Rockferry is written about the place Rock Ferry on The Wirral, where her father is from. 9. Duffy is 5ft 4in tall, her shoe size is five. 10. People often say Duffy looks like Brigitte Bardot Upcoming Projects As of summer 2008 Duffy was constantly writing material for a second album while getting inspiration from “loads of books”.",
"Duffy said that she would not constantly reinvent herself for each album. Besides musical career, Duffy will pursue another one, this time as a fashion muse for Dolce & Gabbana."
] |
Which leader did Hitler meet in the Brenner Pass in WWII?
|
Mussolini
|
[
"Moussolini",
"Mouselinni",
"Musilini",
"Benito Musilini",
"Benito Mussellini",
"Benito Muselini",
"Mussilini",
"Benito Musellini",
"Musollini",
"Benito Moosillini",
"Benito Moosilini",
"Mussolinian",
"Moosillini",
"Mussolinism",
"Mussellini",
"Benito Mussalini",
"Mussollini",
"Mouselini",
"Benito Mussollini",
"Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini",
"Musselini",
"Moosolini",
"Muselini",
"Mussalini",
"Benito Moosellini",
"Benito Mussilini",
"Benito Musselini",
"Benito Musollini",
"Benito Mussolini",
"Benito mussolini",
"Moosilini",
"Musillini",
"Mussloini",
"Moosellini",
"Benito Moosolini",
"Benito Mooselini",
"Benito Amilcare Mussolini",
"Moosollini",
"Mussillini",
"Benito Musolini",
"Benito Andrea Mussolini",
"Benito Musillini",
"Musellini",
"Benny Mussolini",
"Benito Mussillini",
"Mooselini",
"Benito Moosollini",
"Musolini",
"Mussolini, Benito",
"Mussolini",
"Benito Mussolini's religious beliefs"
] | 12,033
|
[
"18th March 1940: Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass Hitler meets Mussolini at the Brenner Pass Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass On March 18th 1940 Hitler met the Italian leader Mussolini in his railway carriage in the Brenner Pass, high in the Alps, close to the border between the two countries. The haste with which the meeting was arranged had led Mussolini to suppose that Hitler ‘would soon set off the powder keg’. In the journey to the meeting Mussolini tells his Foreign Minister, Count Ciano, that the Italians will not join the war until the moment that is ‘convenient’ to them, that they will form the ‘left wing’ of the offensive, tying up troops without actually fighting. After the meeting, however, it seems less certain that Hitler will go to war. Ciano records the meeting in his diary: The Hitler meeting is very cordial on both sides. The conference … is more a monologue than anything else. Hitler talks all the time, but is less agitated than usual. He makes few gestures and speaks in a quiet tone. He looks physically fit.",
"Mussolini listens to him with interest and with deference. He speaks little and confirms his intention to move with Germany. He reserves to himself only the choice of the right moment . .. The conference ends with a short meal. Later Mussolini gives me his impressions. He did not find in Hitler that uncompromising attitude which von Ribbentrop had led him to suspect. Yesterday, as well, von Ribbentrop only opened his mouth to harp on Hitler’s intransigency. Mussolini believes that Hitler will think twice before he begins an offensive on land. The meeting has not substantially changed our position. HD Stock Video Footage - Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in Europe to hold important discussions. Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in Europe to hold important discussions. Location: Brenner Pass Italy Duration: 2 min 2 sec Sound: Yes Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in Europe during World War II. The armored train of Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini pulls into a station. Soldiers stand in a file. The soldiers beat drums and play other musical instruments. Mussolini reviews troops. Officers salute. Another train carrying German Chancellor Adolf Hitler arrives.",
"Both the leaders greet and review the troops. They go in Mussolini's train to hold important discussions. The Fuehrer leaves. Mussolini steps back into his train. The soldiers play musical instruments. This historic stock footage available in HD and SD video. View pricing below video player. Have a correction or more info about this clip? German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Italian leader Benito Mussolini meet in the Brenner Pass German Chancellor Adolf Hitler and Italian leader Benito Mussolini meet in the Brenner Pass 28 March 1940 Contains: 1 Clips Format: imx 30 Hitler and Mussolini, meeting for a conference, arrive to a station on the Brenner Pass, greeted by officials and military personnel News Restrictions: Restrictions on certain uses may apply, and may vary from those listed. Gaumont British stories dated before 1952, without Can or Tape numbers will not be readily available. Note: Tape timecodes are in use for this item LegacyConverted: Clip 1 of 1 (Copyright: GAUMONT BRITISH NEWSREEL (REUTERS)) SLATE INFORMATION: Meeting At The Brenner Pass EUROPE: Brenner Pass: HITLER, Sees Gentlemen in Top Hats.",
"Meets Mussolini at Brenner Pass. MUSSOLINI Meets Hitler at Brenner Pass:waves to train... SLATE INFORMATION: Meeting At The Brenner Pass EUROPE: Brenner Pass: HITLER, Sees Gentlemen in Top Hats. Meets Mussolini at Brenner Pass. MUSSOLINI Meets Hitler at Brenner Pass:waves to train:shakes Personalities - Politicians; Austria; Italy Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, where the Nazi leader seeks Italy’s help in fighting the Br | South African History Online South African History Online Music Releases You are here Home » Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, where the Nazi leader seeks Italy’s help in fighting the Br Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, where the Nazi leader seeks Italy’s help in fighting the Br Friday, 4 October 1940 Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps, where the Nazi leader seeks Italy's help in fighting the British.",
"References: Hitler & Mussolini Meet - British Pathé British Pathé Full title reads: \"Dictators Meet At Brenner Pass.\" Brenner Pass, Italy. VS of Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) with his chiefs of staff, incl. Count Galeazzo Ciano, meeting Adolf Hitler (the Fuhrer) on a railway station at the Brenner Pass where Hitler comes by train from Austria. Hitler is accompanied by Joachim von Ribbentrop. The dictators inspect guards on the platform and then have a conference in the train. Mussolini shake hands and salutes and Hitler leaves again for Germany. See material in Time To Remember 1939. Tags 05 Oct 1940 - HITLER AND MUSSOLINI MEET AT BRENNER PASS - Trove HITLER AND MUSSOLINI MEET AT BRENNER PASS Please wait. Loading browse data... I am browsing for Automatically move the image to show word locations Word properties Line below {LINE BELOW} NOTE: Only lines in the current paragraph are shown. Click on current line of text for options. Cancel Paragraph operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left.",
"Paragraph operations include: Zone operations are made directly in the full article text panel located to the left. Zone operations include: Adjust the order of zones Add new blank zone Authors Abstract HITLER AND MUSSOLINI MET AT BRENNER PASS, ON THE ITALIAN-AUSTRIAN BORDER, AT NOON TO-DAY, AND BEGAN TALKS WHICH ARE EXPECTED TO LAST TWO HOURS. Cancel Loading article contents, please wait... Sat 5 Oct 1940 - The Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957) Page 1 - HITLER AND MUSSOLINI MEET AT BRENNER PASS Line 0.0.0 HITLER AND MUSSOLINI MEET AT BRENNER PASS Line 1.0.0 HITLER AND MUSSOLINI MET AT BRENNER PASS, Line 2.1.0 ON THE ITALIAN AUSTRIAN BORDER, AT Line 2.1.1 NOON TO-DAY, AND BEGAN TALKS WHICH Line 2.1.2 ARE EXPECTED TO LAST TWO HOURS.",
"Line 2.2.0 As was the case when they last met at the pass on March Line 2.3.0 l8, the discussions took place in II Duce's armoured Line 2.4.0 Von Ribbentrop, the German Foreign Minister, arrived Line 2.6.0 at the scene of the meeting earlier. Line 2.7.0 \"The Times\" correspondent on the Italian frontier quotes well Line 2.8.0 informed sources in Rome as saying that Senor Suner, Line 2.8.1 Spanish Minister for the Interior and General Franco's Line 2.8.2 brother-in-law, who has visited Berlin and Rome, dis- Line 2.8.3 cussed the possibility of allowing Italian and German Line 2.8.4 troops free passage across Spain to attack Gibraltar.",
"Line 2.9.0 It ¡s expected that Spain's role in the conflict will be announced Line 2.10.0 at the week-end, but it is assumed from comment by Line 2.10.1 Signor Gayda (II Duce's mouthpiece) that Spain at Line 2.10.2 present will remain non-belligerent, though obviously she Line 2.10.3 has agreed to closer economic co-operation with the Axis. Line 2.11.0 tussing the implications of the dic- Line 3.1.2 tators' meeting, recall that their Line 3.1.3 last meeting was the forerunner of Line 3.1.4 considerable movements, .as the re- Line 3.1.5 sult of which Denmark and Norway Line 3.1.6 were invaded.",
"A month later came Line 3.1.7 the campaign against France and Line 3.1.8 the Low Countries, culminating In Line 3.1.9 success for Hie Germans within Line 3.2.0 Their present meeting is the Line 3.3.1 (¡Umax of much diplomatic activity, Line 3.3.2 ing Japan and Spain in some more Line 3.3.4 ^ctivc part In the war. Line 3.4.0 In the case of Japan, the Axis Line 3.4.1 has scored some sort of success, but Line 3.4.2 ppajn Is still sitting on the fence, Line 3.4.3 pespito the flatlerings mid induce- Line 3.5.0 ments showered on Senor Suncr In Line 3.5.1 perlln and Rome in the last 10 Line 3.5.2 The best available opinion is that Line 3.6.1 |he Brenner meeting is likely to be Line 3.6.2 \\.",
"prelude to the Axis winter cam- Line 3.6.3 paign, which, in view of the lack of Line 3.6.4 uccess against Britain, may well Line 3.6.5 be concentrated in the Mediter Line 3.6.6 Rome messages say that II Duce Line 3.7.1 fnd the Führer will discuss \"1m Line 4.0.0 portant developments of the Jap- Line 4.0.1 may be the reason why Senor Line 4.0.3 Suner, who was to have left Rome Line 4.0.4 postponed his departure, and may Line 4.0.6 bon and Gibraltar imply that Line 4.1.2 the dictators may, among other Line 4.1.3 things, try to devise a plan Line 4.1.4 ziani's army from its somewhat Line 4.1.6 critical position in Egypt, following Line 4.1.7 the cutting of Italian supply lines Line 4.1.8 and the bombardment of coastal Line 4.1.9 districts by British naval units.",
"Von Line 4.1.10 Ribbentrop's visit to Rome may pos- Line 4.1.11 sibly have been the result of an Line 4.1.12 Italian call for help in the Egyptian Line 4.2.0 So far Italy's navy and air force Line 4.3.1 have proved inadequate for the Line 4.3.2 task ol' driving British warships Line 4.3.3 from the African coast, which must Line 4.3.4 be done before Italian convoys can Line 4.3.5 be safely sent to Libya. Possibly Line 4.3.6 Italy has asked Germany to try to Line 4.3.7 draw oír the British Mediterranean Line 4.3.8 Fleet by smashing Gibraltar, which Line 4.3.9 In turn has caused Germany to Line 4.3.10 press General Franco to enter the Line 4.3.11 war or permit German troops to Line 4.3.12 cross Spain to attack the Rock.",
"Line 5.0.0 I CONTEMPT FOR ITALIANS I Line 6.0.0 Military experts consider that thei Line 6.0.1 touro composition of the Axis army Line 6.0.2 k the western desert will be the Line 6.0.3 najor point of the discussions. The Line 6.0.4 Herman High Command has never Line 6.0.5 ioncealed its contempt for Italian Line 6.0.6 loldiery, ond the point at issue ap Line 6.0.7 larently will be not whether German Line 6.0.8 Toops will be sent to stiffen their Line 6.0.9 ?anks-some arc believed to be Line 6.0.10 already there-but how many and Line 6.0.11 rhat procedure will be followed.",
"Line 6.1.0 This obviously is a very touchy Line 6.1.1 lolnt for both Mussolini and Grazl Line 6.2.0 jnl, but Hitler no doubt will be the Line 6.3.0 Francos, and Japans on the one Line 7.1.7 hand and willi Stalin on the other? Line 7.2.0 \"Is there nothing our Foreign Line 7.2.1 Office can do in a situation which Line 7.2.2 cries for strong diplomacy?",
"Russia Line 7.2.3 knows well enough that she Is faced Line 7.2.4 with a dire menace on two fronts, Line 7.2.5 that her power in the Balkans is Line 7.2.6 being undermined, that Japan is Line 7.2.7 seeking to destroy everything for Line 7.2.8 which the Soviet has striven in the Line 7.2.9 Far East, and that the path of ap- Line 7.2.10 peasement will lead into a situation Line 7.2.11 \"We may not be able to depend Line 7.3.1 on Russian co-operation for many Line 7.3.2 months to come, but our diplomacy Line 7.3.3 should at least be active in remind- Line 7.3.4 ing the Kremlin that the R.A.F.",
"has Line 7.3.5 proved its ability to beat back Goer Line 7.3.6 Ing's squadrons and batter the Line 7.3.7 Nazi war machine, that our armies Line 7.3.8 stand reinforced, waiting to resist Line 7.3.9 Axis expansion in the Middle East, Line 7.3.10 and that British and Russian in- Line 7.3.11 terests can march together, both Line 7.3.12 in the west and east.\" Line 7.4.0 HistoryMole Timeline: Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Benito Mussolini (1883-1945) Italian fascist leader and dictator.",
"Timeline More : 1934 CEDollfuss, Mussolini & G�mb�s sign Donau Pact (protocols of Rome) 1935 CEEzra Pound meets Mussolini, reads from a draft of \"Cantos\" 1936 CEMussolini describes alliance between Italy & Germany as an \"axis\" 10 Jun 1940 CEMussolini joins Hitler in Germany's war and Italy declares war against France & Britain Brief History of Mussolini & Fascists in WW2 History of the Rise and Fall of Mussolini Rise of Mussolini Benito Mussolini came to power in 1922 during a time of corruption, economic depression and labor disputes. After making himself known, he was practically invited by the King to step into the position of Prime Minister. Mussolini used his first years as Prime Minister to establish control of the government and begin improvements within the country. He implemented changes in agriculture by draining swamp lands and building canals. He also ensured the rail system worked. After a series of riots in 1922, the king appointed Benito Mussolini as prime minister in an attempt to prevent a communist revolution in Italy.",
"Mussolini headed a coalition of fascists and nationalists and parliamentary government continued until the murder of the socialist leader, Giacomo Matteotti in 1924. Critics view King Emmanuel as a puppet ruler of the Fascists. His early actions indicated he was pro-democracy but he allowed Mussolini and the Fascists to take over the country. In 1920s, the monarchy, the church, the political elite and the voters, for different reasons, felt Mussolini and his regime would provide a political and financial stability that was needed for their country. Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler's national socialism closely paralled Italy's fascism. He built his Nazi Brownshirts along the military lines of the Fascists Blackshirts. They had a lot in common. Both men had read Machiavelli. Both used the fear of Communism to gain power and control. The Nazis used violence and threats to silence any opposition. However, Mussolini still did not trust Hitler, especially when it came to the question of Austria's independance. Mussolini did not want to share a border with Germany.",
"He regarded Austria's chancellor, Englebert Dollfuss, as his personal friend and Italy was considered an ally of Austria. Hitler asked Mussolini if they could meet to discuss \"international policy\". They met at Venice on 14 June, 1934. This was their first meeting and, upon the urging of his advisors, Hitler traveled to Italy in civilian clothes, wearing a floppy felt hat and a wrinkled raincoat. Mussolini met him in all his military regalia which left Hitler a little embarrassed; vowing to never do that again. At this meeting the two leaders discussed the fate of Austria and persecution of the Jews. Talking incessantly, Hitler dominated their talks as Mussolini tried to keep pace with his German. The meeting ended with both leaders thinking the other had compromised to their position. Fifteen days after this meeting, on 25 June, Nazi thugs entered Chancellor Dollfuss's office and shot him at his desk. This infuriated Mussolini. He immediately mobilized his troops on the Austrian border and he wired the Austrian government that Italy would defend Austrian independence. Italy received no support from France or England but it was enough to cause Hitler to stand down.",
"The world press portrayed Mussolini as a world hero. With his popularity its peak in Italy and in the world's press, Mussolini took the first step towards ending the uneasy peace. Italy's Colonialism Mussolini began to focus national attention to the small independant monarchy of Abyssinia on Africa's eastern coast. Mussolini may have been influenced by Germany's expanionist policies. Maybe his personal ego was challenged by Hitler's rise to power. Italy still ranked highest in unemployment, poverty, illiteracy and disease. But Italians felt it was their destiny to make Abyssinia as a colony. They also wanted revenge for their defeat there in 1896. Italy had a small colony in Eritrea, adjacent to Abyssinia. Mussolini made claims that Haile Selassie was about to invade Eritrea. Troops were mobilized. Then on 5 December 1934, a border incident provided justification for invading Abyssinia. Italian troops were eager to join up and fulfill Italian's destiny. After the rainy season was over, Mussolini addressed a crowd in Rome on 2 Ocoter 1935 in a firey speech.",
"The next day, Italy invaded Abyssinia with their 100,000 infantry supported by armor, aircraft and gas attacks against a force that were largely armed with old rifles and spears. Within 4 months, Abyssinia had fallen and King Selassie had fled the country. On 9 May, Mussolini again stood on the balcony of Palazzo Venezia in Rome and proclaimed that the defeat of Adowa(1896) had been avenged. He was drowned out by thunderous cheers: \"Duce! Duce! Duce!\". This marked the peak of Mussolini's popularity with his countrymen. He eventually merged Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland into one state; the Italian East Africa (AOI - Africa Orientale Italiana). Francisco Franco was a right-wing army general who initiated an over-throw of the democratic republic of Spain. Franco had the backing of the aristocrats, the Catholic Church who feared right-wing liberals and the support of Italy. On 18 July, 1936, a civil war erupted in Spain. Mussolini immediately, but secretly, loaned 12 aircraft to protect Franco's troops ships arriving from Spanish Morocco.",
"When one aircraft was forced to land in French Morocco, the world and his own Italy learned of their alliance. Volunteer troops were sent to Spain but were more of a handicap than an aide. Meanwhile, Hitler did nothing. Hitler hoped that the more that Italy stood with Franco, the more that he would distance himself with western democracies and Russia, who sided with the Republic. And this would bring Italy and Germany into a stronger alliance. Hitler's ploy worked and he began to send his troops to aide Franco. By the end of 1937, Italy had sent every aicraft he could spare and 37,000 troops, much to the indetrement of Italy's economy. On a personal level, Mussolini was attracted to a new mistress. A beautiful, vivacious woman, Clara Petacci was young enough to be his daughter. While distracted by his mistress and these other events, Hitler made his move. Hitler; an alter ego Hitler extended an inviation for Mussolini to visit Germany. Count Galeazzo Ciano, Mussolini's son-in-law and minister of Foriegn Affairs, cleared the way for a meeting and signed a secret pact promising Italian cooperation on many diplomatic issues.",
"Mussolini accepted the invitation and spoke of a Berlin-Rome \"axis\". On 23 September, 1937, Mussolini boarded a train for his 5-day trip to Italy. This time he was greeted by a uniformed Fuherer and a parade through Berlin that was decorated with bunting in the Italian national colors. Mussolini witnessed mass parades, a military exercise, a tour of Krupp munitions factory and speeches before 800,000 citizens. Mussolini left a changed man with a new respect for the Fuherer. From this moment, Mussolini became the student; Hitler the wizard of warfare. As soon as he returned home, he tried to introduce the \"goose step\" for military parades. He began preparations for a reciprical visit by Hitler. Three weeks later, the Nazi ambassador, Joachim von Ribbentrop, arrived to obtain Mussolini's signature on an anti-Russian pact that was already approved by Japan. On 11 December, Italy pulled out of the League of Nations. Then Hitler pressured the Austrian chancellor into signing a pact that surrendered Austrian's independence without a complaint from Mussolini.",
"The Austrian chancellor called for a referendum vote that was set for 13 March 1938. The day before the election, German tanks rolled into Austria with the purpose of \"restoring order\". Mussolini could do nothing but endorse the invasion. The reaction of the Italian citizens and also of England caused some concern with Mussolini. He flipped his alliance again and tried to improve relations with England. He even withdrew his aid from the Spanish civil war. Meanwhile, the time arrived in May for Hitler's visit. When Hitler arrived in Rome, he was greeted by King Emmanuel. No one explained to him that only the King could receive visiting heads of state. After the official parades and naval exercises, Mussolini was allowed to host a banquet at the Palazzo Venezia. During his speech, Hitler vowed never to violate the Italian border. The visit lacked any discussion of the future plans of the Axis Alliance. There was very little mention of Czechoslovakia. Mussolini explained how his army had been weakened from years of fighting in Africa and in Spain. He asked for 3 years to build up his resources and re-equip his army. Italy wanted peace and their family home.",
"In a later meeting, minister von Ribbentrop promised no military action would be taken until 1941. Hitler again brought up the subject of removing the Jews from Italy. With a Jewish population of only 37,000, this was of little concern to Mussolini. Just the same, 2 months later, Mussolini issued a manifesto that limited the freedoms of the Jews. By the summer of 1938, Germany and Czechoslovakia began to quarrel over the disputed border area of the Sudetenland. War was imminent and Mussolini was seen as a warmonger with Hitler. Relief came from the prime minister of England, Neville Chamberlain, who proposed a conference to settle the crises. The conference was held in Munich on 29 & 30 September and Czechslovakia was not invited. Mussolini played a dynamic role as negotiator as well as interpreter. The result was that England and France gave away Czechslovakia to obtain peace. Germany went home with a more land and Mussolini went home as an international peace maker. Albania On 28 March 1939, Franco's forces occupied Madrid and ended the Spanish Civil War.",
"Finally, after 3 years, the Italian troops could come home. Once again, Mussolini wanted to expand his control on the Mediterranean. He set his eyes on Albania. Albania was self-ruled but it depended on Italy for protection. So annexing it would be a \"family matter\" that was only symbolic. On 7 April, 1939, Italy invaded Albania, which proved to be a difficult campaign that emphazied the weakness of their army. This was followed by a meeting between the German and Italian ministers in May 1939. Ribbentrop made a surprise annoncement that German wanted a nonaggression pact with Russia. Mussolini saw this as a way to dampen Hitler's military ambitions and signed the pact on 22 May, 1939. Italy ordered 6 battleships and additional munitions factories. The Nazis promised 3 years of peace. Germany immediately began to make threats against Poland. Minister Ciano attempted to negotiate a settlement but Ribbentrop stated \"We want war.\" Ciano tried to convince Mussolini to break the pact. Mussolini still had hopes that he would reap benefits of the fruits of war.",
"If he broke the pact, then what would keep Germany from invading Italy? Hitler wrote Mussolini a letter explaining his actions and the reason for his pact with Russia. Mussolini saw an opportunity to get aid from Germany. He wrote Hitler that he would be willing to support a small war but he needed raw materials and arms to support a prolonged, major war. He requested 2M tons of steel, 6M tons of coal, 7M tons of oil, and a list of 13 other raw materials plus 150 anti-aircraft guns. Hitler promised aid from Germany in due time. Alligiance with Germany On 1 September 1939, Germany opened up WW2 with the \"blitz-krieg\" invastion of Poland. Mussolini again waivered between neutrality and total war. He knew that international opinion would turn against him if Germany invaded Belgium and Holland. He allowed Ciano to make anti-German speeches, while he wrote a long letter to Hitler condeming his treatment of Polish citizens. This 4,000-word letter arrived at a time when he was suffering from attacks of indigestion and attacks by British on his ships.",
"Mussolini flipped his opinion one more time and agreed to go to war with Germany. He requested a meeting with Hitler at the Brenner Pass. They met on 18 March and again, Hitler did most of the talking. He asked for Italy's help to distract France and England but did not require Italy to attack across France's border. By 9 April, Germany launched an attack against Norway and Denmark. By the end of the month, Germany was ready to invade France. Belgium surrendered on 28 May. Ignoring a final appeal from England, Mussolini decided that he did not want to miss out on the fruits of war and was ready to invade France. Hitler gleefully received this news but asked that he wait until France's air force could be destroyed by the German Luftwaffe. On June 10, Mussolini gave another speech to annouce that Italy was joing the fight. But still no support from Hitler. German troops entered Paris on 14th June. Mussolini ordered the invasion of France to start on the 18th but his general Badoglio could not move his troops to the border in time.",
"The invasion finally began and the Italians captured two small French towns, when after only only 4 days, France had surrendered to Germany. At the Munich conference, Italy asked for land from southern France and Tunisia but got nothing. Border conflicts had been increasing in North Africa over the months between Italy's old colony of Somaliland and neighboring British Somililand. On 3 August the Italians launched their invasion of British Somaliland with 40,000 men from Ethiopia. Within 4 days, they had cut off the capitol from escape to friendly French Somaliland. The British turned their attention to retaining control of the Suez Canal. In December 1940, the Italian High Command abandon their claim on Sudan and focus on defending Ethiopia. British Major Orde Wingate lead a hit and run raids from Sudan against the Italians. The British were reinforced and on January 18, 1941, the 4th and 5th Indian Divisions launched an attack on Eritea. On the southern front, South African troops under British commander Cunningham attacked Italian Somaliland. In March, the British Royal Navy launched attacks to recapture British Somaliland.",
"Hitler was trying to negotiate a treaty with England so he could carry out his secret plans to invade Russian and capture the oil fields of Rumania. Mussolini was growing impatient and made plans for an invasion of either Yugoslavia, Greece or Egypt. The defeat of France by Germany, neutralized the western countries to the west of Libya. Mussolini ordered an invasion of Egypt on June 28 but the Italian army in Libya did not attack across the border until September 13th. In four days they had pushed the British army back 60 miles. When he offered some planes and armor at an conference in October, Mussolini refused any aid until they were close to the final stages of conquering Egypt. To Hitler's surpirse and annoyance, Mussolini launched an attack on Greece in response to Hitler's occupation of Rumania. Italian troops in Albania crossed the border of Greece on 28 October, 1940. Hitler was returning from a visit with Franco and learned of the invasion when he arrived at the train station at Florence. When Hitler met with the jubilient Mussolini, he could not speak of the invasion but gave false predictions that Spain would join the Axis alliance.",
"Campaign in Greece & Balkans The invasion of Greece was a disaster. Soon the Greek armies were putting the Italians into retreat. The British sent their navy to occupy islands in the Aegean Sea. The Italian navy was not prepared to battle this mighty power. On 11th November, a British carrier force struck the Italian fleet anchored in Taranto harbor on the southern end of Italy. This aerial attack pre-dated the attack of Pearl Harbor by 13 months. By early December 1940, Mussolini sent a special ambassador to Berlin to ask for aid. Hitler offered to send troop transport plans to assist in Greece. Could Germany assist in North Africa? Hitler's answer was conditional; he would send troops only if Italy would provide manpower for German factories and fields. Mussolini turned to his \"ally\", Russia, to obtain raw materials he would need for his army. Hitler told Mussolini to break off these talks immediately. He implied that German troops were being sent to the east. Mussolini assumed this was for the campaign against Greece and Yugoslavia; he had no clue of the forthcoming invasion of Russia. On April 6, 1941, German troops crossed through Bulgaria and invaded Greece and Yugoslavia.",
"Blegrade fell within a week. On April 23, the Greek army surrendered, thus relieving Mussolini of futher embarassement of loses on this front. Germany sent General Erwin Rommel to North Africa. At the same time, German troops began moving through the Brenner Pass into Italy. The Italian citizens resented this move and felt that Italy was slowly being bullied by their ally. The aerial bombardments by the RAF continued in the northern industrial cities. Prices rose and so did unemployment as less raw materials became scarce. Use of private autos were banned which lead to many resturants and areas of entertainment to close early. Mussolini was slow ration food and clothing. Thus the troops in Albania were freezing for lack of shoes and clothing but the products were still sold in shop windows in Rome. By June 1941, everyone suspected that Hitler was about to invade Russia; everyone except Mussolini. A German diplomat woke Ciano at 3am to deliver the news. Mussolini offered to send Italian troops at once. Hitler accepted with some reluctance. The offensive was going well at all fronts. Hitler invited Mussolini to tour the front lines on August 25.",
"On 7th August, Bruno Mussolini (18), the 2nd son of Il Duce, was killed when a new bomber he was testing crashed at Pisa. The two leaders met and announced a \"New Order\" for Europe. However, Mussolini was becoming skeptical. His offer of more troops was rejected by Hitler. He began to hear reports of mistreatment of Italian workers in Germany. Battle for North Africa When France surrendered, Mussolini ordered an invasion of Egypt on June 28 but the Italian army in Libya took 6 weeks for preparations. Italy's Army in Libya consisted of 236,000 men, including colonial troops. The British had 31,000 men in Egypt. The Italian 5th Army was placed at the eastern border of Lybia to reinforce the 10th Army. The attack was finally launched on 13 September and by the 20th, four Italian divisions and with 200 tanks had pushed 65 miles into Egypt. Marshal Rodolfo Graziani began requesting more supplies and armor. Hitler considered providing a division but refained from sending support pending his invasion of Russia.",
"The British waited to see what would become of the campaign in Greece. The Italians built a string of 7 major strongpoints that stretched 15 miles from the coast. During this lull of the desert war, the British sent 150 tanks to Egypt. On December 7, General Wavell moved the British 7th Armored Division and supplies to a weak point of the defenses. The attack hit the Italian between a gap in the out posts and began striking each one by one and routing the Italians. The British pushed into Bardia, then Tobruk, Derna and Benghazi. By 9 February 1941, they had advanced 500 miles and captured 130,000 prisoners, including 22 generals. The cost to the British was only 500 dead, 1373 wounded and 56 missing. Hitler realized a defeat of the Italians would be demoralizing to his ally and provide the British with complete control of the region. After the fall of Bardia on 9 January 1941, he ordered units to be formed for service in North Africa.",
"The 5th Light Divison was formed, which was later strengthened with a panzer regiment and this eventually grew into the Deutsches Afrika Korps (DAK). The Luftwaffe was allowed to fly more bombing missions in support of the Italian. The Germans had no experience in desert warfare. However, their 80 Mark III and IV tanks would prove far superior to the Italian armor and to much of the British armor. On 12 February 1941, Lt-General Erwin Rommel arrived with the advance units of the Deutsches Afrika Korps. Even though he was placed under the Command of the Italian General Italo Gariboldi, General Rommel made prepartions to attack the British. His assault pushed the British back to Egypt and captured Tobruk, Libya. They only stopped due to the invasion of Russia. The British attempted to re-take Tobruk in June but failed. Both sides had a change of command: General Wavel is replaced by General Auchinleck. German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring is appointed the Supreme Commander of all of Mediterranean, including the Italians.",
"The British launched an offensive on 18th November, which resulted in driving Rommel out of Egypt and re-capturing Tobruk on 29th. However, in January 1941, Axis naval and air forces begin arriving in Libya as some of the British Commonwealth troops are pulled out and sent to fight the Japanese. The German-Italian slowly advances across the desert and re-take Tobruk from the South Aficans. The British 8th Army forms a defensive line around El Alamein on 30 June. In September Rommel was recalled to Germany because of his health. On 30 August, the Axis attacks the El Alamein lines and fails. On 23 October, the British attack the Axis defense lines around El Alamein. The British have a strength of 195,000 men, 1029 tanks and 2,311 guns. The Axis forces have 104,000 troops (the majority Italian), 489 tanks (259 inferior Italian) and 1,219 guns.",
"The British destroyed 5 of the 7 Italian divisions in North Africa, and captured 130,000 Italian prisoners and 700 guns. Rommel lost 33,000 men and ordered a general retreat. Then on 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor and Italy and Germany declared the United States as their enemy. On June 21, 1942, the Axis forces captured Tobruk and 33,000 British soldiers. On June 23, 1942, Mussolini's health improved enough for him to attend a cabinet meeting. To silence the dissidents, he reorganized the government and the cabinet members were replaced. Ciano was moved to the office of ambassador to the Vatican. Mussolini placed himself as head of the Foriegn Office. On 29th of June, Mussolini visited North Africa in hopes of celebrating the removal of the British from Egypt. Rommel did not bother to pay respects to the Italian dictator. Adding further insult, Hitler promoted Rommel to Field Marshal, thus making him the high ranking commander over the Italians. But Rommel had to halt his advance.",
"The Axis desert forces would never again take on the offensive. After waiting for victory and planning how he would control Egypt, Mussolini returned home on 21 July. Back in Italy, Mussolini became physically ill with stomach pains in September and October, 1942. Doctors believed an acute case of dysentery had reactivated an old ulcer. He was restricted to the bed and lost 40 pounds. He had periods of depression and inactivity. Mussolini retreated to the Adriatic coastal resort of Riccione with his mistress, Clare Petacci. Later X-rays diagnosed his problem as rheumatic localization in the spinal column. Rumors began to circulate about Mussolini's health and the King Victor Emmanuel began to cast around for his successor. The war for Italy went badly. Sea convoys trying to resupply the desert army were under constant attack by British Navy and Royal Air Force. The Germans were anxious to know more of the status of their ally, so SS commander Heinrich Himmler visited Rome on 11 October. Himmler stayed for a few days to collect intelligience. He reported back to Hitler that Italy would remain an ally as long as Mussolini remained alive.",
"On November 7, 1942, the American forces landed at Morrocco and Algiers. After dealing with the Vichy French government, they began to move east to engage the Germans desert army. Hitler responded immediately by landing 250,000 German and Italian troops in Tunis, Tunisia, on 11th November. The Axis army now had to fight a two-front war: General Bradley's 7th Army, spearheaded by General Patton's II Corps, from the west and General Montgomery's 8th Army on the east. November 8th 1942- Battle of El Alamein. British forces were 230,000 men and the Axis forces totaled 108,000 men; 42 out of the 70 battalions were Italian. The losses at El Alamein were heavy for both sides: Rommel lost 25,000 dead and wounded and 30,000 captured; Montgomery lost 4,610 dead and missing and 8,950 wounded. The bulk of Rommel's 17,000 casualties were Italian.",
"The Axis losses during the Campaign in North Africa since June 1940 totaled 975,000 men, 7,600 aircraft, 6,200 guns, 2,550 tanks, and some 600 ships of all sizes. On November 30th, Reichsmarshal Herman Goering made an unannounced visit to Rome after a previous cancellation due to sickness. The Italians were offended by Goering blaming all of Germany's troubles on Italy and his talk of his art collection that he had accumulated. The fashion conscience Italians were even offended by the full-length fur coat that Goering wore. Fall from Power Since Mussolini was on a strict diet of rice and milk and submitting to an electrotherapeutic treatment, he decided to send Count Ciano to Germany on December 18 to urge a peace settlement with Russia. Ciano found the German high command in turmoil and gloom over the news from the Russian front. The German VI Army was surrounded at Stalingrad. Peace was a major topic in Italy. Mussolini and King Emanuel discussed transferring the High Command out of Rome in order to protect it from Allied bombings.",
"The Allies landed in Sicily in July 1943 and had pushed the German and Italian defenders off the island by the end of August. Over the years, Mussolini had taken total control of the government. He made all the decisions and relegated the Fascist grand council to little more than a rubber-stamp approval. There arose dissidents within the Council who demanded peace. The disidents were lead by former Foriegn Minister Dino Grandi and Duce's son-in-law, Count Galeazzo Ciano. At a tense meeting on 16 July, 15 of the Fascist leaders asked Mussolini to cede some of his powers so the country could run more efficent. He agreed to have a meeting of the Gran Council, which had little power left. Five days later, he learned that Grandi was circulating a resolution to restore the authority of the Grand Council and other government agencies. Hitler summoned Mussolini to meet him at Feltre on July 19th, but the Italian delegation did not get a chance to express their need for peace. At a private meeting, Hitler continued to sway Mussolini with promises of new weapons that would win the war.",
"During this meeting, 500 Allied bombers dropped bombs on Rome, causing 1400 dead and 6,000 injured. This was the greatest single event that pushed King Emmanuel and the Italian citizens over to the side of peace. The King had decided that he would use the Grand Council meeting to remove Mussolini as dictator and replace him with Marshal Pietro Badoglio. Count Dino Grandi Saturday, 24 July 1943, Fascits Party Secretary Carlo Scorza opened the meeting by leading a cry of \"Saluto al Duce!\". Then Mussolini opened with a 2-hour lecture, which was usual for these meetings, and was followed by a round of debate. When Ciano announced his support of the motion to remove Duce, Mussolini went into a rage. After 9 hours of debates, Mussolini demaned a roll-call vote of the 26 members. Grandi's resolution won with 19 votes. The meeting was adjourned at 2:40am. Mussolini requested an audience with King Emmanuel on Sunday afternoon, instead of the usual Monday. The private meeting was arranged. The King made special arrangements for security and plans to arrest Mussolini.",
"The meeting was short and the King was to the point. Mussolini accepted his fate and walked out in custody of the carabinieri. A few Fascists leaders were arrested but most had fled Rome. At 10:45pm, the Italian radio interrupted programming to annouce the change of government. Citizens began to celebrate. Many began to strip down the emblems of Fascism. Badoglio took steps to restore order and began the process to get Italy out of the war. Puppet of Hitler On 3rd September, British 8th Army landed at the tip of the \"boot\" of Italy, followed by a US 5th Army landing at Salerno the 9th. The Badoglio government had been in negotiating with the Allies on an honorable surrender that would allow them to join the Allies. The British did not want anything but an unconditional surrender as a defeated enemy. There was even secret discusstion of dropping the US 82nd Airborne Division into Rome in order to ensure the capitol would not fall into German hands. The day before the landings at Salerno, the Badoglio government announced an unconditional surrender.",
"The German response was Operation ASCHE that aggressively disarmed all the Italian army. Badoglio immediately fled the capitol and the Germans occupied it as an open city. The new Italian government tried to exile the ex-dictator to the island of Ponza. Later, they moved him to the Gran Sasso mountain fortress. Hitler called for SS-General Otto Skorzeny to make a daring raid to rescue Mussolini from the fortress and return him to Germany. Eventually Mussolini was set-up as the new commander of the new Salo Republic on 28 October 1943, exactly 19 years from the time he first came to power. His new residence was the Villa Feltrinelli located in Gargnano on the western shore of Lake Garda where he was under the guard of the Germans. Clara Petacci resided in the Villa Fiodaliso at Gardone Riviera. For the next 18 months, Mussolini powers were totatally under the control of the German command. He made very few public appearances or speeches. Mussolini had a government but nothing to govern. The Germans began rounding up men for their labor camps.",
"The provinces of Trieste, Bolzano and other regions taken from Austria in WW1, was occupied as \"enemy territory\". Any Italian soldiers found in those \"operational zones\" were sent to Germany as prisoners of war. The reaction to this force was the creation of partisan groups all over northern Italy. On January 8, 1944, Ciano and five other of the \"traitors\" were put on trial for conspiracy for their actions at the Grand Council vote. Hitler wanted vengence from the puppet government for Italy's breaking of their treaty but his main focus was on \"that anti-German, Ciano\". Mussolini thought the trail would help unify the Fascist party but he was torn by family ties. His wife, Rachele, even favored the trial because she could not forgive her son for voting Mussolini out of office. The six were found guilty and condemned to death: Emilio de Bono, Carlo Pareschi, Tullio Cianetti, Luciano Gottardi and Giovanni Marinelli, who was deaf. They were taken to a shooting range at Forte San Porcolo, a suburb of Verona. The condemned were seated in chairs with their backs to a German firing squad.",
"The execution was a family tragedy. In Rome, the men were regarded as martyrs; Ciano was praised as a hero. Mussolini was pictured as a butcher. However, Count Ciano had the last word. He compiled his journal that he had kept since 1939 and with the help of his wife, Edna, ---yes, Mussolini's own daughter----was able to smuggle them out to the free press. Mussolini requested a talk with Hitler to discuss the expansion of the Salo Republic's authority. He met Hitler on April, 22, 1944 and delivered a long explanation of how he wanted to return control back to the Italians and restore morale to the people. After listening to him, Hitler responded with insults and accusations. He stressed the importance of controlling the partisans and ended with a few words of goodwill. The only good part of this trip was they Mussolini was able to give a speech to the Italian soldiers being trained in Germany. Back at his Lake Gordo residence, the news from the front was worse. Rome fell. Allies landed in Normandy coast. Partisans were growing stronger and more bold. A thousand partisans entered Milan unopposed.",
"After the partisans attacked a German truck, the Nazis executed 15 political prisoners in a main square of Milan, Piazalle Loreto. The rule of the Salo Republic was confined to the Po Valley. Mussolini left Italy on July 15th on a special train to speak to his troops and visit Hitler, again. Only few hours before they were to confer, Hitler went into a conference at his Wolf's Lair where he was the target of an assassaniation attempt. He kicked a briefcase behind the leg of the table which deflected the blast when it exploded. Hitler was still visible shaken and held one arm stiff when he greeted Mussolini at the train station. By August 1944, the Allies were in Paris and had landed a force in southern France. Florence was captured, thus establishing a front line only 150 miles from his residence. The Salo government would soon have to retreat. Without asking permission, Mussolini announced an important even for Milan on 15 December. Here he gave his last public speech before a selected Fascist audience.",
"Final Days For details of the last days of Mussolini, including his escape from Milan, his capture and execution, go to Nostradamus Hister Nostradamus and Adolf Hitler Did Nostradamus predict the coming of Adolf Hitler? Nostradamus often played word games with the names of famous people to protect himself from persecution by the Catholic Church. The word \"Hister\" is a combination of the words \"Hitler\" and \"Ister\", thus providing us with Hitler's name and place of origin (Ister was the Latin name for the Danube River). The following poems are the Nostradamus quatrains that specifically refer to Hister: Wildmen ferocious with anger, crossover rivers, Bestes farouches de faim, fleuves tranner, The greater part of the battlefield will be against Hitler; Plus part du champ encontre Hister sera; In armor of steel, the great (army) will make the assault, En caige de fer le grand fera treisner, When the child of Germany shall heed no one. Quand rien enfant de Germain observera.",
"CLICK HERE FOR OLD FRENCH DICTIONARY The above quatrain describes the last days of the NAZI empire. Allied troops, thoroughly fed up with the long war, are finally able to cross over Germany's rivers and make their final assault on Berlin. Hitler, behaving like an angry child, sat in his bunker in Berlin and refused to heed the advice of his generals to surrender. In a place very close, not far from Venice, En lieu bien proche, non eslignie de Venus, The two (agree to) expand into Asia & Africa Les deux plus grans de Asia & Afrique From the Rhine & that Hitler will now speak for Venice; Du Rhin & Hister qu'on dira sont Venus; Cries, tears, at Malta & the coast of Liguria. Cris, pleurs, a Malta & coste Ligustique. CLICK HERE FOR OLD FRENCH DICTIONARY Nostradamus tells us about a secret meeting held at the Brenner Pass. near Venice, between Adolph Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, on Mar. 18, 1940 to discuss Italy's formal entry into WWII.",
"At this meeting the two agreed that Italy would declare war on both Britain and France, and that Italy would initiate an African campaign. Germany would then get Japan to sign the Tripartite Treaty, expanding the war into Asia. On June 10th, 1940 Mussolini formally declared war on England and France, and Italian forces began their attack on Malta and the Ligurian coast of France. They shall be occupied by a dark, fierce, iniquitous villain, L'occupera noir, fier, vilain inique, When the edicts of the pope will be overruled Quand la matiere du pont sera ouvree By Hitler, and Italy is a fascist republic. D'Hister, Venise fashee la republique. CLICK HERE FOR OLD FRENCH DICTIONARY The NAZI (National Socialist) leader Adolf Hitler and Italian (Fascist) leader Benito Mussolini, act together to remove the influence of the Pope from all sectors of Italy. Mussolini was then established as the military dictator of the new Fascist republic. The freedom of the people was ended, and a state of martial law instituted in the new fascist state.",
"Hitler is thought by many to be the second of two antichrists (Rev: 13) coming to bring much death and destruction to the world. So far, modern scientists and historians have been unable to explain how Nostradamus was able to accomplish these amazing feats of prophecy over 350 years before the actual events took place. If you'd like to learn more about how the life of Adolf Hitler fit into God's prophetic plan for the destiny of mankind, please click on the link below, and order your copy of Edward Oliver's 350-page book, \"Prophets and Frauds.\" World War II From A to Z: 1940 Chronology: 18 March World War II From A to Z This blog presents a bibliography of books on World War II, as well as news reports covering people who served in the war, reenactions, musuem exhibits and so on. Friday, March 18, 2011 1940 Chronology: 18 March Hitler and Mussolini meet at Brennero, on the Brenner pass. The Italian dictaor declares that Italy is ready to join the war against Britain and France.",
"From Wikipedia: Brenner Pass (German: Brennerpass; Italian: Passo del Brennero) is a mountain pass through the Alps along the border between Italy and Austria, and is one of the principal passes of the Alps. It is the lowest of the Alpine passes, and one of the few in the area. For that reason possession of the pass has long been coveted. Below the pass, high Alpine pastures have been used by dairy cattle for summer grazing, making space available at lower altitudes for cultivating and harvesting hay for winter fodder. Many of the high pastures are at altitudes over 1,000 meters. The central section, the Brenner Pass itself, covers the track between Sterzing and Matrei, through the village of Brenner. The pass was a trackway for mule trains and carts until a carriage road was opened in 1777. The railway was completed in 1867 and is the only transalpine rail route without a major tunnel. Since the end of World War I in 1918, when international borders shifted, control of the pass has been shared between Italy and Austria.",
"Until then, both sides of the pass had been within the Habsburg-ruled Austro-Hungarian Empire. During World War II, the German leader Adolf Hitler and the Italian leader Benito Mussolini met there to celebrate their Pact of Steel on 18 March 1940. This pass was the way out of Germany for some Nazis after collapse of the government in 1945. Bibliography"
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In which state is Harrah's Auto Collection situated?
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Nevada
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[
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"THE LAST OF HARRAH / Enough of Reno tycoon's car collection is left to fill a museum - SFGate THE LAST OF HARRAH / Enough of Reno tycoon's car collection is left to fill a museum Michael Taylor, Chronicle Auto Editor Published 4:00 am, Sunday, February 25, 2007 Photo: By Lance Iversen Close Image 1 of 4 MOTORXXMUSIUM_1036.JPG There are four authentic street scenes, representing each quarter of the 20th century, with facades, autos, artifacts and sounds from each era. One side of each street contains building facades and the other side a timeline of events and achievements chronicling the history and progress of the automobile. A 1938 Packard is one of the 230 cars on display at Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno are housed in what has to be called a spectacular building just a few blocks from his famous hotel-casino Harrah�s on Virginia Street in downtown Reno. AUGUST 3, 2006.",
"RENO.By Lance Iversen/San Francisco Chronicle MANDATORY CREDIT PHOTOG AND SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE/NO SALES MAGS OUT less MOTORXXMUSIUM_1036.JPG There are four authentic street scenes, representing each quarter of the 20th century, with facades, autos, artifacts and sounds from each era. One side of each street contains building ... more Photo: By Lance Iversen Image 2 of 4 MOTORXXMUSIUM_0992.JPG A 1914 Mercer 450 race Car powered by a 4-cylinder T-head 150hp engine is one of the 230 cars on display at Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno. The museum is housed in what has to be called a spectacular building just a few blocks from his famous hotel-casino Harrah�s on Virginia Street in downtown Reno. AUGUST 3, 2006.RENO.",
"By Lance Iversen/San Francisco Chronicle MANDATORY CREDIT PHOTOG AND SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE/NO SALES MAGS OUT less MOTORXXMUSIUM_0992.JPG A 1914 Mercer 450 race Car powered by a 4-cylinder T-head 150hp engine is one of the 230 cars on display at Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno. The museum is housed in ... more Photo: By Lance Iversen Image 3 of 4 MOTORXXMUSIUM_1039 There are four authentic street scenes, representing each quarter of the 20th century, with facades, autos, artifacts and sounds from each era. One side of each street contains building facades and the other side a timeline of events and achievements chronicling the history and progress of the automobile. A jeep Wagoner powered by a Ferrari engine is one of the 230 cars on display at Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno are housed in what has to be called a spectacular building just a few blocks from his famous hotel-casino Harrah�s on Virginia Street in downtown Reno.",
"AUGUST 3, 2006. RENO. By Lance Iversen/San Francisco Chronicle less MOTORXXMUSIUM_1039 There are four authentic street scenes, representing each quarter of the 20th century, with facades, autos, artifacts and sounds from each era. One side of each street contains building ... more Photo: Lance Iversen Image 4 of 4 MOTORXXMUSIUM_0989.JPG A visitor to the Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno takes a photograph of a 1908 Franklin powered by a 16HP air-cooled 4-cylinder engine. 230 cars are housed in what has to be called a spectacular building just a few blocks from his famous hotel-casino Harrah�s on Virginia Street in downtown Reno. AUGUST 3, 2006.",
"RENO.By Lance Iversen/San Francisco Chronicle MANDATORY CREDIT PHOTOG AND SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE/NO SALES MAGS OUT less MOTORXXMUSIUM_0989.JPG A visitor to the Bill Harrah�s National Automobile Museum in Reno takes a photograph of a 1908 Franklin powered by a 16HP air-cooled 4-cylinder engine. 230 cars are housed in what has ... more Photo: By Lance Iversen THE LAST OF HARRAH / Enough of Reno tycoon's car collection is left to fill a museum 1 / 4 Back to Gallery 2007-02-25 04:00:00 PDT Reno -- The 230 cars on display are great, let's make no mistake about that, but it is the eclectic nature of Bill Harrah's car-collecting brain, his innate curiosity and the manic nature of his hands-on collecting that are really the stamp of the National Automobile Museum . And the stamp comes in ways subtle -- and not so subtle.",
"To me, the most obvious and whimsical example of Harrah, the legendary casino tycoon who died in 1978 at age 67, is the Jerrari -- a combination Ferrari and Jeep Wagoneer. It's on display in a corridor between some of the museum's galleries. The story was that Harrah asked Ferrari to make him a four-wheel-drive vehicle because Harrah was having trouble getting over the hill to Lake Tahoe in style. (Harrah was not one for plebian transportation.) Ferrari said no. So Harrah had his mechanics stuff a V12 Ferrari engine into the engine bay of a 1977 Wagoneer and got himself a unique four-wheel-drive. Or almost unique. Although the museum's curator had no record of it, it appears Harrah had another Jerrari created from a 1969 Wagoneer. That one had the long sloping hood, the grille and the front fenders of a Ferrari 365 grafted onto the Wagoneer and, yes, it does look weird. The car cropped up recently on the Web site of Barrett-Jackson, the big Arizona auto auction firm. Jerraris, Ferraris.",
"There are many other cars worth seeing in the museum, which came about after Harrah died and his vast collection became the subject of huge controversy in the rarefied world of collector cars. Harrah had cobbled together some 1,450 cars that were in a collection of warehouses in nearby Sparks. The collection was open to the public and became known as the world's largest assemblage of collector cars. After Harrah died, Holiday Inns acquired the Harrah's casino and hotel empire. In the summer of 1981, after Holiday Inns said it was going to put the entire collection up for sale, there was a big brouhaha in Nevada over the possible loss of the collection. Nevada's then-Gov. Robert List even entered the fray, trying to stall the sale, possibly by getting the state's congressional delegation to enact some kind of car-saving legislation. At one point, Bay Area venture capitalist Thomas Perkins headed a group interested in acquiring the collection. In the end, all these efforts fell apart. But a nonprofit organization was formed, and this eventually led to the construction of the museum. Holiday Inns donated 175 Harrah cars and Harrah's vast research library to the group.",
"Private donations brought in another 60 cars. The museum opened in downtown Reno in 1989. As to the bulk of the original Harrah collection, the cars were sold off in three colorful auctions in the mid-1980s. Gone were the two Bugatti Royales, two of only six existing Royales, gone were the Duesenbergs and the Ford GT race car and gone were such outré items as the 1864 velocipede, the motorized San Francisco cable car and the motorized toboggan. \"It's been like the breaking up of a family,\" Clyde Wade , director of the collection, said at the time. \"We won't ever see the collection as it has been.\" True enough, but there's ample satisfaction to be had just from what is still here. Walking toward the first gallery, you go past the workshop, where cars are still fiddled with. It looks like a tiny version of Harrah's big workshop-cum-machine-shop out at the old Sparks buildings. In the first gallery are myriad 19th and early 20th century cars -- pristine, to say the least.",
"In a highlighted display is the 1907 Thomas Flyer, which won the 1908 around-the-world race, which was actually a New York-to-Paris race. \"After traveling 12,427 land miles (over 22,000 miles overall, including sea voyages) in 170 days,\" the museum's Web site description of the car says, \" George Schuster , the only crew member to travel the entire distance, drove this car into Paris to win the race.\" There's a fabulous 1921 Rolls-Royce Torpedo Body Silver Ghost whose name should have been changed given the application of new body cladding of solid copper sheets, 0.065 of an inch thick. It really stops you, given how the museum lighting bounces off it. The 1930s street gallery is an actual re-creation of a city street, replete with a movie theater whose marquee displays the new movie, \"Gone With The Wind.\" Parked at the curb, among other period cars, are a blue 1938 Packard convertible and a blue 1930 Jordan seven-passenger touring car.",
"There's also the rather modest-looking green 1928 Ford Model A that actor Douglas Fairbanks bought for his wife, Mary Pickford . In fact, the museum has its own sprinkling of celebrity cars, but they hardly dominate the collection. There's Lana Turner 's 1941 Chrysler Newport Dual Cowl Phaeton , Frank Sinatra 's 1961 Ghia, and Elvis Presley 's 1973 Cadillac Eldorado. While most of the museum cars are simply displayed on sandy-colored stuff that looks like pebbles, a few are in their own settings -- a baby blue 1954 Buick Skylark convertible is ensconced in what looks like a period service station bay, replete with old oil cans and tools. On a more modern note, the museum's lobby currently has on display -- and you should check to make sure they're still there -- some of the fabulous cars built by Ed \"Big Daddy\" Roth . Smack in the middle of the lobby is the 1994 Beatnik Bandit II, a sister ship to the famous radical bathtub-like car Roth made more than 30 years earlier.",
"The cars are given new currency by the recently finished movie, \"Tales of the Rat Fink,\" a film about Roth. The museum It's at 10 S. Lake St., Reno. Hours are Monday-Saturday, 9:30 a.m. to 5:30 p.m.; Sunday, 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Admission: adults, $9; seniors (62 and over), $7; juniors (6-18), $3; children 5 and under, free. The museum is closed on Thanksgiving and Christmas Day.",
"More information from (775) 333-9300; or visit the museum's Web site, $28.8-Million Deal One of Biggest Ever : Lyon Buys 82 Cars From Famed Harrah's Collection - latimes YOU ARE HERE: LAT Home → Collections $28.8-Million Deal One of Biggest Ever : Lyon Buys 82 Cars From Famed Harrah's Collection January 03, 1987 |MARY ANN GALANTE | Times Staff Writer Orange County developer William Lyon has bought 82 cars from the famous Harrah automobile collection for $28.8 million, doubling the value of his own classic car collection, Reno-based Harrah's said Friday. Lyon's purchase, believed to be one of the largest acquisitions of its kind in history, includes a 1931 Bugatti Royale Coupe de Ville--one of only six built and regarded by many classic auto experts as the most valuable car in the world. The sale is the fourth--and probably the last--of the Harrah collection.",
"Before his death in 1978, William Fisk Harrah, founder of the casino and restaurant business that bears his name, had acquired 1,800 classic autos--a collection believed at one time to be the largest in the world. When Holiday Corp. bought Harrah's in 1980, the car collection was included. \"The car collection wasn't self-supporting,\" Gene Evans, marketing director of the William F. Harrah Automobile Museum, said Friday. The museum is situated in Sparks, Nev., just east of Reno. In three previous sales of cars from the collection, Harrah's, now a subsidiary of Memphis, Tenn.-based Holiday, has grossed about $40 million, Evans said. The new sale to Lyon did not include another 75 cars and two antique planes--a World War I 1917 Jenny and a 1937 Aero Sport. Those vehicles are to be donated to the William F. Harrah Automobile Foundation, which will keep the cars on display in the Reno area. Announcement of Lyon's purchase came in the same week that auto racing enthusiast Briggs Cunningham sold his 71-car collection of historic automobiles and permanently closed his automotive museum in Costa Mesa.",
"The buyer of that collection, a collector in Palm Beach, Fla., will be moving the collection to an automotive museum now under construction in his state. Major Southland Builder Lyon, until last month, was chairman and the largest shareholder of AirCal. He and a partner sold the airline to American Airlines for $225 million in November. An intensely private man and antique car buff, Lyon, 63, is a major Southern California builder and chief executive of William Lyon Co. His present collection of 35 classic autos is valued at roughly $26 million and includes actress Dolores del Rio's 1930 Duesenberg SJ Murphy Town Car and a 1935 Model SJ Walker-LeGrande Duesenberg. Lyon could not be reached Friday but his accountant, Stan Ross of Kenneth Leventhal & Co. of Los Angeles, said he suspects that Lyon will display the cars. If Lyon does publicly display the cars in California, it will be a departure from his previous way of operating. While some of his cars have occasionally been displayed at auto shows, he typically has been reticent about revealing the scope of his collection. Lyon is an unusual collector of vintage cars because he regularly drives the vehicles.",
"\"My attitude is that these cars originally were made to be driven, so I put them to their intended purpose,\" he said in an interview last fall. \"If I couldn't drive a car, I wouldn't want it.\" Part of the condition of the sale, which was completed Dec. 31, was that the buyer would permit five of the rarest cars to continue to be displayed in the Reno area some of the time for the next seven years. \"It's to appease the natives,\" Evans said, explaining that Harrah's plans to dispose of the vehicles have been a source of public irritation and outcry in Reno for the past several years. The five cars: - 1931 Bugatti Royale Coupe de Ville, which Harrah's reportedly valued at a minimum of $12 million. - 1929 Duesenberg Dual-Cowl Phaeton that was used in the motion picture \"Annie.\" - A rare 1929 Mercedes-Benz Drop Head Coupe. - 1929 Miller Indianapolis race car that became a prototype for later models. - 1933 Duesenberg SJ Boattail Speedster that has only 1,750 miles on its odometer.",
"MORE: Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV | News Center | University of Nevada, Las Vegas University of Nevada, Las Vegas Home » Releases » Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV Harrah's Donates Historic Collection to UNLV From the Archives Please note that this release is more than two years old and details may have changed since the publish date. For inquiries, contact the the media relations office . Oct 15, 2003 | By UNLV Media Relations Media Contact: Diane Russell at UNLV at 895-0894 or David Strow at Harrah’s at 407-6530 Harrah's Entertainment, Inc., the Las Vegas-based gaming company, will formally donate its extensive corporate archives, including hundreds of photographs, publications, documents, and artifacts, to UNLV at an Oct. 23 news conference. The 5 p.m. event will take place in the special collections section of UNLV's Lied Library. Special collections, which will house the archives, is located on the third floor. Phil Satre, Harrah's chairman of the board, will present the archives to UNLV President Carol C. Harter.",
"The collection, now known as \"Harrah's Archive,\" is part of the Gaming Studies Research Center based in special collections. \"This is a wonderful collection for UNLV to receive,\" said Peter Michel, director of special collections. \"It is eclectic in nature. We have celebrity and entertainment memorabilia, financial reports, publicity and advertising files, corporate communications, newspaper clippings, film, videotape, and a variety of promotional items carrying the company logo. \"These items represent 65 years of gaming history and will serve to enhance UNLV's position as an international center for the study of gaming and the gaming industry,\" Michel said. The collection also contains extensive material about founder William Harrah's large antique car collection and his personal historical game and card collections. \"We are proud to share our company's rich history with the people of Nevada,\" Satre said. \"The story of Nevada's gaming industry cannot be told without our company's founder, Bill Harrah. These archives provide an intriguing look at his life and the legacy of the company he created.\" Harrah's began humbly in 1937 when Harrah opened a bingo parlor in Reno. Harrah's went on to play a significant role in the development and defining of gaming resorts over the years.",
"Today, it is one of the nation's largest gaming companies, operating 26 casinos in 13 states, including seven in Nevada. The company's affiliation with UNLV precedes the donation of the archives. The two entities have had a solid relationship for many years; the university's William F. Harrah College of Hotel Administration is named in Harrah's honor. Reader snapshots: At Harrah's in South Lake Tahoe, 1966 - Old Cars Weekly Old Cars Weekly ATTENTION IOLA OLD CAR SHOW ATTENDEES! Enter your e-mail address to receive a FREE muscle car download, cool wallpapers, and informative newsletters from OCW and partners. * By: admin | May 13, 2009 [Editor’s Note: Kenneth R. Unger, a C.P.A. and car enthusiast from Chandler, Arizona sends these photos to share with fellow readers of Old Cars Weekly. They are from a 1966 Harrah’s antique car show in South Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Kenneth offers this background about the photos.] “As a college student in the mid 1960’s at Arizona State University I had the wonderful opportunity to work for Harrah’s Club during the summer months.",
"Harrah’s would actually send recruiters to numerous college campuses scouting for summer employees at South Lake Tahoe, Nevada. Those older than 21 could work in the casinos. Harrah’s, Harvey’s and other casinos hired many college students. “Generally, Harrah’s operated about one-fifth of its gaming tables during the fall, winter and spring seasons, but opened up all tables for the summer season. The tables were staffed with summer employees who completed a 10-day to 2-week dealer training program. If a person was over 18 but under 21, they would be assigned restaurant or gift shop type of work. “As an over-21 accounting major I worked in the money count-room counting the drop from the tables and the restaurant and bar banks. I also worked overtime when needed as a casino cashier, dealing with all sorts of customers. “As most car enthusiasts know, Bill Harrah was a great car collector, building the largest antique and classic car collection based in Sparks, Nevada just outside of Reno. Employees were granted discount passes to the collection and I managed to go through the numerous buildings in Sparks many, many times during the three summers I spent at Tahoe. I never had the opportunity to meet Mr.",
"Harrah (we employees were told to address him as \"Bill\" if we did), but I have acquired many friends over the years who did get to know him and even bought, sold and traded cars with him in the 1950’s and 1960’s. Some even worked for him in the collection at a very early age. Bill Harrah passed away in June 1978 and his life story makes very interesting reading. “Outside the entrance to one of the main warehouse buildings, was a restored antique popcorn wagon which is shown [here]. My \"boss\" from Harrah’s, Bob Cranmer, is standing on the left. This antique popcorn wagon was looking good back in 1966 but later fell in disrepair. Kenneth chanced to meet the new owner recently and was able to show him what the popcorn wagon looked like in its glory years. “Recently on a antique car tour in Paso Robles, California, I became friends with a gentleman that told me he had recently acquired this wagon in a state of disrepair and I informed him that I might just have a photo of the unit outside of Harrah’s Collection I took back in 1966.",
"I located the photo and sent him 8\" by 10\" copies along with the other photos that were of a Harrah’s antique car show held in the South Lake Tahoe parking lot during the summer of 1966.” If you have snapshots you would like to share, please e-mail them to: [email protected] OR, CLICK HERE to post them directly online in our Old Cars Weekly forums CATEGORIES HARRAH'S CLUB v. UNITED STATES | 661 F.2d 203 (1981) | Leagle.com 661 F.2d 203 (1981) HARRAH'S CLUB v. The UNITED STATES. United States Court of Claims. September 23, 1981. Attorney(s) appearing for the Case John P. Sande, III, Reno, Nev., atty. of record, for plaintiff. James L. Malone, III, Washington, D. C., with whom was Acting Asst. Atty. Gen. John F. Murray, Washington, D. C., for defendant. Theodore D. Peyser, Jr., Washington, D.",
"C., of counsel. Before DAVIS, NICHOLS and BENNETT, Judges. OPINION PER CURIAM: This case comes before the court on plaintiff's withdrawal of notice of intention to except and request, filed August 3, 1981, that the court adopt as the basis for its judgment in this case, the recommended decision of Trial Judge David Schwartz, filed May 22, 1981, pursuant to Rule 134(h). Upon consideration thereof, without oral argument, since the court agrees with the trial judge's recommended decision, as hereinafter set forth * , it hereby grants plaintiff's request and adopts the recommended decision as the basis for its judgment in this case. Accordingly, plaintiff is not entitled to recover, and the petition is dismissed. OPINION OF TRIAL JUDGE SCHWARTZ, Trial Judge: The issue in this suit for a refund of income taxes is the propriety of the deduction from gross income, as a current expense or as an allowance for depreciation, of the taxpayer's costs of restoring antique automobiles. The taxpayer, plaintiff Harrah's Club of Reno, operates hotels and gambling casinos in Reno, Nevada.",
"To attract patrons, taxpayer maintains a museum of antique automobiles and other vehicles, known as Harrah's Automobile Collection (HAC). Approximately 1,000 antique vehicles are exhibited, many of them restored to original or near original condition. HAC employs 150 people, and is housed in a 10-acre complex which includes showrooms, restoration workshops and an extensive research library for use in restoration planning. The HAC is successful in its intended purpose. Almost 200,000 persons visited it during taxpayer's fiscal year 1971, the year involved. HAC vehicles, moreover, occasionally participate in antique auto races or are otherwise displayed in competitions for appearance and perfection in restoration. The 94 restored vehicles whose costs are involved in this case are often the subject of widely publicized photographs. All this brings much publicity for taxpayer's enterprises. The restoration of antique autos seeks to replicate original appearance. The most elaborate restoration recreates the original automobile in every particular, including operational ability. The restorations whose costs are in issue are so detailed and painstaking, taxpayer says, that the total cost of the restored vehicle is greater than its market value.",
"The Government does not dispute this proposition, and it is accepted, although the assumed market would seem to exclude those who might believe that the publicity value of such highly restored cars and the recognized premium value of HAC-restored cars compensate for their excess of cost over market value. If there are no such buyers, it may be that there is no market for cars restored in the HAC manner. In any event, the issue is the proper tax treatment of the excess of total restored-vehicle costs over market value. Taxpayer contends that these \"excess restoration costs\" are deductible as a business expense in the year of the restoration, and if not, then they are depreciable in five, or at most ten years. Alternatively, it is urged that the Commissioner, having agreed to a settlement in earlier years on the basis of depreciation of the excess restoration costs, is estopped now to argue otherwise. Trial of the case included a viewing of the HAC premises and the vehicles on display, among them many of the cars in issue, testimony as to individual restorations and expert testimony on valuations and restorations generally. Detailed findings of fact and conclusions of law have been made, and accompany this opinion. Those relevant to the decision are stated herein.",
"On the basis of the findings and conclusions, the taxpayer's contentions are for the reasons which follow rejected, and the complaint is dismissed. I The Claim of Estoppel The estoppel argument may be summarily disposed of. The agreement with the Commissioner, said to create an estoppel, related to years earlier than 1971. No agreement was made bearing on tax consequences in the taxpayer's fiscal year 1971, the year presently involved. Taxpayer's accountant conceded this on the stand; no agreement purporting to work an estoppel was put in evidence. It is settled that each tax year is another matter and that the Commissioner may challenge in a succeeding year what he condoned or agreed to in a former year. Automobile Club of Michigan v. Commissioner, 353 U.S. 180 , 77 S.Ct. 707, 1 L.Ed.2d 746 (1957); First National Bank of New York v. United States, 214 Ct.Cl.",
"585, 596-98, 557 F.2d 1379 , 1386-87 (1977); Union Equity Cooperative Exchange v. Commissioner, 481 F.2d 812 (10th Cir. 1973), cert. denied, 414 U.S. 1028, 94 S.Ct. 457, 38 L.Ed.2d 321 (1973); 10 Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, § 60.14. II Deductibility as Current Expenses of the Excess Restoration Costs Taxpayer maintains that the excess restoration costs are current expenses of repair, deductible as ordinary and necessary expenses under section 162 of the Internal Revenue Code. The precise contention is that the difference between basis, i. e., original cost plus costs of restoration, and market value after restoration — which taxpayer calls \"excess restoration costs\" — is the cost of an ordinary repair and therefore a deductible business expense. This proposition is without support in tax code or case law.",
"Section 263 of the Code, on capital expenditures, prohibits deductions for \"[a]ny amount paid out ... for permanent improvements or betterments made to increase the value of any property.\" Deductible repair costs are defined in the regulations as \"[t]he cost of incidental repairs which neither materially add to the value of the property nor appreciably prolong its life, but keep it in an ordinarily efficient operating condition.\" Conversely, \"[r]epairs in the nature of replacements, to the extent that they arrest deterioration and appreciably prolong the life of the property\" may not be deducted, but are to be capitalized and depreciated in accordance with section 167 of the Code. Treas.Reg. § 1.162-4 (1958). 1 By the test of the foregoing descriptions of what is and what is not a deductible expense, the costs of the restorations here involved are not deductible costs of repair, but capital items, nondeductible except insofar as they are depreciable. The HAC restorations involve extensive showroom-or-better quality replacements and additions of body, engine, upholstery, lights and paint. Each restoration is preceded by historical research into the specifications of the original vehicle.",
"Restoration is then carried out with meticulous attention to every detail revealed in the research, at great cost. Upholstery and paint are reproduced as they were originally. Entire portions of the body and engine, down to individual engine parts, are renewed, to the extent of making castings from borrowed samples of parts whose replacements cannot be found; the taxpayer's word for this last is \"remanufactured.\" HAC restorations have such an excellent reputation for quality that they add a premium value to the HAC-restored vehicle. These restorations are held to be \"permanent improvements or betterments\" which are made to increase the value (§ 263, I.R.C.) and which in fact do \"materially add to the value\" of the vehicles. They are also \"in the nature of replacements,\" for they \"arrest deterioration and appreciably prolong the life\" of the vehicles. Treas.Reg. § 1.162-4, note 1. Better methods for arresting deterioration are used in the restoration than were used in the original manufacture.",
"By no stretch of imagination can the restorations be described as the \"incidental repairs\" deductible under section 1.162-4 of the regulations as intended to \"keep [the vehicle] in an ordinarily efficient operating [i. e., pre-restoration] condition.\" Note 1. Before restoration, the vehicles are old cars in every state of dilapidation. On restoration they become strikingly handsome antiques in mint condition, in appearance or in every respect, mechanical and otherwise. Before restoration they were admittedly capital assets and on restoration they are doubly capital assets because they have been very substantially improved, bettered, increased in value and given a prolonged life. Accordingly, the costs of restoration, whether bringing the vehicle's total cost above or below its value in the market, cannot be deducted, and must rather be capitalized. III Depreciation of the \"Excess Restoration Costs\" If not deductible, the taxpayer argues alternatively, then the \"excess restoration costs\" should be held depreciable over the period in which the restoration can be estimated to be useful in the business of the taxpayer.",
"Depreciation, in tax law, is \"the exhaustion, wear and tear, and obsolescence of property used in the trade or business\" of the taxpayer. The depreciation deduction is the annual reasonable allowance for such exhaustion, wear and obsolescence. The aggregate of the depreciation deductions is the difference between cost or basis and salvage value at the end of the estimated useful life of the depreciable property. I.R.C. § 167(a); Treas.Reg. § 1.167(a)-1 (1964). 2 Taxpayer would separate the excess restoration costs, said to be a \"separate and identifiable asset,\" from the remainder of the restoration costs and from the cost of the unrestored vehicle. Then, on the basis of testimony by its promotion manager, taxpayer ascribes to this identified asset an estimated useful life of five, or if not five, then ten years. Only the first of several difficulties with this argument is that the excess restoration costs are not an asset capable of separation from the rest of the costs or the unrestored vehicle. Costs, of course, are not an asset. As for the restoration itself, it pervades the vehicle. Moreover, each restoration is different.",
"Some restorations replace body parts or frames, some floor boards, some upholstery, fenders, engine covers, lights, tires, paint. Most or all replace a unique combination of these elements. Once accomplished, a restoration cannot be severed from the vehicle. Nor can it be separately identified. In this respect, a restoration is wholly unlike an identifiable component of a building such as a plumbing or electrical system, as in Shainberg v. Commissioner, 33 T.C. 241 (1959). Further, neither the restored vehicle nor its restoration has a useful life, in taxpayer's business, capable of being estimated. Under the regulation on depreciation, a useful life capable of being estimated is indispensable for the institution of a system of depreciation. Treas.Reg. § 1.167(a)-1(b) (1964). Property with an indeterminate life is nondepreciable. Niagara Mohawk Power Corp. v. United States, 207 Ct.Cl. 576, 585, 525 F.2d 1380 , 1386 (1975), reh. denied, 207 Ct.Cl.",
"594 (1976). Restoration increases indefinitely the life of an antique car. One vehicle restored 30 years ago is on display at HAC, without deterioration beyond the need for replacement of tires. No restored car in the Collection has ever needed re-restoration, been withdrawn from display because of deterioration or is likely to be so withdrawn. None has been sold, with one exception for a duplicate no longer desired. Even unrestored vehicles have without deterioration been on display at the Smithsonian Institution, in a harsher environment than HAC's showrooms, for 40 to 50 years. Those few HAC cars occasionally entered in actual races are rarely so used and are, before and after the race, given ordinary repair and maintenance. Any damage to restored cars in connection with competitions of antique autos is a matter for repair, not depreciation. Taxpayer has stopped the occasional use of a few restored cars to transport important patrons to and from the Collection; findings cannot be made as to the duration of the practice or its effect. The evidence establishes that there is no limit on the useful life of a restored car or other vehicle as a museum object.",
"There is good reason to believe that the 94 restored vehicles involved in this case will, with only normal maintenance, have an indefinite life in the taxpayer's trade or business, a museum. The vehicles are kept in a humidity-controlled environment and need remarkably little repair or maintenance beyond occasional mending of a crack in a wood part. This is not to say that the vehicles will last forever. It is to say that no limit can be put on the use of the vehicles as museum objects, and thus that the period over which the asset may reasonably be expected to be useful to the taxpayer in his trade or business is indefinite. See Treas.Reg. § 1.167(a)-1(b). No credible evidence supports the assertions of ten-year and five-year estimates of useful life. The ten-year estimate is not based on any hard facts, and is contradicted by the abundant evidence as to the longer lives of restored vehicles in museums.",
"The five-year estimate is based on no more than the remark of a promotion manager that after four or five years of intensive exposure of a car, \"it can take its place in the museum and we'll take something else.\" The shift from one car to another for promotional use, possible because taxpayer has an abundance of choices, does not prove the loss of promotional value of the replaced car. Moreover, the witness did not mean to deny the continuing life as a museum display object, which is taxpayer's primary use of the vehicles. Recognition of both a short promotional life and a long museum life would presumably require a division into two parts of the basis of the restored vehicle, and different periods of depreciation for the same asset as useful in taxpayer's business for different purposes. Such a bifurcation would create a phenomenon unknown in tax law. Even if conceivably valid, there is no basis in the record for an allocation as between the asset as a museum display object and as a promotional object. A variation on the assertion of a short life is that excess restoration cost is an intangible, to be depreciated over its five-year life as a promotional asset.",
"In taxpayer's words, \"This analysis reconstitutes the restoration costs into the price not for paint, leather, wheel bearings, etc., but for a promotional display with a useful life derived from novelty, perfection and other attributes appealing to the public for off-site and periodical promotion.\" The value, that is, the novelty, is said to be exhausted in five years \"and then [taxpayer continues] the vehicle is reduced to a shopworn but otherwise authentic representation of the original version of nuts, bolts and paint comprising an operable vehicle.\" No amount of such fanciful \"reconstitution\" can change a restored car or a restoration into an intangible. The tangible quality of the restoration is graphically described by taxpayer itself, in its argument for an investment credit: \"The restoration ... consists of placing new tangible property on old tangible property; viz., a new fender ... on an old vehicle, ....\" etc. 3 The assertion of a five-year life, even as a promotional device, has already been commented on. The vehicle is at no time, much less in five years, reduced to a shopworn condition.",
"Once the useful life of the vehicle as an asset used in taxpayer's business is seen to be indefinite, the asset of course cannot be given a salvage value as of the end of an estimated period of usefulness. Salvage is the amount realizable at the end of the useful life in taxpayer's business. These vehicles will have as much, if not more, value in the future as now. Without a salvage value, there can be no allowance for depreciation. The taxpayer seeks to avoid the problem of a salvage value with the remarkable statement that \"Since [the] excess restoration costs have no value when completed they can have none when exhausted ten years hence. Thus the salvage value of the excess restoration costs, constituting a separate and identifiable asset, is zero.\" Taxpayer has itself contradicted this assertion. Speaking of these same excess restoration costs, taxpayer says, \"This is a value which [taxpayer] creates for its own use, which it does use, and which is usable particularly by itself.\" Again, \"The value is a promotional value, of particular and unique use to a business which cannot advertise its principal source of revenue, gaming, in its principal markets.\" The excess restoration costs have, indeed, a double value.",
"As a part of the restoration costs, they matter-of-factly increase the value of the unrestored car by making it a more attractive display, better able to draw patrons to taxpayer's hotels and casinos. (The trial judge found the restored cars fascinating.) And by the very extravagance or excessiveness of their costs, the restorations add a cachet to the HAC vehicles and thereby further promote the taxpayer's business. Barnum was neither the first nor the last to exploit the drawing power of the phrase, \"Brought to you at g-r-r-r-reat and untold cost.\" Another contention of the taxpayer, mentioned and then seemingly withdrawn, is that the entire cost of restoration, not merely the excess restoration costs, is depreciable. The ground offered is that after five or ten years, the salvage value of the entire restored car is zero. This contention, if made, is rejected on the grounds already stated concerning the salvage value of the excess restoration costs. Given the indefinite life of the restored vehicles, if a value at the end of the period of usefulness were to be stated, it would be the same value as at the beginning.",
"Values of these restored vehicles, incidentally, have steadily increased to the tax year involved, 1971, and as of that time were expected by the expert witnesses to continue to increase. For all these reasons, a depreciation allowance deduction for the excess restoration costs is out of the question. None of the contentions advanced by taxpayer in support of its claim for a refund has merit. The complaint should be dismissed. CONCLUSION OF LAW Upon the findings of fact and the foregoing opinion, which are adopted by the court, the court concludes as a matter of law that plaintiff is not entitled to recover and the petition is dismissed. FootNotes * Although the court adopted the trial judge's separate findings of fact, which are set forth in his report, they are not printed herein since such facts as are necessary to the decision are contained in his opinion. 1. Treas.Reg. § 1.162-4 (1958) provides: \"Repairs.",
"The cost of incidental repairs which neither materially add to the value of the property nor appreciably prolong its life, but keep it in an ordinarily efficient operating condition, may be deducted as an expense, provided the cost of acquisition or production or the gain or loss basis of the taxpayer's plant, equipment, or other property, as the case may be, is not increased by the amount of such expenditures. Repairs in the nature of replacements, to the extent that they arrest deterioration and appreciably prolong the life of the property, shall either be capitalized and depreciated in accordance with section 167 or charged against the depreciation reserve if such an account is kept.\" 2. § 1.167(a)-1 Depreciation in general. \"(a) Reasonable allowance. Section 167(a) provides that a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear, and obsolescence of property used in the trade or business or of property held by the taxpayer for the production of income shall be allowed as a depreciation deduction.",
"The allowance is that amount which should be set aside for the taxable year in accordance with a reasonably consistent plan (not necessarily at a uniform rate), so that the aggregate of the amounts set aside, plus the salvage value, will, at the end of the estimated useful life of the depreciable property, equal the cost or other basis of the property as provided in section 167(g) and § 1.167(g)-1. An asset shall not be depreciated below a reasonable salvage value under any method of computing depreciation. However, see section 167(f) and § 1.167(f)-1 for rules which permit a reduction in the amount of salvage value to be taken into account for certain personal property acquired after October 16, 1962. See also paragraph (c) of this section for definition of salvage. The allowance shall not reflect amounts representing a mere reduction in market value. See section 179 and § 1.179-1 for a further description of the term `reasonable allowance.'\" 3. The argument for an investment credit urges tangibility as follows: \"First, the restoration in itself is tangible personal property.",
"It consists of placing new tangible property on old tangible property; viz., a new fender will be placed on an old vehicle, or new wheel bearings will be placed in the wheels of an old vehicle, or new pistons will be placed within the rebored cylinders of an old motor block, complete with new pistons rings, new connecting rods, and perhaps a new crank-shaft. Also, new tires will be placed on old wheels, new paint will be placed on an old body, and labor will be employed both to make the new tangible object and to put it in place in or on the vehicle. Thus the entire restoration cost is for new tangible property which is either constructed by the taxpayer or purchased by the taxpayer and put in or on the vehicle by the taxpayer's employees.\" Comment Harrah's | Hotels & Casinos in Las Vegas, Atlantic City and more From business meetings to intimate gatherings, Harrah’s can coordinate your ideal venue needs. BUSINESS MEETINGS From large groups to intimate gatherings, we provide the ideal meeting space to fulfill your planning needs. WEDDINGS Celebrate your special day with style and elegance at one of our wedding chapels.",
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] |
What was the name of Gene Autry's horse?
|
Champion
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[
"Champion",
"Edric Egberuare",
"Title match system",
"Intercontinental Champion",
"Champions",
"Championship game",
"Chåmpionship"
] | 8,563
|
[
"GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse Champion, World's Wonder Horse Champion appeared with Gene Autry as his partner and sidekick throughout their legendary career in film, radio, and television. Original Champion in Home on the Prairie, 1939 There were three \"official\" Champions that performed in Autry films and several specialized Champions, such as Little Champ, Lindy Champion, Touring Champion, and Champion Three. Other horses, for which we have no documentation at this time, served as doubles for movie stunts and personal appearances. The Original Champion was sorrel-colored, had a blaze down his face and white stockings on all his legs except the right front. His first onscreen credit was for 1935's Melody Trail. He died while Gene was in the service. Champion Jr., c. 1950 Gene's second screen horse was Champion Jr., a lighter sorrel with four stockings and a narrow blaze, who appeared in films until 1950. While onscreen with Republic, Champion Jr.",
"was billed as \"Wonder Horse of the West,\" and at Columbia, he was known as \"World's Wonder Horse.\" The third screen horse, Television Champion, costarred in Gene's last films and also appeared on television in The Gene Autry Show and The Adventures of Champion during the fifties. Also a light sorrel with four white stockings, he resembled Champion Jr. but had a thick blaze. In the late forties, Little Champ joined Gene's stable. A well-trained trick pony, this blaze-faced sorrel with four stockings appeared in three of Gene's films and made personal appearances. Rushing from a movie set in Hollywood to his annual appearance at Madison Square Garden for the World's Championship Rodeo in 1940, Lindy Champion made aviation history as the first horse to fly from California to New York. Gene used Lindy, a sorrel with four white stockings and an oval-topped blaze, for personal appearances. Touring Champion on parade, c. 1953 Touring Champion and Champion Three were also personal appearance horses.",
"A darker sorrel with four white stockings and a medium-wide blaze, Touring Champion appeared at rodeos and stage shows in the late forties and fifties and has his hoof prints next to Gene's handprints at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood. Champion Three appeared with Gene on the road from the late fifties until 1960, when the sorrel with four white stockings and a crooked blaze retired happily to Gene's Melody Ranch in Newhall, California, where he died in 1990. Touring Champion taking tea at London's Savoy Hotel, 1953 Collectively, the Champions performed the world's largest repertory of horse tricks, including dancing the hula and the Charleston, jumping through a ring of fire, and playing dead. Greeting crowds from Brownwood, Texas, to Dublin, Ireland, Touring Champion even enjoyed a proper high tea at the Savoy in London. Always popular, Champion received thousands of fan letters each month, proving that the World's Wonder Horse was an important element in the Singing Cowboy's success. Throughout their careers, Gene Autry and Champion were featured in dime novels, children's stories, and comic books.",
"Champion even received equal billing with Gene above the leading ladies on movie posters and lobby cards promoting Autry films. If you'd like to know more about Champion and horses in the movies, we recommend the book Hollywood Hoofbeats: Trails Blazed Across the Silver Screen by Petrine Day Mitchum with Audrey Pavia. For details, read here . You'll also find information on Champion and Gene's movies and television shows in the book Gene Autry Westerns by Boyd Magers. For details, read here . A variety of horses were known as Champion over the years. To learn more about each horse's role in Gene's career, click on the photos below. What was the name of Gene Autry's Horse? What was the name of Gene Autry's Horse? 1 Answer 0 Gene Autry's horse was Champion. The Lone Ranger's horse was Silver(and Tonto was The Lone Ranger's friend and Tonto's horse was a pinto named Scout) Roy Roger's horse was Trigger and Roy so loved the horse that when Trigger died, Roy had Trigger stuffed. Dale Evans' horse was Buttermilk(Dale was married to Roy but Roy did not have Dale stuffed).",
"Roy's dog was named Bullet(German Shepperd) and Roy's jeep was named Nellie Belle. Gene Autry was known as \"The Singing Cowboy\". Many people still try to find Gene's recording of 'Poppy the Puppy'. Pat Buttram was Gen's sidekick in their cowboy movies. Pat used his real name for most of his characters. Later on Pat Buttram was Mr. Haney on TV's Green Acres. more answers.yahoo.com The Horses The Original Champion (From Old Corral image collection) Above and below, Gene with the original Champion. This was the horse Gene rode during his glory days from 1935 until he went into the service in 1942. The original Champion came off a ranch in the Ardmore, Oklahoma area, not far from where Gene grew up. He had only three stocking feet, a distinctively shaped head, and a large 'I'd know him anywhere' blaze down his face. (From Old Corral image collection) (Courtesy of Minard Coons) Above are Polly Rowles and Gene, on the original Champion, in a scene from SPRINGTIME IN THE ROCKIES (Republic, 1937).",
"You can see the missing sock on Champ's right front leg. (From Old Corral image collection) Gene strums his guitar and serenades pretty June Storey, while the original Champion looks on (probably thinking \"c'mon Gene, let's hit the trail!\".) Champion Jr. (From Old Corral image collection) Above is Champion Jr., the second of Gene's fulltime steeds. His distinctive, narrow, well-designed blaze makes him easy to identify. He was Gene's main mount in the years following his return to the movies after World War II. He first appeared in SIOUX CITY SUE (Republic, 1946). Leon Jackson resides in Coalgate, Oklahoma, and during September '99, we exchanged some e-mails about the origin of Champion Jr. The story goes that Gene Autry purchased a four year old named 'Boots' from a Charles Auten around 1946 for $2,500 or so. Auten lived in Ada, Oklahoma, and he exhibited 'Boots' at various fairs and rodeos.",
"He learned that Gene was looking for a new 'Champion' and that the cowboy film star was doing personal appearances including a rodeo in or near Fort Worth, Texas. The two met, struck a deal, and 'Boots' became 'Champion Jr.'. Leon was able to contact Charles Auten's nephew Melvin Auten, who confirmed that his uncle did sell 'Champion Jr.' to Autry, and one of Auten's ranches was the Echo Ranch in Ada, Oklahoma. Seems that Auten and Gene Autry also became good friends. In later years, Auten had a ranch in Sulphur, Oklahoma where he trained and sold horses - this included some Roman style riding horses for Montie Montana (who would spend time at the ranch), as well as one or more of the 'Silvers' used in the LONE RANGER TV show and THE LEGEND OF THE LONE RANGER (1981) movie which starred Klinton Spillsbury. (From Old Corral image collection) After returning from World War II service, Autry made a few pictures for Republic before he formed his own production company and moved over to Columbia Pictures. Above is Gene on Champion Jr.",
"with sidekick Sterling Holloway in a lobby card from TWILIGHT ON THE RIO GRANDE (Republic, 1947). Champion Jr. was Gene's first post World War II steed. Note the narrow blaze with the 'arrowhead' tip. He was a Tennessee Walking Horse and pranced prettily down the trail as Gene sang a mighty fine song. TV Champion (Courtesy of Ed Phillips) Above is Gene and TV Champion. This was the last of Gene's three main horses and was used in the feature films of the 1950s and THE GENE AUTRY SHOW and THE ADVENTURES OF CHAMPION television programs. Touring Champion (Courtesy of Minard Coons) Above is Gene Autry putting one of his Champions through his paces, doing one of their rodeo tricks (possibly the 'End of the Trail' routine). I had originally thought this was Lindy Champion, but decided to investigate further by doing a blowup of the face blaze (shown below) which seems to be off center and toward the left eye.",
"If the various Champion identifications are correct at the the Gene Autry website, this horse is Touring Champion: (From Old Corral image collection) Above are Barbara Britton, Gene Autry and his Touring Champion in a scene from LOADED PISTOLS (Columbia, 1949). If you'd like to see another film with Touring Champion, look at GAUCHO SERENADE (Republic, 1940), and in particular, the scenes where Gene, Smiley Burnette, June Storey and Mary Lee camp near the lake. Gene and a few other hosses ... (From Old Corral image collection) Above, Tom Mix on the white Tony II chatting with Gene Autry riding ??? during their 1939 Christmas Parade appearance in Hollywood. (Courtesy of Les Adams) Above is Gene Autry atop one of the white hosses used by the Muranian Thunder Riders in THE PHANTOM EMPIRE (Mascot, 1935) serial. Gene Autry Gene Autry Gene Autry is a real person who played the part of a cowboy called \"Gene Autry\". What I remember most about him is his beautiful horse, \"Champion\".",
"Most TV cowboy's horses were really smart and helped them out of jams, but Champion could do almost anything! This horse was so talented that he got his own TV show called \"The Adventures of Champion\"! All About the Show The professional life of Gene Autry included music (he was a singer!), Western movies (he was a star!), and he was a big hit in his TV series, \"The Gene Autry Show\", which began in 1950 and ran through 1956. He fit the TV cowboy model of a handsome, well dressed cowboy whose only purpose was to ride from town to town upholding the law in the Southwest. And, like other TV cowboys, he had a way of doing that without ever getting dirty or seldom ever firing a shot! Remember I mentioned Gene's other talent - he could sing! In fact he sang so well that he was known as \"the singing cowboy\"! The show's theme song was \"Back in the Saddle Again\". I can still hear him singing that song. Can't you?",
"His sidekick \"Pat\" (played by Pat Buttram) always managed to get into some kind of silly predicament in each episode, Gene would find an opportunity to burst into song, and Champion (the Wonder Horse) wound up saving the day! Remember - this was one very talented horse! The Cowboy Code From 1940 to 1956, \"Gene Autry's Melody Ranch\" was a huge hit as a weekly show on CBS Radio. As you can see, it continued on the radio even while \"The Gene Autry Show\" was airing on TV. Gene knew that lots of young fans were listening to his radio show and watching his TV show so he created the \"Cowboy Code\" for these fans. Under his code, the Cowboy must: 1. Never shoot first, hit a smaller man, or take unfair advantage. 2. Never go back on his word, or a trust confided in him. 3. Always tell the truth. 4. Be gentle with children, the elderly and animals. 5. Not advocate or possess racially or religiously intolerant ideas. 6. Help people in distress. 7. Be a good worker. 8. Keep himself clean in thought, speech, action and personal habits.",
"9. Respect women, parents and his nation's laws. 10. Be a patriot. Did you know there is a Gene Autry museum? More About the Actors ORVON EUGENE AUTRY (Gene to his fans) was born on Sept. 29, 1907 and died of lymphoma on Oct. 2, 1998, just 3 days after his 91st. birthday, at his home in Studio City, CA. Gene was born in Texas but grew up in Oklahoma, working on the family ranch. He left high school early and went to work as a telegrapher for the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway. While working there, Will Rogers heard him singing and playing the guitar and encouraged Gene to sing professionally. With that confidence he auditioned for RCA Victor around 1928 and spent several years recording music and singing on various radio shows. In 1932 he had his first hit song, \"That Silver Haired Daddy of Mine\", which he sang as a duet with Jimmy Long.",
"He followed that up with \"Back in the Saddle Again\" and a lot of Christmas songs including \"Santa Claus is Coming to Town\", \"Frosty the Snowman\" and his biggest hit ever, \"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\". Over his career, Gene Autry made 640 recordings and he wrote, or co-wrote 300 of those. His records sold more than 100 million copies and he has more than a dozen gold and platinum records, including the first record ever certified gold. In 1932 Gene Autry married the niece of Jimmy Long, Ina May Spivey, who died in 1980. In 1981 he married Jacqueline Ellam who had been his banker. He had no children by either marriage. He began his movie career in 1934 as part of a singing cowboy quarter, starring with Smiley Burnette in \"In Old Santa Fe\". As part of Republic Pictures, Gene made another 44 films by 1940, all B Westerns in which he starred (riding Champion!) with Smiley Burnette.",
"After returning from his WWII service, Gene chose Pat Buttram to work with him and they made 40 films and over 100 episodes of his TV show together. From 1936 to 1955 Gene Autry and Roy Rogers held either first or second place in the top 10 money-making Western stars polls. Gene Autry was a very smart businessman. As early as 1942 he had a string of rodeo stock so he became a partner in the World Championship Rodeo Company which furnished livestock for many of the country's major rodeos. In 1954 he acquired Montana's top bucking string, moved it to a 24,000 acre ranch in Colorado and continued to provide livestock for most of the major rodeos in Texas, Colorado, Montana, and Nebraska. For his work as a livestock contractor, Gene Autry was inducted into the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Associations ProRodeo Hall of Fame in 1979. He bought real estate, beginning in 1953 when he purchased the 110 acre Monogram Movie Ranch near Newhall, CA. He renamed it Melody Ranch after his movie of the same name.",
"After promptly selling 98 of those acres, he kept the remaining 12 acres of Western town, adobes, ranch cabin sets, and some open land for location shooting. In 1962 a fire destroyed most of the original sets but, making lemonade from lemons, Gene used the devastated landscape for filming productions such as \"Combat\". He purchased the Los Angeles Angels baseball expansion team in 1961 and remained its sole owner until 1995 when he sold a one-quarter share to the Walt Disney Company, then a controlling interest in 1996 with the remaining share to be transferred after his death. The team honored Gene by retiring the number \"26\" (representing the 26th man on the 25 man roster), so strong was his support for his team. Some of the honors bestowed upon Gene Autry include induction into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, OK in 1972. He was also a life member of the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Burbank Lodge #1497.",
"His autobiography, \"Back in the Saddle Again\", was published in 1976 and CMT ranked him #38 in their \"40 Greatest Men of Country Music\" in 2003. In 2007 he became a charter member of the Gennett Records Walk of Fame in Richmond, IN. In 1978 Johnny Cash recorded a song called \"Who is Gene Autry\", and Gene autographed Johnny's famous black Martin D-35 guitar. He was inducted into the Radio Hall of Fame in 2003 and in 2004 the Starz Entertainment Corporation (working with the Gene Autry estate) restored all of his films which can now be seen regularly on Starz's Encore Western Channel on cable TV. MAXWELL EMMETT \"PAT\" BUTTRAM was born in Addison, AL on June 19, 1915, the youngest of 7 children. Trying to follow in the footsteps of his Methodist minister father, Pat began college studying for the ministry but soon realized that he enjoyed performing in college plays and on a local radio station much more, and became a regular on the \"WLS National Barn Dance\" in Chicago.",
"Pat married Dorothy McFadden in 1936 and they adopted a daughter named Gayle, but divorced in 1946. In 1952 he married actress Sheila Ryan and they were still married when she died in 1975. Their daughter Katherine (nicknamed Kerry) was born in 1954. He went to Hollywood in the 1940's and became a sidekick to Roy Rogers. But since Roy already had 2 regulars, Pat was dropped. Gene Autry picked him up soon after that and they starred together in more than 40 films and over 100 episodes of the Gene Autry TV show. Thru his career Pat Buttram starred in a few movies and was one of the writers for the \"Hee Haw\" TV show. He is probably most remembered as Mr. Haney in the \"Green Acres\" TV show. During the 1970's he did voices for several movie characters. He described his distinctive voice as \" it never quite made it thru puberty\". Others would say it sounded like a handful of gravel thrown in a Mix-Master.",
"Pat Buttram was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and also has a star on the \"Alabama Stars of Fame\" in Birmingham, AL. He died of kidney failure in Los Angeles, CA in 1994 and is buried in the cemetery at Maxwell Chapel United Methodist Church in Haleyville, AL. What is your favorite memory of Gene Autry? Please share your favorite memories of the Gene Autry Show. Gene Autry Memories Gene Autry - Biography - IMDb Gene Autry Biography Showing all 63 items Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (3) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (32) | Personal Quotes (11) | Salary (9) Overview (5) 5' 9\" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (3) After high school Gene Autry worked as a laborer for the St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad in Oklahoma. Next he was a telegrapher. In 1928 he began singing on a local radio station, and three years later he had his own show and was making his first recordings.",
"Three years after that he made his film debut in Ken Maynard 's In Old Santa Fe (1934) and starred in a 13-part serial the following year for Mascot Pictures, The Phantom Empire (1935). The next year he signed a contract with Republic Pictures and began making westerns. Autry--for better or worse--pretty much ushered in the era of the \"singing cowboy\" westerns of the 1930s and 1940s (in spite of the presence in his oaters of automobiles, radios and airplanes). These films often grossed ten times their average $50,000 production costs. During World War II he enlisted in the US Army and was assigned as a flight officer from 1942-46 with the Air Transport Command. After his military service he returned to making movies, this time with Columbia Pictures, and finally with his own company, Flying A Productions, which, during the 1950s, produced his TV series The Gene Autry Show (1950), The Adventures of Champion (1955), and Annie Oakley (1954). He wrote over 200 songs.",
"A savvy businessman, he retired from acting in the early 1960s and became a multi-millionaire from his investments in hotels, real estate, radio stations and the California Angels professional baseball team. Song: \"Back in the Saddle Again\", horse: Champion Trivia (32) His first hit record was \"That Silver Haired Daddy Of Mine\" in 1932. Autry was the first owner of the Los Angeles Angels American League baseball club, subsequently renamed the California Angels when the team was relocated to Anaheim in 1966. (The team has been renamed twice: the Anaheim Angels, and now the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.) A radio station owner, Autry was interested in acquiring the broadcasting rights to the Angels games when he found out the team, part of the American League's first expansion, was for sale. He bought it. Autry owned the team in its entirety from its first year of play, 1961, until 1997, when he sold part of the franchise to Disney, who renamed the team the Anaheim Angels. Autry's widow sold the rest of the team to Disney after his death the next year at the age of 91.",
"According to a Hollywood legend, published in The Orange County Register after his death, Autry was discovered singing in a telegraph office in Oklahoma by Will Rogers . Rogers told him that he had a pretty good voice, and suggested that he go to Hollywood where he could make some money singing in the movies. Gene followed Rogers' advice and became \"The Singing Cowboy.\" Autry himself related this story in an interview with Cecil B. DeMille on the Lux Radio Drama Hour. In the interview, Gene added that the next time he saw Rogers was in Hollywood. According to Gene, Will just nodded and said, \"I see you made it, kid.\" Interred at Forest Lawn (Hollywood Hills), Los Angeles, California, USA, in the Sheltering Hills section, Grave #1048. Elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1969. Grandson of an itinerant preacher, he became a multi-millionaire through his investments and real estate holdings. Inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1980. Inducted into the Hall of Great Western Performers of the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum in 1972.",
"He was the most popular of the \"singing cowboys.\" In his heyday he was making six to eight feature westerns a year. More than 50 years after the last Gene Autry western, he is better known to later generations as a singer. His remastered vintage recordings of \"Here Comes Santa Claus\" and \"Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer\" remain very popular holiday standards into the 21st century. The California/Anaheim Angels franchise retired #26 in his honor. Biography in: \"American National Biography\". Supplement 1, pp. 19-22. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Owned Golden West Broadcasters, which owned and operated San Francisco AM radio station KSFO, Los Angeles television station KTLA channel 5, and Los Angeles AM radio station KMPC. During the war, he was awarded the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal. During World War II, when he left Republic Pictures to join the U.S. Army, he was the only officer allowed to wear cowboy boots with his uniform.",
"In response to his millions of young fans who wanted to be like Gene Autry, he developed a code of conduct, \"The Cowboy Code\", which is as follows: 1. The Cowboy must never shoot first, hit a smaller man, or take unfair advantage. 2. He must never go back on his word, or a trust confided in him. 3. He must always tell the truth. 4. He must be gentle with children, the elderly, and animals. 5. He must not advocate or possess racially or religiously intolerant ideas. 6. He must help people in distress. 7. He must be a good worker. 8. He must keep himself clean in thought, speech, action, and personal habits. 9. He must respect women, parents, and his nation's laws. 10. The Cowboy is a patriot. In 1940, the National Association of Theater Owners voted him the fourth biggest box office attraction, behind Mickey Rooney , Clark Gable and Spencer Tracy . On January 1st, 1942, the small town of Berwyn (Carter County, Oklahoma) changed its name and became 'Gene Autry'.",
"In 1992 he was said to be worth $320 million. On 8 February 1960, he was awarded 5 stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: for Motion Pictures at 6644 Hollywood Boulevard; Radio at 6520 Hollywood Boulevard; Recording at 6384 Hollywood Boulevard; Television at 6667 Hollywood Boulevard; and Live Performance at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. He is the only person with 5 stars on the Walk of Fame. Gene did a lot work with preserving artifacts of the \"Old West\", including many Indian relics, and had a museum containing many of these articles. Once tried to open a restaurant in Chicago. Local Mafia chieftains demanded a cut for their \"permission\" to start business. Autry refused to pay up. On the opening night gangsters appeared and told the staff to leave, and then destroyed the entire restaurant. Autry closed down and returned to the west coast. Of his 92 starring features, only The Strawberry Roan (1948) and The Big Sombrero (1949) were filmed and released in color.",
"Additionally, only the last season, 1955-56, of his long running TV series, \"The Gene Autry Show\"(1950) was filmed and broadcast in color. There was an alternate version of Gene's first starring film, \"The Phantom Empire\"(1935), a 12 chapter serial. Though the plot and end result were the same, Gene's character(himself) is missing towards the end of the film, with not even a reference to his earlier presence. The film continues with the other cast members. Gene was temporarily unavailable and the film was almost shelved, but Gene finally returned to complete the film. That alternate version was last aired, locally in in NYC, in the early 1950s, perhaps by mistake, on a local feature program, titled \"Time For Avdventure\"(TV). The shows' host, Rex Marshall,possibly unaware, made no mention of Gene's sudden absence from the film. There appear to be no reported sightings of that version since. He was a lifelong Republican and an avid supporter of Dwight D. Eisenhower , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Was a Boy Scout.",
"The Ocotillo Lodge in Palm Springs was once owned by Gene Autry. It has been used for film location shoots. It features a Mid-Century Architectural Design. Business address: 4383 ColFax Ave. Studio City, CA 91604 Business address: 5828 W. Sunset Blvd, Hollwyood CA 90028 He was a first cousin, twice removed, of actors Randy Quaid and Dennis Quaid . Gene's maternal grandparents, Andrew Clinton Ozment and Margaret Malinda Pierce, were also Dennis and Randy's paternal great-great-grandparents. Inducted into the Pro Rodeo Hall of Fame in 1979 as a stock contractor. In 1952 he bought the Monogram Ranch which had been used in Western films since 1915 and went onto be used in the film High Noon and the television series Gunsmoke. Personal Quotes (11) [in a conversation with director Frank McDonald about his career] I'm not a good actor, a good rider or a particularly good singer, but they seem to like what I do, so I'll keep on doing it as long as they want.",
"[on the music industry] It occurs to me that music, with the possible exception of riding a bull, is the most uncertain way to make a living I know. In either case you can get bucked off, thrown, stepped on, trampled--if you get on at all. At best, it is a short and bumpy ride. In my day, most people thought dance hall girls actually danced. [on Errol Flynn ] He spent more time on a bar stool, or in court, or in the headlines, or in bed, than anyone I knew. [on the difference between modern westerns and the westerns made during his day] I could never have played scenes like where The Sundance Kid kicks the guy in the nuts [in Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)] or anything like Clint Eastwood does. [about his \"image\" as a cowboy star] I couldn't shoot a man in the back. I couldn't take a drink at a bar. They would have run me out of town. [in 1942] I think the he-men in the movies belong in the Army, Marine, Navy or Air Corps.",
"All of these he-men in the movies realize that right now is the time to get into the service. Every movie cowboy ought to devote time to the Army winning, or to helping win, until the war is over--the same as any other American citizen. The Army needs all the young men it can get, and if I can set a good example for the young men I'll be mighty proud. My movies were always clean. Parents didn't need a babysitter. For 50 cents they could send their kids down to see my pictures and know they would be entertained wholesomely. I happened to come along in an era when movies were changing. That was about 1934. There was a break between the great silent screen stars-- Buck Jones , Tom Mix and Hoot Gibson --and the new crop that was to come along. I was the first of the singing cowboys. If I'd come into pictures five years earlier or five years later, I might not have succeeded. As I look over my life, I'd say the most important thing is to be at the right place at the right time. [in 1988] To tell you the truth, I even think there's room for a singin' cowboy today.",
"[on Gail Davis ] There are lots of girls who can ride and shoot and lots who can act, but the girl who could do both just couldn't be found. Then this kid came along and I didn't have any more problems. A whole generation of children grew up with Gail Davis playing Annie Oakley on television. Before that she co-starred with me in several of my movies. She also toured with me on a number of occasions. Gail was an extremely talented individual. She had a kind, generous heart and brought so much joy to so many children. She never stopped doing that right up to the day she passed away. Salary (9) GeneAutry.com: Gene Autry: Champion, World's Wonder Horse Champion, World's Wonder Horse Original Champion (b. circa 1926 – d.",
"1943) Dark sorrel-colored 3 stockings—right front leg solid T-shaped blaze starting high on his forehead and extending over his muzzle Gelding Appeared in films possibly as early as The Phantom Empire (1935), definitely in Tumbling Tumbleweeds (1935), last movie was Bells of Capistrano (1942) First \"official\" screen Champion First received screen credit in Melody Trail (1935) Known as “Wonder Horse of the West” Had as many as four doubles Died of an apparent heart attack while Gene was in the army Highlights: could untie knots, roll over and play dead, bow, shake his head \"yes\" and \"no,\" and come to Gene's whistle Research assistance provided by author Petrine Mitchum. Champion (Gene Autry horse) Champion (Gene Autry horse) Date Created/Published: 1954 Apr. 4 (date added to Look's library) Medium: 27 photographic prints (contact sheets). Summary: Photographs show actor Gene Autry and his horse Champion training a smaller horse at Autry's ranch.",
"Includes Champion and other horse performing tricks; Autry riding Champion as he performs tricks; Autry cleaning horse's hoofs; checking horse's teeth; Autry and other trainers working with horses. Also Champion and smaller horse being transported in truck; stables at the ranch; Autry on Champion donating money to a Los Angeles police charity. Reproduction Number: --- Rights Advisory: Publication may be restricted. For information see \"Look Magazine Photograph Collection, Rights and Restrictions Information.\" ( Call Number: LOOK - Job 54-1528 <P&P> [P&P] Notes: Job title and date from photographers' logbook. Gift; Cowles Communications, Inc.; December 13, 1971. Bag count: 22. Part of: Look Magazine Photograph Collection (Library of Congress) Bookmark This Record: View the MARC Record for this item. Rights assessment is your responsibility. The Library of Congress generally does not own rights to material in its collections and, therefore, cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. For further rights information, see \"Rights Information\" below and the Rights and Restrictions Information page ( ). Rights Advisory: Publication may be restricted.",
"For information see \"Look Magazine Photograph Collection, Rights and Restrictions Information.\" Reproduction Number: --- Call Number: LOOK - Job 54-1528 <P&P> [P&P] Medium: 27 photographic prints (contact sheets). Rights assessment is your responsibility. Generally, Look Collection photographs have been described in groups. Look at the Medium field above. If it lists more than one item, select images for reproduction through one of these methods: Check for digital images: In a small number of cases, selected images from a job have been digitized and display online: Copy the information in the Call Number field above (e.g., LOOK - Job 54-2946) Go to the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog home page, and enter the Call Number in the \"Search All\" blank and press \"Go\" If a desired image displays you can download it yourself. (Most images display only as thumbnails outside the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on site.) Alternatively, you can purchase a copy through Library of Congress Duplication Services by citing the identifying information under the image (e.g., ) OR view materials in the Prints & Photographs Reading Room.",
"If the Medium field lists unpublished color images or negatives, advance arrangements must be made to view them -- see: OR Prints & Photographs Reading Room staff can provide up to 15 quick copies of contact sheets per calendar year. For assistance, see our Ask a Librarian page OR hire a freelance researcher to do further selection for you (a list of researchers is available at: ). OR check with libraries in your area to see if they hold Look magazine and use the publication to select images appearing in articles cited in catalog record NOTES. OR purchase copies of all of the materials in one or more media associated with the LOOK Job. Library of Congress Duplication Services can make copies of various types: Contact sheets can be ordered as quick copies (photocopies). Slides and transparencies can be ordered as high quality copies. Negatives - If the Medium field lists only negatives and no contact sheets or color materials, only negatives exist. Negatives cannot be quick copied but can be printed in the form of contact sheets or individual prints. Reproductions of all types are available, but Duplication Services anticipates an 8-10 week turnaround in completing orders, as all negatives must be reproduced at their off-site, cold storage facility.",
"Clue that a LOOK Magazine Photograph Collection image is affected is: Negative number begins with: LC-L92, L922, L924, or L927 You may wish to consult with Prints and Photographs Division reference staff (202-707-6394) to determine whether scans may already exist for an image (rare, but worth a try). To purchase copies through Duplication Services, cite the Call Number above and specify the medium you wish to order. If possible, include a copy of the catalog record when placing an order. Price lists, contact information, and order forms for Library of Congress Duplication Services are available on the Duplication Services Web site ). Call Number: LOOK - Job 54-1528 <P&P> [P&P] Medium: 27 photographic prints (contact sheets). Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Is the item digitized?",
"(A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.) Yes, the item is digitized. Please use the digital image in preference to requesting the original. All images can be viewed at a large size when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. In some cases, only thumbnail (small) images are available when you are outside the Library of Congress because the item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for rights restrictions. As a preservation measure, we generally do not serve an original item when a digital image is available. If you have a compelling reason to see the original, consult with a reference librarian. (Sometimes, the original is simply too fragile to serve. For example, glass and film photographic negatives are particularly subject to damage. They are also easier to see online where they are presented as positive images.) No, the item is not digitized. Please go to #2. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, such as microfilm or copy prints? Yes, another surrogate exists. Reference staff can direct you to this surrogate. No, another surrogate does not exist. Please go to #3.",
"If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. Reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3."
] |
Which city has a sports team of Steelers and team of Pirates?
|
Pittsburgh
|
[
"Smoky City",
"Pittsburgh (Pa.)",
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.",
"Frick International Studies Academy Middle School",
"Pitsburgh",
"The Burgh",
"Pittsbrugh",
"Pittsburgh, Pa",
"Pittsburgh, USA",
"Glenwood, Pennsylvania",
"Pittsburgh (PA)",
"The Pittsburgh Style of Literature",
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.",
"Pittsburgh, United States of America",
"Pittsburgh Pennsyvania",
"UN/LOCODE:USPIT",
"Da burgh",
"Pittsburgh (pgh)",
"Climate of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania",
"Pittsburgh",
"City of Bridges",
"Pittsburgh Frick 6–8 Middle School",
"Pittsburgh, PA",
"St. Justin's High School",
"East End (Pittsburgh)",
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA",
"Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania",
"The City of Bridges",
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US",
"Fort du Quesne",
"Pittsburgh Frick 6-8 Middle School",
"City of Pittsburgh",
"The Steel City",
"Pittsburgh, PA.",
"Pittsburgh Style",
"Pittsburgh, Pa.",
"Education in pittsburgh",
"Pittsburg, PA",
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.",
"Education in Pittsburgh",
"Pittsburg, Pennsylvania",
"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"
] | 9,039
|
[
"Pittsburgh Spectator Sports | Steelers, Pirates & Penguins Newsletter Signup Spectator Sports Pittsburgh is the place for sports fans! Come see for yourself why Sporting News magazine awarded Pittsburgh the coveted \"Best Sports City\" title and why the USA TODAY 10Best Reader's Choice poll named Pittsburgh as one of the winner's of the \"Best City for Sports\" travel award. If it's action you want, this city has it covered with the best of football, baseball, hockey and more. Grab your Terrible Towel and visit Heinz field to watch the six-time Super Bowl Champion Pittsburgh Steelers. Head to PPG Paints Arena and join in all the excitement when the Penguins take the ice. The Pirates make a perfect summer night complete as you watch the game from PNC Park, rated by Travel & Leisure as the \"best baseball stadium in America!\" Sports Teams Pittsburgh Steelers Pittsburgh is officially \"Sixburgh\" as the Steelers became the first team in NFL history to win six Super Bowl titles! The Steelers Nation spreads far and wide, so grab your Terrible Towel and come celebrate where it all originates: the Home of the World Champion Pittsburgh Steelers. Here we go!",
"Pittsburgh Pirates at PNC Park Thanks to the Pittsburgh Pirates for bringing the excitement of a winning season back to the 'Burgh for a second year in a row! The Bucs made postseason play for the second time since 1992, a trend that's sure to continue! Raise the Jolly Roger at PNC Park, hailed as one of the best ballparks in the country. Let's Go Bucs! Pittsburgh Penguins The ice might be cold, but the Pittsburgh Penguins are HOT! When the four-time Stanley Cup champions take the ice at PPG Paints Arena it's \"A Great Day for Hockey.\" Tickets sell out fast, so don't be left out of the action! Other Sports Attractions Heinz History Center-Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum The Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum, a state-of-the-art museum at the Senator John Heinz History Center, features a stunning collection of one-of-a-kind sports artifacts and interactive exhibits that celebrate the rich tradition of sports in our region. When it comes to sports pride and sports history, no other region in the world is like western Pennsylvania.",
"Steelers aren't going anywhere in Pittsburgh's hierarchy of sports teams - Behind the Steel Curtain Behind the Steel Curtain Rec Diversity is what makes Pittsburgh such a magical place. The diversity of the people that make up the area. The unique dynamic of hills, rivers and inclines. The history of a city once known for being industrial that is now home to one of the strongest medical facilities in the world. The tradition of a steel town that has been revitalized as of late by renovation and an influx of youth moving downtown. There's also diversity in our sports teams, as Pittsburgh has three teams to cheer for in the Pirates, Penguins and Steelers . There wasn't much diversity in terms of cheering for a team in the city's primitive years, as the Pirates were the first franchise to be born back in 1887. And for nearly 100 years, the city's sports fans identified themselves with the Pirates, who rewarded them with memorable seasons and World Series victories. Before the Steelers were even a glint in Art Rooney's eyes, the Pirates had World Series victories under their belts and had just played the historic 1927 Yankees in the Fall Classic after winning the National League Pennant.",
"Pittsburgh's love affair with the Pirates rolled on into the 60s, as the Pirates won the most dramatic World Series ever against the Yankees in seven games. With Bill Mazeroski, who hit the most famous home run in World Series history to defeat the Yankees, Willie Stargell and Roberto Clemente, the Pirates had cemented their place in Pittsburgh lore. At the end of the decade, something happened that changed the city of Pittsburgh forever. Once a baseball town only, the Steelers stormed onto the scene after hiring coach Chuck Noll and drafting Joe Greene and L.C. Greenwood in 1969. These moves were the beginning of the creation of the greatest NFL team ever assembled. Terry Bradshaw, Mel Blount, Gerry Mullins, Jack Ham, Jack Lambert, Dwight White, Ernie Holmes, Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, John Stallworth, Donnie Shell, Mike Wagner and Mike Webster were each drafted between 1970-74 and helped the Steelers win four Super Bowl in six years, capturing the hearts of Pittsburgh forever in the process.",
"The love Pittsburghers had for that team has been passed on through generations, as today, Steelers fans that didn't even live to see those 70s teams play can recite their greatest moments. Every Pittsburgh fan I know has ownership to at least one Steelers jersey, a jersey that belongs to a player his father or grandfather may have cheered for four decades earlier. Football Sundays are Pittsburghers second church service of the day; Heinz Field the city's chapel that on fall Sundays tries in vein to satisfy the city's unquenchable thirst for its football team. This is what the 70s Steelers did to the city of Pittsburgh. They formed a bond with the city that bridges generational gaps, social and racial divides, and time. The greatest football team of all-time, Steelers, is ours, a birthright that is given to each baby at birth with a Terrible Towel given to us just hours after arriving into this world. The city is diverse, but its also unique in that it is a true sports town. In the early 90s, the Penguins once captured the city much like the Steelers did two decades earlier, and even the recent teams have brought hockey fever back to the 412 area code.",
"The recent resurgence of Pirates baseball is a marvelous thing to behold, as finally, a new generation of Pittsburgh baseball fans has their own memories and heroes to call their own. Pittsburgh is a sports town, and there will always be love for each sports team. But at the end of the day, there's only one team that is revered in almost biblical proportions, and that's the team that, over four decades ago, captured the heart and imagination of a city that will never let go of its love affair with the Steelers. More From Behind the Steel Curtain Steelers, Penguins and Pirates could soon be sharing city of champions with NBA franchise - Behind the Steel Curtain Behind the Steel Curtain According to the Houston Chronicle, David Stern has named Pittsburgh as a potential NBA expansion target . Does the city of Pittsburgh really need an NBA franchise? The Steelers , even during off-seasons following non-playoff-worthy years, will always own the heart of Pittsburgh. They have been through too much together over the years to ever break their bond. With two victories out of three championship game appearances, this bond is as strong as it ever was.",
"However, when the NFL concludes its season with the Super Bowl , fans must have other things to preoccupy their minds as time drags on toward the following year. The Penguins have drafted their way into second place for most loved sports franchises in Pittsburgh. When the NHL and its players decide to get together and actually play hockey, the Pens have one of the most skilled young rosters in the league and are perennial contenders for Lord Stanley's Cup, reminding the city of its last championship roster from the early 90's which included the likes of Mario Lemieux, Jaromir Jagr and Tom Barrasso. The precipitous winters in western Pennsylvania create the perfect environment for hockey infatuation - especially when the Pens are playing well. If you live in Pittsburgh and hockey isn't your thing, you may choose to fill your non-Steelers time with the Pirates. The storied MLB franchise of the the Pittsburgh Pirates is a shell of its former self. World Series champions in the 60's and 70's, to consistent National League championship runner-ups, to the first minor league team to compete with the teams farming it.",
"A recent ownership change and solid talent development has begun to assemble rosters which have lit the fuse to the emotional bomb which would consume the city should the team return to the playoffs, or - dare I say - another World Series. Signs are promising, but no tangible results as of yet. Luckily, baseball begins their spring training shortly after the end of the NFL season, and will carry on into October. Love for the Steelers comes naturally to this city. It's part of its genetic construct. This love is strong enough to endure even the toughest times. Love for the Pens comes easy because they have two of the most talented players to ever lift a stick on the same roster. However, hockey continues to chip away at its own audience by locking out players every so often. As long as the team is said to have a chance, the Pens have as much support as there is to be had. Love for the Pirates is like an old family member who can't help but get on your last ever loving nerve, and always lets you down. You know they mean well and you appreciate their efforts, but sometimes you could just choke them. This love is hard because it requires just as much heart-space for equal hate when the team consistently falls apart approaching the playoffs.",
"The average sports fan has heart enough for at least one of these loves, though most are usually two-timers. The die-hard fans go three-way, but they usually have a prioritization. It is almost impossible to love all three equally. It takes a rare heart. Does the city of Pittsburgh really need an NBA franchise? In this modern era of sports, professional basketball could survive in Pittsburgh; but any teams forming in this town will have a lot of time to make up if they're ever going to be loved as much as the other local teams. There would be no stories of personalities-past like Jack Lambert, Joe Greene or James Harrison . There would be no temporal comparisons between a young Lemiux and Jagr, and Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin. There would be no legendary moments like Mazzeroski's World Series home run or anything Roberto Clemente. They have to start from scratch and develop their own legacy. In this fast-paced society, patience is becoming a lost art. Would the NBA or potential team owners be willing to put in the time necessary to make the team relevant in its own market? There's also the matter of facility.",
"Would the team be required to build its own facility, or will it share a home with the Penguins or Pitt University? Either way, major investments would be needed to accommodate NBA expectations. With the mountain of history a new team would have to climb, is it an idea worth investing in as an experiment? Attendance numbers for Pirates and even Penguins games can't invoke too much confidence about ability to sell out contests regardless of quality of product. There's also the effect on the people of Pittsburgh and its sports fans. Can they handle another home-team? The entire city has to be put on death watch if the Steelers, Penguins and Pirates are all playing poorly at the same time. Would another losing franchise push the good people over the edge? Should the Pirates continue their improving ways and begin participating in post-season activities, while the Steelers and Penguins continue to field contending rosters, could the new basketball team handle the pressure of being the only losing team in the city of champions? Let's not forget the possible scenario of all four major franchises winning championships in the same season. The city itself would probably explode with nuclear force, most likely annihilating half of the eastern seaboard in the blink of an eye.",
"The loss of the American center of government would shift the balance of power on planet Earth, sending the human race into an apocalyptic world war. Economies would implode, resources would be exhausted and life as we know it would come to a bloody, bitter end. Does the city of Pittsburgh really need an NBA franchise? I think so. Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers, Pirates and Penguins -- the original names? | You Had to Ask | Pittsburgh | Pittsburgh City Paper You Had to Ask Are our professional sports teams' names -- Steelers, Pirates and Penguins -- the original names? Question submitted by: Sandy Moore, Fox Chapel By Chris Potter @CPotterPgh Of the three, only the Penguins have played under the same name for their entire existence. The fact that they've played crappy hockey in recent years -- just like they used to in the good old days -- is also a nice retro touch. Of course, the Penguins haven't been in existence as long as the other two teams, having only been around since 1967, while the Pirates date back in the 1800s and the Steelers -- fittingly enough -- got their start during the Great Depression.",
"Given shifts in marketing strategy and economics, in a few years we might be calling the Pens something else entirely. Like, say, the Nashville Penguins. Bob Grove's official history of the Penguins notes that the team's management had to come up with a name other than that of the existing minor-league squad, the Hornets. (Coaches apparently assumed that, for the first few years at least, people wouldn't recognize that the expansion squad was a pro team just by watching it play.) The new name was picked by the wife of team co-owner Jack McGregor, who Grove says was inspired by the fact that the Civic Arena was often called \"The Igloo.\" Indigenous tribes should be glad Mrs. McGregor didn't realize that the inhabitants of igloos are in fact known as Eskimos; that would have meant just one more demeaning sports stereotype for them to contend with. There's no shortage of piracy at Pittsburgh sporting events -- just buy a beer and you'll see -- but when the Pirates began play in 1887, they started as the Pittsburgh Alleghenies. But two years later, they were caught up in a sports scandal when they stole a player, Louis Bierbauer, from the Philadelphia Athletics.",
"The Athletics only had themselves to blame, having forgotten to put Bierbauer's name on a list of protected players, but nevertheless Philly sports boosters accused Pittsburgh of being \"piratical\" for filching their player. That bothered Pittsburgh's owners about as much as it would bother a free agent ballplayer if you called him a \"mercenary\" today. The Pittsburgh team even turned the accusation into a new name. Much tougher-sounding than \"Alleghenies,\" and a nice job of shoving it in Philadelphia's face. You couldn't get away with this kind of moxie today, largely because sports figures today are accused of committing much more serious crimes. Just ask the Los Angeles Ra -- I mean Lakers. But back in those days, the charge of being a Pirate was honorable enough that, when the Steelers were established in 1933, they were first known as the Pittsburgh Pirates too. It fit, if only because the offense could barely put up enough points to make a respectable baseball team. Fan interest in the squad waned quickly. Not even the 1938 acquisition of Byron \"Whizzer\" White -- a standout running back who later became a U.S. Supreme Court justice -- made much of an impact.",
"Today, of course, a lot of us would pay good money to see a few Supreme Court justices get knocked around a gridiron. But sports fans in those days were more discerning. So in 1940, team owner Art Rooney Sr. held a contest to come up with a new name for a team. Several local fans, who made up for their lack of imagination with keen powers of observation, noted the presence of the local steel industry and suggested the name \"Steelers.\" That's the name the team has had ever since, unless you count the World War II years, when they also played as the \"Steagles\" and the \"Card-Pitts.\" (Technically speaking, these teams were actually hybrid offspring of mergers with other teams: A manpower shortage meant teams had to combine their rosters just to field a squad.) The team continued to stink for years, however, until the beloved Rooney finally figured out the elusive secret to attracting interest in your team: Find better players and win more games. All three teams have struggled with this formula, which is of course part of their history and charm. With a few notable exceptions in their long histories, Pittsburgh teams, by any other name, still smell about the same.",
"Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again Pirates making Pittsburgh a baseball town again Eric Adelson Share View photos PITTSBURGH, Pa. – They booed in the first inning of the last home game of the season. It wasn't clear if fans here were booing Cincinnati's Brandon Phillips, the Reds as a whole, or Pirates' starting pitcher Jeff Locke, who gave up five runs. But it was a boo-off first at PNC Park. Ten hours later, there was mostly silence down the street at Heinz Field. The Steelers had lost their third straight game and the colossal complex was filled with yellow seats and delirious Bears fans. The visitors cheered their quarterback, Jay Cutler, as he ran off the field victorious. It was a strange moment; Pittsburgh felt pillaged. On Sunday, for the first time since 2004, the Pirates and Steelers both played on the same day here. Both teams lost badly. Yet the sounds of displeasure were markedly different in each stadium. The hush over Heinz felt like resignation. The petulance at PNC felt like a fresh wound.",
"The last time baseball mattered this much in late September, Jim Leyland was 47 and Merrill Hoge was the city's beloved starting fullback. (Brett Favre was in his first year with the Packers and Derek Jeter was in rookie ball.) Since then it's been all Steelers with some Penguins on the side. Now the Pirates are headed to the playoffs and the Steelers look lost. This town is upside down. \"Everything's about the Pirates right now,\" said Tony Latore, standing outside the stadium early Sunday with a stuffed parrot on his head. \"It's been 20 years. We've been waiting so long. The Steelers are taking a backseat. They're 0-2, gonna go 0-3.\" [Related: Bears QB Jay Cutler sparks win after bowling over Pittsburgh safety Robert Golden ] View photos People born here in the last two decades, or new to the city, aren't used to the talk of magic numbers any more than they're used to the Browns having a better record than the Steelers. For the true Pirates fans, though, there's been a magic number since spring training. And that magic number is 21.",
"That's how many years it's been since the Pirates finished with a winning record and made the playoffs, and that's also the number of the most beloved Pirate ever to wear the uniform: Roberto Clemente. So there's been a subtle feeling all season that the Pirates would not, should not, cannot fail again in 2013. \"We're so happy the guys are doing well, and at least making sure the No. 21 is not connected to a negative record,\" said Roberto Clemente Jr., who was in town for the weekend to promote his family's new book and to see his father's team. Clemente Jr. who now lives in Houston, asked manager Clint Hurdle at the beginning of the year to make the 21st year different. The skipper gave him a wink. Read More [Watch: Top 5 must-see NFL plays from Sunday ] And, for the first time since 1992, the Pirates have broken the .500 mark this season. They are finally winners. \"You've got a whole new generation of fans,\" Hurdle said after Sunday's loss. \"And we've removed some of the angst from the old ones.\" Ah, the angst.",
"As nice as the idea of removing the angst sounds, this is Pittsburgh. So the angst is never far. The angst is a strange blessing mixed in with the euphoria. New fans can't wait for triumph. Older fans, well … Sid Bream. For example: Wes Edmunds, 21, stood in the sunshine Sunday and proclaimed, \"My favorite Pirates memory is right now. Today might be my favorite memory. Winning the World Series will be my favorite memory, next month.\" Then there's the 60-year-old fan who wouldn't give his name but did predict a collapse: \"They're taking something magical,\" he said, \"and screwing it up!\" [Related: NFL still pushing for 18-game schedule ] View photos This mix of emotions shows up in the clubhouse as well. Yeah it's great that more than 2.2 million fans showed up for 80 home dates this year – second-most in team history. No, it's not all that satisfying when a division title starts to slip away and the rival Reds come in and steal two games of three. Pitcher A.J.",
"Burnett should want to talk about how he was ridiculed for choosing Pittsburgh over Los Angeles, only to become a stalwart on a playoff-bound team while the Angels foundered. But he declined an interview before Sunday's game, and again after. So on the one hand, there's pitcher Jeff Kastens, here since '08, who remembers when it was so bad that \"you could hear the TVs over the fans.\" He chose to re-sign here because he just knew this would be a special season, and even though he's been out because of shoulder surgery, he says watching the Pirates from the sidelines has been \"like medicine\" for his ailing arm. \"Why go anywhere else?\" Kastens says. \"This is the only place I want to be.\" Then there's Locke, who faced those boos in the first inning and then faced reporters with a glazed look in his eye. Three years ago, he might not have had any questions at all after a late-season loss. Now he's dealing with camera lights in his face and reporters trampling around his stuff. \"Maybe if you give them something to cheer about,\" he said wearily, \"they'd cheer instead of boo.\" Moments later, he gave a clubhouse attendant a big hug.",
"\"Hope to see you next week,\" he said, no doubt realizing this could be goodbye for the winter. [Also: O's Manny Machado carted off field after gruesome knee injury ] What's been lost all these years isn't just the winning; it's the fretting. It's the chilly weeks when every inning counts. It's the divide between those who believe and those who don't want to have their souls crushed. Disappointment in April and May is one thing; disappointment on Sept. 22 is quite another. Pirates fans are getting reacquainted with the feelings of Steelers fans. Yes there were the Super Bowls, but there were also the long nights when so many wondered if Bill Cowher really knew what he was doing. Yes there was the sixth-seed upset of the Colts, but there was also a playoff loss here to the Jets. \"We've been spoiled with the Steelers,\" said Todd Bellinger, 36. \"We already have two.\" They actually have six. For this generation, the stories of the Chuck Noll years are often told second-hand. And the stories of the Pirates' dominance are told even less frequently.",
"Clemente, tragically gone too long to be remembered by young fans, actually came relatively late in the long list of Pirates icons. This is the team of Bill Mazeroski, and Honus Wagner, and Pie Traynor. That's what's best about what's starting to happen now: It's not a new order; it's an old order being restored. The Pirates, like the Steelers, are one of the winningest franchises in America. \"This was always a baseball town,\" says MVP candidate Andrew McCutchen. \"It was a baseball city before it was a football city. We can make it apparent this is a city of champions, if we do our part.\" Steelers Penguins: Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop | eBay Sports Mem, Cards & Fan Shop Acrylic Team color Pom Pom Medium to heavy weight Beanie! A great look for a fraction of the cost. This is a Value Beanie, and our prices speak for themselves. SIDELINE REPLICA POM BEANIE! ARE YOU A T... Condition: | 126+ sold ALL YOUR FAVORITE PITTSBURGH SPORTS TEAMS. WE SPECIALIZE IN PITTSBURGH SPORTS PRODUCTS. ON ONE GREAT SHIRT.",
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"$17.99 Buy It Now City of Pittsburgh 34\"x22\" 1500 Piece Jigsaw Puzzle This is an spectacular item that you will have fun with, and its a great picture that you can shellac or clear coat and frame to have as a great pie... The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of Champions | Quirky Travel Guy Check out my Chicago-themed ebook! Read More The unmatched sports culture of Pittsburgh, the City of Champions Reddit Pittsburgh is a sports town. You can see it in the streets. And every fan in Pittsburgh is everyone you meet. That’s a line from the old Iron City Beer commercial, and it perfectly captures the mood of the Steel City. From grandmothers to little kids, from Highland Park to the South Side , the entire city gets behind its Steelers and Penguins (and sometimes Pirates.) In how many cities is the local football team always the lead story on the 6 pm newscast? Even for regular season games? Aside from possibly Boston, there isn’t another city in the U.S. that so rabidly supports its teams. And fortunately, they’ve had a ton of great teams to support.",
"With six Super Bowl trophies, three Stanley Cups, five World Series titles, and one college football national championship, Pittsburgh has earned its nickname “City of Champions.” The sports teams foster a great sense of community. Go to a mall on a Sunday during a Steeler game and it will be deserted, because everybody’s home watching the game. There’s a lot to be said for that “we’re all in this together” sense of community. Believe me – Chicago doesn’t have it, and neither do most other cities. Even the fact that all three teams wear black and gold creates a sense of community among sports teams that other cities can’t match. I was recently walking through downtown Pittsburgh on a Friday morning, and the number of Steeler jerseys I saw on the streets was crazy. I’d forgotten that in the Steel City, office employees are always allowed to dress-down on Fridays by wearing Steeler jerseys to work. It brought a huge smile to my face, this level of devotion that I haven’t seen anywhere else. Pittsburgh is the City of Champions In the past five years, the city’s teams have reached five championship finals, resulting in three championship parades.",
"Jerome Bettis hoisted the 2006 Super Bowl trophy during a parade: Three years later, fans packed every floor of a parking garage to get a look at the 2009 Steeler victory parade downtown: If you go to the Strip District on a weekend morning, you’ll catch the city’s biggest open-air market. It feels like half of the stores sell nothing but Pittsburgh sports merchandise: And it’s not just the Steelers who get all the love. The Penguins have sold out every game for a few years now, with Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin representing the best young core in the NHL. The Pitt basketball team is a perennial national force and Big East championship contender. Even the pathetic Pirates get some love. Though they’ve set a record with 19 (and counting) consecutive losing seasons, the baseball team still draws well thanks to PNC Park, which is still considered the nicest baseball park in America, more than 10 years after it opened.",
"Outside the park are statues of Pirate greats Roberto Clemente and Willie Stargell, as well as a statue that captures the most famous home run in World Series history, when Bill Mazeroski’s bottom of the ninth homer gave the Bucs a massive upset of the Yankees in the 1960 World Series: The Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum A city so rich in sports heritage and tradition needs a proper museum, and Pittsburgh has that with the Western Pennsylvania Sports Museum, which takes up portions of two floors of the six-floor John Heinz History Center . This museum is best described by simply listing its many artifacts and exhibits.",
"The collections change frequently, but when I last visited, the sights included: -Jerseys and sticks used by Mario Lemieux and other Penguin heroes -First base from Game 7 of the 1960 World Series, in which the Pirates defeated the Yankees -Exhibits honoring local wrestling, boxing, auto racing and high school football legends -Super Bowl rings, tickets and memorabilia from each of the Steelers’ six championships -Interactive exhibits for kids to throw footballs and putt golf balls like the pros They also had a collection of trophies won by Lemieux, including one of his Conn Smythe Trophies for being the MVP of the playoffs: If you ever make it to Pittsburgh, do yourself a favor and attend a sporting event. Or at least watch one with the locals at a bar or the nearest Primanti’s. Pittsburgh Tickets - Steelers & Concert Tickets Pittsburgh Tickets Load More Events Currently Showing X of Y ` Pittsburgh Tickets Information Back to Top Located deep in the heart of Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh is one of the most hard-nosed cities in the country. With its history firmly rooted in manufacturing and blue collar toughness, Pittsburgh is home to deeply passionate sports fans, as well as a culture all of its own that will instantly show itself to visitors.",
"Sports in Pittsburgh It's nearly impossible to separate Pittsburgh from its beloved sports teams, and nowhere is this more true than with the Steelers , who have won an astonishing six Super Bowl championships, all while being the pinnacle of class and professionalism. The Steelers have played their home games at Heinz Field since 2001, and it is among the nicest venues in the league. The stadium is also home to the beloved University of Pittsburgh Panthers football team. Although the Steelers dominate the sports scene in Pittsburgh, they are certainly not the only ones. The Penguins of the NHL enjoy a large and loyal following in their home town, and have brought the city four Stanley Cup titles. The Penguins play their home games at the Consol Energy Center, which is one of the most modern venues in the NHL, having opened in 2010. With a capacity of just over 18,000, the arena offers great seats for everyone in attendance. Along with the Steelers and the Penguins, the Pittsburgh Pirates call the city home. One of the oldest teams in the MLB, the Pirates have a rich history and tradition.",
"While it's been years since they won a World Series crown, the Bucs, as they're affectionately known, have had some of the most legendary players come through, and their home field of PNC Park is among the nicest in the country. Concerts in Pittsburgh Pittsburgh isn’t known for its music scene, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t one. Pittsburgh has several music venues and is a city that attracts some of today’s most popular touring artists. Some of the most popular concert venues are Rex Theater, Stage AE, Benedum Center for the Performing Arts, Consol Energy Center, and First Niagara Pavilion. Visitors looking for a more refined form of entertainment may want to turn their attention toward the Pittsburgh Playhouse. This venerable institution houses three separate performance areas and often hosts popular plays and musicals. Outside of the Pittsburgh Playhouse, the city offers numerous other areas to take in some excellent theater productions. Specifically, the Pittsburgh Public Theater, Prime Stage Theater and Quantum Theater are all excellent venues. Spring in Pittsburgh Pittsburgh fans are dedicated to their teams year-round, so despite the typical brisk Spring weather, they have no problem cheering on the Pittsburgh Pirates at PNC Park when baseball season begins.",
"While the Pirates haven’t won a World Series since 1979 they have become serious National League champion contenders over the past few seasons. PNC Park Address: 115 Federal St, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 PNC Park is located on the North Shore of Pittsburgh and has been rated as one of the most beautiful MLB stadiums. The Pirates have called PNC Park home since 2001 and the stadium holds 38,362 fans. Fall in Pittsburgh It’s impossible not to catch Steeler Fever if you’re in the Pittsburgh area during the Fall. The team has called Pittsburgh home since it was founded in 1933, when they were originally called the Pittsburgh Pirates. The Steelers have won several NFL Championships and can always be expected to be playoff contenders. Steeler Nation has been rated as one of the top NFL fan bases and you can expect an experience like no other when you visit Heinz Field. Heinz Field Address: 100 Art Rooney Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 Heinz Field has been the Steelers’ home field since 2001.",
"The stadium can hold 68,400 fans and the Steelers have been able to sell out every home game since the 1972 season. Heinz Field Seating Chart Winter in Pittsburgh Pittsburgh is home to one of the best teams in the NHL, the Pittsburgh Penguins . The 2016 Stanley Cup Champions have qualified for the playoffs 30 times since being founded in 1967 and have won the Stanley Cup four times. The Penguins have played at the Consol Energy Center since 2010. Consol Energy Center has a capacity of 18,387 for hockey games, and 19,100 for basketball games. Consol Energy Center Address: 1001 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 Consol Energy Center is a multi-purpose indoor arena that is the home of the Pittsburgh Penguins. Pittsburgh Ranks 2nd On ESPN’s List Of Best-Dressed Sports Cities « CBS Pittsburgh See the whole list here Here’s their summary of Pittsburgh’s ranking: “Pittsburgh’s ranking is bolstered by the Steelers, who nabbed the top spot in our recent Uni Watch NFL Power Rankings .",
"Solid looks from the Pirates (whose score would be higher if they didn’t wear their black alternate tops so often) and Penguins, along with one of MLB’s best-looking ballparks and a common municipal color scheme, were enough to vault the Steel City into the No. 2 spot. Still waiting for one of these teams to come up with an Andy Warhol-themed alternate jersey (his museum is a prime local attraction ), but the Steelers’ bumblebee throwbacks sort of qualify for that, right? UNI WATCH SCORE: Pirates: 6.5, Steelers: 10, Penguins: 6.5, Intangibles: Bonus points for PNC Park (2), and for all three teams basing their color scheme on the colors of the Pittsburgh city flag (1.5). UNI: 8.83″ First of all, are they kidding with the Penguins and Pirates jerseys only getting a 6.5 out of 10? That seems incredibly low to us. We feel pretty confident that this is an oversight, which would have resulted in our fair city being atop the list.",
"Anyway, here’s the top 10: Boston – 9.13 San Francisco Bay Area – 8.17 New York Metro Area – 6.94 Toronto – 6.83 Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh sports fan | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Ron Cook: What a time to be alive if you're a Pittsburgh sports fan April 12, 2016 12:00 AM Michael Henninger/Post-Gazette The Penguins' Carl Hagelin and the Flyers' Brandon Manning fight for the puck during a game April 3 at Consol Energy Center. John Minchillo/Associated Press The Pirates' Starling Marte touches home after hitting a grand slam Friday night against the Reds in Cincinnati, Ohio. By Ron Cook / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette You know the cities that are so much more unfortunate than us. Detroit. Atlanta. Minneapolis-St. Paul. Cleveland … We love to laugh at Cleveland, but how would you like to be a pro sports fan in Philadelphia these days? At least Cleveland has LeBron. Philadelphia’s pro teams are brutal. I’m not sure suburban Villanova’s national championship does much to ease that pain.",
"Philadelphia wouldn’t have anything if the Flyers hadn’t snuck into the Stanley Cup playoffs last week. Somehow, that seems appropriate for their obnoxious fan base. Sorry, I couldn’t help myself. We are pretty lucky. The sports teams here are on a roll. Do you realize we live in one of two North American cities that sent teams in three different pro sports to the playoffs in each of the past two calendar years? The other is Los Angeles/Anaheim. I’m thinking we stand alone because Los Angeles/Anaheim had six pro teams before adding the NFL’s Rams as a seventh in January. None of the three Pittsburgh teams has missed the postseason since the 2013 Steelers went 8-8. The Penguins have given the city a great start to 2016. They made the Stanley Cup playoffs for the 10th consecutive year and will open at home Wednesday night against the New York Rangers. Their streak is the second-longest among NHL teams after the Detroit Red Wings’ 25-year run and the third-longest in all sports after the San Antonio Spurs’ 19-year run. The Pirates have made the playoffs three years in a row. Only the St.",
"Louis Cardinals and Los Angeles Dodgers also did that the past three seasons. The Pirates have a big chance of making it four consecutive years. The Steelers made the postseason in 2014 and 2015. They look to be the team to beat in 2016 in the AFC North Division. These really are good times. Adding to the fun are the athletes we get to watch. We are used to seeing the very best in hockey, starting with Mario Lemieux in 1984 and followed by Jaromir Jagr, Sidney Crosby and Evgeni Malkin. Crosby once again is the best hockey player in the world after a slow start to this season. CBSSports.com did an opening-day poll ranking the top 100 players in baseball and had Andrew McCutchen No. 4 behind Mike Trout, Bryce Harper and Clayton Kershaw. McCutchen has finished in the top five of the National League MVP voting each of the past four seasons, winning the award in 2013. He is on pace to make the Hall of Fame.",
"Much of America is discovering Antonio Brown’s dancing ability, but we know him as the best wide receiver in Steelers history, better than Hall of Famers John Stallworth and Lynn Swann. Of course, Brown will tell you he’s lucky to have a franchise quarterback throwing the football to him. The one thing Pittsburgh is missing is a recent championship. But, really, we have no right to complain, not with the Steelers’ record six Super Bowl wins, the Penguins’ three Stanley Cup titles and the Pirates’ two relatively recent World Series titles in 1971 and 1979. Atlanta has won just one major championship — the 1995 Braves. Minneapolis-St. Paul hasn’t won a title since the 1991 Twins and hasn’t won a Super Bowl, Stanley Cup or NBA championship. The Detroit Lions never have made it to a Super Bowl. Go back to Philadelphia for a second. It has won one championship — the 2008 Phillies — since 1983. And laughable, not-so-lovable Cleveland? It hasn’t won a major sports title since the Browns in 1964. And you aren’t satisfied with your sports teams? Please.",
"Maybe Pittsburgh will get that next championship sooner than you think. The Penguins are playing better than any NHL team — 14-2 down the stretch, including 10-1 against playoff teams — although the injuries to Evgeni Malkin, Marc-Andre Fleury and Matt Murray are worrisome. ESPN still has the Penguins No. 3 in their most recent power rankings behind the Washington Capitals and Dallas Stars. The Pirates will have a chance to win it all if they can survive a division with the St. Louis Cardinals and Chicago Cubs and make the playoffs. The Kansas City Royals were champions last season and played in the 2014 World Series, right? Why not the Pirates? The Steelers are the second choice in the AFC behind the New England Patriots to win Super Bowl LI, according to most betting sites. Never underestimate a team with Brown, Ben Roethlisberger and a healthy Le’Veon Bell and Maurkice Pouncey. The rest of 2016 has a chance to be memorable. Wednesday night can’t get here soon enough. The Penguins and Rangers. Let the fun begin. Ron Cook: [email protected] and Twitter@RonCookPG.",
"Ron Cook can be heard on the “Cook and Poni” show weekdays from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. on 93.7 The Fan. Related Media:"
] |
Which company was responsible for the oil spill in New York harbor in 1990?
|
Exxon
|
[
"Standard Oil New Jersey",
"Exxon Company",
"Exxon",
"Jersey Standard",
"EXXon",
"Exxon Research and Engineering Company",
"Esso Petroleum",
"Standard Oil Company of New Jersey",
"Exxon Company USA"
] | 8,322
|
[
"Miller Environmental Group Inc - Timeline - Miller Environmental Group Inc James Miller Sr. founds what became Miller Environmental Group, Inc. Port Jefferson Spill After a day of fishing Jim Miller Sr. and crew were making their way back to the dock in Port Jefferson when they were called upon to assist in the cleanup of an oil spill from a local petroleum terminal in Port Jefferson Harbor and MEG was born. 1976 Slick of ’76 Slick of ’76 – Oil Spill St. Lawrence Seaway – MEG responds with the Landing Craft Barbara Miller to assist equipment, personnel, and oil spill debris/waste movement between the impacted islands. Image credit to NCPR. 1977 Ethel H In February of 1977, at approximately 1900, the Ethel H (II) ran aground on Con Hook Rock in the Hudson River near West Point, New York, while being towed by a tug. The forward section of the barge began taking on water. The vessel was lightered and prevented from sinking, however it had begun to spill oil that became trapped in ice. The cleanup lasted until April on the Hudson River.",
"1977 MEG moves to Hagerman and purchases South Bay Boatworks on the Patchogue River. 1978 Mt. Sinai Harbor Oil Spill The Mt. Sinai Harbor Oil spill was described as the largest oil spill during that times in Long Island. 1979 Seaspeed Arabia Seaspeed Arabia grounded in the Kill Van Kull off Bayonne, New Jersey. Two port fuel tanks were ruptured and approximately 3,000 barrels of combined No. 2 diesel fuel and No. 6 heavy fuel oil spilled into the New York Upper Harbor. 1979 Seaspeed Arabia Seaspeed Arabia grounded in the Kill Van Kull off Bayonne, New Jersey. Two port fuel tanks were ruptured and approximately 3,000 barrels of combined No. 2 diesel fuel and No. 6 heavy fuel oil spilled into the New York Upper Harbor. 1985 Island Park Spill LILCO Island Park Spill - In February of 1985 over 500,000 gallons of #2 Oil spilled in Island Park, NY. High winds of up to 90 mph whip the oil containment boom out of the water.",
"1989 Response to the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. Photo credit to USCG 1990 BT Nautilus Oil Spill The 811ft BT Nautilus ran aground and spilled 260,000 gallons of thick No. 6 oil in the Kill van Kull waterway near Staten Island, NY. 1991 1992 OPA 90 Passage of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 improving on the previous legislation known as the Clean Water Act and the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. NRC Formation of National Response Corporation 1993 Response to Tampa Collision. Photo credit USCG 1993 Response to San Jacinto River Floods 1994 Response to Puerto Rico Barge Grounding 1995 Response to Eagle Point Spill in Westville, NJ 1996 Response to TWA Flight 800 1996 Oil Spill Facts - Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council Final Report, Alaska Oil Spill Commission Published February 1990 by the State of Alaska The following is a reprint of the text from pages 5-14. Graphics are not included.",
"No one anticipated any unusual problems as the Exxon Valdez left the Alyeska Pipeline Terminal at 9:12 p.m., Alaska Standard Time, on March 23,1989. The 987 foot ship, second newest in Exxon Shipping Company's 20-tanker fleet, was loaded with 53,094,5 10 gallons (1,264,155 barrels) of North Slope crude oil bound for Long Beach, California. Tankers carrying North Slope crude oil had safely transited Prince William Sound more than 8,700 times in the 12 years since oil began flowing through the trans-Alaska pipeline, with no major disasters and few serious incidents. This experience gave little reason to suspect impending disaster. Yet less than three hours later, the Exxon Valdez grounded at Bligh Reef, rupturing eight of its 11 cargo tanks and spewing some 10.8 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound. Until the Exxon Valdez piled onto Bligh Reef, the system designed to carry 2 million barrels of North Slope oil to West Coast and Gulf Coast markets daily had worked perhaps too well.",
"At least partly because of the success of the Valdez tanker trade, a general complacency had come to permeate the operation and oversight of the entire system. That complacency and success were shattered when the Exxon Valdez ran hard aground shortly after midnight on March 24. No human lives were lost as a direct result of the disaster, though four deaths were associated with the cleanup effort. Indirectly, however, the human and natural losses were immense - to fisheries, subsistence livelihoods, tourism, wildlife. The most important loss for many who will never visit Prince William Sound was the aesthetic sense that something sacred in the relatively unspoiled land and waters of Alaska had been defiled. Industry's insistence on regulating the Valdez tanker trade its own way, and government's incremental accession to industry pressure, had produced a disastrous failure of the system. The people of Alaska's Southcentral coast - not to mention Exxon and the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company - would come to pay a heavy price. The American people, increasingly anxious over environmental degradation and devoted to their image of Alaska's wilderness, reacted with anger.",
"A spill that ranked 34th on a list of the world's largest oil spills in the past 25 years came to be seen as the nation's biggest environmental disaster since Three Mile Island. The Exxon Valdez had reached the Alyeska Marine Terminal at 11:30 p.m. on March 22 to take on cargo. It carried a crew of 19 plus the captain. Third Mate Gregory Cousins, who became a central figure in the grounding, was relieved of watch duty at 11:50 p.m. Ship and terminal crews began loading crude oil onto the tanker at 5:05 a.m. on March 23 and increased loading to its full rate of 100,000 barrels an hour by 5:30 a.m. Chief Mate James R. Kunkel supervised the loading. March 23, 1989 was a rest day of sorts for some members of the Exxon Valdez crew. Capt.",
"Joseph Hazelwood, chief engineer Jerry Glowacki and radio officer Joel Roberson left the Exxon Valdez about 11:00 a.m., driven from the Alyeska terminal into the town of Valdez by marine pilot William Murphy, who had piloted the Exxon Valdez into port the previous night and would take it back out through Valdez Narrows on its fateful trip to Bligh Reef. When the three ship's officers left the terminal that day, they expected the Exxon Valdez's sailing time to be 10 p.m. that evening. The posted sailing time was changed, however, during the day, and when the party arrived back at the ship at 8:24 p.m., they learned the sailing time had been fixed at 9 p.m. Hazelwood spent most of the day conducting ship's business, shopping and, according to testimony before the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), drinking alcoholic beverages with the other ship's officers in at least two Valdez bars.",
"Testimony indicated Hazelwood drank nonalcoholic beverages that day at lunch, a number of alcoholic drinks late that afternoon while relaxing in a Valdez bar, and at least one more drink at a bar while the party waited for pizza to take with them back to the ship. Loading of the Exxon Valdez had been completed for an hour by the time the group returned to the ship. They left Valdez by taxi cab at about 7:30 p.m., got through Alyeska terminal gate security at 8:24 p.m. and boarded ship. Radio officer Roberson, who commenced pre-voyage tests and checks in the radio room soon after arriving at the ship, later said no one in the group going ashore had expected the ship to be ready to leave as soon as they returned. Both the cab driver and the gate security guard later testified that no one in the party appeared to be intoxicated. A ship's agent who met with Hazelwood after he got back on the ship said it appeared the captain may have been drinking because his eyes were watery, but she did not smell alcohol on his breath. Ship's pilot Murphy, however, later indicated that he did detect the odor of alcohol on Hazelwood's breath.",
"Hazelwood's activities in town that day and on the ship that night would become a key focus of accident inquiries, the cause of a state criminal prosecution, and the basis of widespread media sensation. Without intending to minimize the impact of Hazelwood's actions, however, one basic conclusion of this report is that the grounding at Bligh Reef represents much more than the error of a possibly drunken skipper: It was the result of the gradual degradation of oversight and safety practices that had been intended, 12 years before, to safeguard and backstop the inevitable mistakes of human beings. Third Mate Cousins performed required tests of navigational, mechanical and safety gear at 7:48 p.m., and all systems were found to be in working order. The Exxon Valdez slipped its last mooring line at 9:12 p.m. and, with the assistance of two tugboats, began maneuvering away from the berth. The tanker's deck log shows it was clear of the dock at 9:21 p.m. Dock to grounding The ship was under the direction of pilot Murphy and accompanied by a single tug for the passage through Valdez Narrows, the constricted harbor entrance about 7 miles from the berth.",
"According to Murphy, Hazelwood left the bridge at 9:35 p.m. and did not return until about 11:10 p.m., even though Exxon company policy requires two ship's officers on the bridge during transit of Valdez Narrows. The passage through Valdez Narrows proceeded uneventfully. At 10:49 p.m. the ship reported to the Valdez Vessel Traffic Center that it had passed out of the narrows and was increasing speed. At 11:05 p.m. Murphy asked that Hazelwood be called to the bridge in anticipation of his disembarking from the ship, and at 11: 10 p.m. Hazelwood returned. Murphy disembarked at 11:24 p.m., with assistance from Third Mate Cousins. While Cousins was helping Murphy and then helping stow the pilot ladder, Hazelwood was the only officer on the bridge and there was no lookout even though one was required, according to an NTSB report. At 11:25 p.m. Hazelwood informed the Vessel Traffic Center that the pilot had departed and that he was increasing speed to sea speed.",
"He also reported that \"judging, ah, by our radar, we'll probably divert from the TSS [traffic separation scheme] and end up in the inbound lane if there is no conflicting traffic.\" The traffic center indicated concurrence, stating there was no reported traffic in the inbound lane. The traffic separation scheme is designed to do just that - separate incoming and outgoing tankers in Prince William Sound and keep them in clear, deep waters during their transit. It consists of inbound and outbound lanes, with a half-mile-wide separation zone between them. Small icebergs from nearby Columbia Glacier occasionally enter the traffic lanes. Captains had the choice of slowing down to push through them safely or deviating from their lanes if traffic permitted. Hazelwood's report, and the Valdez traffic center's concurrence, meant the ship would change course to leave the western, outbound lane, cross the separation zone and, if necessary, enter the eastern, inbound lane to avoid floating ice. At no time did the Exxon Valdez report or seek permission to depart farther east from the inbound traffic lane; but that is exactly what it did. At 11:30 p.m.",
"Hazelwood informed the Valdez traffic center that he was turning the ship toward the east on a heading of 200 degrees and reducing speed to \"wind my way through the ice\" (engine logs, however, show the vessel's speed continued to increase). At 11: 39 Cousins plotted a fix that showed the ship in the middle of the traffic separation scheme. Hazelwood ordered a further course change to a heading of 180 degrees (due south) and, according to the helmsman, directed that the ship be placed on autopilot. The second course change was not reported to the Valdez traffic center. For a total of 19 or 20 minutes the ship sailed south - through the inbound traffic lane, then across its easterly boundary and on toward its peril at Bligh Reef. Traveling at approximately 12 knots, the Exxon Valdez crossed the traffic lanes' easterly boundary at 11:47 p.m. At 11:52 p.m.",
"the command was given to place the ship's engine on \"load program up\"-a computer program that, over a span of 43 minutes, would increase engine speed from 55 RPM to sea speed full ahead at 78.7 RPM. After conferring with Cousins about where and how to return the ship to its designated traffic lane, Hazelwood left the bridge. The time, according to NTSB testimony, was approximately 11:53 p.m. By this time Third Mate Cousins had been on duty for six hours and was scheduled to be relieved by Second Mate Lloyd LeCain. But Cousins, knowing LeCain had worked long hours during loading operations during the day, had told the second mate he could take his time in relieving him. Cousins did not call LeCain to awaken him for the midnight-to-4-a.m. watch, instead remaining on duty himself Cousins was the only officer on the bridge - a situation that violated company policy and perhaps contributed to the accident. A second officer on the bridge might have been more alert to the danger in the ship's position, the failure of its efforts to turn, the autopilot steering status, and the threat of ice in the tanker lane.",
"Cousins' duty hours and rest periods became an issue in subsequent investigations. Exxon Shipping Company has said the third mate slept between I a.m. and 7:20 a.m. the morning of March 23 and again between 1: 30 p.m. and 5 p.m., for a total of nearly 10 hours sleep in the 24 hours preceding the accident. But testimony before the NTSB suggests that Cousins \"pounded the deck\" that afternoon, that he did paperwork in his cabin, and that he ate dinner starting at 4:30 p.m. before relieving the chief mate at 5 p.m. An NTSB report shows that Cousins' customary in-port watches were scheduled from 5:50 a.m. to 11:50 a.m. and again from 5:50 p.m. to 11:50 p.m. Testimony before the NTSB suggests that Cousins may have been awake and generally at work for up to 18 hours preceding the accident.",
"Appendix F of this report documents a direct link between fatigue and human performance error generally and notes that 80 percent or more of marine accidents are attributable to human error. Appendix F also discusses the impact of environmental factors such as long work hours, poor work conditions (such as toxic fumes), monotony and sleep deprivation. \"This can create a scenario where a pilot and/or crew members may become the \"accident waiting to happen.\" ... It is conceivable,\" the report continues, \"that excessive work hours (sleep deprivation) contributed to an overall impact of fatigue, which in turn contributed to the Exxon Valdez grounding.\" Manning policies also may have affected crew fatigue. Whereas tankers in the 1950s carried a crew of 40 to 42 to manage about 6.3 million gallons of oil, according to Arthur McKenzie of the Tanker Advisory Center in New York, the Exxon Valdez carried a crew of 19 to transport 53 million gallons of oil. Minimum vessel manning limits are set by the U.S. Coast Guard, but without any agencywide standard for policy.",
"The Coast Guard has certified Exxon tankers for a minimum of 15 persons (14 if the radio officer is not required). Frank Iarossi, president of Exxon Shipping Company, has stated that his company's policy is to reduce its standard crew complement to 16 on fully automated, diesel-powered vessels by 1990. \"While Exxon has defended their actions as an economic decision,\" the manning report says, \"criticism has been leveled against them for manipulating overtime records to better justify reduced manning levels.\" Iarossi and Exxon maintain that modem automated vessel technology permits reduced manning without compromise of safety or function. \"Yet the literature on the subject suggests that automation does not replace humans in systems, rather, it places the human in a different, more demanding role. Automation typically reduces manual workload but increases mental workload.\" (Appendix F) Whatever the NTSB or the courts may finally determine concerning Cousins' work hours that day, manning limits and crew fatigue have received considerable attention as contributing factors to the accident.",
"The Alaska Oil Spill Commission recommends that crew levels be set high enough not only to permit safe operations during ordinary conditions - which, in the Gulf of Alaska, can be highly demanding - but also to provide enough crew backups and rest periods that crisis situations can be confronted by a fresh, well-supported crew. Accounts and interpretations differ as to events on the bridge from the time Hazelwood left his post to the moment the Exxon Valdez struck Bligh Reef. NTSB testimony by crew members and interpretations of evidence by the State of Alaska conflict in key areas, leaving the precise timing of events still a mystery. But the rough outlines are discernible: Some time during the critical period before the grounding during the first few minutes of Good Friday, March 24, Cousins plotted a fix indicating it was time to turn the vessel back toward the traffic lanes. About the same time, lookout Maureen Jones reported that Bligh Reef light appeared broad off the starboard bow - i.e., off the bow at an angle of about 45 degrees.",
"The light should have been seen off the port side (the left side of a ship, facing forward); its position off the starboard side indicated great peril for a supertanker that was out of its lanes and accelerating through close waters. Cousins gave right rudder commands to cause the desired course change and took the ship off autopilot. He also phoned Hazelwood in his cabin to inform him the ship was turning back toward the traffic lanes and that, in the process, it would be getting into ice. When the vessel did not turn swiftly enough, Cousins ordered further right rudder with increasing urgency. Finally, realizing the ship was in serious trouble, Cousins phoned Hazelwood again to report the danger - and at the end of the conversation, felt an initial shock to the vessel. The grounding, described by helmsman Robert Kagan as \"a bumpy ride\" and by Cousins as six \"very sharp jolts,\" occurred at 12:04 a.m. On the rocks The vessel came to rest facing roughly southwest, perched across its middle on a pinnacle of Bligh Reef. Eight of 11 cargo tanks were punctured.",
"Computations aboard the Exxon Valdez showed that 5.8 million gallons had gushed out of the tanker in the first three and a quarter hours. Weather conditions at the site were, reported to be 33 degrees F, slight drizzle rain/snow mixed, north winds at 10 knots and visibility 10 miles at the time of the grounding. The Exxon Valdez nightmare had begun. Hazelwood - perhaps drunk, certainly facing a position of great difficulty and confusion - would struggle vainly to power the ship off its perch on Bligh Reef. The response capabilities of Alyeska Pipeline Service Company to deal with the spreading sea of oil would be tested and found to be both unexpectedly slow and woefully inadequate. The worldwide capabilities of Exxon Corp. would mobilize huge quantities of equipment and personnel to respond to the spill - but not in the crucial first few hours and days when containment and cleanup efforts are at a premium. The U.S. Coast Guard would demonstrate its prowess at ship salvage, protecting crews and lightering operations, but prove utterly incapable of oil spill containment and response. State and federal agencies would show differing levels of preparedness and command capability.",
"And the waters of Prince William Sound - and eventually more than 1,000 miles of beach in Southcentral Alaska - would be fouled by 10.8 million gallons of crude oil. After feeling the grounding Hazelwood rushed to the bridge, arriving as the ship came to rest. He immediately gave a series of rudder orders in an attempt to free the vessel, and power to the ship's engine remained in the \"load program up\" condition for about 15 minutes after impact. Chief Mate Kunkel went to the engine control room and determined that eight cargo tanks and two ballast tanks had been ruptured; he concluded the cargo tanks had lost an average of 10 feet of cargo, with approximately 67 feet of cargo remaining in each. He informed Hazelwood of his initial damage assessment and was instructed to perform stability and stress analysis. At 12:19 a.m. Hazelwood ordered that the vessel's engine be reduced to idle speed. At 12:26 a.m., Hazelwood radioed the Valdez traffic center and reported his predicament to Bruce Blandford, a civilian employee of the Coast Guard who was on duty.",
"\"We've fetched up, ah, hard aground, north of Goose Island, off Bligh Reef and, ah, evidently leaking some oil and we're gonna be here for a while and, ah, if you want, ah, so you're notified.\" That report triggered a nightlong cascade of phone calls reaching from Valdez to Anchorage to Houston and eventually around the world as the magnitude of the spill became known and Alyeska and Exxon searched for cleanup machinery and materials. Hazelwood, meanwhile, was not finished with efforts to power the Exxon Valdez off the reef. At approximately 12:30 a.m., Chief Mate Kunkel used a computer program to determine that though stress on the vessel exceeded acceptable limits, the ship still had required stability. He went to the bridge to advise Hazelwood that the vessel should not go to sea or leave the area. The skipper directed him to return to the control room to continue assessing the damage and to determine available options. At 12:35 p.m., Hazelwood ordered the engine back on - and eventually to \"full ahead\" -- and began another series of rudder commands in an effort to free the vessel.",
"After running his computer program again another way, Kunkel concluded that the ship did not have acceptable stability without being supported by the reef. The chief mate relayed his new analysis to the captain at 1 a.m. and again recommended that the ship not leave the area. Nonetheless, Hazelwood kept the engine running until 1:41 a.m., when he finally abandoned efforts to get the vessel off the reef. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council | [email protected] | Postal Address: 4210 University Drive Anchorage, AK 99508-4626 | Physical Address: Grace Hall, 4230 University Drive, Ste.",
"220 | Anchorage, AK 99508-4650 | Phone: (907) 278-8012 | Fax: (907) 276-7178 | Toll-Free: (800) 478-7745 | Office Hours: Mon through Fri, 8am-4:30pm ARLIS | Alaska Resources Library & Information Services | [email protected] | UAA Library Building | Phone: (907) 272-7547 Restoring the resources injured by the Exxon Valdez oil spill and understanding environmental change in the Northern Gulf of Alaska. Exxon Said to Offer Millions To Erase 1990 Harbor Spill - NYTimes.com Exxon Said to Offer Millions To Erase 1990 Harbor Spill By ALLAN R.",
"GOLD Published: March 15, 1991 The Exxon Corporation has agreed to spend $10 million to $15 million on environmental improvements to New York Harbor in an effort to avoid litigation stemming from a 567,000-gallon oil leak into the Arthur Kill 14 months ago, environmental groups and a government official said yesterday. But the agreement, which is expected to be announced as early as next week, was immediately attacked by two environmental groups as inadequate, with a spokeswoman for one of the groups saying the deal \"probably is not going to compensate for the damage that occurred.\" Under the settlement, Exxon would spend $5 million to buy environmentally sensitive land in the Staten Island area. It would also pay for restoration of wetlands along the Arthur Kill, where the oil leaked, and reimburse government agencies for legal and administrative costs, said a government official familiar with the settlement who spoke on condition of anonymity. The official said Exxon would also have to spend \"quite a hunk of change\" to improve its safety procedures for oil handling. By reaching the agreement, the company would avoid costly litigation and possible criminal charges arising from investigations of the pipeline leak, which fouled the New Jersey and New York coastlines.",
"Announcement Planned Yesterday, representatives of Exxon, the New Jersey Attorney General, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and New York City's Department of Environmental Protection declined to comment on details of the settlement. Carol Ash, regional directer of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, said there would be an announcement soon regarding the Exxon spill. But Nina Sankovitch, a senior project attorney for the Natural Resources Defense Council, a nonprofit environmental group, assailed the settlement. She said it would not cover damage suffered by the harbor's recreational users or subsistence fishermen, nor reimburse business losses sustained when the Arthur Kill was closed to shipping traffic. On Tuesday night, Exxon reached a $1.1 billion settlement with the state of Alaska and the Federal Government for the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spill of March 1989. For months, Exxon has been in talks with Federal, state and local governments to settle litigation stemming from the New York Harbor spill. Exxon has been trying to avoid criminal indictments and settle civil suits by New York City and Elizabeth, N.J. On Jan.",
"1, 1990, an underwater pipeline connecting Exxon plants in Linden, N.J., and Bayonne, N.J., leaked heating oil into the Arthur Kill, a narrow waterway separating New Jersey from Staten Island. Oil coated the marshy shorelines, killing nearly 700 birds. An oil sheen reached south toward Raritan Bay, north to Newark Bay and east along the Kill van Kull. The spill drastically reduced breeding of the wading birds that have been making a dramatic comeback in the area, a study released yesterday by a non-profit environmental research center has found. In the first study to be published on the spill's impact, the Manomet Bird Observatory of Massachusetts observed delayed nesting last spring among snowy egrets and glossy ibises and much higher mortality rates for young birds. The higher-than-expected death rates could result in smaller future populations of snowy egrets or local extinction if breeding adults abandon the harbor, the study found. Killifish Suffering \"It will take a long time to recover, to get back to where we were,\" Dr. Katharine C. Parsons, a biologist who conducted the Manomet study, said yesterday. Dr.",
"Parsons has been compiling information about aquatic birds living in the Arthur Kill and Kill van Kill since 1985. The Exxon spill was about a third of the oil that leaked into the harbor from leaks, barge groundings and other sources in 1990, she said. At a news conference yesterday in Manhattan, she said the study also found big reductions in the harbor's minnow-like killifish, an important food for wading birds and bigger fish. The result, she said, was that only 46 percent of the expected number of snowy egret chicks, for example, hatched. New Jersey's Department of Environmental Protection directed Exxon to pay $661,250 toward Manomet's study of bird population damage. Donald D. Esch, manager of government relations for Exxon at the Bayway Refinery in Linden, said the Manomet study contained \"an awful lot more good news than bad news.\" He said the results were \"not atypical\" of company-sponsored findings, and noted that it found that wading birds increased 23 percent overall from 1989 to 1990, to a total of 1,156. Photo: A snowy egret.",
"Oil that leaked into New York Harbor after spills in Arthur Kill and Kill van Kull is believed to be responsible for a reduction in the egret population. (David C. Twichell) Greenpoint Oil Spill on Newtown Creek - Riverkeeper Greenpoint Oil Spill on Newtown Creek > Greenpoint Oil Spill on Newtown Creek Greenpoint Oil Spill on Newtown Creek Over the last century, between 17 and 30 million gallons of oil were spilled and leaked from ExxonMobil’s historic refinery and storage facilities into the soil and groundwater in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. These petroleum discharges formed an over 50 acre underground petroleum plume that underlies local businesses and a residential section of Greenpoint. The contamination has also been leaching into Newtown Creek for decades. In a 1978 helicopter patrol, the US Coast Guard discovered a large plume of oil flowing out of the banks of the creek. Virtually no action was taken until 1990, when the state entered into consent orders with ExxonMobil. Rather than bring the company to justice, the order required only the most rudimentary cleanup, demanded no cleanup benchmark, and failed to order a single penny in penalties.",
"The spill has been oozing under Greenpoint for five decades, destroying the local aquifer, rendering more than 50 acres of land undevelopable, settling under more than 100 homes on three residential blocks, severely contaminating Newtown Creek, and threatening aquatic life harbor-wide. Riverkeeper has been the driving force in bringing litigation forward, raising public awareness about the oil spill and compelling state officials to address this historic contamination. Riverkeeper discovered the oil spill during a boat patrol of Newtown Creek in 2002, finding oil sheens, floating garbage and abandoned cars littering the Creek. After investigating the source of the oil and the industrial history of the Creek, Riverkeeper filed a federal lawsuit against ExxonMobil in 2004 to hold it responsible for its role in the contamination. Riverkeeper was joined by six Greenpoint residents as co-plaintiffs in its lawsuit. Riverkeeper’s lawsuit was followed in 2005 with a similar suit brought by Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz, and other local elected officials. In 2007, New York Attorney General Cuomo filed a third federal lawsuit alleging similar claims, as well as other claims over which the State has unique enforcement authority.",
"The three lawsuits were all consolidated for case management purposes by the federal court in Brooklyn, and the parties have been actively engaged in efforts to settle the cases for almost three years. Since its first boat patrol into Newtown Creek over eight years ago, Riverkeeper has established itself as the leading pollution enforcer on Newtown Creek, exemplified by its citizen suits against oil companies, cement manufacturers and other polluters. Riverkeeper also helped found the Newtown Creek Alliance , a coalition of elected officials, local residents, business owners and other non-profit organizations working to improve the Creek and adjoining neighborhoods. Articles about Oil Spills New York City - latimes Oil Pool Under N.Y. Streets to Be Cleaned Up : Environment: Forty years of seepage have created a 17-million-gallon plume. Mobil will spend millions to remove it. July 11, 1990 | JOHN J. GOLDMAN, TIMES STAFF WRITER Mobil Oil Corp. has agreed to clean up a more than four-decade-long seepage that has left about 17 million gallons of oil--6 million more than flowed from the Exxon Valdez--under the streets of New York City.",
"The pool is the result of cumulative oozing from a collection of storage tanks and pipelines alongside a creek in Brooklyn's Greenpoint section, a heavily industrialized neighborhood within sight of the skyscrapers of Manhattan. Advertisement Oil Leaks Into N.Y. Bay December 16, 1989 | United Press International A barge leaked about 120,000 gallons of fuel oil into New York Bay Friday and patches of it blackened the city shoreline. NEWS NATION IN BRIEF : NEW YORK : Exxon Halts Barges, Tankers After Spill March 3, 1990 | From Times Staff and Wire Reports Exxon Corp. suspended all tanker and barge operations at its massive Bayway Refinery and Bayonne Terminal pending an investigation into the second major oil spill in three months in a busy waterway separating New York and New Jersey. Cleanup crews finished mopping up a spill of 3,500 gallons of heavy oil into the Arthur Kill waterway, and Capt. Robert North, Coast Guard captain of the Port of New York, reported there was \"no free-floating oil seen anywhere in the harbor or in Arthur Kill.\" NEWS Oil Pool Under N.Y.",
"Streets to Be Cleaned Up : Environment: Forty years of seepage have created a 17-million-gallon plume. Mobil will spend millions to remove it. July 11, 1990 | JOHN J. GOLDMAN, TIMES STAFF WRITER Mobil Oil Corp. has agreed to clean up a more than four-decade-long seepage that has left about 17 million gallons of oil--6 million more than flowed from the Exxon Valdez--under the streets of New York City. The pool is the result of cumulative oozing from a collection of storage tanks and pipelines alongside a creek in Brooklyn's Greenpoint section, a heavily industrialized neighborhood within sight of the skyscrapers of Manhattan. NEWS N.Y. Fuel Barge Spill Brings Blast Fear, Bridge Closings September 14, 1989 | JOHN J. GOLDMAN, Times Staff Writer A 300-foot-long barge loaded with 3.1 million gallons of gasoline ran aground on rocks in New York's harbor late Wednesday, spilling hundreds of thousands of gallons of gasoline into the East River flowing alongside some of Manhattan's most densely populated neighborhoods.",
"Firefighters, fearing a spark could touch off major explosions, closed a nearby railroad bridge and a major section of the Triborough Bridge, a main commuter roadway. NEWS Exxon to Pay Millions to Clean Up N.Y. Spill : Environment: Local officials are outraged by 'mini-Alaska' in waterway. Federal and state investigations continue. January 13, 1990 | KAREN TUMULTY and LISA ROMAINE, TIMES STAFF WRITERS As a result of what is being called a \"mini-Alaska,\" Exxon Corp. will have to pay millions of dollars in cleanup costs for allowing a half-million gallons of fuel oil to spill from a pipeline into a busy waterway between New York and New Jersey. The incident was the worst spill to hit the New York metropolitan area in two decades, and as the cleanup continues almost two weeks later, the stench of fuel oil still lingers in the area. NEWS NATION IN BRIEF : NEW YORK : Exxon Halts Barges, Tankers After Spill March 3, 1990 | From Times Staff and Wire Reports Exxon Corp.",
"suspended all tanker and barge operations at its massive Bayway Refinery and Bayonne Terminal pending an investigation into the second major oil spill in three months in a busy waterway separating New York and New Jersey. Cleanup crews finished mopping up a spill of 3,500 gallons of heavy oil into the Arthur Kill waterway, and Capt. Robert North, Coast Guard captain of the Port of New York, reported there was \"no free-floating oil seen anywhere in the harbor or in Arthur Kill.\" NEWS Leaking Oil Barge at Exxon Terminal Threatens N.Y. Bay March 1, 1990 | From Associated Press About 27,000 gallons of heating oil spilled into a busy waterway Wednesday a few miles from the Statue of Liberty when the fuel was loaded onto a leaking barge at an Exxon Corp. terminal, the Coast Guard said. Exxon offered to help the Coast Guard clean up the spill but said the barge was not an Exxon vessel. The No. NEWS Leaking Oil Barge at Exxon Terminal Threatens N.Y.",
"Bay March 1, 1990 | From Associated Press About 27,000 gallons of heating oil spilled into a busy waterway Wednesday a few miles from the Statue of Liberty when the fuel was loaded onto a leaking barge at an Exxon Corp. terminal, the Coast Guard said. Exxon offered to help the Coast Guard clean up the spill but said the barge was not an Exxon vessel. The No. NEWS Exxon to Pay For Study of Arthur Kill Oil Spill February 17, 1990 | United Press International New Jersey Gov. Jim Florio and New York Gov. Mario M. Cuomo announced plans Friday for a joint study of the damage done by the Exxon oil spill in the Arthur Kill and said Exxon would pay the cost of $660,000. The two governors said their states, New York City, other local governments and the federal Environmental Protection Agency would pool their resources to conduct the study. Exxon will be required to reimburse the government agencies for their costs. NEWS Exxon to Pay Millions to Clean Up N.Y. Spill : Environment: Local officials are outraged by 'mini-Alaska' in waterway. Federal and state investigations continue.",
"January 13, 1990 | KAREN TUMULTY and LISA ROMAINE, TIMES STAFF WRITERS As a result of what is being called a \"mini-Alaska,\" Exxon Corp. will have to pay millions of dollars in cleanup costs for allowing a half-million gallons of fuel oil to spill from a pipeline into a busy waterway between New York and New Jersey. The incident was the worst spill to hit the New York metropolitan area in two decades, and as the cleanup continues almost two weeks later, the stench of fuel oil still lingers in the area. NEWS Oil Leaks Into N.Y. Bay December 16, 1989 | United Press International A barge leaked about 120,000 gallons of fuel oil into New York Bay Friday and patches of it blackened the city shoreline. NEWS"
] |
What is the native country of Agatha Chrisitie's detective Hercule Poirot?
|
Belgium
|
[
"Belguim",
"Koenigreich Belgien",
"Belgium/Belgie",
"Kingdom of Belgium",
"Belgian",
"Beljum",
"Königreich Belgien",
"Belgique",
"Belgium",
"Beligum",
"Kingdom of the Belgians",
"Beljam",
"Kingdom Of Belgium",
"Belgum",
"ISO 3166-1:BE",
"Belgie",
"Cockpit of Europe",
"Koninkrijk België",
"Beldjike",
"Blegium",
"Belgio",
"The Quebec of Europe",
"België",
"Begium",
"Royaume de Belgique",
"Konigreich Belgien",
"Koninkrijk Belgie",
"People of Belgium",
"Belgien",
"Belgium/facts",
"Administrative divisions of Belgium",
"Belgium facts"
] | 11,201
|
[
"Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot | Old Time Radio Detective Rare Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot (update) with additional episodes and special recordings: Hercule Poirot is the greatest detective ever? Certainly a gripping favorite from Agatha Christie! 13 old time radio show recordings available in the following formats: Play a sample episode from February 22, 1945: \"The Careless Victim\" About this Old Time Radio Show Text on OTRCAT.com ©2001-2017 OTRCAT INC All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is prohibited. Detective Mystery and Drama (1945-1947) One of the greatest mystery writers of all time was Agatha Christie , and one of her most popular characters was an uppity little Belgian by the name of Hercule Poirot. Poirot appeared in 33 of Christie's novels and 51 short stories between 1920 and 1975. The character has appeared in a number of radio programs, movies, and TV shows. Christie created Hercule Poirot for her first book (written in 1916, but unpublished until 1920).",
"The little Belgian detective had been a police detective in his native country, but expanded internationally after the German occupation during WWI. He is well known for his fastidiousness towards his appearance, especially the mustache he vainly cultivates. His stomach is known to be very sensitive, and he takes great pains to protect it from the trauma of air and sea travel. As popular as he was, Ms. Christie herself eventually grew tired of him, finding him \"insufferable\" by 1930, and thirty years later calling him a \"detestable, bombastic, tiresome, egocentric little creep.\" She felt, however, that it was her duty as an author to give the public what they wanted, and they wanted Poirot. She did kill him off in the novel Curtain, written during WWII , but unpublished until the year before her own death. When the novel was published in 1975, the New York Times published an obituary for Poirot, one of the few fictional characters so honored. Poirot had several appearances on the radio and in Orson Welles ' Campbell's Playhouse adaptation of \"The Murder of Roger Ackroyd \".",
"The 1945 Mutual series starred character actor Harold Huber in the title role. The series used none of Christie's own stories, although the author introduced the first broadcast from London via shortwave. Huber had been previously seen as a cop in several Charlie Chan films, and would also play Fu Manchu on the radio. This collection contains eleven Hercule Poirot broadcasts and episodes from Campbell's Playhouse (starring Orson Welles ) and Murder Clinic featuring Poirot. For more brainy detectives, see also: Softboiled Detectives . This collection is also included in the Agatha Christie Collection. Text on OTRCAT.com ©2001-2017 OTRCAT INC All Rights Reserved. Reproduction is prohibited. These classic recordings are available in the following formats: MP3 CD Standard Audio Cd Instant Download MP3 CDs are delivered by mail. These archival quality MP3 CDs are playable in your computer and many MP3 player devices.",
"13 recordings on 1 MP3 CD for just $5.00 total playtime 6 hours, 10 min Click here to see disc contents 13 shows - total playtime 6 hours 10 minutes Campbell Playhouse 391112 36 Murder of Rodger Ackroyd.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450112 00 Case Of Roving Corpse.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450114 00 Case Of Roving Corpse.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450222 01 Case Of Careless Victim.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450503 11 Murder Wears A Mask.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450517 13 Death In Golden Gate.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450712 21 Rendezvous With Death.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450719 22 Deadest Man In World.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450913 30 Adventure Of Money Mad Ghoul.mp3 Hercule Poirot 45",
"1116 39 Trail Led To Death.mp3 Hercule Poirot 451123 40 Murder Is A Private Affair.mp3 Hercule Poirot 451130 41 Bride Wore Fright.mp3 Murder Clinic 421006 Tragedy Of Marsdon Manor.mp3 MP3 downloads are available instantly after purchase!",
"13 recordings on 1 MP3 Collection Download for just $5.00 total playtime 6 hours, 10 min Click here to see disc contents 13 shows - total playtime 6 hours 10 minutes Campbell Playhouse 391112 36 Murder of Rodger Ackroyd.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450112 00 Case Of Roving Corpse.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450114 00 Case Of Roving Corpse.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450222 01 Case Of Careless Victim.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450503 11 Murder Wears A Mask.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450517 13 Death In Golden Gate.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450712 21 Rendezvous With Death.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450719 22 Deadest Man In World.mp3 Hercule Poirot 450913 30 Adventure Of Money Mad Ghoul.mp3 Hercule Poirot 4",
"51116 39 Trail Led To Death.mp3 Hercule Poirot 451123 40 Murder Is A Private Affair.mp3 Hercule Poirot 451130 41 Bride Wore Fright.mp3 Murder Clinic 421006 Tragedy Of Marsdon Manor.mp3 Standard Audio CDs are delivered by mail on archival quality media with up to 60 minutes on each CD and play in all CD players 13 recordings on 7 Audio CDs total playtime 6 hours, 10 min Or buy individual audio CDs below: Disc A001 Murder Clinic 421006 Tragedy Of Marsdon Manor Hercule Poirot 450112 00 Case Of Roving Corpse Hercule Poirot 450114 00 Case Of Roving Corpse Hercule Poirot 450222 01 Case Of Careless Victim Hercule Poirot 450503 11 Murder Wears A Mask Hercule Poirot 450517 13 Death In Golden Gate Hercule P",
"oirot 450712 21 Rendezvous With Death Hercule Poirot 450719 22 Deadest Man In World Hercule Poirot 450913 30 Adventure Of Money Mad Ghoul Hercule Poirot 451116 39 Trail Led To Death Hercule Poirot 451123 40 Murder Is A Private Affair Agatha Christie's Poirot (TV Series 1989–2013) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title.",
"Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error on Amazon Video ON DISC From England to Egypt, accompanied by his elegant and trustworthy sidekicks, the intelligent yet eccentrically-refined Belgian detective Hercule Poirot pits his wits against a collection of first class deceptions. Stars: An ailing Poirot returns to Styles with Hastings nearly three decades after solving their first mystery there in order to prevent a serial killer from claiming more victims. 8.7 Poirot receives taunting letters from a serial killer who appears to choose his victims and crime scenes alphabetically. 8.5 Lucy Crale enlists Poirot to investigate the 14-year-old murder in which her mother was hanged for poisoning her artist father. 8.4 Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence.",
"a list of 43 titles created 18 Sep 2012 a list of 23 titles created 17 Apr 2014 a list of 38 titles created 13 Apr 2015 a list of 48 titles created 6 months ago a list of 35 images created 3 months ago Title: Agatha Christie's Poirot (1989–2013) 8.6/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 Primetime Emmy. Another 6 wins & 16 nominations. See more awards » Videos Agatha Christie's Marple (TV Series 2004) Crime | Drama | Mystery An elderly spinster living in the village of St Mary Mead helps her friends and relatives solve mysterious murders. Stars: Geraldine McEwan, Julia McKenzie, Stephen Churchett Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson solve the mysteries of copper beeches, a Greek interpreter, the Norwood builder, a resident patient, the red-headed league, and one final problem.",
"Stars: Jeremy Brett, David Burke, Rosalie Williams Midsomer Murders (TV Series 1997) Crime | Drama | Mystery A veteran DCI and his young sergeant investigate murders around the regional community of Midsomer County. Stars: John Nettles, Jane Wymark, Barry Jackson 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 8.4/10 X As WW2 rages around the world, DCS Foyle fights his own war on the home-front as he investigates crimes on the south coast of England. Later series sees the retired detective working as an MI5 agent operating in the aftermath of the war. Stars: Michael Kitchen, Honeysuckle Weeks, Anthony Howell Sherlock Holmes and Dr Watson solve the mysteries of the devil's foot, Silver Blaze, Wisteria Lodge and the Bruce-Partington Plans. Stars: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams Los Angeles homicide detective Lieutenant Columbo uses his humble ways and ingenuous demeanor to winkle out even the most well-concealed of crimes.",
"Stars: Peter Falk, Mike Lally, John Finnegan Set in the 1960s, the show follows Endeavour Morse in his early years as a police constable. Working alongside his senior partner DI Fred Thursday, Morse engages in a number of investigations around Oxford. Stars: Shaun Evans, Roger Allam, James Bradshaw Inspector Morse has an ear for music, a taste for beer and a nose for crime. He sets out with Sergeant Lewis to solve each intriguing case. Stars: John Thaw, Kevin Whately, James Grout After 25 years of playing Hercule Poirot, British actor David Suchet explores the enduring appeal of his most legendary character. Director: Chris Malone Set amongst the stunning gardens of Europe, Rosemary Boxer and Laura Thyme, two professional gardeners, find themselves drawn into solving mysterious crimes. Stars: Felicity Kendal, Pam Ferris, Ryan Philpott Holmes and Dr Watson solve the mysteries of the disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax, Thor Bridge, Shoscombe Old Place, the Boscombe Valley, an illustrious client and a creeping man.",
"Stars: Jeremy Brett, Edward Hardwicke, Rosalie Williams An unusual announcement in the newspaper leads the curious villagers to Miss Blacklock's home, where they become witnesses to a murder. Stars: Joan Hickson, Ursula Howells, Samantha Bond Edit Storyline This whodunit series based on Agatha Christie's crime novels and short stories, is named after its star sleuth, Hercule Poirot, a famous former Belgian policeman, who settled for good in London after the war, soon so famous as an infallible private detective that he becomes a society figure in his own right. In each episode Poirot gets to solve a crime mystery -mostly murder(s)- for a paying client or otherwise catching his attention, generally along with his faithful English sidekick Captain Hastings and/or his Scotland yard 'friendly rival' Detective Chief Inspector Japp. Written by KGF Vissers 18 January 1990 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Did You Know?",
"Trivia David Suchet would initially trim the top of his hair to appear more balding (in later years his hair had thinned naturally), except in Agatha Christie's Poirot: The Mysterious Affair at Styles (1990), which chronicles Poirot's first case in England where he's supposed to be considerably younger. See more » Quotes Crazy Credits The opening credits has Poirot disembark at a train station and bow to the viewer. See more » Connections (United States) – See all my reviews What can be said about Mr Hercule. Is it his perfectly groom mustaches? His great and always neat suits? I will tell you...His use of the little gray cells(to poirot saying \"use the gray cells\" is saying use your brain and look at things from a different perspective. I have been, not only an Agatha Christie fan, but i just simply adore Poirot. He is brilliant and its fascinating the way he solves the crimes! Reading the books is good, but watching Mr. David suchet play the role in any poirot film is brilliant casting and he brings the character to life!",
"If any of you have read the books and have not seen any of them brought to life, i suggest watching any poirot film starring suchet, you will not be disappointed! Enjoy! 35 of 38 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes Poirot's Allies Poirot's Allies Poirot's Allies Poirot's Allies Before being reunited in 2013's The Big Four, Poirot's recurring friends (the \"group of three\") were last seen in Evil Under the Sun (2001). Hercule Poirot, the Belgian private detective from Agatha Christie's creative mind, couldn't have had an illustrious career without the help of his allies. His associates include Captain Arthur Hastings (his first friend in his new country of England), Ariadne Oliver (a successful mystery writer), Chief Inspector Japp of Scotland Yard, Mr. Goby the informant, Dr. Stillingfleet, and many others. These \"others\" include policemen and theatrical agents. The pictures that accompany these entries come from the television series Agatha Christie's Poirot (1989-2013) that starred actor David Suchet.",
"These physical appearances do not necessarily match the characters' descriptions in the books. The entries below list the novels and short stories in which the characters appear, and do not reflect any televised stories (that either starred David Suchet as Poirot or any of his other predecessors). The supporting cast for the series of Poirot included Captain Hastings, Chief Inspector Japp, and Miss Lemon that spanned seasons 1-8 (1989-2002). This \"group of three\" returned in the final season in 2013. Again, it is important to note that their appearances on the show do not match those appearances in the books. That goes also for the character of George, Poirot's valet, who doesn't even appear on the show until season 10 (in 2006). Despite the \"over and under-appearances\" of these characters, they have added so much to the series of Poirot and are characters loved by fans around the world.",
"Withourt further ado, here are the various associates of Poirot's through the years and books: Captain Arthur Hastings Arthur Hastings was played by actor Hugh Fraser in all the stories the character appeared in (on the series Agatha Christie's Poirot). This is from the adaptation of Dumb Witness (1996). Captain Arthur Hastings was Poirot's long-time friend and narrator of a few of Poirot's cases. He appears in 26 short stories, but in only eight novels. He first appeared in 1916, recovering from wounds in WWI. There, he again met Poirot (they were known to each other before) at Styles Court and helped Poirot solve a murder. They also rented an apartment together while solving crimes. Hastings serves as narrator in all of the cases in which he appears. Hastings married a sweet young woman named Dulcie Duveen and they both moved to Argentina. Through the years, however, Hastings returned to London to visit his friend Poirot. Hastings also had 4 children, one of which is Judith, a research scientist living in England.",
"It is not known how many years younger he was than Poirot, but he was old enough to be losing hair during his exploits during the 1930's. Appears in: \"The Double Clue\" Chief Inspector James Japp Philip Jackson portrayed Japp on the Poirot series. He is shown here in the 1992 version of One, Two, Buckle My Shoe. Japp was a member of Scotland Yard. His association with Poirot dates back to 1904, when Poirot was with the Belgian police. They worked together on two unrecorded cases, the Abercrombie forgery case and on the Baron Altara case. They met again in 1916 during the Styles Court investigation (The Mysterious Affair at Styles, published in 1920). During the course of the stories in which he appears, Japp is promoted from Detective Inspector to Chief Inspector. In his final appearance on the Poirot television series, Japp tells Poirot that he was promoted to Assistant Commissioner.",
"Captain Hastings described Japp as a \"little, sharp, dark, ferret-faced man\", not quite the appearance of Japp on the Poirot series. Japp was an ardent (amateur) botanist who also enjoyed English cooking. He had dreamed of living in the countryside after his retirement from police work. Appears in: \"The Affair at the Victory Ball\" \"The Market Basing Mystery\" Felicity Lemon On Poirot, the secretary Miss Lemon was played by Pauline Moran. She introduces her sister to Poirot, as seen here, in the adaptation of the novel Hickory Dickory Dock (1995). Felicity Lemon was Hercule Poirot's secretary, and before that, was employed as Mr. Parker Pyne's. She was described as \"unbelievably ugly and incredibly efficient\" and looked as though \"a lot of bones [were] flung together at random\". She was extremely useful to Poirot as being the perfect secretary with hopes of creating the perfect filing system. Her passion for order matched that of Poirot himself. Miss Lemon had a sister who managed a youth hostel in Hickory Dickory Dock.",
"Appears in: The Adventure of the Christmas Pudding (1960) \"The Mystery of the Spanish Chest\" Ariadne Oliver Mrs. Oliver first appeared for Agatha Christie's Poirot in the adaptation of the novel Cards on the Table (2006). She was portrayed by Zoe Wanamaker, whom appeared in all adaptations of the Poirot novels that featured the character. Ariadne Oliver is a successful detective novelist that has worked side by side with Hercule Poirot. The middle-aged writer of detective stories is broad-shouldered and has \"rebellious\" gray hair. Ariadne Oliver is known for her love of apples and her strong belief in woman's intuition. She is also the creator of the Finnish detective Sven Hjerson, of whom she has a great dislike. Most of the books she appears in have been with Poirot. For more on Mrs. Oliver at HPC, simply go here .",
"Appears in: Parker Pyne Investigates (1934), non-Poirot \"The Case of the Discontented Soldier\" \"The Case of the Rich Woman\" George Poirot's valet, George, first appears in the TV adaptation of Taken at the Flood (2006). He is shown here in 2008's Third Girl. George appears in seven episodes of Agatha Christie's Poirot. George (sometimes referred to as Georges) is Poirot's valet, or gentleman's gentleman. He came into the employ of Poirot sometime after Captain Hastings had left for Argentina (after Murder on the Links). Prior to being Poirot's valet, he served for Lord Edward Frampton. George remained the Belgian's valet until the last novel, Curtain. Poirot utilized George as a source of knowledge of the English aristocracy and was described as a \"delicate social recorder\". George was also an expert at being a \"social snob\". Poirot always appreciated the thorough accuracy of George's descriptions he used on people. George was described as having a deferential manner and it was said that communication was sometimes involved with difficulties between him and his employer.",
"Appears in: The Under Dog and Other Stories (1951) \"The Under Dog\" Superintendent Bert Spence Poirot's friend, formerly of Scotland Yard, served in the Kilchester Police. He was described as having a large red face and a man \"keen on roses\". He first appears in Mrs. McGinty's Dead, enlisting Poirot's help in clearing the murder charge of a James Bentley, Mrs. McGinty's lodger. By the time Hallowe'en Party is published, Spence is retired and lives with his sister Elspeth. Spence proves to be of help in this case, as well as Poirot's penultimate story of murder/suicide, Elephants Can Remember. He is not the same Spence who appears in the Poirot novel Taken at the Flood. Appears in: Elephants Can Remember (1972) Mr. Satterthwaite He was the small, snobbish, social butterfly who was an associate of the enigmatic Harley Quin and friend of Poirot's.",
"He was already known to readers of Agatha Christie's stories as an \"agent and pawn\" of Quin from the short stories that featured them. When Satterthwaite appeared in Three Act Tragedy, he was a weekend guest of Sir Charles Cartwright when the local reverend was poisoned. Satterthwaite assists Poirot in the investigation and learns more (as does the reader) about Poirot's personality. In the short story, \"Dead Man's Mirror\", Satterthwaite is reacquainted with the Belgian sleuth once again. Appears in: Problem at Pollensa Bay and Other Stories (1991) \"The Harlequin Tea Set\", non-Poirot Superintendent Battle Battle was a member of Scotland Yard who had a expressionless face and powerful physique. His cases tended to be that of crimes related to politics or international diplomacy. In the five novels that feature him, only one is a Poirot story. Battle does not appear in the television adaptation of Cards on the Table starring David Suchet. Instead, the character is replaced by a Superintendent Jim Wheeler. For more information on Superintendent Battle, visit this article on HPC.",
"Appears in: The Secret of Chimneys (1925), non-Poirot The Seven Dials Mystery (1929), non-Poirot Cards on the Table (1936) Murder is Easy (1939), non-Poirot Towards Zero (1944), non-Poirot Colonel Race Colonel Race joins Poirot on a case in the TV adaptation of Death on the Nile, with David Suchet as Poirot. Race is played by James Fox. Race was a member of the British Secret Service, \"usually to be found in one of the outposts of the Empire where trouble was brewing\". This tall man with a bronzed face appeared in only four stories, two of the them featuring Hercule Poirot. His character appeared in the Poirot series' adaptation of Death on the Nile (2004). Unfortunately, Race does not appear in 2006's adaptation of Cards on the Table; a Secret Service character named Colonel Hughes (created for the episode) takes his place. To read more on Colonel Race, click on this article .",
"Appears in: The Man in the Brown Suit (1924), non-Poirot Cards on the Table (1936) Death on the Nile (1937) Sparkling Cyanide (1945), non-Poirot Joseph Aarons Aarons was an expert in the theatre. He was a vital resource to Poirot in the Belgian detective's early years in England. The theatrical agent Aarons boasted once to Poirot and Hastings, \"There's not much about the profession I don't know.\" Not only did Aarons know theatre, but the people in that world and the rumors surrounding them. Appears in: The Mystery of the Blue Train (1928) Mr. Goby A long-time friend of Poirot's, Goby himself was a private investigator who specialized in information--and obtaining it quickly. Few employed him because he was very expensive for his services. He was described in After the Funeral as \"small and spare and shrunken. He had always been refreshingly nondescript in appearance and he was now so nondescript as practically not to be there at all.\" When he speaks to someone, he doesn't look at the person.",
"Goby became more talkative as the years went by, rambling on instead of being focused on the subject of his investigations. He assisted Poirot later after having been hired by the American millionaire Rufus Van Aldin in The Mystery of the Blue Train. The character of Mr. Goby does not appear on screen in any adaptation of the works listed below. Appears in: Elephants Can Remember (1972) Edward Catchpool Edward Catchpool is a policeman for Scotland Yard, having been created by author Sophie Hannah in two authorized Poirot novels. He had been with the Yard for two years and a policeman for five. He is an umarried young man of thirty-two who enjoys crossword puzzles and, in fact, fills his free time by creating one himself. He resides in a London lodging house owned by a Mrs. Blanche Unsworth. It is there that he meets Hercule Poirot as Poirot takes a room for himself to rest from his labors. Catchpool narrates their investigation of three murders at London's Bloxham Hotel. A short time later he is reunited with Poirot in the town of Clonakilty in the Irish Free State, as a guest of a wealthy writer.",
"The writer's secretary is murdered and it is up to Poirot and Catchpool to identify the killer. Appears in: Dr. John Stillingfleet Dr. Stillingfleet, as he appears on the TV adaptation of the short story \"The Dream\". He was a doctor of \"thirty-odd with red hair and a rather attractively ugly face.\" He called upon Poirot's help in the Benedict Farley suicide case in the short story \"The Dream\". In the novel Third Girl, the doctor saved Norma Restarick's life from oncoming traffic. Upon Poirot's request, he helped her recover from the illegal drugs in her system. The long-legged doctor later married Norma and moved to Australia to start a new practice there. He confessed once, \"I'm just interested in people.\" Appears in: The Regatta Mystery and Other Stories (1939) \"The Dream\" Colin Lamb Colin appears as \"Colin Race\", the son of Colonel Race, in the TV adaptation of The Clocks (aired in 2011). Colin Lamb was a marine biologist helping the Sercret Service when he meets a young woman who finds a dead body.",
"He narrates half the novel The Clocks, giving his own point-of-view of the police proceedings in the investigation of three murders while describing his own adventures into espionage. Apart from being friends with Poirot, he was also acquainted with the mystery novelist Ariadne Oliver. It is hinted in the novel that his father might've been Superintendent Battle, but it is up to the reader to decide. It was Poirot that Colin contacts to help assist him and Detective Inspector Hardcastle in investigating the murder of a Mr. Curry. What is inexplicable, however, is that in the television version of The Clocks, Colin's last name is Race and his father is Colonel Race, seen in the adaptation of Death on the Nile. Appears in: The Clocks (1963) Monsieur Bouc Bouc appeared in the TV adaptation of the famous novel Murder on the Orient Express, which aired in 2010. Belgian director of la Compagnie Internationale des Wagons Lits, he had a long-standing friendship with Hercule Poirot, dating from the time Poirot was the star of the Belgian police force.",
"He hired Poirot to investigate the murder of Samuel Edward Ratchett, one of the passengers aboard the Orient Express. He was with Poirot in the solving of the crime from beginning to end. Appears in: Murder on the Orient Express (1934) Dr. Burton Burton was a friend of Poirot's and a Fellow of All Soul's. He was a \"plump, untidy\" man who knew nothing of neatness--he had tobacco ash always covering him. The white-haired doctor wondered why Poirot's mother would choose such a first name as \"Hercule\". He laughed at the thought of Poirot retiring and growing vegetable marrows. \"Yours aren't the Labors of Hercules,\" said the doctor. \"Yours are labors of love.\" Appears in: The Labors of Hercules (1947) Lucien Bex Bex appeared in the TV adaptation of the novel Murder on the Links (1996). Bex was the police official in charge of the Renauld case. Hastings describes Bex as a \"short stout man with a huge mustache\".",
"He had worked with Poirot in Ostend (Belgium) when Poirot was a member of the police force there. It was Bex who introduced Poirot and Hastings to Giraud, the famous detective from the Paris Surete, Poirot's rival in the Renauld case. In the television adaptation, he is seemingly unknown to Hercule Poirot (unlike the novel). Appears in: Murder on the Links (1923) Achille Poirot An invention of Hercule Poirot's, Achille was Hercule's twin brother. Hercule describes his brother is \"not nearly so handsome. And wears no mustaches.\" Achille's power of deduction and reasoning is equal to that of his brother. Achille \"appears\" at the climax of The Big Four to lend assistance to Hercule and Captain Hastings, only to disappear \"to the land of myths.\" Curiously, although Achille was something of fiction (as if Hercule weren't real enough!), Achille is mentioned in the foreward of the short story collection The Labors of Hercules. Dr.",
"Burton, a friend of Hercule's, ponders about Madame Poirot's choice of names for her sons. Burton talks as if Achille actually existed. Some fans of Agatha Christie believe Achille did exist and Hercule was just bluffing. The existence of Achille Poirot is left to the reader to decide. Appears in: All original content © 2016, Hercule Poirot Central. This site is not endorsed by Agatha Christie Ltd. or the Acorn Media Group. About - Agatha Christie Facts About Hercule Poirot We've handpicked some of our favourite facts about Agatha Christie's famous fictional creation, Hercule Poirot. 1. Hercule Poirot first appeared in chapter two of Agatha Christie’s first published novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles , which was completed in 1916 but not published until 1920. 2. The first description of Poirot was by Hastings in The Mysterious Affair at Styles who said, ‘He was hardly more than five feet four inches but carried himself with great dignity.",
"His head was exactly the shape of an egg, and he always perched it a little on one side…The neatness of his attire was almost incredible; I believe a speck of dust would have caused him more pain than a bullet wound.” 3. He is a retired Belgian police officer turned world famous private detective. 4. Poirot is disgusted by disorder and once said that he finds it, “really unsupportable that every hen lays an egg of a different size! What symmetry can there be on the breakfast table?” He’s also known to have refused to eat an irregularly shaped loaf of bread. 5. He insists on precision and neatness and even his books are arranged in height order. 6. He takes great pride in his appearance from his immaculately groomed black moustache to his patent leather shoes. He uses a special preparation called “Revivit” to darken his grey hair. 7. Agatha Christie ‘saw’ the living embodiment of Hercule Poirot twice in her life – once having lunch in the Savoy and once on a boat trip in the Canary Islands. 8. Christie dropped the Belgian detective from four of her Poirot novels when she adapted them for the stage.",
"These were Murder on the Nile (Death on the Nile), Appointment with Death , The Hollow and Go Back for Murder (Five Little Pigs). 9. He is the only fictional character to have received an obituary on the front of The New York Times in 1975, following the publication of Curtain: Poirot’s Last Case . 10. Christie had originally planned to have Miss Marple as the detective in Death on the Nile instead of Poirot. 11. In an article written for The Daily Mail in 1938, Agatha Christie counted The Murder of Roger Ackroyd as one of Poirot’s favourite cases, explaining that in the book ‘he was at his best, investigating a crime in a quiet country village and using his knowledge of human nature to get at the truth.’ 12. In 2014, HarperCollins published the first authorised Poirot continuation novel, The Monogram Murders by Sophie Hannah, which reached the bestseller charts in 16 territories including the UK and US. 13.",
"Poirot stars in 33 novels and 59 short stories and 1 original play by Agatha Christie, and 2 continuation novels by Sophie Hannah. 14. Charles Laughton was the first actor to play Hercule Poirot on the stage in 1928’s production of Alibi (based on The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ), and he has since been played by Albert Finney, Peter Ustinov and David Suchet to name a few. 15. Poirot narrates most of his own adventures in The Lost Mine and The Chocolate Box . Hastings is the most frequent narrator of Poirot stories, but other narrators include Dr. Sheppard ( The Murder of Roger Ackroyd ), Nurse Leatheran ( Murder in Mesopotamia ), and Colin Lamb ( The Clocks ). 16. Poirot doesn't just investigate murders in England. He has investigated crimes in France, Belgium, Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, Switzerland, and the Balkans. 17. Poirot is very particular about the beverages he drinks. His preferred hot beverage is cocoa, though he often takes herbal tisanes for health reasons.",
"He does not care for many forms of alcohol, like beer and most hard liquors, but he does like good wines. His preferred aperitifs are non-alcoholic sirops, in flavours like blackcurrant and other fruits. 18. The great love of Poirot's life is Countess Vera Rossakoff, a flamboyant Russian expatriate who may or may not be a true aristocrat. The Countess is a jewel thief and henchwoman for The Big Four before she reforms and eventually manages a nightclub. What made Hercule Poirot perfect - Telegraph What made Hercule Poirot perfect Agatha Christie's Belgian detective was a brilliant creation, brought to life by David Suchet's sublime acting Though classically trained, David Suchet has never adapted a de haut en bas attitude towards playing a television detective Photo: REX By Laura Thompson Comments It is almost 25 years since the detective Hercule Poirot, created by Agatha Christie and played by David Suchet, made his debut on ITV. The first of 70 episodes of Agatha Christie’s Poirot, a minor short story called The Adventure of the Clapham Cook, was broadcast in January 1989.",
"Tonight, Curtain – Poirot’s Last Case brings this long televisual life to an end. Even those who view the Christie oeuvre as irredeemably lightweight may feel a sense of momentousness, a tug of poignancy, at the death of a character who has been part of our national life for a generation. For Suchet, who at the age of 67 has moved through his middle years hand-in-hand with the bumptious Belgian, the wrench is tremendous. A highly distinguished stage actor, an interpreter of Shakespeare, O’Neill and Miller, Suchet has never adapted a de haut en bas attitude towards playing a television detective. Sensibly and graciously, he has only ever expressed extreme gratitude to the part. He also has great fondness for Poirot, rather as for an annoying but essentially lovable relation; he asked to film another episode after Curtain was completed, in order to leave Poirot suspended forever, in his mind, in a state of buoyant health. Agatha Christie was more robust in her attitude. Having created the character, she was also willing to kill him off.",
"There is a tantalising possibility that the television version will differ in this respect, but the plot of Curtain, the novel, demanded that Poirot should die. It is that kind of book: melancholic, comfortless, suffused with an irresolute despair about the evil that floats so easily to the surface of people. Almost everybody in the novel judges another person to be supremely dispensable, and believes that the world would be better without them. That is strong stuff, realistic to the point of cynicism. It is a very long way from the received opinion of Christie, that she wrote only “animated algebra” and had scant grasp of human nature. So it is fortunate that Curtain has been adapted for television by the best of the Poirot screenwriters, Kevin Elyot, who divines the twisting roots that underpin Christie’s precise, translucent structures. Related Articles Belgian justice official demands universal police DNA database 17 Nov 2013 Curtain was completed 35 years before its publication in September 1975, when it generated the famous Poirot “obituary” in the New York Times.",
"The idea had been to publish posthumously but, as the frail Christie had no book for her public that year, and was anyway just four months from her own death, Curtain made its premature and sensational appearance. Christie had written the book in 1940, aged nearly 50, when she was working as a dispenser at University College Hospital, dodging the bombs that had flattened her Kensington house and, as she thought, liable to die at any minute. This precarious existence infected Curtain with a powerful sense of uncertainty. It also made Christie compulsively active. She wrote like a fiend, producing some of her finest books. Living alone in London – Max Mallowan, her husband, had been posted to North Africa – she attended a great deal of theatre and wrote excitable, perceptive letters to her husband about Shakespeare. The character of Iago, in particular, obsessed her. She analysed his motivation as if he were a real person, imagining his joy at “seeing Othello suffer as he has suffered”. Motive, with Christie, was always what mattered. The idea for the plot of Curtain came, I strongly suspect, from these musings on Iago.",
"What is usually said is that she wrote the book because she was heartily sick of Poirot and had found a plausible way to get rid of him; only the horrified wails of her publisher persuaded her that the moustachioed cash-cow must live. This is nonsense, of course. The novel was by way of being an insurance policy. She stashed it away for her daughter Rosalind, as a means to generate some income if she, Christie, succumbed to a German bomb. Furthermore, as Christie’s biographer, I read hundreds of her letters and notes, and I found not one reference to her fabled dislike for Poirot. On the contrary, she treated him with intense protectiveness. She brought him to life almost 100 years ago, in 1916, when she was inspired to write her first crime novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles. She was unable to account for the creation of this extraordinary little being, with his fanatical love of order, his delicious conceit, his sexless cosmopolitan charm.",
"In her autobiography she referred, almost cursorily, to how Poirot was inspired by the wartime Belgian refugees who had lived in her home town of Torquay: “I settled on a Belgian detective… Hercule – Hercule Poirot. That was all right – settled, thank goodness.” But this was no explanation of the mystery of creativity, the instinct that had guided her so surely. In a sense, Poirot is merely a fabulous line drawing, an accumulation of idiosyncrasies: the moustaches, the meticulousness, the little grey cells. Yet from the moment of his irruption on to the page (“Mon ami Hastings!”), he is vividly alive, possessing that indefinable literary quality of connection with the reader. What he is, too, is pure detective, in a way that comparable creations are not. Dorothy L Sayers gave us Lord Peter Wimsey, an intellectual giant and too attractive for words; P D James gave us Adam Dalgleish, a poet to rival Auden: these men are too good to be detectives, too good for the genre that they inhabit. Not so Poirot.",
"He has no inner life as such, only a supreme clarity of mind, a worldly grasp of sin and a utilitarian, bourgeois morality. “I do not approve of murder,” is his mantra. He is content to remain within the world of geometry and omniscience. Thus he has become a kind of template: infinitely consoling, oddly mythical. Partly because of this rootless, ageless, almost bodiless quality of Poirot, Christie was always intensely reluctant to have him played by an actor. Onstage, in her 1930 play Black Coffee (the only Poirot property not to have been performed by David Suchet), he was portrayed by Charles Laughton, which was high-end but terrible casting. Later the part was taken by Christie’s friend Francis Sullivan, who would pester her atrociously about playing Poirot on screen. She hated the idea, but not as much as she hated the 1964 film The Alphabet Murders, starring an insanely miscast Tony Randall.",
"“I don’t suppose,” she wrote to her agent, “there could be any misery greater for an author than to see their characters completely distorted.” After this Christie pulled up the drawbridge, despite huge financial inducements, allowing Poirot only to appear on American radio. Not until 1974 did she permit another screen adaptation, the superb Murder on the Orient Express, in which Poirot was played by Albert Finney. Although rather wonderful, Finney was wildly wrong. So, too, was Peter Ustinov in the 1978 film Death on the Nile; yet to my mind he caught something of the spirit of the character, infusing Poirot lightly with his own droll intelligence. Nevertheless, it is Suchet, of course, who has come to define Hercule Poirot. His conception, which is faithful to Christie’s novels yet very much an actor’s creation, has developed astonishingly, although his English grammar has never quite made the grade.",
"It has taken Poirot from a semi-comical dandy, with a shiny Art Deco apartment and a bombastic pleasure in his own brains, to a dark, heavy-eyed figure tormented by the moral implications of a life spent dealing in guilt and innocence. Over the past decade or so, as the Poirot adaptations began to plumb Christie’s hidden depths, so Suchet has gathered together the formidable power of his classical training and turned it squarely on to Poirot. It is a fabulous performance, no question: an achievement unlike any other. Whether the works of Agatha Christie can quite bear the Wagnerian weight of this final series, I am not sure, but in a sense this has ceased to matter. The last days of Hercule Poirot have taken on their own importance, as if he had a life outside his creator. As, indeed, he now does. And it is an eternal life. Those unduly distressed by tonight’s events can always turn to ITV3 tomorrow evening, when a 1993 adaptation is being screened of a short story called The Underdog, and where the black moustaches will merrily twitch once more.",
"Laura Thompson is the author of 'Agatha Christie: An English Mystery’ Poirot unmasked: the Belgian refugee who inspired Agatha Christie character - Telegraph Books Poirot unmasked: the Belgian refugee who inspired Agatha Christie character A retired Belgian policeman who fled to England during the First World War may have been the inspiration for Agatha Christie's Hercule Poirot Clockwise from left: David Suchet as Hercule Poirot; Alice Graham Clapp, who helped Belgian refugees in Britain; Agatha Christie 9:20PM BST 12 May 2014 The inspiration behind Hercule Poirot remains one of crime fiction’s great mysteries. But now a researcher is claiming he has uncovered the identity of a Belgian gendarme who may have inspired Agatha Christie’s famous sleuth. Little known policeman Jacques Hornais met the author after fleeing his native country for Britain in the face of advancing German troops in 1914, just like the fictional character. Christie introduced the legendary sleuth in her 1920 novel, The Mysterious Affair at Styles, and he went on to \"exercise his little grey cells\" in 33 novels.",
"The author never revealed any particular person as her inspiration but researcher Michael Clapp believes the evidence points to Hornias as the real-life Poirot. Related Articles Paul Smith re-designs Richard Scarry classic 12 May 2014 He has unearthed new details of a meeting between Hornais and Christie, when she played the piano for him in her home town of Torquay. Hornais, 57, and his son Lucian, 17, had travelled to Exeter, Devon, to meet Michael’s grandmother, a local volunteer called Alice Graham Clapp, who logged their names in her diary. Mrs Clapp, a married mother-of-four, helped about 500 Belgians find accommodation in Britain during the Great War and was later honoured by the Belgian government. She was involved in wartime fundraising events, hosting one at the home of a friend, Mrs Potts-Chatto, who was putting up Hornais and his son at her house in Torquay. Newspaper records reveal that locals laid on entertainment at the soiree on January 6, 1915, with a 24-year-old Agatha Christie playing the piano for the Belgian guests.",
"The best-selling writer later claimed she \"found\" the characters for The Mysterious Affair at Styles while travelling around Torquay. Character Emily Inglethorp's poisoning is solved by the enigmatic Poirot, a famous Belgian detective displaced by the war to England who bears similar traits to Hornais. Mr Clapp was researching his relative's exploits with the help of the Torquay Museum when he discovered the chance meeting between Hornais and Christie. The retired Navy Captain said: \"Alice kept a black notebook listing some 500 Belgian refugees of all classes who passed through Exeter. \"The first lot included this retired gendarme, Jacques Hornais, and his son. The names of many of the families who received them are recorded. \"He eventually went to stay with a Mrs Potts Chatto who lived in a house called the Daisons in Torquay. \"It's been knocked down now and there's a housing estate in its place. \"But the Torquay museum has confirmed however that the Potts Chattos held a meeting in their house to raise money and gather clothing for the refugees. \"A young girl played the piano at the event.",
"This young lady later became the crime writer Agatha Christie, so there is a very strong circumstantial link to Poirot.\" Mrs Clapp, who was married to Cecil Robert Mainwaring Clapp, a solicitor and Sheriff of Exeter, died in the 1920s just as Christie's writing career was taking off. For her services to the refugees Mrs Clapp was awarded a Belgian medal, la Medaille de la Reine Elisabeth, which the family still have. The youngest of the refugees are said to have nicknamed her Moei, pronounced Moy, which is Flemish for Mother. Mr Clapp said his grandmother has personally gone to the train station to meet all 500, including Hornais and his son Lucian, in person. Hornais would have been a similar age to his fictional counterpart, although little else is known about him and there is no mention of whether he had a moustache like Poirot. Mr Clapp said: \"All of us now think of Hercule Poirot as rather a fat chap waddling along with a distinct character but that doesn't mean to say he was like that in real life.",
"\"All we know about Hornais is that he was gendarme and he had a son. He was married but he didn't bring along his wife his wife at the time. \"It's seems quite plausible that Christie met him at the event and may have been intrigued by his stories. \"We don't know any of this for sure, but then it seems quite fitting that the real life Poirot should remains as mysterious as the books themselves.\" According to her official website, Christie never revealed who inspired the character, but \"during the First World War there were Belgian refugees in most parts of the English countryside, Torquay being no exception\". \"Agatha Christie's Poirot\" (1989) from The Hague, The Netherlands Poirot is an excellent tv series, with great production values and an outstanding cast. The only bad thing I can say about it is that I've already seen every episode 5 times, and remember how they all end. David Suchet is excellent as the refined, French speaking (Walloon) Belgian detective of the title. On all his cases, he is ably assisted by his Watson, Captain Hastings, and his secretary Miss Lemon.",
"The series is set in the thirties, and the characters still carry the scars of the first world war with them, while at the same time omens of the next conflict are ever present. A fourth member of the cast is their modern Art Deco apartment building. The jazzy score gives an extra feeling for the period. Anyway, if you haven't seen this little gem already, don't miss it. It is as good as Agatha Christie's other detective series Miss Marple, with Joan Hickson. Was the above review useful to you?"
] |
What was art-world guru Andy Warhol's name at birth?
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Andrew Warhola
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"Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts",
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"Andy worhol",
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[
"Andy Warhol - Biography - IMDb Andy Warhol Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (2) | Trade Mark (4) | Trivia (22) | Personal Quotes (17) Overview (5) 5' 11\" (1.8 m) Mini Bio (2) Andrew Warhol's father, Ondrej, came from the Austria-Hungary Empire (now Slovakia) in 1912, and sent for his mother, Julia Zavacky Warhola, in 1921. His father worked as a construction worker and later as a coal miner. Around some time, the family moved to Pittsburgh. During his teenage years, Andy suffered from several nervous breakdowns. Overcoming this, he graduated from Schenley High School in Pittsburgh in 1945, and enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University), graduating in June 1949. During college, he met Philip Pearlstein , a fellow student. After graduation, Andy Warhol (having dropped the letter 'a' from his last name) moved to New York City, and shared an apartment with Pearlstein at St.",
"Mark's Place off of Avenue A for a couple months. During this time, he moved in and out of several Manhattan apartments. In New York, he met Tina Fredericks , art editor of Glamour Magazine. Warhol's early jobs were doing drawings for Glamour, such as the Success is a Job in New York, and women's shoes. He also drew advertising for various magazines, including Vogue, Harper's Bazzar, book jackets, and holiday greeting cards. During the 1950s, he moved to an apartment on East 75th Street. His mother moved in with him, and Fritizie Miller become his agent. In 1952, his first solo exhibition was held at Hugo Gallery, New York, of drawings to illustrate stories by Truman Capote . He started illustrating books, beginning with Amy Vanderbilt's Complete Book of Etiquette. Around 1953-1955, he worked for a theater group on the Lower East Side, and designs sets. It is around that time that he dyed his hair silver. Warhol published several books, including Twenty Five Cats Named Sam, and One Blue Pussy.",
"In 1956, he traveled around the world with Charles Lisanby , a television-set designer. In April of this year, he was included in his first group exhibition, Recent Drawings USA, held at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. He began receiving accolades for his work, with the 35th Annual Art Directors Club Award for Distinctive Merit, for an I.Miller shoe advertisement. He published In The Bottom Of My Garden later that year. In 1957, received 36th Annual Art Directors Club Medal and Award of Distinctive Merit, for the I.Miller show advertisements, and Life Magazine published his illustrations for an article, \"Crazy Golden Slippers\". In 1960, Warhol began to make his first paintings. They were based on comic strips in the likes of Dick Tracy, Popeye, Superman, and two of Coca-Cola bottles. In 1961, using the Dick Tracy comic strip, he designed a window display for Lord & Taylor, at this time, major art galleries around the nation begin noticing his work.",
"In 1962, Warhol made paintings of dollar bills and Campbell soup cans, and his work was included in an important exhibition of pop art, The New Realists, held at Sidney Janis Gallery, New York. In November of this year, Elanor Ward showed his paintings at Stable Gallery, and the exhibition began a sensation. In 1963, he rented a studio in a firehouse on East 87th Street. He met his assistant, Gerard Malanga , and started making his first film, Tarzan and Jane Regained... Sort of (1964). Later, he drove to Los Angeles for his second exhibition at the Ferus Gallery. In November of that year, he found a loft at 231 East 47th Street, which became his main studio, The Factory. In December, he began production of Red Jackie, the first of the Jackie series. In 1964, his first solo exhibition in Europe, held at the Galerie Ileana Sonnebend in Paris, featured the Flower series.",
"He received a commission from architect Philip Johnson to make a mural, entitled Thirteen Most Wanted Men for the New York State Pavilion in the New York World's Fair. In April, he received an Independent Film Award from Film Culture magazine. In November, his first solo exhibition in the US was held at Leo Castelli Gallery. And at this time, he began his self portrait series. In the summer of 1965, Andy Warhol met Paul Morrissey , who became his advisor and collaborator. His first solo museum exhibition was held at the Institute of Contempary Art, at the University of Pennsylvania. During this year, he made a surprise announcement of his retirement from painting, but it was to be short lived. He would resume painting again in 1972. It was around this time that he met Lou Reed , John Cale , Sterling Morrison , and Maureen Tucker (collectively known as The Velvet Underground ), and a German-born model turned chanteuse called Nico . He paired Nico with the Velvets, and they developed a close bond with Warhol. This was an alliance that forever changed the face of world culture.",
"Warhol produced the group's first album, The Velvet Underground and Nico, which has been called \"the most influential record ever\" by many critics. Later, a multimedia show developed (called The Exploding Plastic Inevitable), managed, and produced by Warhol, featuring the Velvet Underground. In the summer of 1966, Warhol's film Chelsea Girls (1966) became the first underground film to be shown at a commercial theater. In 1967, Chelsea Girls opened in Los Angeles and San Francisco, and six of his Self Portraits were shown at Expo 67 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In August of this year, he gave a lecture at various colleges in the Los Angeles area, his persona is so popular that some colleges hire Allen Midgette to impersonate him for lectures. Later, Warhol moved The Factory to 33 Union Square West, and met Fred Hughes , who later became President of Enterprises, and Interview Magazine. In 1968, Warhol's first solo European museum exhibition was held at Moderna Museet, Stockholm.",
"But later that year on June 3, 1968, Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanas , an ultra-radical and member of the entourage surrounding Warhol. Solanis was the founder of SCUM (Society for Cutting Up Men) Fortunately, Warhol survived the assassination attempt after spending two months in a hospital. This incident is the subject of the film, I Shot Andy Warhol (1996). Afterwards, Andy Warhol dropped out of the filmmaking business, but now and then continued his contribution to film and art. He never emotionally recovered from his brush with death. During the 1970s and 80s, Andy Warhol's status as a media icon skyrocketed, and he used his influence to back many younger artists. He began publishing of Interview magazine, with the first issue being released in fall of 1969. In 1971, his play, entitled Pork, opened at London at the Round House Theatre. He resumed painting in 1972, although it was primarily celebrity portraits. The Factory was moved to 860 Broadway, and in 1975, he bought a house on Lexington Street.",
"A major retrospective of his work is held in Zurich. In 1976, he did the Skulls, and Hammer and Sickle series. Throughout the late 70s and 80s, a retrospective exhibition was held, as Warhol began work on the Reversals, Retrospectives, and Shadows series. The Myths series, Endangered Species series, and Ads series followed through the early and mid 1980s. On 22 February 1987, a \"day of medical infamy\", as quoted by one biographer, Andy Warhol died following complications from gall bladder surgery. He was 58 years old. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Michael Brooke <[email protected]> Trade Mark (4) Wore a wig most of the time in public Blond, spiky hair, black leather and white shirts. Always had a camera and a tape recorder whenever he talked to someone. Dark sunglasses Trivia (22) 1984: He and Don Monroe directed music video \"Hello Again\" for The Cars . He also appeared in it, playing The Bartender. Interred at St.",
"John the Baptist Catholic Cemetery, Bethel Park, Pennsylvania, USA. In 1990, Lou Reed and John Cale made a CD album called \"Songs for Drella\" as a tribute to Warhol with 15 songs about Warhol's life. Pictured on a USA 37¢ commemorative postage stamp issued 9 August 2002. Produced The Velvet Underground 's first album. He essentially lent his name to their work and observed them in the recording studio, while Lou Reed and later Tom Wilson (who had worked earlier with Bob Dylan ) mostly called the shots. The cover of the band's first album (with Nico ) was Warhol's design: a banana with a peel that was actually a peelable sticker. Is credited with coining the term \"superstar.\" When guesting on The Love Boat (1977), he was nervous about the experience and turned to his castmate (and muse for the particular episode) Marion Ross , who calmed him down and offered some advice on how to act. Was a frequent guest at the infamous \"Studio 54\" Avoided the subject of death, except in his paintings (the Disaster series).",
"He did not attend the funerals of his superstars nor did he attend his mother's funeral when she died in November 1972. After she passed away he continued to give the impression that she was still alive to people who would ask about her. Warhol did not mention his mother's death to any of his close friends. As late as 1976, when friends asked about his mother, Andy said, 'Oh, she's great. But she doesn't get out of bed much.\" His father, who traveled much on business trips, died when Warhol was 13. Son of immigrants from the town Miková, located in today's northeastern Slovakia. His original name was \"Warhola\". Warhol's \"A: A Novel,\" published in 1968, is based on 24 hours of tape recordings (24 one-hour tapes) of Ondine speaking. His tape-recorded musings were transcribed and typed up and serve as the basis of the novel, which was disingenuously presented as one day in the life of Ondine. The book is one of the premier artifacts of the Pop art movement/Pop culture.",
"Warhol followed Ondine around New York City with a tape recorder, recording their conversations. Ondine was addicted to amphetamines and was prone to wild verbal flights that covered many subjects. To type up the tapes, Warhol hired teenage girls, some of whom were barely literate and made many errors. Warhol \"edited\" the resulting manuscript during a series of concerts given by The Velvet Underground ( Lou Reed is one of the \"characters\" in the novel), sitting in the rear of the theater in the dark, reading proof sheets with a flashlight. Like James Joyce when confronted with transcription errors made by the French printers/compositors of the first edition of \"Ulysses\" (1922), Warhol loved the mistakes and decided to keep them in.",
"He thought the mistakes improved the book as it made it worse, more of a Pop manifesto, and insisted that all the errata be left in the final draft, which he fancied as a Pop \"Finnegans Wake.\" In his later book/memoir \"Popism,\" Warhol explained, \"I wanted to do a 'bad book' just the way I'd done 'bad movies' and 'bad art,' because when you do something exactly wrong, you always turn up something.\" Warhol, the author, refused to filter out the \"background noise\" or \"static,\" thus preventing the reader from following a coherent narrative thread. The book intentionally is boring, as are many of Warhol's films. Of his films Warhold said that talking about them was more interesting than actually viewing them, and this likely was his intent with \"A: A Novel\" -- to create an artifact that made people talk about it -- and think. Influenced the movement of 'The New Russian Classicism'. Visited St. Petersburg, Russia and presented his 'tomato cans' to Timur Novikov and Sergei Bugayev . Was among the guests at Madonna 's and Sean Penn 's wedding. Godfather of Bijou Phillips .",
"An astute businessman in the art world, he left an estate worth $500 million when he died. Biography in: \"The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives\". Volume Two, 1986-1990, pages 873-876. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. He bequeathed his wig to singer David Bowie , who later wore it to portray Warhol in Basquiat (1996). Bowie had written the song \"Andy Warhol\" in tribute to him, which featured on his 1971 album \"Hunky Dory\". His nephew, James Warhola, wrote and illustrated a children's book titled \"Uncle Andy's.\" It is about a little boy who visits his famous uncle in New York City. His brother owned a junkyard in upstate New York. Periodically his brother would bring him odd scraps of junk, which Warhol would use in his art. Was good friends with Charles Lisanby . Gore Vidal once described Andy Warhol as \"The only genius I've ever known with an IQ of 60\".",
"Personal Quotes (17) Andy Warhol - Painter, Filmmaker - Biography.com Andy Warhol Illustrator Andy Warhol was one of the most prolific and popular artists of his time, using both avant-garde and highly commercial sensibilities. IN THESE GROUPS » quotes “I'd prefer to remain a mystery. I never give my background, and, anyway, I make it all up different every time I'm asked.” “They always say time changes things, but you actually have to change them yourself.” “It would be glamorous to be reincarnated as a great big ring on Liz Taylor's finger.” “My idea of a good picture is one that's in focus and of a famous person.” “Isn't life a series of images that change as they repeat themselves?” “In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.” “I'm afraid that if you look at a thing long enough, it loses it's meaning.” “Fashion wasn't what you wore someplace anymore. It was the whole reason for going.” “I love going out every night.",
"It's so exciting.” “The idea of waiting for something makes it more exciting.” “I am a deeply superficial person.” Andy Warhol Andy Warhol - Mini Biography (TV-14; 3:34) Andy Warhol was the superstar of the Pop Art movement. His \"Campbell's Soup Cans\" and \"Gold Marilyn Monroe\" made him famous worldwide, and his studio, known as \"The Factory,\" became a magnet for artists of the 60s counterculture. Synopsis Born on August 6, 1928, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Andy Warhol was a successful magazine and ad illustrator who became a leading artist of the 1960s Pop art movements. He ventured into a wide variety of art forms, including performance art, filmmaking, video installations and writing, and controversially blurred the lines between fine art and mainstream aesthetics. Warhol died on February 22, 1987, in New York City. Early Life Born Andrew Warhola on August 6, 1928, in the neighborhood of Oakland in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Andy Warhol's parents were Slovakian immigrants.",
"His father, Ondrej Warhola, was a construction worker, while his mother, Julia Warhola, was an embroiderer. They were devout Byzantine Catholics who attended mass regularly, and maintained much of their Slovakian culture and heritage while living in one of Pittsburgh's Eastern European ethnic enclaves. At the age of 8, Warhol contracted Chorea—also known as St. Vitus's Dance—a rare and sometimes fatal disease of the nervous system that left him bedridden for several months. It was during these months, while Warhol was sick in bed, that his mother, herself a skillful artist, gave him his first drawing lessons. Drawing soon became Warhol's favorite childhood pastime. He was also an avid fan of the movies, and when his mother bought him a camera at the age of 9 he took up photography as well, developing film in a makeshift darkroom he set up in their basement. Warhol attended Holmes Elementary school and took the free art classes offered at the Carnegie Institute (now the Carnegie Museum of Art) in Pittsburgh. In 1942, at the age of 14, Warhol again suffered a tragedy when his father passed away from a jaundiced liver.",
"Warhol was so upset that he could not attend his father's funeral, and he hid under his bed throughout the wake. Warhol's father had recognized his son's artistic talents, and in his will he dictated that his life savings go toward Warhol's college education. That same year, Warhol began at Schenley High School, and upon graduating, in 1945, he enrolled at the Carnegie Institute for Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) to study pictorial design. Artistic Career When he graduated from college with his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1949, Warhol moved to New York City to pursue a career as a commercial artist. It was also at this time that he dropped the \"a\" at the end of his last name to become Andy Warhol. He landed a job with Glamour magazine in September, and went on to become one of the most successful commercial artists of the 1950s. He won frequent awards for his uniquely whimsical style, using his own blotted line technique and rubber stamps to create his drawings.",
"In the late 1950s, Warhol began devoting more attention to painting, and in 1961, he debuted the concept of \"pop art\"—paintings that focused on mass-produced commercial goods. In 1962, he exhibited the now-iconic paintings of Campbell's soup cans. These small canvas works of everyday consumer products created a major stir in the art world, bringing both Warhol and pop art into the national spotlight for the first time. British artist Richard Hamilton described pop art as \"popular, transient, expendable, low cost, mass-produced, young, witty, sexy, gimmicky, glamorous, big business.\" As Warhol himself put it, \"Once you 'got' pop, you could never see a sign the same way again. And once you thought pop, you could never see America the same way again.\" Warhol's other famous pop paintings depicted Coca-cola bottles, vacuum cleaners and hamburgers. He also painted celebrity portraits in vivid and garish colors; his most famous subjects include Marilyn Monroe, Elizabeth Taylor, Mick Jagger and Mao Zedong. As these portraits gained fame and notoriety, Warhol began to receive hundreds of commissions for portraits from socialites and celebrities.",
"His portrait \" Eight Elvises\" eventually resold for $100 million in 2008, making it one of the most valuable paintings in world history. In 1964, Warhol opened his own art studio, a large silver-painted warehouse known simply as \"The Factory.\" The Factory quickly became one of New York City's premier cultural hotspots, a scene of lavish parties attended by the city's wealthiest socialites and celebrities, including musician Lou Reed, who paid tribute to the hustlers and transvestites he'd met at The Factory with his hit song \"Walk on the Wild Side\"—the verses of which contain descriptions of individuals who were fixtures at the legendary studio/warehouse in the '60s, including Holly Woodlawn, Candy Darling, \"Little Joe\" Dallesandro, \"Sugar Plum Fairy\" Joe Campbell and Jackie Curtis. (Warhol was a friend of Reed's and managed Reed's band, the Velvet Underground.) Warhol, who clearly relished his celebrity, became a fixture at infamous New York City nightclubs like Studio 54 and Max's Kansas City.",
"Commenting on celebrity fixation—his own and that of the public at large—Warhol observed, \"more than anything people just want stars.\" He also branched out in new directions, publishing his first book, Andy Warhol's Index, in 1967. In 1968, however, Warhol's thriving career almost ended. He was shot by Valerie Solanas, an aspiring writer and radical feminist, on June 3. Warhol was seriously wounded in this attack. Solanas had appeared in one of Warhol's films and was reportedly upset with him over his refusal to use a script she had written. After the shooting, Solanas was arrested and later pleaded guilty to the crime. Warhol spent weeks in a New York hospital recovering from his injuries. In the 1970s, Warhol continued to explore other forms of media. He published such books as The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B and Back Again) and Exposures. Warhol also experimented extensively with video art, producing more than 60 films during his career.",
"Some of his most famous films include Sleep, which depicts poet John Giorno sleeping for six hours, and Eat, which shows a man eating a mushroom for 45 minutes. Warhol also worked in sculpture and photography, and in the 1980s, he moved into television, hosting Andy Warhol's TV and Andy Warhol's Fifteen Minutes on MTV. Death and Legacy Warhol died on February 22, 1987, at the age of 58. His personal life has been the subject of much debate and consideration. He is widely believed to have been a gay man, and his art was often infused with homoerotic imagery and motifs. However, he claimed that he remained a virgin for his entire life. Warhol's life and work simultaneously satirized and celebrated materiality and celebrity. On the one hand, his paintings of distorted brand images and celebrity faces could be read as a critique of what he viewed as a culture obsessed with money and celebrity. On the other hand, Warhol's focus on consumer goods and pop-culture icons, as well as his own taste for money and fame, suggest a life in celebration of the very aspects of American culture that his work criticized.",
"Warhol spoke to this apparent contradiction between his life and work in his book The Philosophy of Andy Warhol, writing that \"making money is art and working is art, and good business is the best art.\" Related Videos Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information Andy Warhol is born - Aug 06, 1928 - HISTORY.com Andy Warhol is born Publisher A+E Networks Andy Warhol, one of the most influential artists of the latter part of the 20th century, is born Andrew Warhola in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A frail and diminutive man with a shock of silver-blond hair, Warhol was a major pioneer of the pop art movement of the 1960s but later outgrew that role to become a cultural icon. Warhol was the son of immigrants from Czechoslovakia, and his father was a coal miner. For years, there was confusion as to his exact date and place of birth because Warhol gave conflicting accounts of these details, probably out of embarrassment of his provincial origins. “I’d prefer to remain a mystery,” he once said.",
"“I never give my background and, anyway, I make it all up different every time I’m asked.” He enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and graduated with a degree in pictorial design in 1949. That year, he moved to New York City, where he found work as a commercial illustrator. After being incorrectly credited as “Warhol” under an early published drawing, he decided to permanently remove the “a” from his last name. He began painting in the late 1950s and took literally the advice of an art teacher who said he should paint the things he liked. He liked ordinary things, such as comic strips, canned soup, and soft drinks, and so he painted them. In 1962, he received notoriety in the art world when his paintings of Campbell’s soup cans, Coca-Cola bottles, and wooden replicas of Brillo soap-pad boxes were exhibited in Los Angeles and New York. In 1963, he dispensed with the paintbrush and began mass-producing images of consumer goods and celebrities like Marilyn Monroe and Jackie Kennedy.",
"These prints, accomplished through his use of a silk-screen technique, displayed multiple versions of the same image in garish colors and became his trademark. He was hailed as the leader of the pop art movement, in which Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, and others depicted “popular” images such as a soup can or comic strip as a means of fusing high and low culture and commenting on both. Although shy and soft-spoken, Warhol attracted dozens of followers who were anything but. This mob of underground artists, social curiosities, and hangers-on operated out of the “Factory,” Warhol’s silver-painted studio in Manhattan. In the mid-1960s, Warhol began making experimental films, employing his friends as actors and billing them as “superstars.” Some of his films were monumental essays on boredom, such as the eight-hour continuous shot of the Empire State Building in Empire (1964), and others were gritty representations of underground life, like The Chelsea Girls (1966). He also organized multimedia events such as “The Exploding Plastic Inevitable” and sponsored the influential rock group the Velvet Underground.",
"In 1968, Warhol was shot and nearly killed by Valerie Solanis, a follower who claimed he was “exercising too much influence” over her life. After more than a year of recuperation from his wounds, Warhol returned to his career and founded Interview magazine, a publication centered on his fascination with the cult of celebrity. He became a fixture on the fashion and jet-set social scenes and was famous for pithy cultural observations like, “In the future, everyone will be famous for 15 minutes.” Meanwhile, he continued to produce commercially successful silk-screen prints of entertainment and political figures. In the 1980s, after a period of relative quiet in his career, he returned to the contemporary art scene as a mentor and friend to a new generation of artists, including Keith Haring and Jean-Michel Basquiat. With the rise of postmodern art, he came to be regarded as an archetypal role model by many young artists. On February 22, 1987, he died in the hospital of a heart attack shortly after a gall bladder operation.",
"In 1994, the Andy Warhol Museum, the largest single-artist museum in the United States, opened in Pittsburgh. Related Videos Andy Warhol Horoscope by Date of Birth | Horoscope of Andy Warhol Artist About Andy Warhol Andy Warhol Horoscope Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Read more on about Andy Warhol horoscope Andy Warhol Birth Chart/ Kundli/ Birth Horoscope A birth chart (also known as kundli, janma kundali, or horoscope) is a map of heaven at the time of birth. Andy Warhol's birth chart will show you Andy Warhol's planetary positions, dasa, rasi chart, and zodiac sign etc. It will also allow you to open Andy Warhol's detailed horoscope in \"AstroSage Cloud\" for research and analysis. The Andy Warhol Family Album - Warhol's Biography Andy Warhol 1928-1987 Early Life Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola) was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on August 6, 1928.",
"His parents, Julia and Ondrej Warhola were Carpatho-Rusyns who immigrated from what is now known as eastern Slovakia in the early 1920's. Andy was the youngest of three brothers. He grew up during the Great Depression in the urban surroundings of a smoky industrial city. At an early age he showed a wonderful talent for drawing. Due to an illness at the age of 6 he was confined to bed; his mother and brothers would entertain him for hours by showing him how to draw, trace and print images. Andy loved to draw throughout his childhood. He attended Holmes Elementary School and Schenley High School and graduated at the young age of 16 in 1945, finishing 51st in his class of 278 graduates. When Andy’s father died in 1942, his main wish was that Andy continue his education to college. In 1945, Andy was accepted at Carnegie Institute of Technology (presently known as Carnegie-Mellon University). He would be the first of his family to ever go beyond high school.",
"He almost failed his first year, but a sympathetic professor provided him with another chance by allowing him to enroll in a summer class. During that time, Andy helped his oldest brother, Paul, huckster fruit and vegetables from a truck. Every opportunity Andy had he would do quick, on-the-spot sketches of the customers. These sketches not only helped him to be readmitted but they also won him a small scholarship. During another summer break, he worked at a prestigious department store creating window displays. It was there that he was introduced to the world of high fashion, which would later influence his interest in becoming an illustrator. Carnegie Tech nurtured Andy’s keen sense of design and ability to create visually. He quickly became popular among his classmates for his unique solutions. One professor who was displeased with his non-conformity said that, “Andy Warhola was last on the list to amount to anything!” But another teacher said he was “the only student that had a product to sell.” Upon graduation in 1949, Andy and fellow classmate and artist Philip Pearlstein boarded an overnight train to New York City to pursue the world of art.",
"Illustrator 1950s Though he started to drop the ‘a’ from his name occasionally during his college days in Pittsburgh, he made it more official by signing his first commissioned illustrations, ‘Andy Warhol.’ For many years there has been much speculation regarding just why he changed his name but it simply proved easier to say. With his portfolio of samples Andy quickly received illustration work from all of the major fashion magazines, including Glamour, Vogue, and Harpers Bazaar. Andy’s “blotted line” technique and his superb draftsmanship caught the eyes of numerous art directors. Throughout the 1950s he was prolific in illustrating fashion ads, books, record albums and many other promotional items. He also worked to create innovative advertisements for I.Miller, a popular shoe company. The advertising world of the 1950s groomed him well for his venture into the art world of the 60s. Fine Artist 1960s Following a decade of enormous success as an illustrator, Warhol looked toward Fine Art as a larger challenge. In 1960 he purchased a four-story townhouse and experimented with using advertising and comic strip imagery as his Art.",
"The subject matter was untraditional and unique at the time. These early Pop paintings had a loose, unfinished look. Over the next several months his painting style would evolve into being more flat and graphic. One consistent aspect, though, was that the images were known to everyone in everyday life. In April, 1961 Warhol had his first opportunity to show his new art. He designed a fashion window at Bonwit Teller’s Department Store that used five of his paintings as backdrops for the dressed mannequins. Throughout 1961 Warhol continued trying different techniques and added to his repertoire of popular imagery. The Campbell's soup can became his primary subject and gained him his greatest notoriety. He and several other artists working on similar themes but in different styles were linked together in a new art movement called Pop Art. On July 9,1962 Warhol had his initial major exhibition at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles. Magazines such as Time, Life and Newsweek ran articles about the show. Today, the complete set of 32 soup can paintings from that exhibit can be seen at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.",
"Also in 1962, Warhol discovered that the silkscreen process was the perfect method to repeat his images. It was an extension of earlier print methods that he had utilized in his days as an illustrator. He worked incessantly and filled his townhouse with many canvases. To paint larger works he rented a studio and hired an assistant named Gerard Malanga. Warhol continued to produce many major works. The early Sixties was his most creative period. In 1963, he began to experiment as a filmmaker. He viewed film as another medium to push the limits of his creativity. Like his paintings, his “underground” art films caused quite a stir in the art world by their strange unconventional boldness. The word “Superstar” originated with the women of his films such as Viva, Ultraviolet, and Edie; his studio in midtown New York where it was all happening became well-known as “The Factory.” In 1968 Andy Warhol was shot by Valerie Solanis, an unstable individual who visited The Factory. He was in very critical condition for several days but slowly recovered. This traumatic event marked a major turning point in Warhol’s life.",
"Post-Pop Period 1970’s-1980’s In the following years, The Factory changed considerably. It was no longer the open, free-flowing mecca that it had been in the previous years. Gerard Malanga and Billy Name, two important studio assistants, left for other pursuits. With Paul Morrissey as director, filmmaking became less experimental and more commercial. Warhol’s painting was less risk-oriented and therefore did not shake the art world as it had in the 60s. The important accomplishment during this period was Warhol’s reinvention of the society portrait; it now became the primary focus of his painting. In 1969 Warhol also began a magazine called Interview which grew in circulation and required much of his time. Warhol became a part of New York’s “Jet Set” and loved attending gatherings with celebrities. He documented such events with his camera and tape recorder. During this time, Warhol also stated his most famous quote which was “in the future everybody will be world famous for fifteen minutes.” Warhol was a passionate collector his entire life, viewing beauty and art in such everyday objects as cookie jars, toys, jewelry, watches, and antiques.",
"He also collected Native American artifacts, early arcade equipment including carousel horses and many other artists’ work. In 1987 Warhol was hospitalized to have an infected gall bladder removed. Though the routine operation was successful, he died mysteriously during the early morning of February 22, 1987. He was 58 years old. The Warhol Foundation for the Arts was established from his estate and in 1994 the Warhol Museum opened in his childhood City of Pittsburgh. It houses the largest collection of his artwork. Andy Warhol was an artist, filmmaker, photographer, author, editor, and cultural icon. In the years since his untimely death, his importance has grown to stratospheric proportions. He is now regarded as one of the most major artists of the Twentieth Century. How did Andy Warhol Die? How did Andy Warhol Die? Beatles Memorabilia Andy Warhol's Death Andy Warhol died in New York City at 6:32 a.m. on February 22, 1987. According to news reports, he had been making good recovery from a routine gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden heart attack.",
"The hospital staff had failed to adequately monitor his condition and overloaded him with fluids after his operation, causing him to suffer from a fatal case of water intoxication, which prompted Warhol's lawyers to sue the hospital for negligence. Prior to his diagnosis and operation, Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked, as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors. Warhol's body was taken back to Pittsburgh by his brothers for burial. The wake was at Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral Home and was an open-coffin ceremony. He was holding a small prayer book and a red rose. The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh's North Side. The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay. Fellow artist Yoko Ono also made an appearance. The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns. Warhol's grave at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery.After the liturgy, the coffin was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh. At the grave, the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled holy water on the casket.",
"Before the coffin was lowered, Paige Powell dropped a copy of Interview magazine, an Interview t-shirt, and a bottle of the Estee Lauder perfume \"Beautiful\" into the grave. Warhol was buried next to his mother and father. Weeks later a memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol on April 1, 1987 at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York. Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby's nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million. His total estate was worth considerably more, in no small part due to shrewd investments over the years. On the twentieth anniversary of his death The Gershwin Hotel in New York City held a week-long series of events commemorating Warhol's art and his superstars. There was an award ceremony, a fashion show, and Blondie performed at the closing party. At the same time, The Carrozzini von Buhler Gallery in New York City held an exhibit titled, Andy Warhol: In His Wake.",
"The exhibit featured the art of Warhol's superstars Ultra Violet, Billy Name, Taylor Mead, and Ivy Nicholson as well as art by a younger generation of artists who have been inspired by Warhol. One interactive sculpture in the exhibit, The Great Warhola, by Cynthia von Buhler, depicted Warhol as an arcade fortune-telling machine. The gallery was transformed to look like Warhol's silver factory. Factory Girl, a film about the life of Edie Sedgwick, starring Sienna Miller and Hayden Christensen, was also released one week before the anniversary of Warhol's death.",
"Andy Warhol's Forgotten Floppy Disk Art Has Been Found | Motherboard Andy Warhol's Forgotten Floppy Disk Art Has Been Found Written by April 24, 2014 // 11:00 AM EDT Copy This URL Image: Andy Warhol, Andy2, 1985, ©The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visuals Arts, Inc., courtesy of The Andy Warhol Museum The world got more Warhols this week, as the 20th century American artist's most futuristic works—by 1985 standards—have been recovered from floppy disks and shared by the Andy Warhol Museum. So strongly associated with the oft-mythologized 1960s, those outside of the art world can be forgiven for forgetting that Andy Warhol lived and kept working until 1987. With a bit of scrutiny, Warhol emerges as a total 80s dude, too: he did commercials for Braniff airlines with Sonny Liston; he showed up in a room with Hulk Hogan, Rowdy Roddy Piper, and Mr. T at Wrestlemania; and now it's clear that he was an early adopter of the personal computer as an artistic medium.",
"Warhol had been gifted a Commodore Amiga in order to demonstrate the computer’s graphic arts capabilities. There's a video of him “painting” Blondie's Debbie Harry , and that piece had been part of the Warhol collection for years. But ever since the museum acquired the rest of Warhol's disks in 1994 as well as his two Amiga 1000 computers, their contents were inaccessible due to the obsolete file format and aging hardware. It took a nagging interest from artist Cory Arcangel, the help of the Andy Warhol Museum, Carnegie Mellon's Golan Levin, and the Carnegie Mellon Computer Club, to bring the images back from the digital depths. Arcangel was an old friend of Levin's. \"When he had the idea to do the project, he first secured permission from the Warhol Museum to see if it would be possible to look at the computer,\" Levin explained via email. \"Then he came to visit my lab, and he asked me if I knew anyone with this kind of expertise.",
"I immediately connected him to the CMU Computer Club, and provided those folks with a grant so that they could purchase the necessary bits and bobs to do the work.\" Image: Commodore Amiga computer equipment used by Andy Warhol 1985-86, courtesy of The Andy Warhol Museum, used with permission. If you've ever had difficulty opening, say, a .docx file , you can imagine the trouble inherent in retrieving files off of floppy disks for computers that time has rendered unusable. I called up Keith A. Bare II, of the Carnegie Mellon Computer Club, who was sort of the “Amiga guru” on the project, and asked about the digital excavation of the works from floppy disk to a modern PC. The process involved using their own equipment, including the “KryoFlux,” which is designed to let modern PCs interface with obsolete formats. Using the KryoFlux, the computer club was able to take disk image files and run them using an Amiga emulator— E-UAE, if you're curious . Initially it seemed like it was a fool's errand. “When we first went to the museum just to see what they had, we weren't very optimistic at that point,” Bare said.",
"“Nearly all of the floppies looked like they were system software or other forms of software. Having briefly lived in the era of floppies, I remember everyone had 50 or so floppies with handwritten labels saying that it had some file on it. We didn't see that from Warhol. “But as it turns out, most of the software he was using wouldn't allow him to save onto other floppy disks, so he just left it on the software.” Image: Andy Warhol, Campbell’s, 1985, ©The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visuals Arts, Inc., courtesy of The Andy Warhol Museum, used with permission. And this is where the .pic files were uncovered, with unmistakably Warholian names: “campbells.pic,” “marilyn1.pic,” etc. The club uncovered 28 heretofore unseen images that the Warhol Museum is fairly certain were done by the man himself, 11 of which were signed.",
"Warhol of course always seemed like he'd be a natural for digital art: it's endlessly reproducible, it's new and experimental, and one can imagine his wry take on the “everyone's face is everywhere” ubiquity that computers facilitate. Image: Andy Warhol, Venus, 1985, ©The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visuals Arts, Inc., courtesy of The Andy Warhol Museum, used with permission. Just as the new medium gave birth to new art, it also gives birth to new scholarship: digital art history, and digital archeology. The new philosophical questions that accompany the new technical ones are at least partially why the computer club's Michael Dille was so excited to get the fruits of their labor into the world. “I'm very excited that our efforts are finally seeing the light of day,” Dille told me in an email. “Because we're blazing new trails with such data recovery, there really doesn't exist much in the way of precedent here. Intellectual ownership, authentication, assurance of the works' integrity, archival format, proper exhibition medium...",
"these are just some of the many questions we've had to answer and are still answering.” In addition to adding to the Warhol canon, the uncovering has yielded a documentary Trapped: Andy Warhol’s Amiga Experiments , which will be screened in the Carnegie Lecture Hall in Pittsburgh on May 10, will be available online May 12. Andy Warhol | Who is Andy Warhol | Andy Warhol Biography South About Andy Warhol / Who is Andy Warhol ? Andy Warhol was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art. Andy Warhol's Character horoscope Andy Warhol's outstanding character is that of sympathy, mingled with hospitality. Andy Warhol have a great urge to make others a little happier for having met Andy Warhol No higher quality could be possessed than this but it is one that may be carried to excess.",
"Andy Warhol spend lot of time and money for the sake of others.Andy Warhol's tastes are of a cultured order and, at heart, Andy Warhol have a love for literary and artistic work of a high grade, though the commercial existence, which Andy Warhol must probably follow, may force them out of sight.Regarding money, Andy Warhol have peculiar views. At times Andy Warhol deny yourself legitimate necessaries and at others, Andy Warhol spend somewhat recklessly. Andy Warhol will always give in response to the call of charity. On some occasions, Andy Warhol put yourself to considerable trouble in order to save a few rupees on the price of an article Andy Warhol desire to purchase.Andy Warhol's chief weakness is that Andy Warhol is somewhat easily impressed. In fact, Andy Warhol believe too much of what Andy Warhol hear. Unscrupulous people are quick to notice this defect in Andy Warhol and they are certain to trade it sooner or later. Therefore, be on Andy Warhol's guard and avoid being victimised by someone who may come to Andy Warhol in the guise of a friend. Andy Warhol's Happiness and Fulfillment horoscope Andy Warhol is a person who live in fantasy.",
"Hypersensitive, many of Andy Warhol have inferiority complexes, feeling slighted by taking the most unrelated incident as personal insult. It is important that Andy Warhol do not indulge in drugs or alcohol, for this adds to Andy Warhol's unclarity. Andy Warhol be honest with yourself and others, and attempt to be as realistic as possible, for Andy Warhol tend toward escapism. Music, colours and nature are very positive in smoothing Andy Warhol's overly sensitive being. Andy Warhol's Life Style horoscope Andy Warhol is motivated to enhance Andy Warhol's sex life. If other factors make Andy Warhol feel that material possessions are a requirement, Andy Warhol is motivated to gain much money. Whatever Andy Warhol's goals, however, sex is the motivating factor. Recognise this, and rather than fight it, use it to best advantage. Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film (PG) Release Date: September 1st thru 14th, 2006 (Film Forum) by Steeplechase Films. *Admission is free on day of show. Tickets available starting each day at 12:30 PM.",
"Maximum 2 tickets per person.* Directed by Ric Burns. BASIC PREMISE: A documentary about the life of Andy Warhol, a controversial artist from the 20th Century. ENTERTAINMENT VALUE: Andy Warhol presents a linear, coherent and detailed biography of Andy Warhol from his birth in 1928 until his death in 1987. His passion for art began as a teenager living in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with his loving and supporting mother and father. At the age of 20, he made a smart move from Pittsburgh to New York City in order to pursue his dreams of becoming a famous artist. His first stint was as a commercial illustrator for Glamour Magazine. At this point, his name was still Andy Warhola, but when a typesetter omitted the �A�, he didn�t correct it and lived with the name Andy Warhol for the rest of his life. His illustrated art impressed many people, especially with his use of �blotted lines� which gave it a printed, awkward feel. Soon began his rise to fame as the leader of the Pop Art Movement who wore a grey wig.",
"Director Ric Burns does an excellent job of synthesizing footage from Warhol�s life and fascinating interviews with curators and biographers. Biographer John Richardson states that Warhol was an observer rather than a participator in life. He reflects life rather than projecting it. Not surprisingly, he always wanted to be taken seriously which eventually happened with the help of curator Henry Geldzahler. Not everyone understood the genius of Warhol�s work at the time�some critics didn�t appreciate him taking a found image (i.e. of Marilyn Monroe or of Campbell soup cans) and altering it by enlarging it, tracing it and/or coloring it. Ric Burns wisely maintains focus on Warhol�s life rather than going into depth about whether or not his work should be considered art. He also doesn�t spend too much time explaining how he was shot by Valerie Solanis, the founder and sole member of the Society for Cutting Up Men. By the end of this 4 hour-long documentary, you�ll understand how Warhol was an influential artist and an obscure filmmaker who shouldn�t be forgotten.",
"Andy Warhol has a wealth of information about Warhol and gives you a fascinating, humanizing glimpse into his private life which you can�t get from just reading a textbook about him. SPIRITUAL VALUE: It�s illuminating to know that Warhol�s private life was different from his public image. He was a bit modest about himself in private. His reasons for wanting to become successful are very basic: he wanted to be able to support himself financially while still doing what he loves. Any other path in life would not be worth living. Overall, the story of his life feels inspirational because he had a dream along with talent and pursued it until he achieved fame and fortune. Not everyone liked him or understood him, but they couldn�t stop him from continuing to express himself through art�even after his near-death experience from being shot by Valerie Solanis. INSULT TO YOUR INTELLIGENCE: None. NUMBER OF TIMES I CHECKED MY WATCH: 0 IN A NUTSHELL: Fascinating, illuminating and inspirational. RECOMMENDED WAY TO WATCH: Movie Theater (1st Run)"
] |
What was the original name of the orphan created in 1924 by cartoonist Harold Gray in the comic strip we know as Little Orphan Annie?
|
Otto
|
[
"Otto",
"Oddo"
] | 11,488
|
[
"Harold Gray, Original Creator of Little Orphan Annie Harold Gray, Original Creator of Little Orphan Annie May 30, 2010 Oval, blank eyes look back from the page at the reader, not giving any sense of the spunk that took Annie safely from one adventure to another. Harold Gray debuted Little Orphan Annie in 1924, a little girl that captured comics readers' hearts. After 85 years, Annie retired from print on June 13, 2010, but that girl is not finished with the limelight just yet... Born in Kankakee, Ilinois on January 20, 1894, Harold Lincoln Gray grew up apparently interested in science. In 1917, he earned a Bachelor of Science engineering degree from Perdue University. A Lafayette newspaper gave Gray his first job out of school, then the young man was detoured by a stint in the army as a bayonet instructor during World War One. After the war, Gray accepted a job with the Chicago Tribune's art department at $15 week salary. He moved up to an assistant post with \"The Gumps\" cartoonist, Sydney Smith.",
"Gray also began developing strip ideas of his own, submitting and receiving rejections for four years, said William Dunn in Ron Goulart's The Encyclopedia of American Comics, from 1897 to the Present (Promised Land Productions, New York 1990). Gray created an adventure strip with a sturdy, brave child hero called Little Orphan Otto, and submitted the comic strip to Captain Joseph Medill Patterson, then editor with the Chicago Tribune Syndicate. The cartoonist's strength was not in the art - his drawings were considered stiff, primitive and without grace - but he was a true master at telling a story. Captain Patterson told Gray to make the lead character a girl instead, and the strip was accepted into syndication. Debuting in newspapers on August 5, 1924, Little Orphan Annie featured a girl struggling in the classic rags-to-riches tale, with a big dose of the cartoonist's political views added. After offending several newspapers and having the strips removed, Gray learned to temper his \"strongly conservative views\", but said Dunn, \"the strip was often controversial.\" After a few weeks in print, Gray added a character that would take on a life of his own.",
"\"Oliver Daddy Warbucks\" adopted Annie from the Orphanage. The good life for Annie would only last for a while, then she was in danger or on a grand adventure. Fending for herself in the big world with her dog, Sandy, Annie always kept a bright outlook until she got herself out of the mess and found her adoptive father again. The Little Orphan Annie comic strip was so popular with readers that on one occasion when the instalment was left out of the daily newspaper, the error \"caused more rumpus on the Tribune switchboard than a world war, a big league baseball game or the bombing of the post office,\" said Phil Rosenthal in the Chicago Tribune, May 12, 2010. The success of Little Orphan Annie enabled Gray to syndicate another comic strip, \"Maw Green\". In it, Gray made statements on life and politics from an Irish point of view. \"Maw Green\" ran until Gray died in 1968.",
"(Gray was against gas rationing, welfare, income taxes and other policies of the day.) Knowing his artistic skills were unusual for a cartoonist, Gray siad, I know what I want and do the best I can.\" The blank eyes of characters in Little Orphan Annie almost became Gray's signature, leaving the reader to interpret the mood themselves. Working generally on his own, Gray employed his cousins Edwin and Robert Leffington as his assistants, only for lettering and background work. Edwin became a cartoonist in his own right in 1933 with his creation, \"Little Joe\". When Edwin died in 1936, his brother Robert took over \"Little Joe\" until it ended in the late 1950s. Gray described his Annie character as \"tougher than hell, with a heart of gold and a fast left, who can take care of herself because she has to.\" The cartoonist became a multi-millionaire from his creation. Annie was transformed into a radio personality for 13 years beginning in the 1930s; she was on the movie screen for the first time in 1932 and again in 1938.",
"The Little Orphan Annie storylines were a good fit for comic books, and along with appearing in \"Dell's Super Comics from 1939-49,\" said Don Markstein of \" Don Markstein's Toonopedia ,\" Annie also appeared in her own comic books from 1937 to 1948. Little Orphan Annie became a star in the many musical versions of \"Annie\" on stage and in movie theatres, and has been very popular in a range of licenced merchandise. The Broadway musical \"Annie\" kept performers busy and audiences entertained for over 2,000 performances, running from 1977 to 1983. The United States Postal Service honoured Little Orphan Annie and many other comics with 32-cent postage in their 1995 \"Classic Comic Strips\" series. Published in newspapers for almost 86 years, the comic featuring the requisite Annie curls, red dress and white cuffs came to an end with the last Sunday feature on June 13th, 2010. Over the years, Little Orphan Annie dwindled down in newspapers, appearing in only about 20 publications.",
"This is not the end of Annie, though, but perhaps a beginning. Her stories will continue on in new media, theatre, graphic novels, book collections of the strip, and much more. Harold Gray died on May 9, 1968 in Lajolla, California. After a stint of five years trying to find suitable cartoonists and reprinting old issues of the strip, Little Orphan Annie carried proudly on in her true durable style, under the skilled hands of Leonard Starr for 20 years. Starr retired in 2000. Two fresh talents took on the drawing, writing, and updating of Annie's adventures, Andrew Pepoy and Jay Maeder. Well, Annie, we won't be seeing you in the funny pages when the sun comes out tomorrow, but we will be seeing you in a lot of other places. We'll be waiting for you. * Art and cartoonist's photo are the property of Tribune Media Services, stamp property of USPS. The Orphan’s Epic | The Comics Journal BY R.C.",
"Harvey May 20, 2013 On May 13, 2010, Tribune Media Services announced its intention to stop production and distribution of one of cartooning’s iconic creations, the newspaper comic strip Little Orphan Annie. The resilient redheaded teenager made her last appearance in the nation’s newspapers on Sunday, June 13, just two months shy of celebrating an 86-year run. But the longevity, while notable, is deceptive: the strip foundered badly after the death of its creator, Harold Gray, in 1968, and while one of Gray’s successors righted the craft for two decades, Annie never again achieved the circulation or cultural status it enjoyed in Gray’s hands, proving yet again that a comic strip, uniquely the product of individual inspiration, usually cannot survive the death of its creator. And Gray’s strip was more idiosyncratic than most. Born in 1894 in Kankakee, Illinois, Gray joined the staff of the Chicago Tribune soon after graduating from Purdue University in 1917.",
"He left for military service in World War I and then returned to the Trib; but he quit in 1920 to operate his own commercial art studio. One of his clients was Sidney Smith who hired him to assist on The Gumps, the Tribune strip that was so popular that the paper set up a syndicate to sell and distribute it to other newspapers. Gray soon aspired to doing a strip himself (Smith’s 1922 million-dollar contract may have helped inspire him), and he began sketching characters and imagining situations and talking to Smith about them. When Gray came up with a concept they both agreed was promising, Gray showed his idea to Captain Joe Patterson, storied head of the Tribune Syndicate. The Captain wasn’t interested. But Gray kept at it. The ensuing parade of ideas was followed by a parade of rejections. It went on for months. One day while going over some of his sketches with Smith, Gray pointed to a drawing of a small gamin and declared that the boy would be an orphan. “Not bad,” Smith said, intrigued by the simplicity of the idea of a strip about an orphan, who must start out without relatives or friends or other complications.",
"“But make the kid clean and cute and sweet to appeal to women readers.” Gray dutifully made the kid cute, gave him a head of curls, drew up a dozen sketches of the boy in various poses, and showed them to Patterson, calling his strip idea “Little Orphan Otto.” For once, Patterson was interested. Searching for crowd-pleasing pathos probably, the Captain decided to try the orphan strip. But he wanted Gray to alter Otto: “The kid looks like a pansy to me,” Patterson growled. “Put a skirt on him and we’ll call it ‘Little Orphan Annie.'” It may have been the head of curls that did it, conjuring in Patterson’s mind the image of Mary Pickford in her early films. In the first volume of the IDW reprint of Little Orphan Annie, comics historian Jeet Heer reports his discovery of an alternative origin story for Annie: “In this version, Gray struck up a conversation with a young street urchin he met while roaming the streets of Chicago looking for ideas. ‘I talked to this little kid, and liked her right away,’ Gray told Editor & Publisher in 1951. ‘She had common sense, knew how to take care of herself.",
"She had to. Her name was Annie. At the time, some 40 strips were using boys as the main characters; only three were using girls. I chose Annie for mine, and made her an orphan so she’d have no family, no tangling alliances, but freedom to go where she pleased.’” Probably neither version is the unadulterated truth. The first smacks of legend; the second suffers from being a storyteller’s story, concocted long after the fact by which time Gray was an even better storyteller than he’d been on the outset. The legend is that Patterson worked with Gray to plot the first few strips, telling the cartoonist to aim for adult readers. “Kids don’t buy papers. Their parents do,” Patterson explained. They devised a Dickensian tear-jerker of an introductory sequence: little Annie (smaller and therefore cuter at first than in her heyday) was forced to labor for her keep at the orphanage, which was as grim and oppressive as any Oliver Twist ever endured. Her fate was presided over by Miss Asthma, whose rotten disposition ringed every childish hope for adoption with a nimbus of gloom.",
"The first strip appeared on August 5, 1924, and concluded with Annie’s bedtime prayer: “Please make me a real good little girl so nice people will adopt me. Then I can have a papa and mama to love. And if it’s not too much trouble, I’d like a dolly. Amen.” But Annie wasn’t just a cute, sweet little girl. Gray quickly added dimension to her character: in the next day’s strip, when a rude boy teases her, Annie wallops him in the kisser, establishing immediately that she has a certain independence of spirit in spite of her straitened circumstances. In a short time, Annie was a popular feature, and that spirit of independence that pervaded Gray’s work eventually enlisted a devoted readership. At the end of the second month of the strip’s run, Gray introduced the character that would shape the philosophy of independence into a political stance: Annie is adopted by Oliver “Daddy” Warbucks, a millionaire industrialist who made his fortune manufacturing munitions during World War I. Warbucks became Gray’s example of the self-made man, the self-reliant individualist who made himself what he is through purposeful enterprise.",
"The epitome of this culture hero, Warbucks is the larger-than-life version of what all the “little people” in the strip inevitably become if they follow Annie’s example of diligent labor and canny capitalism. But to be exemplary, Annie can scarcely be a rich man’s daughter. As soon as Gray had established bonds of affection between Annie and “Daddy,” he sent Warbucks off on a business trip, and Annie is returned to the orphanage by the spiteful Mrs. Warbucks (who soon disappears from the strip forever). Annie is adopted again, this time by a slave-driving couple who make her life miserable. She runs away, accompanied by her only friend, a large orange-colored dog named Sandy, whom she acquired in January 1925. The two eventually take refuge at a farm owned by the poor but kindly Mr. and Mrs. Silos. But Annie is no burden to them: through hard work and her own ingenuity, the eleven-year-old waif is able to contribute to the couple’s welfare and happiness. After a few months, though, “Daddy” Warbucks finally locates Annie and takes her and Sandy back to live in splendid comfort with him.",
"Thus did Gray inaugurate the cycle of separation and hardship, rescue and reunion that framed Annie’s adventures and the quest motif that animated them throughout the strip’s run. Separated from “Daddy,” Annie must find the means of survival; through her unflagging perseverance, she always does. Oddly enough perhaps, Little Orphan Annie reached the zenith of its popularity during the thirties. “Odd” because it was the decade of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the man who gave government a social conscience. FDR’s mission ran in directions diametrically opposed to Gray’s ideas of self-sufficiency. Under Roosevelt’s tutelage, the down-trodden and the poor, the halt and the lame were encouraged to look to government for help rather than exhorted to help themselves by toiling determinedly and exercising tenaciously the principles of free enterprise. Gray’s message was precisely the opposite—although it was as much an accident of his story as it was a matter of political conviction. The best way for a little orphan girl to make her way in the world without being simply a weepy milksop is for her to be self-reliant. As a good story-teller, Gray knew that.",
"Warbucks and the rest of Annie’s entourage were natural outgrowths of this central notion. As Gray’s exemplar, Warbucks could scarcely espouse self-reliance and free enterprise during the Roosevelt years without, at the same time, seeming to attack FDR’s policies. And so Little Orphan Annie became the first nationally syndicated comic strip to be unabashedly, unrelievedly, “political.” Annie was not the first political strip: Bud Fisher’s A. Mutt—the first daily strip—was the first to take political potshots in its panels. But Fisher’s strip was published only in San Francisco at the time: it could reflect the opinions of its host paper to a fare-thee-well and suffer no more consequences than the editorials in the same paper (that is, the paper would presumably not be purchased by those who disagreed with the views expressed). Gray’s strip, on the other hand, was distributed nationally, and by tradition, syndicated strips steered clear of politics for fear of offending client papers who might cancel their subscriptions in retaliation. Annie was the first to break with custom. But it did so because the very essence of its story demanded it.",
"Gray’s celebrated conservatism was hardly negligible in the development of the strip’s political thrust. But neither was the strip’s political content artificially superimposed upon an otherwise simple tale of a wandering orphan girl and her dog. The strip’s politics were organic—integral to its story and its heroine’s personality. Throughout the thirties, Annie drifted from place to place, into “Daddy’s” care and out of it, spending most of her time with the ordinary folk and reviving by precept and example their faith in the values of hard work and economy. Sometimes the villainy she faced would be too much to be overcome by such simple virtue, and then “Daddy” Warbucks would show up and rescue Annie and everyone else. In the thirties, Gray introduced another element into the harsh reality of his rendition of the Depression—the element of fantasy. Increasingly, Annie was encountering villains that were not merely greedy landlords or corrupt small-time politicians: some of them were criminals of the most unconscionable nastiness, unscrupulous schemers and plotters of the vilest sort, some with plans for world domination.",
"“Daddy” always arrived in time to save Annie, but not even he, powerful as he was, could punish these villains enough for their crimes. So Gray gave Warbucks aides adequate to the task. Gray had always been fascinated by the Orient (one of Warbucks’ earliest cohorts had been a Chinese mandarin named Wun Wey), and he now began to employ Oriental magic against his villains. On February 3, 1935, a giant, turbaned Indian, eight (perhaps nine) feet tall, showed up as Warbuck’s new right-hand man. Punjab was that paragon, a kindly man of enormous strength and vast intelligence. And he could also supply an appropriate punishment for the most unsavory villains, villains too unspeakable for ordinary legal disciplining: throwing a magic blanket over them, Punjab muttered an incomprehensible incantation and banished them from this world (presumably sending them to another, much more unpleasant, plane of existence). Two years later, on February 21, Gray gave Warbucks another memorable assistant, a black-garbed, hooded-eyed agent of vengeance much more single-minded in purpose than Punjab and entirely humorless.",
"His name, the Asp, evokes the poisonous viper Cleopatra deployed to achieve her suicide. The Asp’s homeland was (appropriately) in the Middle East where the term assassin originated. Gray’s fascination with the mysteries of the Orient culminated later in the same year with the introduction of the cryptic Mr. Am, a fatherly, bearded sort of sultan, who, Gray hinted broadly, had lived since the dawn of time and who could enter the fourth dimension and restore the dead to life. (And if readers wanted to think Mr. Am might be Gray’s version of God, the cartoonist might smile but he probably would not object.) Fanciful as Gray’s fantasy element was, it was not at all light-hearted. At first glance, his drawing ability seemed too crude for rendering either his reality or his fantasy convincingly, but upon longer acquaintance, his artwork cast a spell that enhanced his story. In maturity in the late thirties, Gray’s drawings were filled with solid blacks, heavy shadows, darkly shaded nooks and crannies. It was a comfortless world, vaguely sinister.",
"And in that world, Gray’s people stood around rigidly, posturing woodenly, as if inhibited, restrained, in their movements—perhaps because they were fearful. They seemed, in effect, nearly paralyzed with fear and apprehension. And the blank eyeballs for which Annie is famous were integral to the mood of this fearful climate. Although there was little action in many of Gray’s tales, most of them erupted in violence sooner or later. Consequently, Annie seemed perpetually immersed in a sinister night-time world that threatened to assault her at every street corner. And her blank eyeballs were marvelously appropriate to her situation. One walks through a threatening night gingerly, never looking behind or to the side for fear of seeing a sinister presence there. One keeps his eyes focused resolutely, rigidly, ahead of him, in a kind of unseeing stare—precisely the effect that Annie’s eyeballs have. In such an atmosphere, when violence breaks out, we are not surprised. It belongs there. We have been led to expect it—to fear it.",
"(The blank eyeballs would have been inspired graphic touch had Gray invented the device expressly for the purpose just described; but he was merely following one of the conventions of early comic strip art: George McManus drew Jiggs’ and Maggie’s eyes in the same way in Bringing Up Father, where the effect produced was quite different. In Gray’s strip, though, the convention contributed substantially to the impression Gray clearly intended.) SOME READERS AND CRITICS—mostly avid supporters of Roosevelt’s New Deal—saw Annie as a political mouthpiece for Tribune publisher Robert McCormick’s conservative views masquerading as entertainment, a not-too-subtle indoctrination attempt by the Chicago Tribune. McCormick’s opposition to Roosevelt’s policies had a complex root system, partly philosophical and partly economic. We needn’t go into these matters at length here: for our purpose, it is perhaps enough to indicate what McCormick’s detractors may have thought. Reduced to the simplest terms, McCormick and others of his station who opposed FDR were seen as protecting their own self interest.",
"FDR’s effort to make society care for the destitute and the jobless of the Depression had to be financed, and since no one but the rich had money, it seemed logical to assume that the rich would finance social welfare through increased taxes. Thus, much of the conservative opposition to Roosevelt could be interpreted as originating in the narrowest kind of selfishness: the desire of the wealthy and powerful to preserve their wealth and power. McCormick was wealthy and powerful. Many of his class saw FDR’s programs as the cutting edge of an economic revolution that threatened their very existence. They believed that if society took up the burden Roosevelt urged upon it, the existing social order would be overturned in the process. McCormick may have shared these views to some extent, but since I have deliberately simplified (and therefore distorted) the issues here, we can give him the benefit of the doubt by viewing his war against Roosevelt from another angle. Consider the threat that the New Deal posed to McCormick’s vision of America. The New Deal, with its radical restructuring of political and social order, would alter forever the traditional American way of life that the Tribune had championed throughout McCormick’s stewardship. From Gasoline Alley to the U.S.",
"flag on the front page, the Tribune stood for the values of Horatio Alger—small town life with its promise of success in return for hard work and perseverance. Regardless of the point of view we adopt for assessing McCormick’s politics, it’s not surprising that many thought he dictated Annie’s storylines. But the situation was scarcely as simple as that. While the strip’s political diatribes during the thirties echoed McCormick’s on the editorial pages of the Tribune, they didn’t, for a long time, reflect Patterson’s views, and it was Patterson who ran the Tribune Syndicate and directed the efforts of the cartoonists. With his eye ever on the common working people, Patterson sensed that most of his readers were behind Roosevelt. Moreover, the Socialist instincts of his youth, never fully abandoned, made him sympathetic to the worker’s plight. In the early thirties, the Tribune’s sister paper that Patterson operated in New York, the screaming tabloid Daily News suddenly (and, remarkably, without any change in circulation or financial status) shifted its editorial ground. In a celebrated speech to his staff, Patterson announced, “We’re off on the wrong foot.",
"The people’s major interest is no longer in the playboy, Broadway and divorces, but in how they’re going to eat, and from this time forward, we’ll pay attention to the struggle for existence that’s just beginning.” Almost alone among major newspaper publishers, the Captain supported Roosevelt and the New Deal. And his support lasted through the thirties—until, in Roosevelt’s lend-lease formula for aid to Britain, Patterson thought he saw the President tipping his hand. Once Patterson, a passionate isolationist and advocate of neutrality, thought Roosevelt intended to get America into the European conflict, he broke with FDR and became as bitter a critic of his policies as McCormick, Patterson’s cousin and partner, had been for nearly a decade. And so was born the McCormick-Patterson Axis—the opposition to Roosevelt by the combined editorial voices of the two largest newspapers in the country’s two largest cities. But from March 1933 (the month Roosevelt was inaugurated for his first term) until December 1940 the cousins disagreed on Roosevelt, and Patterson defended him as passionately as McCormick attacked him viciously.",
"Meanwhile, Gray’s orphan heroine went somberly about her business—reflecting her creator’s opinions, born of both political conviction and narrative necessity. And they were opinions that found enthusiastic reception among the readers of the day. Even while attacking FDR, Little Orphan Annie addressed profound concerns among its readers. The events of the Great Depression unfolded gradually: the world did not collapse overnight. And as the economic institutions slowly crumbled, one after another, the dominant emotion among the population was fear—fear that an entire way of life, the American way, was falling apart. Gray’s strip addressed and assuaged that fear. Annie’s adventures proved again and again that the historic American ethic of hard work was not bankrupt and that capitalism could still work. Readers were reassured and comforted. Annie (and Gray) joined the homefront war effort during World War II. Annie blew up a German u-boat offshore and organized the Junior Commandos to collect tons of newspapers, scrap metal and other recyclable materials used in the manufacture of munitions and other implements of war. And then all of a sudden, Gray’s politics became more overt. What began as a storyteller’s stance morphed into a conservative’s protest.",
"When Roosevelt was nominated for a fourth term in the summer of 1944, Gray had endured enough: he symbolized his feeling that FDR’s policies would be the death of the country by having “Daddy” Warbucks die. On his deathbed, Warbucks complains and explains: “Some have called me a dirty capitalist, but I’ve merely used the imagination and common sense and energy that kind providence gave me. Now? Well, Annie, times have changed, and I’m old and tired. I guess it’s time to go.” Warbucks simply couldn’t survive in FDR’s welfare state. But after Roosevelt died the next spring, Gray brought Warbucks back to life. As Warbucks put it: “Somehow I feel that the climate here has changed since I went away. We’ll see….” GRAY’S POLITICS—or, perhaps more accurately, his cultural convictions—proved to be the spark that ignited his storytelling. And no one else would combine similar elements to successfully continue Annie.",
"When Gray died in 1968, the strip was assigned first to his assistant, Tex Blaisdell, and then to David Lettick, who made a regrettable attempt to revive Gray’s earliest Annie, the younger, cuter one; but their Annie was an anemic shadow of Gray’s. The syndicate discontinued their effort in 1974 and went to reruns of Gray classics. But after the 1977 success of “Annie,” the Broadway musical based on the strip, the syndicate resurrected the feature in 1979, turning it over to veteran comic strip storyteller Leonard Starr, who, by then, had retired his own comic strip, Mary Perkins, On Stage—a beautifully, realistically illustrated and well-told adventure/human interest continuity. The revitalized strip was renamed Annie to foster associations with the musical, and Starr skillfully revamped the look of the strip, retaining the essential appearance of the characters and hints of the brooding atmosphere of Gray’s effort but producing visuals that were crisp and modern-looking. Starr’s Annie was a successful endeavor, but it wasn’t infused with Gray’s passion. It was thoroughly professional but emotionless.",
"When Starr retired in 2000, TMS (Tribune Media Services, the new incarnation of the old Tribune Syndicate) turned the writing of the strip over to a New York Daily News staffer with a penchant for comics history, Jay Maeder. The drawing was initially done by comic book veteran Andrew Pepoy, but it was a lot of drawing and very little money compared to what Pepoy could earn drawing comic books; he left after a year or so, and Alan Kupperberg took over until 2004, when Ted Slampyak assumed the drawingboard chores. He drew the last Annie strip for June 13 release. Commenting about the end of the strip to Larry McShane at the Daily News, Slampyak said: “It’s kind of painful—almost like mourning the loss of a friend.” Maeder’s stories veered away from Annie more often than not, featuring Oliver Warbucks as an adventuring entrepreneur and patriot—“a sort of buff, Clive Owen-type,” saith Steve Tippie, TMS vice president for licensing. Maeder introduced several new supporting cast members, some of whom would run away with the strip for weeks on end.",
"The most attractive of these was the woman pilot, Amelia Santiago, who, in action and name, was worthy of her own comic strip. I had the sense sometimes that Maeder’s stories never actually ended: they scrambled through one threatening menace after another but then turned a corner into a new series of threats and menaces before quite resolving the previous conjuration. It was a page-turner without end—a continuous cliff-hanger. Nothing wrong with that: daily continuity strips are, almost by definition, prolonged cliff-hangers. But most of them end stories; Maeder’s Annie never seemed to. Gray’s strip had inspired a radio show, the first late-afternoon serial for young listeners; it debuted in 1930 and continued until April 1942. Hollywood produced movie versions, and Annie merchandise flooded the marketplace from time-to-time. The 1977 musical, which is performed over and over again across America by community theaters that pay fees for the privilege, has been “an annuity” for the syndicate, according to Tippie, interviewed by Phil Rosenthal at the Chicago Tribune. And TMS isn’t likely to forget the orphan’s revenue-generating potential.",
"As the strip approached its discontinuation, it was being published in less than 20 newspapers; it could scarcely yield enough income to support its writer-artist team. Not even the Tribune was running the strip, once one of the paper’s biggest attractions. Strangely, with Tippie as our source, TMS doesn’t seem to know why the strip has slipped in popularity. Officials are blaming the generally straitened circumstances in the newspaper business: the last few years, Tippie said, the strip has targeted young readers (instead of adults who are the biggest segment of comic strip readers?), and young readers don’t buy or read newspapers. Tippie and his cohorts may be confused about who reads their features, but they are not confused about potential revenue sources. In the last panel of the last strip, we see Daddy Warbucks, who, for all practical purposes, has displaced Annie as the chief protagonist, brooding uncertainly about what happened to Annie in her latest run-in with the Butcher of the Balkans. “And, leapin’ lizards, what about her dog Sandy?” asks Rosenthal.",
"It’s a cliff-hanger, a Maeder specialty—“actually a show of faith that there’s still life in the old gal,” says Rosenthal. And then he quotes Tippie: “Annie is definitely not dying,” Tippie says. “She will definitely have a life beyond this newspaper incarnation. The daily newspaper strip will go away. Now, that doesn’t mean that Annie won’t come back—whether in comic books, graphic novels, in print or electronic media. It’s just too rich a vein not to mine,” he concluded. All that’s lacking is the prospector who discovered and developed the vein of gold 86 years before. By way of saying a fond farewell to the auburn-haired orphan, here are a couple glimpses of the less grim and brooding aspect of cartoonist Gray’s vision. In these visuals, we see that Gray had a sense of humor, a laudably perverse one, at least about such intimate matters as Annie’s eyeballs and her perpetually red dress.",
"(I hand-colored one of these visual aids; alas, the only copy I had was a smeary black-and-white.) FILED UNDER: Harold Gray , Leonard Starr 9 Responses to The Orphan’s Epic Little Orphan Annie Home Page Reprinted with the Author's Permission From the collection of Richard Olson In 1924, a comic strip artist named Harold Gray created a new comic strip for Captain Patterson's New York Daily News. It was called Little Orphan Otto, and was one of the better ideas he had come up with. Patterson thought it looked like a good concept: the little orphan, not tied to any one location but free to roam from place to place and through various adventures without the hampering presence of a family. But, he counseled Gray: \"He looks like a pansy. Put skirts on the kid.\" (Marschall 166) Gray complied, and changed the name from \"Otto\" to \"Annie.\" Thus Little Orphan Annie was brought into the world on August 5, 1924 and continued successfully until Gray's death in 1968.",
"For 44 years, readers followed Annie through a myriad of adventures that could be as simple as staying at a farm to outwitting Nazi infiltrators. Annie stayed perpetually twelve years old, endowed with the wisdom of the ages and the innocence of eternal childhood. Harold Gray, Annie's creator, had very definite political views on society, government, and human nature. He was ultra-conservative, and had no compunction about airing his views and philosophies in Annie's adventures. He made quite a few enemies in doing so, but the enduring popularity of Annie indicates that there was an essential spark in the character of Annie that spoke to American society, whatever Gray's politics might have been. Annie was, and always shall be, one of the quintessential American heroes: a seemingly weak little girl, who had the ability to endure hardship and uncertainty with hope and hard work and strength of character. The fact that Little Orphan Annie was able to run successfully from 1924 until Gray's death in 1968, and then have a remarkably successful revival in reruns and in musical form is more proof that she is a part of American heroic mythology of the 20th century.",
"To understand better the importance of a character like Annie, it is a good idea to break down the format of her presentation to the bare bones: The comic strip is composed of certain irreducible elements: a succession of panels (in contrast to the single panel cartoon); a story that is told (not a vignette illustration); a written language enclosed in dialogue \"balloons\" and placed within the image frame, serving somehow a visual as well as narrative function; presentation through mass media; and a distinctive new vocabulary. (Marschall 9) This seems rather static, but when you consider how comic strip artists of the early 1900s transcended this definition and went beyond to create an intensely American cultural mythology that grew on a daily basis, out of an allowance of three to four small squares, then the development of the American comic strip becomes all the more wonderful and miraculous. Although comic strips were developed with children in mind, \"funnies\" were usually drawn for adults. (Marschall 13) As early as the American Revolution, the adult nature of cartoons can be seen.",
"Benjamin Franklin's cartoon of the severed snake with its motto, \"Join or Die\" is worth remembering when we consider the role that cartoons can play in a society that may be at war. Franklin was exhorting the colonies to hold together, and typically through the 19th century, cartoons were political and extremely partisan in nature. (Marschall 12) Even as comic strips changed and developed after the turn of the century, their power to comment on politics and even war remained strong, a power Gray was able to capitalize on. Little Orphan Annie came into the rapidly developing Comic Strip scene at an opportune moment. The audience was interested, the medium of the newspaper was willing, and Gray was able. However, his abilities as a storyteller and artist were not so readily apparent in the beginning. His style has been described as stilted, bland, and visually dull. But in retrospect, critics have described Gray as the comic expressionist-his art has a mood of \"overall, and overwhelming, tension,\" with \"deliberate figures and frozen backgrounds.\" (Marschall 173) One of the biggest points of conflict between critics and fans has been the oval, open eyes of Gray's characters.",
"Richard Marschall contends: ...Gray infused the circlets with subtle expression and made much of little...the famous eyes were symbols of the bleak space they observed and in which Gray placed his characters in a spirit of foredoom... (168) It is rather depressing to consider that Gray felt that Annie's world was so perilous and so very dark. Nevertheless, in reading Annie's adventures, where situations are grim and Annie's circumstances grimmer, there is a wonderfully encouraging sense that somehow she will get through it, through her own willpower, hard work, and the kindness of strangers. Indeed, the kindness of strangers is a constant element in Annie's adventures: she arrives in a small town/big city and is without resources/money/strength/ friends, and inevitably, some kind people take her in and make her a part of their home. August 31, 1932 This incessant charity in some measure overcomes the starkness of Gray's artistic style, and creates a comic strip with both tension and gentleness. Little Orphan Annie is essentially a melodrama.",
"As Annie developed, Gray's art cleaned up and his style coalesced, and \"gone were the stories of the 1920s in which Annie befriended baby bears and miniature elephants and briefly became a movie star; in the 1930s she met smugglers, avaricious plutocrats, and venal labor agitators.\" (Marschall 168). Gray had become a story teller of the first order in comic strips. But his change in style was with America. The Great Depression had come, and he used Annie to air his views on life, responsibility, government, and human nature. Gray belonged to the old school of American philosophy, which included the Protestant work ethic and \"mind-your-own-business.\" (Marschall 168) He believed that with a fair chance, anyone could pull himself up by his own bootstraps, and Annie was expected to do so on the average of 2-3 times a year. Why was Annie alone and forced to take care of herself so very often?",
"\"Daddy\" Warbucks, her semi-adoptive parent (I say semi, because he never did adopt her - she would no longer be a \"Little Orphan\" if he had), although a caring and concerned guardian, had business dealings and various battles to fight all over the world. To his credit, he usually tried to leave her in the care of a good school or personal friends, but inevitably, Annie fell into danger and had to go out on the road. July 2, 1937 It was her very vulnerability in these situations that made her efforts to make a place for herself in some community all the more interesting and heroic. Take for example, one of her adventures in the early 1930s. On route to a boarding school while \"Daddy\" is away, Annie finds that the school is really a reformatory, (unbeknownst to \"Daddy\") and escapes from the woman in charge of her. She and her dog Sandy journey for a few weeks, hiding in woods and sleeping under trees until she feels safe from capture. She picks as her new home a small town called Cosmic City, and after going from house to house looking for work or board, is invited in by Mr.",
"and Mrs. Futile, the poorest family in town. She sets in to work with a cheerful will, helping do housework, going to school and catching up on missed lessons, getting a job as a newspaper delivery girl, and starting a small newspaper and novelty store (which she turns over to Mr. Futile, who cannot find work). November 16, 1932 She essentially manages to improve the financial situation of the Futiles, restore their self-respect, rescue a small boy from drowning, and thwart the evil intents of the town rich man, Phineas Pinchpenny. Annie was to follow this model of building up herself and those close to her for many more adventures; a pattern that never palls. As World War II approached, Little Orphan Annie began to enter a more international stage. In 1938 and 39, Annie began to deal with smugglers and spies and other threatening characters whose vague plans for world domination were uneasily similar to those of Hitler. Gray was not alone in his preparation for war - other cartoonists began taking definite stands as well.",
"As the war began in 1941, cartoonists began to make their own contributions to the war effort, by bolstering G. I. confidence and strengthening morale on the home front. (Couperie 83) Series like Terry and the Pirates, Dick Tracy, and Joe Palooka all entered the war - Terry stopped fighting Far Eastern villains and started flying fighter planes, Joe Palooka also went to war, and Dick Tracy rooted out spy rings in the U. S. In Little Orphan Annie, \"Daddy\", Punjab, and the Asp return in May of 1942 from some remote locale where they have been fighting for the Allies. \"Daddy\" has become a 3-star lieutenant general, although as Annie notices, he is not in an U. S. uniform.",
"\"Daddy\" explains: \"Oh--well, you see, Annie, I got in a little ahead of schedule--after all, we're all out to lick the same gang.\": May 4, 1942 We never are told exactly where he has been, or who he has been fighting with, but in his typical style, \"Daddy\", with the voice of Gray, has used his power for good-as far as he is concerned, \"If he uses his power only for good, why look too closely into the matter?\" (Little Orphan Annie March 8, 1941) This strain of enlightened despotism flows throughout all of Little Orphan Annie, and is one of the disquieting aspects of the comic strip. Punjab and the Asp have to be frequently reprimanded (but not too harshly) for removing Warbucks' enemies from the scene. They are totally devoted to Warbucks and Annie, and are very good at ferreting out villains, but their lack of reliance on the justice system and the police adds to the tension of the strip. Having established this aspect of Warbucks' character, it is easy to see why he would enter the war before America!",
"Less than two weeks later Warbucks sets off again to \"do his part\" - his own way,\" and Annie stays behind in the household of Dr. Zee. But Gray had no intention of leaving her idle as the war surrounded them: \"Don't they re'lize we can't win this thing till we all get in there an' pitch? Even we kids!\" May 16, 1942 Her first mission is dramatic enough for any child on the home front longing for a real adventure. She and her friend Panda find a hidden U-boat in a nearby cove, and manage to drag a floating mine to dash against the hull and blow it up. But perhaps realizing that U-boats did not usually lie in coves around the U. S. coastline, Gray launched Annie into the Junior Commandos, her greatest endeavor for the war effort. Some of the children around town wonder why Annie and her friend Loretta never take time to play with them anymore, assuming that they are just odd. But Annie responds to their teasing: Loretta an' I have somethin' lots more important than playin', we're doin' war work.",
"It's our war, just as much-or maybe more-than anybody else's. We're givin' all we can to help those who are givin' ever'thing for us! (Smith 48-49) June 15, 1942 And the Junior Commandos were launched: their purpose, to aid the war effort. \"Scrap collection--carin' for war workers' kids--savin' fats--anti-noise patrols--sellin' war stamps an' bonds--runnin' errands--doin' odd jobs--all to raise money to buy more bonds...\" (Little Orphan Annie January 6, 1943) Nothing was too big to tackle, no task too menial or exhausting. Gray intended for JCs to be very serious and \"starched\"-\"`Colonel' Annie as she came to call herself-kept a ledger with the name of every person in town written in it,\" (Smith 49) and by each name a mark was made.",
"If they gave metal, they got a blue star; if they hired a JC, a red star; and if they did not even try to do anything, they were doomed to a yellow star. June 23, 1942 Then fiction became reality, and the JCs were put into practice in real life-within a month of its comic strip introduction in June of 1942, the Junior Commandos were \"one of the most successful domestic operations of the war.\" (Smith 49) By the fall of that year, there were \"close to 20,000 JCs enrolled and filed under localities throughout Metropolitan Boston\" alone! (Smith 50) The idea for the JCs had gone into practice in the real world, but back on the comics page, Annie's work was not done. Unable to stay long in any place, Annie is invited to a huge Spanish castle in a town called Riverside by a friend of Warbucks, so that she might see her \"Daddy\" again when he got leave. What she does not know is that the castle has been taken over by Nazi spies who are using the huge underwater cave under the castle to hide U-boats!",
"Annie settles in happily, waiting for her \"Daddy\" to arrive, but begins to notice that all is not as it should be in the castle. But as she keeps her ears and eyes open, and her mouth shut (one of Gray's favorite virtues), she revitalizes the JC group that had grown lax in Riverside. She becomes their \"Colonel\" and drills them back into shape. January 28, 1943 This proved to be a great help, for in snooping around the castle, Annie finds hidden passageways and discovers that the real owner of the castle and his staff are imprisoned in the long-forgotten torture chambers. She and her JC companions formulate a plan to release the prisoners and overthrow the Nazi spies. With great cunning and ingenuity, she and her friends capture most of the spies and release Malcolm Mitt, the owner of the castle and the bearer of the most amazing set of whiskers ever seen on a comics page. The JCs fade into the background, and the adults go to work, luring the hidden U-boats into the caverns, removing their crews, and sending the boats out again to explode in open water.",
"This particular adventure went on for 7 months, from January 4 to July 31, 1943. In later adventures and new locales, even in the midst of danger, Annie kept in touch with her JCs. She was famous as their founder, and would step in at a moment's notice and whip them into shape. They were to be ready for anything. Within a week of their initial inception, Annie had commandeered a woodshed for a headquarters and taken to organizing and giving orders quite naturally, a talent she learned from her \"Daddy\". A qualified leader and a tireless worker, Annie made the greatest sacrifices of anyone in her troop for the war effort. In the town of Gooneyville, Annie starts a JC group, but when she realizes that each JC is doing the work of three people, goes out to actively recruit the children who live on the other side of the tracks in Limbo Lake. Their scorn is daunting, but when she knocks down a bully, they instantly respect her and get into the war effort full time.",
"September 4, 1943 But eventually Annie left the thriving JCs behind and went on to new tasks - it is during this time that Gray's own political ideology became even more evident, and he lost a great deal of the popularity he gained in the formation of the JCs. Taking potshots at what he perceived as government corruption, (Smith 51) Gray had a run-in with his local ration board, which would not allow him the gas coupons he required to go out driving around to look for new material for Annie. He took this as a slight, and in Annie's adventures in Gooneyville he created a Local Ration Board headed up by \"Fred Flask\" who had a double standard, driving his three cars around town. August 16, 1943 Public outrage at this whining on Gray's part was almost immediate, and Gray dropped the sequence. But other aspects of American government that Gray did not like, such as FDR, were alluded to more subtly. In 1944, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was reelected to his 4th term, and Gray could hardly bear it.",
"In desperation, he decided that his alter ego, \"Daddy\" Warbucks, could not live in this poisonous Rooseveltean era. Warbucks returns from another one of his mysterious missions, but it is evident that all is not well with him, and Annie begins to worry. But Warbucks is not afraid of dying - he speaks confidently about going into death: \"No one is ever in a hurry to make the final journey. But I'm as ready as I'll ever be...I've lived my life according to my time and my generation... probably it's time for me to go!\" August 17, 1944 This veiled reference to his discontent with the present administration is stretched over several weeks - Mrs. Hold, who cares for him at the end admits to Annie: \"Ahem...yes, that fever can be pretty bad stuff, you know...\" (see Little Orphan Annie August 4, 1944) and \"Some kinds of weather are worse than others for his fever...\" (see Little Orphan Annie August 12, 1944). Warbucks died on August 20, 1944.",
"But then FDR died, and Gray set to literally dancing on his grave by resurrecting Warbucks with malicious comments on how the climate had changed. (Smith, 63) August 28, 1945 Eventually the war came to an end, and Annie and \"Daddy\" went on to other adventures, although after outwitting Nazi spies and working for the war effort, Annie's later adventures seem to lack some of the vitality and excitement of the war years. Annie continued on her way, making a difference in the lives of the people around her, thwarting evil intent, and helping the underdog. However Annie was not, as has been so incorrectly portrayed in the musical Annie, a boundless optimist. She knew what she could expect from people, both good and bad. Educated by her experiences and her \"Daddy,\" Annie was too wise to ever rest on her laurels. She continued working to improve wherever she went.",
"In March of 1943, Coronet magazine pronounced Annie \"more of a heroine than Joan of Arc, more tragic and appealing than Helen of Troy, and far more real than the current glamour girl to 50,000 people of assorted sizes and shapes and of all ages.\" (Smith 50) Coronet declared that Little Orphan Annie had gone from being a \"comic strip\" to a \"cosmic strip\". (Smith 51) It was her vulnerability, combined with her practical/hopeful philosophy that made her as appealing as she was to the American public. She was the model American: resourceful, clever, generous, self-sufficient and ambitious. She had a shield of invulnerability, partially due to the medium in which she was presented (Gray would hardly kill her off) but also due to her unfailing energy and basic belief in her own abilities and talents to take care of herself that made her stronger than most adults. Annie was a child, yet it was believable that she could develop and organize an enormous organization of children to aid in the war effort on the home front. She was only twelve years old, but it was conceivable that she could uncover a nest of Nazi spies and outwit them.",
"She was a little girl with no parents, no last name, and no protection from the cruel world, yet she had the ability to bring out the best in the people around her, cross class barriers, and create lasting friendships within every society she passed through. Like Odysseus or Aeneas, she was sentenced to wander eternally, (Marschall 177) but we are made the richer for it. Bibliography Couperie, Pierre et al. A History of the Comic Strip. New York: Crown Publishers, 1968. Gray, Harold. Arf! The Life and Hard Times of Little Orphan Annie, 1935-1945. New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1970. Marschall, Richard. America's Great Comic Strip Artists. New York: Abbeville Press, 1989. Smith, Bruce. The History of Little Orphan Annie. New York: Ballantine Books, 1982."
] |
What exotic city was featured in National Geographic magazine's first photo story in 1905?
|
Lhasa, Tibet
|
[
"Lhasa",
"Lhasa, Tibet",
"拉萨",
"Administrative divisions of Lhasa",
"Lahasa",
"Lhosa",
"拉萨市",
"拉薩",
"Capital of Tibet",
"Lasa, Xizang",
"Lhasa, Xizang",
"拉薩市",
"Chengguan District, Lhasa",
"Lhassa",
"Dharkay Restaurant",
"Lāsà"
] | 8,628
|
[
"National Geographic Magazine - NGM.com Published: September 2015 How a Remote Peak in Myanmar Nearly Broke an Elite Team of Climbers On one of mountaineering’s most dangerous journeys, group was pushed to the limit by physical and mental challenges. By Mark Jenkins Photographs by Cory Richards Photograph above by Renan Ozturk The wind slams into me, and I desperately grip my ice axes to keep from being ripped off the mountain face. I push my head against the snow, calm myself, and look down. Beneath my crampons is a 5,000-foot drop. It’s like looking down from the open door of an airplane. I am roped to my two companions, with nothing attaching us to the mountain. A fall here would send all three of us plummeting to our death. When the wind subsides, I pound an aluminum stake into the snow and clip the rope to it. It wouldn’t hold if I were to fall but gives me enough psychological comfort to continue. I concentrate, methodically swinging my ice tools and kicking my crampons. At a rock rampart I place an anchor and belay my partners, Cory Richards and Renan Ozturk, across the chasm.",
"“Nice lead, dude!” Cory shouts above the roar of the wind when he arrives. He climbs onward, slanting left, searching for a passage up through the granite and snow. When Renan reaches me, there is no room on my ledge, so he traverses out to his own perch. Cory carefully tiptoes the teeth of his crampons along a thin ledge above us and disappears from sight. Renan and I wait, hunched against the wind. We stomp our feet and painfully slap our gloved hands. We are too far apart to talk. We just stand there, together but alone, on the side of the snow-plastered cliff more than three miles in the sky. After a half hour we begin to freeze. After an hour we can no longer feel our fingers or toes. “I can’t take it anymore,” Renan yells through his frozen beard. “My feet are gone. I have to start moving.” We don’t know what Cory is doing above us, but we’re so cold it doesn’t matter. Renan starts climbing, then I follow. We’re all still roped together, so it’s crucial that none of us fall.",
"The rope is supposed to be secured to the mountain to catch a fall, but mortal predicaments like this happen often in mountaineering. When there are no good anchors, your partners become your anchors, physically and emotionally. You must trust your life to their judgment and ability, and they entrust their lives to yours. This is the code of the mountains. Stretched to the limit, the team—which included (left to right) videographer Renan Ozturk, author Mark Jenkins, photographer Cory Richards, climber Emily Harrington, and expedition leader Hilaree O’Neill—began running low on food on the hike out. “None of us anticipated we’d get that strung out,” says Cory. Renan and I halt in a small rock recess overlooking the north face of the mountain. Through blowing spindrift we can see Cory traversing another expanse of snow. It is too dangerous for Renan and me to keep moving. Again, we must wait. We huddle close, but we’re still freezing. The wind swirls around our bodies, howling and biting at us like invisible hyenas. “My feet are turnaround cold,” Renan says. What he means is that they’re close to frostbite.",
"I wonder, for at least the tenth time on this expedition, whether this is the end of our quest to climb the highest peak in Myanmar—a journey that has pushed us to our physical and emotional limits. Far below us on the mountain, our other team members are pulling for us in spirit. Our base camp manager, Taylor Rees, is at the foot of the mountain. The previous day we left Hilaree O’Neill and Emily Harrington at camp 3, a tent nested on a snowy ridgeline, where our weary team had a bitter argument over who would try for the summit. I tell Renan to take off his boots and place his feet underneath my down parka, against my chest. He has socks on, and my chest isn’t exactly a furnace, but it’s the best we can do. When Cory makes his way around a rock buttress, we start moving. An hour passes before we finally regroup on a thin ledge. Our immediate goal remains far above us—the crest of the west ridge, glistening like the edge of a sword. “My lead,” Renan says. He begins climbing, woodenly kicking his crampons into the snow. He disappears into the sun. The rope tightens, and Cory takes off.",
"After he vanishes, I follow. When I reach the ridge and push my ice-crusted face into the sun, it’s like poking my head into heaven. The sudden warmth renews my hope. I pull my body onto the ridge, and a blanket of sunlight envelops me. After the dark, soul-sucking cold of the north face, it feels like rebirth. Renan and Cory have dropped over the ridge to get out of the wind and discovered a stone platform hanging above the south face. The sun is spread over the rock like honey. “Lunch ledge!” I bellow, christening our aerie. Within minutes I’ve got our tiny stove roaring. Renan takes off his boots and begins rubbing his toes. Cory gets out his camera and begins snapping pictures. After more than a week of climbing, this is the first time we can actually see the summit: a steep, shining pyramid of snow. But we can also see what we have left to climb: a menacing, serrated ridge of rock and snow, guarded by a dozen dagger-like pinnacles.",
"NGM Maps “Let’s do an old-school adventure,” Hilaree had said, “an expedition to someplace still remote and unknown.” It was the spring of 2012, and we were coming off Mount Everest. Hilaree is the toughest woman I’ve ever met. After summiting Everest, she climbed its neighbor, Lhotse, with two torn ligaments in her ankle. We had a lot in common. Both of us had grown up loving mountains. We were both married with two kids and trying to find a way to balance family life with expeditions. And we were both disillusioned by Everest’s commercialism and crowds. We needed to get back to what made us climbers to begin with. But finding someplace truly remote is tricky. A plane will take you to the North or South Pole, you can hop a helicopter to the base camp of Everest or Makalu, tourist boats cruise the Nile and the Amazon. Real remoteness—somewhere that requires days or even weeks of walking just to reach—has almost vanished from Earth. And yet I knew a place, a mountain that had long held me in its thrall. But because of my private history with it, I was reluctant to say anything.",
"Eventually, after bouncing ideas back and forth—Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Kazakhstan—my enthusiasm got the best of me. “What about,” I hesitated, “Hkakabo Razi?” Hkakabo Razi (pronounced KA-kuh-bo RAH-zee) is said to be the highest peak in Southeast Asia. It is a jagged massif of black rock and white glaciers that rises improbably out of the steaming green jungles of northern Myanmar. Located just beyond the eastern edge of the Himalaya, on the border with Tibet, it was first measured by a British survey published in 1925 at 19,296 feet high. It is a peak so remote, few climbers have heard of it even today. Getting to the mountain would require a two-week trek through dense jungle riven with plunging gorges and inhabited by venomous snakes. Hilaree was hooked immediately. We were planning our expedition before we left Kathmandu. I had learned of Hkakabo in the 1980s, when I picked up a yellowed copy of Burma’s Icy Mountains by British explorer Francis Kingdon-Ward.",
"It described his 1937 expedition into the region and his audacious attempt to climb Hkakabo Razi solo. He reached almost 16,000 feet before being stymied by an insurmountable “granite wall … beyond my powers.” The Rawang were not immune to the vagaries of the jungle. A toddler was brought to us with infected insect bites. A tribal elder told me, “Everyone here either gets better on their own or dies.” Kingdon-Ward’s “powers,” as I learned from reading his many other books, were protean. A brilliant botanist, lyrical writer, indefatigable plant hunter, and purportedly a British spy, Kingdon-Ward was one of those hard-as-iron adventurers in the mold of polar voyager Roald Amundsen or Amazonian explorer Percy Fawcett. Kingdon-Ward could tramp through jungle for months on rice and tea, writing in his journal at night beside a campfire. From 1909 to 1956, he made more than 20 expeditions into Central Asia, during which he survived a fall off a cliff and one of the century’s worst earthquakes.",
"Along the way he collected hundreds of plants and named many, including species of rhododendrons and lilies that now adorn gardens worldwide. I was entranced by Kingdon-Ward’s journeys and was determined to make the first ascent of Hkakabo Razi. So in the fall of 1993, I enlisted my climbing buddies Steve Babits, Mike Moe, and Keith Spencer. We called ourselves the Wyoming Alpine Club. Mike had been my best friend since high school in Laramie, and I’d met Keith and Steve at the University of Wyoming. Since then, Mike and I had done several first ascents in the Rockies and the first kayak descent of the Niger River in West Africa. At that time the military junta controlling Burma—later renamed Myanmar—had declared the north off-limits to foreigners. We naively planned to avoid this obstacle by accessing the mountain from Tibet, illegally crossing the border, traveling light and fast with no porters. We flew to Lhasa with our rucksacks and proceeded to sneak across eastern Tibet—also closed to foreigners—hitching rides in the backs of trucks and talking our way past checkpoints. It took more than a month just to get near the base of the mountain.",
"Mike and Steve had to return home, leaving only Keith and me to climb. We ran out of food on the north side of Hkakabo and had to descend to a Tibetan village. There we were promptly arrested by the Chinese military, interrogated, and jailed. We signed a four-page confession of “misconduct” and were deported. Two years later, to my chagrin, the Myanmar government granted Japanese mountaineer Takashi Ozaki permission to climb Hkakabo Razi. Ozaki was an unstoppable Himalayan veteran, having made the first full ascent of the north face of Everest in 1980. (He would die climbing there in 2011.) He made two failed attempts on Hkakabo in 1995, but in September 1996, after two months of climbing, Ozaki summited with Tibetan-born mountaineer Nyima Gyaltsen. He told the Asia Times, “I can say absolutely that Hkakabo Razi is one of the most difficult and dangerous mountains in the world.",
"I was never scared before, like this time.” Ozaki published a detailed account of his expedition, but he did not measure the summit elevation with a GPS, which left the mountain’s exact height undetermined. The climbers hired a caravan of motorcycles in the northern town of Putao to transport their gear and supplies across Kachin state. They rode for three days before the wet and muddy route became passable only on foot. Young and convinced of our invincibility, Mike, Keith, and I talked about returning to Hkakabo. (Steve had moved on to different adventures.) But it was not to be. Mike died on an expedition in 1995, along with his brother and two others. A bowhead whale tipped over their boat in the Arctic Ocean, and they all perished from hypothermia. Mike left behind a wife and three kids. None of us ever quite recovered. Still, Keith and I continued doing expeditions and often ice climbed together. On January 2, 2009, we were on the fifth pitch of an icefall in north Wyoming. I was belaying him from a small alcove in the ice.",
"He was cheerfully climbing 15 feet below me when we heard a deafening roar. A section of ice above us had cut loose. Seconds later tons of ice crashed down. Keith was killed, his neck broken by the impact. There was no reason why I lived and Keith died. We’d taken the safety precautions. He didn’t do anything wrong, and I didn’t do anything to save myself. There was no moral, aside from the inescapable truth that mountains are dangerous, and occasionally inflict horror and sorrow on those who dare to climb them. Lounging on our lunch ledge in the sun on Hkakabo Razi, slurping down hot noodles with Cory and Renan, I am reminded of my lost friends. Mike was funny like Cory, who’s kept us going through some of the trip’s worst moments with perfectly timed wisecracks. Keith was quiet like Renan, always taking in the grandeur around him, always the calm voice in the midst of crisis. During these past weeks I’ve spent with Cory and Renan, it’s been a bit like looking back in time at myself and my dead friends.",
"I recognize in these two younger men the same passion for climbing mountains, the same determined toughness, the same boundless ambition, and at moments the same sense of being bulletproof that Mike, Keith, and I had 22 years ago. Our resolve replenished, we begin to study the crenellated ridge before us that leads to the summit. Because the mountain has remained largely unexplored, we are climbing with little knowledge of the terrain. Even satellite images don’t reveal the true difficulty of the climb. From the lunch ledge, the route ahead looks more demanding than what we’ve encountered so far. Along their 151-mile jungle trek, the team stayed in the homes of local Rawang who live in Myanmar’s far north. Unlike Nepal, where commercial climbing is well established, the people here encounter few foreign mountaineers. Hkakabo’s west ridge is a two-mile-long saw blade—a series of stone towers separated by sharp cols of snow.",
"Unlike on some mountains, where you can shoot right up to the summit, we have been climbing up and down the jagged ridgeline the whole way—up a tooth of rock, rappelling down the backside, balancing across a bridge of snow, then up the next craggy pinnacle. We try to identify a potential route, but the spiked ridge weaves like a serpent’s tail so we can’t see all the obstacles. We do, however, spot a notch that looks like the best location to bivouac for the night. We pack up and start moving, trying to stay on the sunny side of the ridge. It takes us four hours to reach the notch. We are so fatigued that we can barely stomp out a tent platform. Our faces are rimed with ice from breathing so hard. While trying to shove the poles into our tent, the wind lifts it like a kite. We throw in our packs, guy it down, and pile inside. “The shiver bivvy begins,” says Cory as he zips the tent, closing off the screeching blackness that has descended on the mountain. We knew this night was going to be misery.",
"At camp 3 we could see that the ridge became technical and treacherous. So we ruthlessly cut the weight of our packs, bringing only bare essentials, hoping it would be enough to get us to the top and back down. We left our winter sleeping bags and carried only the thin overbag shells. We have one stove, one fuel bottle, one pot, one spoon, two instant pasta meals, and the three of us are crammed into a two-person tent. Sitting knee-to-knee, our backs pressed against the tent, we set our stove on our boots and nearly asphyxiate ourselves boiling water from snow. One person holds the stove, another the pot. We are wearing everything we have. Only our headlamps and runny noses stick out from beneath the hoods of our parkas. Renan says little, which is normal. But even Cory is quiet. We have been sleeping with each other for weeks, like poor brothers in one bed. We know each other’s secrets. I know Renan is dealing with the betrayal of a friend. I know Cory’s struggling to stay married and be a world-traveling photographer.",
"They know I’m haunted by memories of my dead friends, that this mountain is my white whale. My thoughts drift to how close we are to our goal and our team’s ugly fight and the toll it’s taken on my friendship with Hilaree. The past weeks spent with Cory and Renan have been like looking back in time at myself and my two dead friends. In these two younger men I see the same passion for climbing, the same sense of being bulletproof we had 22 years ago. Just getting to the foot of Hkakabo Razi took a month. The very thing that Hilaree and I had wished for on the slopes of Everest—remoteness—was the very thing that threatened our expedition from the beginning. First we had to cross most of Myanmar. From Yangon we took an overnight bus to Bagan, then a ferry up the Irrawaddy River to Mandalay, where we got on a train that bucked and swayed as if it would derail at any moment. In Myitkyina we boarded a plane where a fellow passenger checked an AK-47 as carry-on luggage.",
"On arrival in Putao, the northernmost town in Kachin state, we spent five days “under arrest” while our climbing permits were batted back and forth among officials. Finally, we loaded our gear onto a caravan of motorcycles and set off for three days, crashing through streams and churning through mud until the trail became passable only on foot. Then began the 151-mile trek to the base of Hkakabo through the wet, dark jungle. The dense forest canopy cast a dim green glow. For two weeks we moved along this tunnel-like track, always rising steeply or plunging suddenly, from one local enclave to the next, exactly as Francis Kingdon-Ward had done 77 years earlier. We slept in the bamboo homes built on stilts of the Rawang people. Although Kachin state is known for its jade and gold mines and for illegal logging, people this far north mainly raise pigs and chickens and grow little plots of rice. On the first day trekking in the jungle Hilaree was almost struck by a snake. She saw it coiled on the trail at the last moment and leaped over it.",
"Poised to strike, the serpent’s flat head floated side to side, its black tongue squirting in and out. We all kept our distance except Cory, who knelt down and began snapping photos. “White-lipped pit viper,” he declared. It was one of a dozen snakes toxinologist Zoltan Takacs had warned us about before we came to Myanmar. If one of us were bitten, the venom could cause bleeding from the nose, eyes, gums, and rectum and could be fatal. We carried two antivenoms, one for vipers, the other for cobras and kraits, but Takacs had warned us that relying on antivenom in the jungle was dicey. Far less dangerous were the leeches. They would drop down onto our necks as we pushed through wet branches or suck onto our feet and legs during stream crossings. All day we’d pluck their blood-engorged bodies off our skin, leaving bites that didn’t fully heal for weeks. And then there were the spiders. We continually pushed through cobwebs the size of fishing nets. Some held spiders baring fangs so large they were visible from a few feet away.",
"Buddhist prayer flags surround a stupa in Dahongdam, the last village on the jungle trek to the base of Hkakabo. Though Myanmar is 90 percent Buddhist, most communities the team encountered on the route were Christian. The Rawang were not immune to the vagaries of the jungle. In one village a distraught mother brought a screaming child to us, her tiny body swollen from infected bites. Hilaree and Emily smeared antibiotic cream on her arms, legs, and face. When I asked what would become of the child, a tribal elder told me, “Everyone here either gets better on their own or dies.” The legs of one of our youngest porters, a schoolgirl of about 12, were so welted with bites that her skin was as bumpy as a toad’s. She was one of three girls of similar age whom we shamefully hired, along with their brothers, parents, and grandparents, to carry our gear. We hired anyone we could find. They all hefted loads with practiced efficiency. We’d recruit porters from one village to help us get to the next village up the trail. Some would work for a few days, others just for a few hours.",
"Sometimes they’d abandon us without a word, slipping away in the night. The truth is, we had brought far too much stuff—cameras and lighting equipment, laptops, extra batteries, even two drones to get aerial footage—the paraphernalia of a modern expedition. But it was all useless without enough strong backs to carry it. So we began leaving bags of gear in the villages we passed through until we were down to a quarter of our initial load. At almost any other time, we would have encountered plenty of locals along this trail willing to make $15 a day, twice the local wage. But when we arrived in the fall of 2014, Hkakabo Razi had improbably become front-page news. On September 10, 2014, three weeks before our team left the United States, an Associated Press headline read: “Search for missing climbers begins in Myanmar.” An eight-man, all-Burmese expedition had set out for Hkakabo to put one of its citizens atop the country’s highest peak. It was a matter of national pride. On August 31, after two weeks of climbing, two team members signaled from somewhere near the summit. They were never heard from again.",
"An enormous search effort was mounted. Porters were recruited from local villages to supply the search teams. Choppers buzzed over the jungle between Putao and the mountain. Then one of the helicopters, with two pilots and a passenger, disappeared. The search for the climbers was suspended, and a search for the helicopter ensued. Nine days later, the helicopter’s passenger stumbled out of the jungle and led rescuers to the pilots: One was alive but severely burned, the other dead. After decades of quiet obscurity, Hkakabo Razi had claimed three lives in one month. Porters take a break on a bed of bamboo leaves. In some villages, the team hired entire families, even grandparents, to carry gear. Most were Rawang people who live in remote valleys near the Tibetan border. Another American climbing team was partly behind this sudden Burmese attention to the mountain. The year before, Andy Tyson, a Teton-based guide, had led an American-Burmese expedition to a neighboring peak called Gamlang Razi. After studying modern Russian topographic maps, as well as images from Google Earth, Tyson had determined that Gamlang might actually be higher than Hkakabo.",
"Tyson’s team made the first ascent of Gamlang Razi in September 2013. Using a survey-grade GPS, they measured its height at 19,259 feet. Although this was still 37 feet lower than Hkakabo’s 1925 British survey height of 19,296, it was higher than the 18,671 feet that Russian surveyors had calculated in the 1970s and 1980s. “No one in Burma wanted to believe that Gamlang was higher than Hkakabo,” Tyson told me last year, noting that Hkakabo is a long-revered symbol of national pride, and a foreigner calling its prominence into question embarrassed some Burmese. (Tragically, Andy Tyson was killed in a plane crash in April.) In fact the Burmese expedition had set out to prove that Hkakabo Razi was still the country’s highest peak. Before disappearing on the upper reaches of the mountain, their ill-fated climbers had transmitted a GPS reading of 18,996 feet. In my own research, I had contacted Robert Crippen, an Earth scientist for NASA.",
"We discussed the various methods for measuring Gamlang and Hkakabo. “The real bottom line is that errors of 30 meters [100 feet] or more might not be evident, and this is about the difference in these peaks,” he said. “So we have evidence, but no proof, for which one is higher.” The highest mountain in Myanmar would remain a mystery until someone stood on the summit of Hkakabo with a GPS. If one of us were to slip off the ridge, the only way to save his life would be for the next climber on the rope to quickly jump off the opposite side, both men praying in the millisecond that the rope wouldn’t sever. Renan, Cory, and I pass the spoon, each of us gulping down hot soup, while the wind punches at the tent like a boxer working a heavy bag. When the pot has cooled, we hand it around and swill the last of the liquid. We pack snow inside the pot, put it back on the stove, and keep melting snow until each of us has a full hot water bottle, which we will sleep with on our chests.",
"It is so cold we would prefer to just stay locked together around the purring stove all night—screw the toxic fumes—but we don’t have enough fuel. We turn off the stove knowing that the next hours will feel like several days. We arrange our ropes and packs underneath ourselves and try to find some way we can all stretch out. If we lie on our sides, it’s just possible. “Nothing I like more than spooning with two really smelly dudes,” Cory quips. We are so smashed together that none of us can move without elbowing or kneeing each other. We don’t expect to sleep. We expect to suffer. We pull our balaclavas down over our faces like knights closing their visors in preparation for battle. We put our mittens beneath our hips to insulate them against the snow. Renan and I are on the outside, up against the frost-covered tent walls, while skinny Cory is in the middle. It’s like being buried together inside a small tomb. We lie there for hours, each of us floating in our own dark thoughts. “I’m freezing,” I say in the black of night. I have been trying to hold it in for a couple of hours.",
"My back has been against the tent wall for so long the cold has penetrated through to my chest. “I need to start the stove or something.” “Get in the middle, I’ll take the outside,” says Cory. We trade places, and I don’t get warm, but I don’t get any colder. We stay in this position for as long as we can stand it. In the darkest, coldest hour, I start imagining someone finding our bony bodies lined up in the snow like crooked logs. Finally, finally, daybreak comes. Back in the jungle, two days before reaching base camp, we met a bone-weary, hollow-eyed Japanese team that was retreating from Hkakabo as if returning from the front lines of an epic battle. We’d heard about them and had been concerned that they’d summit ahead of us, rendering all our efforts meaningless before we even got to see the mountain. But they’d been delayed by the rescue of the Burmese climbers. Eventually, they had made their own attempt via the west ridge, which was also the route we intended to take. Their team leader, Hiro Kuraoka, was injured. He had slipped among the boulders and badly bruised his buttocks.",
"Despite lying in a sleeping bag with a bulging hematoma on his backside, Hiro was animated and generous, explaining their route in detail and showing us numerous photos of the topography from various camps. He said they had been stopped several hundred feet from the summit by a razor’s edge of snow and sharp, insurmountable pinnacles. Like two military platoons passing in the night, we exchanged supplies. We gave Hiro a bottle of ibuprofen, and he gave us stove fuel and ropes. His team was defeated but alive, which in the end is all that really matters. After nearly two weeks of trekking, we finally climbed out of the fetid jungle onto the rising southern flank of Hkakabo. The tropical humidity gave way to a bracing alpine mist, and we dug into our bags for fleeces and down jackets. We’d all lost weight and were tired from the arduous trek. And we were running out of time. In planning the expedition, we had agreed to be home by Thanksgiving. In Kingdon-Ward’s time, the end point of an expedition was rarely based on a preset date, but in our modern age, time is the least available commodity.",
"We had just 10 days before we had to begin our hike out. I knew Ozaki had needed 25 days from base camp to climb the mountain. Blocked by tooth-like rock spires, Mark turns back from the ridge leading to Hkakabo’s snowy summit. To go on, the team would’ve had to spend a night without food, a tent, or sleeping bags. “We’d have lost digits, if not our lives,” says Cory. Over the next week, we put in three camps up the spine of the west ridge, but under time pressure and faced with the difficulty of the terrain, relations among the team were fraying. I was especially concerned when Hilaree reached camp 2 dangerously hypothermic. We got her warm, but it was a cautionary moment. The next day, climbing to camp 3, neither Emily nor Hilaree appeared comfortable on the steep, exposed faces of ice and snow and moved slowly. In retrospect we should have expected this slower pace. Emily is a national sport-climbing champion but had little experience climbing this kind of mixed terrain. Hilaree is a renowned ski mountaineer with some challenging alpine climbing expeditions on her résumé.",
"But Cory, Renan, and I have deeper backgrounds in this type of environment. Cory had been the first American to summit Pakistan’s 26,362-foot Gasherbrum II in winter—and survived an avalanche in the process. Renan had been part of the team that summited India’s 20,702-foot Meru Central via the Shark’s Fin, a brutal climb many thought impossible. And over 35 years of climbing, I’d done first ascents in Antarctica and the Rockies, Alps, and Himalaya. These experiences didn’t change any of the inherent dangers, but it did mean we three were able to move faster and implicitly trust each other with our lives as we tried for the summit. That night, at camp 3, Renan and Cory both privately expressed concerns about climbing any farther with the entire team. We spent the next day in our tents acclimatizing, and there was no way around the painful conversation. In his soft-spoken way, Renan noted that the climbing was going to get more dangerous. It was also pointed out that three people moving fast had the best chance of summiting in the brief time we had left. Emily readily agreed that she was in over her head.",
"But Hilaree was deeply offended and insisted that she should go for the summit. I explained it was an issue of safety for the whole team, but Hilaree was wounded. “I’m going to say one thing,” she said, her voice welling with emotion as she left the tent, “[Expletive] you, Mark, for the vote of confidence.” This expedition was sponsored by a grant from National Geographic’s Expeditions Council and The North Face. Nothing is more damning in the mountains than hubris, yet hubris is fundamental to climbing mountains. All serious mountaineers possess big egos. You cannot take on the risks and constant suffering of big mountains without one. We may talk like Buddhists, but don’t be fooled, we’re actually narcissists—driven, single-minded, masochistic narcissists. Nearly all of us, on some mountain at some time, have defied logic and refused to turn around, as Hilaree was doing now. Some of us have been lucky enough to survive those misguided moments. This may sound harsh, but I’m at a season in my climbing career where openness and honesty trump polite silence, even with my friends.",
"We were all weary, light-headed from the thin air, and fearful of what lay ahead, and the conversations over the next hours devolved into shouting, accusations, and recriminations. Eventually, Cory couldn’t stand the rancor and said Hilaree could take his place on the summit team. Renan and I were concerned but reluctantly agreed to the new plan. At three the next morning, as we began to rope up, with a freezing Tibetan wind howling, Hilaree made the correct decision. She said it was too cold for her, reasoning that if she had a second bout with hypothermia, she might endanger the team. She told Cory to go instead. “Why do we do this?” Cory asks, struggling like a contortionist to put his boots on inside the tiny tent. “Really! Why?” His hands are too numb to tie the laces. “Because it’s so much fun,” Renan says drily, pressing his elbows against the snapping tent walls. After 39 days of boats and trains, snakes and leeches; after clawing up the sheer faces of Hkakabo’s west ridge; today is summit day.",
"We each take slugs of steaming tea until the pot’s empty, then reluctantly crawl out of the tent into the battering wind. Spindrift is whirling around us. The sun is a distant cold ball. We click on our crampons, rope up, and start climbing. Our feet and fingers are numb, but moving beats trembling in the tent. Our blood starts pumping, and warmth gradually returns to our cores. All serious mountaineers have big egos. You cannot take on the risks and constant suffering of big mountains without one. We may talk like Buddhists, but don’t be fooled, we’re actually hard-driving narcissists. Together we traverse the first of a series of large rock spires. To either side, a mile below us, is an ocean of clouds. If one of us were to slip off the lance-like ridge, the only way to save his life would be for the next climber on the rope to quickly throw himself off the opposite side, both men praying in the millisecond of potential oblivion that the rope isn’t pulled taut over a knife-sharp rock and severed. This is the depth of trust required in mountain climbing. This is how you transcend yourself and bond with your climbing partners.",
"It is the reason we climb. We gather on a little point of snow to reassess. “I’m scared,” Cory says. “I’m really [expletive] scared. I think we should turn around.” His naked honesty is strangely comforting. He’s saying what we all feel. But Renan and I aren’t ready to turn back. I lead down around a snowcapped block, up through a narrow hallway between two slabs of rock, hook along a crescent of snow, and suddenly the entire route to the summit appears before me. I am aghast. We knew we had one more deep notch in the ridge to negotiate, but I see now that it is filled with massive stone teeth, like the jawbone of a dinosaur. It would take us hours, well into the night, to climb through this wind-gnashed maw. To summit would require another night on the mountain, but this time without a tent, stove, food, or water. We would be perched on a ledge on the side of the mountain in the wind in the dark, and we would freeze to death. It is the point of no return. I realize we will not reach the top.",
"We will not measure the height of Hkakabo Razi. We will not solve the mystery of Myanmar’s tallest mountain. I have been carrying a photo of Mike Moe and Keith Spencer for the entire expedition. In it, Mike and Keith are standing on a mountain wearing puffy down coats, helmets, and wide grins. I so fiercely wanted to place this picture on the summit. But it is not to be. I paw out a little hole and place the photo in the snow. I take a GPS reading at our high point, 18,841 feet, then climb slowly back along the ridge to Renan and Cory. They already know our expedition is over. All we want now is to get down alive. | As National Geographic Turns 125, A Look Back At The Iconic Images As National Geographic Turns 125, A Look Back At The Iconic Images By Mark Johanson @MarkJohansonIBT On 09/27/13 AT 5:43 AM The National Geographic Society distributed the first issue of its flagship magazine to 165 members in October 1888.",
"The 125th anniversary issue this October will likely reach 60 million, and it will be published in 39 different languages in both print and digital formats. To say National Geographic has come a long way in its 125 years would be an understatement. Yet, the effect it has had on our culture goes far beyond the pages in print. Walt Disney called the magazine “an invaluable tool” in coming up with his famous characters; the 1916 article “Land of the Best” spurred the establishment of the National Park Service in the United States; and numerous articles in the 2000s by writer Bryan Christy helped overhaul global policies on wildlife smuggling. However, this October’s issue is all about photography. More than anything else, it’s the stunning photos of the exotic and everyday that have become National Geographic’s trademark over the years. “Photography is a powerful tool and form of self-expression,” Editor in Chief Chris Johns said of the anniversary edition.",
"“Sharing what you see and experience through the camera allows you to connect, move and inspire people around the world.” National Geographic featured its first photo (a relief map of North America) in 1889 and its first photo story (about Lhasa, Tibet) in 1905. By 1908, more than half of the magazine’s pages were photographs, leading two members of the board of trustees to resign in protest, claiming National Geographic had become “a picture book.” Indeed it had, and photos continued to be an integral component of National Geographic in the ensuing decades. By 1943, the magazine issued its first photographic cover, featuring the 49-star American Flag, in honor of Alaska’s entry into the U.S. Always one step ahead of the pack, National Geographic was the first in the U.S. to have its own in-house color photography lab in 1920, published more editorial color than any other magazine by 1962 and was the first major publication in the world to put a hologram on its cover in 1984.",
"In 2013, its photos have become conversation pieces on social media, where National Geographic is the largest brand on Instagram, boasting more than 2.4 million followers. Yet, of all the photos in the past 125 years, Steve McCurry’s “Afghan Girl” is, perhaps, the most famous. Coincidentally, it may never have graced the cover of the publication at all if Wilbur Garrett, the magazine’s editor in chief in 1985, didn’t rescue it from a reject pile. The emerald-eyed woman, identified in 2002 as Sharbat Gula, graces the cover once again for the 125th anniversary edition. Related Stories"
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How tall was Goliath, the Philistine giant slain by David with a stone hurled from a sling?
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"TRIVIA - THE BIBLE TRIVIA - THE BIBLE Bible Trivia questions and answers. How much time did Jonah spend in the belly of the whale? A. Three days and three nights. Why did a Bible published in London in 1632 become known as the Wicked Bible? A. Because \"not\" was missing from the seventh commandment, making it \"Thou shalt commit adultery.\" The name of God is not mentioned in only one book of the Bible. Which one? A. The Book of Esther. What kind of wood was used to make Noah's Ark? A. Gopher wood, according to Genesis 6:14. Who was the only Englishman to become Pope? A. Nicholas Breakspear, who was Adrian IV from 1154 to 1159. For what event in February 1964 did evangelist Billy Graham break his strict rule against watching TV on Sunday? A. The Beatles' first appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show.\" According to the Bible, what substance was used to caulk Noah's ark and to seal the basket in which the infant Moses was set adrift on the Nile? A. Pitch, or natural asphalt.",
"How old was Moses when he died? A. He was 120 years old, according to the Bible (Deuteronomy 34:7). How tall was Goliath, the Philistine giant slain by David with a stone hurled from a sling? A. \"Six cubits and a span,\" What biblical Babylonian king cast Daniel into the lion's den for praying to God in defiance of a royal decree? A. Darius the Mede (Book of Daniel, Chapter 6). What is the longest name in the Bible? A. Mahershalalbashbaz, which is also written Maher-shalal-hash-baz. (Isaiah 8:1). In the Bible, which of the four horsemen of the Apocalypse rides a red horse? A. War (Book of Revelation). How many books of the Bible are named for women? A. Ruth and Esther. What language is Jesus believed to have spoken? A. Aramaic -- an ancient language in use on the north Arabian Peninsula at the time of Christ. A modern version of the language is spoken today in Syria and among Assyrians in Azerbaijan.",
"In the Bible, for what \"price\" did Esau sell his birthright to his younger twin brother, Jacob? A. Pottage of lentils (Genesis 25:29-34). What did the lords of the philistines offer Delilah for revealing the secret of Samson's strength? A. They promised the sum of 1,100 pieces of silver each, according to the Bible (Judges 16:5). In the Old Testament, who was Jezebel's husband? A. Ahab, King of Israel (I Kings 16:28-31). What bird is named for the apostle Peter? A. The petrel, from a diminutive form of Petrus, or \"Peter,\" in Latin. What was the first town in the United States to be given a biblical name? Hint: Its name is the most common biblical place name in the country. A. Salem, Massachusetts. Salem is the shortened form of Jerusalem, which means \"the city of peace\" in Hebrew. In the Bible, who did the sun and moon stand still before? A. Joshua.",
"1 Samuel 17 NIV - David and Goliath - Now the Philistines - Bible Gateway 1 Samuel 17New International Version (NIV) David and Goliath 17 Now the Philistines gathered their forces for war and assembled at Sokoh in Judah. They pitched camp at Ephes Dammim, between Sokoh and Azekah. 2 Saul and the Israelites assembled and camped in the Valley of Elah and drew up their battle line to meet the Philistines. 3 The Philistines occupied one hill and the Israelites another, with the valley between them. 4 A champion named Goliath, who was from Gath, came out of the Philistine camp. His height was six cubits and a span.[ a ] 5 He had a bronze helmet on his head and wore a coat of scale armor of bronze weighing five thousand shekels[ b ]; 6 on his legs he wore bronze greaves, and a bronze javelin was slung on his back. 7 His spear shaft was like a weaver’s rod, and its iron point weighed six hundred shekels.[ c ] His shield bearer went ahead of him.",
"8 Goliath stood and shouted to the ranks of Israel, “Why do you come out and line up for battle? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not the servants of Saul? Choose a man and have him come down to me. 9 If he is able to fight and kill me, we will become your subjects; but if I overcome him and kill him, you will become our subjects and serve us.” 10 Then the Philistine said, “This day I defy the armies of Israel! Give me a man and let us fight each other.” 11 On hearing the Philistine’s words, Saul and all the Israelites were dismayed and terrified. 12 Now David was the son of an Ephrathite named Jesse, who was from Bethlehem in Judah. Jesse had eight sons, and in Saul’s time he was very old. 13 Jesse’s three oldest sons had followed Saul to the war: The firstborn was Eliab; the second, Abinadab; and the third, Shammah. 14 David was the youngest. The three oldest followed Saul, 15 but David went back and forth from Saul to tend his father’s sheep at Bethlehem.",
"16 For forty days the Philistine came forward every morning and evening and took his stand. 17 Now Jesse said to his son David, “Take this ephah[ d ] of roasted grain and these ten loaves of bread for your brothers and hurry to their camp. 18 Take along these ten cheeses to the commander of their unit. See how your brothers are and bring back some assurance[ e ] from them. 19 They are with Saul and all the men of Israel in the Valley of Elah, fighting against the Philistines.” 20 Early in the morning David left the flock in the care of a shepherd, loaded up and set out, as Jesse had directed. He reached the camp as the army was going out to its battle positions, shouting the war cry. 21 Israel and the Philistines were drawing up their lines facing each other. 22 David left his things with the keeper of supplies, ran to the battle lines and asked his brothers how they were. 23 As he was talking with them, Goliath, the Philistine champion from Gath, stepped out from his lines and shouted his usual defiance, and David heard it.",
"24 Whenever the Israelites saw the man, they all fled from him in great fear. 25 Now the Israelites had been saying, “Do you see how this man keeps coming out? He comes out to defy Israel. The king will give great wealth to the man who kills him. He will also give him his daughter in marriage and will exempt his family from taxes in Israel.” 26 David asked the men standing near him, “What will be done for the man who kills this Philistine and removes this disgrace from Israel? Who is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the living God?” 27 They repeated to him what they had been saying and told him, “This is what will be done for the man who kills him.” 28 When Eliab, David’s oldest brother, heard him speaking with the men, he burned with anger at him and asked, “Why have you come down here? And with whom did you leave those few sheep in the wilderness? I know how conceited you are and how wicked your heart is; you came down only to watch the battle.” 29 “Now what have I done?” said David.",
"“Can’t I even speak?” 30 He then turned away to someone else and brought up the same matter, and the men answered him as before. 31 What David said was overheard and reported to Saul, and Saul sent for him. 32 David said to Saul, “Let no one lose heart on account of this Philistine; your servant will go and fight him.” 33 Saul replied, “You are not able to go out against this Philistine and fight him; you are only a young man, and he has been a warrior from his youth.” 34 But David said to Saul, “Your servant has been keeping his father’s sheep. When a lion or a bear came and carried off a sheep from the flock, 35 I went after it, struck it and rescued the sheep from its mouth. When it turned on me, I seized it by its hair, struck it and killed it. 36 Your servant has killed both the lion and the bear; this uncircumcised Philistine will be like one of them, because he has defied the armies of the living God.",
"37 The Lord who rescued me from the paw of the lion and the paw of the bear will rescue me from the hand of this Philistine.” Saul said to David, “Go, and the Lord be with you.” 38 Then Saul dressed David in his own tunic. He put a coat of armor on him and a bronze helmet on his head. 39 David fastened on his sword over the tunic and tried walking around, because he was not used to them. “I cannot go in these,” he said to Saul, “because I am not used to them.” So he took them off. 40 Then he took his staff in his hand, chose five smooth stones from the stream, put them in the pouch of his shepherd’s bag and, with his sling in his hand, approached the Philistine. 41 Meanwhile, the Philistine, with his shield bearer in front of him, kept coming closer to David. 42 He looked David over and saw that he was little more than a boy, glowing with health and handsome, and he despised him. 43 He said to David, “Am I a dog, that you come at me with sticks?” And the Philistine cursed David by his gods.",
"44 “Come here,” he said, “and I’ll give your flesh to the birds and the wild animals!” 45 David said to the Philistine, “You come against me with sword and spear and javelin, but I come against you in the name of the Lord Almighty, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied. 46 This day the Lord will deliver you into my hands, and I’ll strike you down and cut off your head. This very day I will give the carcasses of the Philistine army to the birds and the wild animals, and the whole world will know that there is a God in Israel. 47 All those gathered here will know that it is not by sword or spear that the Lord saves; for the battle is the Lord’s, and he will give all of you into our hands.” 48 As the Philistine moved closer to attack him, David ran quickly toward the battle line to meet him. 49 Reaching into his bag and taking out a stone, he slung it and struck the Philistine on the forehead. The stone sank into his forehead, and he fell facedown on the ground.",
"50 So David triumphed over the Philistine with a sling and a stone; without a sword in his hand he struck down the Philistine and killed him. 51 David ran and stood over him. He took hold of the Philistine’s sword and drew it from the sheath. After he killed him, he cut off his head with the sword. When the Philistines saw that their hero was dead, they turned and ran. 52 Then the men of Israel and Judah surged forward with a shout and pursued the Philistines to the entrance of Gath[ f ] and to the gates of Ekron. Their dead were strewn along the Shaaraim road to Gath and Ekron. 53 When the Israelites returned from chasing the Philistines, they plundered their camp. 54 David took the Philistine’s head and brought it to Jerusalem; he put the Philistine’s weapons in his own tent.",
"55 As Saul watched David going out to meet the Philistine, he said to Abner, commander of the army, “Abner, whose son is that young man?” Abner replied, “As surely as you live, Your Majesty, I don’t know.” 56 The king said, “Find out whose son this young man is.” 57 As soon as David returned from killing the Philistine, Abner took him and brought him before Saul, with David still holding the Philistine’s head. 58 “Whose son are you, young man?” Saul asked him. David said, “I am the son of your servant Jesse of Bethlehem.” Footnotes: justin bieber concerts in new york justin bieber concerts in new york justin bieber concerts in new york Monday, February 6, 2012 Free Printable Bible Trivia Questions and Answers For You to Use Free Printable Bible Trivia Questions and Answers For You to Use-Justin Bieber Need printable bible trivia for a party or other occasion? Here are some bible connected trivia questions with the answers. You can print them out, and use a black felt pen to cover the answers. Presto! Free printable bible trivia quizzes!",
"Justin Bieber How much time did Jonah spend in the belly of the whale? A: Three days and three nights. Why did a Bible published in London in 1632 come to be known as the Wicked Bible? A: Because \"not\" was missing from the seventh commandment, manufacture it \"Thou shalt commit adultery.\" The name of God is not mentioned in only one book of the Bible. Which one? A: The Book of Esther. What kind of wood was used to make Noah's Ark? A: Gopher wood, according to Genesis 6:14. Who was the only Englishman to come to be Pope? A: Nicholas Breakspear, who was Adrian Iv from 1154 to 1159. For what event in February 1964 did evangelist Billy Graham break his spoton rule against watching Tv on Sunday? A: The Beatles' first appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show.\" According to the Bible, what substance was used to calulk Noah's ark and to seal the basket in which the child Moses was set adrift on the Nile? A: Pitch, or natural asphalt. How old was Moses when he died?",
"A: He was 120 years old, according to the Bible (Deuteronomy 34:7). How tall was Goliath, the Philistine giant slain by David with a stone hurled from a sling? A: \"Six cubits and a span,\" What biblical Babylonian king cast Daniel into the lion's den for praying to God in defiance of a royal decree? A: Darius the Mede (Book of Daniel, Chapter6). What is the longest name in the Bible? A: Mahershalalbashbaz, which is also written Maher-shalal-hash-baz. (Isaiah 8:1). In the Bible, which of the four horsemen of the Apocalypse rides a red horse? A: War (Book of Revelation). How many books of the Bible are named for women? A: Two - Ruth and Esther. What language is Jesus believed to have spoken? A: Aramaic -- an ancient language in use on the north Arabian Peninsula at the time of Christ. A modern version of the language is spoken today in Syria and among Assyrians in Azerbaijan. In the Bible, for what \"price\" did Esau sell his birthright to his younger twin brother, Jacob?",
"A: Pottage of lentils (Genesis 25:29-34). What did the lords of the philistines offer Delilah for revealing the underground of Samson's strength? A: They promised the sum of 1,100 pieces of silver each, according to the Bible (Judges 16:5). In the Old Testament, who was Jezebel's husband? A: Ahab, King of Israel (I Kings 16:28-31). What bird is named for the apostle Peter? A: The petrel, from a microscopic form of Petrus, or \"Peter,\" in Latin. What was the first town in the United States to be given a biblical name? Hint: Its name is the most coarse biblical place name in the country. A: Salem, Massachusetts. Salem is the shortened form of Jerusalem, which means \"the city of peace\" in Hebrew. In the Bible, who did the sun and moon stand still before? A: Joshua. Who is the only woman whose age is mentioned in the Bible? A: Sarah.",
"Help For the Partners of Sex Addicts-Justin Concerts In New York Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ's) Justin Concerts In New York · What is sex addiction? Sex addiction is an obsessive relationship to sexual thoughts, fantasies or activities that an individual continues to engage in despite adverse consequences. These thoughts, fantasies or activities occupy a disproportionate amount of \"psychic space\", resulting in an imbalance in the person's overall functioning in important areas of life, such as work and marriage. Distress, shame and guilt about the behaviors erode the addict's already weak self-esteem. Sexual addiction can be conceptualized as an intimacy disorder manifested as a compulsive cycle of preoccupation, ritualization, sexual behavior, and despair. Central to the disorder is the inability of the individual to adequately bond and attach in intimate relationships. The syndrome is rooted in early attachment failure with primary caregivers. It is a maladaptive a way to compensate for this early attachment failure. Addiction is a symbolic enactment of deeply entrenched unconscious dysfunctional relationships with self and others. While the definition of sex addiction is the same as that of other addictions, sexual compulsion is set apart from other addictions in that sex involves our innermost unconscious wishes, needs, fantasies, fears and conflicts.",
"Like other addictions, it is relapse prone. · How do I know if my partner is a sex addict? Sometimes, it's difficult to know whether someone close to you has an addiction. The addict might hide the addictive behavior or you might not know the warning signs or symptoms. Here are some of the signs and symptoms: * Staying up late to watch television or surf the Web. * Looking at pornographic material such as magazines, books, videos and clothing catalogs. * Frequently isolating themselves from spouses or partners, and doesn't inform them of their whereabouts. * Are controlling during sexual activity or have frequent mood swings before or after sex. * Are demanding about sex, especially regarding time and place.",
"* Gets angry if someone shows concern about a problem with pornography * Offers no appropriate communication during sex * Lacks intimacy before, during and after sex, and offers little or no genuine intimacy in the relationship * Does not want to socialize with others, especially peers who might intimidate them * Fails to account for increasing number of toll - 800 or 900 - calls * Frequently rents pornographic videotapes * Seems to be preoccupied in public with everything around them * Has tried to switch to other forms of pornography to show a lack of dependency on one kind; concoct rules to cut down but doesn't adhere to them * Feels depressed * Hides pornography at work or home * Lacks close friends of the same sex * Frequently uses sexual humor * Always has a good reason for looking at pornography (Psych Central.com). · Why can't he/she control his/her sexual behavior? It's important for you to know that your partner is not volitionally involved in these behaviors so you can begin to understand and, perhaps, forgive. Most addicts would stop if they could. It's been said that of all the addictions, sex is the most difficult to manage.",
"This syndrome is a complex mixture of biological, psychological, cultural, and family-of-origin issues, the combination of which creates impulses and urges that are virtually impossible to resist. Despite the fact that acting them out produces considerable long-term negative consequences, the addict simply cannot resist his/her impulses. Individuals who are highly disciplined, accomplished and able to direct the force of their will in other areas of life fall prey to sexual compulsion. More importantly, people who love and cherish their partners can still be enslaved by these irresistible urges. Research has also shown that the inability to control sexual impulses is associated with neurochemical imbalances in the norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine systems. The use of certain anti-depressants (SSRI's) has thus shown to be very effective in treating the impulse control problems of many sexual compulsives. Biological predisposition contributes and combines with psychological factors. One of the reasons the \"erotic haze\" is so compulsory is that it is an unconscious but maladaptive way to repair earlier disturbed, anxiety-laden relationships. It shores up an inadequate sense of self which results from these early-life interpersonal abandonments, intrusions and misattunements.",
"This combination of biological and psychological factors results in an \"affective disorder\" in the sex addict. Feeling of depression, anxiety, boredom and emptiness are quickly alleviated by immersing oneself in an imaginary world that provides novelty, excitement, mystery and intense pleasure. Sex addiction is better than Prosac. It heals, it soothes, it contains, it provides a \"safe place\" free from the demands of actual performance, and it gives an illusory sense of belonging. The sense of empowerment in the illicit sex act rectifies \"holes in the soul\" and lifts the addict from feelings of inadequacy, insufficiency, depression and emptiness into a state of instant euphoria. Relinquishing this very special (but delusional) mental and physical state can result in a sense of withdrawal which may include mood swings, inability to concentrate and irritability. These symptoms usually disappear in therapy as the sense of self is solidified and he finds more creative ways to deal with uncomfortable feelings. · What are the effects of cybersex addiction on the relationship? Effects of sex addiction on the sex addict's partner can be numerous, encompassing a wide range of emotions and reactive behaviors.",
"The sexual codependent's experience is similar to, but not thoroughly identical to, a codependent person in a relationship with a substance abuser. A codependent partner of a drug addict or alcohol, for example, may manage to understand and even sympathize with her partner's alcohol problem due to the lesser social condemnation. But a compulsive addiction that involves engaging in sexual activities on the computer or outside of the home inflicts a psychic injury of ultimate betrayal. Sexuality goes to the heart of who we are. Arguable, one purpose and outcome of cybersex is to detach and disconnect sexual experience from real relationships in life. Cybersex's primary stimulus to autoerotic behavior produces profound disconnection of the sexual experience from relationship context and meaning. Compulsive viewing of pornography, for instance, in no way supports or fosters intimate, attachment-linked sexual gratification, anchored in emotional connection, intimate responsiveness and relationship fidelity. Cybersex addiction reinforces a non-intimate, non-relational, and non-demanding sexual experience -- a detached, disconnected physical arousal geared to the self-engrossed preoccupation typical of addictive sexual behavior. Cybersex entrenches emotional, psychological and spiritual/existential disconnection of sexuality from relationship context.",
"Entrance into the \"erotic haze\" that encompasses the sex addict induces sexual arousal, climax and resolution without real relationship attentiveness, responsiveness, or commitment - the key dimensions of a loving attachment. The behavior directly undermines trust in the couple's relationship. Thus, the sexual dynamics depicted in cybersex are inherently detrimental and destructive to secure attachment that is essential to a sense of trust in the relationship. It is also reasonably anticipated that a husband's deception and lying - the existence of a \"secret world\" apart from the primary relationship is an overlapping, yet also separate detrimental influence upon relationship trust. For some women, this lack of trust in their husband's word - leads to uncertainty about the \"substance\" of the man they married, uncertainty about his true identity and a change in their perception of his identity - that of seeing him as fundamentally untrustworthy and of disreputable character. Thus, their internal model of their husband changes. Others may feel that the husband is unable to fulfill marital expectations of emotional intimacy and companionship. They talk about not trusting that their husband would fulfill the role of being someone who could provide emotional support.",
"They feel unable to turn to their husbands for this emotional support for different reasons: fearing she would trigger a relapse; feeling rejected because of his involvement in computer sex; sensing her husband's inability to provide emotional support; being shamed by a husband's angry or dismissive response from her attempts to reach out for support and companionship; or resolving that her husband was emotionally preoccupied with his own struggle with addiction. The addict's use of cybersex causes self doubt and lowered self esteem in the spouse. These women feel they aren't pretty enough or skinny enough, or whatever. In any event, the feel that they are not what their husbands want. Some feel that if they were more sexually desirable, he wouldn't have this problem. Sometimes, in a frantic effort to compete with unreal women on the internet or with prostitutes, they go to extremes with cosmetic surgery, breast implantation, excessive exercise - in the mistaken belief that if she can lure him back sexually and her husband would stop being interested in pornography and the marriage could be redeemed. Some spouses feel that her husband's use of internet pornography is a direct attack on her self-worth. They start doubting themselves. They doubt their self-worth.",
"They start doubting the things that used to make them feel special and meaningful. Because if she had any meaning, why was he doing what he's doing? The wife is often stunned, confused, and in extreme pain upon discovery of the sexual/cybersex addiction. Anger and resentment can be overwhelming. For many partners, the addict's betrayal can precipitate trauma that resembles post-traumatic stress disorder. A wife can believe that sex is the most important way to express love, so her partner's sexual acting out can leave her feeling deeply inadequate and unlovable. Within the union, the partner's low self-esteem can contribute to anxiety and fear of being abandoned. Often she will set aside her moral values and tolerates participating in sexual behaviors with her partner which are unacceptable or even repugnant to her. She feels too unworthy to have solid sexual boundaries. She mistakenly believes that she can stop his acting out if she satisfies his (insatiable and unrealistic) sexual needs. A surprisingly common effect reported by many partners - after the shock of discovery -is the feeling of losing one's mind.",
"Obsessing about the details of the sex addict's betrayal, repeatedly confronting her partner with \"evidence\" of infidelity and being told she's \"crazy\" or \"just jealous\" results in a loss of focus and an inability to concentrate. Fear and anger aggravate the condition. Furthermore, there is an element of intense shame for both addict and sexual codependent attached to sexual addiction, especially if his interests involve an object, cross-dressing, dominance and submission or children. She isolates herself from friends, family and community due to her shame, which provides fertile ground for depression. In some situations, the partner is brought to a point of absolute despair. Some maladaptive strategic responses the sexual codependent may engage in as a means of coping include excessive alcohol consumption, food binges, excessive house cleaning, and overtime career activity; acts that can serve as distractions from her distrust, pain and hostility. Distractions, of course, provide only a temporary and false \"relief\" and often create more problems than they solve. When the partner's anger and resentment are suppressed over a period of time, they eventually explode in a volcano of rage, blame, and furious criticism of the sex addict.",
"The explosion of frustrated emotions can open a door to enormous guilt and remorse, so the partner may forgive the addict's offenses and not stand clear in setting boundaries for herself. The result is an unfortunate snare for the couple, in which the partner unwittingly enables the sex addict to carry on with his unacceptable pattern of sexual acting out. The converse is true regarding the emotional influences on the wife. She may turn inward, withdraw, stay silent and distant. This can include withdrawing from any sexual activity with the addict. These stonewalling behaviors can ignite strong feelings of shame and rejection in the sex addict. In a way, the partner succeeds in punishing the sex addict through these behaviors. But the price of this punishment may be a return to his active addiction as a way to deal with conflict at home. A tremendously debilitating effect on the partner is to assume all responsibility for the addict's sexual acting out, and even for all of the problems in the relationship. The sex addict may exploit this to his advantage, perpetuating self-doubt within the partner. For example, the partner may confront her spouse with evidence of a transgression, like a credit card charge to a hotel, but the sex addict is skillful and experienced in deception.",
"He will boldly challenge the partner's credibility, suggesting she see a \"shrink\" for being so paranoid and suspicious of him. He can persuasively feign righteous indignation, causing his partner to distrust her own instincts and perceptions, even in the face of tangible evidence. The self doubt can plague the partner, aggravating her confusion and contributing to the feeling of \"losing my mind\". Not wanting to continue to feel \"crazy\", she may retreat into denial, the basic and most fundamental defense mechanism for both partner and addict. When in denial, she will believe the addict's lies, however far-fetched they may be. She will accept the unacceptable. Whichever lies the sex addict offers to cover up his addiction, she is compelled to \"not rock the boat\" in order to assuage her abandonment fears. · What are the characteristics of a sexual codependent? Firstly, let's consider what codependency is. Codependency is an overworked and overused word and definitions can be confusing. At core, it revolves around a deep fear of losing the approval and presence of the \"other\". This underlying fear can result in manipulative behaviors that overfocus on maintaining another person's presence and approval.",
"Control, obsequiousness, anger, caretaking, and being over-responsible are among the behaviors that can be the manifestations of codependent behavior. Because of dysfunctional family-of-origin issues, codependents learn to react rather than respond to others, take responsibility for others, worry about others, and depend on others to make them feel useful or alive. Codependence also refers to the way events from childhood unconsciously produces attitudes and behaviors that propel people into destructive relationships in the present. The self worth of the codependent comes from external sources. They need other people to give them feelings of self-worth. Codependence is a particular relationship with one's self in which the person doesn't trust his or her own experiences. Lacking the inner boundaries necessary to be aware of and express their true wants, feelings, goals and opinions, they are \"other-validating\". Having only a reflected sense of self, they constantly seek affirmation and validation from other people because they are unable to endorse and validate from within. \"Self-validating\" people are able to do this. Co-dependents often focus on an addict's sobriety as a way to achieve a precarious sense of self- consolidation.",
"Sadly, their behavior often perpetuates the loved one's addiction. Codependent people believe they can't survive without their partners and will do anything they can do to stay in the relationship, however painful. The fear of losing their partners and being abandoned (once again) overpowers her ability to make decisions in her own best interests. The thought of addressing the partner's addiction can be terrifying: they may be frightened of igniting the partner's anger which can result in feeling emotionally flooded by (childhood) fears of loss. The sexual co-dependent suffers from additional symptoms: driven by the potential loss of the relationship, which she sees as identical with her very identity, some women engage in sexual activities with their partners that they find distasteful or even morally repugnant - all in an effort to keep him home and happy. However, this type of fantasy-based acting out may not be based on her real sexual needs and desires and opens the way to turning his partner into yet another object. Certain kinds of sexual acting out can turn sex into another fix for him. The partner senses this, making her sense of sexual betrayal even more poignant.",
"In couples where one partner is ciphering off his erotic energies from the primary relationship, there are invariably problems with the couple's own sexual expressiveness. He becomes sexually demanding. She expresses her resentment about this by not being sexually responsive. He may lose erotic interest in her, as she never lives up to the thrill of fantasy-based sexual enactments. The sense of having a person-related, intimate sexual encounter may diminish. Erotic expression between the couple can easily dry up, leaving the sexual co-addict feeling even more diminished as a woman and as a person. Sexual co-dependents have an inordinate need to get the information straight. \"Detectiving\" is a common activity: checking his computer, looking up names and numbers, or desperately looking for scraps of paper with numbers written on them. One client even invited a prostitute her spouse had frequented into her home because she wanted to know the details. The need-to-know provides the partner with a way to check up on her own reality (\"Am I crazy or is this really happening?\") and provides her with a sense of much-needed (although illusory) sense of mastery over an out-of-control situation.",
"Especially in light of the addict's continual denial, the co-addict has a need to provide \"evidence\" to ensure her soundness of mind -- a ploy that rarely works and is exceedingly exhausting. The final distinction between sexual co-addicts and other co-dependents is the shame associated with this \"secret\". Sex as an addiction is rarely discussed in \"polite society\" and there is a huge social stamina associated with it. Sexually addicted clients often tell me that they'd rather be alcoholics or drug addicts. The stigmatization of this compulsion almost ensures that the sexual co-dependent will want to hide or to provide a good \"front\" to deal with feelings of shame and despair. She may become socially isolated because she can't discuss the situation with friends. Depression easily enters into an emotional environment of isolation and shame. Keeping secrets about important dimensions of life ensure that the issues underlying them will not be healed. · What's involved in therapy for someone who is the partner of a sex addict? There is hope. The pain the sexual co-dependent experiences is normal. Learning a partner is sexually addicted can be devastating and debilitating. The betrayal triggers a myriad of strong emotions.",
"Feelings of anguish, despair, rage, hopelessness and shame may overtake her. She may feel alone in unchartered territory, wondering \"Where do I go from here?\" Psychotherapy is extremely important. Be sure to find a therapist conversant with these issues. What should happen in your therapy? Treatment for sexual codependence can become a process of continued growth, self-realization and self-transformation. Working through feelings of victimization can lead to a new sense of resiliency. Going through this process can be an avenue to discovering meaning and to building stronger self-esteem. Challenges faced can elevate one to a higher level of well-being. A sense of serenity and peace from the appreciation of having worked through this process may occur. Lessons not learned in the family-of-origin can be now be learned and worked through: appropriate self-esteem, setting functional boundaries, awareness of, acknowledgment of and expression of one's personal reality without undo fear of retaliation, and taking better care of one's adult needs and wants while allowing other adults to take care of theirs are all potential gains to be made in therapy and recovery. Internal and external boundaries will be strengthened. Strong external boundaries will ensure that you will not again put yourself into a victim role.",
"A sense of having internal boundaries will open up new avenues of healthy intimacy as you will know who you are and be able to hear who another is. At the heart of healthy intimacy is the ability to share your real self with another and be available when someone else shares his real self with you. The sexual co-depenent may find she no longer needs to bend herself into a pretzel to accommodate others. Rejection or disapproval may be unpleasant, but not devastating. Compromising personal integrity in order to get external approval and validation will cease. With increased self-knowledge comes the ability to Self-validate while still being in a relationship. Self esteem will be generated by her behaviors rather than the approval or validation from others. Finally, time and energy spent on preoccupation and control of the addict can be used to attend to emotional support for the children, to recommit to and obtain increased satisfaction from work, to meet new people, and to develop new recreational activities. · How can I possibly forgive him? Despite the fact that it may seem impossible, forgiveness is a critical part of recovery for the partner of a sex addict. To forgive is not to forget. Forgiving means being able to remember the past without experiencing the pain all over again.",
"It is remembering -- but attaching different feelings about the events, and it is a willingness to allow the pain to have decreased relevance over time. Understanding the pain, compulsion and despair that the sex addict has undergone from sexual compulsion can open avenues to compassion. To forgive is important primarily for oneself, not for the person one forgives. The opposite of forgiveness is resentment. When we resent, we experience the pain and anger all over again. Serenity and resentment cannot coexist. The process of forgiveness begins with acknowledging that a wrong has been done to you. You have to recognize that you have strong feelings about what happened and you need to feel and process those feelings. You are entitled to be angry or hurt. Ideally, you can share those feelings with the person who has hurt you in couples counseling. If that is not possible, then you can share the feelings with your therapist or support group. After that, you can choose whether to stay in a relationship with that person. In either case, forgiveness does not imply permission to continue hurtful behaviors. As part of your own treatment, you need to decide which behaviors you can accept in your relationships and which you cannot. The primary goal of forgiveness is to heal yourself.",
"In a partnership affected by sexual addiction, forgiveness is aided by evidence of the partner's changed behavior and commitment to treatment. These are also elements in rebuilding trust. For many couples, forgiving and learning to trust again go hand in hand. Both take time, making amends, continued treatment and steady, continual, trustworthy behavior on the part of the addict. After the acting out has stopped, it's critical to not use his past behavior as a \"hook\" to punish or manipulate him. When a desire for revenge exists, you have not forgiven, and you see him in one dimension (\"Bastard\"). The capacity to see him as a whole person (he's not just a sex addict, he's many things) will help you move forward. Couples therapy will help you move toward a sense of him as a multidimensional person with on-going issues. · I'm incredibly frustrated that he/she won't tell the truth. Even when I present \"evidence\", he denies his sexual acting out. How can I ever trust a man who so blatantly lies to me? Sex addiction thrives in secrecy. Addicts will go to any length to protect their double life.",
"Denial, (\"Don't Even Know I'm Lying\") plays a huge part in any addiction process. The reality of the acting out is protected from the conscious mind. If the addict is unaware of the truth, how can he tell you? The very thinking process of the addict becomes impaired as he becomes immersed in the denial process, giving way to the minimization of the extent of his behavior. This connects with \"rationalization\": i.e. \"I'm not really cheating\" - \"All guys do this\" - \"I'm not hurting anyone\" - \"I work hard so I deserve some pleasure.\" This combination of denial, minimization and rationalization makes it extremely difficult for him to know the truth. More complexing is the phenomenon of \"dissociation\", or \"The Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" syndrome. Dissociation is a clinical process that characterizes multiple personality disorder. While I'm not saying the sex addicts have MPD, I am suggesting that some of the same characteristics of that disorder are shared. One side of the personality protects the other side from the truth. Some level of dissociation is in every man who has a \"double life\".",
"Each side of the personality has different values, goals, beliefs and needs that conflict with the other side. This is why, when the sexual acting out is finished, the addict feels so distressed and shameful. Mr. Hyde does the acting out and Dr. Jekyll experiences the remorse. When the addict is acting out, he has feelings of being disconnected from himself and his environment. Clients speak of \"the bubble\", the \"erotic haze\", \"zoning out\", and \"feeling apart from myself and watching myself from afar \", of feeling \"foggy\" or \"not feeling like a real person\" Losing track of time is common as is feeling outside oneself as both an observer and a participant. Emotions are numbed; the fantasy creates an alternate reality which obscures the truth of \"what is\". Once in therapy, a primary issue that arises is a feeling of a fragmented sense of self or being unsure of his identity. Therapy will help him get to the bottom of hidden parts of himself that he may not have fully understood or been able to control until treatment starts to work. Only by getting in touch with hidden parts of himself will the full realization of his talents and strengths be realized and fulfillment in his personal relationships can begin to unfold.",
"· I don't see how our relationship can survive the emotional pain and chaos of his sexual addiction. Have other couples been able to work through these issues? How have they done it? When at least one member of a couple is sexually addicted, restoring trust and building intimacy can be very difficult. These couples must work as hard on their recovery together as a couple as they do on their individual recoveries. One of the great challenges to recovery from sexual compulsivity is restoring or building an intimate relationship with a committed partner. Many existing relationships are seriously impaired and often don't survive because of sexual acting out. The partner of the sex addict's ability to trust is obviously damaged. The psychodynamic and behavioral issues underlying sexual addiction contribute to obstacles to overcoming and building intimate and committed relationships. The good news is that we have seen from our experience that not only is it possible to repair, rebuild, or newly build a committed relationship, but the level of emotional and physical intimacy that comes from working on these issues together is sustaining, gratifying and growth-producing for each member of the couple. · How can couples counseling help us? Most couples who come for couples therapy after discovery are in a high state of reactivity, with communication being limited to blame/defense.",
"There is a high degree of projection (seeing the things you like least about yourself in your partner) and a small degree of self-focus. The tendency is to react immediately and emotionally, with no time given for reflective thinking. One task of the therapist is to create a safe, non-volatile space by gradually guiding each person to commit to self-focus which reduces blame and defense. The therapist will do some psychoeducational pieces on sex addiction and co-addiction to normalize each person's feelings and further reduce blame. Nothing can be done about the quality of the marriage unless each person commits to a personal program of recovery: an \"S\" meeting for the addict, and COSA or S-Anon for the co-addict. The couple can come out of the shadow of shame about living with sex addiction through identifying with others who have gone through similar experiences. Here, finally, they find people they can talk to about what they've been hiding from family and friends. Regular attendance at meetings gives structure and accountability to the life of the sex addict. A co-addict who works on the steps with a trusted sponsor is renewing her commitment to focus on herself and her own issues, renouncing her focus and pre-occupation with the addict.",
"Sex addicts and sexual codependents usually have never experienced healthy bonding with and nurturing from their parents. This impairs their ability to have successful bonding and separation in subsequent relationships in adult life. The therapist might construct a \"genogram\" which is a graphic depiction of three generations of each person's family. It shows psychiatric and physical problems throughout the generations such as alcoholism, divorce, hospitalizations,etc. The genogram also reveals the quality of family relationships, indicating where there was enmeshment and where there was distancing. With a clear understanding of family-of-origin issues, the couple can understand themselves and each other and develop awareness of what triggers are coming from the past. Couples counseling enables the couple to reach a point of mutual interdependence in which both partners have lives outside of the relationship, but also feel committed to it. The partners need each other, but are comfortable with independent lives of their own. Over time, each develops a new sense of \"Self\"-in relationship. Both members of the relationship are encouraged to accept mutual responsibility for the dysfunction in the relationship. As long as one partner is blaming the other for all of their couple problems, progress will be slow. Recounting the history of the relationship will be a part of this process.",
"How have each other's addictions and co-addictions affected the relationship? What consequences have been experienced? What strategies have the partners tried to heal themselves that haven't worked? What are the repetitive arguments and fights? What is the nature of the collective shame in the relationship? How does each partner trigger the other's issues? Each individual in the couple learns how to exchange instant gratification for the joy of ongoing intimacy. Sexual addict/codependents find that this intimacy and the trust, mutual understanding, and the emotional/spiritual/physical closeness it creates from having done the work can be qualities that few couples ever experience."
] |
What was the total population of the world at the time of Christ?
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About 200 million
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[
"About 200 million"
] | 10,836
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[
"World Population Since Creation World Population Since Creation Display created by Ed Stephan ~stephan/ The Antediluvian World Genesis 4 and 5 records the history of the Antediluvian world in a highly condensed account. From the genealogical list, which is probably complete without any gaps, the time between Adam and the flood of Noah---which occurred when the latter was 600 years old---can be calculated to be almost exactly 1656 years. If one takes Barry Setterfield's chronology as more accurate, the time period from Adam to the Flood was 2256 years. During this time period, man was much healthier than he is now; the gene pool, less corrupted by subsequent harmful mutations and other defects; and the environment on earth, was much more favorable to good health and long life, as can be seen by the recorded pre-flood longevities. While classical evolutionary theory presupposes earth's early atmosphere was a reducing atmosphere (devoid of Oxygen) newer scientific evidence confirms what Bible scholars had previously suspected: the earth's ancient atmosphere probably contained a larger fraction of oxygen than it does at present. It is even possible that photosynthesis in plant life was more efficient than it is now.",
"A warmer average climate in ancient times would also mean a higher rate of oxygen generation by the more numerous plant life. At age 65, Enoch became the father of a son whom he named Methuselah, a name which means \"when he dies it (the flood) shall come.\" Enoch went on to walk with God another 300 years and was taken up (\"translated\") into heaven by God without dying. Methuselah survived to age 969, the oldest man who ever lived. True to prediction, the flood came the year Methuselah died. Ray C. Stedman in his book Understanding Man has analyzed the meaning of the names of the descendants in the line of Seth to Noah and gives the following explanation: \"a way of escape [for man] is indicated again in a most fascinating way in this chapter by the meaning of the names listed. There is some difference among authorities as to the meaning of these names, depending upon the root from which they are judged to be taken. But one authority gives a most interesting sequence of meanings.",
"The list begins with Seth, which means 'Appointed.' Enosh, his son, means 'Mortal;' and his son, Kenan, means 'Sorrow.' His son Mahalalel, means 'The Blessed God.' He named his boy Jared which means 'Came Down,' and his boy, Enoch, means 'Teaching.' Methuselah, as we saw, means 'His death shall bring;' Lamech means 'Strength,' and Noah, 'Comfort.' Now put that all together: God has Appointed that Mortal man shall Sorrow; but The Blessed God, Came Down, Teaching, that His Death Shall Bring, Strength and Comfort. \"Is this book (Genesis) from God? God has given you and me a life to watch just as Methuselah's generation watched his. It is your own life. God has written \"Methuselah\" on each one of us. \"His death shall bring it,\" or \"When he dies, it will come.\" How far is it till the end of the world for you? When you die. That is the end of the world. That is the end of man's day. Is it fifty years from now, ten, tomorrow? Who knows?",
"But at any moment, when he dies, it will come.\" Population Growth Estimates Growth of world population during various epochs of earth history can be calculated by a well-known formula: In this formula Pn is the population after n generations beginning with one man and one woman; n is the number of generations---found by dividing the total time period by the number of years per generation. The variable x can be thought of as the number of generations that are alive when P(n) is evaluated. Therefore, if x is 2, the generations that are alive are generations n and n-1. This means that only a generation and its parents are alive. It seems reasonable to choose x = 3 most of the time. Taking x = 3 means that when P(n) is evaluated generations n, n-1, and n-2 are all alive. C is half the number of children in the family. If each family has only two children, the population growth rate is zero, but a reasonable and conservative number of children per family is 2.1 to 2.5 as far as historical records are concerned. (The derivation of the above equation has been added as Note A at the end of this article).",
"Allowing for famine, disease, war, and disaster, a few sample calculations will show that the earth's population could have easily reached several billions of people between the time of Adam and the time of the flood. It is even quite possible that the preflood population was much higher than it is now. Genesis 4:21-22 gives suggestions of the development of music and advanced technology during this period. Family reunions must have been spectacular affairs with average life-spans well over 900 years! Human culture and even technological achievements before the flood may well have been superior and dazzling in comparison to what we see now, even though evil in that society eventually increased to the point of that civilization's self-destruction. When the Flood destroyed the Antediluvian world only eight persons were rescued on the Ark of Noah. A home computer spread sheet or a hand calculator can be used to iterate world population growth rates for various realistic values of n, C, and x. This will soon convince the skeptic that the earth can be easily filled full of people in a few thousands of years. Henry Morris (Ref.",
"1) gives the following examples of possible population growth rates of the earth at various times in history: \"...Assume that C = 2 and x = 2, which is equivalent to saying that the average family has 4 children who later have families of their own, and that each set of parents lives to see all their grandchildren. For these conditions which are not at all unreasonable, the population at the end of 5 generation would be 96, after 10 generations, 3,070; after 15 generations, 98,300; after 20 generations, 3,150,000; and after 30 generations, 3,220,000,000. In one more generation (31) the total would increase to 6.5 billion. \"The next obvious question is: How long is a generation? Again, a reasonable assumption is that the average marriage occurs at age 25 and that the four children will have been born by age 35. Then the grandchildren will have been born the parents have lived their allotted span of 70 years. A generation is thus about 35 years.",
"Many consider a generation to be only 30 years. This would mean that the entire present world population could have been produced in approximately 30 x 35, or 1,050 years. \"The fact that it has actually taken considerably longer than this to bring the world population to its present size indicates that the average family is less than 4 children, or that the average life-span is less than 2 generations, or both. For comparison, let us assume then that the average family has only 3 children, and that the life-span is 1 generation (i.e., that C = 1.5 and x = 1). Then...in 10 generations the population would be 106 after 20 generations, 6,680; after 30 generations, 386,000; and after 52 generations, 4,340,000,000...At 35 years per generation, this would be only 1,820 years.",
"Evidently even 3 children per family is too many for human history as a whole.\" With regard to the Old Testament and the time period between Adam and Noah, Morris says, \"...the recorded average age of the nine antediluvian patriarchs was 912 years. Recorded ages at the births of their children ranged from 65 years (Mahalalel, Gen. 5:15; Enoch, Gen. 5:21) to 500 years (Noah, Gen. 5:32). Everyone of them is said to have had \"sons and daughters\" so that each family had at least 4 children, and probably more. \"As an ultraconservative assumption, let C = 3, x = 5, and n = 16.56. These constants correspond to an average family of six children, an average generation of 100 years and an average lifespan of 500 years. On this basis the world population at the time of the Flood would have been 235 million people. This probably represents in a gross underestimate of the numbers who actually perished in the Flood.",
"\"Multiplication was probably more rapid than assumed in this calculation, especially in the earliest centuries of the antediluvian epoch. For example, if the average family size were 8, instead of 6, and the length of a generation 93 years, instead of 100, the population at the time of Adam's death, 930 years after his creation, would already have been 2,800,000. At these rates, the population at the time of the Deluge would have been 137 billion! Even if we use rates appropriate for the present world (x = 1 and C = 1.5), over 3 billion people could easily have been on the earth at the time of Noah.\" With regard to the effects of plagues, wars, and disasters on population growth rates, Ian T. Taylor (Ref. 2.) notes, \"The use of formulas gives the maximum figure possible from the variables that have been selected, and it is cogently argued that natural disasters have always played a hand in keeping human population in check; the long-term picture is thus seen to be one of population stability. History shows, for example, that the Justinian plague, A.D.",
"540-90, took 100 million lives; the Black Death, A.D. 1348-80, swept away 150 million from Europe alone; and even as late as 1918-19, the influenza epidemic took 25 million lives (Wallace 1969; Webster 1799)... the awful figures for natural disasters are very quickly made up for by the subsequent rates of increase among the survivors (Langer 1964).\" Taylor gives the following typical recovery curve after a plague for which data is available: Consider the descendants of Jacob (Israel) who numbered 70 persons (Ex. 1:5, Dt. 10:2) when they went down to stay there while Joseph was Prime Minister. They remained 400 years (Gen. 15:13, Acts 7:6; Ex. 12:41 says \"430 years\"), and numbered 600,000 able-bodied men, plus women and children when they left under Moses (Ex. 12:37, Nu. 11:21).",
"If a generation was 40 years, then 10 generations is the total. A total population of 2 million would be generated, starting with only couple, if the average number of children per family was 8, which is an entirely reasonable number, since Genesis 47:27 says the Jews \"multiplied exceedingly\" during their sojourn in Egypt. If a generation were 30 years, then the number of children per family would have averaged 5.6. The lifespans of the average person were evidently longer than today, Moses lived 120 years (Ex. 33:39) and his brother Aaron 123. Their father Amram lived to be 137 (Ex. 6:20). The above formula readily shows the absurdity of evolutionary time scales for mankind. In one million years, if n = 23,256 generations, C = 1.25, and x = 3, the present population of the world would be P = 3.7 x 102091 persons. In contrast the total number of electrons in the universe is only 1090!",
"Assuming that man has been on the earth for a million years or so, as the evolutionist adamantly insists, we calculate that the entire universe would now be filled full of dead bodies! A population of 1090 in one million years requires that the number of children per family be less than 2.0176. The total surface area of the earth is about 5 x 1014 square meters. If we allowed every man, woman and child a square meter and filled all the land masses with people the earth would hold no more than 1014 persons. (That is, one hundred thousand billion persons). In one million years this number would be reached only if the average number of children per family were less than 2.0026. The average number of children per family over the past 2000 years has been of the order of 2.1. The following chart assumes the human race began with two persons, Adam and Eve, relatively recently. Population growth was very rapid for 1656 years until the Flood of Noah reduced the population to eight persons (4 couples).",
"I have arbitrarily chosen the population at the time of the Flood as 9 billion, though as shown above this may be too conservative. Very little data on world population is available until recent times, so a few intermediate points have been selected. I have guessed the world population at the time of Abraham at 5 million. For example there seems to be broad agreement that the world population at the time of Christ was between 200 and 300 million. The latest demographic data used to plot this chart is available on the Internet and is referenced below. See Note B. In order to show the narrow range of values of C which will generate very large populations in a short time, my associate Gordon A. Hunt of Stanford University ([email protected]) has plotted sets of curves from the standard population for x = 2 and x = 3 and for several values of C. His plots are shown below in Note C. Note D has been added as a comment on the uncertainty of world population at the time of Christ. Jewish Population Down through History The following graph is helpful in correlating population growth of the world with population estimates for the Jewish population in the world from Jewish scholars.",
"Adapted from A Historical Address of the Jewish People, Ed. by Eli Baranavi, Schocken Books, New Yoprk, 1992, by Simon Burckhardt . Note A. Derivation of the Population Growth Equation The formula is a standard one and easily derived. If one starts with two people and you assume an average of 2c children per family, then the number of children in the first generation would be 2c. The total population after one generation would be 2 + 2c. In the second generation one gets 2c2 individuals, and in the third generation, 2c3 and so on. Assuming no deaths, at the end of n generations one has S(n) = 2 + 2c + 2c2 + 2c3 +....+2cn individuals. Multiply both sides of the equation by c and subtract from the previous equation. This gives, S(n) = 2 [c(n+1) - 1] / (c-1). However we have to allow for people dying all the time. Let the average life-span be represented by x generations.",
"In the nth generation then all those who were in the (n-x) generation will have died. Thus, S(n-x) = 2[c(n-x+1) - 1] / (c-1) And, P(n), the total surviving population in the nth generation is, P(n) = S(n) - S(n-x) = 2[c(n-x+1)][cx - 1] / (c-1). The way to understand this formula in practice is to use a hand calculator and play around with some \"typical\" values of x and c. If c = 1 then of course the population growth is zero. We do not know much about ancient population growth rates, but there is reasonable data for the past 2000 years, and 2.1 children per family seems to be typical. Evolutionary time scales require that the average number of offspring over most of history would have been only of the order of 2.0026 children per family. If this is the case, why a jump from 2c = 2.0026 to 2c = 2.1 only in the last 2000 years or so?",
"Helpful illustrative examples can also be quickly run on a spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel. It is then very easy to vary x and c over a whole range of limits. It is impossible to prove conclusively that the world fully populates itself in only a few thousand years. The point is, this short time scale scenario is actually more reasonable than millions of years given what we do know about population growth rates in the last millennia or two. Note B. Approximate relationships: As noted above, we have very little actual population data except for the past 200 years. For the time of Christ, most demographers make an intelligent guess that the world population was between 100 and 300 million. The lower figure tends to be preferred. We are not entirely ignorant of the world population between about 3000 BC and the time of Christ. The size and extent of ancient cities and their approximate periods of prominence are known from archaeology. Ancient historians give us some clues, and of course Christians consider the Bible to be fully accurate as it relates to Israel and the surrounding region.",
"There is legitimate reason to speculate on the time interval between Noah and Abraham, but Abraham's day seems to have been around 2000 BC. The traditional date for the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt is approximately 1400 BC. Henry Morris (Ref. 1) offers further comments: \"The evolutionist may object and say that the rate has drastically accelerated only in recent centuries. So, let us consider that the \"normal\" growth was such as to produce only the earth's population as many people have been born into the world as it was at the time of Christ, about 200 million people. This is the oldest date for which anyone has even a reasonable guess as to the population. The value of c necessary to give 200 million people in 25,000 generations can be calculated as 1.0007 and the corresponding number of people who had lived and died in that period would still be over 300 billion.",
"Therefore, using the most conservative figures for which we have even the remotest justification, if the theory of human evolution is true, there have been at least 300 billion people who have lived and died on the earth--almost all of them a long time before Christ came into the world and before any other revelation was given to man about God! A good question to consider is: Where were they buried and what happened to their bones? An even more disturbing question is: What happened to their souls? It may be claimed that none of these calculations really prove anything, since no one really has any way of knowing exactly what birth and death rates and what population figures existed in prehistoric times. This is quite true, of course, but the known facts of population growth do fit the Biblical chronology very well and they do not fit the assumed evolutionary chronology at all. Scientists work in terms of \"models\" and try to evaluate each proposed model of a particular process in terms of the \"degree of fit\" of the known data into that model. On this basis, we are abundantly justified in concluding that the creationist model with its brief chronology fits the actual known data of population statistics far better than does the million-year evolutionary model.",
"In terms of scientifically-accepted standards of evaluation, this can only mean that, on this issue at least, creationism is much more \"scientific\" than evolutionism. Other population models could be used, of course, and no one knows which is best, nor that the assumed rates have been constant. A simpler approach (as used by Malthus and Darwin) would be to assume a simple geometric increase in population, and to assume that only one generation is living at any one time. That is, in the standard population equation, assume that x = 1. Then the equation becomes simply: P(n) = 2 cn The results using this equation are practically the same as from the full equation, when n becomes large. If one wishes to think in terms of a constant annual percentage increase in population, the population equation can be written as: P(y) = 2 (1 + G/100)y years where G is the annual percentage increase in population and P(y) is the population after y years. From this equation, one can calculate that G would have to be about 0.5 percent per year to produce the present world population in the assumed 4,300 years since the Flood.",
"This is only one-fourth the present growth rate of ~2 percent per year. It is possible, of course, to specify changing growth rates of family sizes on any arbitrary basis one chooses, in order to make the results come out to any predetermined value. This is what evolutionists have to do in order to account for such a small present world population after such a long imagined evolutionary history. Nevertheless, the simplest and most straightforward population models, based upon all the real population statistics that are available, clearly correlate with the Biblical chronology as the true framework of human history. The total world population, of course, has long since been subdivided into various nations and other groupings, even though the original population was all in one small group. When, and on what basis did these subdivisions take place? The development of different nations is in the domain of ethnology.\" Note C: Some Plots of the Population Growth Equation. The following sets of curves are plots of the equation, Both the x and y axes are logarithmic. The vertical axis is the total population and the x axis is the number of generations required to reach a given population starting from 2 people in the first generation. C is half of the number of children per family, on average.",
"To convert the horizontal axis to years after creation, multiply n by the average number of years per generation, i.e., the number of years elapsing from first-born to first-born. In populations where people marry young and have many children population soars. Thus no society can sustain growth rates where C = 2.5 to 3.0 for very long. On the other hand there is no historical evidence for very low overall population growth rates over very long periods of time (hundreds of thousands or millions of years). The total population after 300 generations is indicated on each chart. Note D. Population at the time of Christ Because of the uncertainty in world population 2000 years ago, my colleague Eric Charles Abbott has kindly provided the following note: Let us put reasonable bounds on the value of the world's population in AD 1. For the sake of example, I'll choose a lower bound of 50,000,000 (8 significant figures specified), and an upper bound of 200,000,000 (9 sig. figs. specified).",
"Similarly, I'll put bounds on the population in AD 1000 at 250,000,000 and 350,000,000 (both exact). Note that the world's population must be an integer greater than or equal to 0; therefore, these values are exact -- there can be no loss of precision in the calculation due to these numbers. Using x = 2 (exact) and a generation length of (exactly) 40 years, we generate the following table : Population AD 1 | AD 1000 | C (rounded for convenience) -------------------------------------------------- 50 mil | 250 mil | 1.0665 200 mil | 250 mil | 1.00897 (min) 50 mil | 350 mil | 1.0809 (max) 200 mil | 350 mil | 1.02264 P(n) is a monotonically increasing function of c for the values of x and n chosen.",
"Therefore, if the actual populations in AD 1 and AD 1000 lie within the given bounds, then c must lie within the interval [1.00897, 1.0809]. The following plot is a rough estimate of world population from the time of the Flood of Noah, until the birth of Jesus, (53 generations). For discussion purposes the population at the time of Abraham, eleven generations after the Flood, has been taken to be one million people. The population at the time of Christ was assumed to be 300 million people. The date of the Flood was taken to be about 3500 BC, based on Barry Setterfield's chronology. References 1. Henry M. Morris, The Biblical Basis for Modern Science, Appendix 6 (Baker Book House; Grand Rapids, 1984). This book gives many more examples of population growth rates, considerations of disease, war, famine. etc. Available from the Institute of Creation Research (ICR). PO Box 2667, El Cajon, CA 92021. Excerpt: Babel and the World Population: Biblical Demography and Linguistics. 2. Ian T.",
"Taylor gives his own population estimates consistent with those of Morris in In The Minds Of Men: Darwin And The New World Order . 3. Robert Craig Long, author of a very interesting book, \"The Politicians: things of heaven and things of earth\" has detailed estimates of population growth rates calculated by a different method than given by the above formula. Long's overall conclusions, included on his web page, are similar to those presented above. 5. The Population of the PreFlood World, by Tom Pickett (added April 8, 1998). 6. Population Before the Flood From Adam to Noah, average human lifetimes were very nearly 1000 years. First-born children arrived when their parents were of the order of 100 years in age. The time period from Adam to Noah is 1656 years in a tight reading of the genealogy, or 2256 years if one chooses to use the preferred Hebrew text of the Old Testament. The First-century historian Josephus, (Antiquities of the Jews, Chap. 2 vs. 3 footnote), says that Adam and Eve had 33 sons and 23 daughters, that is, c = 28.",
"If this was a typical family size, the total world population before the Flood would have been totally beyond any reasonable numbers. There were ten generations from Adam to Noah and a more reasonable family size would appear to be at least 5 children per family. Based on the assumption of 4 to 9 children per family on average, the following sets of curves have been prepared. The line of Seth given in Genesis 5 suggests that children began to be born when the parents were of the order of a hundred years old. The name of the son (the heir) is given first in this list and then the text continues, \"...and (so and so) begat (other) sons and daughters.\" This would suggest an average family size of at least 5. But more than 5 or 6 surviving children per generation would lead to an impossibly large total population by the time of the Flood. However, this assumes present-day mortality rates. The genealogies in Genesis 5 all begin with a son. But, there could well have been daughters born earlier, or non-inheriting sons. We are merely told the name of the next in line in the family descent, i.e., the name of the heir.",
"Small family sizes when men and women were capable of bearing children for more than 400 years seems strange to us today--unless the sexual drive was much different then as compared to now. On the other hand, death rates could have been very high before the Flood. When a new disease appeared suddenly amongst the Antediluvians the death rate might have been enormous. Human bodies as yet had no immunity to new diseases back then, no antibodies to fight a new disease. Humans were created with the capacity to adapt over time to fight germs and infections. Nowadays, late in time, our bodies carry all manner of antibodies against a myriad of germs and infections. But what was it like when our race was just adjusting in a fallen world full of deadly perils? Probably the world population by the time of the Flood was indeed many billions of people, but there is a lot we do not know about this amazing period of human history before the Flood. Sources: Durand: J.D. Durand, 1974. Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation (University of Pennsylvania, Population Studies Center, Philadelphia), mimeo. D & C: United Nations, 1973.",
"The Determinants and Consequences of Population Trends, Vol. 1 (United Nations, New York). WPP63: United Nations, 1966. World Population Prospects as Assessed in 1963 (United Nations, New York). WPP94: United Nations, 1993. World Population Prospects: The 1994 Revision (United Nations, New York) LR: United Nations, 1992. Long-range World Population Projection: Two Centuries of Population Growth, 1950-2150 (United Nations, New York). Interp: Estimate interpolated from adjacent population estimates.",
"6/7/94 Data from the Population Division, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis World Population reached: 2 billion in 1927, (123 years later) 3 billion in 1960, (33 years later) 4 billion in 1974, (14 years later) 5 billion in 1987, (13 years later) World Population may reach: 6 billion in 1998, (11 years later) 7 billion in 2009, (11 years later) 8 billion in 2021, (12 years later) 9 billion in 2035, (14 years later) 10 billion in 2054, (19 years later) 11 billion in 2093, (39 years later) The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Demography & Population Studies.",
"Source: Demography & Population Studies Recent Related Report: GLOBAL POPULATION GROWTH SLOWING, STUDY SAYS Increasing Death Rate Could Decimate Developing World [This text is adapted from a Worldwatch Institute press release dated April 12, 1999, and summarizes findings reported in a new book, \"Beyond Malthus: Nineteen Dimensions of the Population Challenge,\" by Lester R. Brown, Gary Gardner, and Brian Halweil.] For the first time since Chinas great famine claimed 30 million lives in 1959-61, rising death rates are slowing world population growth. When the United Nations released its biennial population update in late 1998, it reduced the projected world population for 2050 from 9.4 billion to 8.9 billion. Of the 500 million drop, roughly one third is the result of rising death rates. The two regions where death rates are already rising, or are likely to do so, are sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent, which together contain 1.9 billion people, nearly one third of humanity. This rise in mortality does not come as a surprise to those who track world population trends.",
"The demand in many countries for food, water, and forest products is simply outrunning the capacity of local life support systems. If birthrates do not come down soon enough, natural systems deteriorate and social services fall short, forcing death rates up. Lester Brown, Gary Gardner and Brian Halweil of the Worldwatch Institute have identified three specific threats that either are already pushing death rates up or that have the potential to do sothe HIV epidemic, aquifer depletion, and shrinking cropland area per person. \"Of these three threats, the HIV virus is the first to spiral out of control in developing countries,\" says Brown. \"The HIV epidemic should be seen for what it is: an international emergency of epic proportions, one that could claim more lives in the early part of the next century than World War II did in this century.\" In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV already infects one fifth to one fourth of the adult population in Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia and Swaziland. Barring a medical miracle, many African countries will lose one fifth or more of their adult population to AIDS within the next decade. The virus has also established a foothold in the Indian subcontinent.",
"With 4 million of its adults now HIV positive, India is home to more infected individuals than any other nation. And with the infection rate among Indias adults at roughly 1 percenta critical threshold for potentially rapid spreadthe HIV epidemic threatens to engulf the country if the government does not move quickly to check it. In some countries, the HIV virus is reversing gains in life expectancy made in the last several decades. For example, in Botswana, life expectancy has fallen from 62 years in 1990 to 44 years in 1998. In Zimbabwe, it has fallen from 61 years in 1993 to 49 years in 2000 and could drop to 40 years in 2010. A second consequence of continuing population growth is potentially life-threatening water shortages. If rapid population growth continues indefinitely, the demand for water eventually exceeds the sustainable yield of aquifers. The result is excessive water withdrawals and falling water tables. Since 40 percent of the worlds food comes from irrigated land, water shortages can quickly translate into food shortages.",
"Dozens of developing countries face acute water shortages early in the next century, but none illustrate the threat better than India, whose population, which is expanding by 18 million per year, will soon reach 1 billion. New estimates for India indicate that water withdrawals are now double the rate of aquifer recharge, a serious matter where half of the grain harvest comes from irrigated land. \"In a country where 53 percent of all children are already malnourished and underweight, a shrinking harvest could increase hunger-related deaths,\" says Brown. In contrast to AIDS, which takes a heavy toll of young adults, hunger claims mostly infants and children. The third threat hanging over countries where rapid population growth continues is shrinking cropland per person. As this occurs, at-risk nations become increasingly dependent upon imported food. But those same nations might not be able to afford the imported foodand, eventually, the food simply will not be available, as world import needs exceed exportable surpluses. Among the larger countries where shrinking cropland per person threatens future food security are Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Pakistan.",
"For example, as Nigerias population goes from 111 million today to a projected 244 million in 2050, its grainland per person will shrink from 0.15 hectares to 0.07 hectares. Pakistans projected growth from 146 million today to 345 million by 2050 will shrink its grainland per person from 0.08 hectares at present to 0.03 hectares, an area scarcely the size of a tennis court. Countries where grainland per person has shrunk to 0.03 hectares, such as Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, each import some 70 percent of their grain. The threats from HIV, aquifer depletion, and shrinking cropland are not new or unexpected. It has been recognized for at least 15 years that the HIV virus could decimate human populations if it was not controlled. Similarly, \"the arithmetic of emerging water shortages is not difficult,\" Brown says. A growing population with a water supply that is essentially fixed by nature means that the water supply per person will diminish over time. The same is true for cropland per person.",
"\"The mystery is our failure to respond to the threats associated with continuing population growth,\" says Brown. One of the keys to helping countries slow population growth is expanded international assistance for reproductive health and family planning. At the U.N.s Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994, it was estimated that the annual cost of providing quality reproductive health services to all those in need in developing countries would cost $17 billion in the year 2000. By 2015, this would climb to $22 billion. Industrial countries agreed at Cairo to provide one third of the funds, with the developing countries providing the remaining two thirds. While developing countries have largely honored their commitments, the industrial countries, importantly the United States, have reneged on theirs. In late 1998, the U.S. Congress withdrew all funding for the U.N. Population Fund, the principal source of international family planning assistance. Beyond family planning, the forgiveness of international debts by governments in the industrial world could enable poor countries to make the heavy investments in education, especially of young females, that accelerates the shift to smaller families. As U.N.",
"delegates prepare in June, 1999 to evaluate the progress made since the 1994 Cairo conference, there is a desperate need for leadership in stabilizing world population as soon as possible, Brown emphasizes. [The Worldwatch Institute is Washington, DC-based nonprofit research organization that analyzes global environmental and development issues. To order the book \"Beyond Malthus: Nineteen Dimensions of the Population Challenge\" by credit card, call (in the U.S.) 1-800-555-2028; or visit the institute website, ] Update: Growth Rate Slowing; Global Population in 2002 Tops 6.2 Billion, Reports Census Bureau WASHINGTON, March 22 /U.S. Newswire/ -- The world's population increased by 1.2 percent in 2002 to total more than 6.2 billion, the U.S. Census Bureau said today in a report on global population trends. The rate of increase translated into a net addition of about 200,000 people per day and 74 million per year, roughly equivalent to the population of Egypt in 2002.",
"According to the report, Global Population Profile: 2002, the pace of global population growth peaked just over a decade ago. The increase of 74 million in 2002 is substantially below the annual high of 87 million people added in 1989-90. The rate of growth is well below the high of about 2.2 percent a year experienced 40 years ago. Census Bureau projections show the slowdown continuing into the foreseeable future. Some report highlights: -- The slowdown in global population growth is linked primarily to declines in fertility. In 1990, the world's women, on average, were giving birth to 3.3 children over their lifetimes. By 2002, the average had dropped to 2.6 children -- slightly above the level needed to assure replacement of the population. Census Bureau projections show the level of fertility for the world as a whole descending below replacement level before 2050.",
"-- While fertility was the dominant factor underlying national, regional and global population growth during the past 50 years, the large proportion of women in their reproductive years in current national and global populations will account for much of the population change expected to occur over the next 50 years. -- \"Population aging,\" the rise in all regions in the size of older age groups relative to younger ones, will be an increasingly significant trend in coming decades. The world's older population is expected to grow considerably. In 2050, there will be more than three times as many people age 65 and older as there are today. In contrast, the number of children is expected to remain relatively stable over the next five decades. -- Census Bureau projections indicate a number of African countries will experience levels of mortality during this decade that will lower the average life expectancy at birth to around 30 years by 2010, a level not seen since the beginning of the 20th century. Much of this decline in life expectancy is likely to result from AIDS (news - web sites) mortality. The report summarizes the key trends in international demography at the dawn of the 21st century.",
"It is accompanied by a special report on HIV (news - web sites)/AIDS, The AIDS Pandemic in the 21st Century, and a four-page summary, Global Population at a Glance: 2002 and Beyond. All three were released by the Census Bureau's International Programs Center, which collects and analyzes population and related statistical information from all countries. Editor's Note: The report can be accessed at Addendum: Related Article from Nature From Nature 431, 518 - 519 (30 September 2004); doi:10.1038/431518a Human evolution: Pedigrees for all humanity JOTUN HEIN Jotun Hein is in the Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, 1 South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3TG, UK. e-mail: [email protected] Simulations based on a model of human population history and geography find that an individual that is the genealogical ancestor of all living humans existed just a few thousand years ago.",
"Writing on page 562 of this issue, Rohde, Olson and Chang 1 address a simple but fascinating question: how far back in time must we go to find an individual who was the ancestor of all present-day humans? After a little consideration, the existence of such an individual (the 'universal ancestor' or, as the authors put it, our 'most recent common ancestor') should not surprise: I have two parents, four grandparents, and the growth in the population of my ancestors is close to exponential as I trace them back in time. This is true for anybody's ancestors, and there must soon be an overlap between the ancestors of two or more randomly chosen individuals ( Fig.1). Figure 1 Searching for our universal common ancestor. Full legend High resolution image and legend (72k) In simplified models, which assume random mating, the average number of generations back to a universal common ancestor has been estimated 2-4 to be around log2n, where n is the population size. So if, for instance, the present-day population were to consist of 1,000 people, the average number of generations back to the universal ancestor would be log2(1,000) \" about 10 generations.",
"For populations of size 106, or the present human population of size 6 x 109, it would be 20 or 33 generations, corresponding to 500 or a bit more than 800 years, respectively (assuming a generation time of 25 years). This is surprisingly recent. And an even more surprising conclusion from such models is that, only a little farther back in time, a large fraction of the population will be the ancestors of everybody alive today. The remaining individuals back then will be the ancestors of no one. As Rohde et al. 1 describe it, \"When genealogical ancestry is traced back beyond the [universal ancestor], more and more people in earlier generations become ancestors of the [whole] present-day population\". At a certain point in history (the 'identical ancestors' point), people can be divided into two groups: either they are common ancestors of all present-day humans, or their lineages have died out. Being the ancestor of only some living humans is not an option. At this point, Rohde et al. say, \"everyone alive now had exactly the same ancestors\".",
"In the simplest model, the fraction of 'ancestors-of-all' is about 80%, and in most estimates so far, the time back to the 'identical ancestors' point is a bit less than twice the number of generations back to the first universal ancestor. These estimates are not only astonishing, however; they are also unrealistically low, because of the simplicity of the underlying models. Key missing factors are geography (which influences population structure) and history (which affects population growth), and these are the ingredients that Rohde et al. have taken seriously to arrive at more credible estimates of the time back to the universal and identical ancestors. The authors carried out simulations based on several scenarios, incorporating different degrees of population growth and different degrees of isolation of subpopulations, with occasional migration linking these subpopulations. The authors' first model is relatively simple and includes up to ten large subpopulations, which exchange just one pair of migrants per generation.",
"In one set of estimates based on this model, the mean time back to the universal ancestor is 2,300 years (76 generations, assuming a generation time of a bit less than 30 years) and to the identical ancestors it is 5,000 years (169 generations) \" the time of Aristotle and the first pyramids, respectively. The latter date is especially startling: had you entered any village on Earth in around 3,000 BC, the first person you would have met would probably have been your ancestor! A considerably more detailed model, which describes population density within continents, the opening of ports and more, does not change these estimates much. The main weakness in the models comes from migration. As the authors point out, if one region is totally isolated (something that they do not simulate), with no migrants connecting it to other subpopulations, then the universal ancestor must logically have lived before the period of isolation began. Only after that period ends would the dates for the universal ancestor become less distant.",
"Because of the effects of isolation, had we been living in 1700, say, and tried to work out when our universal and identical ancestors lived, the answers would have been further back in time than the answers we obtain now. Tasmania, for instance, was conceivably completely isolated at the time, and probably had been for millennia; this would therefore have pushed back the dates for universal and identical ancestry. So uncertainties about population structure introduce uncertainty into the proposed dates. The genealogical questions addressed by Rohde et al. are distinct from questions about the history of our genetic material. In models that trace genetic material back in time, any given nucleotide position in our genomes can eventually be found in a single individual and on a single chromosome. Thus, being in the pedigree of all of humanity does not imply that an individual makes a significant genetic contribution to the present population. In fact, that individual might have contributed nothing. This distinction is also illustrated by 'mitochondrial Eve' -- the woman who purportedly lived hundreds of thousands of years ago and carried mitochondrial genes that are ancestral to all present mitochondrial genes. In Fig. 1 you would reach this Eve by tracing only female lineages backwards (rather than both lineages).",
"Universal common ancestry (in the pedigree sense) and genetic common ancestry thus occur on different timescales. The former is proportional to log2n, and if you were to double the current population size, the expected time back to the universal ancestor would move back by only one generation in the simple model. But the time back to the genetic common ancestor is typically proportional to the population size, and so doubling the population size would double the time back to that kind of ancestor. The fact that the number of ancestors in a pedigree increases exponentially, whereas the number of genetic ancestors increases much more slowly, has the consequence that not many generations ago (about six), members of our pedigree existed that did not contribute to us genetically. So being somebody's great-great-great-great grandparent is no guarantee of genetic relatedness. To properly understand genetic ancestry, we need the concept of the ancestral recombination graph 5, 6 a generalization of traditional phylogeny that traces genetic material back in time in the presence of genetic recombination. The increased ease of obtaining genome-sequence data from individuals, and the number of large-scale projects cataloguing variation in the human population, will increase our ability to test hypotheses about human history.",
"Combining pedigree and genetic ancestry will become more and more important, both for data analysis and in exploring properties of population models 7. Many interesting questions lie ahead. For instance, how much genetic material (if any) did the universal ancestor pass on to the present population? What about that for a non-universal ancestor from the same time? In the idealized models, how far back would one have to go to find a single couple who are the lone ancestors of everybody? And how much could be known about humanity's pedigree if we knew the genome of everybody? References 1. Rohde, D. L. T., Olson, S. & Chang, J. T. Nature 431, 562566 (2004). Article | 2. Kammerle, K. J. Appl. Prob. 27, 880885 (1989). 3. Chang, J. Adv. Appl. Prob. 31, 10021026 (1999). | Article | 4. Derrida, B., Manrubia, S. C. & Zanette, D. H. J.",
"Theor. Biol. 203, 303315 (2000). | Article | PubMed | ChemPort | 5. Griffiths, R. C. Theor. Popul. Biol. 19, 169186 (1981). 6. Hudson, R. R. Theor. Popul. Biol. 23, 183201 (1983). | PubMed | ChemPort | 7. Hein, J. J., Schierup, M. H. & Wiuf, C. H. Gene Genealogies, Variation and Evolution (Oxford Univ. Press, 2004). 9. Wikipedia Summary Article: Population Lambert Dolphin"
] |
What was the name of the pig leader in George Orwell's Animal Farm?
|
Napoleon
|
[
"Napoleon Buonaparte",
"Napolean bonapart",
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"Napoleon Boneparte",
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"Napoleaon",
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"Napoléon Buonaparte",
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"Emperor Napoleon",
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"Napoleon I of France bibliography",
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"Napolean Bonaparte",
"Napoleon Bonapart",
"Napeoleon",
"Napolean bonarparte",
"Emperor Napoleon I",
"Napolean",
"Napoleon Bonaparte",
"Napoloen",
"Emperor of France Napoleon I",
"Napoleon I Bonaparte",
"Napoleone Buonaparte",
"Napoleon bonaparte",
"Napolian",
"Napoléon Bonaparte",
"Napoleon's",
"Napoleonic",
"Napoleon I, Emperor of the French",
"Jupiter Scapin",
"Nepolian",
"Napoleon I of the French",
"Little Corporal",
"Napoleon I of Italy",
"Napoleon bonepart",
"Napoléon I",
"Armed Soldier of Democracy",
"Napoleon I the Great of the French bibliography",
"Napoleon i of france",
"Napoleon i of france bibliography",
"Napoléon I of France",
"Napoleon's height",
"Napoleon Ier",
"Napoleon I",
"General Bonaparte",
"Napoleone di Buonaparte",
"Napoleón Bonaparte",
"Général Bonaparte",
"Jean d'Epee",
"Napoleon",
"Napoleon I of the French bibliography",
"Napoleon Emperor of France",
"Boneparte",
"Napoleon of France",
"Napoléon Ier",
"Napoléon I Bonaparte"
] | 11,944
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[
"SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Character List Character List Plot Overview Analysis of Major Characters Napoleon - The pig who emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon uses military force (his nine loyal attack dogs) to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power. In his supreme craftiness, Napoleon proves more treacherous than his counterpart, Snowball. Read an in-depth analysis of Napoleon. Snowball - The pig who challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Leon Trotsky, Snowball is intelligent, passionate, eloquent, and less subtle and devious than his counterpart, Napoleon. Snowball seems to win the loyalty of the other animals and cement his power. Read an in-depth analysis of Snowball. Boxer - The cart-horse whose incredible strength, dedication, and loyalty play a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help but rather slow-witted, Boxer shows much devotion to Animal Farm’s ideals but little ability to think about them independently. He naïvely trusts the pigs to make all his decisions for him.",
"His two mottoes are “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.” Read an in-depth analysis of Boxer. Squealer - The pig who spreads Napoleon’s propaganda among the other animals. Squealer justifies the pigs’ monopolization of resources and spreads false statistics pointing to the farm’s success. Orwell uses Squealer to explore the ways in which those in power often use rhetoric and language to twist the truth and gain and maintain social and political control. Read an in-depth analysis of Squealer. Old Major - The prize-winning boar whose vision of a socialist utopia serves as the inspiration for the Rebellion. Three days after describing the vision and teaching the animals the song “Beasts of England,” Major dies, leaving Snowball and Napoleon to struggle for control of his legacy. Orwell based Major on both the German political economist Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Ilych Lenin. Read an in-depth analysis of Old Major. Clover - A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxer’s close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments.",
"Moses - The tame raven who spreads stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses plays only a small role in Animal Farm, but Orwell uses him to explore how communism exploits religion as something with which to pacify the oppressed. Mollie - The vain, flighty mare who pulls Mr. Jones’s carriage. Mollie craves the attention of human beings and loves being groomed and pampered. She has a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she misses wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She represents the petit bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years after the Russian Revolution. Benjamin - The long-lived donkey who refuses to feel inspired by the Rebellion. Benjamin firmly believes that life will remain unpleasant no matter who is in charge. Of all of the animals on the farm, he alone comprehends the changes that take place, but he seems either unwilling or unable to oppose the pigs. Muriel - The white goat who reads the Seven Commandments to Clover whenever Clover suspects the pigs of violating their prohibitions. Mr. Jones - The often drunk farmer who runs the Manor Farm before the animals stage their Rebellion and establish Animal Farm. Mr.",
"Jones is an unkind master who indulges himself while his animals lack food; he thus represents Tsar Nicholas II, whom the Russian Revolution ousted. Mr. Frederick - The tough, shrewd operator of Pinchfield, a neighboring farm. Based on Adolf Hitler, the ruler of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, Mr. Frederick proves an untrustworthy neighbor. Mr. Pilkington - The easygoing gentleman farmer who runs Foxwood, a neighboring farm. Mr. Frederick’s bitter enemy, Mr. Pilkington represents the capitalist governments of England and the United States. Mr. Whymper - The human solicitor whom Napoleon hires to represent Animal Farm in human society. Mr. Whymper’s entry into the Animal Farm community initiates contact between Animal Farm and human society, alarming the common animals. Jessie and Bluebell - Two dogs, each of whom gives birth early in the novel. Napoleon takes the puppies in order to “educate” them.",
"Minimus - The poet pig who writes verse about Napoleon and pens the banal patriotic song “Animal Farm, Animal Farm” to replace the earlier idealistic hymn “Beasts of England,” which Old Major passes on to the others. Why did Orwell chose to name the lead pig Napoleon?What is the signifigance of his name? Prove your ideas.Thanks! | eNotes Why did Orwell chose to name the lead pig Napoleon?What is the signifigance of his name? Prove your ideas.Thanks! pirateteacher | High School Teacher | (Level 3) Associate Educator Posted on November 20, 2011 at 3:52 AM After running Snowball off the farm, Napoleon becomes the leader. At the end of the book, Napoleon becomes a corrupted leader and, standing on two legs just like the formerly hated humans, reverts the name of the farm back to Manor Farm. Napoleon was named after French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte. Because of his rise to power and subsequent ruling styles, the name Napoleon has become synonymous with dictators and the idea the power can corrupt.",
"This is fitting in the case of Animal Farm where this Napoleon raises to power after making secret deals with neighbors and kills numerous friends who confess to chasing Snowball off the farm, when in fact it was he who drove off his former friend. George Orwell and the Politics of Animal Farm George Orwell and the Politics of Animal Farm Introduction At the age of eight, George Orwell, then known as \"Eric Blair,\" was sent to a preparatory boarding school on the South Coast of England. He called this school \"Crossgates\" in his autobiographical essay Such, Such Were the Joys...; Crossgates, an expensive and snobbish school, was presided over by a husband-and-wife team of schoolmasters, nicknamed Sim and Bingo, respectively. Though Such, Such Were the Joys... is by no means a political piece of writing, it nevertheless contains references to victims, oppressors, and a highly systematized form of tyranny. [1] In this atmosphere of constant taunting and endless competition for scholarships, Orwell developed a contempt for any type of authority. Not yet twenty years old, Orwell enlisted in the Indian Imperial Police and served in Burma for five years.",
"During these years, Orwell witnessed Imperialism at its worst; saw hangings, floggings, and filthy prisons, and he \"was forced to assert a superiority over the Burmese which he never really felt.\" [2] Little economic or cultural progress was made and Orwell left this situation with the conviction that Imperialism was too evil to risk one's life for. In 1936, Orwell joined the Republican side and fought in the Spanish Civil War. Through first-hand experience, Orwell saw propaganda and the perversion of history used for the first time as instruments of war. The deliberate distortion of facts by both Left and Right seemed to Orwell to be even more terrible than \"the roar of bombs.\" Orwell believed the unchecked distortion of objective truth would create far worse situations for mankind than any ideological war ever could. For power, Orwell realized, had become an end in itself. Animal Farm The first of Orwell's great cries of despair was Animal Farm [3] , his satirical beast fable, often heralded as his lightest, gayest work.",
"Though it resembles the Russian Revolution and the rise of Stalin, it is more meaningfully an anatomy of all political revolutions, where the revolutionary ideals of justice, equality, and fraternity shatter in the event. [4] Orwell paints a grim picture of the political 20th century, a time he believed marked the end of the very concept of human freedom. Animal Farm is constructed on a circular basis to illustrate the futility of the revolution. [5] The novel is a series of dramatic repudiations of the Seven Commandments, and a return to the tyranny and irresponsibility of the beginning. The only change will be in the identity of the masters, and ironically, that will be only partially changed. Animal Farm begins by introducing Mr. Jones, the master of the farm, who is too drunk to shut the popholes in the henhouse. The owner of Manor Farm also forgets to milk the cows, a biologically-serious omission, and is irresponsible toward the rest of his animals. (Later yet, the pigs will also forget the milking, an ironic parallel that reveals the subsequent corruption of the revolution.) One of the cows breaks into the store shed and Mr. Jones and his helpers try to fight off the hungry animals.",
"\"A minute later all five of them were in full flight down the cart track that led to the main road, with the animals pursuing them in triumph.\" Then, \"almost before they knew what was happening, the Rebellion had been successfully carried through - Jones was expelled, and the Manor Farm was theirs.\" Yet with the revolution secured, there are graver dangers than the threat of invasion and counter-revolution. The ultimate corruption of the revolution is presaged immediately: \"They raced back to the farm building to wipe out the last traces of Jones' hated reign... the reins, the halters, the degrading nosebags, were thrown onto the rubbish fire which was burning in the yard. So were the whips.\" Their reaction is understandable, but the desciption of the inevitable and immediate violence foreshadows the fate of the rebellion: reactionary cruelty, the search for the scapegoat, and the perversion of the ideals of the revolution. [6] Nevertheless, the animals are too overjoyed with their sudden success.",
"Snowball, one of the pig leaders (the other is Napoleon), with the assistance of Squealer, the pigs' public-relations \"man,\" crosses out the name \"Manor Farm\" and climbs a ladder and writes these words on the end wall of the big barn: The Seven Commandments 1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. Thus the ideals of the revolution are spelled out in writing and yet these same ideals are perverted almost immediately. With the task of harvesting the hay presenting itself to the animals, Snowball cries, \"... to the hayfield! Let us make it a point of honour to get in the harvest more quickly than Jones and his men could do.\" All the animals proceed directly to the hayfield, but the pigs, rather than working, direct and supervise the others. \"With their superior knowledge it was natural that they should assume the leadership.\" The pigs' managerial role foreshadow the perversion of the Seventh Commandment.",
"In this period of bliss, there are brewing far more horrible situations for the animals of Animal Farm. While Snowball is organizing \"The Egg Production Committee\" for the hens and the \"Clean Tails League\" for the cows, Napoleon, the sinister pig tyrant, is carefully educating a few puppies for his own evil purposes. Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, the owners of the farms adjoining Animal Farm, spread rumors of cannibalism, torture with red-hot horseshoes, and poligamy. On the other hand, there are rumors of a \"wonderful farm, where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs\" - in short, a paradise. Neither set of rumors is true - for is not the social situations of conflicting ideologies that Orwell concerns himself with, but the misrepresentation, the falsification, and the distortion of fact which leads unfortunately to disaster and misery. [7] The way fact is distorted and misrepresented is graphically portrayed in the rivalry between Snowball and Napoleon over the construction of a windmill.",
"During a meeting, Snowball has almost swayed the animals to his side, that is, for the construction of the windmill, when suddenly nine huge dogs, the product of Napoleon's evil efforts, chase Snowball off the farm. Snowball becomes the scapegoat in Napoleon's plans, and everything that comes to harm Napoleon's regime will be blamed on Snowball. The remainder of Animal Farm is a chronicle of the consolidation of Napoleon's power through clever politics, propaganda, and terror. On the third Sunday after Snowball's expulsion, the animals hear that Napoleon wants the windwill to be built after all: \"The evening Squealer explained privately to the other animals that Napoleon had never in reality been opposed to the windmill. On the contrary, it was he who had advocated it in the beginning, and the plan which Snowball had drawn on the floor of the incubator shed had actually been stolen from among Napoleon's papers... He had seemed to oppose the windmill, simply as a maneuver to get rid of Snowball, who was a dangerous character and a bad influence.\" The animals are not sure of Squealer's explanation but a few of Napoleon's dogs growl so threateningly that the animals accept it without question.",
"This developing state of tyranny and oppression will ultimately transform the \"unalterable\" Seven Commandments into Napoleon's own laws. The windmill soon becomes the means by which Napoleon exerts control. He uses it to direct the animals' attention away from the growing shortages and inadequacies on the farm, and the animals ignorantly concentrate all their efforts on building the windmill. The symbolic nature of the windmill is itself important - it suggests an empty concentration, a meaningless, unheroic effort, for the idea is literally misguided. [8] It is about this time that the rest of the animals notice that the pigs have taken residence in the farmhouse, and contrary to what they believe has been ruled against, the pigs have begun to sleep in beds. Clover the horse is doubtful, but she reads the Fourth Commandment on the barn wall, and concludes that she was mistaken after all: \"No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.\" Beginning with this small but significant change in the unalterable Laws of Animalism, there will be an even greater and more profound change - the blatant alteration of history. Half-finished, the windmill is suddenly destroyed, at the hands, so says Napoleon, of the traitor, Snowball.",
"Work on the windmill resumes, this time with less rations for the animals. Almost \"sure\" of Snowball's secret collaboration with some of the animals, Napoleon calls together the entire population of the farm. \"Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then he uttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon's feet... When they had finished their confession, the dogs promptly tore their throats out, and in a terrible voice Napoleon demanded whether any other animal had anything to confess.\" Before long, there is a pile of corpses lying before Napoleon's feet and the air is heavy with the smell of blood. Even so, the terror and senseless death are both shattering experiences, but they are at least comprehensible; far more terrifying is the overt alteration of consciousness which follows the slaughter, the blatent misrepresentation of the past, which goes unchallenged. [9] Lacking the right words to express her thoughts after the slaughter, Clover begins to sing Beasts of England, the patriotic song of the Rebellion.",
"Squealer stops her and tells her that Beasts of England is of no use anymore, because the better society portrayed in the song has already been achieved. The irony in this statement is almost absurd, yet the animals have failed to grasp its meaning. Rebuilt completely, the windmill is once again destroyed, this time by Frederick and his followers who try to retake Animal Farm, but are defeated, inflicting many casualties on both sides. To celebrate their victory, the pigs get drunk off a case of whiskey found in the cellar of the farmhouse. A few days later, the animals realize that they have remembered another Commandment incorrectly. It now read: \"No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.\" With so little opposition to this outright alteration of fact, nothing stands in the way of the pigs. Boxer, the strongest and hardest-working animal, falls ill. Though the van in which the dying Boxer is taken away has the words \"Horse Slaughterer\" painted on the sides, Squealer assures the other animals that the veterinary surgeon had just recently bought it, and did not have time to paint the old name out.",
"Boxer, devoting his unceasing labor to the pigs, outlives his usefulness, and is rewarded by being sent to the glue factory. Years pass, and most of the animals involved in the Rebellion have been forgotten. The only Commandment left on the barn wall is this: All Animals are Equal But some animals are more equal than others. The name \"Animal Farm\" is changed back to \"Manor Farm.\" A deputation of neighboring farmers meet the pigs and tours the farm. Toasting each other's prosperity, Pig and Human alike proceed to play a game of cards. Suddenly: \"Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which.\" This scene illustrates the essential horror of the human condition - there have been, are, and always will be pigs in every society, and they will always grab for power. [10] It is the \"human nature\" of the animals that defeats them. [11] Conclusion Animal Farm is the story of a revolution gone sour.",
"Animalism, Communism, and Fascism are all illusions which are used by the pigs as a means of satisfying their greed and lust for power. As Lord Acton wrote: \"Power tends to corrupt; absolute power corrupts absolutely.\" So long as the animals cannot remember the past, because it is being continually altered, they will have no control over the present and hence over the future. Notes Symbolism of Pigs in Animal Farm by George Orwell :: George Orwell Animal Farm Symbolism of Pigs in Animal Farm by George Orwell Length: 1073 words (3.1 double-spaced pages) Rating: Excellent Open Document Symbolism of Pigs in Animal Farm by George Orwell In Orwell's Animal Farm, the animals revolt against the cruel human leaders and set up a better method of farm management where all animals are equal. As time passes, the new leaders become greedy and corrupt, and the other animals realize conditions are just as miserable as before. There is a major connection between Animal Farm and Russian communism. The pigs are one of the most significant of these connections, representing the communist rulers of Russia, like Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Their traits, personalities, and actions are similar to the actual men in power.",
"In the novel Animal Farm, the pigs represent the communist leaders of Russia in the early 1900s. Old Major, the creator of animalism, represents both the original revolutionary, Vladimir Lenin, and the founder of communism, Karl Marx. Like these Russians, Old Major wants all individuals to be equal. Old Major is symbolic of Marx because, like Marx, he has a dream about the revolution. He says, \"'That is my message for you, comrades: Rebellion! And among us animals let there be perfect unity, perfect comradeship, in the struggle. All men are enemies. All animals are comrades'\" (Orwell 4). Also, neither of the two live to see the revolution put into effect (\"Animal\" 1). Old Major is also symbolic of Lenin because while he introduces the idea of a revolution, Lenin introduces the New Economy Plan to Russia (Urban 1). How to Cite this Page MLA Citation: Sort By: Animals view Old Major's skull prior to meetings because he inspired them to revolt; similarly, people of Russia view Lenin's glass coffin because he originally led them to overthrow the czars' reign. In addition, Napoleon, the ruthless commander of Animal Farm, is symbolic of communist Joseph Stalin.",
"Both characters can be described as \"cruel, corrupt, and selfish\" (\"Animal\" 1). Napoleon rids himself of Snowball and takes control, and Stalin removes Trotsky and names himself \"political heir\" (\"Joseph\" 1). Neither Napoleon nor Stalin had any compassion; they \"ruled with an iron fist and killed all those who opposed [them]\" (\"Animal\" 1). While Napoleon reigns with his dogs and Squealer at his side, Stalin uses his KGB and propaganda to control the people (1). Both leaders purge their nations of suspected traitors and, in Napoleon's case, Snowball loyalists (Urban 2). Napoleon, like Stalin, traded with other neighboring areas for materials even though it was initially decided there would be no interactions. Under Napoleon and Stalin's rule, there is \"productivity and economy growth but at great cost\" (\"Joseph\" 1). Even though the economy grows more diverse, animals and humans are dying both physically and mentally. In Animal Farm, Snowball, the brilliant leader, represents revolutionary Leon Trotsky. Both are intelligent, efficient, and inventive. They are smart, young speakers that want a better life for all individuals (\"Animal\" 1).",
"Snowball is run out of Animal Farm by Napoleon; likewise, Trotsky is killed at the hands of Stalin (1). Snowball is considered an \"enemy of the farm,\" and Trotsky is considered an \"enemy of the people\" (Urban 2). Both were \"repeatedly denounced as traitor[s] by [their] native countr[ies], and wild lies were invented to discredit [them]\" (\"Animal\" 1). Rumors spread about the leaders being in neighboring areas, and whenever something goes wrong, they are blamed. Like Stalin and Trotsky in reality, Napoleon and Snowball go head to head on many controversial topics, like building the windmill and education. Orwell says, \"At meetings, Snowball often won over the majority by his brilliant speeches, but Napoleon was better at canvassing support for himself in between times\" (63). To set up a positive method of communism, Snowball and Trotsky use their writing skills and intelligence to sway the public (Buch 2). Meanwhile, Napoleon and Trotsky find ways to gain popularity without giving speeches and displaying their knowledge. In the novel, Squealer the pig is symbolic of propaganda in Russia.",
"Squealer, like propaganda, is persuasive and can \"turn black to white\" (\"Animal\" 1). Squealer convinces the animals that Napoleon is smart and Snowball is wicked, while propaganda convinces people that Stalin is a good leader and Trotsky is a traitor. Squealer refers to reductions in rations as \"readjustments;\" this is symbolic of the new language invented to confuse people in the Soviet Union. Both assure the public that conditions are better now than before communism. Orwell states, \"[Squealer] repeated a number of times, 'Tactics, comrades, tactics!' skipping round and round whisking his tail with a merry laugh. The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions\" (72). Like Russian propaganda, Squealer answers questions indirectly and convinces the public by instilling fear in them. In general, the pigs of Animal Farm represent the Communist Party loyalists. When communism is established, both are concerned with the welfare of the public.",
"As time progresses, these original revolutionary ideas are altered and changed for the worse (\"Animal\" 1). The pigs and the loyalists take advantage of their roles as leaders. In the end, the pigs, like the loyalists, finally reach the height of their corruption and become as cruel as the previous rulers; Orwell says, \"The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but it was already impossible to say which was which\" (139). Even though the revolution starts out with positive goals and intentions, the leaders become careless with their power and end up no better than their predecessors. Overall, there is a clear connection between the pigs of Animal Farm and the Russian communist leaders. Every action made by the pigs is symbolic of an actual event in history. In the end, the pigs, like the communist rulers, neglect the revolution goals and are almost indistinguishable from the previous leaders. Works Cited \"Animal Farm Symbolism/Interpretation.\" TNT Learning. 1999. (30 April 2007). Buch, Fred. \"Leon Trotsky.\" Fbuch.com. n.d. (1 May 2007).",
"\"Joseph Stalin (1879-1953).\" BBC History. n.d. (1 May 2007). Orwell, George. Animal Farm. New York: Signet, 1996. Urban, Joan Barth. \"Communism.\" World Book Encyclopedia. 2004 ed. SparkNotes: Animal Farm: Analysis of Major Characters Analysis of Major Characters Themes, Motifs & Symbols Napoleon From the very beginning of the novella, Napoleon emerges as an utterly corrupt opportunist. Though always present at the early meetings of the new state, Napoleon never makes a single contribution to the revolution—not to the formulation of its ideology, not to the bloody struggle that it necessitates, not to the new society’s initial attempts to establish itself. He never shows interest in the strength of Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Thus, the only project he undertakes with enthusiasm is the training of a litter of puppies. He doesn’t educate them for their own good or for the good of all, however, but rather for his own good: they become his own private army or secret police, a violent means by which he imposes his will on others.",
"Although he is most directly modeled on the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, Napoleon represents, in a more general sense, the political tyrants that have emerged throughout human history and with particular frequency during the twentieth century. His namesake is not any communist leader but the early-eighteenth-century French general Napoleon, who betrayed the democratic principles on which he rode to power, arguably becoming as great a despot as the aristocrats whom he supplanted. It is a testament to Orwell’s acute political intelligence and to the universality of his fable that Napoleon can easily stand for any of the great dictators and political schemers in world history, even those who arose after Animal Farm was written. In the behavior of Napoleon and his henchmen, one can detect the lying and bullying tactics of totalitarian leaders such as Josip Tito, Mao Tse-tung, Pol Pot, Augusto Pinochet, and Slobodan Milosevic treated in sharply critical terms. Snowball Orwell’s stint in a Trotskyist battalion in the Spanish Civil War—during which he first began plans for a critique of totalitarian communism—influenced his relatively positive portrayal of Snowball.",
"As a parallel for Leon Trotsky, Snowball emerges as a fervent ideologue who throws himself heart and soul into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and to improve Animal Farm’s infrastructure. His idealism, however, leads to his downfall. Relying only on the force of his own logic and rhetorical skill to gain his influence, he proves no match for Napoleon’s show of brute force. Although Orwell depicts Snowball in a relatively appealing light, he refrains from idealizing his character, making sure to endow him with certain moral flaws. For example, Snowball basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. Moreover, his fervent, single-minded enthusiasm for grand projects such as the windmill might have erupted into full-blown megalomaniac despotism had he not been chased from Animal Farm. Indeed, Orwell suggests that we cannot eliminate government corruption by electing principled individuals to roles of power; he reminds us throughout the novella that it is power itself that corrupts. Boxer The most sympathetically drawn character in the novel, Boxer epitomizes all of the best qualities of the exploited working classes: dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor.",
"He also, however, suffers from what Orwell saw as the working class’s major weaknesses: a naïve trust in the good intentions of the intelligentsia and an inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption. Exploited by the pigs as much or more than he had been by Mr. Jones, Boxer represents all of the invisible labor that undergirds the political drama being carried out by the elites. Boxer’s pitiful death at a glue factory dramatically illustrates the extent of the pigs’ betrayal. It may also, however, speak to the specific significance of Boxer himself: before being carted off, he serves as the force that holds Animal Farm together. Squealer Throughout his career, Orwell explored how politicians manipulate language in an age of mass media. In Animal Farm, the silver-tongued pig Squealer abuses language to justify Napoleon’s actions and policies to the proletariat by whatever means seem necessary. By radically simplifying language—as when he teaches the sheep to bleat “Four legs good, two legs better!”—he limits the terms of debate.",
"By complicating language unnecessarily, he confuses and intimidates the uneducated, as when he explains that pigs, who are the “brainworkers” of the farm, consume milk and apples not for pleasure, but for the good of their comrades. In this latter strategy, he also employs jargon (“tactics, tactics”) as well as a baffling vocabulary of false and impenetrable statistics, engendering in the other animals both self-doubt and a sense of hopelessness about ever accessing the truth without the pigs’ mediation. Squealer’s lack of conscience and unwavering loyalty to his leader, alongside his rhetorical skills, make him the perfect propagandist for any tyranny. Squealer’s name also fits him well: squealing, of course, refers to a pig’s typical form of vocalization, and Squealer’s speech defines him. At the same time, to squeal also means to betray, aptly evoking Squealer’s behavior with regard to his fellow animals. Old Major As a democratic socialist, Orwell had a great deal of respect for Karl Marx, the German political economist, and even for Vladimir Ilych Lenin, the Russian revolutionary leader.",
"His critique of Animal Farm has little to do with the Marxist ideology underlying the Rebellion but rather with the perversion of that ideology by later leaders. Major, who represents both Marx and Lenin, serves as the source of the ideals that the animals continue to uphold even after their pig leaders have betrayed them. Though his portrayal of Old Major is largely positive, Orwell does include a few small ironies that allow the reader to question the venerable pig’s motives. For instance, in the midst of his long litany of complaints about how the animals have been treated by human beings, Old Major is forced to concede that his own life has been long, full, and free from the terrors he has vividly sketched for his rapt audience. He seems to have claimed a false brotherhood with the other animals in order to garner their support for his vision. George Orwell's Animal Farm Summary :: George Orwell Animal Farm George Orwell's Animal Farm Summary Length: 1012 words (2.9 double-spaced pages) Rating: Excellent Open Document George orwell is a writer who was born in Bengal India in 1903. Actually, George orwell was a pseudonym for Eric Blair which is his real name.",
"Before Blair was a writer, he was a Police Officer, and he loved to writhe Political stories of his own time. Having a passionate love hate relationship with Totalitarianism, Blair served in the loyalist forces in the Spanish civil war. Blair died at the age of 47 although his work still lives on. One of Blairs greatest works of art is Animal Farm. One late night on Manor Farm Mr. Jones drunk as usual locked up the hens and went to sleep. Old Major a pig gathers all the barn animals to tell them about an animal rebellion. three days later Old Major died. About three months later in June the animals finally rebelled after months of planing and a day of being united. the animals are under the leadership of pigs Napoleon and Snowball. Each animal had orders, and with the help of the learn how to spell books from Mr. Jones’s house most animals learned how to read and write. The pigs took some paint and painted the sign that had previously read Manor Farm to read Animal Farm . Napoleon found some puppies and took care of them, while snowball would tend to some business. The pigs made the seven commandments of Animalism. “1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.",
"2 Whatever goes upon four legs, or wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal.”(Orwell,33) The local farmers did not want their animals to find out about the takeover at Animal Farm so a group of men attacked the animals which was known as the battle of cowshed. Snowball had an idea to build a windmill to give the animals electricity. Napoleon did not think that was a good idea. One day the animals were having a meeting and some dogs came in and attacked snowball who ran away and nobody saw him their again. Then Napoleon was the leader and he built the wind mill, then a storm knocked the wind mill down. The animals just built in bigger and thicker. Napoleon had a meeting with the animals to talk about the traitor snowball and some animals confessed to plot with snowball, they were killed by the dogs. The pigs start sleeping in the beds in the house. How to Cite this Page MLA Citation: Napoleon cuts down the rations of all the animals except the pigs.",
"Napoleon sells some wood to a neighboring farm only to find that the bank statements were forged. The men attack the farm again. the windmill was destroyed and some of the animals were killed. that battle was named the battle of the windmill. The pigs were looking through the house and found some whiskey so they started drinking it later walking on two legs and gambling with the humans and could no longer see the difference between man and animal. Snowball is a spirited pig creative and quick in speech, but is not considered as 'deep' as Napoleon. Had the original idea for the windmill. After he is expelled from the farm, Napoleon and Squealer identify him as the 'enemy' and blame him for everything that goes wrong. The theme that I see form this story that Mr. Orwell was trying to give us is that you will always have some sort of tyranny. In the beginning of the novel Mr. Jones the owner of Manor farm was the firs tyrant. ‘Let us face it: Our lives are miserable, laborious, and short.",
"we are born, we are givin just so much food as will keep the breath in our bodies, and those of us who are capable of it are forced to work to the last atom of our strength.” (Orwell, 18) After the rebellion the new tyrants were the pigs. “Sometimes the work was hard; the implements had been designed for human beings and not for animals, and it was a great drawback that no animal was able to use any tool that involved standing on his hind legs. but the pigs were so clever that they could think of a way round every difficulty. as for the horses, they knew every inch of the field, and in fact understood the business of mowing and raking far better than Jones and his men had ever done. The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others.” (Orwell,35) After a while the main tyrant of the pigs was Napoleon. The pigs had not only a lighter work load but also got more food. “The mystery of where the mild went to was soon cleared up. It was mixed everyday with the pigs’ mash.",
"the early apples were now ripening, and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls the animals thought that the apples would be split up evenly but the pigs get all of the apples.” (Orwell,41-42) The animals were under tyranny with Mr. Jones and now after the rebellion in the world they thought was so perfect their was still tyranny. Napoleon was based on Joseph Stalin, who ruled the Soviet Union for nearly 30 years. From the start, Napoleon was looked at as a evil character. As Napoleon fights along the side of snowball to turn Manor farm in to Animal Farm, only to turn on his former comrade and seize control of the farm; this mirrors the relationship between Stalin and .Leon Trotsky who supported a permanent Revolution If I were to change the story I would bring snowball back with some friends to over through napoleon or have one of the other farms rebel also and have the two farm run together. I thought that the story was very good and with the changes I have suggested would make it even better. It is hard to say that the story could use come critiques because it is such a popular book.",
"George Orwell - Animal Farm George Orwell Buchbesprechung von Melanie Konzett About the author George Orwell, whose real name was Eric Arthur Blair, was born on June 26, 1903 in India. During his life he worked in lots of different professions. Most of them referred to writing or reporting. His first novel, Burmese Days, was published in 1934. In 1937 he went to Spain to fight on the side of the Republicans in the Civil War. During World War II he worked for the BBC. His most popular books are Animal Farm, which was first published in 1945 by Martin Secker & Warburg Ltd. and 1984, which was written in 1949. He died on January 21, 1950, in London. About the book The story takes place on a farm in England in the first half of the 20th century. On this farm the animals chase away Mr. Jones, the farmer, and establish their own society, based on the rights and the equality of all animals.",
"But after a while the system changes more and more, so that in the end it is different from the one they had wanted to establish at first. The Main Characters the owner of Manor Farm, which later becomes Animal Farm Old Major the old pig, which gives the animals the idea of the rebellion and the basics of Animalism Snowball one of the two leading pigs, later driven away by Napoleon and his dogs Napoleon the other leading pig, which becomes the totalitarian leader at the end of the story Squealer a very clever pig, which always tells the other animals everything Napoleon wants him to tell Mr. Pilkington, Mr. Frederick farmers who live next to Animal Farm Plot Summary One evening the pig Old Major gives a speech to all the other animals from Manor Farm. He tells the animals about his attitude towards men and his vision of the future, he dies a little time later. Later, after the leading animals have developed the basic ideas, called Animalism, for a new society of animals they chase away Mr. Jones and create a new society. This is based on seven commandments: Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. No animal shall wear clothes.",
"No animal shall sleep in a bed. No animal shall drink alcohol. No animal shall kill another animal. All animals are equal. The pigs are more intelligent than the other animals and so they do the thinking part. The pigs try to teach all the animals to read, but they are not very successful. And so the pigs are later able to change the commandments without the knowledge of the other animals. At this time the animals live and work together peacefully. After some time they attack the farmers (Mr. Jones, Mr. Pilkington, Mr. Frederick and their men). This and some other events lead to a feeling of brotherhood among the animals. Then Napoleon drives away Snowball with the help of some big dogs. Now the situation changes, the society becomes focussed on Napoleon. He organises the farm by giving orders and decrees to the other animals. Squealer \"explains\" the new things to the other animals, which are not so intelligent, so that they think everything Napoleon says or does is right. To achieve this the ruling pig also changes the seven commandments. Napoleon and his followers change more and more. They twist the basic ideas of the rebellion and in the end they are just like men.",
"They walk on two legs and oppress the other animals. ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL, BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS. My opinion I think, this story shows us a lot about our life. In the beginning the rebells have common goals and ideals, but after some time this changes. This book also tells the story of the Russian Revolution of 1918. There the same development took place in the years after the initial changes. At first, I was very happy to read this book, because I wanted to know the story. I have read another book of George Orwell, 1984, which I liked very much, but this book is different. It touched me in a strange way. I am afraid that this will happen once more, that some intelligent, bad people will triumph. Quotes The ordinary man is passive. Within a narrow circle (home life, and perhaps the trade unions or local politics) he feels himself master of his fate, but against major events he is as helpless as against the elements. So far from endeavoring to influence the future, he simply lies down and lets things happen to him.",
"Not to expose your true feelings to an adult seems to be instinctive from the age of seven or eight onwards. Doublethink means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. Men can only be happy when they do not assume that the object of life is happiness. No one can look back on his schooldays and say with truth that they were altogether unhappy. Serious sport has nothing to do with fair play. It is bound up with hatred, jealousy, boastfulness, disregard of all rules and sadistic pleasure in witnessing violence: in other words it is war minus the shooting. Men are only as good as their technical development allows them to be. All writers are vain, selfish and lazy, and at the very bottom of their motives lies a mystery. Writing a book is a long, exhausting struggle, like a long bout of some painful illness. One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven by some demon whom one can neither resist nor understand.",
"George Orwell’s ‘1984’ and ‘Animal Farm’ | Southern Pacific Review George Orwell’s ‘1984’ and ‘Animal Farm’ Books slider — 03 May 2012 by Julia Hones ‘1984’ is a dystopian novel about a country called “Oceania” that is constantly at war, but its citizens do not know why it is at war. They do support it, though, because anybody who is not a supporter is considered a traitor. Hatred and rage fuel the support of this endless war. Anyone who dares to oppose the dictator’s principles or think differently is vilified and will disappear. Those who work for the party are instructed to manipulate the truth as needed. In fact, nobody really knows the truth and nobody should care to reflect on it because their lives would be at stake if they did. Physical movements and facial expressions are closely monitored by telescreens in people’s homes, political prisoners are treated worse than criminals and love does not exist; hatred and fear condition everybody’s behavior. Blind obedience to Big Brother is what matters. Torture and starvation await anybody who dares to challenge the system in any way.",
"Another strategy of the ruling Party is to destroy words. “We’re cutting the language down to the bone. Don’t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the range of thought?” “There will be no thought as we understand it now. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness.” Winston is a thirty-nine year-old man who works for the Ministry of Truth. He helps to change the historical facts but, in reality, he is a free thinking person who would like to sabotage Big Brother’s dictatorship. He falls in love with a woman, Julia, and they both challenge the system by loving each other and having secret encounters that they must plan in advance. When Winston becomes a political prisoner a member of the inner Party confesses to him, “Our civilization is founded upon hatred. In our world there will be no emotions except fear, rage, triumph, and self-abasement. Everything else we shall destroy–everything. Already we have destroyed the habits of thought which have survived from before the Revolution. We have cut the links between child and parent, and between man and man, and between man and woman. No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend any longer. But in the future there will be no wives and no friends.",
"Children will be taken from their mothers at birth, as one takes eggs from a hen. The sex instinct will be eradicated. Procreation will be an annual formality like the renewal of a ration card. We shall abolish the orgasm. Our neurologists are at work upon it now. There will be no loyalty, except loyalty toward the party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. “The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. “We know that no one ever seizes power with the intention of relinquishing it. Power is not a means; it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship. The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power”. Animal Farm ‘Animal Farm’ is a satire about a group of farm animals that is oppressed by their owner, Mr. Jones.",
"They work long hours, are ill-treated, and when they no longer serve their master’s purpose they are slaughtered. The critical situation in which they live is followed by a revolution organized by the pigs to set all the animals free and lead a peaceful existence in which everybody gets their fair share as a result of their work. Pig Napoleon and Snowball lead the revolution. Eventually, however, there is a conflict between these two leaders and Napoleon wins the battle. At the beginning everybody enjoys the outcome of the revolution, but the benefits of it do not last long. Paradoxically, when Napoleon takes over the farm the animals become oppressed once again: they work long hours and get very little in return, while the powerful pigs enjoy unique privileges that are not allowed to the rest of the animals. This time, however, all the animals accept their situation and do not confront Napoleon who is considered to be “always right”. The truth is distorted to meet the leader’s interests, and conformity becomes the rule. Both ‘Animal Farm’ and ‘1984’ are grounded on conformist societies that are designed to disregard critical thinking and to believe blindly in their infallible leaders.",
"In both cases lies become systematized and statistical data are falsified to keep the leader in power. The authority is not to be questioned, and those who dare do it are punished and labeled as “traitors”. George Orwell portrays the dynamics of these societies with striking details. Their political leaders’ strategies are characterized by: -Fanaticism -Use of songs and ceremonies to venerate the leaders. -Patriotism. Another interesting similarity between the two stories is that the dictators always project the collective anger on a specific enemy in order to distract the masses and become more powerful themselves. The enemy is used as a “scapegoat” by the political leader. In ‘Animal Farm’, Mr Jones is always mentioned when pig Napoleon needs support to violate the rules that were set as part of the revolution and, subsequently, Snowball and other neighboring farms become the enemies to be despised and attacked. In ‘1984’ Goldstein is the enemy who wants to sabotage the system created by Big Brother, and Oceania is always at war with either Eastasia or Eurasia. In both stories the past is mutable.",
"It only exists in the minds of the citizens, and the government can manipulate their minds by rewriting the historical facts and changing the data to keep the dictator in power. The omnipotence of the dictator can only be preserved through lies. In Oceania the proletarians–also called “the proles”- are the majority of the population. The Party claimed to have liberated the proles from bondage. Before the Revolution they had been hideously oppressed by the capitalists, they had been starved and flogged, women had been forced to work in the coal mines, (women still did work in the coal mines) children had been sold into the factories at the age of six. But Big Brother taught the proles that they were inferior beings who must be kept in subjection. It was not necessary to learn much about the proles. “So long as they continued to work and breed, their other activities were without importance. Left to themselves, like cattle turned loose upon the plains of Argentina, they had reverted to a style of life that appeared to be natural to them, a sort of ancestral pattern”. “All that was required of them was a primitive patriotism which could be appealed to whenever it was necessary to make them accept longer working hours or shorter rations”.",
"Contradictions and ambiguity are at the heart of these stories. In ‘1984’ the Ministry of Peace concerns itself with war, the Ministry of Truth with lies, the Ministry of Love with torture, and the Ministry of Plenty with starvation. In ‘Animal Farm’ the seven commandments that made up the foundation of the revolution were all violated by pig Napoleon. Even though Orwell carried the features of these societies to the extreme, the reader may find them familiar. The question that lingers in my mind is whether these totalitarian leaders succeed because of the ignorance of the masses or the conformism of the intellectuals. I think it is a combination of both. As Albert Einstein said, “Few are those who see with their own eyes and feel with their own hearts.” Related News Animal Farm & Stalin - Animal Farm Animal Farm Propaganda Animal farm and russian revolution Napoleon was developed to share personality traits and characteristics with Joseph Stalin. They were both brutal oppressors, who employed cunning, devious and forceful methods to achieve their purpose.",
"They abused propaganda to manipulate their subjects, and used the secret police as a means to eliminate their opponents: in Animal Farm, Napoleon used The Dogs to chase away Snowball, whereas Stalin used The KGB to infiltrate and destroy Trotskyist groups. The dictators also adopted some of their opponents’ ideas and claimed them as their own: Napoleon ordered the construction of the windmill, while Stalin inaugurated the Five-Year Plans to achieve rapid industrialization, both ideas which they vigorously opposed when first brought up by their opponents. The close similarities between the two revolutionary leaders mark George Orwell’s successful characterization [CliffNotes, n.d.]. Napoleon in Animal Farm INterpretation \"Power tends to corrupt, and absolute power corrupts absolutely” It is human nature to seek power, and many may go as far as exploiting those who are weaker than them or disregard what is right and wrong in order to rise to the top. In Animal Farm, George Orwell effectively uses Napoleon’s character to illustrate that many dictators employ cunning and unfair methods to gain and maintain power. Throughout the novel, Napoleon works behind the scenes and canvasses support for himself in a secretive and devious manner, which the animals do not recognize.",
"For instance, he teaches the sheep to bleat out the slogan, \"Four legs good, two legs bad\" [p31] whenever Snowball is about to score a point against him. By silencing his enemy, Napoleon makes himself the only viable leadership option. He also uses the dogs to drive his opponent away, proclaiming himself as the new leader of the animals. These examples parallel to Stalin during the Russian Revolution, as he also used deceit and his secret police to pass an order of banishment against his rival Trotsky. Through his satirical writing, Orwell indirectly criticizes the Russian Revolution. He uses mockery, ridicule, and other humorous techniques to emphasize dictators’ absurd, yet effective use of power. In this way, he draws attention to the wrongful means through which dictators desire, gain, and maintain power [Naeem, 2010]. Unfortunately, the subjects under both Revolutions do not realize their dictators are using unfair methods to gain power. In Animal Farm, Napoleon justifies the changes made in the Seven Commandments and fabricates lies about their opponents to make it seem rational to the animals. As a result, they accept his leadership, but are unaware he is becoming a manipulative dictator.",
"Similarly, Stalin also adopted the method of falsifying facts in order to gain the population’s support. This illustrates how dictators are devious animals who keep their subjects in the dark, fooled and blinded without knowing they are being taken advantage of. corruption of ideals George Orwell conveys the message that power can never be divided equally, but can only be corrupted. Under Napoleon’s rule, Old Major’s dream of a classless society where everybody would be equal and free shatters; the reality is the terror and poverty of dictatorship in which some individuals are \"more equal\". Throughout the novel, Napoleon pretends to implement Old Major’s ideals, but is clearly corrupting them, as shown through the change of commandment from “All animals are equal” to “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others” [p90]. Though the idea of “more equal” is completely absurd, the pigs do not question its inherent contradiction, but continue to envision themselves as this privileged “some”. Orwell created Napoleon to address not only the corruption of the revolution by its leaders, but also how ignorance, greed and myopia destroy any possibility of an utopia. Orwell’s characterization of Napoleon is intended to degrade Stalin in our eyes.",
"The author wrote in such detail to open the eyes of his readers to the truth about Stalin and expose how dictators corrupt power and pervert ideals. Through mockery, ridicule, and clever writing, Orwell successfully achieved his objective. Name Napoleon, “President of Animal Farm,” is the main antagonist of the novel. His name originates from the French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, whom George Orwell considered to be an “oppressive power seeker and dictator” [CliffNotes, n.d.]. Napoleon Bonaparte was a military and political leader, who rose to prominence during the latter stages of the French Revolution. By corresponding Napoleon’s name with Napoleon Bonaparte’s, Orwell hints the character’s tyrannical and oppressing attitudes towards his subjects. This technique also reinforces the idea that Napoleon not only resembles Joseph Stalin, but many dictators in history - this clever and accessible novel is aimed to attack dictatorial governments and totalitarian regimes in general. Stereotypes of pigs In Animal Farm, George Orwell represents Joseph Stalin through an allegorical image of a pig. Through the existing stereotypes of this animal in popular culture, he intends to portray the greed, laziness and viciousness of this tyrannical ruler of the Soviet Union.",
"Pigs are stereotyped as “dirty”, as their sties are usually covered in mud and feces, which they do not seem to mind at all - they are still “as happy as pigs”. Their filthy qualities parallel Stalin’s “unclean” methods before and after his rise of power. He manipulates deceit to control those under him, and corrupts power in order to maintain his leadership status. Their “greedy” behavior is also seen from the way they devour food put in front of them. This stereotypical behavior of pigs represent Stalin’s hunger for power. Establishing authority and possessing control was his main priority during the Russian Revolution, which led him to murder millions of his own subjects when they presented the slightest pretext of disloyalty. Orwell’s use of stereotypical traits of pigs allow the reader to easily recognize the characteristics which Stalin and Napoleon share. He warns us about the dangers of dictators, which he has successfully accomplished through the “beastly” image of a pig. In this sense, he is both educating the reader and writing to future generations. citations"
] |
Who was British Prime Minister when World War II broke out?
|
Neville Chamberlain
|
[
"Neville Chaimberlain",
"Arthur Neville Chamberlain",
"Neville Chamberlaine",
"Arthur neville chamberlain",
"Neville Chamberlin",
"Neville Chamberlain",
"Chamberlain, Neville",
"Neville chamberlain",
"Nevil Chamberlain"
] | 8,813
|
[
"World War 2 history: memories from the day war broke out told to Melvyn Bragg - Telegraph World War Two World War 2 history: memories from the day war broke out told to Melvyn Bragg Seventy years ago this Thursday, Neville Chamberlain announced that Britain was at war with Germany. For a new documentary, Melvyn Bragg sought the recollections of people – from evacuee to aristocrat, soldier to refugee – on whose lives that first day of conflict left an indelible imprint King George VI shakes hands with British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain as he left No,10 Downing Street following the declaration of war with Germany after the invasion of Poland. Photo: GETTY 5:19PM BST 27 Aug 2009 The 'voice' of the BBC in 1939 was that of Alvar Lidell; a measured, cultivated tone, calm and authoritative. It is probably true to say that almost everyone in Britain was listening to what was then called the wireless on the morning of Sunday, September 3 1939. The wireless had become the oracle through which the nation was to learn its fate.",
"'At 11.15,' Lidell said, 'that is, in about two minutes, the Prime Minister will broadcast to the nation. Please stand by.' From diaries and testaments, oral and written, we know that people braced themselves for the worst. In those two minutes, there was time for older listeners to remember the blight and deaths and deep wounds of the First World War; time for the prescient to call up regrets for the British government's non-interference in Spain, a lost opportunity, perhaps, to check the fascists; time for a few to curse the policy of appeasement, and for many to be forced to ponder on the headlines of the previous two days, which had reported the heavy civilian bombing of Poland by the Germans. Already, the entire population of Britain had gas masks in case Hitler launched a poisonous gas attack. Mass evacuation plans for children were under way. Back-garden bomb shelters were being built. Above London, in the blue skies on that idyllic late-summer Sunday morning, as the churches emptied their larger-than-usual numbers for the early services, barrage balloons floated high, as if announcing a party.",
"At 11.15, the Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, delivered his broadcast from the Cabinet Room of 10 Downing Street, struggling to keep the anguish from his voice. 'This morning, the British Ambassador in Berlin handed the German government a final note, stating that unless we heard from them – by 11 o'clock – that they were prepared at once to withdraw their troops from Poland, a state of war would exist between us.' Then came the words most feared by all. 'I have to tell you now that no such undertaking has been received and that, consequently, this country is at war with Germany.' The greatest and most destructive war in history had begun. Fifty-five million lives would be lost; there would be the Holocaust, the atom bomb, the making and breaking of empires and nations. The world would change utterly – all foretold in that grave announcement on a balmy Sunday morning in London almost 70 years ago. Related Articles Foyle's War creator on the dark side of the war 17 Aug 2009 I suggested to ITV that we make a television programme about that particular day.",
"I am as aware as anyone that history moves in decades and not days, and that events come from undercurrents, and huge tides crash on to the shore after a long journey. But this was a chance to mark and record that breaking on the shore, that one day when it was said all over the world, 'It's war.' The idea was simple: to find out what had happened on that day from film archives and personal recollections – not only in Britain, but in Germany, France and beyond. My own stake in this was that I was born a month after war was declared. My childhood was experienced in the presence of war, the games we played were war games, the daily rituals were war-related, such as the blackout that covered the windows so that no chink of light could help the German bombers. I recall the black clothes, black cars, bleak shops, a mood of mourning that had begun on September 3. That day determined the lives of millions of us around the world and set the tone for the rest of the century. At 8am sharp that morning, Sir Nevile Henderson, the British Ambassador in Berlin, went to the German foreign ministry to hand in Britain's final ultimatum to Hitler.",
"It stated that if Germany did not withdraw its troops from Poland within three hours, Britain would declare war. Britain's alliance with Poland was to be honoured, even though, at the time, it was difficult to see that Hitler had any designs on Britain or on the British Empire, which he admired. The skies over Poland had been infested by German bombers on the first two days of September, destroying sites at will, taking out strategic targets and killing civilians, already well into mass destruction. On the plains to the west, the hopelessly courageous Polish cavalry charged the German tanks and were churned into the fields. This was sufficient to sicken the British. Richard Hottelet, an American correspondent for the United Press, was in Berlin that morning, following the story. There was no drama, he said. 'It was a very tragic moment, rather than a dramatic moment in Berlin.' (Later, the Nazi foreign minister, Joachim von Ribbentrop, handed Sir Neville Henderson a document blaming Britain for the war. 'The British ultimatum was simply ignored by Adolf Hitler, as one had expected it would be,' Hottelet recalled.",
"'He wasn't afraid of either the British or the French because he had the Russians in his pocket at that time.') That morning, many Germans were in their Lutheran churches. In France, special masses were held in the Roman Catholic churches to pray for the safety of the country and its troops. In Britain many parents had brought their babies to church for baptism. Pat Carroll still has the little white lace robe in which she was christened that morning in London. 'It was a really nice family get-together and probably the last one that we'd have for a little while,' she said. 'My grandparents, who lived in Surrey, weren't able to come up because of the restrictions on travel, so they just had to have the photographs to look at.' The photographs show a smiling and charming English family group, women in print dresses and hats, men smartly suited, the infant Pat, the flowing white centrepiece across her mother's lap. 'You wouldn't guess that they were concerned or upset in any way,' Pat said. If anyone wanted to illustrate the calm before the storm, they couldn't choose a better image than this photograph in an English churchyard.",
"Meanwhile, with the population of London having been told to expect an immediate and devastating bombing attack as soon as war was declared, many other children were being quickly uprooted to places thought to be out of range of or of no strategic interest to the fearsome German bombers. There is film footage of hordes of small children with large labels around their necks, parcelled for distribution, being crammed into trains. As the steam engines pulled out of the station, the children waved white handkerchiefs at their parents left behind on the platform. It was a carnival atmosphere. Ella Grimmer from Dagenham in Essex was a six-year-old evacuee. Together with her sister, Shirley, aged four, she was transported to Belton, near Great Yarmouth in Norfolk. Her first night away from home was spent on a village school floor. 'We slept on straw,' she said. 'The girls were in one room and the boys were in another. The lady [looking after us] went to make a cup of tea and she drew the water from a pump. We had never seen such a thing before and it was quite fascinating.' She still has a photograph of the straw-filled room where she spent her first night as an evacuee.",
"It looks like a hayloft, the children larking around. 'It was terrific,' she said, before adding, 'for a six year old…' For the adult population, aware of the implications, the situation was much more serious. Soon after 11.15, Chamberlain concluded his speech with the words, 'Now, may God bless you all. And may He defend the right. For it is evil things that we shall be fighting against – brute force, bad faith, injustice, oppression and persecution – and against them, I am certain, that the right will prevail.' His bold words and grand sentiments flowed across the airwaves. On the ground, people confessed to feelings more mundane. Dorothy Tyler had won a silver medal for the high jump at the controversial Berlin Olympics in 1936. Following Chamberlain's announcement, she realised there would be no Games in 1940. 'I thought, \"That means I can't go to the Olympics\", and as I was world record holder I had been a favourite for the gold medal.",
"I'm afraid it was a bit selfish of me.' Before the announcement on that morning, 15-year-old Patricia Mountbatten, the elder daughter of the future Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Supreme Allied Commander South-East Asia, had been riding her pony on the Sussex Downs. She came into the house and, 'I stood there and listened and thought, \"How awful that we are now at war.\" And I was very worried because my father was commissioning his new ship, the [HMS] Kelly, with a view to go off the minute she was ready. There was a sense that the world was going to change and that it was never going to be quite the same. And there was then a terrible feeling of waiting to see who would come back, and, of course, a lot of them wouldn't come back.' Geoffrey Wellum would go on to become the youngest Spitfire pilot to fly in the 1940 Battle of Britain. When war was declared he was 18, and based at a flying school in Leicester. 'I wanted to be a fighter pilot, but I wasn't excited about hearing there was a war on,' he said.",
"'When I heard the news – and it was such a beautiful day – I thought, \"Why war? What's going on? This is stupid.\" ' Another 18-year-old, Pte Bill Naylor, was already with the 2nd Battalion, the Manchester Regiment, at Aldershot. 'I didn't feel too pleased after hearing that war had broken out,' he said. 'I wasn't frightened, but I was a bit edgy, knowing that I'd signed up and, whatever happened, I'd have to take it.' The news affected everyone, from Army recruits to high society. The first thoughts of Deborah Mitford – now the Dowager Duchess of Devonshire – were of her sister Unity, who was living in Berlin. Unity was one of many in the upper classes who had caused outrage by supporting fascism and fraternising with the Nazis. Deborah Mitford was with her parents on the tiny island of Inch Kenneth, off the coast of Mull, when war broke out. 'The telephone didn't exist on the island and you can imagine my parents were sick with worry because they simply didn't know what had happened,' she said. Soon after, she learnt how Unity had reacted to the outbreak of war.",
"'Unity was so traumatised by the news that the two countries she loved were at war that she did what she always said she would do, which is that she tried to kill herself. She went to the public gardens and shot herself in the head.' Unity survived, but it would be four months before her family could bring her home. Following Chamberlain's broadcast, Britain immediately went on to a war footing, expecting an instant military response from the Germans. 'We were made to taxi all of our little aeroplanes on our little grass airfield all the way round the perimeter track,' Geoffrey Wellum recalled, 'and then we were issued with pickaxe handles and told to guard those aeroplanes against imminent attack. I remember being a bit sarcastic about it, thinking, \"Well, obviously we little men with our little Tiger Moths on this little airfield in the middle of England must be a constant worry to the German high command, and therefore high on the list of priority targets for the Luftwaffe.\" ' Londoners were braced for an attack such as those that had taken place in Poland earlier that week. On that first morning of the war, the sirens went off. Those who had Anderson shelters rushed into them.",
"About one and a half million had been distributed, and put up by people in their back gardens. They look so insubstantial in footage of the time, but families put their trust in them and there is film of that day with people in gas masks looking like creatures from an alien planet holding hands as they went across the small garden to their Anderson. George Taylor, then a policeman in London, remembers the morning vividly: 'My friends and I were in the garden when the sirens went off. We heard a clatter and a bang and the back door opened. Who should come out but the old lady from upstairs with a bottle of whisky in one hand, a budgie in a cage in the other and a tin bowl on her head. Straight down the shelter.' In the skies, the portent of the Teutonic plague; in some Anderson shelters, the seeds of Ealing comedy. In film footage of the people of London responding to the sirens that morning, one thing is noticeable: very few are running. It is Sunday and men are in their best suits, walking rather briskly. Some are smoking pipes. It was an England cohesive and collective, a portrait of a sensible and brave people who would not show fear.",
"In Warsaw, there was jubilation. Wlozmiery Leo's parents had a flat opposite the British Embassy. 'I saw a large crowd. People were shouting joyously. Our citizens were excited because England had declared war. We thought we had the war in our pocket, that England would simply smash the Germans in a very short time.' British journalists went in search of the first war baby born in London. Neville Mooney had been born that morning. 'My mother and father had chosen the name Michael and just after the birth a journalist and photographer came into the ward with a mission to find the first war baby. The matron pointed my mother out and they took a number of photographs. One of them then provided a sticker that said neville, and they stuck the neville over the name tag that said michael, and that was how I got the name Neville. Good job it wasn't a year later, or it could have been Winston.' Winston Churchill was one of the few with a spring in his step. When the sirens sounded, before going to his shelter ('armed with a bottle of brandy and other appropriate medical comforts,' he wrote in his diary), he took his wife, Clementine, on to the roof of their Westminster flat.",
"'Around us on every side in the clear cool September light rose the roofs and spires of London. Above them were 30 or 40 cylindrical balloons… We gave the Government a good mark for this evident sign of preparation.' For Churchill, long in the political wilderness, his day had come. In all the archive footage and photographs of that day, the men at the centre of events are grim-faced and severe. All save for one man. Churchill, the Happy Warrior, smiles. Neville Chamberlain, meanwhile, was crushed at the realisation that his policy of appeasement had failed. In his speech to the House of Commons, he said, 'This is a sad day for all of us, and to none is it sadder than to me. Everything I have worked for, everything I have hoped for, everything I have believed in during my public life has crashed into ruins.' At about noon, Chamberlain summoned Churchill to his War Cabinet. He was to be First Lord of the Admiralty. Out at sea, the Navy flashed out the signal, 'Winston's back!' News of the war had also reached the German navy.",
"George Hoegel, a young radio operator on the submarine U30, was asleep in his bunk when the news came. 'A mate woke me up and said, \"My God, George, England has declared war against us.\" Of course, then, sleep was out of the question. There was no doubt that you had to fight for your fatherland. We wanted to do our duty.' The U-30 nosed on, deep under the north Atlantic, already hunting prey – and soon to find it. On German soil, the American journalist Richard Hottelet recalled, there was a sense of foreboding. 'Germany had been through a war, and this was another war, and there were many people who thought they couldn't win this one.' Elsa Danielowski was a 17-year-old schoolgirl. She was on a train in Berlin that afternoon, immediately after the German broadcast. 'I'll never forget the sight of the other passengers sitting across from me,' she said. 'We all had the feeling that a thick, huge cloud was bearing down on us. And not one person was cheerful or defiant.' Also in Berlin was Rolf Joseph, a Jew who was working 12 hours a day in a factory making uniforms for the army.",
"'When war was declared we were happy,' he said. 'We felt that it was our only possibility of regaining our freedom, because it was unbearable how Hitler was treating us during this time.' Joseph, who would later escape from a train bound for Auschwitz, could not have imagined the horrors to come. His family 'consisted of 60 people. My father had eight brothers and sisters and so did my mother. Only myself and one cousin survived.' In London it was announced that 'all cinemas, theatres and places of entertainment are to be closed immediately'. London Zoo was closed down at the same time. The giant pandas had already been transferred to Whipsnade. Poisonous snakes, spiders and scorpions were considered too great a threat in the event of a German attack and were to be destroyed. Chamberlain's War Cabinet went into session. That afternoon, Parliament passed the National Service Armed Forces Bill stating that men between 18 and 41 were liable to be called up. At 6pm sharp, families gathered around their wirelesses once more as King George VI broadcast to the British Empire on the BBC. 'For the second time in the lives of most of us we are at war,' he said.",
"'Over and over we have tried to find a peaceful way out.' The King spoke of 'my people': 'It is for this high purpose that I call my people at home.' Those who knew the King, a painfully shy individual, knew how difficult he would have found delivering such a speech. 'It would have been a tremendous effort and a very brave thing to undertake,' Patricia, Countess Mountbatten of Burma, said. 'He'd had a very bad stammer when he was young but he wanted to do this very much.' Soon after the King's broadcast, the first atrocity of the newly declared war took place, just west of the Hebrides. The SS Athenia was sailing to America packed with more than 300 Americans and about 1,200 European refugees fleeing for their lives. Radio operator George Hoegel is one of the last surviving crew members of the submarine U-30, which attacked the Athenia. 'We had seen she was sailing zigzag and was blacked out. It isn't usual for a passenger ship to zigzag, and the captain wrongly assumed that it was a warship.",
"We fired one torpedo and, after a short while, after the explosion had gone off, we realised she had been struck.' Newlyweds Marianne Low-Beer and her husband, both German Jews, were on board, emigrating to escape persecution in Europe. 'I was in the dining-room when an enormous explosion happened,' she said. 'It seemed to be under our feet. The lights went out and suddenly the floor was slanting and it was black.' Passengers began to pile into lifeboats. 'I had to let go of the hand of my husband. When I looked up from the lifeboat, which was slowly being lowered, I didn't see him any more.' George Hoegel was at his post in the radio room. 'I picked up the SOS from the Athenia. I was shocked to learn that there were over 1,400 passengers on board,' he said. 'Of course we didn't launch any more attacks, but we had to leave the passengers – as the expression goes – to their fate.' The submarine sank beneath waves and slunk away. A hundred and 12 people were killed, many injured, just clinging on through the night until the rescue ships arrived.",
"'It was icy cold,' Marianne Low-Beer recalled, 'and with every wave that came we thought maybe the lifeboat is going to be upset.' Having feared the worst, Marianne later discovered that her husband had survived. 'To know that he was alive was like a licence to be able to live again.' Had they reached America, they might have been disappointed. President Franklin D Roosevelt was preparing to tell his countrymen that his plan was to keep them out of the war. On the afternoon of September 3 he drafted a statement on American neutrality. 'I hope the United States will keep out of the war,' it read. 'I believe it will.' At 8.30pm, the French premier, Edouard Daladier, declared that France, too, was at war with Germany. 'The destiny of peace was in Hitler's hands,' he said. 'He wanted war.' I had not realised, before making this documentary, that September 3 1939 was so packed. Australia, the West Indies and others in the Empire came on side that day. Poland, still being bombed, was jubilant that we had entered the war.",
"From that lovely English Sunday morning there would come a darkness for so many, and deep shadows that still envelop the world today. The day was almost over. For thousands of children it would be the first night they would spend with their new foster parents. Ella Grimmer recalled, 'And then it was time for bed, and Shirley was washed first and Auntie Vic was washing her and then all of a sudden somebody special was missing.' Seventy years on, her eyes welled up with tears at the memory. 'I said, \"I want my Daddy,\" and I remember it as though it was yesterday.' Chamberlain was to describe his state of mind that day in a letter, a week later, to his sister Ida.",
"'And so the war began… Only the fact that one's mind works at three times its ordinary pace on such occasions enabled me to get through my broadcast, the formation of the War Cabinet, the meeting of the House of Commons, and the preliminary orders on that awful Sunday.' Churchill, sitting in the same office he had occupied at the beginning of the Great War, wrote in his diary of September 3 late that evening: 'Once again, defence of the rights of a weak state outraged and invaded by unprovoked aggression have forced us to draw the sword. Once again we must fight for life and honour against all the might and fury of the valiant, disciplined and ruthless German race. Once again! So be it!' 'Outbreak' will be broadcast on ITV at 10.30pm on Thursday. The exhibition Outbreak 1939 is at the Imperial War Museum, London, until August 2010 (london.iwm.org.uk) Winston S. Churchill - British History - HISTORY.com Winston S. Churchill A+E Networks Introduction Winston Churchill is one of the best-known, and some say one of the greatest, statesmen of the 20th century.",
"Though he was born into a life of privilege, he dedicated himself to public service. His legacy is a complicated one–he was an idealist and a pragmatist; an orator and a soldier; an advocate of progressive social reforms and an unapologetic elitist; a defender of democracy as well as of Britain’s fading empire–but for many people in Great Britain and elsewhere, Winston Churchill is simply a hero. Google Winston Churchill’s Early Life Winston Churchill came from a long line of English aristocrat-politicians. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was descended from the First Duke of Marlborough and was himself a well-known figure in Tory politics in the 1870s and 1880s. His mother, born Jennie Jerome, was an American heiress whose father was a stock speculator and part owner of The New York Times. (Rich American girls like Jerome who married European noblemen were known as “dollar princesses.”) Did You Know? Sir Winston Churchill won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953 for his six-volume history of World War II. Churchill was born at the family’s estate near Oxford on November 30, 1874.",
"He was educated at the Harrow prep school, where he performed so poorly that he did not even bother to apply to Oxford or Cambridge. Instead, in 1893 young Winston Churchill headed off to military school at Sandhurst. Churchill: Battles and Books After he left Sandhurst, Churchill traveled all around the British Empire as a soldier and as a journalist. In 1896, he went to India; his first book, published in 1898, was an account of his experiences in India’s Northwest Frontier Province. In 1899, the London Morning Post sent him to cover the Boer War in South Africa, but he was captured by enemy soldiers almost as soon as he arrived. (News of Churchill’s daring escape through a bathroom window made him a minor celebrity back home in Britain.) By the time he returned to England in 1900, the 26-year-old Churchill had published five books. Churchill: “Crossing the Chamber” That same year, Winston Churchill joined the House of Commons as a Conservative. Four years later, he “crossed the chamber” and became a Liberal.",
"His work on behalf of progressive social reforms such as an eight-hour workday, a government-mandated minimum wage, a state-run labor exchange for unemployed workers and a system of public health insurance infuriated his Conservative colleagues, who complained that this new Churchill was a traitor to his class. Winston Churchill and World War I In 1911, Churchill turned his attention away from domestic politics when he became the First Lord of the Admiralty (akin to the Secretary of the Navy in the U.S.). Noting that Germany was growing more and more bellicose, Churchill began to prepare Great Britain for war: He established the Royal Naval Air Service, modernized the British fleet and invented one of the earliest tanks. Despite Churchill’s prescience and preparation, World War I was a stalemate from the start. In an attempt to shake things up, Churchill proposed a military campaign that soon dissolved into disaster: the 1915 invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey. Churchill hoped that this offensive would drive Turkey out of the war and encourage the Balkan states to join the Allies, but Turkish resistance was much stiffer than he had anticipated.",
"After nine months and 250,000 casualties, the Allies withdrew in disgrace. After the debacle at Gallipoli, Churchill left the Admiralty. Churchill: Between the Wars During the 1920s and 1930s, Churchill bounced from government job to government job, and in 1924 he rejoined the Conservatives. Especially after the Nazis came to power in 1933, Churchill spent a great deal of time warning his countrymen about the perils of German nationalism, but Britons were weary of war and reluctant to get involved in international affairs again. Likewise, the British government ignored Churchill’s warnings and did all it could to stay out of Hitler’s way. In 1938, Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain even signed an agreement giving Germany a chunk of Czechoslovakia–“throwing a small state to the wolves,” Churchill scolded–in exchange for a promise of peace. A year later, however, Hitler broke his promise and invaded Poland. Britain and France declared war. Chamberlain was pushed out of office, and Winston Churchill took his place as prime minister in May 1940.",
"Churchill: The “British Bulldog” “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat,” Churchill told the House of Commons in his first speech as prime minister. “We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I can say: It is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: It is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival.” Just as Churchill predicted, the road to victory in World War II was long and difficult: France fell to the Nazis in June 1940. In July, German fighter planes began three months of devastating air raids on Britain herself. Though the future looked grim, Churchill did all he could to keep British spirits high. He gave stirring speeches in Parliament and on the radio. He persuaded U.S.",
"President Franklin Roosevelt to provide war supplies–ammunition, guns, tanks, planes–to the Allies, a program known as Lend-Lease, before the Americans even entered the war. Though Churchill was one of the chief architects of the Allied victory, war-weary British voters ousted the Conservatives and their prime minister from office just two months after Germany’s surrender in 1945. Churchill: Fighting Communism The now-former prime minister spent the next several years warning Britons and Americans about the dangers of Soviet expansionism. In a speech in Fulton, Missouri , in 1946, for example, Churchill declared that an anti-democratic “Iron Curtain,” “a growing challenge and peril to Christian civilization,” had descended across Europe. Churchill’s speech was the first time anyone had used that now-common phrase to describe the Communist threat. In 1951, 77-year-old Winston Churchill became prime minister for the second time. He spent most of this term working (unsuccessfully) to build a sustainable détente between the East and the West. He retired from the post in 1955. In 1953, Queen Elizabeth made Winston Churchill a knight of the Order of the Garter.",
"He died in 1965, one year after retiring from Parliament. Tags History of Sir Winston Churchill - GOV.UK GOV.UK Sir Winston Churchill Conservative 1951 to 1955, 1940 to 1945 Born 30 November 1874, Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire Died 1951 to 1955, 1940 to 1945 Political party Education Act 1944: raised the school leavers age to 14; introduction of the 11+. Interesting facts Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 for his many published works. More information including archive footage can be found at the Churchill War Rooms. Winston Churchill was an inspirational statesman, writer, orator and leader who led Britain to victory in the Second World War. He served as Conservative Prime Minister twice - from 1940 to 1945 (before being defeated in the 1945 general election by the Labour leader Clement Attlee) and from 1951 to 1955.",
"David Cameron’s Favourite Past Prime Minister Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874, in Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire and was of rich, aristocratic ancestry. Although achieving poor grades at school, his early fascination with militarism saw him join the Royal Cavalry in 1895. As a soldier and part-time journalist, Churchill travelled widely, including trips to Cuba, Afghanistan, Egypt and South Africa. Churchill was elected as Conservative MP for Oldham in 1900, before defecting to the Liberal Party in 1904 and spending the next decade climbing the ranks of the Liberal government. He was First Lord of the Admiralty (the civil/political head of the Royal Navy) by the time of the disastrous Gallipoli campaign, which he created. Heavily criticised for this error, he resigned from this position and travelled to the Western Front to fight himself. The interwar years saw Churchill again ‘cross the floor’ from the Liberals, back to the Conservative Party. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1924, when he controversially opted for Britain to re-join the Gold Standard.",
"Following the Tory electoral defeat in 1929, Churchill lost his seat and spent much of the next 11 years out of office, mainly writing and making speeches. Although he was alone in his firm opposition to Indian Independence, his warnings against the Appeasement of Nazi Germany were proven correct when the Second World War broke out in 1939. Following Neville Chamberlain ’s resignation in 1940, Churchill was chosen to succeed him as Prime Minister of an all-party coalition government. Churchill, who also adopted the self-created position of Minister for Defence, was active both in administrative and diplomatic functions in prosecuting the British war effort. Some of his most memorable speeches were given in this period, and are credited with stimulating British morale during periods of great hardship. However, Labour leader Clement Attlee ’s unexpected General Election victory in 1945 saw Churchill out of office and once again concentrating on public speaking. In his 1946 speech in the USA, the instinctive pro-American famously declared that “an iron curtain has descended across the Continent”, and warned of the continued danger from a powerful Soviet Russia.",
"By his re-election in 1951, Churchill was, in the words of Roy Jenkins, “gloriously unfit for office”. Ageing and increasingly unwell, he often conducted business from his bedside, and while his powerful personality and oratory ability endured, the Prime Minister’s leadership was less decisive than during the war. His second term was most notable for the Conservative Party’s acceptance of Labour’s newly created Welfare State, and Churchill’s effect on domestic policy was limited. His later attempts at decreasing the developing Cold War through personal diplomacy failed to produce significant results, and poor health forced him to resign in 1955, making way for his Foreign Secretary and Deputy Prime Minister, Anthony Eden . Churchill died in 1965, and was honoured with a state funeral. Written by Ben Draper and Jak Brown, Mile End Group Help us improve GOV.UK BBC ON THIS DAY | 1 | 1939: Germany invades Poland 1939: Germany invades Poland German forces have invaded Poland and its planes have bombed Polish cities, including the capital, Warsaw. The attack comes without any warning or declaration of war.",
"Britain and France have mobilised their forces and are preparing to wage war on Germany for the second time this century. Just before dawn today, German tanks, infantry and cavalry penetrated Polish territory on several fronts with five armies, a total of 1.5 million troops. My grandfather was killed on the train travelling to Warsaw when it was bombed by the German air force People's War memories » Soon afterwards German planes bombarded the cities. They have been making swift progress in penetrating Polish defences which are heavily outnumbered in artillery, infantry and air power. The cities of Katowice, Krakow, Tczew and Tunel were attacked with incendiary bombs. Air raids on Warsaw began at 0900 local time. Communications to Katowice have been broken but earlier reports said German planes were coming over in squadrons of 50, every half-hour, and there have been many casualties. The German Army struck from Slovakia, East Prussia and from Pomerania into the Polish Corridor and the port Danzig, which has declared itself part of the Reich. The 4th Army came in from East Prussia at Deutsch-Eylau supported by air raids on cities north of Warsaw.",
"There is heavy fighting reported along the whole of the East Prussian border. Poznan was attacked from the main body of the German Reich and border towns occupied. The 8th and 10th armies are moving north-east from Silesia towards Warsaw; and the 14th Army struck from Slovakia towards Krakow. Warning sent to Germany The Times newspaper reports that when the air raid sirens in the capital first sounded at 0600 inhabitants reacted calmly and some even ran out onto the streets to look up at the sky and had be driven back inside by air raid wardens. The unprovoked attack follows yesterday's report on German radio that the border town of Gliwice had been raided by a group of Polish soldiers, who had all been shot dead. German radio broadcast a list of \"demands\" never submitted to the Polish Government. The Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, held a meeting with King George today in Downing Street. Later this evening Mr Chamberlain told a packed House of Commons that British and French Ambassadors in Berlin had given German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop an ultimatum.",
"He was to tell Berlin that unless the Nazis withdraw, Britain and France would fulfil its promise of support to Poland. Von Ribbentrop said he would refer the message to Adolf Hitler. US President Roosevelt of the United States has sent an appeal to the governments of Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Poland urging them to announce publicly their determination not to launch air attacks on civilians. In reply the British and French governments say they intend to confine their bombing to military objectives, so long as their opponents do the same. World War Two Leaders World War Two Leaders Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin at the Yalta Conference in February 1945. Neville Chamberlain Arthur Neville Chamberlain was born in Birmingham, England, on March 18, 1869. Neville Chamberlain was Prime Minister of Great Britain in September 1939 at the start of World War II. In May 1940, after the disastrous Norwegian campaign, Chamberlain resigned and Winston Churchill became prime minister. Why did Chamberlain resign as prime minister? Members of the House of Commons saw him as an uninspiring war leader. He was blamed for loss of Norway to the Germans.",
"Chamberlin realised that a National Government of all political parties was mandatory. In May 1940 members of the Labour Party and Liberal Party refused to serve in his proposed National Government. Chamberlain resigned realisng that a National Government would not be possible as long as he was leader. He was replaced by Winston Churchill. Winston Churchill Winston Churchill was born in Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, on 30th November, 1874. Prime Minister of Great Britain during most of the war, from 1940 to 1945, Churchill led Britain to victory. During the Battle of Britain, Churchill's speeches boosted the British morale during the darkest moments. Joseph Stalin Stalin was very brutal Communist dictator of Russia (1928-1953). In the years before World War 2 Stalin murdered or imprisoned almost all of Russia's senior military officers, and millions of other Russian citizens, in a paranoid and unprecedented wave of political terror. F D Roosevelt President of the United States of America (1933-1945).",
"He declared war on Japan after the bombing at Pearl Harbor, but unfortunately he did not live long enough to celebrate the Allies' victory in September of 1945. (Died in 1945, succeeded by Harry S. Truman) Harry Truman Became president of the United States in the final year of World War II. He played a major role in the war's outcome by making the decision to use the atomic bomb against Japan. Charles de Gaulle A French general who led the French in their fight against Germany. After World War II, he became president of France. William King Prime minister of Canada joined World War 2 beside Great Britain when the war started. Robert Menzies Prime minister of Australia, joined World War 2 beside Great Britain when the war started. Michael Savage Prime minister of New Zealand joined World War 2 beside Great Britain when the war started. The Axis Power Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in a small Austrian town called Braunau, near to the German border. Hitler served in the Bavarian army during World War I and rose to become the leader of Nazi Germany during World War II.",
"Under his leadership, the Nazis sought to make Germany the most powerful empire in the world and exterminate all they viewed as inferior. In pursuit of this, he ordered the extermination of over 11 million people, the majority of them Jewish, but also including Roman Catholics, Roma (gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, the physically and mentally handicapped, and any others who did not meet Hitler's standards for \"racial purity.\" This mass killing is known as the Holocaust. As the war was ending, and it became clear that the Germans would not win, Hitler retreated to a bunker with his mistress, Eva Braun. He arranged for the their marriage and then it is believed that Eva poisoned herself while Hitler killed himself with a pistol shot on April 30, 1945."
] |
Who was born first, James Caan or Michael Douglas?
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James Caan
|
[
"James Con",
"James Caan (actor)",
"James Cuhn",
"James Kawn",
"Caan, James",
"Sheila Marie Ryan",
"James Kon",
"James Caan",
"James Kaan",
"Jimmy Caan",
"James Kohn",
"James Konn",
"James Conn",
"James Cawn"
] | 9,639
|
[
"James Caan - IMDb IMDb Actor | Soundtrack | Director A masculine and enigmatic actor whose life and movie career have had more ups and downs than the average rollercoaster and whose selection of roles has arguably derailed him from achieving true superstar status, James Caan is New York-born and bred. He was born in the Bronx, to Sophie (Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany. ... See full bio » Born: Michael Douglas is Born | World History Project Sep 25 1944 Michael Douglas is Born Michael Kirk Douglas (born September 25, 1944) is an American actor and producer, primarily in movies and television. He was awarded with an Emmy, a Golden Globe and two Academy Awards, first as producer of 1975's Best Picture, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and as Best Actor in 1987 for his role in Wall Street. Douglas received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2009.",
"Source: Wikipedia Added by: Aimee Lucido Kirk Douglas originated the role of McMurphy in a presidential stage production, and then bought the film rights, hoping to play McMurphy on the screen. He passed the production rights to his son, Michael Douglas, who decided his father was too old for the role. Kirk was reportedly angry at his son for a time afterward because of this. Actor James Caan was originally offered the McMurphy role, and Marlon Brando and Gene Hackman were considered as well. According to the director on the latest Special Edition DVD, he wanted Burt Reynolds to play the lead. Source: Wikipedia Added by: Aimee Lucido More information \"Misery\" Follow DL on \"Misery\" The casting: how did James Caan get the lead? Wasn't he over by then? Kathy Bates: I know Midler turned it down but how'd Rob Reiner get an unknown (to film audiences) cast? by Anonymous IIRC, Michael Douglas was originally cast; I don't know why he dropped out. by Anonymous reply 1 09/30/2013 No big star wanted the male role, that is how James Caan ended up playing it.",
"I think he's very good. Kathy Bates was Rob Reiner's first choice, and rightly so. She had a very solid career in theatre by then. And sometimes casting an unknown is the best choice. by Anonymous Michael Douglas would have made it a very different movie. by Anonymous Douglas could have pantomimed to Bates' Liberace records! by Anonymous reply 4 09/30/2013 I'm so happy Michael Douglas didn't play the writer. He seems like the kind of guy who would be actually turned on by the stuff Annie Wilkes did (especially tied to bed part). by Anonymous Did you ever see The game, R5? by Anonymous reply 7 09/30/2013 From the book I always saw the main character as sort of a Norman Mailer wanna-be: Caan is perfect, Douglas would have sucked. by Anonymous Oh, happy day when Midler dropped out. by Anonymous [all posts by tedious, racist idiot removed.] by Anonymous Bates is especially great in Annie's depression sequences. by Anonymous reply 11 10/01/2013 Douglas would be fine too.",
"If you ask me, I think he could make the film even creepier. by Anonymous 10/01/2013 From the imdb trivia page: [quote]According to William Goldman's book \"Four Screenplays\", the main character role, Paul Sheldon, was offered to William Hurt, Kevin Kline, Michael Douglas, Harrison Ford, Dustin Hoffman, Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, Richard Dreyfuss, Gene Hackman, Robert Redford, and Warren Beatty, all of whom declined. by Anonymous reply 13 10/01/2013 wow r13...I guess they were afraid that they'd be in bed the whole time while Annie would steal the film. by Anonymous reply 14 10/01/2013 R13 from the list, I'd say William Hurt, Kevin Kline or Warren Beatty all should work, not sure about casting De Niro or Pacino. by Anonymous reply 15 10/01/2013 It was a huge comeback for Caan.",
"I checked his filmography, and he'd appeared in three films in the previous five years, one of them the awful turkey \"Dick Tracy\". He's been working steadily ever since. by Anonymous reply 16 10/01/2013 \"Alien Nation\" was kind of a minor hit...that is probably what got Caan in the running for a film like Misery. by Anonymous Misery IS Kathy Bates. I cannot imagine Midler playing that role. by Anonymous 10/01/2013 Midler? That would have been a cheesefest. Douglas might have subverted the \"good guy\" role a bit more than Caan did. I could see MD making the author character a little more morally ambiguous. It would have been cool for Bates to realize that her captive is actually just as scary and twisted as she is - and then she becomes afraid of the very person she's strying to intimidate. by Anonymous reply 19 10/01/2013 Rob Reiner should have done the role himself and he should have cast Sally Struthers as Bates' character. Think of the publicity!",
"Struthers should have done her wail she did when Gloria cried. It would have been a hoot! by Anonymous reply 20 10/01/2013 [quote]Struthers should have done her wail she did when Gloria cried. It would have been a hoot! Thank you, R20. That made me laugh out loud! by Anonymous He seems like he'd have a wrinkly, yet somehow attractive, ass. by Anonymous 10/02/2013 Bates was excellent in the movie. Caan was mediocre. Caan is a douchebag, always was. I remember some long ago interview he did in Playboy magazine; he said that a woman's place was \"in the home, at least until the kids are grown.\" He said that most of the women he knew agreed with him. That's because most of the women he knew were probably Playboy bunny bimbos and the like. The violence in \"Misery\" was very watered down in the movie. In the novel, Annie \"hobbles\" the writer by chopping his foot off with an ax.",
"She also cuts off his thumb and serves him a cake with the severed finger upright on it, like a candle. Maybe the filmmakers considered all that to be excessive. But it was typical Stephen King fare. His novels are full are grotesque violence. Sometimes it's scary; sometimes it's just gross. by Anonymous [all posts by tedious, racist idiot removed.] by Anonymous 10/02/2013 [R10] = is yet another obvious misogynist freeper troll! How is Kathy Bates a villan?! She's playing a strong woman standing up for what she knows is right! by Anonymous reply 28 10/02/2013 Dustin Hoffman, Gene Hackman, and Richard Dreyfuss would have all been great in Misery. Far better than Caan. by Anonymous reply 29 10/02/2013 Well at least we all agree that Kathy Bates owns this movie. Made her entire career in film and rightly so. by Anonymous reply 30 10/02/2013 I think R20's proposal of Rob and Sally starring in Misery would be the ONLY other viable option.",
"I would have been a hoot. by Anonymous James Caan | The Godfather Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit James Caan as Sonny. Born in The Bronx in 1940, James Caan began his acting career in television, his first film role being a villain in Lady in a Cage and won praise for his role in The Rain People, also directed by Francis Ford Coppola . Appearing in The Godfather , Caan was widely praised for his portrayal of Sonny Corleone . He was known on set as a practical joker, and, together with Robert Duvall and Marlon Brando , began a penchant for mooning other cast members. He returned to play the role in flashback for Part Two for the same fee that he received in the first. He also participated in EA's The Godfather: The Game . Characters voiced by James Caan Edit Caan used his own voice for the game. Although his voice sounds deeper than it did in the film, not to mention his thicker accent and lisp, his delivery has the same energy as before. Caan did both a voiceover session and a faceover session to capture Caan's facial expressions while delivering his lines.",
"The faceover session was made exclusively for the cutscenes while the voiceover sessions recorded lines uttered or spoken during gameplay. He was the only actor in the game to go through this process. Trivia Edit Originally Caan was to be cast as the main character Michael Corleone , while Carmine Caridi was signed as Sonny. However Coppola demanded that the role of Michael be played by Al Pacino instead. The studio agreed to Pacino but insisted on having Caan be cast as Sonny, so he remained in the production. [1] During the making of The Godfather, James Caan was often seen in the company of future Colombo crime family boss Carmine Persico and other gangsters and had absorbed so many of their mannerisms that undercover agents thought for a while that he was just another rising young button in the Mob . [2] Both Robert Duvall and James Caan also attended Carmine Persico's courth hearings together and payed attention to his mannerisms, gestures, diction and accent for their roles in the film. [3] James Caan's parlance in The Godfather was the inspiration for the name of a strip club featured in The Sopranos , the \"Bada Bing\".",
"[4] Notes and references James Caan - Biography - IMDb James Caan Biography Showing all 83 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (4) | Trivia (44) | Personal Quotes (27) | Salary (3) Overview (4) 5' 9¼\" (1.76 m) Mini Bio (1) A masculine and enigmatic actor whose life and movie career have had more ups and downs than the average rollercoaster and whose selection of roles has arguably derailed him from achieving true superstar status, James Caan is New York-born and bred. He was born in the Bronx, to Sophie (Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany. His father was a meat dealer and butcher. The athletically gifted Caan played football at Michigan State University while studying economics, holds a black belt in karate and for several years was even a regular on the rodeo circuit, where he was nicknamed \"The Jewish Cowboy\". However, while studying at Hofstra University, he became intrigued by acting and was interviewed and accepted at Sanford Meisner 's Neighborhood Playhouse.",
"He then won a scholarship to study under acting coach Wynn Handman and began to appear in several off-Broadway productions, including \"I Roam\" and \"Mandingo\". He made his screen debut as a sailor in Irma la Douce (1963) and began to impress audiences with his work in Red Line 7000 (1965) and the western El Dorado (1967) alongside John Wayne and Robert Mitchum . Further work followed in Journey to Shiloh (1968) and in the sensitive The Rain People (1969). However, audiences were moved to tears as he put in a heart-rending performance as cancer-stricken Chicago Bears running back Brian Piccolo in the highly rated made-for-TV film Brian's Song (1971). With these strong performances under his belt, Francis Ford Coppola then cast him as hot-tempered gangster Santino \"Sonny\" Corleone in the Mafia epic The Godfather (1972). The film was an enormous success, Caan scored a Best Supporting Actor nomination and, in the years since, the role has proven to be the one most fondly remembered by his legion of fans.",
"He reprised the role for several flashback scenes in the sequel The Godfather: Part II (1974) and then moved on to several very diverse projects. These included a cop-buddy crime partnership with Alan Arkin in the uneven Freebie and the Bean (1974), a superb performance as a man playing for his life in The Gambler (1974) alongside Lauren Hutton , and pairing with Barbra Streisand in Funny Lady (1975). Two further strong lead roles came up for him in 1975, first as futuristic sports star \"Jonathon E\" questioning the moral fiber of a sterile society in Rollerball (1975) and teaming up with Robert Duvall in the Sam Peckinpah spy thriller The Killer Elite (1975). Unfortunately, Caan's rising star sputtered badly at this stage of his career, and several film projects failed to find fire with either critics or audiences. These included such failures as the hokey Harry and Walter Go to New York (1976), the quasi-western Comes a Horseman (1978) and the saccharine Chapter Two (1979).",
"However, he did score again with the stylish Michael Mann -directed heist movie Thief (1981). He followed this with a supernatural romantic comedy titled Kiss Me Goodbye (1982) and then, due to personal conflicts, dropped out of the spotlight for several years before returning with a stellar performance under old friend Francis Ford Coppola in the moving Gardens of Stone (1987). Caan appeared back in favor with fans and critics alike and raised his visibility with the sci-fi hit Alien Nation (1988) and Dick Tracy (1990), then surprised everyone by playing a meek romance novelist held captive after a car accident by a deranged fan in the dynamic Misery (1990). The 1990s were kind to him and he notched up roles as a band leader in For the Boys (1991), another gangster in Honeymoon in Vegas (1992), appeared in the indie hit Bottle Rocket (1996) and pursued Arnold Schwarzenegger in Eraser (1996).",
"The demand on Caan's talents seems to have increased steadily over the past few years as he is making himself known to a new generation of fans. Recent hot onscreen roles have included The Yards (2000), City of Ghosts (2002) and Dogville (2003). In addition, he finds himself at the helm of the hit TV series Las Vegas (2003) as casino security chief \"Big Ed\" Deline. An actor of undeniably manly appeal, James Caan continues to surprise and delight audiences with his invigorating performances. - IMDb Mini Biography By: firehouse44 Spouse (4) ( 8 July 1961 - 1966) (divorced) (1 child) Trivia (44) Played football for Michigan State University. Born at 10:31pm-EST. Was offered the role of McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). In the 1990s, he kicked a cocaine habit of some 20 years. States that Thief (1981) is one of his favorite films.",
"Son of Arthur & Sophie Caan. His father was a kosher butcher. Turned down plum roles in MASH (1970) & Apocalypse Now (1979). Briefly lived at the Playboy Mansion in the 1970s. One brother, Ronnie Caan , and one sister, Barbara (deceased c. 1981--leukemia). Some sources give his birth year as 1939. Was originally tested for the role of Sonny Corleone in The Godfather (1972) (director Francis Ford Coppola had worked with him and Robert Duvall in The Rain People (1969) and wanted them in the movie), but then was slated to play Michael Corleone after Paramount's initial choices (which included Warren Beatty , Robert Redford and Ryan O'Neal ) did not pan out. When Al Pacino came on board, Caan was switched back to Sonny. Spent 9 years on the pro rodeo circuit. Is a 6th Dan in Karate. Was a drama major at Hofstra University on Long Island, New York. Sons with Linda Stokes : James Arthur Caan (b.",
"6 November 1995) and Jacob Nicholas Caan (b. September 24th 1998). After being turned down by Jack Nicholson and Al Pacino , Julia Phillips inquired of Caan's agent if he would be interested in taking the lead role of Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977). Caan's agent responded that he would read the script for a guarantee of $1 million plus 10% of the gross if he accepted the role. Phillips went with the original choice, Richard Dreyfuss . Was considered by George Lucas for the role of Han Solo in Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope (1977). Two generations of his family and the Coppola family have worked together. He worked with Francis Ford Coppola most memorably in the first two Godfather films ( The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather: Part II (1974)) and in Gardens of Stone (1987). His son, Scott Caan , appeared in Sonny (2002), which was directed by Nicolas Cage and featured Cage and his brother, Marc Coppola .",
"Sonny was also the name of Caan's \"Godfather\" character. Appears in Misery (1990), which was directed by Rob Reiner . His son, Scott Caan , appeared in Ocean's Eleven (2001) and Ocean's Twelve (2004), opposite Reiner's father, Carl Reiner . In the Godfather trilogy, Andy Garcia plays the son of Caan's character, Sonny Corleone. In Ocean's Eleven (2001) and Ocean's Twelve (2004), Caan's son, Scott Caan , works with Garcia. Grew up in Sunnyside, Queens, New York City. In his youth, his nicknames were \"Shoulders\" and \"Killer Caan\". While on sabbatical from acting he coached a Little League baseball team, there was one incident where his team's weakest player hit a home run that won a game. This incident is claimed by Caan as one of the greatest moments of his life. His film contracts during his rodeo days had written in them that he could not compete in rodeos during filming. This was for fear he would injure or kill himself.",
"According to the British documentary The Godfather and the Mob (2006), Caan was regularly seen with Gambino family underboss Carmine Persico (aka \"Junior\") during the filming of The Godfather (1972). As Persico was under surveillance by the FBI at the time, Caan came under almost equal scrutiny. Has a son named Alexander James Caan (b. April 10th 1991) with Ingrid Hajek. Studied in Rhodes High School in New York. Studied in The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theater in New York. Studied Economics in Michigan State University. Tested for the role of Ted Henderson in Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969). During the making of Mickey Blue Eyes (1999), he nicknamed Hugh Grant \"Whippy\" after the Whippet, an English breed of dog that shivers a lot. Lives in Beverly Hills, California. His parents, Sophie (Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, were both German Jews. Has a daughter, Tara A. Caan (born November 5, 1964), with first wife Dee Jay Mattis . Avid golfer.",
"Frequent guest/player at celebrity golf events. Republican. Turned down Jack Nicholson 's role in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975). Not one to repeat that mistake, he accepted the lead role in Misery (1990) when Nicholson turned it down. Both films involved the lead character being at the mercy of a sadistic nurse. He appeared in two Best Picture Academy Award winners: The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather: Part II (1974). Although he played John Cazale 's elder brother in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather: Part II (1974), he is five years his junior in real life. He was considered for the role of Tom Hagen in The Godfather (1972) before Robert Duvall was cast. He eventually played Sonny Corleone in both that film and The Godfather: Part II (1974). Although he played Morgana King 's son in The Godfather (1972) and The Godfather: Part II (1974), he is only ten years her junior in real life.",
"Two of his memorable scenes from The Godfather (1972) have been parodied on The Simpsons. The scene where Sonny beats up Carlo in the street was turned into a scene where Marge does the same to a man who mugged her. Sonny's death scene has actually been parodied twice. The first time involved Bart being ambushed with snowballs at school. The second actually involved Caan himself making a guest appearance, and being ambushed at a tollbooth again. Personal Quotes (27) [on being voted \"Italian of the Year\" in New York twice, after his role as Sonny Corleone in The Godfather (1972)]: I'm a Jew from the Bronx. I feel guilty about accepting these awards, but they wouldn't let me turn them down. I have an agent I trust professionally more than anybody else, but with the best intentions he could put me in the shithouse just as fast as somebody who wanted to ruin me. I'd rather get sloshed than stoned. Anyone of my generation who tells you he hasn't \"done\" Brando [ Marlon Brando ] is lying.",
"My acting technique is to look up at God just before the camera rolls and say, 'Give me a break.' I never did anything else. In college I switched majors every two weeks and acting was the only thing that held my interest. The reason I started was to stay away from the meat market. That's where I was headed -- to be with the guys who lug beef all day long. Quite often I'm misunderstood when I say, 'It's not my life, it's my job.' People think that means I don't give a shit. Sure, I want to be the best actor in the world. But my life is my family, my son, my friends. I don't know how anyone can find fault with that. For some reason when you say, 'It's my job' it sounds like 'Who gives a shit?' Well, that's not it at all. What I do quite honestly and seriously and not in any way being humble is not as important as what the garbage collector does. People make actors important. I go to the movies, I stand on line minding my own business and the manager goes, 'Mr. Caan, Mr.",
"Caan.' And I say, 'No, no, no, I'm OK. I'll stand on the line.' 'Oh, you can't.' So, finally they take you through the line and the other 40 people go, 'Hey, Mr. Bigshot.' And I was just minding my own business, I just wanted to stand there. But other people make it very important that I'm an actor. I loved Funny Lady (1975) for whatever reason. People say they didn't know I could sing and dance. Well, nobody ever asks me - it's always \"Punch this guy\". [on recent big-budget Hollywood films] [They] absolutely stink. All those pictures, those big extravaganzas - you can't remember any characters. Either they had an animal head on them or walked funny . . . If they want me to work, I'll go, \"Sure\". Basically, I'm a whore. [on Zabriskie Point (1970)] It was the worst fucking - and I have to curse because there is no other way that I can express myself - picture that I ever saw. I got so angry about it. I was in love with a girl.",
"We went to the movie and it ended the whole affair. He [ Michelangelo Antonioni ] hired cardboard, the worst actors, and it was a conscious effort - that's what pissed me off. [on actors taking themselves too seriously] The truth is . . . myself, De Niro [ Robert De Niro ], Pacino [ Al Pacino ], Hoffman [ Dustin Hoffman ], we were arrogant, pompous asses. If it was up to them, I'd be playing Sonny Corleone my entire life. Usually, if there weren't eight people dead by page 11, they wouldn't send me the script. People say, \"Gee, you do a lot of mafia movies\". I think I've done two, out of 60. [about living at the Playboy mansion] Actually, it was for medicinal purposes - I was just getting divorced. This doctor wrote me a prescription to live there because he thought it would help me get over the pain of my divorce. My God, it worked. I got over it pretty quickly. I'll see a beautiful girl walking up to me and I'll think, \"Oh, my God, I can't believe my good luck\".",
"But then she'll say, \"Where's your son?\" or \"My mother loves you.\" I had great, great times as a Little League coach. People were talking about me quitting acting, and they would say, \"What about your creative juices?\" Coaching is creative, because you could take a kid who thought he wasn't any good and, within four minutes, change his mind. And I didn't have to wait six months for them to put music to it. How good a Little League coach was I? I was a little hyper. One thing I learned was that talent comes from everywhere; it doesn't have to come just from the ghetto. But in Beverly Hills, because Daddy has a grocery store, the kids lack a lot of try. There's a big difference between wanting to work and having to work. And I had to learn that the hard way. Now money is very important to me, because I ain't got it. [on being confused with his character from The Godfather (1972)] I'll bump into a guy in a bar, and he'll say, \"I'm sorry, Sonny!\" It's surreal. A \"Godfather Four\"? Not by Francis [ Francis Ford Coppola ], anyway. Who cares?",
"There shouldn't have been a The Godfather: Part III (1990). You know those actors who say, \"I want to be alone\" or they're walking around with their friggin' bodyguards? A bodyguard! I'd never have a bodyguard. I mean, who wants to hurt me? But the point is that they have the bodyguard so that they can say, \"Leave me alone!\" It's this revolving door thing. If somebody didn't recognize them, they'd have a heart attack, the bastards. [on fans confusing him with his characters] Look, you only pray when you start in this business that you get to the point where people recognize you or quote you. I mean, I've got a lot of people who are like, \"Hey, your ankle OK?\" from Misery (1990). I get that a lot. It's harmless. Or they'll say, \"Hey, don't go through that toll booth again\" or \"Have the right change\". That's great! First of all, it means that they remember the picture. There's nothing not to like about it . . . No, I hope they never stop.",
"I did this picture last year with Nicole Kidman and Lars von Trier , Dogville (2003), and it's supposed to be a trilogy, but now that she's walked away from it, I'm walking from it. He is very anti-American, so screw him. I'm very pro-America. I'm a conservative, basically. I went through some bad times, some very self-destructive stuff, you know, when I was on top. I'd got involved in partying and doing all that and I lost my sister and, basically, I got all screwed up in my head. She was like my best friend and I lost her to leukemia and I was just a mess. I had a lot of money because I'd worked a lot and saved it. I had it in a pension plan and then I lost all my money. My accountant. I just woke up one morning and I didn't have a dime. We're talking about tons . . . I mean, a lot of money, and I was flat broke. [His advice to younger actors] The main pearl of wisdom I give these young kids is that you shouldn't make your career your whole life.",
"No matter what heights you achieve, even if you're Brad Pitt , the slide is coming, sure as death and taxes. So if you put everything into that one basket - acting - you'll wind up hurting yourself, either with drugs or any other self-destructive thing you can think of. [on figuring out how to play Sonny Corleone] I didn't have to work on an accent or anything, but I couldn't quite get a grasp. I was shaving to go to dinner or something, and for some reason I started thinking of Don Rickles . Because I knew Rickles. Somebody was watching over me and gave me this thing: being Rickles, kind of say-anything, do-anything. I won't mention names, but in my career, the most talented people invariably are the easiest and nicest to get along with. The ones that are difficult try to camouflage the fact that they haven't got shit to offer. So they complain about frilly things that really don't mean a shit, like their dressing rooms, makeup. (On turning down One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)) Four or five different directors came to me with that at different times.",
"I go, 'It's not a movie. Who wants to look at four institution walls?' Milos Forman made it great. Jack was great in it. I made a flat-out, fucking mistake. (On turning down Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)) I was first, Dustin [Hoffman] was last on the list of five guys they wanted. The director [ Robert Benton ] kept it up with me for three months. I said, 'This is middle-class, bourgeois horseshit.' I mean, 'Cut to kid crying.' Oh, please. Fuck you! Salary (3) Godfather actor James Caan is rushed to the hospital with chest pains | Daily Mail Online comments James Caan was rushed to a hospital in Toronto on Tuesday. The 75-year-old actor - who is best known for playing Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather - had complained of chest pain, according to TMZ . But the Hollywood vet was not having a heart attack; rather he was suffering from a chest infection. Scroll down for video A scare: James Caan was rushed to a hospital in Toronto on Tuesday.",
"The 75-year-old actor - who is best known for playing Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather - had complained of chest pain, according to TMZ; here he is seen in January The Misery star has since been released from the hospital, the site revealed. The Seventies icon has been in Toronto to film Operation Insanity. One of his co-stars is Paul Sorvino, 76, who starred in the mob film Goodfellas, which came out in 1990. He has been married four times: The star with one of his most recent wives, Linda, in 2014 A rep for James told TMZ 'he will be back to work in just a few days and is doing fine.' Caan has been filming several movies back to back. This year alone he has three films coming out - The Throwaways, Wuther High School, Mikow - and he has five others in production: The Waiting, Silican Vampire, From Here To Infirmity, Stark Raving Man and Sweetwater.",
"His most popular film: Caan (far right) with (from left) John Cazale, Al Pacino and Marlon Brando in 1972's classic The Godfather Another hit for the star: James with Bette Midler in the 1991 drama For The Boys James - who has starred in 1975's Rollerball, 1990's Dick Tracy, 1992's Honeymoon In Vegas, 2003's Elf and 2014's The Outsider, among dozens of others - has been married four times. In 1961, he married Dee Jay Mathis and had daughter Tara; they divorced in 1966. Caan's second marriage to Sheila Marie Ryan (a former girlfriend of Elvis Presley) in 1976 was short-lived; they divorced the following year.",
"A setback here: The New York native holding a cane at the 2011 premiere of His Way with his son Scott Throwback to The Godfather: Pictured above Al Pacino, Marlon Brando, James Caan, John Cazale Their son, Scott Caan, who also is an actor, was born in 1976. Caan was married to Ingrid Hajek from September 1990 to March 1994; they had a son, Alexander, born 1991. He married Linda Stokes in 1995, they have two sons, James (born 1995) and Jacob (born 1998). Caan filed for divorce on November 20, 2009, citing irreconcilable differences. They got back together and split again in January. On the move: Caan - seen here in August in Beverly Hills - has been filming movies back to back.",
"This year alone he has three films coming out - The Throwaways, Wuther High School, Mikow - and he has five others in production: The Waiting, Silican Vampire, From Here To Infirmity, Stark Raving Man and Sweetwater James Caan (I) - TV.com James Caan (I) 3/26/1940, The Bronx, New York, USA Birth Name EDIT James Caan was born the son of a New York butcher. James was athletically gifted, and played football at Michigan State University. Acting intrigued him, and after gaining acceptance into Sanford Meisner's Neighbourhood Playhouse, Caan won a scholarship to study Wynn Handman. He began to appear in off-Broadway… more Credits Terry “The Cannon” Gannon, Sr.",
"S 1: Ep 1 Pilot 9/25/13 Edward \"Big Ed\" Melvin Deline S 4: Ep 17 Heroes 3/9/07 S 4: Ep 16 Junk In The Trunk 3/2/07 S 4: Ep 15 Bare Chested In The Park 2/23/07 S 4: Ep 14 The Burning Bedouin 2/16/07 S 4: Ep 13 Pharaoh 'Nuff 2/9/07 Alan Bourdillion Traherne, aka \"Mississippi\" 1967 S 8: Ep 104 Show #1562 2/21/01 S 8: Ep 36 Show #1494 10/16/00 S 5: Ep 184 Show #1046 7/20/98 S 3: Ep 173 Show #0612 6/19/96 S 1: Ep 158 Show #0158 5/11/9",
"4 S 1: Ep 22 October 8, 2013 10/8/13 S 1: Ep 27 September 25, 2013 9/25/13 S 2: Ep 8 The Sins of the Father 8/9/13 S 2: Ep 7 ...",
"And Your Enemies Closer 8/2/13 S 2: Ep 4 Crossroads 7/12/13 S 2: Ep 2 Angels of Death 6/21/13 S 5: Ep 105 Episode #5.105 1/4/12 S 5: Ep 27 Episode #5.027 10/5/11 S 4: Ep 243 Episode #4.243 6/15/11 S 4: Ep 195 Episode #4.195 4/20/11 S 4: Ep 178 Episode #4.178 3/31/11 S 1: Ep 74 August 23, 2011 8/23/11 S 6: Ep 3 James Caan 4/21/11 S 1: Ep 0 October 26, 2010 10/26/10 S 8: Ep 20 Something, Something, Something Dark Side 5/23/",
"10 S 9: Ep 164 Thursday 21st May 5/21/09 S 8: Ep 12 RND 2009 - Funny For Money 3/13/09 S 1: Ep 114 James Caan/Peri Gilpin/Meredith Phillips 3/1/04 S 1: Ep 10 Ghostbusted 10/30/05 S 3: Ep 1 James Caan 9/11/05 S 16: Ep 2 All's Fair in Oven War 11/14/04 S 13: Ep 63 Show #2784 9/23/04 S 12: Ep 92 Show #2588 11/5/03 S 2: Ep 5 James Caan & Jeremy Piven 1/9/04 S 1: Ep 103 Brian Piccolo 11/2/01 S 6: Ep 12 James Caan 9/24/00 S 3: Ep 8 Movie Star",
" 11/20/96 S 1: Ep 18 Show #18 7/3/96 S 17: Ep 259 August 27, 1992 8/27/92 S 5: Ep 97 January 15, 1980 1/15/80 S 1: Ep 162 June 15, 1976 6/15/76 S 2: Ep 27 October 17, 1989 10/17/89 S 18: Ep 130 March 24, 1980 3/24/80 S 16: Ep 60 November 25, 1977 11/25/77 S 14: Ep 222 July 27, 1976 7/27/76 S 14: Ep 60 November 21, 1975 11/21/75 S 11: Ep 4",
"4 October 28, 1971 10/28/71 S 17: Ep 100 January 21, 1980 1/21/80 S 12: Ep 211 July 23, 1975 7/23/75 S 12: Ep 91 January 21, 1975 1/21/75 S 10: Ep 40 November 10, 1972 11/10/72 S 9: Ep 158 May 22, 1972 5/22/72 S 4: Ep 55 November 28, 1977 11/28/77 S 5: Ep 14 Film ' 76 Episode 14 4/18/76 S 2: Ep 4 October 25, 1975 10/25/75 S 46: Ep 1 The 46th Annual Academy Awards 4/2",
"/74 S 44: Ep 1 The 44th Annual Academy Awards 4/10/72 S 6: Ep 10 Episode #126 11/20/72 S 4: Ep 139 March 31, 1972 3/31/72 S 4: Ep 59 December 9, 1971 12/9/71 S 4: Ep 34 November 4, 1971 11/4/71 S 6: Ep 115 March 13, 1972 3/13/72 S 4: Ep 20 To Sire, with Love (2) 2/22/69 S 4: Ep 19 To Sire, with Love (1) 2/15/69 S 4: Ep 17 A Life in the Balance 1/19/69 S 8: Ep 14 The Echo Pass Story 1/3/65 S 3: Ep 10 Memo from Purgatory",
" 12/21/64 S 1: Ep 26 My Son The All American 4/8/64 S 1: Ep 9 The Hunt 12/19/63 S 2: Ep 11 Anatomy of a Patrol 11/26/63 S 12: Ep 5 Deadly Decision 10/8/63 S 3: Ep 2 Justice to a Microbe 9/18/63 S 2: Ep 17 The Mosaic 1/31/63 S 1: Ep 16 A Cry From The Mountain 1/17/63 S 4: Ep 10 A Fist Of Five 12/4/62 S 2: Ep 6 The Masked Marine 11/8/62 S 2: Ep 16 Black Monday 1/16/61 S 2: Ep 10 Bullets Cost Too Much 1/4/61 S 2: Ep 18 Lekio 2/27/12 Become a contributor Important: You must only upload images which you have created",
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] |
Who sang the title song for the Bond film You Only Live Twice?
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Nancy Sinatra
|
[
"Nancy sinatra",
"For My Dad",
"Country, My Way",
"Nancy Sinatra",
"How Does It Feel (album)"
] | 10,202
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[
"You Only Live Twice (1967) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) Approved | Agent 007 and the Japanese secret service ninja force must find and stop the true culprit of a series of spacejackings before nuclear war is provoked. Director: Harold Jack Bloom (additional story material), Roald Dahl (screenplay) Stars: From $10.99 (SD) on Amazon Video ON DISC a list of 23 titles created 05 Mar 2013 a list of 24 images created 25 Jul 2014 a list of 23 titles created 10 Dec 2014 a list of 26 titles created 29 Dec 2015 a list of 26 titles created 3 months ago Title: You Only Live Twice (1967) 6.9/10 Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below.",
"You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Nominated for 1 BAFTA Film Award. Another 1 win & 2 nominations. See more awards » Videos James Bond heads to The Bahamas to recover two nuclear warheads stolen by SPECTRE agent Emilio Largo in an international extortion scheme. Director: Terence Young A diamond smuggling investigation leads James Bond to Las Vegas, where he uncovers an evil plot involving a rich business tycoon. Director: Guy Hamilton James Bond woos a mob boss's daughter and goes undercover to uncover the true reason for Blofeld's allergy research in the Swiss Alps that involves beautiful women from around the world. Director: Peter R. Hunt James Bond willingly falls into an assassination ploy involving a naive Russian beauty in order to retrieve a Soviet encryption device that was stolen by SPECTRE. Director: Terence Young Investigating a gold magnate's smuggling, James Bond uncovers a plot to contaminate the Fort Knox gold reserve. Director: Guy Hamilton 007 is sent to stop a diabolically brilliant heroin magnate armed with a complex organization and a reliable psychic tarot card reader.",
"Director: Guy Hamilton A resourceful British government agent seeks answers in a case involving the disappearance of a colleague and the disruption of the American space program. Director: Terence Young James Bond is led to believe that he is targeted by the world's most expensive assassin while he attempts to recover sensitive solar cell technology that is being sold to the highest bidder. Director: Guy Hamilton James Bond investigates the hijacking of British and Russian submarines carrying nuclear warheads with the help of a KGB agent whose lover he killed. Director: Lewis Gilbert Agent 007 is assigned to hunt for a lost British encryption device and prevent it from falling into enemy hands. Director: John Glen James Bond investigates the mid-air theft of a space shuttle and discovers a plot to commit global genocide. Director: Lewis Gilbert A fake Fabergé egg and a fellow agent's death lead James Bond to uncover an international jewel-smuggling operation, headed by the mysterious Octopussy, being used to disguise a nuclear attack on N.A.T.O. forces. Director: John Glen Edit Storyline When an American space capsule is swallowed up by what they believe to be a Russian spaceship, World War 3 nearly breaks out.",
"The British Government, however, suspect that other powers are at work as the space craft went down near Japan. S.P.E.C.T.R.E. is the force behind the theft, as James Bond discovers, but its motives are far from clear, and he must first find out where the captured space capsule is held before America and Russia initiate another world war. Written by Graeme Roy <[email protected]> You Only Live Twice...and \"TWICE\" is the only way to live! See more » Genres: 13 June 1967 (USA) See more » Also Known As: Ian Fleming's You Only Live Twice See more » Filming Locations: Did You Know? Trivia The primary reason for converting the Toyota 2000GT coupes into convertibles was Sean Connery 's height; he was simply too tall to fit into the GT which was notoriously too small for anyone over 5'8\". Connery's height was 6'2\". See more » Goofs On a monitor in Aki's Toyota, Bond sees the helicopter flying with the car it has picked up, from about the same altitude. But where would the camera be?",
"Bond seems to be watching the same movie we are. See more » Quotes [first lines] Astronaut - 1st American Spacecraft : Calling CapCom. CapCom, this is Jupiter 16. Do you give a go for fourth orbit. Houston CapCom : CapCom to Jupiter 16. Can you confirm O2 pressure is within limit. Astronaut - 1st American Spacecraft : Roger. Everything looks good in the environmental control system. Houston CapCom : Okay. Everything looks good from here. You have a go for fourth orbit. See more » Crazy Credits THE END of YOU ONLY LIVE TWICE but James Bond will be back ON HER MAJESTY'S SECRET SERVICE See more » Connections Referenced in Spectre (2015) See more » Soundtracks Bond-san, Blofeld, Asian Delights and Production Value Supreme. 1 May 2012 | by Spikeopath (United Kingdom) – See all my reviews You Only Live Twice is directed by Lewis Gilbert and written by Roald Dahl. It stars Sean Connery, Tetsuro Tamba, Teru Shimada, Akiko Wakabayashi, Mie Hama, Karin Dor and Donald Pleasence.",
"Music is scored by John Barry and cinematography by Freddie Young. Bond 5 and Connery once again tackles the role of 007. With American and Soviet space craft mysteriously vanishing from space, both nations are laying the blame at the other's door. Sensing a nuclear war could break out, M assigns Bond to Japan to investigate if there might be a third party stirring the hornets nest. Teaming up with the Japanese secret service, Bond uncovers evidence that SPECTRE is behind the plot to pitch the East and the West against each other. This organisation does not tolerate failure. Thunderball had broke box office records for Bond, gadgetry, outlandish stunts and a quip on the tongue had proved most profitable. It was planned originally that On Her Majesty's Secret Service would be number 5 in the series, but a change of tack to go for You Only Live Twice as the story gave producers Broccoli & Saltzman the scope for a giganticus enormous production. However, it may be set in Japan and feature a Bond/Blofeld conflict, but Roald Dahl's script bares little resemblance to Ian Fleming's source novel.",
"Although a massive financial success with a Worldwide gross of over $111 million, Bond 5 took $30 million less than Thunderball. Strange since this is a better film. Can we attribute the drop to it being a space age saga? Maybe, the rebirth of sci-fi was a few years away, and of course Bond had lost some fans who had grown tired, like Connery, of 007 relying on gadgets instead of brains and brawn to complete his missions. There was also the rival Casino Royale production, as bad as it was, to contend with, while the spy boom created by Bond had been overkilled elsewhere and was on the wane. Extortion is my business. Go away and think it over, gentlemen. I'm busy. True enough that You Only Live Twice has flaws, though they are far from being film killers if you like the gadgets and hi-techery side of the franchise? Connery announced once production was over that he was leaving the role of Bond behind. He had been close to breaking point after Thunderball, but finally the media circus, typecasting, the fanaticism and the character merely being a cypher for outrageous sequences, led Connery to finally call it a day.",
"His displeasure shows in performance, oh it's professional, very much so, but the swagger and machismo from the earlier films has gone. Although Dahl's script tones down the \"cheese\" dialogue and unfolds as a plot of considerable World peril worth, characterisations are thinly drawn, making this reliant on production value and action sequences. Thankfully both are top dollar. And the ace up its sleeve is the long awaited face to face meeting of Bond and Blofeld. The firing power inside my crater is enough to annihilate a small army. You can watch it all on TV. It's the last program you're likely to see. Ken Adam's set design is fit to grace any epic in film history, as is Freddie Young's photography around the Japanese locales, Barry lays a beautiful Bond/Oriental score all over proceedings and Nancy Sinatra's title song is appealingly catchy. The action is excellently constructed by Gilbert (helming the first of three Bond movies on his CV), with the final battle at Blofeld's volcano crater base full of explosions, flying stunt men, expert choreography and meaty fights.",
"Along the way we have been treated to Ninjas, Piranhas, poison, aeroplane peril and the awesome Little Nellie versus the big boy copter smack down! Then there's that Bond/Blofeld confrontation. Well worth the wait, with Pleasence visually scary with bald head (setting the marker for bald villainy to follow in TV and cinema it seems) and scar across his eye. Pleasence is also very low key with his menace, which is perfect, we don't want pantomime and the scenes with Bond work wonderfully well. It made less than the film before it and it has fierce critics in Bond and Fleming circles. But it's a Bond film that pays rich rewards on revisits, where the artistry on show really shines through in this HD/Upscale age. 8/10 17 of 19 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you? Yes James Bond, You Only Live Twice - Title Song - YouTube James Bond, You Only Live Twice - Title Song Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented.",
"This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Aug 30, 2009 Title track from the fifth James Bond film, starring Sean Connery as 007. Music by John Barry, lyrics by Leslie Bricusse, performed by Nancy Sinatra. Category Nancy Sinatra, 'You Only Live Twice' (1967) | The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs | Rolling Stone The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs Barely Legal: 30 Nearly Pornographic Mainstream Films The Top 10 James Bond Theme Songs With the arrival of Adele's new Bond theme, we look back at the best songs from the franchise 10 All Stories 4. Nancy Sinatra, 'You Only Live Twice' (1967) Nancy Sinatra was fresh off her breakthrough hit \"These Boots Are Made For Walking\" when the producers of You Only Live Twice recruited her to sing the title song. The haunting tune has had a long afterlife, being covered by everyone from Coldplay to Bjork . Next Slide Trending Ranked on a scale from 1 to 10, the trending score reflects the number of users reading a story in real time. What is this?",
"Don’t Miss a Story Sign up for our newsletter to receive breaking news directly in your inbox. We may use your e-mail address to send you the newsletter and offers that may interest you, on behalf of Rolling Stone and its partners. For more information please read our Privacy Policy How we use your email address © Rolling Stone 2017 You Only Live Twice by Nancy Sinatra Songfacts You Only Live Twice by Nancy Sinatra Songfacts Songfacts In the mid-1960s, Nancy Sinatra was popular enough to sing the theme song to a James Bond movie, which is entitled You Only Live Twice. While it didn't reach the chart heights of such theme songs as \" Goldfinger \" and \" A View To A Kill ,\" it remains fondly remembered by her fans and is featured on all of the James Bond them song compilations. >> Suggestion credit: Mike - Santa Barbara, CA James Bond veteran John Barry wrote the music while the lyrics were by Leslie Bricusse, who had previously worked on the theme to Goldfinger. Sinatra's regular collaborator Lee Hazlewood produced the version that was released as a single.",
"The song was recorded on May 2, 1967 at the CTS Studios in Bayswater, London with a 60-piece orchestra. Sinatra was very nervous during the recording, and she needed about 25 takes before there was enough material for John Barry to create the final product. Robbie Williams re-recorded the opening bars of the song for his 1998 UK chart-topper \" Millennium .\" He decided it was a lot cheaper to recreate it in the studio rather than to clear a sample. Cee-Lo Green sampled the song for his 2011 single \" Bright Lights, Bigger City ,\" which peaked at #13 in the UK. Coldplay recorded a live version of the song as the B-side for their \"Don't Panic\" single. It was recorded during performance at the Rockefeller Music Hall in Norway. You Only Live Twice (soundtrack) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia You Only Live Twice (soundtrack) 2,123pages on Novel — Film — Comic — Audio drama — Soundtrack — Song — Characters Original You Only Live Twice soundtrack cover The soundtrack was composed by Bond veteran, John Barry .",
"At the time, this was his fourth credited Bond film. The theme song, You Only Live Twice , was sung by Nancy Sinatra . In 1998 , Robbie Williams sampled the title song \"You Only Live Twice\" for the chart-topper \" Millennium \". A rock version of You Only Live Twice was covered by Coldplay when they toured in 2001 , and was covered by Natacha Atlas for her 2005 compilation album The Best of Natacha Atlas . Track listing You Only Live Twice (Title Song) — Nancy Sinatra Capsule In Space A Drop In The Ocean The Death Of Aki Bond Averts World War Three You Only Live Twice (End Title) — Nancy Sinatra These seven tracks were later added, as a bonus, to the complete version of the original soundtrack. James Bond In Japan James Bond - Ninja Twice is the Only Way to Live Twice is the Only Way to Live was the final track on the original UK version of the soundtrack. It was also included on the United Artists' soundtrack compilation \"Ten Golden Years\" ( 1968 ). On certain albums of YOLT's soundtrack, the alternate 007 theme is included.",
"It's the score played when Little Nellie is being constructed and continues to play until 3 - 4 SPECTRE helicopters encounter Bond at which point the song becomes the main 007 theme. It's also heard in the parade chase scene in Thunderball and the Amazon River chase in Moonraker. You Only Live Twice (1967) You Only Live Twice (1967) d. Lewis Gilbert, 117 minutes Opening Credits, Title Sequence Gun-barrel Sequence: Designed by Maurice Binder Main Title Sequence: Designed by Maurice Binder Title Song: \"You Only Live Twice\" (sung by Nancy Sinatra) Film Plot Summary In the pre-credits title sequence set during the Cold War era in 1967, a manned, orbiting American NASA space capsule, Jupiter 16, was conducting routine functions when a strange, unknown \"unidentified object\" (another intruding spacecraft, later identified as Bird One) unexpectedly approached, opened its front hatch metal jaws, and consumed the entire US spacecraft. During the hijacking, one of the astronauts during his space-walk maneuvers had his life-line cut and he expired (# 1 death). The fate of the second astronaut was unknown.",
"Radio and radar contact were entirely lost. Subsequently, the Soviet government denied all knowledge of the affair, although the US was quick to blame them. The suspicious US government challenged the USSR to not interfere in its next launch within 20 days, but the British officials were not convinced the hijacking originated from Soviet Russia. The British noted indications (from their Singapore tracking station) that the alien craft landed in the Sea of Japan, and suspected Japanese involvement. England's \"man in Hong Kong\" 007 agent James Bond (Sean Connery) was reportedly working on the problem in Asia - first seen kissing a Chinese girl in bed, pretty Ling (Tsai Chin) (# 1 tryst), asking: \"Why do Chinese girls taste different from all other girls?\" After rising from the bed, Ling activated a switch on the wall, flipping the bed (with Bond in it) into an upright position into the wall. This allowed gunmen to enter and fire machine guns at the bed.",
"[Later, it was revealed that Ling was hired by MI6 to help 'fake' Bond's death.] Headlines read: \"BRITISH NAVAL COMMANDER MURDERED.\" During a military funeral ceremony, Bond was buried in the Sea of Japan from a British naval vessel. Underwater, his wrapped corpse was intercepted by naval frogmen and taken clandestinely to an awaiting British M1 nuclear submarine. The body-bundle was cut open and Bond was found alive (in a plastic shroud-pouch with an underwater breathing device). On board, Bond was briefed by \"M\" (Bernard Lee) after a brief visit with secretary Miss Moneypenny (Lois Maxwell) in the outer office. It was staged to look like Bond had been murdered in Hong Kong, to allow him \"more elbow room\" to move about undercover during his investigation. \"Before the real shooting starts\" in a \"full-scale war,\" Bond was to find the location of the base of the renegade spacecraft that hijacked the US capsule, before the next American launch in three weeks. Bond was to be sent to Tokyo, Japan, where he was to be contacted by local MI6 operative Dikko Henderson (Charles Gray).",
"After receiving the code-words \"I Love You\" from Miss Moneypenny, without deliberately repeating the three words back to her (to spite her), Bond donned a wet-suit and mask, was loaded into a torpedo tube and 'fired' into the ocean, where he swam to the Japanese shore as dusk approached. In bustling downtown Tokyo, Bond was followed as he entered a Sumo hall where wrestlers were preparing for their matches. He was seated in the large audience hall, where his Japanese Secret Service agent contact - pretty, soft-spoken and polite partner Aki (Akiko Wakabayashi) joined him. After uttering the code words \"I Love You,\" she drove him in her nearby white Toyota 2000 GT sports-car to meet Henderson in his Japanese-styled home. The British operative with a wooden leg (lost in Singapore in '42) walked with a cane. Henderson informed Bond about his theories regarding the US/Soviet space crisis, speculating the location of the missile's firing from Japan, and the involvement of a \"major foreign power\" - but he believed it was neither Russia nor Japan.",
"As he was speaking mid-sentence about the possibility of a \"large Japanese industrial concern,\" Henderson was murdered - he fell forward with a knife in his back (# 2 death). Bond crashed through the paper wall and chased down the Japanese killer outside, stabbing him with his own switchblade knife (# 3 death, # 1 Bond kill). Bond then disguised himself in the dead man's clothes, and approached the man's awaiting car, feigning injury in the back seat. He was driven to the high-rise Osata Chemical & Engineering Company, a local chemical corporation, where Bond was carried over the shoulder of the driver to an executive office and deposited on the couch. When recognized as an imposter, Bond drew his gun, but the brutish driver retaliated. They fought all over the interior of the office, nearly destroying it, and Bond was threatened with decapitation from a Samurai sword. Bond eventually knocked out the attacker with a stone statuette that broke in two from the blow. In a side room where he had stashed the body, Bond noticed a safe door with an open panel, and decided to investigate.",
"With an automatic safe-combination cracker device, 007 opened the safe and stole some documents, but also triggered an emergency alarm. He escaped down an elevator from the pursuit of armed security guards, shot one of them (# 4 death, # 2 Bond kill) and was rescued, fortuitously, by Aki driving by in her Toyota. Bond became suspicious when Aki refused to answer his questions, and then stopped the car and fled into a deserted subway station. As he walked towards her, a trap-door opened in the floor beneath him, and Bond found himself sliding down a slick metal chute. He was deposited in an arm-chair in the secret underground HQ office of the head of the Japanese Secret Service (SIS), \"Tiger\" Tanaka (Tetsuro Tamba). Bond was warmly greeted: \"Welcome to Japan, Mr. Bond. It is a great pleasure to meet you at last.\" When Tanaka examined the stolen documents from the safe, including an order for 500 kilos of butter and 50 containers of lox, Bond hypothesized that \"LOX\" (a clever cover, meaning American salmon) was also the technical name for liquid oxygen which made rocket fuel.",
"It was possible that Osato, run by industrialist Mr. Osato (Teru Shimada), was surreptitiously supplying liquid oxygen (used as rocket fuel) to an unknown third party client. As Tanaka and Bond traveled in the agent's private train (with a screening room and full service staff), they more closely examined a photograph among the documents and learned from a microdot that an innocent American tourist was \"liquidated\" for taking an unauthorized photo of a cargo ship (identified as the Ning-Po, registered in Shanghai) near a strip of land. Diving girls were seen, with magnification, in the left of the photo. Bond retired for the night in Tanaka's magnificent ancient castle, where the head agent provided his shared \"possessions\" - four scantily-dressed female bathing attendants who assisted in a \"civilized\" bath. After his bath, Bond selected one of the four \"sexyful\" girls for a massage, although Aki replaced her and promised no interruptions for the remainder of the night (\"I think I will enjoy very much serving under you\") (# 2 tryst). The next morning, Bond returned to Osato's office posing as Mr. Fisher, the new managing director of Empire Chemicals.",
"After executive Osato arrived via helicopter, Bond was introduced to his red-headed \"confidential\" secretary Helga Brandt (Karin Dor), and during their scheduled meeting, it was clear that Bond was recognized as the previous night's intruder. When he departed, Brandt was ordered to kill Bond (\"Kill him\"), and a carload of four assassins shadowing him opened fire. In another well-timed rescue, Aki saved Bond in her sports-car in front of the building, and radioed Tanaka for support (\"arrange usual reception\"). Suddenly, Tanaka's two-rotor helicopter equipped with a gigantic electro-magnet swooped down, clamped on and lifted the attacking black sedan into the air and deposited the villains into Tokyo Bay. Bond and Aki watched, from the closed-circuit TV monitor behind the bucket seats of the Toyota, as the gunmen were disposed of (Bond: \"Just a drop in the ocean\") (# 5-8 deaths). Tanaka then told Bond that Ning-Po was owned by Osato Chemicals, and was presently loading at the Kobe docks, before sailing onto Shanghai. Aki and Bond proceeded there to investigate, where they found liquid oxygen tanks being loaded.",
"The two were promptly attacked by dock workers paid by Osato. As Bond shot three of the men (# 9-11 deaths, # 3-5 Bond kills) and continued to fight them off, he urged Aki to escape. To evade about a dozen attackers, he dove off the rooftop onto the dock, but then he was suddenly knocked out from behind. When he awakened, Bond found himself tied to a chair onboard the Ning-Po, where Helga confronted him in her cabin and threatened him with a scalpel (a plastic surgeon's \"dermatome\"). He joked: \"What's a nice girl like you doing in a place like this?\" She kissed him, even while he confessed he was an industrial spy. As she seduced him, he proposed a \"nice offer\" - convincing her that they could split the profits from the theft of Osato's process for making MSG (worth $300,000), if she cut him free and they fled to Tokyo (and then Europe) together.",
"When she released him, he cut the two shoulder straps on her dress, quipping to the sultry vixen: \"Oh, the things I do for England\" as they embraced and he unzipped the back of her dress (# 3 tryst). However, as they flew back to Tokyo in a Cessna aircraft that she piloted, the deceitful Helga double-crossed Bond - she sabotaged the plane with a lipstick bomb and jumped out - parachuting to safety. Bond fortunately brought the crashing plane under control, and landed it before it exploded. Upon his return to Tanaka and Aki, Bond was informed that they had identified the remote coastline in the photograph - an island called Matsu, on a direct route between Kobe and Shanghai. It was the Ning-Po's destination for its major cargo that had been unloaded overnight. Gadgets master \"Q\" (Desmond Llewelyn) delivered to Bond a portable, auto-gyro mini-helicopter packed in four large suitcases, dubbed Little Nellie, for his reconnaissance mission over the island.",
"While investigating the island's extinct volcanoes mid-flight, Bond was pursued by four armed SPECTRE helicopters, but in the dogfight was able to subdue them with his arsenal of deadly gadgets and weapons (# 12-15 deaths, # 6-9 Bond kills). He radioed Tanaka about Little Nellie's conquest: \"Four big shots made improper advances towards her. But she defended her honor with great success.\" The launch of a Russian spacecraft (with two Soviet cosmonauts) resulted in another hijacking by the unidentified vessel with front metal jaws. It subsequently landed back in SPECTRE's rocket base hidden inside a hollowed-out volcanic crater. The Pentagon in Washington, DC was alerted when the Russians blamed the US for the act of aggression, and a war between the two super-powers seemed imminent. The two captured cosmonauts were transported by monorail within the crater. The head of SPECTRE (No. 1), megalomaniac Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Donald Pleasence), still hidden although identified by his petting of a white Persian cat, bragged to his Red Chinese funding compatriots about the space attacks.",
"He demanded $100 million dollars in gold bullion in advance deposited in his Buenos Aires account, and was promptly accused of extortion, because their agreement had originally specified that war had to first break out between the US and USSR. Blofeld summoned Helga and Mr. Osato to his quarters, and reprimanded them for failing to kill Bond and allowing the agent to escape. Osato blamed Helga: \"I gave Number 11 the strictest orders to eliminate him...She failed.\" Helga retaliated: \"You should have killed him yourself. You had plenty of opportunity.\" Blofeld pressed a hidden foot pedal as he spoke: \"This organization does not tolerate failure,\" and Helga was plunged into Blofeld's piranha pool filled with voracious fish (# 16 death), intimidating Osato and the two Red Chinese who witnessed the horrible death. He then commanded Osato: \"Kill Bond now.\" Bond was flown by helicopter to Himeji Castle, Tanaka's top-secret Ninja training school and rocket weapons development center. The plan was to infiltrate Ama island and create a base with a hundred Ninjas, who would pose as workers and fishermen.",
"As \"extra special cover,\" Bond was to \"become a Japanese,\" train in Ninja skills, and \"take a wife\" - not Aki, but Tanaka's own protege Kissy Suzuki (Mie Hama) - an Ama girl who was known on the island. After Bond was transformed and disguised as a \"Japanese\" by Tanaka's female bath attendants so that he could infiltrate the island near the volcano, pretending that he was a poor Japanese fisherman, he made love to Aki \"Japanese style\" (# 4 tryst), but during the night as they slept after their passionate love-making, a SPECTRE assassin killed Aki, with deadly poison intended for Bond dripping onto her lips down a long string (# 17 death). Bond shot and killed the hitman (# 18 death, # 10 Bond kill), but couldn't save Aki. During two more days of training, Bond killed one of his training opponents (\"a stranger from outside\" who had infiltrated into the castle) - who tried to kill him first with a wooden pole dagger-spike (# 19 death, # 11 Bond kill).",
"In an elaborate, formal and traditional Japanese wedding ceremony, Bond married Tanaka's protege named Kissy Suzuki (Mie Hama) who pretended to be his wife, an Ama island pearl diver. They ferried over to the Ama diving island of Matsu, to Kissy's house, where Bond insisted they must sleep together on their 'honeymoon,' but she rejected the idea. He had taken a false name, and it was only a 'business' arrangement, she claimed. That night, as they slept in separate beds, Tanaka informed Bond that the next American mission-launch had been moved forward to midnight - a potential trigger for WWIII if it was hijacked. The next morning, Kissy and Bond slipped away from the fishing divers and investigated a large cave where a local diving girl had recently been found dead under mysterious circumstances. They were forced to evacuate the cave's grotto and swim to safety when it contained poison phosgene gas (and the walls with covered with yellow sulphur). Bond hypothesized that the cave's tunnel led all the way up to the top of the volcano.",
"They climbed to its summit, and took a rest break (Kissy: \"It's hard work\" - Bond: \"Some honeymoon\"), and Bond kissed Kissy on the hillside. Then, they observed a descending helicopter, and Bond warned: \"the honeymoon's over.\" They climbed further and discovered that the crater was covered with a false lake surface made of metal - hiding SPECTRE's headquarters and rocket site. Bond entered the site when the crater roof opened (aided by rubber suction cups attached to his hands and knees), while Kissy went back to alert Tanaka and his Ninjas. In only two hours time, the American spacecraft was to be hijacked. When Bond attempted to rescue the imprisoned US astronaut and two cosmonauts, and then impersonate one of the SPECTRE astronauts about to launch, he was apprehended and brought before Blofeld. [Bond had mistakenly forgotten to leave his portable air-conditioning unit behind as he prepared to enter the craft.] The bald, scar-faced, Nehru-jacketed Blofeld made his first full appearance: \"Allow me to introduce myself\" as he confronted Bond.",
"Bond mentioned how he had lived through a fake assassination attempt in Hong Kong: \"This is my second life.\" Blofeld threatened: \"You only live twice, Mr. Bond.\" Blofeld confessed his evil plan, to \"inaugurate a little war\" between America and the Soviets, creating a new emerging power to dominate the world. On her swim back, Kissy was attacked by a SPECTRE helicopter, and had to dive deep underwater to evade them. In the film's climactic confrontation, SPECTRE's base was assaulted by Ninja commandoes led by Tanaka, just after the launch of the Bird One intruder rocket. The US was on the verge of a nuclear attack on the suspected Russians. Crater guns opened fire and showered the Ninjas with automatic gunfire (unknown number of deaths). Bond asked for a cigarette (Blofeld: \"It won't be the nicotine that kills you, Mr. Bond\"), and activated its explosive power, killing one of the technicians (# 20 death, # 12 Bond kill). He fought off others and managed to briefly open the crater roof so that the Ninjas could enter by rappelling in.",
"Although the Ninjas met deadly gunfire as they entered (unknown number of deaths), one Ninja used a limpet mine to blow a gaping hole in the roof of the crater. As the base was being impregnated, Blofeld took Bond and Osato with him from the control room to his secret lair-hideout, where he point-blank shot Osato dead (# 21 death) (\"This is the price of failure, Mr. Bond\"). He then pointed the gun at Bond, taunting: \"Goodbye, Mr. Bond,\" but a well-aimed metallic Ninja throwing star from Tanaka hit his arm and deflected his weapon, and he was forced to escape in a monorail car. Bond raced to the \"exploder button\" in the control room through a back entryway, to destroy the Bird One intruder spacecraft, but first had to kill one of the armed guards (# 22 death, # 13 Bond kill). He then confronted and fought against Blofeld's brutish blonde bodyguard-assistant Hans (Ronald Rich). They struggled together on the bridge crossing over the piranha pool.",
"Bond flipped Hans over his shoulder (after a missed punch) directly into Blofeld's piranha fish-pool tank, filled with voracious piranha fish (with razor-sharp teeth) (# 23 death, # 14 Bond kill). As Bond looked down at the feasting fish, he quipped: \"Bon appetit.\" In the flaming control room, Bond activated the self-destruct switch with Hans' key and exploded the Bird One just five seconds before it reached another American craft - he had averted WWIII. Meanwhile during his escape, Blofeld activated the base's explosive self-destruct system, killing more of Tanaka's Ninja fighters (unknown number of deaths), and himself (unknown?). As the volcano's base was destroyed by a series of explosions (while the volcano was also erupting with lava blasts), Bond, Kissy, and Tanaka (and surviving Ninjas) fled for their lives by swimming out of the cave tunnel. Support planes air-dropped rubber dinghys for the survivors, and Bond and Kissy found themselves in one of them. Bond reminded Kissy: \"Now, how about that honeymoon?\" - she replied: \"Why not?",
"But they'll never let you stay.\" He vowed they wouldn't be found (\"But they'll never find us\"). They embraced and kissed (# 5 tryst), but \"M's\" M1 submarine interrupted their love-making, by ironically surfacing directly under their raft. Miss Moneypenny was pleased to have to summon Bond below to deliver a report. Film Notables (Awards, Facts, etc.) The fifth film in the series. With no Academy Award nominations. The first Bond film to be released during the summer. The first Bond film to be shot almost entirely in Asia. This film marked the first time Bond was seen in his Navy uniform. The first of three Bond films to be directed by Lewis Gilbert, who also helmed The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) and Moonraker (1979). This film had to contend with a rival, unofficial James Bond film, Columbia's big-budget 007 spoof comedy Casino Royale (1967) with David Niven. With a production budget of $9.5 million, and gross revenue of $43 million (domestic) and $111 million (worldwide).",
"The film's title, \"You Only Live Twice,\" was taken from a haiku in Ian Fleming's original novel: \"You only live twice. Once when you are born. And once when you look death in the face.\" It was notable as the first Bond film with a plot that was significantly different from its source material, Ian Fleming's 1964 novel of the same name, with an original screenplay by noted writer Roald Dahl (the creator of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and James and the Giant Peach). The only two similarities to the book were the Japanese location and the Bond-Blofeld conflict. Also, the plot formed the basis of another Bond film Tomorrow Never Dies (1997). Set-pieces: the pre-credits spacecraft hijacking, the fight on the Kobe docks, the mid-air dogfight between Bond's Little Nellie and four SPECTRE machine-gun firing helicopters, and the climactic battle in the hidden volcano rocket base. Bond Villains: Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Donald Pleasence), Mr.",
"Osato (Teru Shimada), Helga Brandt (Karin Dor), Hans (Ronald Rich) Bond Girls: Ling (Tsai Chin), Aki (Akiko Wakabayashi), Kissy Suzuki (Mie Hama) Number of Love-Making Encounters: 5 Film Locales: Outer space, US Mission Control (Houston) and Hawaii tracking station, Hong Kong, Sea of Japan and Tokyo, Japan, Kobe dock/Osaka, Japan, small Japanese fishing village near Ama diving island of Matsu, Russian launch site - Star City, USSR, Pentagon (Washington DC), Himeji Castle, Japan (Tanaka's secret Ninja training school and rocket weapons development center) Gadgets: a plastic shroud-pouch with an underwater breathing device, purse with radio transmitter, state-of-the-art compact automatic safe-combination cracker/decoding device, closed-circuit video surveillance and monitoring console in Osata's office, Helga Brandt's lipstick bomb, Tanaka's Ninja Training School weapons/gadgets (metallic throwing stars, martial arts' weapons with razor-sharp blades, Gyrojet rocket pistols and rifles that fired jet-propelled bullets that exploded on impact, a cigarette case with cigarettes that fired miniature rocket",
" launchers, wooden pole with dagger-spike), rubber suction cups Vehicles: Jupiter 16 (US spacecraft) and Bird One (SPECTRE intruder rocket), M1 nuclear submarine, Aki's white Toyota 2000 GT convertible (with radio transmitter and closed-circuit TV monitor behind the bucket seats), Tanaka's Private Underground Train, Tanaka's 2-rotor Helicopter (with gigantic electro-magnet), Cessna aircraft, Little Nellie Autogyro plane (a portable mini-helicopter packed in 4 large suitcases, with two fixed, front-mounted machine guns, two forward-firing rocket launchers, heat seeking air-to-air missiles, two rear flame gun throwers, two smoke ejectors, and aerial mines launched on tiny parachutes, and a helmet with a cine-camera and radio transmitter) Number of Deaths (Bond Kills): 23 (14) James Bond: \"You Only Live Twice\" opening w/ music by Nancy Sinatra - YouTube \"You Only Live Twice\" opening w/ music by Nancy Sinatra Want to watch this again later?",
"Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Uploaded on Mar 23, 2008 Here are the opening titles to 1967's \"You Only Live Twice\" featuring the radio/single version of the title song by Nancy Sinatra. Enjoy! Category 'You Only Live Twice': Behind The 'Mad Men' Song - MTV mtv rebecca thomas RebeccaBuilds 06/11/2012 Last fall, assurgent rap titans Drake and Rick Ross announced plans for a two-way mixtape, Y.O.L.O. (You Only Live Once). The project borrowed its title from the Toronto MC's \"The Motto,\" and quickly spawned a million shoulder-shrugging tweets. But on Sunday night, the Teflon Don was overtaken by another Don, as [article id=\"1687053\"]AMC's dapper hero got his swag back on the \"Mad Men\" finale[/article].",
"As season five of the Matthew Weiner series drew to a close, ad man Don Draper — having left the Mrs. at an acting job — dealt two female admirers at a bar a split-second look that effortlessly projected equal parts lust and mischief. And while Jon Hamm's expression would have been enough to loosen the most tightly secured underpinnings, the sound of Nancy Sinatra crooning \"You Only Live Twice\" cemented the moment ... and sent the hash tag #YOLT multiplying into the Twittersphere. If the lilting Sinatra tune sounded familiar, though, it's because the song has pop cultural bone fides that stretch from 007 to U.K. pop royalty. \"You only live twice / Or so it seems / One life for yourself, and one for your dreams,\" Sinatra sings on a number that first appeared in the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. \"You Only Live Twice\" is the fifth in the spy series and featured Sean Connery as the martini-drinking secret agent. Composer John Barry reportedly considered this installment in the franchise his favorite.",
"Three decades later, in 1998, ex boy-bander Robbie Williams would liberally sample the opening strings and horns on \"Twice\" for his hit \"Millennium.\" The single led the Brit's second solo album, I've Been Expecting You, and became his first to top the U.K. charts. Abandoning the Leslie Bricusse-penned lyrics of the original, Williams and his co-writers created a bit of social commentary for their pre-Y2K smash. The flamboyant Cee Lo Green also took a liking to Barry's infectious tune, sprinkling it on his \"Bright Lights Bigger City,\" which appears on the ATL crooner's Lady Killer album. Still, for all its modern interpretations, on Sunday night, the woozy \"Twice\" sounded as if it were made for Weiner's '60s drama. Share your thoughts on the \"Mad Men\" season finale in the comments!",
"Sam Smith sings theme song for James Bond film 'Spectre' - CNN.com 1 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers English singer Matt Monro is best known for his hearty rendition of the theme tune for 1963's \"From Russia with Love.\" (The first James Bond movie, \"Dr.",
"No,\" had an instrumental title song.) Hide Caption 2 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Shirley Bassey, perhaps the most iconic Bond theme-song singer, sang the title theme to 1964's Goldfinger.\" Bassey brought her strong, distinctive voice back to the series in title tunes for 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\" and 1979's \"Moonraker.\" Hide Caption 3 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Welsh singer Tom Jones, best known for hits like \"What's New Pussycat\" and \"She's a Lady,\" sang the title tune for 1965's \"Thunderball.\" Hide Caption 4 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers These boots were made for walking, but she was made for singing: Nancy Sinatra performed the theme to \"You Only Live Twice\" in 1967.",
"Hide Caption 5 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Jazz great Louis Armstrong sang \"We Have All the Time in the World,\" the secondary musical theme from the 1969 Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service.\" The song became a hit in the UK 25 years later when it was featured in a Guinness beer commercial. Hide Caption 6 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Paul and then-wife Linda McCartney and their pop group Wings performed the title number from 1973's \"Live and Let Die,\" the first of the Bond movies to star Roger Moore as Agent 007. The song is still a staple of Paul McCartney's live concerts.",
"Hide Caption 7 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Scottish pop singer Lulu sang the title song for 1974's \"The Man with the Golden Gun.\" Hide Caption 8 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Carly Simon scored a major radio hit with \"Nobody Does it Better,\" the theme from the 1977 Bond film, \"The Spy Who Loved Me.\" Hide Caption 9 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers After the band Blondie recorded another version that was rejected, Scottish pop star Sheena Easton was tapped to sing \"For Your Eyes Only\" for the 1981 Bond movie of the same name. The song reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard charts. Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Rita Coolidge sang \"All Time High,\" the theme from 1983's \"Octopussy.\" Hide Caption 11 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers American singer Lani Hall, wife of bandleader Herb Alpert, sang the title song to 1983's \"Never Say Never Again,\" which brought Sean Connery back for his final Bond role.",
"The film was made by a different production company from the other James Bond movies, so some fans don't consider it part of the official series. Hide Caption 12 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Singer Simon Le Bon and British pop group Duran Duran did the title song for 1985's \"A View to a Kill.\" Hide Caption 13 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Norwegian pop band A-Ha recorded the title song for 1987's \"The Living Daylights,\" the first of two films starring Timothy Dalton as Bond. It was the last theme written by longtime Bond composer John Barry. Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Soul legend Gladys Knight sang the theme to \"License to Kill\" in 1989. Hide Caption 15 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers After a six-year hiatus, the Bond series rebooted with 1995's \"GoldenEye\" and Pierce Brosnan in the lead role. Tina Turner sang the theme song, which was written by U2's Bono and the Edge.",
"Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Sheryl Crow performed the title song to 1997's \"Tomorrow Never Dies.\" Hide Caption 17 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Garbage, led by Shirley Manson, did the title track to 1999's \"The World is Not Enough.\" Hide Caption 18 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Pop icon Madonna finally did her first and only Bond theme song in 2002 for \"Die Another Day.\" Hide Caption 19 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers One of the few men to sing a Bond theme, rocker Chris Cornell performed \"You Know My Name\" from 2006's \"Casino Royale.\" It was the first film to feature Daniel Craig as Bond. Hide Caption 20 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Pop star Alicia Keys and blues rocker Jack White teamed up to sing \"Another Way to Die,\" the theme from 2008's \"Quantum of Solace.\" White also wrote the song.",
"Hide Caption 21 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers British pop star Adele sang the title theme from \"Skyfall\" in 2012. Three years later, the world is still awaiting the singer's long-delayed new album. Hide Caption"
] |
In TV's All In The Family what was Mike and Gloria's son called?
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Joey
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[
"Joey (disambiguation)",
"Joey (song)",
"Joey (film)",
"Joey"
] | 10,303
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[
"Gloria (TV Series 1982–1983) - IMDb IMDb There was an error trying to load your rating for this title. Some parts of this page won't work property. Please reload or try later. X Beta I'm Watching This! Keep track of everything you watch; tell your friends. Error This spin-off of \"All in the Family\" features the further adventures of Gloria Stivic and her son Joey. She and Mike are separated and she's gotten a job in a veterinarian's office. Creators: a list of 24 titles created 13 Jun 2011 a list of 40 titles created 10 Dec 2013 a list of 6 titles created 03 Jun 2014 a list of 25 titles created 26 Sep 2014 a list of 818 titles created 1 month ago Search for \" Gloria \" on Amazon.com Connect with IMDb Want to share IMDb's rating on your own site? Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin. Add Image Add an image Do you have any images for this title?",
"The further misadventures of Archie Bunker, now the owner of a local pub, and his regulars. Stars: Carroll O'Connor, Danielle Brisebois, Allan Melvin A working class bigot constantly squabbles with his family over the important issues of the day. Stars: Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Rob Reiner 704 Hauser (TV Series 1994) Comedy Controversial show about a politically correct multi-ethnical family who moves into Archie Bunker's old house. Stars: John Amos, Lynnie Godfrey, T.E. Russell Checking In (TV Series 1981) Comedy The misadventures of Florence Johnson, a hotel maid who was previously seen serving the Jeffersons. Stars: Marla Gibbs, Patrick Collins, Robert Costanzo The sit-com takes us into the further adventures of the characters from the movie of the same name. Stars: Rachel Dennison, Valerie Curtin, Sally Struthers Emily Cates is left at home alone when a stranger breaks in and holds her hostage. Director: Ivan Nagy Edit Storyline This spin-off of \"All in the Family\" features the further adventures of Gloria Stivic and her son Joey.",
"She and Mike are separated and she's gotten a job in a veterinarian's office. Did You Know? Trivia Carroll O'Connor was asked by Sally Strothers to play Archie in.the pilot but he refused because he thought the show was a bad idea. See more » Connections (United States) – See all my reviews All in the Family actually spun off another show. You actually forgot another spin-off. Marla Gibb's character Florence from The Jeffersons was spun off in a series called Checking In (1981). It did not last and her character returned to her original show. That was a plus for The Jeffersons. She was brilliant on the original show but the writing was very weak on her spin-off. Another show that caused multiple spin-offs was Love American Style...which gave us Happy Days which gave us Laverne and Shirley, Mork and Mindy, Joanie Loves Chacchi and Out of the Blue. In Mork and Out characters appeared only once in Happy Days and then they were spun off into their own series. 2 of 8 people found this review helpful. Was this review helpful to you?",
"Yes Michael Stivic | All In The Family TV show Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit The character of Michael Stivic is an Americanized version of the British original: Til Death Us Do Part 's Mike Rawlins, the Trotskyist \"Randy Scouse Git\" who arouses the passionate ire of his arch-conservative father-in-law Alf Garnett . For the American version of this character, the Trotskyist angle was drastically softened; Michael Stivic is a social liberal and a leftist, but not an adherent of any form of communism. Michael is presented as a representative of the counterculture of the 1960's (reflecting current events during the period in which the show was broadcast). There is no suggestion, however of the drug use or \"free love\" of that subculture (in fact, his espoused commitment to feminism is not thoroughgoing), and Michael is a dedicated academic. Michael Stivic is a Polish-American from Chicago. He was orphaned at a young age, with his parents having been killed in a car crash, and was raised by his uncle Casimir Stivic, an ex-Marine lieutenant turned florist. He also has an uncle Alex.",
"When All in the Family begins, Michael is married to Gloria, and shares a bedroom with her in the home of her parents, whom he addresses as \"Ma\" and \"Archie\" (or \"Arch\"). His first meeting with Archie (seen in a flashback) shows him as a bearded hippie with a tie-dyed shirt. However, his wardrobe throughout most of the series is much more subdued; most often he wears a denim shirt, jeans, and boots. He shaves his beard for his wedding with Gloria, but keeps his mustache and wears his hair well below the collar. (As Reiner was losing his hair very rapidly early on in the series, he began wearing a toupee when playing his character.) The exact year of the Stivics' marriage is somewhat ambiguous. A 1972 episode centers on Mike and Gloria's second wedding anniversary; meaning they would have been married in 1970 while the 1978 episode The Stivics Go West it is revaled that Mike and Gloria are coming upon the ninth anniversary meaning the would have been married in 1969.",
"Exacerbating the conflicts between college student Michael and his father-in-law Archie Bunker , is the fact that in the early years of the television series, these two characters live under the same roof. This proximity means that the tensions between these seemingly diametrically opposed people result in endless arguments over the simplest of topics, even the proper order in which to put on socks and shoes. Michael contributes to this with an opinionated and insulting side of his own. Michael's status as a not-entirely-welcome guest in Archie's home, and his appetite for food purchased by Archie's working-class income, contribute to the conflict between the characters. Michael is a determined agnostic, in contrast to his mother-in-law's quiet Christian church attendance and his non-practicing but nonetheless staunchly Christian father-in-law. Although taken by surprise, Michael is excited to learn that Gloria is pregnant in 1971, though the pregnancy ends in a miscarriage. Gloria becomes pregnant again in 1975 and their baby Joseph \"Joey\" Stivic is born in December of that year.",
"During early episodes, Michael's best friend is Lionel Jefferson , though the characters rarely see or refer to each other after Lionel leaves All in the Family to join the spin-off The Jeffersons . Another of Michael's close friends, Al Bender (played by Billy Crystal ), marries Gloria's best friend Trudy Tannen in a 1976 episode. Mike accepts a faculty position at UCSB, and he and Gloria move to Santa Barbara, California at the end of the 1977-78 season (at which time, Reiner and Struthers ceased to be regulars on the show). They appear in a Christmas episode during the 1978-79 season, in which Archie and Edith (and Edith's niece Stephanie ) impulsively visit Michael and Gloria, exposing the fact that the couple have secretly separated due to troubles in their marriage, including her infidelity.",
"Though they seemingly resolve their differences during this episode, a Thanksgiving visit by Mike and Gloria to the Bunkers' house during the 1979-80 season of Archie Bunker's Place shows that the Stivics' marriage is still troubled, exacerbated by the fact that Michael has lost his job (after he and Gloria participated in a nude protest of a proposed nuclear power plant). This is the last appearance of the character. Michael Stivic does not appear in the 1982 CBS spin-off series Gloria , which starred Sally Struthers. Initially, Reiner had been asked to participate in the series, resurrecting his Michael Stivic character, but he declined. It is explained (on the show) that Michael had left his wife and young son Joey (then played by Christian Jacobs ) to live on a California commune with a former 1960's \"flower child\". \"Meathead\" Edit Archie routinely refers to Michael by the derogatory nickname \"Meathead\", from the first time they meet, as seen in flashback in the second season episode \"Mike Meets Archie\". In Archie's own words, it means \"dead from the neck up\".",
"Rob Reiner has said that \"I could win the Nobel Prize and they'd write 'Meathead wins the Nobel Prize'.\" [1] A later episode of All in the Family reveals that Archie Bunker himself was referred to as \"Meathead\" in his youth. All in the Family Episode Guide All in the Family Episode Guide She appeared in only one episode, \"WHERE'S ARCHIE?\" . She played Miss Henderson, the Tupperware lady. This episode guide was taken from Visit the home page [Back to Charlotte Rae's page] All in the Family episode list 1. MEET THE BUNKERS A surprise anniversary party is the setting for the latest high-decibel debate between Archie Bunker and his son-in-law, Michael Stivic. 2. WRITING THE PRESIDENT Mike writes a letter to the White House protesting the sorry state of the Union, prompting Archie to take pen in hand for his own rebuttal. 3. ARCHIE'S ACHING BACK Archie is convinced he'll collect a larger settlement from a petty traffic accident if a Jewish lawyer handles the case. 4. ARCHIE GIVES BLOOD Archie refuses to donate blood because he's afraid his vital fluids might get mixed in with those of a different race.",
"5. JUDGING BOOKS BY COVERS Archie scorns one of Mike's effeminate friends, unaware that one of his toughest beer-drinking buddies is himself a well-adjusted gay. 6. GLORIA IS PREGNANT Archie's dreams of becoming a grandfather are dashed when Gloria suffers a sudden miscarriage. 7. NOW THAT YOU KNOW THE WAY, LET'S BE STRANGERS Mike invites one of his hippie friends to spend the night in the Bunkers' living room, despite Archie's strenuous objections. 8. LIONEL MOVES INTO THE NEIGHBORHOOD Archie does his best to keep a black family from buying the house next door, only to discover that the prospective buyers are Lionel's parents. 9. EDITH HAS JURY DUTY Edith abandons the kitchen for the courtroom when she is chosen for jury duty, leaving Archie to fend for himself. 10. ARCHIE IS WORRIED ABOUT HIS JOB No one in the family gets any sleep when Archie spends the night worrying that he might lose his job. 11. GLORIA DISCOVERS WOMEN'S LIB Gloria leaves the house in a rage when Mike refuses to recognize her as an equal partner in her marriage. 12.",
"SUCCESS STORY Archie reevaluates his definition of success after he meets an old army buddy who's become wealthy in the used-car trade. 13. THE FIRST AND LAST SUPPER The Jeffersons arrive for dinner at the Bunkers' -- minus husband George, who refuses to socialize with his white neighbors. 14. THE SAGA OF COUSIN OSCAR Archie is incensed when his sponging cousin Oscar has the nerve to drop dead in the upstairs bedroom. 15. GLORIA POSES IN THE NUDE Mike has second thoughts after he agrees to let Gloria pose as a nude model for one of his artist friends. 16. ARCHIE IN THE LOCK-UP Archie suffers the ultimate indignity when he's arrested along with a group of radicals at a protest rally. 17. EDITH WRITES A SONG A pair of burglars holds the family at bay with Archie's own pistol. 18. FLASHBACK: MIKE MEETS ARCHIE On the Stivic's first wedding anniversary, the family recalls the day Archie and Michael met. 19. THE ELECTION STORY Mike and Gloria campaign for the liberal candidate in a local election, while Archie places himself in the opposing camp. 20.",
"EDITH'S ACCIDENT A priest pays a call to reward Edith's honesty for leaving a note on his car after she accidentally dents it with a large can of cling peaches. 21. THE BLOCKBUSTER An unscrupulous black real estate salesman tempts Archie to sell his house to a black family at an inflated profit. 22. MIKE'S PROBLEM Gloria is upset when Mike's nervousness over his grades causes him to become temporarily impotent. 23. THE INSURANCE IS CANCELED Archie lays off a Puerto Rican worker during a cutback at the dock; and his homeowner's policy is canceled when his neighborhood is redlined as a bad risk. 24. THE MAN IN THE STREET Archie Bunker becomes the voice of the American working man when his man-on-the-street interview is scheduled to appear on Walter Cronkite's \"Evening News.\" 25. COUSIN MAUDE'S VISIT Edith's feisty cousin, Maude, drops in for a visit during a flu epidemic at the Bunker House. 26.",
"CHRISTMAS DAY AT THE BUNKERS Archie casts a pall on the family's yuletide spirits when he complains that he was passied over for this year's Christmas bonus. 27. THE ELEVATOR STORY Archie gets caught in an elevator, along with a pregnant Puerto Rican and her husband, an aging hippie, and an erudite black businessman. 28. EDITH'S PROBLEM Edith is suddenly moody and irritable with the approach of menopause. 29. ARCHIE AND THE FBI Archie's paranoia during a mysterious government investigation drives him to betray a long-standing friendship. 30. MIKE'S MYSTERIOUS SON An old girlfriend of Mike's suddenly arrives at the Bunkers' with a four-year-old boy that she claims is his son. 31. ARCHIE SEES A MUGGING Archie refuses to get involved with police, even though he's the only witness to a neighborhood mugging. 32. ARCHIE AND EDITH ALONE The Bunkers are on their own for eight days after Mike and Gloria go off to spend a week at a commune. 33.",
"EDITH GETS A MINK Archie is too proud to let Edith accept a mink stole from her cousin Amelia, until he sees a chance to make a three-hundred-dollar profit. 34. SAMMY'S VISIT Sammy Davis, Jr., encounters Archie Bunker in all his glory when the star ventures out to Queens to retrieve a briefcase he left in Munson's taxicab. 35. EDITH THE JUDGE Edith arbitrates a dispute between Archie and the irate proprietor of a laundromat. 36. ARCHIE IS JEALOUS Archie is disturbed to discover Edith once spent an entire weekend with an old beau. 37. MAUDE The Bunkers attend the wedding of cousin Maude's daughter, Carol. [This episode was the pilot for \"Maude.\"] 38. ARCHIE AND THE EDITORIAL After he rails against gun control in a TV editorial, Archie meets his two biggest supporters -- a pair of stickup artists who rob him at gunpoint. 39. ARCHIE'S FRAUD Archie is audited by the IRS after he fails to report income he made driving Munson's taxicab. 40.",
"THE THREAT Archie can barely contain himself when the attractive young wife of an old army buddy spends an eventful night in the Bunker household. 41. GLORIA AND THE RIDDLE Gloria tests Mike and Archie's male chauvinism with a riddle that stumps the men but is easily answered by Edith. 42. LIONEL STEPS OUT Archie is aghast to find out that his visiting niece plans to go out dancing with Lionel Jefferson. 43. EDITH FLIPS HER WIG Edith is worried she may be a kleptomaniac after she absent-mindedly takes a wig from a department store. 44. THE BUNKERS AND THE SWINGERS Edith unwillingly invites a pair of wife-swapping swingers to dinner when she responds to a newspaper ad for pen pals. 45. MIKE COMES INTO MONEY Mike sparks the latest family feud when he donates two hundred dollars to George McGovern's presidential campaign instead of paying Archie for room and board. 46. FLASHBACK: MIKE AND GLORIA'S WEDDING (PART 1) On the Stivics' second anniversary, the family recalls the comedy of errors that transpired on their wedding day. 47.",
"FLASHBACK: MIKE AND GLORIA'S WEDDING (PART 2) The Stivics' wedding is jeopardized when Michael's uncle insists, over Archie's virulent objections, that the marriage be performed by a Catholic priest. 48. MIKE'S APPENDIX Gloria is outraged when Mike insists that a male doctor perform his appendix operation. 49. EDITH'S WINNING TICKET Archie schemes to bilk the Jeffersons out of their winnings from a lottery ticket that Edith bought for Louise. 50. ARCHIE AND THE BOWLING TEAM Archie loses his spot on a top bowling team to a black player. 51. THE LOCKET Archie tries to cheat the insurance company out of three hundred dollars after Edith misplaces her family heir-loom locket. 52. ARCHIE IN THE HOSPITAL Archie befriends the other patient in his semiprivate hospital room, unaware that he's black. 53. OH SAY CAN YOU SEE An old school chum tries to convince Archie that his fears of growing old are all in his mind. 54. ARCHIE GOES TOO FAR Edith and Gloria end the latest family brawl when they storm out of the house to spend the night on their own.",
"55. CLASS REUNION Archie refuses to tag along to Edith's thirtieth high school reunion -- until he finds out that one of her old beaus will be attending. 56. HOT WATCH Archie buys an expensive watch of dubious pedigree and has to find a jeweler who'll fix it with no questions asked. 57. ARCHIE IS BRANDED Archie wakes up to find a swastika painted on his front door. 58. EVERYBODY TELLS THE TRUTH It's _Rashomon_ Bunker-style when the family recounts vastly different versoins of the same disastrous encounter with a pair of handymen in the Bunker kitchen. 59. ARCHIE LEARNS HIS LESSON Archie attends night-school classes to qualify for a high school diploma. 60. GLORIA, THE VICTIM After an attempted sexual assault, Gloria turns to the family for guidance as she suffers through the legal aftermath of reporting the crime. 61. THE BATTLE OF THE MONTH In a foul mood, Gloria lambasts Edith for her constant acquiescence to Archie's whims. 62.",
"WE'RE HAVING A HEAT WAVE Henry Jefferson joins Archie in trying to prevent a Hispanic family from moving into the neighborhood. 63. WE'RE STILL HAVING A HEAT WAVE As the Lorenzos settle in, Archie grows jealous of Edith's friendship with Irene. 64. EDITH FINDS AN OLD MAN Edith befriends a lonely old man, though Archie is less than thrilled to have a constant reminder of his own advancing years hanging around the house. 65. ARCHIE AND THE KISS Gloria brings home a Rodin replica for the living room, but the erotic sculpture makes Archie cringe. 66. ARCHIE THE GAMBLER Edith is deeply disturbed to find out Archie's been playing the horses after he promiesed never to gamble again. 67. HENRY'S FAREWELL Archie finally meets George Jefferson at Henry's going-away party. 68. ARCHIE AND THE COMPUTER Edith receives a small fortune in quarters as a result of a computer error, while another computer informs Archie that he's been officially declared dead. 69. THE GAMES BUNKERS PLAY Mike childishly refuses to accept criticism during an informal group-therapy game. 70.",
"EDITH'S CONVERSION Archie thinks Irene Lorenzo is trying to convert Edith to Catholicism. 71. ARCHIE IN THE CELLAR Locked in his cellar with a bottle of vodka, Archie spends a long night contemplating his life through the haze of a drunken stupor. 72. BLACK IS THE COLOR OF MY TRUE LOVE'S WIG Gloria is insulted when Michael's ardor is renewed after she dons a cheap dime-store wig. 73. SECOND HONEYMOON Archie and Edith rekindle their romance durin a second honeymoon in Atlantic City. 74. THE TAXI CAPER An influential politician attempts to dissuade Archie from pressing charges against his son after the boy robs Archie in Munson's cab. 75. ARCHIE IS CURSED Irene challenges Archie to a pool match, but he begs off, complaining of a sore back. 76. EDITH'S CHRISTMAS STORY During the Christmas holidays, Edith tries to hide the fact that she may have breast cancer. 77. MIKE AND GLORIA MIX IT UP The Stivics' love life reaches another impasses when Michael is put off by Gloria's romantric aggressiveness. 78.",
"ARCHIE FEELS LEFT OUT Archie refuses to attend his own birthday party. 79. ET TU, ARCHIE Archie sabotages an old friend's efforts to land a job at the loading dock because he's afraid the man might be in line for his position. 80. GLORIA'S BOYFRIEND Archie's misconceptions run amok when Gloria befriends the retarded box boy from the local market. 81. LIONEL'S ENGAGEMENT Archie squares off with George Jefferson's mother when he and Edith attend Lionel's engagement party. 82. ARCHIE EATS AND RUNS The Bunkers are in a panic after Archie eats a stew made from mushrooms that might have been contaminated. 83. GLORIA SINGS THE BLUES Gloria is bewildered after she falls temporarily out of life with Michael, until she discovers her mother went through the same thing with Archie. 84. PAY THE TWENTY DOLLARS Archie unwittingly passes George Jefferson a counterfeit twenty-dollar bill and sets off a string of hilarious exchanges as the family attempts to rectify the error. 85.",
"MIKE'S GRADUATION Archie's spirits soar on Mike's graduation day, until he discovers that his meathead son-in-law has accepted a fellowship and won't be moving out for another year. 86. THE BUNKERS AND INFLATION The Bunkers' breadwinner tries to avoid breaking the news that his union has called a strike. 87. THE BUNKERS AND INFLATION -- ARCHIE UNDERFOOT Tempers flare in the Bunker household when Archie finds himself with nothing to do but sit around the house. 88. THE BUNKERS AND INFLATION -- EDITH THE JOB HUNTER When strike negotiations bog down, Archie grudgingly trades places with Edith and allows her to take a job at Jefferson's dry cleaners. 89. THE BUNKERS AND INFLATION -- ARCHIE'S RAISE Archie's union settles the strike, but under terms that effectively leave him worse off than he was before the walkout. 90. LIONEL THE LIVE-IN Lionel arrives to spend a few days with the Bunkers after a big blowup with his father. 91.",
"ARCHIE'S HELPING HAND The reising tide of feminism confronts Archie on all sides when Edith joins a women's group and Irene lands a job alongside him on the loading dock. 92. GLORIA'S SHOCK Gloria is shocked when Mike announces that he doesn't plan on having children. 93. WHERE'S ARCHIE? (PART 1) Edith holds her first Tupperware party under a cloud of worry when Archie disappears on his way to a union convention in Buffalo. 94. ARCHIE IS MISSING (PART 2) With no word from Archie after twenty-four hours, the family faces the possibility that he might've run off with another woman. 95. THE LONGEST KISS (PART 3) Archie returns from his sorry adventure -- he got sidetracked to a podiatrists' convention in Rochester -- to find his friends and family celebrating his return with kissing contests, Hula Hoops, and ballroom dancing. 96. ARCHIE AND THE MIRACLE After an accident on the loading dock brings Archie within inches of his life, he suddenly becomes a devout -- if somewhat hypocritical -- churchgoer. 97.",
"GEORGE AND ARCHIE MAKE A DEAL George Jefferson seeks Archie's help when he runs for local political office. 98. ARCHIE'S CONTRACT Irene and the Jeffersons bail the Bunkers out after Archie buys two thousand dollars' worth of aluminum siding from a fast-talking salesman. 99. MIKE'S FRIEND Gloria is made to feel like an intellectual outcast when she spends the evening with Mike and one of his graduate-school friends. 100. THE BEST OF ALL IN THE FAMILY (ONE HOUR) Henry Fonda hosts an hour-long retrospective of high points from the show's first four years. 101. PRISONER IN THE HOUSE A plumber's assistant causes Archie agony when he finds out the worker is a convict on a work-release program from Sing Sing. 102. THE JEFFERSONS MOVE UP The Bunkers bid a fond farewell to the Jeffersons when their neighbors abandon Queens for the nouveau-riche life in a Manhattan high rise. [This episode was the pilot for \"The Jefffersons.\"] 103. ALL'S FAIR Gloria gives Edith a lesson in marriage assertiveness. 104.",
"AMELIA'S DIVORCE Edith is surprised to discover that her cousin Amelia's ideal marriage is rotten to the core. 105. EVERYBODY DOES IT Archie steals a box of nails from work and finds himself at the center of a household debate on morality. 106. ARCHIE AND THE QUIZ Archie feels the weight of his own mortality after a magazine quiz on life expectancy gives him another seven years -- tops. 107. EDITH'S FRIEND Edith is reunited with her childhood sweetheart when she returns to her hometown for a wedding. 108. NO SMOKING The Bunker hous is locked in a battle of wills after Mike vows he can go without food longer than Archie can abstain from smoking. 109. MIKE MAKES HIS MOVE After a fruitless search for new lodgings, Mike and Gloria agree to rent George Jefferson's old hous -- even though it means living next door to Archie. 110. THE VERY MOVING DAY Gloria is nervous about announcing her unexpected pregnancy because of Mike's stubborn attitude toward overpopulation. 111.",
"ALONE AT LAST Teary farewells turn into fireworks when Mike hits Archie with five years of repressed rage, only to discover that he and Gloria can't move out for another week. 112. ARCHIE THE DONOR Archie tries to impress his boss by making the maximum contribution to his favorite charity and unwittingly donates his body to medical science. 113. ARCHIE THE HERO Archie gets a rude shock when the tall, classy dame whose life he saved in a taxicab turns out to be a man. 114. MIKE'S PAINS Mike has second thoughts about natural childbirth when he gets queasy at the prospect of standing in the delivery room during Gloria's labor. 115. CHAIN LETTER Archie's refusal to participate in a chain letter triggers a string of unlikely events. 116. MIKE FACES LIFE Mike becomes the sole support of a growing family when Gloria loses her job because of her pregnancy. 117. EDITH BREAKS OUT Archie feels abandoned after Edith begins to volunteer part-time at the Sunshine Home for the Elderly. 118.",
"GRANDPA BLUES Archie has difficulty keeping his blood pressure down for a company physical after the family launches into a heavy debate over the baby's name. 119. GLORIA SUSPECTS MIKE Gloria suspects hanky-panky when she meets the beautiful blonde Mike's been tutoring after school hours. 120. THE LITTLE ATHEIST Thanksgiving dinner becomes a family battleground when Archie discovers that Mike and Gloria don't want to impose the family's religious beliefs on their baby. 121. ARCHIE'S CIVIL RIGHTS Archie gets a lesson in civil liberties when he's arrested for using outlawed tear gas to protect himself against a mugger. 122. GLORIA IS NERVOUS The baby is already nine days overdue, and the stress is turning Mike and Gloria into nervous wrecks. 123. BIRTH OF THE BABY (PART 1) Stuck in a phone booth in an Italian restaurant, Gloria goes into labor while ARchie is busy rehearsing for his lodge's minstrel show. 124. BIRTH OF THE BABY (PART 2) Archie arrives at the hospital direct from his minstrel show -- in blackface -- just in time for Gloria's blessed event.",
"125. NEW YEAR'S WEDDING The Stivics have a spat when Michael volunteers their living room for a wedding ceremony without even consulting Gloria. 126. ARCHIE THE BABY-SITTER Archie's buddies form a lullaby quartet when Grandpa Bunker baby-sits Joey on his poker night. 127. ARCHIE FINDS A FRIEND Archie sees a chance to get rich quick when he befriends an old watchmaker who's got a surefire invention. 128. MIKE'S MOVE Mikes's integrity is put to the test when he loses a teaching position to an equally qualified black candidate. 129. ARCHIE'S WEIGHTY PROBLEM Energetic Justin Quiqley inspires Archie to stick with the strict diet his doctor has recommended. 130. LOVE BY APPOINTMENT Mike and Gloria's sex life suffers after they have to begin planning their encounters around the baby's feeding schedule. 131. JOEY'S BAPTISM After Mike and Gloria refuse to have their son baptized, Archie stubbornly steals away to a church to douse the infant himself. 132.",
"MIKE AND GLORIA'S HOUSEGUESTS A broken furnace forces Archie and Edith to spend a few nights under the Stivic's roof during a power blackout. 133. EDITH'S NIGHT OUT Edith abandons her stick-in-the-mud husband to liven things up on her own during an evening out at Kelcy's Bar. 134. ARCHIE'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER (PART 1 -- ONE HOUR) Edith leaves Archie when she finds out he dated a flirtatious waitress while she was volunteering at the Sunshine Home. 135. ARCHIE'S BRIEF ENCOUNTER (PART 2) Edith forgives Archie's indiscretion after Mike and Gloria bring the two together for an emotional reunion. 136. THE UNEMPLOYMENT STORY (PART 1) Archie's self-esteem takes a beating when he loses his job on the loading dock. 137. THE UNEMPLOYMENT STORY (PART 2) A college grad threatens to commit suicide after he loses a janitor's job to Archie. 138.",
"ARCHIE'S OPERATION (PART 1) Archie's trip to the hospital is an ethnic nightmare: He's admitted by a Puerto Rican receptionist, treated by a Jewish physician, and is forced to accept a blood transfusion from a black doctor. 139. ARCHIE'S OPERATION (PART 2) Archie recuperates in record time after he's called back to work -- with a raise and a promotion. 140. BEVERLY RIDES AGAIN As a practical joke, Archie fixes up one of his drinking buddies with female impersonator Beverly LaSalle 141. TERESA MOVES IN The Bunkers take in a boarder to help revive their battered budget. 142. MIKE AND GLORIA'S WILL The Bunkers are stunned to hear that Mike and Gloria plan to appoint another couple as Joey's legal guardians in their will. 143. MR. EDITH BUNKER Edith saves a man's life and becomes the toast of the town, but Archie isn't happy standing in the shadow of her limelight. 144. ARCHIE'S SECRET PASSION Edith discovers Archie once had a brief encounter with an old high school friend she's invited to dinner. 145.",
"THE BABY CONTEST Archie enters Joey in a newspaper's beautiful-baby contest, against the express wishes of Mike and Gloria. 146. GLORIA'S FALSE ALARM Gloria insists that Mike get the vasectomy he's talked about for years. 147. THE DRAFT DODGER Sparks fly when Mike invites a former draft resister to the Bunkers' Christmas dinner, where the guest of honor is the father of a vet who was killed in Vietnam. 148. THE BOARDER PATROL The Bunkers return home unexpectedly to find Teresa in bed with her boyfriend. 149. ARCHIE'S CHAIR Archie's beloved easy chair ends up in an art museum after the repair shop accidentally sells it to a modern artist. 150. MIKE GOES SKIING Mike asserts his independence by leaving Gloria behind while he joins his friends on a weekend skiing trip. 151. STRETCH CUNNINGHAM, GOOD-BYE Archie reluctantly agrees to deliver Stretch Cunningham's eulogy, unaware that his departed friend was Jewish. 152. THE JOYS OF SEX Edith sneaks a peek at a best-selling sex manual and decides her romantic life could stand a little perking up.",
"153. MIKE THE PACIFIST Mike feels guilty for punching a man on the subway, even though he acted in defense of Gloria. 154. FIRE Archie tries to collect on a fraudulent insurance claim after a small fire breaks out in the upstairs bathroom. 155. MIKE AND GLORIA SPLIT Mike spends a night with Archie after a fight with Gloria. 156. ARCHIE THE LIBERAL When his lodge comes under fire for discrimination, Archie tries to knock off two quotas at once by courting a black Jew for membership. 157. ARCHIE'S DOG DAY AFTERNOON Archie accidentally runs over Barney Hefner's dog. 158. ARCHIE GETS THE BUSINESS (ONE HOUR) Archie, desparate to realize his personal dream and buy Kelcy's Bar, forges Edith's signature on the mortgage papers. 159. COUSIN LIZ At the funeral of Edith's cousin Liz, the Bunkers are shocked to learn that she'd been living with a lesbian roommate for years. 160.",
"EDITH'S FIFTIETH BIRTHDAY (ONE HOUR) Edith misses her birthday party when a rapist holds her at gunpoint in her own living room. 161. UNEQUAL PARTNERS Edith ruins Archie's weekend fishing trip when she stages a wedding in the Bunkers' living room. 162. ARCHIE'S GRAND OPENING The family steps in to serve drinks and tend bar at Archie's tavern after his staff deserts him on opening night. 163. ARCHIE'S BITTER PILL (PART 1) Archie takes a few pep pills to keep pace with the increased demands of running his own business and winds up with an amphetamine addiction. 164. ARCHIE'S ROAD BACK (PART 2) A despondent Archie retreats to his bedroom, until Harry offers to bail him out with a partnership offer for the bar. 165. ARCHIE AND THE KU KLUX KLAN (PART 1) Archie is nominated for membership in a mysterious fraternal order that turns out to be the local branch of the KKK. 166.",
"ARCHIE AND THE KU KLUX KLAN (PART 2) Archie devises a plan to prevent the Klan from burning a cross on Mike and Gloria's lawn. 167. MIKE AND GLORIA MEET A flashback explores Mike and Gloria's first blind date. 168. EDITH'S CRISIS OF FAITH (ONE HOUR) Edith's religious faith is shaken after her friend female impersonator Berverly LaSalle is brutally murdered by street thugs at Christmas. 169. ARCHIE AND THE SUPER BOWL Archie's Place is robbed on Super Bowl Sunday, the busiest day of the year. 170. THE COMMERCIAL Edith is chosen to appear in a TV commercial but finds herself unable to lie when she begins to doubt the quality of the sponsor's detergent. 171. AUNT IOLA'S VISIT Archie refuses to let Edith's elderly aunt move into their spare bedroom, even after she's been turned away by every other relative. 172. LOVE COMES TO THE BUTCHER Archie is jealous when a lonely butcher lavishes attention on Edith. 173.",
"TWO'S A CROWD Mike and Archie have a long talk after they find themselves locked in the storeroom of Archie's Place. 174. STALE MATES Mike and Gloria are sure the romance has gone out of their marriage when even a weekend in the Poconos fails to reignite the spark. 175. ARCHIE'S BROTHER Archie's estranged brother returns, after twenty-nine years, to smooth things over before he enters the hospital for a serious operation. 176. MIKE'S NEW JOB The Stivics prepare to move to California after Mike is offered a teaching position in Santa Barbara. 177. THE DINNER GUEST Edith is crushed when Mike and Gloria make other plans after she's prepared a special farewell dinner in their honor. 178. THE STIVICS GO WEST The Bunker house is the scene of tearful good-byes as Mike and Gloria finally leave for California. 179. LITTLE MISS BUNKER Edith's cousin Floyd abandons his nine-year-old daughter, Stephanie, on the Bunkers' doorstep. 180.",
"END IN SIGHT Archie spends a night wallowing in self-pity when an insurance physical reveals an ominous spot on his liver. 181. REUNION ON HAUSER STREET The Bunkers attempt to reunite Blanche and Barney Hefner after her latest fling with an exterminator fizzles. 182. WHAT'LL WE DO WITH STEPHANIE? The Bunkers decide to keep Stephanie after her father fails to reclaim her as promised. 183. EDITH'S FINAL RESPECTS Edith is the sole mourner at her Aunt Rose's funeral. 184. WEEKEND IN THE COUNTRY Once again, Archie and Edith try to preserve peace between Barney Hefner and his extremely wayward wife. 185. ARCHIE'S OTHER WIFE At an American Legion convention, Archie awakens facing a beautiful black airline stewardess who swears they were married the night before. 186. EDITH VERSUS THE BANK Edith is disillusioned when her bank refuses to grant a loan without her husband's signature. 187.",
"THE RETURN OF THE WAITRESS Edith finally confronts the waitress who tempted Archie's fidelity after Harry unwittingly hires her to work at Archie's Place. 188. BOGUS BILLS Edith is arrested for passing phony ten-dollar bills she got from Archie's Place. 189. THE BUNKERS GO WEST After Mike and Gloria cancel their trip home for Christmas, the Bunkers decide to travel west for the holidays. 190. CALIFORNIA, HERE WE ARE (ONE HOUR) The Bunkers arrive in Santa Barbara for Christmas and soon discover that all is not right with Mike and Gloria. 191. A NIGHT AT THE PTA When Edith develops laryngitis on the eve of her singing debut at Stephanie's PTA recital, Archie steps in to understudy the duet. 192. A GIRL LIKE EDITH Edith meets butcher Klemmer's new sweetheart, a woman who just happens to be her spitting image. 193. THE APPENDECTOMY Edith and Archie rush Stephanie to the hospital for an emergency appendectomy. 194.",
"STEPHANIE AND THE CRIME WAVE The Bunkers are at odds over Stephanie's punishment when they catch her stealing petty items from around the house. 195. BARNEY THE GOLD DIGGER Barney Hefner is suicidal after Blanche finally deserts him, until Archie fixes him up with an overweight but wealthy widow. 196. STEPHANIE'S CONVERSION Archie is forced to reevaluate his religious prejudice after Stephanie tries to conceal the fact that she's Jewish. 197. EDITH GETS FIRED Edith loses her job at the Sunshine Home after she honors an invalid woman's final wish to be allowed to die with dignity. 198. THE BEST OF \"ALL IN THE FAMILY\" (NINETY-MINUTE SPECIAL) Norman Lear hosts an affectionate look at the high points of his ground-breaking TV series. 199. THE RETURN OF ARCHIE'S BROTHER Archie's brother, Fred, arrives with his latest wife -- a child bride of eighteen. 200. THE FAMILY NEXT DOOR Archie hits the roof when Edith rents out the old Jefferson house to a black couple. 201.",
"THE RETURN OF STEPHANIE'S FATHER Stephanie's father, Floyd, finally arrives with a devastating propostion for the Bunkers: They can keep Stephanie if they agree to pay him one thousand dollars cash. 202. TOO GOOD EDITH Archie is hurt and outraged when Edith tries to hide a serious illness from him. All in the Family - Show News, Reviews, Recaps and Photos - TV.com All in the Family EDIT All in the Family was first seen in January of 1971 and immediately changed the face of television. Not only was this the number one television series from 1971 through 1976, but it also signified an avalanche of other situation comedies that dealt with controversial subjects in realistic ways. Including, Chico & the Man, The Jeffersons, Maude, Good Times and Sanford & Son. The series centered around the Bunker family who lived in a home located at 704 Houser Street in Queens, New York. Archie Bunker was the main character, and what a character he was. He was televisons most famous bigot, crass and down right rude. Yet he was loveable, with a soft side just beneath the surface.",
"Edith Bunker was his somewhat dizzy wife whom he called \"Dingbat\". Edith put up with Archie and had qualities about her that made her one of television's most unforgetable characters. Also living in the Bunker household were Archie and Edith's daughter, Gloria, and her husband Mike, or \"Meathead\" as Archie called him. The stories revolved around many controversial topics including, rape, sex, homosexuality, death, and other topics that were relevant to the 1970's, especially political strife and inflation. Archie Bunker was probably the first character in a situation comedy to use racist remarks referring to blacks and other minorities, yet another first for television. Other frequent cast members include, the black neighbors, the Jeffersons, who got their own series, The Jeffersons in 1975. The Lorenzos were also neighbors. In 1975, Gloria had a son, Joey, and three years later in 1978, Gloria, Mike and Joey moved away to California, leaving Edith and Archie alone. Not for long, however. Soon they took in a niece, Stephanie Mills, who had been abandoned by her father.",
"The original format ended in 1979 which was when the series was renamed Archie Bunker's Place. The new format centered around Archie running his local tavern which he bought in 1977. CBS Broadcast History Jan 1971-Jul 1971 Tuesdays 9:30 p.m. Sep 1971-Sep 1975 Saturdays 8:00 p.m. Sep 1975-Sep 1976 Mondays 9:00 p.m. Sep 1976-Oct 1976 Wednesdays 9:00 p.m. Nov 1976-Sep 1977 Saturdays 9:00 p.m. Oct 1977-Oct 1978 Sundays 9:00 p.m. Oct 1978-Sep 1979 Sundays 8:00 p.m.",
"Nielsen Ratings: (Top 25 or Better) #1 1971-1972 Season #1 1972-1973 Season #1 1973-1974 Season #1 1974-1975 Season #1 1975-1976 Season #12 1976-1977 Season #5 1977-1978 Season #10 1978-1979 Seasonmoreless Video Joey Stivic | All In The Family TV show Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Joseph Michael Stivic was the son of Michael and Gloria Stivic, and grandson of Archie and Edith Bunker, and was born during the sixth season of All In The Family .",
"The character first appeared as a newborn baby in the two-part episode \" Birth of the Baby \" which aired on December 15 & 22, 1975. The character's appearances on All In The Family ended when Rob Reiner and Sally Struthers left the series in 1978 (by that time, Joey had been played most often by alternating twins Jason and Justin Draeger ). Joey Stivic next appeared in the All In The Family continuation series Archie Bunker's Place , in the November 1979 episode \"Thanksgiving Reunion\". In that instance, the character was played by child actor Dick Billingsley and was appropriately pre-school aged. After Gloria separated from Mike, she returned to Archie Bunker's Place with Joey in the February 1982 episode \"Gloria Comes Home\". In that episode, Joey was played by Christopher Johnston . On the Gloria series, in which the recently-divorced Gloria Bunker character moved to Upstate New York in order to work as a veterinary assistant, Johnston was replaced with fellow child actor Christian Jacobs .",
"After Gloria was canceled in 1983, the character disappeared from prime time television for 11 years, then was revived in the short-lived 1994 CBS-TV series 704 Hauser , which featured the Bunkers' house with a new family living there - a black family named the Cumberbatches. Joey Stivic, then in his 20s and played by actor Casey Siemaszko , made a brief appearance in the first episode. In 1976 the Ideal Toy Company released a 14-inch \"Joey Stivic doll\" (called \"Archie Bunker's Grandson\") which was billed as the \"first anatomically correct male doll .\" The doll inspired mild controversy at the time, and is a collectors' item today. [1]"
] |
In which John Logie Baird invent television?
|
1920s
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[
"1920's",
"1920s (decade)",
"1920s",
"1920-1929",
"1920–1929",
"Twenties",
"The Twenties",
"Nineteen twenties",
"'20s",
"1920s literature",
"Social issues of the 1920s",
"Nineteen-twenties"
] | 10,546
|
[
"BBC - Primary History - Famous People - John Logie Baird John Logie Baird Why is Baird famous? What Baird did John Logie Baird was a pioneer of television. Other people helped to invent television (TV). But Baird was the first to show TV pictures to the world. When did he live? Baird was born in 1888. He was born before there was radio or television. There were few cars on the roads, and no planes in the skies. When Baird died in 1946, there were rockets, jet planes, the first computers - and television. TV changed the world Baird's television showed 'live' pictures in people's homes. TV today works on a different system from Baird's. However, by showing that TV was possible, Baird helped change the world. Today, almost every home has television. Growing up Baird's family John Logie Baird was born in Scotland. He lived in the small fishing town of Helensburgh. His father John was a Christian church minister. His mother, Jessie Inglis, was from Glasgow. John was born on 13 August 1888.",
"He had an older brother James, and two older sisters, Annie and Jean (known as 'Tottie'). School days John hated school. He was often ill, so he missed lessons. He did not like games lessons, after which the boys had to take cold baths! He saved his pocket money to buy a camera. He was excited by cameras, cars and telephones. The young engineer When John was 12, he made his own telephone. He joined his phone to the homes of four friends, by hanging wires from trees and chimneys. He had to take down his wires after the driver of a horse bus had his hat knocked off! John and his friend Godfrey made a glider . Somehow it flew off the roof with John in it! He was lucky not to be badly hurt when the glider crashed in the garden. Ahead of the times The Bairds' house was the first in the town to have electricity. At 13, John built a generator , to make electric power to light the house. Sometimes he behaved like an absent-minded professor. How his cousins laughed when he scratched his head, holding a sticky porridge spoon! Becoming an inventor Student days Baird liked science. He loved stories about the future.",
"One day people might send pictures through the air. Radio (then called 'wireless') did this with sounds. Why not pictures? In 1906, aged 18, Baird went to college in Glasgow to study engineering. It took him eight years to finish, because he had time off for illness. Making money World War I began in 1914. Baird tried to join the Army, but was unfit. So he worked in a factory . He did not like it, and felt sorry for factory workers. He went into business on his own, hoping to get rich. Baird in business Baird sold medicines. He invented a shaving razor made of glass (so it would not rust). He sold extra warm socks for soldiers. He was still not well. His doctor told him he needed sunshine. So Baird went to the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean. He started a factory making jam and pickles. Mystery experiments People passing Baird's house were puzzled. What were those strange flashing lights? Baird was busy with experiments . He was trying to send pictures through the air. Back to London Back in Britain, Baird started a shop in London.",
"He sold a soap called 'Baird's Speedy Cleaner'. In 1923, he moved to Hastings, beside the sea. One day he wrote to a friend, 'I have invented a means of seeing by wireless [radio]'. His friend said, 'stick to soap'! Moving pictures By the 1920s people could watch films in cinemas. The films were 'silent' (no sound). At home, people could listen to the 'wireless', but only 1 million people in Britain had radios. No one had yet seen moving pictures at home - television. Baird's first TV picture To make his first TV in 1924, Baird used boxes, biscuit tins, sewing needles, card, and the motor from an electric fan. His first TV picture showed a cross cut out of card. Baird's TV used spinning discs. His idea was to scan an image (the cross) with a spinning disc with tiny holes. Light from the image came through the holes in flashes. Baird then changed the flashes of light into electric signals. He sent the signals to a second spinning disc with tiny light bulbs instead of holes.",
"The bulbs flashed to make a fuzzy TV picture of the cross. Baird shows the world In 1925, Baird made better TV pictures of a ventriloquist's doll. William Taynton, an office boy , sat in front of Baird's camera. William was the first person to appear on TV! Baird showed his television at the Selfridges store in London. Forty famous scientists packed into his London office to see it. TV across the sea In May 1927, Baird sent pictures from London to Glasgow, through the phone line. In 1928 he sent the first TV pictures under the sea, from Britain to America. Baird's first television pictures were black and white. Soon he was making colour TV, with pictures of flowers, strawberries, and a man in a red and white scarf. The television age Secret work Baird worked with a small team of helpers. Some days he went off to do mysterious tests on hilltops. Some people said he was doing top-secret work on radar. How to watch TV? In 1929, the BBC started to test TV, in broadcasts . Would people buy TV sets to watch at home?",
"Or would they watch large-screen TV in cinemas? Baird wanted to televise 'live' sport in cinemas, and in 1931, he invented a TV camera for 'outside broadcasts'. An electronic rival Baird was not the only inventor working on television. Other engineers were also busy. They had made a rival electronic TV system. It gave better pictures, with a smaller camera. The first TV service The BBC tested both TV systems in 1936. Then disaster! In a fire at the London TV studio , Baird's equipment and important papers were burned. Baird was out of the race. In 1937, the BBC chose the Marconi-EMI electronic TV system. The world's first regular TV service started. The television age had begun. New ideas Baird did not give up. He tried selling large-screen TVs to cinemas. His firm made and sold electronic TVs. He went on trying new ideas. What happened to Baird? World War II Only 20,000 homes in Britain had a television by 1939. That was when World War II began. Television was shut down.",
"Baird's wife, Margaret, and their two children, were evacuated to the country. Their home in London was blown up by a bomb. Baird had to live in hotels, but went on working. What did Baird hope for? The government asked Baird to help plan television after the war. He hoped to give people colour television, in 3-D . He dreamed of big-screen TVs with high-definition (HD) pictures. Baird dies World War II ended in 1945. Television started again in 1946. Baird was planning to televise a victory parade that summer. Sadly, he fell ill, and died in June 1946. He was 58 years old. He was buried in his home town, in Scotland. Why do we remember Baird? Today TV brings us news, education, sport and entertainment. Events such as the Olympic Games are watched all over the world. John Logie Baird helped make this possible. He was one of Scotland's greatest engineers.",
"John Logie Baird and Television - History Learning Site John Logie Baird and Television Citation: C N Trueman \"John Logie Baird and Television\" historylearningsite.co.uk. The History Learning Site, 17 Mar 2015. 16 Aug 2016. John Logie Baird and Television John Logie Baird and the invention of the television are part of History. But the idea of the television did not start with Logie Baird in the 1920’s. In the late C19th, a number of scientists had made important discoveries that Baird would use in his first version of a television. Henri Becquerel found that light could be changed into electricity and, importantly, Ferdinand Braun had invented the cathode ray tube. By the 1920’s there were 50 serious attempts to invent the television from Russia, America, Germany, Britain and Japan. Many researchers had well resourced and staffed laboratories but the man who invented the television did not. John Logie Baird was born in 1888 near Glasgow. He had made money selling socks and soap.",
"This business he sold off to follow his dream of inventing a television. It became an obsession and to survive he had to borrow money from friends and use whatever materials he could including scraps. By 1925, he was ready to give the first public display of a working television. The chosen place was Selfridges in Oxford Street, London. Shoppers saw slightly blurred but recognisable images of letters. John Logie Baird with his television In 1927, Baird demonstrated colour television and a video-recording system he called a “Phonovision”. In 1928, Baird made the first transatlantic television transmission and one year later he started regular 30-line mechanical broadcasts. In 1936, the BBC started the world’s first regular high-definition service from Alexandra Palace using the Baird system, though it was abandoned one year later in favour of a system developed by Marconi-EMI. BY 1939, 20,000 television sets were in use in Great Britain, just 14 years after Baird’s first public demonstration of his system at work.",
"In 1940, Baird gave a demonstration of a high-definition full colour stereo television. The editor of the “Manchester Guardian” said at the beginning of the C20th when the word television was thought of that “the word (television) is half-Greek and half-Latin. No good will come of it.” One of the leading researchers into television in the 1930’s, Issac Shoenberg, told his research team (who had invented the world’s first practical television camera) that they “had invented the world’s biggest time-waster of all time.” Baird Television BAIRD TELEVISION WELCOME This site is about John Logie Baird (1888-1946), the Scotsman who was the first person in the world to demonstrate a working television system. On January 26th, 1926, a viable television system was demonstrated using mechanical picture scanning with electronic amplification at the transmitter and at the receiver. It could be sent by radio or over ordinary telephone lines, leading to the historic trans-Atlantic transmissions of television from London to New York in February, 1928.",
"This site provides information not only on Baird and his life's work, but also on other pioneers of television and the development of the television industry to the present day. The What's New section is on recent events, anniversaries, publications etc. concerning Baird. The Contents list gives access to a gallery of longer articles, some of which go back to the early 1920s. At the end of Contents are the Links to information about other prominent figures in the history of television and excellent other websites on television history. Updates are made to the site every few months by its creators Iain L. Baird and Malcolm H.I. Baird who are, respectively, the grandson and the son of J.L. Baird. CONTENTS (Last updated 1st January 2017) What's new at Bairdtelevision.com?",
"The Evolution of Television from Baird to the Digital Age January 27 - 11:30 am - 4:30 pm The IEEE UK and Ireland Section is arranging a full-day event at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS, England) to celebrate the first public demonstration of television on 26th January 1926 at 22 Frith Street, London by John Logie Baird. The demonstration is recorded as being attended by some 40 members of the Royal Institution (RIGB). The event will be free to attend but by invitation only (you can request to be invited at the link below), with sponsorship including the IEEE Life Members Affinity Group. It will include presentations about the television inventions of John Logie Baird, setting them into the context of prior and subsequent TV inventions and developments, and other achievements which have led to the present availability of television-related products and systems.",
"The IEEE Board of Directors has approved an IEEE History Milestone Plaque to recognise the first public demonstration of television on 26th January 1926, to be installed in Frith Street, Soho, with an unveiling ceremony on 26th January 2017. Anyone may come to Frith Street to watch the unveiling which is expected to be at about 1400. A recording of the ceremony will be shown during the event at the Royal Institution on 27th January 2017. To ask to be invited to event on the 27th, please go to this link , and fill out the form at the bottom of the page where it says 'register your interest'. Diana Richardson (nee Baird), 1932-2016 Click here to read the tribute written by Elizabeth Richardson for the Museum of Communication, Burntisland on 10 July 2016, first published in their November 2016 newsletter. The 80th Anniversary of the World's First High Definition Television Service On the 2nd November 1936 the BBC launched its new 'high definition' television service for Greater London.",
"This was run using the competing television systems from two private companies, Baird Television Ltd. and Marconi-EMI. Malcolm Baird wrote a personal retrospective for the 75th Anniversary which won the Pat Leggatt Award from the British Vintage Wireless Society, and which still very much applies today. Click here to revisit the article . Society for Motion Picture and Television Engineers: John Logie Baird Lecture - From Concept to Screen In this year's SMPTE (UK Section) John Logie Baird lecture, held on the evening of 22 June in London, speakers looked at how modern information technology in television has influenced the content chain from concept to screen. Click here for further details. On August 26 2014 the SMPTE first announced that John Logie Baird was inducted to their Honor Roll (scroll down to see the original news item below). The SMPTE still have the Certificate marking his entry onto its roll of honor. Iain Logie Baird was in attendance at the lecture to receive it on behalf of his late grandfather and the Baird family.",
"Jan Forman (1913-1987): One of Baird's Bright Boys A new article by Malcolm Baird has just been added to the site entitled, \"Jan Forman (1913-1987): One of Baird's Bright Boys\". Forman was one of the engineers to work at Baird Television Limited following the takeover by Gaumont British Film Corporation. He had previously worked for Philo T Farnsworth in the United States, and his career spanned several other fascinating developments. Click here to read the full article . Iain Logie Baird Leaves National Media Museum Following a major downsizing of the curatorial team at the National Media Museum, Iain's final day at the Museum was 13th May. He has worked as a curator at the Museum since 2007, and in the past two years, has worked on making major acquisitions to the Museum's collection, including the AGD West Archive, the 1923 HJ Round electro-dynamic microphone, and the 1950s BBC 'Little Ben' In-Vision clock.",
"An academic article on the first outside broadcast from a natural location was written and published in the Science Museum Group Journal with two more to be published shortly. The next question ... what does the future hold? Papers of Benjamin Clapp Purchased by University of Glasgow In September 2015 the University of Glasgow Library, with generous financial assistance from an anonymous donor, purchased the papers of Benjamin Clapp, a very important part of the story of John Logie Baird and the first trans-Atlantic television transmission. The collection, which includes Clapp's radio log book, papers, ephemera, and the earliest surviving Phonovision disc had been purchased by a foreign collector. The granting of the export license was delayed when the Science Museum Group raised an objection that these materials were of national historical importance. A six-month export bar was imposed. In his role as a curator at the National Media Museum, Iain Logie Baird presented the case for an export bar at the Arts Council hearing, and subsequently acted to champion efforts to find a domestic buyer - until the anonymous donor stepped forward. Click here for more information.",
"Television is 90 Malcolm Baird looks back on 90 years of UK television since the first public demonstration by his father on 26 January 1926. Click here to read Malcolm Baird's article Television is 90 published on this website. Capturing the Song of the Nightingale Iain Baird's article \" Capturing the Song of the Nightingale \" has been published in the Science Museum Group Journal. The first outside broadcast ever made by the British Broadcasting Company from a natural location was the Nightingale broadcast of 19 May 1924, in which cellist Beatrice Harrison performed a 'duet' with nightingales in her garden. The broadcast was made possible by an improved microphone developed by the Marconi Company for the early BBC. The event involved a name familiar to students of television history, Captain A G D West, who was the BBC engineer in charge of the broadcasts - one of his first jobs for the BBC. A few weeks later, West would pay his first visit to Hastings to report on Baird's experiments.",
"\"Stookie Bill\" part of Helensburgh's new Outdoor Museum On June 20 2015 an Outdoor Museum was unveiled in the town of Helensburgh, John Logie Baird's birthplace. This was part of the CHORD project sponsored by the Argyll and Bute Council, consisting of a number of statues and inscribed plinths erected around Helensburgh's Colquhoun Square. To mark the television achievements of J.L. Baird, it was decided to feature the dummy known as \"Stookie Bill\" that Baird used in his early experiments in the 1920s. The sculpture was created from a laser scanned image, using 3D printing. A quote from J.L. Baird's memoirs is included in the inscription on the south side of the plinth. Television on the West End Stage - an Anniversary Malcolm Baird recalls that it is almost exactly 80 years since television was featured in a smash hit musical play in London's West End. \"Glamorous Night\", a creation of Ivor Novello with lyrics by Christopher Hassall, opened at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on May 2nd 1935.",
"The hero, played by Novello himself (shown here), is Anthony Allen, an Englishman who has invented a new television system. The opening scene is set in a quiet suburb, where Anthony complains that no one in Britain will support his invention financially. Then he departs on a pleasure cruise and ends up in the somewhat Ruritanian land of Krasnia. Here he meets Militza, a prima donna with whom King Stefan of Krasnia is infatuated. The plot then moves into the usual mixture of adventure and romance which went over well on the stage 80 years ago. Anthony of course falls in love with the glamorous Militza but eventually she must marry King Stefan in order to save her country from anarchy. On the plus side for Antony, the King has adopted his invention, so he travels back to England where, in the final scene, he sadly watches the Krasnian royal wedding broadcast on his own television system. The production played to packed houses.",
"The critics were grudgingly favourable and one comment was \"if it is nonsense, it is glamorous nonsense, and for those who are ready to be entertained, it is the best show of its kind Drury Lane has had for years.\" A few weeks after the opening, King George V and Queen Mary attended a performance. Afterwards, the King remarked to Ivor Novello, \"We enjoyed ourselves tremendously, with one reservation -- we could have wished a different ending. We found it a little sad, the Queen and I; in fact you made the Queen cry. Make the next one with a happy ending please.\" In the final scene of \"Glamorous Night\", Anthony is dwarfed by a huge television image of Militza's wedding. This is rather at odds with the real world of television, as the B.B.C. was still broadcasting on the 30-line Baird system which gave an image a few inches in size. However my father had demonstrated large screen black and white television in a London cinema as early as 1930 and in 1935 he was working on large screen colour television. It is not on record that anyone in our family ever went to see the show.",
"My mother might have been interested but she was expecting a baby (me!). At this time, my father's company was working to upgrade its television systems for the competition for the first high definition television on the B.B.C. But in January 1937 the all-electronic Marconi-EMI 405 line system was adopted. The success of \"Glamorous Night\" is an indication of the grip that television had on the public imagination. A few years later it was made into a film, but the television connection was quietly written out of the script, with Anthony Allen's occupation being changed from inventor to newspaper reporter. The film industry was getting nervous about television and this was fully justified by the disastrous impact of television on cinema attendance after World War II. John Logie Baird honored by SMPTE On August 26 2014 the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) announced that John Logie Baird has been inducted to their Honor Roll. This is welcomed by the Baird family because it marks a significant US recognition of Baird, who has been briefly dismissed by some American television historians.",
"The SMPTE citation reads as follows: The Honor Roll posthumously recognizes individuals who were not awarded Honorary Membership during their lifetimes but whose contributions would have been sufficient to warrant such an honor. John Logie Baird (1888-1946) is inducted into the SMPTE Honor Roll in recognition of his lifelong contributions as a pioneer in television technology. His accomplishments include the first live television demonstration (in 1926), the first publicly shown color television system (1928), and the first fully electronic color television picture tube. The British Broadcasting Company (BBC) began regular transmissions with the Baird 30-line system in 1929. Baird continued to develop new technology including a mechanical color system in 1939 (later adopted by CBS in America); a 500-line 3-D system in 1941; and demonstrated a fully electronic 600-line color display in 1944. Baird lobbied for post-war adoption of his 1,000-line electronic color television system.",
"Photo Credit - The LIFE Picture Collection, Getty Images Other pioneers who were Honorary Members or on the Honor Role of SMPTE include the following: Walter Bruch (1989) Elmer W. Engstrom (1966) Professor Malcolm Baird receives Pat Leggatt Award Malcolm Baird has received a splendid inlaid glass plaque from the Britsh Vintage Wireless Society (BVWS) -- the Pat Leggatt award for their best article in 2012. This article appeared in the BVWS quarterly bulletin, reflecting on the 75th anniversary of the BBC's Alexandra Palace television studios. Print versus Television: from Baird to McLuhan On 26 September 2012, Professor Malcolm Baird spoke at the first public meeting of the Helensburgh Heritage Trust winter season, held at the Helensburgh Tennis Club. The Trust's president, he gave a talk entitled 'Print versus Television: from Baird to McLuhan', but because he had a very sore throat his presentation was read by Trust chairman Stewart Noble. Has television taken the place of print? To read the full text of the presentation, click here .",
"Anniversaries in 2017 90th - 27 May 1927 - Television images are sent from London to Glasgow by telephone line 85th - 22 August 1932 - The BBC launches an \"experimental\" low-definition television service using Baird equipment. 80th - 6 February 1937 - The BBC discontinues its use of the Baird 240-line television systems of high definition television, adopting the 405-line television systems of Marconi-EMI 80th - 5 December 1937 - Large screen colour television is shown at the Dominion Cinema, London 60th - 28 October 1957 - Baird is the posthumous subject of the BBC programme \"This is Your Life\" Books about J.L. Baird (1) An important book appeared in 2009 under the title Images Across Space. The electronic imaging of Baird television. The author, Dr. Douglas Brown, is Director of the Science and Technology Forum at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, Scotland. The book is mostly based on his master's and Ph.D.",
"theses (1996, 2000). A detailed review by Malcolm Baird is available on this website. [this picture of Dr. Brown by courtesy of Helensburgh Heritage Trust] (2) In 1932, Baird Television Ltd. was rescued from financial difficulties when it was taken over by a major UK film company, the Gaumont British Picture Co. Its leader, Isidore Ostrer, believed that television was an opportunity for the film industry, rather than a threat. He foresaw that large-screen television of a news or sporting event could be shown to cinema audiences as well as conventional feature films. A new book entitled The Ostrers and Gaumont British has been written by Isidore's nephew Nigel Ostrer and it is reviewed by Malcolm Baird in the Gallery above... (3) The Master Switch is a detailed economic history of major electronic media (including television) by Prof. Tim Wu of Columbia University. A review by Malcolm Baird appears in the Gallery. (4) A 340-page television history has appeared from Lulu Publications (2011) under the title Spinning Discs, Mirrors and Electrons.",
"It is by Australian authors Robert Forster and Douglas Grant, who give a broad technical coverage from the early scientific observations in the 19th century up to the arrival of video recording in about 1960. The book contains a chapter on J.L.Baird, as well as details on the work of less well-known pioneers such as Tihanyi (Hungary), Von Ardenne (Germany) and Walton (England). This book was favourably reviewed in the March 2012 issue of the AWA Journal which circulates to the members of the Antique Wireless Association of the USA. (5) On May 15 2012, Dr. Douglas Brown's new book entitled \"The Three Dimensions of John Logie Baird\" was published by the Radio Society of Great Britain. John Logie Baird is remembered as the inventor of television with the qualification that his first system was mechanical. Dr. Brown's book sets out Baird's later work in electronic colour, 3D and holographic television and his significant contributions to other information sciences and their resulting technologies. It goes into detail about how the systems worked and their later development after John Logie Baird's death.",
"Further details and ordering information can be obtained at the following link: . Malcolm Baird has recently reviewed the book on this website to read this review click here . (6) In May 1927 John Logie Baird made an historic television transmission from his company office in London, to the Central Hotel in Glasgow. The hotel has recently been refurbished and renamed as the Grand Central Hotel. Baird's part in the hotel's history is described in a recent book: Glasgow's Grand Central Hotel: Glasgow's most loved hotel, by Bill Hicks and Jill Scott, published in January 2012 by Waverley Books. 60-line television pictures in colour from France It is easy for modern critics to scoff at the quality of low-definition television pictures as produced by mechanical means in the 1920s. Readers will be pleasantly surprised by the quality of the 60-line colour pictures recently produced by the replica mechanical system of Roger Dupouy who lives in Clermont Ferrand, in France. The scanning lines are much less obvious in a colour picture than in black and white. Roger has also held exhibitions of early mechanical equipment, see poster on right.",
"Please refer to the website Large Screen 3D TV from Sky and the BBC after 64 years In March 2008 a Scotland vs. England rugby match was shown on large-screen 3D television at the old Riverside Studios in Hammersmith, West London. As reported in the sports section of The Times of March 11 2008, the viewing audience wore special glasses to get the 3D effect. More recently, The Daily Mail of December 19 2008 reported that Sky Television will soon be introducing 3D programmes. Since then there has been a gradual campaign to build up consumer interest in 3D television. This technology was first developed and patented by John Logie Baird in World War II at his private laboratory in London, while the German bombs were falling. A full-page description of Baird's 3D television appeared in the Illustrated London News on May 9th 1942. In his 1944 testimony to Lord Hankey's commission on postwar television development, Baird had recommended the early use of 3D technology in broadcast programmes.",
"Baird's recommendation has been followed after nearly 70 years, which seems like quite a long time to wait. Recent books on people in J.L. Baird's circle John Logie Baird was a public figure during the second half of his life and his circle included many interesting people who were also public figures. Several of these are mentioned in recently published books which are noted below. Kew Edwin Shelley (1894-1964) Mr. Shelley was a London barrister who helped Baird to form a new television company in 1944 and later became co-executor of his estate. Shelley was a paternal grandson of Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee (1844-1906) who had been the first president of the Indian National Congress. In 1921 Shelley had changed his surname from Bonnerjee by deed poll. His background is detailed in Family History, by Janaki Agnes Penelope Majumdar (edited by Antoinette Burton, published 2003, Oxford University Press).",
"In her memoir, written in 1935, Mrs.Majumdar provides a personal account of two distinguished anglophile Indian families. William Le Queux (1869-1927) Le Queux was a phenomenally successful spy story writer of the early 20th century and his writings are said to have led to the formation of MI5. He was living in Hastings while Baird was doing his early television experiments and he gave moral (but not financial) encouragement. A detailed biography, William Le Queux, Master of Mystery, has been written by Chris Patrick and Stephen Baister and privately published by them in 2007. John C.W. Reith, (1889-1971) Sir John Reith was Director General of the BBC while Baird and his company were trying to convince the BBC to broadcast television. In a new memoir entitled My father, Reith of the BBC,(2006, St.Andrew Press, Edinburgh), Marista Leishman provides a unique view of her father's prickly and eccentric personality, against the backdrop of his public achievements and eventual elevation to the peerage.",
"This book confirms that Reith did not like television, though his personal relationship with Baird was not as bad as has sometimes been alleged. Leonard Frank Plugge (1889-1981) Mr. Plugge was a pioneer of commercial radio broadcasting to the UK in the 1920s and 1930s, when such programmes were transmitted from continental Europe for legal reasons. He first met Baird in the Hastings days and they met frequently in London during World War II, when Plugge was an M.P. and chairman of the Parliamentary Scientific Committee. A biography of Plugge entitled: And the World Listened -- Leonard Frank Plugge, by Keith Wallis, (Kelly Books, UK) appeared in March 2008 and a review is given on this website. (see above) Isidore Ostrer (1889-1975) This book, published in 2010, is the subject of a news item (above) and it has been reviewed by Malcolm Baird in the Gallery. A Wee Poem Many books and articles have been written about John Logie Baird, but few poems have appeared.",
"A recent Scottish poem \"An Engineer Sae Bricht\", shown in the Gallery, is by Andrew Roxburgh McGhie, Associate Director of the Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter at the University of Pennsylvania. John Logie Baird: a life hardback * c. 450 pages * 70 b/w illustrations ...a meticulously researched story based on first hand interviews and quoting many new documentary sources, some of which have only recently become available. At long last we have a book that sounds and feels like the truth about the man who was the first in the world to demonstrate working television (Michael Bennett-Levy, 2002)... click here for the rest of the review \"Kamm and Baird, the latter the inventor's son, paint a strikingly clear portrait of the inventor who started it all.\" (Russell A Potter, The Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (US) 2004) Available in the U.K. (incl. international orders) from Amazon.co.uk Available in the U.S.A.",
"from Amazon.com Available in Canada from Chapters.Indigo Research materials The National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh has recently acquired a large collection of research information used in the writing of the above book by Antony Kamm and Malcolm Baird. The Accession Number is 17274. Television and Me: The Memoirs of John Logie Baird paperback * c. 160 pages * heavily illustrated The autobiography of John Logie Baird. A new version of his memoirs, only published previously as a specialist monograph, are written with blunt candour and caustic wit. His memoirs cover the wild escapades of his early business career and the dramatic pioneering days of his scientific work. \"Television and Me\" was named Critic's choice, Scottish book of the year 2004. Excerpt: Baird's Story is Pick of the Best (Scottish Daily Mail, Jan. 7th, 2005) by Tom Kyle It is rare indeed to find a book of real literary, scientific and historical importance. So the appearance in the spring of the little-known and almost unpublished, autobiography of the most influential Scot who ever lived was the most significant publishing event of the year.",
"Television and Me: The Memoirs of John Logie Baird ... was living proof that the best books need not always be the most lavish or expensive. Baird tells his own story - from his Helensburgh boyhood to the great and precarious days when the first television pictures were transmitted, to his ultimate betrayal by the BBC - with a caustic turn of phrase and a self-deprecating wit. His memoir is a fabulous distillation of all the joy and bitterness, hurt and humour of an extraordinary man. I said at the time I doubted there would be a better written, more interesting or more important book published in 2004. I see no reason to revise that opinion now. The Scots Magazine, September 2004 \"...Baird was not given the recognition which was his by right during his lifetime.\" Copyright Bairdtelevision.com, 1998-2016. All rights reserved.",
"Who invented television, Inventor, Invention, Pioneer, Inventor of Television was, John Logie Baird, Inventor of color television, Inventor of colour television, Inventor of HDTV, 1000 lines, 600 lines, Malcolm Baird, Iain Baird, television, TV, antique, vintage, history, history of television, historic, historical, radio with pictures, radio-vision, tele-vision, seeing by wireless, radiovisor, radiovision, facsimilie, TV, television limited, cinema television, cintel, rank, Scophony, cinema, canadian television, practical television, televisor, radiovisor, Baird, John, Logie, Malcolm, Iain, Farnsworth, Charles Francis Jenkins, Vladimir Zworykin, David Sarnoff, Ives, D'Albe, Manfred Von Ardenne, Lee DeForest, Paul Nipkow, Isaac Schoenberg, Kalman Tihanyi, Francois C. P.",
"Henrouteau, Kenjiro Takayanagi, Boris Rosing, Denes Von Mihaly, McLuhan, neon tube, scanning, mechanical, telechrome, Noctovision, Phonovision, Noctovisor, Phonovisor, John, Logie, Malcolm, Iain, Baird broadcasting, Baird transmitter, Baird receiver, Television, Televisor, Telechrome, Television lens disc, mirror drum, flying spot, Emitron John Baird - Mechanical Television System By Mary Bellis Updated August 10, 2016. John Logie Baird was born on August 13th, 1888, in Helensburgh, Dunbarton, Scotland and died on June 14th, 1946, in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England. John Baird received a diploma course in electrical engineering at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (now called Strathclyde University), and studied towards his Bachelor of Science Degree in electrical engineering from the University of Glasgow, interrupted by the outbreak of W.W.I. John Baird - Mechanical Television System Baird is best remembered for inventing a mechanical television system .",
"During the 1920's, John Baird and American Clarence W. Hansell patented the idea of using arrays of transparent rods to transmit images for television and facsimiles respectively. Baird's 30 line images were the first demonstrations of television by reflected light rather than back-lit silhouettes. John Baird based his technology on Paul Nipkow's scanning disk idea and later developments in electronics. continue reading below our video Profile of John Baird John Baird Milestones The television pioneer created the first televised pictures of objects in motion (1924), the first televised human face (1925) and a year later he televised the first moving object image at the Royal Institution in London. His 1928 trans-atlantic transmission of the image of a human face was a broadcasting milestone. Color television (1928), stereoscopic television and television by infra-red light were all demonstrated by Baird before 1930. He successfully lobbied for broadcast time with the British Broadcasting Company, the BBC started broadcasting television on the Baird 30-line system in 1929. The first simultaneous sound and vision telecast was broadcast in 1930.",
"In July 1930, the first British Television Play was transmitted, \"The Man with the Flower in his Mouth.\" In 1936, the British Broadcasting Corporation adopted television service using the electronic television technology of Marconi-EMI (the world's first regular high resolution service - 405 lines per picture), it was that technology that won out over Baird's system. John Baird Father of Television | brought to you by EntertainmentCenterSpot Powered By VerisignTM John Logie Baird and the Invention of Television A Scottish engineer, John Logie Baird was the inventor of the first publicly demonstrated and public television in the whole world. He was also the inventor of the first color, electronic television tube. His significant place in the invention of the television is secured by way of his achievements in displaying working television broadcasts. Baird’ television system was in the end displaced by a purely electronic television system, his having been an electromechanical one. Baird was a Scotsman, born in Helensburgh on August 13, 1888. He went on to be educated at Larchfield Academy, which was also in Helensburgh.",
"His studies at institutes of higher learning took place at the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College and then later on at the University of Glasgow. Interestingly, he never returned to his university to finish his course work after World War I interrupted his studies. Early Influence Arthur Korn was a German-born, Jewish inventor, and he both invented and crafted the first circuits for signal conditioning that were for image transmission. Korn’s circuits permitted him to send pictures either by wireless or by telephone between oceans and countries. His circuit worked even without the advantage of electronic amplification. Baird was a direct beneficiary of this technology of Korn’s. The First Television Baird’s success was founded upon being able to create the first moving, live, grayscale television image that came from reflected light. He was successful since he bettered the signal conditioning from both the video amplifier and the photocell. On the back of this success, the Scotsman, in the early 1920s, began to rent a workshop in Hastings, which he would use for his experimentations. After getting a massive electric shock and consequently being evicted by his landlord, Baird took his experiments to a workshop in London’s Soho neighborhood.",
"On October 2, 1925, Baird made a breakthrough by succeeding at transmitting the very first grayscale, television image. After this success, Baird looked for publicity by paying a visit to the offices of the Daily Express newspaper, yet the editor at the time thought him to be mad and warned his staff to be wary of him. A few months later in January of 1926, Baird demonstrated his transmission success to both a reporter from the Times newspaper as well as members of the Royal Institution. More demonstrations followed thereafter: In July of 1928, he demonstrated the very first color transmission in the world, and in 1932, he demonstrated the first ultra-short wave transmissions in Britain. Above - An illustration from Radio News of April, 1928. A larger version of this illustration can be found here . Other Innovations In 1927, the Scotsman had already transmitted a long-distance television signal between Glasgow and London. This was the precursor to him establishing his own company, the Baird Television Development Company Ltd., which holds the distinction of producing the first transmission across the Atlantic from London to New York in 1928.",
"It also made the first television program for the BBC. Baird’s television systems were used by the BBC until 1937, when they decided to switch to an electronic television system that was created by EMI-Marconi. Even though mechanical television systems had been relegated due to the more popular electronic systems, Baird still contributed to the newer medium. He both demonstrated and patented a system of 3-D television that had a definition of 500 lines in 1941, and he also performed the world’s first demonstration of a television display that was completely electronic in 1944. Though the Scotsman’s contributions were primarily to the television industry, he dabbled elsewhere. In his 20s, he attempted to make diamonds by heating up graphite, yet that resulted in the shorting out of Glasgow’s supply of electricity. Baird finally died on June 14, 1946, the casualty of a stroke that he endured a few months earlier. Today, Baird is buried in Helensburgh Cemetery along with his wife and parents. Further Resources John Logie Baird and the invention of television.",
"John Logie Baird: a life new facts * new background information * new assessments The authors draw on unpublished and, in some cases, hitherto unknown material to present a comprehensive new account of the life of this enigmatic and controversial Scottish genius. In January 1926 Baird was the first publicly to demonstrate real television. Other pioneering achievements followed, including the first transatlantic transmission, the first demonstrations of colour television and stereoscopic television, and the first video recordings. In the 1930s he twice televised the Derby, and was the first to demonstrate cinema television, in black-and-white and colour. During World War II he developed high-definition and stereoscopic television in colour, and invented the first all-electronic colour television tube. He also made significant advances in radio imaging, secret signalling, fibre optics, infra-red scanning, and fast facsimilie transmission. Throughout his life he struggled with ill health and lack of funding, to the extent that he paid for his initial research efforts and his final, heroic, and perhaps most startling, developments out of his own pocket. This balanced, thoroughly documented and splendidly readable account throws new light not only on Baird himself, but on many of those associated with him.",
"Truth is separated from legend, and the facts are uncovered behind Baird's auto-biographical memoir, published in 1988 as Sermons, Soap and Television, the text of which can now be compared with a recently discovered manuscript containing his own corrections. Fresh information is revealed about the 'lost' years in London and Hastings in the early 1920s, which includes for the first time details of the company Baird established to sell soap, his unconventional romance, and the Falkirk connection. Special treatment is given to Baird's troubled relationship with the BBC, and in particular to the role played by the corporation's director general, Sir John Reith. There is a full account of Baird's brave efforts to establish a presence in the USA. Also disclosed is the background to the boardroom coup which resulted in Baird being relieved of his duties as managing director of the company which he had founded. In the light of their review of existing sources and examination of fresh evidence, the authors reach several conclusions which modify or challenge received opinion.",
"Much of the documentation of from family and other archives, including Baird's wartime letters to his friend Sydney Moseley, extracts from the private diaries of Eustace Robb (the BBC's first television producer), company memos and reports of the early 1930s, and many of the sixty photographs, has never before been published. Technical details are described in non-technical language, supported by diagrams. ISBN 1 901663 76 0 * hardback * c. 450 pages * 70 b/w illustrations ANTONY KAMM is a former lecturer in publishing studies at the University of Stirling. His books include Collins Biographical Dictionary of English Literature (HarperCollins 1993), The Romans: an introduction (Routledge 1995), Julius Caesar: a beginner's guide (Hodder and Stoughton 2002). DR MALCOLM BAIRD, son of John Logie Baird, is a former chairman of the Chemical Engineering Department, McMaster University, Ontario. He has written numerous articles for academic and specialist journals.",
"NMS Publishing Limited Tel: + (0) 131 247 4026 Fax: + (0) 131 247 4012 Email: [email protected] \"a meticulously researched story based on first hand interviews and quoting many new documentary sources, some of which have only recently become available. At long last we have a book that sounds and feels like the truth about the man who was the first in the world to demonstrate working television.\" (Michael Bennett-Levy, 2002)... click here for the rest of the review \"Kamm and Baird, the latter the inventor's son, paint a strikingly clear portrait of the inventor who started it all.\" (Russell A Potter, The Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television (US) 2004) Available in the U.K. (including international orders) Amazon.co.uk Available in the U.S.A. from Amazon.com Available in Canada from Chapters.Indigo"
] |
Who sang the title song for the Bond film License To Kill?
|
Gladys Knight
|
[
"Gladys Knight",
"Gladys Maria Knight",
"Empress of soul",
"Gladys Knight & Ron Winans' Chicken & Waffles",
"Empress of Soul"
] | 11,122
|
[
"Licence to Kill (song) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Licence to Kill (song) Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Licence to Kill is the theme song of the Bond film of the same name. It was written by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen, and Walter Afanasieff. The song was performed by the legendary \"Empress of Soul\", Gladys Knight . Lyrics I feel, I've got to hold on to your love, Hey baby, thought you were the one who tried to run away, ohh, baby, wasn't I the one who made you want to stay? please don't bet that you'll ever escape me, once I get my sights on you. Got a license to kill, and you know I'm going straight for your heart, got a license to kill, anyone who tries to tear us apart, license to kill. Hey baby, think you need a friend to stand here by your side?",
"yes you do, ohh, baby, now you can depend on me to make things right, please don't bet that you'll ever escape me, once I get my sights on you. Got a license to kill, and you know I'm going straight for your heart, got a license to kill, anyone who tries to tear us apart. Say that somebody tries to make a move on you, In the blink of an eye, I will be there too, and they better know why I'm gonna make them 'em pay, till their dying day, Licence to Kill Theme Song - James Bond - YouTube Licence to Kill Theme Song - James Bond Want to watch this again later? Sign in to add this video to a playlist. Need to report the video? Sign in to report inappropriate content. Rating is available when the video has been rented. This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. Published on Oct 13, 2012 The theme tune to 007, Licence to Kill, performed by Gladys Knight. For entertainment purposes only, I do not claim ownership or rights of this production. Copyright is held by its respective owners, including EMI and MGM.",
"Category Sam Smith sings theme song for James Bond film 'Spectre' - CNN.com 1 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers English singer Matt Monro is best known for his hearty rendition of the theme tune for 1963's \"From Russia with Love.\" (The first James Bond movie, \"Dr.",
"No,\" had an instrumental title song.) Hide Caption 2 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Shirley Bassey, perhaps the most iconic Bond theme-song singer, sang the title theme to 1964's Goldfinger.\" Bassey brought her strong, distinctive voice back to the series in title tunes for 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\" and 1979's \"Moonraker.\" Hide Caption 3 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Welsh singer Tom Jones, best known for hits like \"What's New Pussycat\" and \"She's a Lady,\" sang the title tune for 1965's \"Thunderball.\" Hide Caption 4 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers These boots were made for walking, but she was made for singing: Nancy Sinatra performed the theme to \"You Only Live Twice\" in 1967.",
"Hide Caption 5 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Jazz great Louis Armstrong sang \"We Have All the Time in the World,\" the secondary musical theme from the 1969 Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service.\" The song became a hit in the UK 25 years later when it was featured in a Guinness beer commercial. Hide Caption 6 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Paul and then-wife Linda McCartney and their pop group Wings performed the title number from 1973's \"Live and Let Die,\" the first of the Bond movies to star Roger Moore as Agent 007. The song is still a staple of Paul McCartney's live concerts.",
"Hide Caption 7 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Scottish pop singer Lulu sang the title song for 1974's \"The Man with the Golden Gun.\" Hide Caption 8 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Carly Simon scored a major radio hit with \"Nobody Does it Better,\" the theme from the 1977 Bond film, \"The Spy Who Loved Me.\" Hide Caption 9 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers After the band Blondie recorded another version that was rejected, Scottish pop star Sheena Easton was tapped to sing \"For Your Eyes Only\" for the 1981 Bond movie of the same name. The song reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard charts. Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Rita Coolidge sang \"All Time High,\" the theme from 1983's \"Octopussy.\" Hide Caption 11 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers American singer Lani Hall, wife of bandleader Herb Alpert, sang the title song to 1983's \"Never Say Never Again,\" which brought Sean Connery back for his final Bond role.",
"The film was made by a different production company from the other James Bond movies, so some fans don't consider it part of the official series. Hide Caption 12 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Singer Simon Le Bon and British pop group Duran Duran did the title song for 1985's \"A View to a Kill.\" Hide Caption 13 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Norwegian pop band A-Ha recorded the title song for 1987's \"The Living Daylights,\" the first of two films starring Timothy Dalton as Bond. It was the last theme written by longtime Bond composer John Barry. Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Soul legend Gladys Knight sang the theme to \"License to Kill\" in 1989. Hide Caption 15 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers After a six-year hiatus, the Bond series rebooted with 1995's \"GoldenEye\" and Pierce Brosnan in the lead role. Tina Turner sang the theme song, which was written by U2's Bono and the Edge.",
"Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Sheryl Crow performed the title song to 1997's \"Tomorrow Never Dies.\" Hide Caption 17 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Garbage, led by Shirley Manson, did the title track to 1999's \"The World is Not Enough.\" Hide Caption 18 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Pop icon Madonna finally did her first and only Bond theme song in 2002 for \"Die Another Day.\" Hide Caption 19 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers One of the few men to sing a Bond theme, rocker Chris Cornell performed \"You Know My Name\" from 2006's \"Casino Royale.\" It was the first film to feature Daniel Craig as Bond. Hide Caption 20 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Pop star Alicia Keys and blues rocker Jack White teamed up to sing \"Another Way to Die,\" the theme from 2008's \"Quantum of Solace.\" White also wrote the song.",
"Hide Caption 21 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers British pop star Adele sang the title theme from \"Skyfall\" in 2012. Three years later, the world is still awaiting the singer's long-delayed new album. Hide Caption Check out Sam Smith's new James Bond theme - CNN.com 1 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers English singer Matt Monro is best known for his hearty rendition of the theme tune for 1963's \"From Russia with Love.\" (The first James Bond movie, \"Dr.",
"No,\" had an instrumental title song.) Hide Caption 2 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Shirley Bassey, perhaps the most iconic Bond theme-song singer, sang the title theme to 1964's Goldfinger.\" Bassey brought her strong, distinctive voice back to the series in title tunes for 1971's \"Diamonds Are Forever\" and 1979's \"Moonraker.\" Hide Caption 3 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Welsh singer Tom Jones, best known for hits like \"What's New Pussycat\" and \"She's a Lady,\" sang the title tune for 1965's \"Thunderball.\" Hide Caption 4 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers These boots were made for walking, but she was made for singing: Nancy Sinatra performed the theme to \"You Only Live Twice\" in 1967.",
"Hide Caption 5 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Jazz great Louis Armstrong sang \"We Have All the Time in the World,\" the secondary musical theme from the 1969 Bond film \"On Her Majesty's Secret Service.\" The song became a hit in the UK 25 years later when it was featured in a Guinness beer commercial. Hide Caption 6 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Paul and then-wife Linda McCartney and their pop group Wings performed the title number from 1973's \"Live and Let Die,\" the first of the Bond movies to star Roger Moore as Agent 007. The song is still a staple of Paul McCartney's live concerts.",
"Hide Caption 7 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Scottish pop singer Lulu sang the title song for 1974's \"The Man with the Golden Gun.\" Hide Caption 8 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Carly Simon scored a major radio hit with \"Nobody Does it Better,\" the theme from the 1977 Bond film, \"The Spy Who Loved Me.\" Hide Caption 9 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers After the band Blondie recorded another version that was rejected, Scottish pop star Sheena Easton was tapped to sing \"For Your Eyes Only\" for the 1981 Bond movie of the same name. The song reached No. 4 on the U.S. Billboard charts. Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Rita Coolidge sang \"All Time High,\" the theme from 1983's \"Octopussy.\" Hide Caption 11 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers American singer Lani Hall, wife of bandleader Herb Alpert, sang the title song to 1983's \"Never Say Never Again,\" which brought Sean Connery back for his final Bond role.",
"The film was made by a different production company from the other James Bond movies, so some fans don't consider it part of the official series. Hide Caption 12 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Singer Simon Le Bon and British pop group Duran Duran did the title song for 1985's \"A View to a Kill.\" Hide Caption 13 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Norwegian pop band A-Ha recorded the title song for 1987's \"The Living Daylights,\" the first of two films starring Timothy Dalton as Bond. It was the last theme written by longtime Bond composer John Barry. Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Soul legend Gladys Knight sang the theme to \"License to Kill\" in 1989. Hide Caption 15 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers After a six-year hiatus, the Bond series rebooted with 1995's \"GoldenEye\" and Pierce Brosnan in the lead role. Tina Turner sang the theme song, which was written by U2's Bono and the Edge.",
"Hide Caption Photos: James Bond theme song singers Sheryl Crow performed the title song to 1997's \"Tomorrow Never Dies.\" Hide Caption 17 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Garbage, led by Shirley Manson, did the title track to 1999's \"The World is Not Enough.\" Hide Caption 18 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Pop icon Madonna finally did her first and only Bond theme song in 2002 for \"Die Another Day.\" Hide Caption 19 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers One of the few men to sing a Bond theme, rocker Chris Cornell performed \"You Know My Name\" from 2006's \"Casino Royale.\" It was the first film to feature Daniel Craig as Bond. Hide Caption 20 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers Pop star Alicia Keys and blues rocker Jack White teamed up to sing \"Another Way to Die,\" the theme from 2008's \"Quantum of Solace.\" White also wrote the song.",
"Hide Caption 21 of 22 Photos: James Bond theme song singers British pop star Adele sang the title theme from \"Skyfall\" in 2012. Three years later, the world is still awaiting the singer's long-delayed new album. Hide Caption The Top 20 Best James Bond Theme Songs | The Huffington Post The Top 20 Best James Bond Theme Songs 10/18/2012 06:44 pm ET | Updated Dec 18, 2012 Xaque Gruber Writer 2012 marks the 50th anniversary of James Bond's cinematic debut, and is proving to be a banner year for the iconic franchise with the highly anticipated feature, Skyfall (November 9) as well as the release of Best of Bond, Capitol's expansive CD set spanning a half-century of remastered 007 music. As a Bond music fanatic, I've chosen to celebrate this anniversary by carefully re-listening to each showstopper. Here are my picks of the top 20 most compelling vocal productions in the James Bond pantheon of anthems... 1.",
"\"Goldfinger\" -- Shirley Bassey (Goldfinger, 1964) When it comes to 007 themes, Goldfinger is the gold standard, setting the stage for every epic musical notion in the franchise to follow, and accomplishing this all in under two minutes and 50 seconds. Unlike most Bond themes, this is the antagonist's anthem, and it couldn't conquer in grander style. Opening with an inpenetrable wall of blaring horns to the ultimate climax: six glass smashing seconds of the word \"gold\" as torpedoed by Shirley Bassey's lethal weapon of a voice, the song is a movie unto itself. 2. \"Nobody Does It Better\" -- Carly Simon (The Spy Who Loved Me, 1977) A soaring love song about James, the man, and not about the movie storyline, Simon's Oscar-nominated powerhouse ballad broke the mold. Seamlessly building from the first tinkling of a piano key to one of pop history's most lusciously layered vocal finales, Simon belts it at her heartbreaking best, and the result was a timeless, larger than life smash that stretched beyond typical Bond territory. 3.",
"\"Live & Let Die\" -- Paul McCartney & Wings (Live & Let Die, 1973) McCartney reunited with Beatles producer George Martin and landed one of his biggest hits. Immense in scale, Live & Let Die, is a rocking pyrotechnic thrill ride that (like \"Nobody Does It Better\") peaked at No. 2 on Billboard's charts, and scored a Best Song Oscar nomination. 4. \"A View to a Kill\" -- Duran Duran (A View to a Kill, 1985) Featuring a 60 piece orchestra, this collaboration between the biggest British band of the 1980s and composer John Barry was the only Bond theme to reach No. 1. The song was also the last time the five original members of Duran Duran recorded together until they reunited 16 years later. 5. \"Diamonds Are Forever\" -- Shirley Bassey (Diamonds Are Forever, 1971) Miss Bassey returned to belt out the grandiose theme for Connery's final official Bond picture. Producer Harry Saltzman objected to the lyrics' sexual innuendo, but thankfully co-producer Cubby Broccoli insisted the song remain in the film.",
"In 2012, Bassey sang this gem for Queen Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee. 6. \"You Only Live Twice\" -- Nancy Sinatra (You Only Live Twice, 1967) Scared to death of recording a Bond song, Sinatra was so nervous that composer John Barry said the final version used 25 different takes. The result: a lush, wistful ballad, famed for its striking (and widely sampled) velvety opening bars of high octave violins and French horn in an Oriental flavor. 7. \"Skyfall\" -- Adele (Skyfall, 2012) Just out of the starting gate and already an international chart hit, sultry Skyfall is one of Bond's best, co-written and recorded by Adele with a 77 piece orchestra. It's poised to become the first Bond song ever to collect an Academy Award for Best Song. 8. \"Goldeneye\" -- Tina Turner (Goldeneye, 1995) When Goldeneye was released, the Bond franchise had been dormant for six years, and this showstopper (written by U2's Bono and The Edge especially for Turner) was the shot in the arm it needed.",
"Turner and producer Nellee Hooper pulled out all the stops in Shirley Bassey-esque femme fatale grandeur. 9. \"From Russia With Love\" -- Matt Munro (From Russia With Love, 1963) One year before Bassey redefined the Bond anthem with Goldfinger, 007's first title vocal belonged to romantic crooner, Matt Munro. Sans histrionics and clever effects, this is the smoking jacket of Bond songs, and a classic that holds up beautifully, thank you very much. 10. \"Thunderball\" -- Tom Jones (Thunderball, 1965) Singing like his life depends upon it, Jones was recruited at the very last minute to record Thunderball after Shirley Bassey, Dionne Warwick and Johnny Cash, (who had all submitted songs for the film) were rejected. True to its name, this is a bold, campy recording that packs a walloping punch. 11.",
"\"The World Is Not Enough\" -- Garbage (The World Is Not Enough, 1999) With a sweeping chorus to rival the best of 007's themes, Shirley Manson and company's noir-ish contribution to the Bond music pantheon is a sexy, brooding, gorgeous marriage of electronic and orchestral. Garbage was an inspired choice that delivered. 12. \"You Know My Name\" -- Chris Cornell (Casino Royale, 2006) This hardest rocking of Bond themes found Cornell's energetic, growling vocal, the perfect, high-testosterone choice to capture the fresh, fiery spirit of the franchise's best Daniel Craig-era film. 13. \"Another Way to Die\" -- Jack White & Alicia Keys (Quantum of Solace, 2008) Pairing (two very different) recording artists paid off with a driving, innovative composition that many were quick to criticize, but purists be damned, Another Way to Die is a multi-layered, striking, bold piece of work. 14.",
"\"Where Has Everybody Gone?\" -- The Pretenders (The Living Daylights, 1987) Chrissie Hynde created two stellar (and vastly different) tracks to The Living Daylights soundtrack, including this blazing, brassy rocker -- which had more kick than the official theme (see No. 18). 15. \"For Your Eyes Only\" -- Sheena Easton (For Your Eyes Only, 1981) Big, and pop radio-ready, Easton's yearning delivery wrapped in shimmering Close Encounters-esque synth flourishes, snared Bond's last Best Song Oscar nom. 16. \"If There Was a Man\" -- The Pretenders (The Living Daylights, 1987) Chrissie Hynde's tender throwback to Bacharach, is one of Bond's warmest, and most underrated ballads. 17. \"Surrender\" -- k. d. lang (Tomorrow Never Dies, 1997) Originally supposed to open Tomorrow Never Dies, Lang's soaring, torchy aria was moved to the final credits in favor of Sheryl Crowe's anemic title contribution. 18.",
"\"The Living Daylights\" -- a-Ha (The Living Daylights, 1987) A-Ha's underappreciated contribution glides along a briskly paced, stylish, sophisticated arrangement blending Bond motifs with Morten Harket's lilting tenor to rousing 'Big 80s' effect. 19. \"License to Kill\" -- Gladys Knight (License to Kill, 1989) Knight's rich honeyed voice ranks as Bond's most soul-drenched, aided by the Goldfinger-esque embellishments that help the song rise above the some of the now dated-sounding late-'80s R&B production. 20. \"All Time High\" -- Rita Coolidge (Octopussy, 1983) While most Bond artists attempt to rip the roof off, Coolidge, bathed in sax and strings, took the opposite approach delivering the most relaxed vocal in 007 history to seductive, almost ethereal effect scoring the franchise a Top 40 hit in the process. Honorable mentions: \"Mr.",
"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang,\" Dionne Warwick (Thunderball, 1965), \"We Have All the Time in the World,\" Louis Armstrong (On Her Majesty's Secret Service, 1969) More: Licence to Kill (soundtrack) | James Bond Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Licence to Kill (soundtrack) Share Ad blocker interference detected! Wikia is a free-to-use site that makes money from advertising. We have a modified experience for viewers using ad blockers Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. Film — Novelisation — Game — Soundtrack — Song — Characters The Licence to Kill soundtrack cover Initially Eric Clapton and Vic Flick were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill. The theme was said to have been a new version based on the James Bond theme . The guitar riff heard in the original recording of the theme was played by Flick. The prospect, however, fell apart and Gladys Knight 's song and performance was chosen.",
"The music video of \"Licence to Kill\" was directed by Daniel Kleinman , who later took over the reins of title designer from Maurice Binder for the 1995 Bond film, GoldenEye . Notably, the end credits of the film feature \" If You Asked Me To \", sung by Patti LaBelle ; In 1992 the song was covered and became a hit for singer Céline Dion. The soundtrack was composed by Michael Kamen , who is best known for composing the soundtrack for the first three Die Hard films (which the first film featured Andreas Wisniewski (who played Necros in previously film The Living Daylights ) in a brief role as the ill-fated terrorist and the main villian's right-hand man's younger brother Tony ) and all four Lethal Weapon films. Track listing You Only Sing 23 Times: The James Bond Theme Song Dossier | Tor.com You Only Sing 23 Times: The James Bond Theme Song Dossier Ryan Britt Mon Nov 12, 2012 6:00pm 16 comments Bombastic, kitsch, or catchy, there’s something unique about a James Bond theme song.",
"There are a few timeless classics, but most either represent a weird moment in the zeitgeist, or are downright embarassing. Uniquely, James Bond theme songs are often better than the films they kick off, though the reverse can occasionally be true, too. Now that Skyfall is out and we’ve all had a chance to enjoy Adele’s new theme song , it’s time to determine once and for all which 007 tunes are better than their respective films, which ones are worse, and which ones fit just right. Shake up a martini, and grab your headphones. The James Bond Theme Song Dossier is declassified! “Dr. No” (The James Bond Theme) written by Monty Norman. Performed by The John Barry Orchestra (1962) Though the Eric Rogers song “Under the Mango Tree” features heavily in this film (Bond even sings a few bars) the actual theme song for Dr. No is simply the slick famous instrumental James Bond theme, complete with horns and guitar. Every single real James Bond movie (the Peter Sellers Casino Royale and Connery’s Never Say Never Again don’t count) uses some arrangement of this theme. Does it fit with the movie? Well, really, how could it not?",
"Dr. No is a solid and entertaining James Bond film, but by no means the best. So, in this sense its theme song is better than the movie. It’s also possible that “The James Bond Theme” is better than all the James Bond movies combined. Verdict: Theme song is better. “From Russia With Love” written by Lionel Bart, performed by Matt Monro + “007” written by John Barry and performed by the The John Barry Orchestra (1963) I love this one. Several months ago I was waiting for a train on a New York City subway platform and a man was playing an instrumental version of this on a trumpet, which is awesome because the opening sequence of the film is also an instrumental version. (People singing at the start of James Bond movies doesn’t happen until Goldfinger.) This is one of those great classic crooner songs that just gets stuck in your head and makes you feel all dizzy and romantic. Like many James Bond themes, it’s actually more tender than the characters in the movie. From Russia With Love is up there with my favorite Connery movies, and this theme song does generally fit with the film.",
"However, I think it could have easily been a memorable movie even if it had a different theme song. But, the real cool one here is the introduction of the instrumental adventure theme “007.” This orchestral drum pounding romp is basically a chase scene in the form of strings, percussion, and brass. I love love love this. It’s more heroic than “The James Bond Theme,” and when it’s used in subsequent movies, I get chills. I’m really not sure why contemporary Bond composer David Arnold never brought it back for Dalton, Brosnan, or Craig-era films. Easily a better piece of music than the film where it originated. Verdict: “From Russia With Love” is probably as just as good as From Russia With Love. Meanwhile “007” beats them all and is perfect. “Goldfinger” written by John Barry, Anthony Newley, and Leslie Bricusse. Performed by Shirley Bassey (1964) Arguably, this is the best of all James Bond theme songs, introducing what is also arguably the best James Bond movie.",
"Like other early films, the song also incorporates part of “The James Bond Theme” into its arrangement, making the instrumental motifs of the song throughout the movie super-nuanced. There’s no getting around how great the movie is or how great this song still sounds. It’s sexy, flashy and memorable. This is also the first time of three times Shirley Bassey is singing for Bond! If I was backed against a wall by a man with a lethal hat and forced to pick between the song and the movie, I’d probably pick the song, by a very small margin. Verdict: Theme song is better, but only just barely. “Thunderball” written by John Barry and Don Black, performed by Tom Jones + “Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang” written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, performed by Dionne Warwick. (1965) This one is full of all sorts of weird history. The original theme for this movie was supposed to be “Mr. Kiss Kiss, Bang Bang” but was changed at the last minute to “Thunderball.” Johnny Cash also sent these guys a song called “Thunderball” which ended up not being used.",
"Finally, Tom Jones apparently fainted after singing the last note of “Thunderball!” Weird. After “Goldfinger” we got another Bond theme song seemingly about the bad guy, rather than about Bond. Or is it about Bond? Tom Jones is fairly cool in this one, but there’s something about Thunderball the movie and the song that aren’t quite up to par for me. (Maybe it’s because they couldn’t make their minds up.) There’s a great underwater scuba-brawl which uses “007” again, but this is definitely one where the movie is slightly better than the song. Tom Jones is right for a James Bond song, but fails to be as memorable as some of the other big artists. “Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang” shows up on some Bond music compilation and is a little too tinny and silly for my tastes. James Bond movies sometimes have two legitimate theme songs, but I really don’t think “Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang” should count.",
"Verdict: The movie &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;i&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt;Thunderball&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt;/i&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;gt; is slightly better than the song &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;ldquo;Thunderball.&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;rdquo; Verdict: Thunderball and “Thunderball” are both decent, with the movie being slightly better. “Mr. Kiss Kiss Bang Bang” is really hard to accept as being real. “You Only Live Twice” written by John Barry and Leslie Bricusse, performed by Nancy Sinatra (1967) Like many of the early Bond songs, the arrangements of the melodies are a natural fit for the film’s score. I think the opening strings in this one are totally over-the-top cheesy-wonderful. The world seems to agree with me, since covers and samples of this song are everywhere! From Bjork to Coldplay to Robbie Williams to Cee-Lo, those opening strings are part of the human musical brain.",
"This one is a personal favorite and despite the various incarnations, I think Nancy Sinatra hits it out of the park. There’s also a stellar foot-chase sequence in where an aerial camera angle is accompanied by the orchestral version of the theme. Great movie moment. For me “You Only Live Twice” is a kooky and fun Bond movie, with a fitting saccharine theme song. But because of its deserved ubiquity, I think the song is winning. Verdict: Theme song is better! (Related viewing: the video for Robbie Williams “Millenium”which is is a full-on Connery and Moore era James Bond homage. Aston Martin! Voodoo guy! Gambling! Jet pack!) “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” Written by John Barry, performed by theJohn Barry Orchestra + “We Have All the Time in the World” Written by John Barry, performed by Louis Armstrong (1969) Oh no! The Connery era is pratically over! When Bond was rebooted with new actor George Lazenby, the opening titles were, again only instrumental.",
"“On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” is an awesome piece of music and so iconic that it was even sampled in the trailer for The Incredibles. The film itself is a little on the not very good side, though aspects are interesting. The song is certainly winning over the movie with this one. However, the other theme song for “On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” is the Louie Armstrong “We Have All the Time in the World,” a love song about James Bond and Tracy, I guess. The title is also the last thing Bond says to the audience while he’s holding Tracy’s dead body in his arms. Seriously, this movie is such a downer; it almost makes me love it for being so weird. Almost. “We Have All the Time in the World” is sweet enough, but not something I ever listen to when I’m in the mood for Bond OR Louie Armstrong. Verdict: Theme song—“On Her Majesty’s Secret Service” is way better than the movie On Her Majesty’s Secret Service. Although “We Have All the Time in the World” is worse than On Her Majesty’s Secret Service.",
"“Diamonds Are Forever” Written Don Black, performed by Shirley Bassey, (1971) With Connery returning to the role of Bond, it makes sense to play it safe and go with Shirley Bassey for the song, since she previously did the best Bond song ever with “Goldfinger.” Notably, this is the only time a performer was used again (Bassey recorded three in all) to do a Bond opening theme. However, it’s less than stellar. “Diamonds Are Forever” is slow, uninteresting and has creepy themes. Sort of like the movie! This is one everyone should skip. Hearing this song always reminds me of how bored Connery looked in this movie. The song and the movie certainly need each other, but they’re both just the worst. Then-Bond producer Harry Saltzman also hated the song. Verdict: Both are terrible. “Live And Let Die” written and performed by Paul McCartney and Wings (1973) The first Bond film to feature Roger Moore was also the first to not have John Barry composing the music. This time, Beatles producer George Martin was in charge, making ex-Beatles Paul McCartney a natural choice for the theme song.",
"I’ve always loved how Bond is talking smack about The Beatles in Goldfinger but less than 10 years later; a Beatle produces the best James Bond song since the song “Goldfinger.” As a big Beatles fan, this is never a Paul McCartney solo song I ever listen to, mostly just because it’s been a bit over-played. But I loved it as a kid. It’s great, it seems like a Bond movie, it’s really different from 60’s era stuff and the orchestral arrangements of it in the film are thrilling. Is it better than the movie it occupies? You bet. Live and Let Die is a disaster of movie. Sometimes racist, other times inappropriately slapsticky. This one is really hard to watch, even if Roger Moore’s 70’s suits look great and the alligator sequence rocks. The song will live on way beyond anyone’s knowledge of the film. Just don’t listen to that Gun N’ Roses version. Verdict: ”Live and Let Die“ is way better than Live and Let Die. “The Man With the Golden Gun” Written by John Barry and Don Black, performed by Lulu (1974) Oh the 70s.",
"I’m so confused by you. Why were there groups singers like Lulu in the 70s? Why did she do this song? Just how much does it suck? Almost as much as the oddly creepy movie? There’s a school of thought which claims James Bond was ruined over the years by too much self-parody in the writing of the scripts. The same might very well be true of the theme songs; with “The Man With the Golden Gun” being a big culprit. Full of sex/killing innuendos, this earworm is definitely one to skip. The movie is slightly better than its theme song, but only because Christopher Lee is in it and he has three nipples. Verdict: Movie is barely better. “Nobody Does It Better” Written by Marvin Hamlisch and Carole Bayer Sager, performed by Carly Simon (from The Spy Who Loved Me, 1977) I know this is going to be hard for everyone to believe but this is easily one of my favorite songs of all time, and my secret favorite among the good James Bond theme songs.",
"Carly Simon’s famous love letter to Bond has been covered by pretty much everyone, but the Aimee Mann version is easily the best and possibly better than the original. Of the various Bond songs which are corny love songs, this is the best. The movie isn’t bad either! Bond meets his match with agent XXX (not Vin Diesel), drives an underwater car, and shoots a dude while skiing. What more do want? It’s too bad the song is so memorable, because it would almost be a tie. But, really, this song could have gone with any Moore-era Bond movie. Verdict: Song is better. “Moonraker” written by John Barry and Hal David. Performed Shirley Bassey (1979) Not sure what they were thinking here. I suppose after a love song worked as the opening theme for The Spy Who Loved Me, the producers figured bringing back the singer of “Goldfinger” (again) was money in the bank. It’s so weird that both of these Shirley Bassey songs after “Goldfinger” are big old clunkers. She’s got a gorgeous voice and in theory this should work, but it’s just weird.",
"Why is this corny love song at the beginning of a movie about Bond flying space ships and shooting lasers? Is this a dream? Obviously because of the aforementioned lasers and the return of Jaws, the movie Moonraker is way better than the song “Moonraker.” Verdict: Movie is better. “For Your Eyes Only” by written by Bill Conti and Michael Leeson, performed by Sheena Easton (1981) I am a huge James Bond fan, but I’m not sure I can tell you what happens in this movie. Part of me is convinced it’s not actually anything more than a series of Bond clichés strung together. Here’s the snow scene! Look, here’s Bond in the casino! Now he’s underwater! I also recall Roger Moore wearing a windbreaker and looking like someone’s lame dad throughout. The theme song however is kind of sweet and is the only Bond opening sequence to actually feature the singer singing to you! The first time a character sings the theme song in a Bond movie is “Live And Let Die” but of course the person singing isn’t Paul McCartney. The only time a singer of the theme song is also a character in a Bond movie is when Madonna appears in Die Another Day.",
"“For Your Eyes Only” was also nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award. Though I’m not crazy about the corny love-song marathon during the Roger Moore era, this one doesn’t really bug me. Though Blondie was originally going to do a song (bummer!) Sheena Easton is fantastic. There’s no question that this forgettable Bond movie is much worse than its sweet little theme song. Verdict: Song is way better, and actually kind of romantic. “All Time High” (From Octopussy) Written by John Barry and Tim Rice, performed by Rita Coolidge. (1983) Wow. This song is terrible. I remember being mortified by its crappiness even as a teenager. The Roger Moore-era is sort of at its worse in Octopussy. The saxophone outro of this song describes the crappiness of the movie and the song perfectly. Shockingly, Tim Rice wrote the lyrics to this cliché nonsense. I’d like to say Maud Adams saves this movie, but she doesn’t, no more than Tim Rice saves the song.",
"In terms of the song/movie competition, it’s slightly close because they’re both so bad, but I’ll have to give it to the movie, if only for the audacious title. Verdict: Movie is better, I guess? “A View To A Kill” written by John Barry and Duran Duran and peformed by Duran Duran. (1985) Boom! Bond is back! In terms of charts and sales, this is still the most popular James Bond theme song, ever. That’s right, Duran Duran beat Paul McCartney! Apparently it was also Duran Duran’s idea to do a James Bond theme song, after the bassist John Taylor asserted that nobody decent ever does the theme songs. Is the movie any good? Well, it’s got Christopher Walken, Patrick Macnee, AND Grace Jones, so it’s watchable as hell. But, Roger Moore looks terrible in it and the film has a general suckiness to it. Overall, it’s super fun. However, the contest between song and movie is pretty obvious in this one. Verdict: Song is WAY better.",
"“The Living Daylights” written by John Barry and Ah-ha, performed by A-ha (Also “If There Was a Man” by the Pretenders, 1987) After over a decade of Roger Moore as Bond, Timothy Dalton stepped into the role for what was a slightly more serious version of the famous agent. This was the last Bond film scored by John Barry, and featured an upbeat opening track by A-ha. It’s funny how the successful Bond theme songs sometimes would create a trend of other very similar types of songs. After “Nobody Does It Better” became a success, all Bond movies had saccharine love songs. After “A View To A Kill” killed it, the producers seemed to have ordered a pop-replacement in the form of “The Living Daylights.” For being a poor man’s “A View To A Kill,” “The Living Daylights” isn’t all that bad. For novelty reasons only, I sometimes prefer it to “A View To A Kill.” The movie isn’t half bad either. Though, on balance, everything here is just okay.",
"And because the song really is a poor man’s “A View To A Kill,” and the movie has a scene in which Bond rides a cello case like a sled, the movie wins by a small margin. Oddly, this is an instance in a Bond movie where there’s randomly another song sung over the closing credits. It’s called “If There Was a Man” and it’s by The Pretenders. I guess they were trying to make a big deal out of Dalton’s debut by giving him two songs? This one doesn’t have any impact on me at all, and there was a man, but so what? Verdict: The movie is a little better. Though I really irrationally love this song. “License To Kill” written by Narada Michael Walden, Jeffrey Cohen and Walter Afanasieff. Performed by Gladys Knight and “If You Asked Me To” written and performed by Patti LaBelle. (1989) I feel like with this song the Bond franchise is splitting the difference.",
"On the one hand this is a sort of old school love song from the Roger Moore era, but on the other hand it’s kind of got some throwbacks to “Goldfinger.” (It even uses some of the horn line from that one.) I actually quite like this song and I think there’s something slightly more romantic about it than it lets on. Like the previous Bond film, this one also has a second song sung over the end credits; the Patti LaBelle song “If You Asked Me To” which was covered by Celine Dion years later. It’s pretty obvious why Celine took it; it’s a belter of a big epic love song. Totally great. Weird that it’s in this James Bond movie. The movie is sort of just okay. Though I’m always bonkers for the “Bond goes rogue” premise, this one has a lot of third act problems which really bury the movie in a confusing mess filled with semi-trucks and missile launchers. If you have to choose between the two, I think the Gladys Knight music video is sort of genius. Verdict: The song is better and Gladys Knight looks great in a tux.",
"“GoldenEye” written by Bono and the The Edge, performed by Tina Turner (1995) Despite some corny hacker stuff, GoldenEye holds up as being a really great Bond movie and easily remains the best of the four Pierce Brosnan outings. And the theme song is awesome! Written by Bono and The Edge of U2, this one feel like a classic era Bond song, but is somehow new and catchy every time you hear it. The opening title sequence was really hot and the music video with Tina is great. I’m sort of bummed out she’s not in the movie playing some awesome MI6 inventor or something. Not since Mad Max: Beyond Thunderdome has a movie needed Tina Turner more. Further, considering how long Bond had been away, they needed some big guns like Tina. Verdict: The song is better. Come on. It’s Tina Turner. Why did it take them so long to get her to do one of these anyway? “Tomorrow Never Dies” written and performed by Sheryl Crow and “Surrender” written by k.d. lang and David Arnold and perfromed by k.d. lang.",
"(1997) The 1990s are a weird time for James Bond movies, and the choice of Sheryl Crow for this one seems super arbitrary. I actually don’t mind Sheryl Crow at all, but this is not one of her better offerings. I mean that “Steve McQueen” song of hers is better than this. Tomorrow Never Dies the film is also a huge step backwards after GoldenEye and the feeble attempt the song is making to be catchy parallels the feeling you get from the movie: it’s just trying a little too hard. Oddly, there’s again another theme song in this movie which is much better called “Surrender”written with new Bond composer David Arnold and performed by k.d lang. This song is totally awesome, sounds like a Bond theme, and was relagated to end-credtis status by the producers. Bummer! (But here’s a fan-edit with the good k.d.",
"lang song for the opening credits.) Verdict: The movie Tomorrow Never Dies is slightly better than the song “Tomorrow Never Dies” BUT, the k.d lang song “Surrender” is way better than Tomorrow Never Dies and “Tomorrow Never Dies.” “The World is Not Enough” written by David Arnold and Don Black, performed by Garbage. (1999) I really like this one. It’s got something really old-fashioned about it, but it also rocks. I think Garbage is great. (I mean really, who hasn’t jammed out to “I’m Only Happy When it Rains?”) The movie is sort of a mixed bag. It’s pretty hard not to be offended by the presence of Denise Richards, but the rest of the story is actually not bad. I like the way Bond gets screwed over in this one and the way M is in on the action. But, really, you could hear the song and never care about the movie one bit. Apparently David Arnold really wanted this one to sound like a John Barry-era song. It worked and Shirley Manson sounds like she’s time-traveled straight from 1963. Verdict: The song is way, way better than the movie.",
"“Die Another Day” written and perfromed by Madonna (2002) It’s shocking no one thought to get Madonna to do a Bond theme before this one. With Die Another Day the franchise was pulling out all the stops because, at the time, it was the 40th anniversary of the Bond film franchise. In terms of a movie, I think Die Another Day is probably the worst James Bond movie of all time, if only because it’s such a cynical mess. (Though it does have a great pre-title sequence) It’s hard to believe this is the same James Bond from GoldenEye. However, I think Madonna’s theme song is a great techno-dance track and totally belongs in a James Bond movie. It’s rad. This music video in which she fights herself contains probably more James Bond references than the actual movie. It’s also sort of the best anyone could hope for in terms of being entertained by the weird medium of music videos based on songs written for movies. It should feel cynical, but it doesn’t. Verdict: The song is way better. “You Know My Name” (From Casino Royale, 2006) written by David Arnold and Chris Cornell. Performed by Chris Cornell.",
"Initially, I wasn’t crazy about this one mostly because I couldn’t get behind Chris Cornell’s voice. But as I’ve watched Casino Royale several times since, the song has really grown on me. I think it really hits me in an early scene when Bond is driving a fork lift and the awesome orchestra version of the theme sort of blasts through. It’s a great touch. Now, obviously Casino Royale is awesome and a nearly perfect Bond movie. I can’t say enough good things about it. It’s also the most faithful to the novels, which gives it huge points in my book. Verdict: The movie is way better by virtue of being maybe the best James Bond movie ever. “Another Way to Die” (From Quantum of Solace, 2008) written by Jack White. Perfomed by Jack White and Alicia Keyes. Still loving Daniel Craig as Bond even though Quantum of Solace is totally terrible feels weird. What is even happening in this movie? I know D. Craig is supposed to be the dark, brooding Bond, but the complete lack of humor in this movie is shocking. There’s something almost depressing about the movie’s lack of thematic focus. However, the song by Jack White and Alicia Keyes is excellent.",
"Not since Tina Turner, Bono and The Edge have the Bond songs had such talented musicans around. What a waste to use them on this odd duck of a James Bond movie. They’re the only duo in Bond song history thus far! The song is catchy and hot and this music video with them is even cooler than the Madonna ”Die Another Day“ entry. Verdict: The song is way better, if only because Jack White had the good sense to avoid using the word “quantum” in the lyrics. “Skyfall” for Skyfall (2012) Written by Adele and Paul Epworth. Performed by Adele The last time a Bond theme song was actually written and performed by someone from the U.K. was Duran Duran’s A View to a Kill. And though there’s been some quality ones since then, Adele’s “Skyfall” is absolutely beautiful. This one is a kind of crossroads between an old-school “Goldfinger” style theme (insofar as it incorporates the James Bond Theme) and a contemporary song written by a cool contemporary artist. The song is lush and gorgeous and is made all the better by the excellent title sequence.",
"I’d heard “Skyfall” before I saw the film, but the music gave me shivers in the theatre. Adele is also the first woman to feature by herself as a vocalist since Madonna’s Die Another Day. Unlike that one, Adele’s cool song opens up an awesome James Bond movie. Verdict: The movie is really great, and the song is too. Likely they’ll be remembered together. Though, unlike “Live and Let Die” or a “A View to a Kill, “I can’t see myself putting “Skyfall” on the jukebox. Then again, Skyfall the movie isn’t exactly casual viewing. There you have it readers/listeners. The history of James Bond theme songs is long and strange. If there’s one overall pattern I’ve noticed it’s this: when the film’s composer is not writing the theme song, and instead total creative control is left to that artist, the songs tend to be better and more memorable. But, without John Barry, and now David Arnold (who also now scores Sherlock), we certainly wouldn’t know what Bond sounds like in general, meaning their influence can’t be stressed enough.",
"Now, dear readers, tell me which theme songs you loved, which movies you thought were better than their songs and vice versa. Let’s shake things up 007 style! Ryan Britt is a staff writer for Tor.com. If you see him walking around lip-synching to his iPod, the chances of the song being “For Your Eyes Only” are really high."
] |
Who was Israeli Prime Minister from 1969 to 1974?
|
Golda Meir
|
[
"Golda Meir",
"Golda Meyerson",
"גּוֹלְדָּה מֵאִיר",
"Golda Mabovitz",
"Goldie Mabovitch",
"Golda Myerson (Meir)",
"Голда Мабович",
"Golda Mabovitch"
] | 9,934
|
[
"Golda Meir Biography (Prime Minister of Israel) Prime Minister of Israel Died: 8 December 1978 (cancer) Birthplace: Kiev, Russia(now the Ukraine) Best known as: The first female prime minister of Israel Name at birth: Goldie Mabovitch Golda Meir was the fourth prime minister of Israel and one of the most visible women in international affairs for nearly two decades. Born in Russia but raised in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, she settled on a kibbutz in British Mandate Palestine with her American husband, Morris Meyerson, in 1921. As Golda Meir (her adopted name), she became active in Zionist politics, and after Israel gained independence in 1948 she served as ambassador to the Soviet Union (1948), was elected to the Knesset (1949) and was named the country's foreign minister (1956-65). Strong-willed and fiercely protective of Israel, she became an international symbol of Israeli resolve. After the death of Prime Minister Levi Eshkol in 1969, Meir came out of retirement to become, at age 71, prime minister.",
"Her handling of the Arab-Israeli War of 1973 (the Yom Kippur War) was widely critized, as were her attempts to garner peace for Israel after the war, and she resigned in 1974. She was succeeded by Yitzhak Rabin . Meir published an autobiography, My Life, in 1975. Extra credit: Meir and Meyerson were married in 1917. They separated in 1928, but never divorced. They had two children: Menaham (b. 1924) and Sara (b. 1926)… She was played by Ingrid Bergman in the 1982 TV movie A Woman Called Golda… In the stage play, Golda, she was portrayed by Anne Bancroft . Copyright © 1998-2017 by Who2?, LLC. All rights reserved.",
"Golda Meir | prime minister of Israel | Britannica.com prime minister of Israel Alternative Titles: Goldie Mabovitch, Goldie Myerson Golda Meir Golda Meir, original name Goldie Mabovitch, later Goldie Myerson (born May 3, 1898, Kiev —died Dec. 8, 1978, Jerusalem ), a founder and fourth prime minister (1969–74) of the State of Israel . Golda Meir, 1969. David Rubinger—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images In 1906 Goldie Mabovitch’s family emigrated to Milwaukee , Wis., where she attended the Milwaukee Normal School (now University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee) and later became a leader in the Milwaukee Labor Zionist Party. In 1921 she and her husband, Morris Myerson, emigrated to Palestine and joined the Merẖavya kibbutz .",
"She became the kibbutz’s representative to the Histadrut (General Federation of Labour), the secretary of that organization’s Women’s Labour Council (1928–32), and a member of its executive committee (1934 until World War II). During the war, she emerged as a forceful spokesman for the Zionist cause in negotiating with the British mandatory authorities. In 1946, when the British arrested and detained many Jewish activists, including Moshe Sharett , head of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency, Goldie Myerson provisionally replaced him and worked for the release of her comrades and the many Jewish war refugees who had violated British immigration regulations by settling in Palestine . Upon his release, Sharett took up diplomatic duties, and she officially took over his former position. She personally attempted to dissuade King Abdullah of Jordan from joining the invasion of Israel decided on by other Arab states. On May 14, 1948, Goldie Myerson was a signatory of Israel’s independence declaration and that year was appointed minister to Moscow. She was elected to the Knesset (Israeli parliament) in 1949 and served in that body until 1974.",
"As minister of labour (1949–56), she carried out major programs of housing and road construction and vigorously supported the policy of unrestricted Jewish immigration to Israel. Appointed foreign minister in 1956, she Hebraized her name to Golda Meir. She promoted the Israeli policy of assistance to the new African states aimed at enhancing diplomatic support among uncommitted nations. Shortly after retiring from the Foreign Ministry in January 1966, she became secretary general of the Mapai Party and supported Prime Minister Levi Eshkol in intraparty conflicts. After Israel’s victory in the Six-Day War (June 1967) against Egypt , Jordan, and Syria, she helped merge Mapai with two dissident parties into the Israel Labour Party . Upon Eshkol’s death on Feb. 26, 1969, Meir, the compromise candidate, became prime minister. She maintained the coalition government that had emerged in June 1967. Meir pressed for a peace settlement in the Middle East by diplomatic means. She traveled widely, her meetings including those with Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania (1972) and Pope Paul VI at the Vatican (1973).",
"Also in 1973, Meir’s government was host to Willy Brandt , chancellor of West Germany . This newsreel clip shows Israeli prime minister Golda Meir presiding over the Knesset in 1969 … Stock footage courtesy The WPA Film Library Britannica Stories BBC ON THIS DAY | 7 | 1969: Israel elects first female leader About This Site | Text Only 1969: Israel elects first female leader Golda Meir, the \"grand old woman of Israeli politics\", is to become the first female prime minister of Israel. The 70-year-old's candidature was officially accepted by the Labour Party in Tel Aviv after she received 287 votes from her own central committee. Forty-five MPs abstained. On Sunday she will formally succeed her political friend and colleague Levi Eshkol, who died of a heart attack last week.",
"I have faced difficult problems in the past but nothing like the one I'm faced with now in leading the country Golda Meir Mrs Meir, who has come out of retirement to take up the role, pledged to maintain national unity and called on the people who worked with Mr Eshkol to \"continue in the same framework\" in her government. She added: \"I have never failed to accept party decisions and I shall not refuse now. \"I have faced difficult problems in the past but nothing like the one I'm faced with now in leading the country.\" With her party controlling the largest faction in parliament, Acting Prime Minister Yigal Allon and Defence Minister Moshe Dayan have agreed to step aside and reserve their own bids for power until later in the year. Following their decision, she was the only nominee put forward before the central committee. Mrs Meir, a former schoolteacher in America, previously served as Israeli foreign minister for 10 years before she retired following ill health. Because of her age and condition, her appointment is regarded by many as a stop-gap, intended to maintain national unity before the Labour Party chooses a leader for the October general elections. Many supporters within the party consider General Dayan to be a more suitable candidate.",
"Acting Prime Minister Mr Allon also has substantial backing within the party leadership. Both are younger than Mrs Meir and considered national heroes. Despite such opposition, General Dayan, who is expected to retain his post as defence minister, said he would be honoured to work with Mrs Meir. Her government is expected to reflect the same parties and ministers who previously served under Mr Eshkol. Details of her new cabinet will be announced in the next few days. Golda Meir - Israel & Judaism Studies Golda Meir GOLDA MEIR 1898-1978 (Prime Minister of Israel 1969-1974) See also The Creation of Modern Israel and relevant articles under Israel after 1948 for additional context. In her autobiography My Life Golda Meir recalled her feelings when the Labour Party called on her to assume the office of Prime Minister of Israel following the death of Levi Eshkol in 1969: “I became Prime Minister because that was how it was, in the same way that my milkman became an officer in command of an outpost on Mount Hermon.",
"Neither of us had any relish for the job, but we both did it as well as we could.” It was statement typical of a lifetime shaped by a sense of duty arising from her Jewish experience. Born to the family of a carpenter in Kiev in the Ukraine, she was a five-year old child living in Minsk in 1903 at the time of a “pogrom” in neighbouring Kishinev. In the rampage inspired by a medieval-style “blood libel”, which took place with the complicity of the Tsarist authorities, 49 Jews lost their lives, more than 500 were seriously injured, and some 700 houses and 600 Jewish shops were looted and destroyed. That year Golda’s father left for Milwaukee in the United States, and three years later he had saved enough to send for his family. The Kishinev pogrom was just one of a continuing wave of anti-Jewish outbreaks of slaughter and destruction which swept through Russia after the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881.",
"Alexander II, the “liberal” Tsar who had emancipated the Russian serfs, had not enforced many of the anti-Jewish laws of his predecessors, and the five million Jews of Russia looked forward to emancipation under his rule. His successor, Alexander III, on the other hand, proclaimed himself as “proud to be an autocrat”. He encouraged the pogroms and revived the laws of Nicholas I, including the so-called “Nicholas system” under which twelve year-old Jewish boys were conscripted into the army for 25 years, and Jews were allowed to reside only in specified regions and towns. Between 1881 and 1914 over two and a quarter million Jews left Russia for the United States. Others fled elsewhere, to Germany and the Austrian empire, to Britain, Canada and Australia. It was also the time of the birth of the modern Zionist movement, epitomised in the writings of Dr Leo Pinsker, a Jewish leader who had previously worked for Jewish emancipation. In his pamphlet Auto-emancipation written in 1881, he now came to a pessimistic diagnosis: “Judeophobia is a psychic aberration.",
"As a psychic aberration it is hereditary, and as a disease transmitted for two thousand years, it is incurable... The Jewish people have no fatherland of their own, though many motherlands…We must have a home if not a country of our own.” 1881 was also the year in which the first of a few thousand young Jews left Russia to re-build the land in the deserts and malarial swamps of Turkish Palestine. One year before Golda’s birth, in 1897, Theodore Herzl had created an organised international Zionist movement, dedicated to the restoration of the land of Israel, and the first World Zionist Congress was held at Basle in Switzerland. When Golda arrived in America in 1906, a second wave of immigration to Palestine had followed renewed outbreaks in Russia. As a young teacher in America Golda became an active member of the Labour Zionist party, and represented Milwaukee as a delegate to the American Jewish Congress. In 1924, she and her husband Morris Myerson left for Palestine, then under the British Mandate after the First World War, and joined a kibbutz – a Jewish communal settlement.",
"In those early years of Jewish settlement the kibbutz system, operating on the community-based principle “from each according to capacity and to each according to need”, played a major role in the agricultural development of the country in a harsh and unpromising environment. Golda eventually became an active participant in the Jewish political life of Palestine. By 1934 she was an executive committee member of the Histadrut, the “General Confederation of Jewish Labour”. Like the Kibbutzim (pl.) the Histadrut also played a key role in the economic development of the country. It began as the sole trade union of the Jewish population. However in the absence of an economic base for capital formation, it became necessary for the Histadrut to undertake the task of creating and administering the first large-scale industrial enterprises and financial institutions. By the time Golda became an executive member, the organisation was both defending the rights of Jewish workers and running the leading building and housing company, a bank, a health service and an industrial conglomerate.",
"In 1938 Golda Myerson attended as the “Jewish observer from Palestine” at the International Conference on Refugees which was called at the resort town of Evian-les-Bains in France. It was a critical moment in Jewish history. The Nuremberg laws depriving the German Jews of their civil rights had been proclaimed in 1935, and the first concentration camp had been opened at Dachau. Germany still allowed its Jews to leave, but the doors of Palestine had been effectively closed by the British. Except for the Dominican Republic and Shanghai, no country would allow the free immigration of refugees. The Australian delegate at Evian, Colonel T.E. White, reflected the mood of the Conference in a memorable statement: “As Australia has no racial problem, we are not desirous of importing one”. In the end Australia agreed to take one of the larger quotas, 9000 refugees over a period of three years.",
"Golda’s reaction to the Conference was a wish which was almost fulfilled: “There is only one thing I hope to see before I die and that is that my people should not need expressions of sympathy any more.” After the Second World War and the murder of six million Jews (including one and a half million children) in the Nazi Holocaust, the British Mandatory authority effectively closed the gates of Palestine to the survivors. Eventually the Jewish uprising led Britain to announce its intention to withdraw from the Mandate and to refer the issue to the United Nations. During this period Australia’s UN representative Dr. H.V. Evatt (later federal leader of the ALP and Chief Justice of NSW) played an active role in formulating the partition proposal which called for the creation of Israel and a Palestinian state in an economic union, and he was the President of the UN General Assembly at the time the Partition Resolution came to a vote in November 1947. As the UN vote on the Partition Resolution approached, the Jewish Agency, which was at that time the self-governing authority of the Jewish population, prepared for the expected outbreak of hostilities after the Palestinian Arabs rejected partition.",
"In particular the Agency sought the neutrality of King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan, whose Arab Legion, British trained and commanded, was the strongest military force in the region. The task fell to Golda as acting Head of the Political Department of the Agency. The first secret meeting between Golda and Abdullah took place in a house on the Jordan River. Abdullah said that he would not join in any Arab attack, and suggested a further meeting after the UN vote. In May 1948, as Israel’s independence approached, the Arab Legion attacked the Etzion Bloc, a cluster of four Jewish villages near Jerusalem. On 10 May, disguised in Arab costume and accompanied by one of Abdullah’s Bedouin retainers, Golda was smuggled through Trans-Jordan to the King’s palace in Amman. Her mission was to obtain Abdullah’s agreement to a peace on the basis of the UN partition. As she described the conversation in her memoirs, she began by bluntly asking the King “Have you broken your promise to me, after all?” The King responded: “When I made that promise, I thought I was in control of my own destiny, and could do what I thought right.",
"But since then I have learned otherwise.” He then suggested that war could be averted. “Why don’t you wait a few years? Drop your demands for free immigration. I will take over the whole country and you will be represented in my parliament. I will treat you very well and there will be no war.” (Even after he had joined with the seven other countries of the Arab League in the 1948 invasion of Israel, Abdullah was still widely accused of being too accommodating to the Jews. He was assassinated on 20 July 1951 in the Al Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem – at a memorial service for the prime minister of Lebanon, himself assassinated by a Syrian nationalist five days earlier. He was succeeded by his grandson Hussein.) On 14 May 1948, in a ceremony at the Tel Aviv Museum, the State of Israel came into existence with the signing of the Declaration of Independence.",
"The new state would be based on “freedom, justice and peace, as envisaged by the prophets of Israel”, and the Declaration appealed to the Arabs of Israel to “participate in the up-building of the State on the basis of full and equal citizenship.” Golda Myerson attended the ceremony as one of the 38 signatories to the Declaration. In September 1948, at the height of the Arab invasion, Golda arrived in Moscow as Israel’s first Minister to the Soviet Union. It was a country with a history of intense opposition to Zionism, including the deportation of Zionists to the prison camps of Siberia and laws against teaching the Hebrew language. Nevertheless the Russians had seen the establishment of Israel as a strategic counter to British and American influence in the Middle East, and the Soviet Union had been among the first to give de jure recognition to the new State. When Golda attended the Central Synagogue in Moscow for the Jewish New Year she received a rapturous welcome from some 50,000 Jews enthusiastically cheering in the surrounding streets. The Soviet authorities were alarmed. The leading Yiddish journal was closed down, and the Jewish Anti-fascist Committee was dissolved and its members arrested.",
"Nevertheless the Soviets agreed to provide diplomatic support and to facilitate military supplies. Most important was an airlift of armaments from Czechoslovakia which were crucial to Israel’s survival in 1949. In the next few years, however, the Russians found it more useful to support Arab nationalist movements than to support Israel as a means of contesting British power in the Middle East, and relations progressively deteriorated. The Prague show trial of Jewish Communist officials in 1952, complete with a conspiracy of Israeli “spies”, was followed by the “Jewish doctors’ plot” in 1953, in which Stalin’s physicians were accused of attempting to poison him. An exponential growth of officially promoted anti-semitism followed, and then the first formal break in diplomatic relations with Israel as the Russians developed their alliances in the Arab world. In 1949 Golda was elected to the first Knesset (Israel’s Parliament, named after the Knesset Hagedolah, the “Great Assembly” of sages who collated the Hebrew Bible after the return from Babylon in the fifth century BCE). Despite the opposition of some religious members to the appointment of a woman, she became Minister for Labour.",
"She introduced the National Insurance Act and other social legislation, and she was also largely responsible for the enormous housing and infrastructure projects needed to cope with the massive waves of immigration which followed independence. In 1956, she followed the custom of adopting a Hebrew name, changing her name from Myerson to Meir, meaning “burn brightly” and pronounced “May-ear”. (Her husband, Morris Myerson, had died in 1951.) In the same year she became Israel’s Foreign Minister, engaging in the secret negotiations with France before the Suez conflict. It was a time when the interests of Israel, Britain and France coincided. Egypt had nationalized the Suez Canal, which had previously been the property of the British and French companies which had built it. At the same time Egypt closed the Canal to shipping to and from Israel and blockaded the Straits of Tiran at the entrance to the Gulf of Akaba, which would otherwise have provided Israel with alternative access to the Red Sea and the East, including Australia. Meanwhile Egyptian irregular forces, described as Fedayeen, were using the Sinai as a base to mount attacks on Israelis in the south of the country.",
"In the war planned by the three temporary allies, the British and French forces seized the Canal Zone, and the Israelis moved through the Gaza Strip to the Sinai to the Canal and to Sharm el Sheikh on the Straits of Tiran. In preparation for the post-war negotiation, Golda visited those places, and described her impressions: “The area of Sharm el-Sheikh is incredibly lovely; the waters of the Red Sea must be the bluest and clearest in the world, and they are framed by mountains that range in colour from deep red to violet and purple. There, in that beautiful and tranquil setting, on an empty shore, stood the grotesque battery of huge naval guns that had paralysed Eilat for so long. Then I toured the Gaza Strip, from which the fedayeen had gone out on their murderous assignments for so many months and in which the Egyptians had kept a quarter of a million men, women and children in the most shameful poverty and destitution.” Meanwhile the US and the USSR joined in demanding that Israel should evacuate the Sinai desert and should depend on international assurances to maintain access to the Red Sea and to protect Israel from attacks by Egyptian irregular forces.",
"Golda then went to the US to engage in “difficult and fruitless negotiations” with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. Her aim was to convince him that Israel should not be forced to withdraw without a peace agreement with Egypt, or at least a formal non-aggression pact. Eventually, faced with unrelenting American and Russian pressure, Israel agreed to a withdrawal from the Sinai in 1957, on the basis that a United Nations Expeditionary Force would shield Israel’s southern border from attack, and that international guarantees would ensure freedom of navigation through the Straits of Tiran. Significantly, it was the failure of these guarantees and the withdrawal of UNEF that resulted in the war of 1967. One of Golda’s proudest achievements as Foreign Minister, however, was the establishment of positive relationships with countries in the developing world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where Israel provided a “shared experience in nation-building”. On her initiative, Israel sent experts with experience of dealing with some of Israel’s development problems, and provided active assistance in agricultural, public health and education projects.",
"In 1960 Adolf Eichmann, the Nazi official who was in charge of organizing the transport of millions of the Jews of Europe to the extermination camps, was found in hiding in Argentina by Israeli agents. He was seized and smuggled out of the country, and brought to Israel for trial. Argentina accused Israel of violating its sovereignty and demanded that the prisoner be returned. Golda addressed the Security Council with a powerful speech, and eventually Argentina was persuaded to accept an apology and to withdraw its demand for Eichmann’s return. In 1966 Golda retired as Foreign Minister and left the government. However after a short time duty called again, and as Secretary-General of Mapai (an acronym for the “Labour Party of Israel”) until 1968 she worked to bring together the various fragments of the labour movement to form the entity known as the “Labour Alignment”, which resulted in a new stabilization of the Israeli political scene.",
"However she was not part of the government of Levi Eshkol during the Six-day War of 1967, and the intense diplomatic pressures which preceded and followed the war were handled in a rather different style (and with some misgivings in the Cabinet) by the polished and urbane Abba Eban as Foreign Minister. Then, in February 1969, Levi Eshkol died in office. A contest for the succession now arose between Defence Minister Moshe Dayan, a former Chief of Staff and Deputy Prime Minister Yigal Allon, the former leader of the Palmach commando force. In order to avoid a damaging political split the Central Committee of the Labour Alignment called on Golda Meir, now nearly 71 years of age and diagnosed with lymphoma, to return from her retirement and become Prime Minister. The period of her government was momentous. It began during a war and with a fruitless search for peace. A new concept of Palestinian identity emerged, together with the international terrorist strategy of a re-organised Palestine Liberation Organisation under Yasser Arafat.",
"For the first time Jews were permitted to emigrate from the Soviet Union to Israel; the first settlements appeared in the Territories; and Israel was shaken to the core by the surprise attack of the October War of 1973. As the new Prime Minister of a tiny country of three million people (about one-third the size of Tasmania) Golda came to office at a time of national optimism. Two years earlier the forces of Egypt, Syria and Jordan had massed on Israel’s borders. The “guarantees” that Golda had received in 1956 had proved worthless. The United Nations Emergency Force in the Sinai had simply been withdrawn at Egypt’s demand, and Egypt had blockaded the Straits of Tiran in defiance of the international assurances that had been given in 1956.",
"On 25 May 1967 Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser had announced to the Egyptian parliament: “The problem before the Arab countries is not whether the port of Eilat should be blockaded or how to blockade it – but how totally to exterminate the State of Israel for all time.” In a pre-emptive strike on 6 June 1967 Israel had effectively destroyed the opposing air forces on the ground, and gained possession in the ensuing war of the Sinai, the Gaza strip, the West Bank, the Golan and East Jerusalem (including the holy places in the Old City. Then, in Resolution 242 the Security Council had affirmed “the principles which should apply in the establishment of a just and lasting peace”, including the “right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force”. Now, as Golda began her term as Prime Minister in 1969, Israel’s existence was no longer precarious and problematical. The country had survived a threat of attack by its three immediate neighbours, and the Territories now in its possession created a “strategic depth” which provided a sense of security which had not been known since the state was established.",
"The policy adopted by the Israeli government was therefore to demand full recognition by the confrontation states as well as direct face-to-face negotiations with them, in order to achieve a secure long-term peace in exchange for territory as envisaged by Resolution 242. However in 1969 the prospects of such a negotiated peace did not seem to be great. In September 1967 the Arab League Conference at Khartoum had issued the statement which came to be known as the “Three No’s”: “No peace, no negotiations, no recognition.” Dr. Gunnar Jarring, the Swedish ambassador appointed as the United Nations Special Representative to explore peace negotiations under Resolution 242, reached an impasse. He reported to the Security Council that “the Israeli Government was of the firm view that a settlement of the Middle East question could be reached only through direct negotiations between the parties culminating in a peace treaty and that there could be no question of withdrawal of their forces prior to such a settlement.",
"The United Arab Republic and Jordan, for their part, insisted that there could be no question of discussions between the parties until the Israeli forces had been withdrawn to the positions occupied by them prior to 5 June 1967.” Meanwhile on the ground the “War of Attrition” increased in intensity. Immediately after the Six-day War both the Soviet Union and Egypt had decided that it was a political necessity to avenge what they saw as a humiliating defeat. The Russians sent massive arms shipments to Egypt including new MiG fighter planes and improved SAM missiles. Eventually over 10,000 Russian military advisers arrived, and a Soviet naval armada appeared in the eastern Mediterranean. The original Egyptian strategy was a campaign of artillery bombardments across the Suez Canal aimed at the Israeli forces in the Sinai. The intention was to cause a continuous flow of casualties and force the Israelis into a unilateral withdrawal from the Canal. The prospect of any such withdrawal without peace or recognition was as unacceptable to Israel as was the prospect of passively absorbing the bombardment indefinitely. Israel therefore responded with an intensive retaliation, including the bombing of military positions deep inside Egypt.",
"On taking office Golda renewed the call for peace: “We are prepared to discuss peace with our neighbours, all day and on all matters.” Three days later Egyptian President Nasser replied. “There is no voice transcending the sounds of war, and no call holier than the call to war”. As the military situation escalated and the prospect of serious international conflict loomed, the Americans decided to promote a full-scale peacemaking effort, complete with peace plans, international conferences and US-Soviet dialogue. It was a difficult situation for an Israeli government demanding Arab recognition and direct negotiation, and in September 1969, the new Prime Minister flew to Washington to meet with President Nixon. Golda recorded her emotions as Israel’s national anthem Hatikvah (“The Hope of 2000 years”) was played on the White House lawn, but no joint communiqué was issued, and the content of the discussion was never disclosed. By 1970 Israeli and Soviet pilots were engaged in direct combat in the air, and four Russian MiG’s were shot down. As the threat of full-scale warfare intensified, the American peace plans became a less ambitious proposal for a ceasefire.",
"Nasser urged the Russians to accept it and the ceasefire came into effect in August 1970. Despite the continuing stress of international events, Golda Meir maintained her central interest in improving the conditions of life of the poorest segment of the Israeli population. In a televised address to the nation she called for wage increases for the lowest income earners, and for the middle classes to exercise restraint to make those increases possible. Another campaign was to eliminate the problem of High School drop-outs in the development towns. Meanwhile, in the absence of any prospect of a permanent peace treaty, the Meir government developed policies for a benevolent administration of the Territories in the hope that the inhabitants might find this preferable to the previous rule of Jordan and Egypt. Moshe Dayan, who remained as Defence Minister, set the tone for that administration in his instructions to Chaim Herzog, then Military Governor of the West Bank and later President of Israel: “Don’t try to rule the Arabs, let them rule themselves. It’s enough that we suffer from Israeli bureaucracy, they don’t deserve it.",
"I want a policy whereby an Arab can be born, live and die in the West Bank without ever seeing an Israeli official.” In 1969 Israel established the Economic Development and Refugee Rehabilitation Trust, which spent some millions of dollars on infrastructure projects in the camps and provided loans and subsidies for agriculture and new housing. Between 1968 and 1972 agricultural production more than doubled. Per capita income in the West Bank increased by 80% and unemployment in Gaza had been reduced to 2%. In the current conditions of 2005 it is interesting to recall that the journalist Walter Eytan was able to report from Gaza in May 1973 that: “The Arab population is more prosperous, and probably freer, than at any time before, bound by increasing economic and personal ties with Israelis… Where formerly unemployment was endemic and terrorism was rife, today every able-bodied person can find work either in Israel or in the Gaza Strip itself (where in fact a labour shortage prevails at the present time) while terrorist action for the most part belongs to a nightmare of the past.” At the same time Defence Minister Moshe Dayan called for the establishment of “facts on the ground” in the Territories.",
"Immediately after the 1967 Eshkol’s Deputy Prime Minister, Yigal Allon, who had been Commander of the Palmach commando force in the war of 1947-9, proposed a plan for territorial compromise in the event of peace. The aim of the “Allon Plan” was to ensure that Israel would always be protected by a defensive barrier along the valley adjacent to the river Jordan and on the road to the south of Jerusalem. With this objective in mind the Meir government permitted the establishment of some ten small settlements in the Jordan Valley and the rebuilding of four settlements in the “Etzion Bloc” near Jerusalem which had been destroyed by the Jordanians in 1947. The settlements established in the Golan Heights after 1967 were also maintained as a defensive barrier in the absence of peace with Syria. There was also the first settlement which had been established by religious activists returning to the Jewish Quarter in Hebron near the tombs of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, which had been destroyed in the Arab riots of 1929. .",
"East Jerusalem, however, including the holy places of Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the Old City, had been incorporated into an undivided city of Jerusalem under Israeli rule in June 1967. In contrast to the previous Jordanian administration which had forbidden Jewish access, the holy places were now open to the adherents of all religions. Henceforth the indivisibility of a united Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty remained a central doctrine, almost universally supported by Israelis and the Jewish Diaspora, and notwithstanding repeated condemnation by the United Nations. All this occurred within the context of an official policy of opposition to the concept of a Palestinian state as part of any peace settlement, which Golda Meir announced and repeatedly explained. Israel and Jordan were the two state successors to the British Mandate, she noted, and “there is no room for a third. The Palestinians must find the solution to their problem together with that Arab country, Jordan, because a Palestinian State between us and Jordan can only become a base from which it will become even more convenient to attack and destroy Israel.” Meanwhile the Palestine Liberation Organisation had taken took new shape after Yasser Arafat and his Fatah movement gained control at the Palestinian National Assembly in Cairo in July 1968.",
"Arafat’s program was clearly stated: “Our basic aim is to liberate the land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River. We are not concerned with what took place in June 1967 or in eliminating the consequences of the June war. The Palestinian revolution’s basic concern is the uprooting of the Zionist entity from our land and liberating it.” (The Palestine National Charter, incorporating this principle, was adopted by the Assembly at the same conference. It is available, updated to 2005, at although it no longer appears on the official website of the Palestinian Authority.) The PLO acted as a roof body for a dozen different Arab “guerilla” organisations, the most active of which were the Fatah and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, a Marxist group. Initial PLO campaigns in the Territories in 1968 and 1969 were eventually contained by the Israeli military, and in the absence of local support in the Territories for “guerilla” attacks in Israel in the relatively benign conditions of the time, the PLO now embarked on an international campaign of action against soft civilian targets.",
"The first such attack occurred on 13 February 1970, when a Swissair plane was sabotaged and the passengers and crew were killed, and on the same day seven residents of a Jewish old age home in Munich were killed. At the same time the PLO began to establish “state within a state” within Jordan. In September 1970, the PFLP hijacked four international airliners, landed three of them on an airstrip inside Jordan, and blew them up. In the context of the ceasefire with Israel, Egypt closed the PLO offices in Cairo. King Hussein decided to move against the PLO threat to the Hashemite regime, and Jordan erupted into civil war. With Russian encouragement Syrian tanks crossed the Jordanian border and an Iraqi division which had remained in Jordan since 1967, also supported the PLO forces. Eventually an Israel mobilization and US naval deployment persuaded the Syrians and Iraqis to withdraw, and Hussein overwhelmingly defeated the PLO forces. By 1971 their new centre of operations had moved to south Lebanon. The new international campaign against civilian targets now accelerated.",
"On 10 May 1972, gunmen of the “Japanese Red Army” opened fire in Lod airport, killing 27 passengers, including 21 Christian pilgrims. In September 1972, eleven Israel athletes were murdered at the Olympic Games in Munich, by a group calling themselves “Black September” in recollection of Hussein’s defeat of the PLO. The perpetrators who had been arrested by the German authorities were later released following a PLO plane hijack, and most were later tracked down and killed by the Mossad. Meanwhile many of the Jews of the Soviet Union had reacted to the events of the Six-Day War with a campaign for the right to emigrate to Israel. The leaders were arrested and exiled to Siberia, but the campaign gathered force and received international support, and by 1972, 32,000 Jews were allowed to leave. One of Golda’s many trials during this period was an unsuccessful mission to Vienna to persuade the Austrian Premier Bruno Kreisky not to close the transit station for the Soviet emigrants after the PLO bombed an Austrian train.",
"Then, on 6 November 1973, the Soviet-Egyptian-Syrian alliance put into effect their plans to avenge the defeat of 1967. The proposed invasion had been well camouflaged, indeed kept absolutely secret from all but the Presidents and Chiefs of Staff of Egypt and Syria until the day before the attack, with even the military command instructed that they were merely engaged in exercises. Russian advisers were ceremoniously expelled from Egypt in 1972, cordial peace negotiations with the US continued until the last moment, unarmed men strolled along the front lines, and Egyptian officers announced a proposed pilgrimage to Mecca. It was also the time when US President Nixon was deeply enmeshed in the Watergate scandal and threatened with impeachment for his role in the telephone bugging of the Democrat headquarters during the previous election. The invasion began at 2 pm on Yom Kippur, the Jewish Day of Atonement, a day of fasting and prayer on which all but the most essential activity totally ceases in Israel. Following an intense bombardment by missiles and artillery, tens of thousands of Egyptian infantrymen crossed the Canal in boats, bridges were laid, and hundreds of Egyptian tanks raced north through the Sinai desert.",
"As the Israel tanks moved forward to meet them from the mountain passes, they faced a new Soviet secret weapon, the “Sagger” anti-tank missiles, infantry-operated tracer-guided rockets capable of totally destroying their targets and incinerating their crews. At the same time the new Soviet surface-to-air SAM missiles brought down large numbers of Israeli planes. Simultaneously with the Egyptian crossing, Syrian helicopter-borne troops seized the strategic observation point at the summit of Mount Hermon. An artillery bombardment was then followed by the advance of some eight hundred tanks into the Golan Heights, almost entirely overcoming the first Israeli resistance. It appeared that a full-scale invasion of northern Israel was imminent. Israel was caught unprepared for the onslaught. The intelligence assessment had been that the confrontation states were definitely not ready for war, that the observed troop concentrations did not present a threat, and that Israel could rely on the strategic depth created by possession of the Sinai. When knowledge of the impending attack became more definite on the day before the invasion, Golda called an emergency meeting, and it was decided to order a partial mobilization. At Golda’s insistence a pre-emptive strike was ruled out.",
"By the second day of the war the Israeli cabinet decided that the most urgent threat to Israel’s survival came from the north and that the newly mobilized reserves should be concentrated on the Syrian front. After desperate battles in which the few remaining Israeli tanks held the line, reinforcements arrived and a counter-attack eventually drove deep into Syrian territory, and within artillery range of Damascus. Meanwhile a Soviet airlift, commencing on 8 October, delivered immense quantities of armaments to Egypt. At first the American policy was not to intervene. According to Sachar (see Note 2 below): “Joseph Sisco and the other professionals at the Near East desk favoured a stand-off in the Sinai; Egypt was the key to peace and should not be humiliated once it had reclaimed its honour.” However given the extent of Israeli losses and the scope of the Soviet arms deliveries, it soon became apparent that US interests demanded the prevention of a Soviet-backed military success against an American ally. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger decided that the maintenance of American influence in the Middle East required urgent action, and President Nixon finally authorized the delivery of the desperately needed planes and tanks. The first delivery arrived on 14 October, some eight days after the war began.",
"As Golda was later to claim, her decision not to launch a pre-emptive strike had proved to be a crucial factor in enabling the Americans to come to the rescue at the moment of crisis. As the war progressed the Arab oil producers announced an oil embargo against any nation which assisted Israel. The British and the Europeans responded with an arms embargo on Israel and refused to allow the transit of American arms and planes through their territories. Eventually the Egyptian advance was halted after an immense tank battle in the Sinai, greater in the scope of forces involved than the battle of El Alamein in the Second World War. Then, in a plan devised and led by General Ariel Sharon (Israel’s present Prime Minister), the Israelis forced a bridgehead across the Canal, and established a presence on the Egyptian side which effectively encircled the Egyptian Third Army, which was still on the Sinai side of the Canal. With combined Soviet and Arab pressure the UN Security Council now called for a ceasefire, and this was agreed. Once again Golda called for peace and recognition as a condition for withdrawal, and once again this was frustrated by international pressure. The Arabs intensified the oil embargo, cut production and raised prices astronomically.",
"The Russians threatened to intervene on the ground if the Third Army was not released. A number of third world countries, including the Africans who had benefited from Golda’s plans for co-operative assistance, severed their diplomatic relations with Israel. Eventually, after some months of “shuttle diplomacy” US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger negotiated agreements for “disengagement of forces” with Egypt and Syria. Both agreements required Israel to withdraw from its positions on the ground to new positions some distance back from the ceasefire lines of 1967. In effect the international realities of the “cold war” and the control of oil supplies had denied Israel the opportunity to convert victory into peace. The only achievement was an informal Egyptian agreement to clear the Canal, open it and permit traffic to Israel. It was also a victory which had not come without sacrifice. On the Israeli side over 2,500 young men had been killed. Egypt lost more than 7,700 and Syria more than 2,000 dead. In Israel it was a time of mourning and sober re-assessment, and the government appointed a Commission led by Chief Justice Shimon Agranat to investigate Israel’s intelligence failure and lack of preparedness.",
"However, despite the tragedy of the war, the Labour Alignment was still returned with reduced numbers as the largest party at the election which was postponed from October to December 1973. Eventually Golda formed a coalition which took office in March 1974. In April the Agranat Commission published an interim report which very severely criticized the military leadership, but made no comment on the political responsibility of the government. Ten days after the report was released, and in the face of an outburst of mutual recrimination within the Labour Alignment, Golda Meir resigned. She was succeeded as Prime Minister by Yitzchak Rabin. A postscript. When Anwar Sadat arrived in Jerusalem in 1977 to make his historic offer of peace in an address to the Knesset, Golda Meir was in the receiving line. Later she made a simple comment: “I am looking forward to the day when I can do my shopping in Cairo.” It was a typical Golda remark, communicating immediately the meaning of the peace which Israel longed for, and with a complete absence of rancour.",
"Sadat’s visit to Jerusalem also highlighted the paradox that the peace was arguably achieved because Egyptians had been able to perceive the “War of the 10th of Ramadan” as a great national achievement. On the other hand, despite the eventual hard-fought victory, Israel was badly shaken by the deaths of so many young men in the “Yom Kippur War”. In this sense Golda Meir’s resignation was typical of her leadership in the way in which it reflected the mood of the nation. David Ben Gurion is said to have described Golda as “the only man in the Cabinet”, and she is said to have responded: “How would you like me to describe you as the only woman in the Cabinet?” The apocryphal exchange illustrates much of Golda’s reputation for toughness and clarity of vision - and her insistence on real gender equality to the point of abrasiveness. (There is another account, for example, of a time when there was an outbreak of attacks on women in the street at night, and it was suggested that the women should stay indoors.",
"Golda’s response was that it would be fairer to impose a curfew on the men.) Her formidable clear-sightedness did not, however, imply inflexibility. Indeed her diplomatic skill involved both the ability to convey the essence of Israel’s needs in simple and dramatic terms, and the capacity to recognize when concessions were necessary in the light of the realities of international power. This also required the courage to stand firm against coalition partners who protested against agreements for ceasefires and troop withdrawals without obtaining a formal guaranteed peace. It was unfortunate that that Golda’s term in office ended at a time of diplomatic isolation and a low point in national morale, although she did live to enjoy the national euphoria of the peace with Egypt to which she had contributed some of the foundation. However she is perhaps most remembered for her ability to convey an understanding of the issues facing Israel with a direct eloquence, as a builder of the nation in its early years with a strong concern for those most in need, and for the trust which she inspired as a firm and steady leader in times of crisis. NOTES"
] |
In which country was Angelica Huston born?
|
Ireland
|
[
"Irlanda",
"Island ireland",
"Ireland (region)",
"Irlandia",
"Erin's Isle",
"Airlan",
"Ireland",
"West Coast of Ireland",
"The island of Ireland",
"Island Ireland",
"Ireland (island)",
"Irland",
"HÉireann",
"Ireland Ulster",
"Population of Ireland",
"Irelander",
"Ireland and Ulster",
"Ireland (Island)",
"IRELAND",
"Symbol of Ireland",
"Scotia major",
"Island of Ireland",
"Airlann",
"Mikra Britannia",
"Irelanders",
"Auld Sod",
"Ierne (placename)"
] | 8,737
|
[
"Anjelica Huston - Biography - IMDb Anjelica Huston Biography Showing all 59 items Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (39) | Personal Quotes (13) | Salary (2) Overview (3) 5' 10\" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Anjelica Huston was born on July 8, 1951 in Santa Monica, California, to prima ballerina Enrica \"Ricki\" (Soma) and director and actor John Huston . Her mother, who was from New York, was of Italian descent, and her father had English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Huston spent most of her childhood overseas, in Ireland and England, and in 1969 first dipped her toe into the acting profession, taking a few small roles in her father's movies. However, in that year her mother died in a car accident, at 39, and Huston relocated to the United States, where the tall, exotically beautiful young woman modeled for several years.",
"While modeling, Huston had a few more small film roles, but decided to focus more on movies in the early 1980s. She prepared herself by reaching out to acting coach Peggy Feury and began to get roles. The first notable part was in Bob Rafelson 's remake of the classic noir movie The Postman Always Rings Twice (1981) (in which Jack Nicholson , with whom Huston was living at the time, was the star). After a few more years of on-again, off-again supporting work, her father perfectly cast her as calculating, imperious Maerose, the daughter of a Mafia don whose love is scorned by a hit man (Nicholson again) in his film adaptation of Richard Condon 's Mafia-satire novel Prizzi's Honor (1985). Huston won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance, making her the first person in Academy Award history to win an Oscar when a parent and a grandparent (her father and grandfather Walter Huston ) had also won one.",
"Huston thereafter worked prolifically, including notable roles in Francis Ford Coppola 's - Gardens of Stone (1987), Barry Sonnenfeld 's film versions of the Charles Addams cartoons The Addams Family (1991) and Addams Family Values (1993), in which she portrayed Addams matriarch Morticia, Wes Anderson 's The Royal Tenenbaums (2001) and The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004). Probably her finest performance on-screen, however, was as Lilly, the veteran, iron-willed con artist in Stephen Frears ' The Grifters (1990), for which she received another Oscar nomination, this time for Best Actress. A sentimental favorite is her performance as the lead in her father's final film, an adaptation of James Joyce 's The Dead (1987) -- with her many years of residence in Ireland, Huston's Irish accent in the film is authentic. Endowed with her father's great height and personal boldness, and her mother's beauty and aristocratic nose, Huston certainly cuts an imposing figure, and brings great confidence and authority to her performances.",
"She clearly takes her craft seriously and has come into her own as a strong actress, emerging from under the shadow of her father, who passed away in 1987. Huston married the sculptor Robert Graham in 1992, The couple lived in the Los Angeles area before Graham's death in 2008. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Larry-115 Spouse (1) Daughter of John Huston and Ricki Soma. Lived in Ireland when she was young. Younger sister of Tony Huston . She had a brief career as a model. Currently lives in Pacific Palisades, California. Is the third generation of Oscar winners. Attended Kylemore Abbey High School in Connemara, Ireland. Granddaughter of Walter Huston . Cat lover -- during an appearance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show (1996), she divulged that she has eight outdoor cats and three indoor cats at her Venice, California home. Was offered the role of Annie Wilkes in the horror film Misery (1990), which she turned down. The role went to Kathy Bates . In Blood Work (2002), she works with Clint Eastwood .",
"In White Hunter Black Heart (1990), Eastwood plays a movie director based on her father, John Huston , in a story about his experiences making The African Queen (1951). Her husband Robert Graham was a famous sculptor. Was a member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1990. Older half-sister of Danny Huston and Allegra Huston . Was President of the International Jury of the 53rd San Sebastian Film Festival (2005). Other members of the jury were actress Verónica Forqué , actor Enrico Lo Verso , directors Lone Scherfig and Claude Miller , production designer Dean Tavoularis and writer Antonio Skármeta . President of the Jury at San Sebastián International Film Festival. She decided the Silver Shell for the Best Actor: Juan José Ballesta . [September 2005] Her father, John Huston , directed The African Queen (1951) with Katharine Hepburn and played Gandalf in The Return of the King (1980).",
"Anjelica herself later worked with her father's successor, Ian McKellen , in And the Band Played On (1993) and with Cate Blanchett , who appeared in the trilogy, as well as playing Hepburn in The Aviator (2004), in The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004). Also appearing in The Aviator (2004) was her brother, Danny Huston . In Addams Family Values (1993), Wednesday and Pugsley are forced to watch children's videos. Among them is Annie (1982), which was directed by her father, John Huston . There are three generations of Oscar winners in the Huston family: Anjelica, her grandfather Walter Huston and her father John Huston . They are the first family to do so, the second family were the Coppolas - Francis Ford Coppola , Sofia Coppola , Nicolas Cage and Carmine Coppola . Her performance as Lilly Dillon in The Grifters (1990) is ranked #84 on Premiere magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006).",
"Was a member of the jury at the Venice Film Festival in 1996. Was listed as a potential nominee on the 2007 Razzie Award nominating ballot. She was suggested in the Worst Supporting Actress category for her performance in Material Girls (2006); however, she failed to receive a nomination. Is an avid reader and will read anything she can get her hands on. Was chosen for the role of Morticia Addams in The Addams Family (1991) above singer-actress Cher . Was named one of Barbara Walters ' Ten Most Fascinating People of 1991. Speaks French fluently. Was born while her father was in Africa shooting The African Queen (1951). When she received her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on January 22, 2010, she became the third in the Huston family to do so after her father, John Huston , and her grandfather, Walter Huston . Named after her biological maternal grandmother Angelica Soma, who died when Anjelica's mother Ricki was a child.",
"Parents had an age difference of 23 years and both had children from affairs with other people during their marriage (her father's son, Danny Huston with Zoe Sallis and her mother's daughter, Allegra Huston with John Julius Norwich ). Despite this, they never divorced and remained legally married until her mother died in a car accident when Anjelica was age 18. Was in a relationship with Jack Nicholson (late April 1973 - early January 1990). Presented Myrna Loy with her honorary Oscar on March 25, 1991 at the 63rd Academy Awards ceremony. Her father had English, Scottish, Northern Irish, distant German, and very remote Portuguese, ancestry. Her mother was of Italian descent. Is one of 26 actresses to have won an Academy Award for their performance in a comedy; hers being for Prizzi's Honor (1985).",
"The others, in chronological order, are: Claudette Colbert ( It Happened One Night (1934)), Loretta Young ( The Farmer's Daughter (1947)), Josephine Hull ( Harvey (1950)), Judy Holliday ( Born Yesterday (1950)), Audrey Hepburn ( Roman Holiday (1953)), Goldie Hawn ( Cactus Flower (1969)), Glenda Jackson ( A Touch of Class (1973)), Lee Grant ( Shampoo (1975)), Diane Keaton ( Annie Hall (1977)), Maggie Smith ( California Suite (1978)), Mary Steenburgen ( Melvin and Howard (1980)), Jessica Lange ( Tootsie (1982)), Olympia Dukakis ( Moonstruck (1987)), Cher ( Moonstruck (1987)), Jessica Tandy ( Driving Miss Daisy (1989)), Mercedes Ruehl ( The Fisher King (1991)), Dianne Wiest ( Bullets Over Broadway (1994)), Mira Sorvino ( Mighty Aphrodite (1995)), Frances McDormand ( Fargo (199",
"6)), Helen Hunt ( As Good as It Gets (1997)), Judi Dench ( Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Gwyneth Paltrow ( Shakespeare in Love (1998)), Penelope Cruz ( Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008)), and Jennifer Lawrence ( Silver Linings Playbook (2012)).",
"Was the 91st actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for Prizzi's Honor (1985) at The 58th Annual Academy Awards (1986) on March 24, 1986. She was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6270 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on January 22, 2010. Personal Quotes (13) There were many times when my father [ John Huston ] and I didn't agree, but we always became close again because I tended not to stand up to him for long. I seem to have been drawn to dominating men, like my father and Jack [ Jack Nicholson ]. Age is not enviable in America. It's not applauded all that strongly. You have to take it all with a grain of salt. I have a very full life and I am very happy with where I am now. I don't want to change anything. I once wanted to have children and it was not my choice not to have children but it hasn't broken my heart that I haven't.",
"I think unless you're truly, wholeheartedly prepared to make a full-time commitment, you have to really think about it. I certainly wouldn't adopt children just because everybody in show business seems to be doing it. I like to dance. I probably would have been a dancer. I love music, it's good for the soul and dancing is good for people. I dance on my own, I go to classes, I have that sort of energy. I need to dance. People only need to dance to make them feel happy. What do I think of the Yankees? I'm sorry, I don't follow football. I can't help feeling the world is on this terrible roller coaster where nobody can get it up since the atom bomb. Of course, drugs were fun. And that's what's so stupid about anti-drug campaigns - they don't admit that. I was never happily hedonistic. There's no hedonism without a downside. There were times when I hated my nose. But you grow up and you start to recognize that maybe it wasn't a bad thing that you weren't born Barbie. I've never been the kind of actress whose sole interest was sex appeal, so I think that earns you some longevity.",
"And I like character parts. It's a lot more fun and you don't have to rely on being the taste of the moment. That level of fame is probably very difficult to deal with. People screaming your name in the streets, quite honestly, isn't an audience I'm desperate to capture. I'm lucky. The people who tell me they like my work tend to be the kind of people I might be friends with anyway. I have a really nice audience. It was difficult directing myself. For a woman it's extra-hard because you have to spend an hour and a half in hair and make-up and you're late to set up shots and you're changing clothes in the street and there's no time to recover. I think I'm basically a gypsy. You know, from modeling. [on working with her father John Huston on Prizzi's Honor (1985)] We had a great time on Prizzi's Honor. My father is extremely easy to work with. He chooses his actors, places his confidence in them and lets you get on with it. He is living proof that a director doesn't have to run all over the place.",
"I think people become more watchable after 30, when they have something between their ears. Salary (2) Anjelica Huston Anjelica Huston Nationality: United States Executive summary: The Grifters Anjelica Huston is an American film actress from a preeminent Hollywood family. Her grandfather, Walter Huston , was a stage and screen star who won an Oscar for The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Her father, John Huston , won an Oscar for directing that film, and also directed Prizzi's Honor, where Anjelica won her Academy Award. At 16, she was an extra in the 1967 James Bond spoof Casino Royale. Her first real acting on film was in her father's forgettable A Walk with Love and Death, in 1969. And her first appearance in a typical-Anjelica-Huston role was as \"the woman of dark visage\" in 1976's Swashbuckler.",
"The essential Huston includes the aforementioned Bastard, Prizzi's Honor, Crimes and Misdemeanors, The Grifters, Addams Family Values, Ever After, and The Dead (her father's last film). Her first film as a director was Bastard out of Carolina with Jennifer Jason Leigh and Jena Malone , based on Dorothy Allison's chilling novel about child abuse. It was filmed for Ted Turner 's TNT in 1996, but Turner blew a gasket and said TNT would not show the movie after he saw a rough cut. The film eventually aired on Showtime. Huston possesses dual citizenship, Irish and American. She has made public statements in support of legalized medical marijuana. Huston has no children, and no regrets about it. Father: John Huston (actor, director; b. 5-Aug-1906, d. 28-Aug-1987) Mother: Enrica Soma (\"Ricki\", Russian ballet dancer; b. 1930, d. 1969) Mother: Celeste Shane (stepmother) Brother: Tony Huston (screenwriter, b.",
"16-Apr-1950) Brother: Danny Huston (actor, b. 14-May-1962) Sister: Allegra Huston (adopted) Boyfriend: Bob Richardson (fashion photographer; dated late 1970s to early 1980s) Boyfriend: Jack Nicholson (actor, cohabited 1973-83, dated until 1990) Husband: Robert Graham Jr. (artist, m. 1992) High School: Kylemore Abbey International School, Connemara, Galway, Ireland Anjelica Huston - Photo 1 - Pictures - CBS News Anjelica Huston Next Anjelica Huston poses backstage during the 8th Annual Costume Designers Guild Awards, at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, February 25, 2006 in Beverly Hills. Acting is in her blood.",
"In more than 50 movies, Anjelica Huston played some pretty imposing characters, like her Oscar-nominated role as a con artist in \"The Grifters,\" the ghoulish Morticia in \"The Addams Family,\" and the girlfriend of a mob hit man in \"Prizzi's Honor,\" for which she won an Academy Award. By CBSNews.com senior producer David Morgan Credit: Mark Mainz/Getty Images Left: Director John Huston, with his daughter Anjelica, at the 1961 Berlin Film Festival. Anjelica Huston was born heir to a Hollywood dynasty. Her grandfather, actor Walter Huston, won an Oscar for \"The Treasure of the Sierra Madre.\" It was directed by her father, John Huston, who took home an Oscar, too. Anjelica's older brother, Tony, became an actor and screenwriter, while her younger brother, Danny, also became an actor. Anjelica's nephew, Jack Huston, also took up acting (\"Boardwalk Empire\"). Correspondent Lee Cowan asked Anjelica, \"Did you feel it was a burden, a family burden?\" \"I always liked being a Huston,\" she replied.",
"\"And I always felt like it was my right, and it was my birthright and it was who I was.\" Credit: Courtesy of Scribers Books Anjelica Huston kissed by her older brother, Tony. She was born in Santa Monica, Calif., but grew up on a country estate in Ireland. Credit: Courtesy of Scribers Books Anjelica Huston with her mother, Enrica, a former ballerina who was John Huston's fourth wife; her older brother Tony; and her father John Huston, December 1956 in Tobago. Credit: Courtesy of Anjelica Huston Anjelica Huston in the summer of 1958. Credit: Courtesy of Anjelica Huston Anjelica Huston climbing a tree at age 7. Credit: Stephen Dane/Courtesy of Scribers Books A Huston family portrait in Ireland, 1962. Credit: Courtesy of Scribers Books Anjelika Huston on Victoria, in Rome, 1963. Credit: Courtesy of Anjelica Huston An undated portrait of Anjelica Huston, at the Peggy Carty School in Ireland.",
"Credit: Courtesy of Anjelica Huston When Anjelica was 16, John Huston cast her in her first movie, a medieval romance titled, \"A Walk With Love and Death.\" In a 1987 interview with CBS News, John Huston said it was \"a big mistake\" casting his daughter: \"I put her into a picture at the wrong moment. She wasn't all that good in it.\" Anjelica Huston agreed, telling correspondent Lee Cowan, \"I wasn't ready to work with him. And he was too tough on me, and it was all too personal.\" The critics tore her apart, but the harsh reviews were suddenly replaced by another harsh reality: the death of her mother in a car accident. Credit: 20th Century Fox Left: Anjelica Huston applying makeup backstage at Zandra Rhodes' charity fashion show for the Newsvendor's Benevolent Fund at the Savoy in London, June 13, 1973. Following the death of her mother, Anjelica moved to New York, where she was soon modeling for the likes of Vogue.",
"She also took up with well-known fashion photographer Bob Richardson, who was 23 years older than she. Credit: Tim Jenkins/Courtesy of Scribers Books Anjelica Huston arrives at the 58th annual Academy Awards ceremony with her \"Prizzi's Honor\" co-star Jack Nicholson, March 24, 1986 in Los Angeles. Beginning in 1973, Huston and Nicholson were together for 16 years -- their private life a source of constant speculation. Their relationship was very publicly ended when Nicholson fathered a child with someone else. Credit: AP Photo In the 1985 crime comedy \"Prizzi's Honor,\" Anjelica Huston played Maerose, whose mob family connections include a former boyfriend, hit man Charley (Jack Nicholson). Credit: 20th Century Fox Jack Nicholson, Kathleen Turner, director John Huston and Anjelica Huston in \"Prizzi's Honor\" (1985). Having directed his father to an Oscar win, John Huston had the honor of directing his daughter to one, too.",
"Credit: 20th Century Fox Winners at the 58th annual Academy Awards, March 24, 1986. From left are Best Actor William Hurt (\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\"); Best Supporting Actress Anjelica Huston (\"Prizzi's Honor\"); Best Actress Geraldine Page (\"The Trip to Bountiful\"); and director-producer Sidney Pollack (\"Out of Africa\"). Credit: AP Photo/Lennox McLendon Donal McCann and Anjelica Huston in \"The Dead\" (1987), adapted from a short story by James Joyce. It was the last film directed by John Huston. Credit: Vestron Pictures Angelica Huston as the \"other woman\" in Woody Allen's \"Crimes and Misdemeanors\" (1989). Huston would return in a more comedic role in Allen's \"Manhattan Murder Mystery.\" Credit: Orion Pictures In the 1989 \"Enemies: A Love Story,\" Anjelica Huston played a Holocaust survivor who arrives in New York City to locate her husband, Herman Broder (Ron Silver).",
"Her arrival complicates matters for Broder, for Broder's current wife (Margaret Sophie Stein), and his married lover (Lena Olin). Huston received her second Academy Award nomination, as Best Supporting Actress, for her performance. Credit: 20th Century Fox Anjelica Huston and Robert Duvall in the miniseries \"Lonesome Dove\" (1989), based on the novel by Larry McMurtry. Huston received the first of six Emmy Award nominations for her performance. She has also been nominated for \"Buffalo Girls,\" \"Bastard Out of Carolina,\" \"The Mists of Avalon,\" \"Iron Jawed Angels,\" and \"Medium.\" Credit: CBS Anjelica Huston starred in the comic fantasy, \"The Witches\" (1990), based on the children's book by Roald Dahl, author of \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory.\" Huston played the Grand High Witch leading a convention of witches at an English resort. Credit: Warner Brothers Anjelica Huston, John Cusack and Annette Bening starred in \"The Grifters\" (1990).",
"Based on a novel by Jim Thompson, the modern film noir of con artists received four Academy Award nominations, including Best Actress (Huston), Best Supporting Actress (Bening), Best Director (Stephen Frears), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Donald E. Westlake). Credit: Miramax From \"The Grifters,\" the maternal advice of Lilly (Anjelica Huston) to her son, Roy (John Cusack), a budding con man: \"Get off the grift, Roy. You don't have the stomach for it.\" Credit: Miramax They're creepy and they're kooky, mysterious and spooky... In the 1991 comedy \"The Addams Family,\" Anjelica Huston was draped in the role of Morticia, matriarch of a most unusual clan. Also starring were Raul Julia as Gomez, Carel Struycken as Lurch, Judith Malina as Grandmama, Jimmy Workman as Pugsley Addams, Christopher Lloyd as Uncle Fester, and Christina Ricci as Wednesday.",
"Credit: Paramount Pictures Anjelica Huston and Raul Julia as Morticia and Gomez Addams in the 1993 sequel, \"Addams Family Values.\" Credit: Paramount Pictures In 1992 Anjelica Huston married famed sculptor Robert Graham. At left they are photographed attending a gala at the Geffen Contemporary at MOCA in Los Angeles, California. Graham died in 2008. Credit: Giulio Marcocchi/Getty Images Before \"Prizzi's Honor,\" Anjelica Huston appeared in two of Jack Nicholson's films, albeit in tiny, even uncredited roles: \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" and \"The Postman Always Rings Twice.\" Following Huston's marriage to Robert Graham, Nicholson and Huston appeared together in \"The Crossing Guard\" (1995), written and directed by Sean Penn. They played a couple whose marriage was torn apart following the death of their daughter by a drunk driver.",
"Credit: Miramax Films In the romantic comedy-drama \"Agnes Browne\" (1999), director and star Anjelica Huston played an Irish mother left to fend for her seven children following the death of her husband. Also appearing, as himself, was singer Tom Jones. Credit: USA Films Actresses Anjelica Huston and Lauren Bacall arrive at the 2001 Tony Awards Party June 3, 2001, in Santa Monica, Calif. Bacall was honored with the Julie Harris Lifetime Achievement Award. Credit: Frederick M. Brown/Getty Images Anjelica Huston's first film for director Wes Anderson was \"The Royal Tenenbaums\" (2001), playing the wife of Gene Hackman and mother of Ben Stiller, Luke Wilson and Gwyneth Paltrow. Huston also appeared in Anderson's \"The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou,\" and \"The Darjeeling Limited.\" Credit: Buena Vista Pictures Actors Daniel Benzali, Kelly Lynch and Anjelica Huston participate in an anti-war demonstration on Hollywood Boulevard February 15, 2003 in West Hollywood, Calif.",
"Credit: Frazer Harrison/Getty Images Anjelica Huston played the head mistress of a pre-school academy who finds a surprising competitor when Eddie Murphy opens up his own \"Daddy Day Care\" (2003). Credit: Columbia Pictures Wes Anderson's \"The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou\" (2004) featured Anjelica Huston as the wife of a celebrated oceanographer (Bill Murray) who is searching for the elusive \"Jaguar shark.\" Credit: Buena Vista Pictures After receiving seven Golden Globe nominations for her film and TV performances, Anjelica Huston won the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Series, Mini-Series or TV Movie) for \"Iron Jawed Angels.\" Here she poses with her award at the Beverly Hilton Hotel, January 16, 2005, in Beverly Hills, California. Credit: Kevin Winter/Getty Images Anjelica Huston arrives at the world gala film premiere for \"These Foolish Things,\" at the Odeon Kensington on March 8, 2006 in London.",
"Credit: Chris Jackson/Getty Images Actress Natalie Portman and Anjelica Huston pose at the after-party for the premiere of \"The Darjeeling Limited,\" at the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences, October 4, 2007, in Beverly Hills, Calif. Credit: Kevin Winter/Getty Images Anjelica Huston reteamed with her \"Grifters\" costar John Cusack in the 2007 comedy drama, \"Martian Child,\" about a writer whose adoptive child claims to be from Mars. Credit: New Line Cinema Anjelica Huston is photographed backstage during the 11th annual Costume Designers Guild Awards, at the Four Seasons Beverly Wilshire Hotel, February 17, 2009 in Beverly Hills.",
"Credit: Charley Gallay/Getty Images for CDG Penelope Cruz, winner of the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for \"Vicky Cristina Barcelona,\" poses in the press room with award presenters (from left) Anjelica Huston, Tilda Swinton, Goldie Hawn, Eva Marie Saint and Whoopi Goldberg, at the 81st annual Academy Awards, held at Kodak Theatre on February 22, 2009 in Los Angeles. Credit: Jason Merritt/Getty Images Anjelica Huston as Eileen Rand and Jack Davenport as Derek Wills, the producer and director of a Broadway musical at the center of the TV series \"Smash.\" Credit: Will Hart/NBC Anjelica Huston and Nick Jonas in the \"Smash\" episode, \"The Cost of Art.\" Credit: Patrick Harbron/NBC Anjelica Houston, Debra Messing, Paula Patton, Amber Heard and Jessica Alba, along with Cash Warren and stylist Brad Goreski, attend the Michael Kors Fall 2012 fashion show during Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week, at The Theatre at Lincoln Center, February 15, 2012 in New York City.",
"Credit: Dimitrios Kambouris/Getty Images for Michael Kors Actors-siblings Danny Huston and Anjelica Huston attend a screening of \"Magic City,\" at the Academy Theater at Lighthouse International, March 22, 2012 in New York City. Danny Huston plays the gangster Ben \"The Butcher\" Diamond in the Starz TV series. Danny Huston's other film appearances include \"The Aviator,\" \"The Constant Gardener,\" \"Marie Antoinette,\" \"X-Men Origins: Wolverine,\" Ridley Scott's \"Robin Hood,\" and \"Hitchcock.\" Credit: D. Dipasupil/Getty Images Nobel Peace Prize recipient Aung San Suu Kyi is applauded by Anjelica Huston before a speech to students at Queens College in New York, September 22, 2012. Credit: DON EMMERT/AFP/GettyImages As evident from the just-released first volume of her two-part memoir, \"A Story Lately Told,\" Anjelica Huston says she's as proud to be a Huston now as she ever was -- on her terms, with few regrets.",
"\"At least my life, I can go to the heights and I can go to the depths, and I can find my levels in-between,\" she told Lee Cowan. \"That's a good life.\" Credit: CBS News Left: The cover of the first volume of Anjelica Huston's memoirs. For more info: Anjelica Huston - IMDb IMDb Actress | Director | Producer Anjelica Huston was born on July 8, 1951 in Santa Monica, California, to prima ballerina Enrica \"Ricki\" (Soma) and director and actor John Huston . Her mother, who was from New York, was of Italian descent, and her father had English, Scottish, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Huston spent most of her childhood overseas, in Ireland and England, and in ...",
"See full bio » Born: a list of 25 people created 21 Feb 2011 a list of 40 people created 16 Jul 2011 a list of 22 people created 18 Jun 2013 a list of 35 people created 11 Oct 2015 a list of 32 people created 3 weeks ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Anjelica Huston's work have you seen? User Polls Won 1 Oscar. Another 36 wins & 53 nominations. See more awards » Known For 2014 BoJack Horseman (TV Series) Angela Diaz 1993 Family Pictures (TV Movie) Lainey Eberlin 1982-1983 Laverne & Shirley (TV Series) Miss Paris / Geraldine 2012-2013 Smash (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - The Tonys (2013) ... (performer: \"Under Pressure\" - uncredited) - Previews (2012) ...",
"(performer: \"September Song\") Hide 2002 Making 'Blood Work' (Video documentary short) (special thanks) Hide 2012-2015 The Talk (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2013-2015 Tavis Smiley (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2012-2014 Live! with Kelly (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2013-2014 CBS News Sunday Morning (TV Series documentary) Various / Herself - Guest 2014 And the Oscar Goes To... (TV Movie documentary) Narrator (voice) 2013 Larry King Now (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2013 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2012 Piers Morgan Tonight (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2011 Anderson Live (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2008-2010 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Herself 2008 2008 Britannia Awards (TV Special) Herself 2005-2006 Corazón de...",
"(TV Series) Herself 2006 Richard & Judy (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2005 Ceremonia de clausura (TV Movie) Herself 2005 Ceremonia de apertura (TV Movie) Herself 2005 Hollywood Greats (TV Series documentary) Herself 2004 The View (TV Series) Herself - Guest Herself - Nominee: Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie and Presenter: Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special 2004 Shootout (TV Series) 2003 Tinseltown TV (TV Series) Herself 2003 V Graham Norton (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2003 ABC's 50th Anniversary Celebration (TV Special documentary) Herself 2002 Reel Comedy (TV Series) Herself 2002 Making 'Blood Work' (Video documentary short) Herself (as Anjelica Houston) 2002 The Daily Show (TV Series) Herself - Guest 2000 Pass the Mic (TV Series) Herself 2",
"000 Private View (TV Series documentary) Interviewer 1999 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Herself 1999 Comme au cinéma (TV Series documentary) Herself 1998 Showgirl Stories (TV Movie documentary) Narrator 1998 Intimate Portrait (TV Series documentary) Herself / Narrator 1996 Omnibus (TV Series documentary) Herself 1992 Días de cine (TV Series) Herself 1988 Aspel & Company (TV Series) Herself - Guest 1987 Film 2016 (TV Series) Herself 1986 Saturday Night Live (TV Series) Herself - Co-Host / MAerose Prizzi / Various 1984 The 56th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special documentary) Herself - Audience Member 1984 La nuit des Césars (TV Series documentary) Herself 1982 The 54th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special documentary) Herself - Audience Member (uncredited) 1979 Wings Over the World (TV Movie documentary) Herself (uncredited) 19",
"67 The Hollywood Squares (TV Series) Herself - Miss Circle 'O' - Episode #1.137 (1967) ...",
"Herself - Miss Circle 'O' (as Angelica Huston - Guest O) Hide 2010 Gilles Jacob: CIitizen Cannes (TV Movie documentary) Herself 2009 Cinema 3 (TV Series) Herself 2008 Banda sonora (TV Series) Marcia Fox 2005 El Magacine (TV Series) Herself 2005 E! True Hollywood Story (TV Series documentary) Herself 2004 Spinal Tap Goes to 20 (TV Movie documentary) 2004 Biography (TV Series documentary) Herself 2003 Diva Graham Norton (TV Movie) Herself 1992 Oscar's Greatest Moments (Video documentary) Herself Personal Details Other Works: Wrote the tribute for imprisoned Burmese human rights activist Aung San Suu Kyi 's inclusion in Time magazine's \"100 Most Influential People in the World\" (Heroes & Pioneers section / May 12, 2008).",
"See more » Publicity Listings: 2 Biographical Movies | 3 Print Biographies | 9 Interviews | 5 Articles | 3 Pictorials | 11 Magazine Cover Photos | See more » Alternate Names: Anjelica Houston | Angelica Huston | Angelica Huston - Guest O Height: Anjelica Huston Net Worth - biography, quotes, wiki, assets, cars, homes and more Anjelica Huston Net Worth About Quotes Trivia Born on: 8th Jul 51 Born in: United States Marital status: Single Occupation: Actress Born Anjelica Huston has an estimated net worth of $40 million. Huston, an Academy Award winner is an American actress. She has earned her net worth from her appearances both in television and in films as well as from her previous work as a model. She studied acting in 1980s which in return landed her a notable role in in Bob Rafelson's remake of The Postman Always Rings Twice in 1981.",
"In 1985, her performance in the film adaptation of Richard Condon's Mafia-satire novelPrizzi's Honor won her the Best Supporting Actress at the Oscars. During the 90s she starred in the movie adaptation of The Addams Family and in 1998 in the Hollywood blockbuster, Ever After: A Cinderella Story . She expanded her horizon in the director's chair following her father's footsteps. Her directorial jobs included Bastard Out of Carolina in 1996, followed by Agnes Browne in 1999, in which she both directed and starred, and then Riding the Bus with My Sister in 2005. She and actor Jack Nicholson had an in-off relationship for almost 17 years. Daughter of actor and director John Huston, Anjelica Huston was born in 1951 in Santa Monica, California and spent most of her childhood days in Ireland and England. \"I do like the ocean wave, actually.",
"I'm born under the sign of Cancer - the sign of the crab - so I like coastal areas and sunny beaches and such - although not the wide-open and deep seas.\" \"I don't think it's necessarily healthy to go into relationships as a needy person. Better to go in with a full deck.\" \"Where there is age there is evolution, where there is life there is growth.\" \"Some people had fathers who were bankers or farmers, my father made films, that's how I saw it. As for the movie stars, they were just around, some of them were friends, others weren't, it was all just a part of my everyday life.\" \"My biggest ambition is never to be bored. I'm not aggressive enough to strongly run after being an actress.\" She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in 1985s Prizzis Honor. She received Academy Award nominations for Enemies, a Love Story in 198) and The Grifters in 1990. She received British Academy Award nominations for her work in the Woody Allen films Crimes and Misdemeanors in 1989 and Manhattan Murder Mystery in 1993.",
"She received her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on January 22, 2010. She was named one of Barbara Walters Ten Most Fascinating People of 1991. Family & relationships"
] |
Which record company signed Fabian?
|
Chancellor
|
[
"Chancellier fédéral",
"Chancelier federal",
"Chancellier federal",
"Chancellor",
"Great Chancellor",
"Deputy Chancellor",
"Chancellors",
"Great chancellor",
"Chancellour",
"Staatskanzler",
"Chingsang",
"Temporal chancellor",
"Chancelier fédéral"
] | 8,496
|
[
"Chancellor Album Discography Chancellor Album Discography By David Edwards and Mike Callahan Last update: September 2, 2005 Chancellor records was established in Philadelphia in 1957 by Bob Marcucci and Peter DeAngelis. They were originally housed in a hotel, which had a restaurant called the Chancellor Room, from whence they got their name. The record company benefitted from the exposure they were able to get on the locally-based but nationally broadcast American Bandstand. Almost from the start, Chancellor was distributed by ABC- Paramount. Bob Marcucci was one of the great promoters in rock and roll. He could take good looking, ethnic type teenagers of questionable singing talent and promote them into rock and roll stars. The 1980 movie \"Idolmaker\" was loosely based on Bob Marcucci. The story of how he found Fabian has become a legend. According to Fabian, who was 14 at the time, \" I lived next door to a friend of Bob's. My father had had a heart attack, and there was an ambulance in front of our house. Bob was passing by and thought that his friend might be in trouble. He rushed up, and discovered that his friend was OK.",
"He saw me, and asked if I'd ever thought about making records. I said that I hadn't, but he kept persisting. Several months later, I signed with him.\" Frankie Avalon was another of Chancellor's stars, actually signed even before Fabian. Although he fit the \"teen idol\" image, he had been an accomplished musician for years, playing trumpet for a Philadelphia combo named Rocco and the Saints (led by a schoolteacher). He had recorded starting in 1952 (for RCA) and made many television appearances by the time he decided he wanted to be a singer and signed with Marcucci, figuring if James Darren could be a singing star, why not try it himself? Both Frankie Avalon and Fabian put a long series of hits on the charts from 1958 to 1962, which pretty much kept the label afloat. By 1962, however, Fabian had stopped singing to concentrate on making movies. Frankie Avalon had also stopped having hits and was making a series of \"beach\" movies in Hollywood. With their two major stars gone, Chancellor faded.",
"They tried to make dance records, following in the footsteps of another Philadelphia label, Cameo-Parkway, but were not successful. For all the reputation for finding handsome teen idol-type singers, by the time 1962 rolled around, Marcucci was putting together groups like the Panics who had little of the national appeal of a Frankie Avalon or Fabian. A cover shot of the Panics shows sisters Cindy and Misty (with frightening makeup and expressions) dancing in front of an oldish looking saxophone player (Tony Ferri). [Sonny Richards (drums), Dick Sharp (guitar) and Peter Mastrangelo (keyboards) rounded out the group.] In this case, \"The Idolmaker\" failed. The hit \"Party Lights\" by Claudine Clark was pretty much the last gasp for Chancellor Records. Except for perhaps the earliest recordings, the Chancellor material was recorded in stereo. They issued several stereo 45s in 1959-60. Many of the label's hits, however, never made it to LP, and there have been consistent rumors over the years that some tapes were misplaced. The recent CD issues on Taragon are listed here as an indication of stereo availability on the label.",
"The Chancellor record numbers below are given with the mono number (e.g., CHL-5011) first, followed by the stereo number (e.g., CHLS- 5011). The earliest Chancellor label was pink with black printing, \"CHANCELLOR\" in block letters above the center hole, curved on the perimeter of the label. Deejay versions of this label were white with black print, and this design was used for the deejay labels considerably after the design changed to the black label. The second label is black with silver printing, above the center hole is \"Chancellor\" in red, above which is a crest in red, blue and yellow, with a white banner underneath reading \"Que Je Surmonte\" (French for \"That I May Overcome,\" which was the motto of the Chancellor of Shieldhill in County Lanark, Scotland...quite an obscure reference, to be sure). Later, in the 1970s, Bob Marcucci was involved with Romar Records (the label name no doubt derived from RObert MARcucci), distributed by MGM.",
"Romar's label looked suspiciously like Chancellor's, even down to using the same logo with the crest used with the black Chancellor label, and even the \"Que Je Surmont\" motto. Romar reissued some of the Chancellor material. Today, Marcucci is still involved in the entertainment field, heading up Chancellor Entertainment . We would appreciate any additions or corrections to this discography. Just send them to us via e-mail . Both Sides Now Publications is an information web page, and we have no association with Chancellor Records. Chancellor Records is not currently active. Should you be interested in acquiring albums listed in this discography (which are all out of print), we suggest you see our \"Frequently Asked Questions\" page and follow the instructions found there. This story and discography are copyright 1999, 2003 by Mike Callahan. CHANCELLOR ALBUM DISCOGRAPHY Number - Title - Artist - [Release Date] (Chart) Contents Chancellor CHL/CHLS-5000 Series. Original issues of the first three albums had the pink label. CHL-5001 - Frankie Avalon - Frankie Avalon [2/58] Issued in monaural only.",
"Oooh! Look-A There Ain't She Pretty/Short Fat Fannie/Young Love/Young And Beautiful/Diana/At The Hop/Honey//I'm Walkin'/Litty Bitty Pretty One/Dede Dinah/The Stroll/My Mom/You're My Girl CHL-5002/CHLS-5002 - The Young Frankie Avalon - Frankie Avalon [1959] Stereo information not available. Pretty Eyed Baby/Too Young To Love/Fever/I Can't Begin To Tell You/Trumpet Instrumental (Bella del Mondo)/Hallelujah I love Her So//Undecided/The One I Love/Teach Me Tonight/Shy Guy/Into Each Life Some Rain Must Fall/Hold Me CHL-5003/CHLS-5003 - Hold That Tiger! - Fabian [1959] (5-59, #3) Surprisingly, the hit \"Tiger\" is NOT on this LP!",
"Tiger Rag (S)/Hold Me (In Your Arms) (S)/Ooh What You Do (S)/I Don't Know Why (S)/Please Don't Stop (S)/Lovesick (S)/Gonna Get You (S)//Love Me Love My Tiger (S)/Don't You Think It's Time? (S)/Just One More Time (S)/Cuddle Up A Little Closer (S)/Steady Date (M)/Turn Me Loose (S) At this point, label changes from the pink design to the black design with the crest. Later issues of all three of the albums above have the black label. CHLX-5004/CHLXS-5004 - Swingin' On A Rainbow - Frankie Avalon [1959] (12-59, #9) Cover is gatefold type with 4 pages of Frankie Avalon pictures and a tear out poster of Frankie Avalon.",
"Swingin' On A Rainbow (S)/Secret Love (S)/She's Funny That Way (S)/Sandy (S)/Trouble With Me Is You (S)/Talk Talk Talk (S)//You're Just Too Much (S)/What's The Reason (I'm Not Pleasin' You) (S)/Try a Little Tenderness (S)/Birds Of A Feather (S)/Step In The Right Direction (S)/Them There Eyes (S) CHLX-5005/CHLXS-5005 - The Fabulous Fabian - Fabian [11/59] (12-59, #3) Cover is gatefold type with 4 pages of Fabian pictures and a tear out poster of Fabian.",
"Remember Me (S)/Ain't Misbehavin' (S)/Gotta Tell Somebody (S)/Everything Is Just Right (S)/Gimme A Little Kiss (S)/Learnin' (S)//Gotta Make You Mine (S)/I'm Sincere (S)/You'll Never Tame Me (S)/Any Ole Time (S)/Give (S)/You Excite Me (S) CHV-5006/CHVS-5006 - Hymns Of Heaven And Earth - Vatican Choirs [1960] Stereo information not available. Pange Lingua/Tantum Ergo/Mira Tuo Popolo/Panis Angelicus/Ave Maria/Oremus Pro Pontifice/Crux Fidelis/Tu Es Petrus/Inno A San Pietro/Statuit CHL-5007/CHLS-5007 - Guitar To Remember - Bill Faith [1960] Stereo information not available.",
"Holiday For Strings/Affair To Remember/Girl Next Door/With All My Heart/Mimi/Evening Rain/Trolley Song/Untouchable/Secret Love/Getting To Know You/Jeepers Creepers/Drizzle CHL-5008/CHLS-5008 - Great Pickin' - Al Caiola and Don Arnone [1960] Stereo information not available. Caravan/Cosmopolitan/Foggy Day/Like The Moon Above You/Lover Come Back To Me/On the Alamo/Birds Of A Feather/Tree In The Park/Blue You/Chinese Guitar/Stompin' At The Savoy CHL-5009 - The Hitmakers - Frankie Avalon/Fabian [1960] Issued in monaural only.",
"Why - Frankie Avalon/Bobby Socks To Stockings - Frankie Avalon/I'll Wait For You - Frankie Avalon/Just Ask Your Heart - Frankie Avalon/A Boy Without A Girl - Frankie Avalon/Venus - Frankie Avalon//Tiger - Fabian/Turn Me Loose - Fabian/Mighty Cold (To A Warm Warm Heart) - Fabian/This Friendly World - Fabian/I'm A Man - Fabian/Hound Dog Man - Fabian CHL-5010/CHLS-5010 - Introducing Linda Lawson - Linda Lawson [1960] Are You With Me/Where Flamingos Fly/But Beautiful/Me and My Shadow/You Don't Know What Love Is/Easy to Love/Meaning of the Blues/Mood Indigo/Like Young/Hi-Lili Hi-Lo/Make the Man Love Me/Up Pops Love CHL-5011/CHLS-5011 - Summer Scene - Frankie Avalon [1960] Inside sleeve has song titles and \"Win a Date with Frankie Avalon\" contest. Summer Scene (S)/Did You Ever See A Dream Walking?",
"(S)/If I Had You (S)/Swingin' Down The Lane (S)/On The Sunny Side of the Street (S)/It's Only A Paper Moon (S)/June Night (S)//For Me And My Gal (S)/If You Were The Only Girl In The World (S)/For Sentimental Reasons (S)/Over The Rainbow (S)/Love Letters In The Sand (S)/The Things We Did Last Summer (S) CHL-5012/CHLS-5012 - Good Old Summertime - Fabian [1960] Inside sleeve has song titles and \"Win a Date with Fabian\" contest.",
"Medley: In the Good Old Summertime-You Are My Sunshine-By The Beautiful Sea (S)/Five Foot Two (S)/Memories Are Made Of This (S)/Red Sails In The Sunset (S)/My Blue Heaven (S)/You Call Everybody Darlin' (S)//I Can't Believe You're In Love With Me (S)/By The Light Of The Silvery Moon (S)/Put Your Arms Around Me Honey (S)/Ain't She Sweet (S)/If I Could Be With You (One Hour Tonight) (S)/I Can't Give You Anything But Love (S) CHL-5013 CHJ-5014/CHJS-5014 - Apperception - Jimmy Wisner [1960] Stereo information not available, but probably true stereo. This album was reissued on CD outside the US (probably Europe) on 30 October 2001 on the Blue Moon label. Some tracks may have been remastered from the mono source rather than the stereo. Northcountry Distributors apparently distributed the CD in the US from the import market.",
"Sometimes I Feel Like A Motherless Child/Love Look Away/My Old Flame/Laura/I'll Remember April/Apperception/Baby Shoes/Timeless/Wind/Stella By Starlight CHL-5015/CHLS-5015 - Tonight At 8:30 - Carol Lawrence [1960] Sleepin' Bee/Lazy Afternoon/It Never Was You/This is All Very New to Me/8 others CHL-5016/CHLS 5016 - College Confidential (Soundtrack) - Dean Elliot [1960] Stereo information not available. The Mexican version of the LP (shown at right), issued on Gamma/Chancellor GL-151-003 in 1963, shows a photo of Mamie Van Doren and is considerably more provacative than the US cover.",
"Main Title/Faux Pas/Make The Scene/Breakup/Blues Train/Mad Dad/Lazy Lady/So Be It (Blues)//Wild Ride/Gotta Be Hot Or Cold/Decision/Prelude & Lovers Quarrel/Let's Go/Raid/So Be It (Jazz)/End Title CHL-5017/CHLS-5017 - Wild! Wildwood! Recorded Live - Various Artists [1960] First cover is in the \"exposé\" theme made popular by Confidential Magazine in the 1950s, and is in keeping with theme of CHLS 5016, above. Stereo information not available. Boston Hop - Playboys/Hi Yo Silver - Playboys/One For My Baby - Playboys/Young George - George Young Group/Flyin' Home - George Young Group/What'd I Say - Cousins/Oh Marie - Cousins/When Your Lover Has Gone - Nite-Trons/When the Saints Go Marchin' In - Cousins and Nite-Trons CHL-5017/CHLS-5017 - Wild! Wild!",
"Twist: Recorded Live - Various Artists [1962] Reissue of Wild! Wildwood! with a new cover to take advantage of the \"twist\" dance craze. Stereo information not available. Boston Hop - Playboys/Hi Yo Silver - Playboys/One For My Baby - Playboys/Young George - George Young Group/Flyin' Home - George Young Group/What'd I Say - Cousins/Oh Marie - Cousins/When Your Lover Has Gone - Nite-Trons/When the Saints Go Marchin' In - Cousins and Nite-Trons CHL-5018 - A Whole Lotta Frankie - Frankie Avalon [1961] (10-61, #59) Issued in monaural only.",
"Why/Venus/Bobby Sox to Stockings/Don't Throw Away All Those Teardrops/I'll Wait For You/Don't Let Love Pass Me By/All Of Everything/Where Are You/Togetherness/Dede Dinah/Just Ask Your Heart/Perfect Love/Talk Talk Talk/Two Fools/Call Me Anytime/Ginger Bread/Tuxedo Junction CHL-5019 - Rockin' Hot - Fabian [1961] Issued in monaural only. Tongue Tied/Nobody/Somebody Else/Singin' The Blues/Little Meanie Jeanie/King Of Love//Hey Little Girl/Kansas City/A Special Kind Of Love/Written In The Book/My Babe/Tomorrow CHLX-5020 - Art Of Singing - Carlo Menotti [1961] (2-LP set) Issued in monaural only. Preparatory Exercises/Phrase Fragment/Arpeggio and Rhythm/Minor and Augmented Phrases.",
"With comments from Frankie Avalon, Lucille Ball, Pat Boone, Red Buttons, Bobby Darin, Dion, Maurice Evans, Fabian, Connie Francis, Julius LaRosa, Hal March, Peter Palmer, Carmel Quinn, Dick Rogers, and Dick Roman. CHL-5021 - The Veryest - George Young Revue [1961] Issued in monaural only. Secret Love/Basin Street/Theme For Jacqueline/Birth Of The Blues/Maleguena/Chantilly Lace//Bill Bailey/Mr. Wonderful/And The Angels Sing/Teach Me Tonight/I'll Walk Alone/Heavy Juice CHL-5022/CHLS-5022 - And Now About Mr.",
"Avalon - Frankie Avalon [1961] The Music Stopped (S)/Our Love Is Here To Stay (S)/Lotta Livin' To Do (S)/I Wish You Love (S)/Sail A Crooked Ship (S)/It Started All Over Again (S)//The Lonely Bit (S)/The End Of A Love Affair (S)/Can't You Just See Yourself (S)/What Is This Thing Called Love (S)/Opposites Attract (S)/Standing On The Corner (S) CHL-5023/CHLS 5023 - Dixieland With A Twist - Carpetbaggers [1962] Stereo information not available.",
"Ja-Da/Sweet Georgia Brown/Southern Style/Carpetbagger's Twist/Preacher/All Heart No Soul/Hand Me Down My Walking Cane/Some Of These Days/I'm a Ding Dong Daddy From Dumas/How Come You Do Me Like You Do/Rock A Bye Your Baby With a Dixie Melody/Alexander's Ragtime Band Pep Twist CHL-5024/CHLS-5024 - Fabian's 16 Fabulous Hits - Fabian [1962] Stereo information not available. Hong Kong/I'm A Man/Come On And Get Me/Gonna Sit Right Down And Write Myself A Letter/Kissin' And Twistin'/Stop Thief/Love That I'm Giving You/Tiger/Just Keep On Going/About This Thing Called Love/Got The Feeling/Strollin' In The Springtime/String Along/Hypnotized/Long Before/Turn Me Loose CHL-5025/CHLS-5025 - Italiano - Frankie Avalon [1962] Stereo information not available.",
"Italiano/Non Ti Scordar Di Me/Anema E Core/Non Dimenticar/Don't Ever Leave Me/Just Say I Love Her/Zingarella/You're Breaking My Heart/Solo Tu/Tornerai/You're My Rose/Capuccina CHL-5026/CHLS-5026 - Panicsville - Panics [1962] Stereo information not available. Bony Moronie/New Orleans Twist/Please Mr. Postman/French Twist/Money/Panicsville//Ram-Bunk-Shush/Swingin' Shepherd Twist/Lucille/Mystery Train/Twistin' Good/Peter Gunn Twist CHL-5027/CHLS-5027 - You Are Mine - Frankie Avalon [1962] Stereo information not available.",
"You Are Mine/I'll Buy That Dream/I'll See You In My Dreams/I Care For You/I'll Never Stop Loving You/Yes I'm In Love//The More I See You/Honestly I Care/Sunday Monday or Always/If I Had You/If You Were The Only Girl In The World/With You With Me CHL-5028/CHLS-5028 - Dance On The Wild Side - Various Artists [1962] Stereo information not available. Fat Backs And Greens - Playboys/Duck Walk - Playboys/Hey Mrs. Jones - Playboys/Flamingo - Cousins/Twistin' Marie - George Young Group/Night Train Twist - Playboys//Take A Chance On Love - Playboys/Booty Green - Playboys/Clappin' - Playboys/St. Louis Blues Twist - Cousins/Goody Goody - Cousins/Birdland Hully-Gully Twist - George Young Group CHL-5029 - Party Lights - Claudine Clark [1962] Issued in monaural only.",
"Party Lights/Foxy/Havin' A Party/Happy Birthday Baby/Disappointed/Dancin' Party//Freddy Blue Eyes/Your Love/My Turn To Laugh/What Kind Of Party/Somebody Else Is In My Place/Party Time CHL-5030 CHL-5031/CHLS-5031 - Christmas Album - Frankie Avalon [1962] Stereo content not available.",
"A Merry Christmas/Blue Christmas/Christmas Magic (The Meaning of Christmas)/White Christmas/You're All I Want For Christmas/Christmas Holiday//Christmas And You/Dear Gesu Bambino/The Christmas Song/Christmas Medley: The First Noel-O Little Town Of Bethlehem-Silent Night/I'll Be Home For Christmas/Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas CHL-5032/CHLS-5032 - Frankie Avalon Sings Cleopatra - Frankie Avalon [1963] Welcome Home/Don't Let Me Stand In Your Way/True, True Love/Who Else But You/If You Don't Think I'm Leaving/Dance the Bossa Nova/Heartbeats/Gotta Get a Girl/Married/Summer of '61/After You're Gone/Sleeping Beauty/Miracle 69800 Series: CHL-69801 - Young And In Love - Frankie Avalon [1960] Issued in monaural only. Special cover with red felt-like covering, die cut front to frame a picture of Frankie Avalon on the inner sleeve.",
"Young And In Love/Honestly I Care/Younger Than Springtime/Yes I'm In Love/I'll Never Stop Loving You/While We're Young//You Were Meant For Me/I'll Buy That Dream/With All My Heart/I Care For You/You Make Me Feel So Young/I'll See You In My Dreams CHL-69802 - Young and Wonderful - Fabian [1960] Issued in monaural only. Special cover with blue felt-like covering, die cut front to frame a picture of Fabian on the inner sleeve. Young And Wonderful/All Of Me/Think Of Me/It's A Sin To Tell A Lie/Take Me/It Had To Be You//Deed I Do/Suzie/I Wonder If They Know/All I Do Is Dream Of You/I've Got Nobody/Exactly Like You Sea Horse Records CHS-7000 Series: The following series was issued as \"Sea Horse Records, a Division of Chancellor Records.\" CSH-7001 - Schnappsie - Marla Ray[1960] (Narration) Issued in monaural only.",
"Schnappsie Goes Ice Skating/Schnappsie The Race Driver/Schnappsie Goes to the Dog Show/Schnappsie and the Little Orphan CSH-7002 - Bat Masterson - Eddie Bracken [1960] Issued in monaural only. This record features six stories and six songs. Stories are marked with an asterisk (*). Bat Masterson Theme/*The Day Judge Freeman Was Killed/Six Gold Buttons On His Fancy Vest/*The Duel In the Bella Union/Bat Masterson Tap-a-Roo/*The Lynch Party//The Old Chisholm Trail/*The Hound Dog Gun Duel/Whoo-Pi-Ti-Yi-Yo/*The Palace Café/Little Bat Masterson/*The Stage to Killer's Creek CSH-7003 - World's Greatest Fairy Tales - Marla Ray [1961] (Narration) Issued in monaural only. RELATED ALBUM DISCOGRAPHY: United Artists UAS-6382 - Frankie Avalon's 15 Greatest Hits - Frankie Avalon [1964] Stereo information not available.",
"Venus/Why/Bobby Sox To Stockings/Dede Dinah/Ginger Bread/With All My Heart/Too Young To Love/Don't Let Love Pass Me By/Don't Make Fun Of Me/Where Are You/Who Else But You/A Perfect Love/You Are Mine/I'll Wait For You/Don't Throw Away All Those Teardrops Sunset SUS-5244 - Frankie Avalon - Frankie Avalon [1969] Stereo information not available.",
"More/Days of Wine and Roses/A Perfect Love/Where Are You/Venus//I'll Take Sweden/Moon River/Every Girl Should Get Married/Again/Why ABC ABCX-805 - Frankie Avalon 16 Greatest Hits - Frankie Avalon [1973] Venus (S)/Just Ask Your Heart (S)/A Boy Without A Girl (E)/I'll Wait For You (E)/Dede Dinah (E)/Ginger Bread (E)/Why (S)//You Are Mine (E)/A Perfect Love (S)/Togetherness (S)/Where Are You (E)/Swingin' On A Rainbow (S)/The Puppet Song (E)/Two Fools (S)/Don't Throw Away All Those Teardrops (S) ABC ABCX-806 - Fabian 16 Greatest Hits - Fabian [1973] Issued in monaural only.",
"Tiger/I'm A Man/String Along/Turn Me Loose/About This Thing Called Love/This Friendly World/Come On And Get Me/Hound Dog Man//Got The Feeling/Steady Date/I'm Gonna Get You/Long Before/Mighty Cold/Stop Thief!/Hypnotized/Kissin' And Twistin' Romar 2RMS-2003 - The Rockin' and Rollin' 50's and 60's - Various Artists (2-LP set) [1973] Why - Frankie Avalon (S)/Tear Drops - Lee Andrews & Hearts (E)/Turn Me Loose - Fabian (S)/It's All In The Game - Tommy Edwards (S)/Party Lights - Claudine Clark (M)//Tiger - Fabian (M)/With All My Heart - Jodie Sands (M)/Bobby Sox To Stockings - Frankie Avalon (M)/I'm A Man - Fabian (M)/Lightnin' Strikes - Lou Christie (M)//La Bamba - Richie Valens (E)/De De Dinah - Frankie Avalon (M)/Teen Beat - Sandy Nelson (E)/There's A Moon Out Tonight - Capris (E)/Party",
" Doll - Buddy Knox (E)//Venus - Frankie Avalon (M)/Rhapsody In The Rain - Lou Christie (M, edited \"falling star\" version)/Hound-Dog Man - Fabian (M)/Teen Angel - Mark Dinning (S)/Why Do Fools Fall In Love - Frankie Lymon & Teenagers (E) TRIP TOP-16-21 - 16 Greatest Hits of Frankie Avalon - Frankie Avalon [1977] Reissue of ABC ABCX-805.",
"Venus (S)/Just Ask Your Heart (S)/A Boy Without A Girl (E)/I'll Wait For You (E)/Dede Dinah (E)/Ginger Bread (E)/Why (S)//You Are Mine (E)/A Perfect Love (S)/Togetherness (S)/Where Are You (E)/Swingin' On A Rainbow (S)/The Puppet Song (E)/Two Fools (S)/Don't Throw Away All Those Teardrops (S) SELECTED RELATED COMPACT DISCS: Taragon TARCD-1018 - The Chancellor Records Story, Volume 1 - Various Artists [1997] I Love My Girl - Cozy Morley (M)/With All My Heart - Jodie Sands (M)/Ginger Bread - Frankie Avalon (M, with countoff)/Turn Me Loose - Fabian (S)/Venus - Frankie Avalon (S, with studio talk and countoff)/I Cried - Joe Damiano (M)/Come On And Get Me - Fabian (S)/Just Ask Your Heart - Frankie Avalon (S)/Hound Dog Man - Fabian (S)/On My Honor - Hearts (M)/Sleeping Beauty - Frankie",
" Avalon (S)/There Is A Boy - Maureen Gray (S)/The Masquerade Is Over - Five Satins (S)/I Wanna Thank Your Folks - Johnny Burnette (S)/Ashes - Screamin' Jay Hawkins (M)/The Telephone Game - Claudine Clark (M)/How About That - Dean Randolph (S)/Walk Me Home (From The Party) - Claudine Clark (M) Taragon TARCD-1019 - The Chancellor Records Story, Volume 2 - Various Artists [1997] Dede Dinah - Frankie Avalon (M)/The Happy Mandolin - Peter DeAngelis (M)/Someday (You'll Want Me To Want You) - Jodie Sands (M)/I'm Happy - Four Dates (M)/I'm A Man - Fabian (M)/Bobby Sox To Stockings - Frankie Avalon (S)/A Boy Without A Girl - Frankie Avalon (S)/Tiger - Fabian (S)/Why - Frankie Avalon (S)/Mr.",
"Twist - Fabulous Four (S)/Voyage To The Bottom Of The Sea - Frankie Avalon (S)/I Don't Want To Cry (In Front Of You) - Maureen Gray (S)/Party Lights - Claudine Clark (M)/Lonely Heart - Five Satins (S)/Tag Along - Johnny Burnette (S)/Walkin' Through A Cemetery - Claudine Clark (M)/Cleopatra - Frankie Avalon (S)/Blue Summer - Royalettes (S) Thanks to Peter Bryan, Glenn Elliott, Sonny Drootin, and John Grecco. Turn him loose: Fabian, now living in Fayette, comes up for the Italian Festival Turn him loose: Fabian, now living in Fayette, comes up for the Italian Festival Friday, August 31, 2001 By Scott Mervis, Weekend Editor, Post-Gazette When industry people warn that today's teen pop stars can expect to have about three good years on top, they're using a model that goes all the way back to the '50s. Former teen idol Fabian will perform at the annual Italian Summerfest at 9:15 p.m. tomorrow.",
"Festival hours are noon to 11 p.m. tomorrow. Tickets are $8; $3 for kids 3 to 12. Call 412-323-1919. Fabian Anthony Forte -- who really only needs one name: Fabian -- was one of those three-year teen idols, starting his recording career in 1958 when he was 14 and wrapping it up at 17. \"The record business is the least part of my career,\" says Fabian, who performs tomorrow at the Pittsburgh Italian Festival, \"and that's what people remember me for.\" In fact, when he goes to the Giant Eagle near Connellsville, where he's settled with his wife Andrea, it's not unusual for the ladies at the bakery counter to break into \"Turn Me Loose.\" That was his signature song and first Top 10 hit in 1959, when, in the wake of Elvis and Little Richard, he was thrust on the pop scene with two other Philly natives, Frankie Avalon and Bobby Rydell, as squeaky-clean alternatives.",
"Fabian had no intention of being a teen idol -- and no real talent -- when he was discovered on his stoop at the very moment his father was being taken away in an ambulance with a massive heart attack. \"This guy drove by,\" Fabian says. \"He had a friend who lived right next door. He thought it was his friend who was in trouble. He was one of the owners of Chancellor Records. Guys like Rick Nelson were making it, Elvis Presley, the GREAT Presley. He turned to me and said, 'Are you interested in being in the rock 'n' roll business?' I told him to go to hell.\" \"Two months later, my dad was home but incapacitated and the disability check was only $45 a week. So this guy came back, asked me again. I said, 'I need to help my family out.' I was 14 1/2, the oldest son.",
"I said, 'If I can make some money, I can give it a try.'\" With voice lessons, tight pants and white bucks, Fabian was groomed to be a pop star and sent out to the Dick Clark sock hop, where the girls screamed when he lip-synched \"I'm a Man,\" his third single. \"Turn Me Loose,\" another song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, put him on \"The Ed Sullivan Show,\" where he was spotted by 20th Century Fox and signed to a seven-year movie contract. His screen debut was 1959's \"Hound Dog Man,\" also the title of another hit single. By March of 1960, his recording career had run its course. Fabian broke his record contract, he says, because \"I wanted to get away from these really possessive people.\" It didn't help that his name had come up during the payola scandal as an example of someone who benefited from the illegal pay-for-play practice. \"They were trying to use me as an example to get people like Dick Clark, but they never got Dick Clark.",
"They got Alan [Freed], which was a shame, because he wasn't doing anything anyone else wasn't doing.\" At the time, Fabian was only a teen-ager, so he had no idea what was behind the pop-star machinery. \"It was considered normal business practice. I don't believe my managers did it for me. They did it for like an overall record company situation. And if they did it, they were forced into it because other people were doing it.\" Fabian didn't have the kind of movie success Elvis or Frankie Avalon did, but he did star with John Wayne in \"North to Alaska,\" with Bing Crosby in \"High Time\" and Jimmy Stewart in \"Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation.\" In all, he's appeared in more than 20 films and made some memorable appearances in episodes of \"Laverne & Shirley\" and \"Murphy Brown.\" Though he gave up the recording career 40 years ago, he hasn't stopped performing. He travels the country with \"Fabian's Goodtime Rock 'n' Roll Show,\" featuring acts from the '50s and '60s, and as the Golden Boys with Avalon and Rydell.",
"In January, he will receive his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Although he can still play to screaming (older) fans, he enjoys the quiet life he leads in Dunbar, hometown of his wife and manager Andrea Patrick Forte, a former Miss Pennsylvania and Miss West Virginia. They have 20 acres and a fishing pond and he says, \"The people are really nice. The way I dress around here, I wouldn't recognize myself. I'm always on my ATV in work clothes. And my tomatoes turned out very good this year. I'm very proud of that. I never grew tomatoes before.\" Meanwhile, as he's busy growing tomatoes and jetting off to Vegas or Atlantic City, the 58-year-old Fabian sees a new generation of teen idols currently ruling the pop charts. \"I wish them well ... because at such a young age, a lot of things can happen to your mind,\" he says. \"Hopefully they have some good advisers around them. And I hate to be corny, but I hope they have some good family. That's what I wish for them, because I know it's hard. Especially when things go south, a lot of guys don't make it.",
"When I see Britney Spears and 'N Sync, I'm pulling for them. They certainly don't need any money, but I'm still pulling for them emotionally.\" Fabian Fabian by • Artists - F , Music - 1950s Born Fabiano Forte in Philadelphia on 6 February 1943, he attended the same boys club as his neighbourhood friends Frankie Avalon and Bobby Rydell . All three had budding ambitions to become famous singers. In 1957 Fabian was introduced to Bob Marcucci and Peter de Angelis, who headed Chancellor Records in Philadelphia and was signed to a recording contract. De Angelis reasoned that with Fabian's good looks and just a moderate voice he was destined for major success. De Angelis recounted the story: \"We were talking to Frankie Avalon and he said he knew a fifteen-year-old kid at Southern High who looked like a cross between Elvis and Ricky Nelson . So Bob went over to take a look. He was so pretty, we just knew he had to be a commercial proposition, so we signed him and taught him a few things vocally.",
"But he never really did go much on singing.\" His first single release in 1958 was Lillie Lou which failed miserably in the chart, but his follow-ups I'm A Man and Turn Me Loose established him as a major attraction. Shrewd guidance by Marcucci and de Angelis, along with brilliant packaging and publicity, kept the wheels of success in motion. Appearances on American Bandstand helped too. The girls went wild. Despite being hailed by one music journalist as \"the worst pop star in the world\", Fabian quickly became a teenage heart-throb. In 1959 he recorded his only million-selling single, Tiger. The same year he was signed to make his first movie, Hound Dog Man. Other films followed in rapid succession including High Time, North To Alaska and The Longest Day (1962). Fabian continued to enjoy a successful movie career, and appeared also on television, starring in the celebrated Bus Stop series in the 1960's. After 1970 he reverted back to his original name of Fabian Forte.",
"He never regained his former stature, but has continued performing for more than 40 years, eventually appearing in concert with Frankie Avalon and Bobby Rydell as 'The Golden Boys'. He posed for a nude photo spread in Playboy in 1974 but regretted it later, saying he looked \"fat and stupid\". The 1980 movie The Idolmaker was a thinly-disguised biography of Fabian (called \"Caesare\" in the film). In the movie version, singer Caesare - a pretty boy with very little singing talent - goes through a whirlwind of success in a short time, then abruptly fires his songwriters and quits his record label. Fabian threatened a lawsuit at the time of the film's release though the filmmakers insisted that the film presented only fictional characters. \"Coincidentally\", Bob Marcucci was a consultant on the film. RELATED ARTICLES"
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What was the profession of New Yorker Garry Winogrand?
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Photographer
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[
"Photographist",
"Photographer",
"Freelance photographer",
"Freelance Photography",
"Photographr"
] | 11,528
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"Paul Graham at the Winogrand Retrospective - The New Yorker Paul Graham at the Winogrand Retrospective By July 11, 2014 El Morocco, New York, 1955. From the estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy of Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. Credit View full screen Paul Graham discovered photography as an English college student in the nineteen-seventies, while studying microbiology at the University of Bristol. One afternoon, at the library, he came upon a bookshelf with American photography books by Walker Evans, Robert Frank, and Lee Friedlander. A couple years later, he walked into a bookshop and found a catalogue for Garry Winogrand’s “Public Relations.” Graham was impressed by Winogrand’s portraits of Manhattan in the late nineteen-sixties and early seventies, but he also thought, “Maybe I could do this.” “I’m not a Winogrand expert,” Graham said the other day, outside the Winogrand retrospective at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. A slightly built man, with unspringy black curls and a youthful mien, Graham was wearing a plaid shirt, gray-blue sneakers, and a pair of Clark Kent glasses.",
"“I don’t know how many wives he had. I’m just a fan. But I’m not a blind fan.” Graham, who won the prestigious Hasselblad Award in 2012, said that he took inspiration for “A Shimmer of Possibility,” his own study of American life, from Winogrand’s koan-like belief that “there is nothing as mysterious as a fact clearly described.” Winogrand worked in a daily blur of productivity. Between 1950, when he began making forays from the Bronx to photograph midtown street life, and 1984, when he died of cancer, at fifty-six, he exposed twenty-six thousand rolls of film. He also left behind two hundred and fifty thousand undeveloped images; some can be seen in the current retrospective. “He was nonstop, voracious, incredible work ethic, out every morning,” Graham said, on his way into the galleries. Inside the exhibition, Graham wandered until something snapped him into focus. He paused at a photograph of a muscular young man hoisting a woman aloft and wrestling her toward the surf, from 1952.",
"“The thing about these early ones, they strike me as the work of someone who hasn’t found his voice. They’re of that era of Time-Life photojournalism—someone trying to unshackle himself from popular journalism’s obligatory good cheer, the clanking boxcars of magazine narrative.” A little further on, he admired photographs of elderly people with much seemingly on their minds, none of it optimistic, standing on street corners sometime around 1960. “We’ve charged ahead ten years, and it’s already much richer,” Graham said. “It’s him photographing on his own gambit. He’s gone rogue! It’s haphazard, disorienting.” Graham came to a sudden stop before an image of a well-dressed young white woman and a well-dressed black man at the Central Park Zoo in 1967. Each was carrying a chimpanzee. “That’s the most famous one,” he said. “It was highly controversial at the time. Was it a simplistic comment on biracial couples? She’s improbably beautiful. He’s improbably handsome. She seems a bit weighed down by her chimp, as a baby might weigh you down.",
"I bet Garry loved that controversy!” Winogrand also achieved notoriety as a man who, as Graham put it, “went around photographing women he found attractive. Obviously it was part of his masculine nineteen-sixties id.” Not far from an image of a woman with a large beaded necklace, a larger hat, white gloves, and an unforgettable gaze were shots of beggars and disabled people. “I love that nothing stopped Garry ethically. You’re not supposed to photograph panhandlers, someone who suffers from dwarfism, or leer at beautiful strange women. He’d just put out his lens and do it. Unfortunately, a lot of photographers took that message and got highly aggressive in the streets, trying to provoke reaction. That makes me sad. With Garry, he always had a cloak of invisibility.” Graham found the photographs from “Public Relations” that had inspired him as a young man. He was exhilarated anew. “I think he leaves everything else behind in ‘Public Relations.’ This is the sixties in the public imagination. Look at how rich that hard-hat rally is. The flags, the hats, the signs, the TV booms, the radio mics. It could be a Tea Party rally.",
"The innocent girl in front—it’s as though she’s been dropped in from Kansas. What the hell?!” Graham shook his head. “I love ‘Public Relations’ because he could display all his skills. You’ve got cool blondes at art-museum openings, you’ve got bloodied men at Vietnam War demonstrations, you’ve got women flashing their boobs, and somebody in Central Park obviously off his head running through the park naked.” There was also Muhammad Ali mesmerizing a coterie of white journalists. Graham said that the picture expressed Winogrand’s understanding of the way the boxer had understood the times. Later in the nineteen-seventies, Winogrand ventured west to places like California, taking many of the photos that would end up in his undeveloped trove. Graham was mostly unimpressed. “Boom or bust. They say his vision of America got bleaker towards the end.” He recalled a letter that one of Winogrand’s three wives had sent Winogrand. She complained that he hadn’t paid his taxes or allowed her to have a child because “all he wanted to do was take photographs and talk about his dreams.” A video at the end of the exhibition showed Winogrand himself.",
"His feet were propped up on a table, and his smile was ecstatic. Graham was, too. “It’s awe-inspiring to me, that ability to marshal the world and the flow of life into those few little, extraordinarily powerful moments. We all recognize the Amazonian river of life flowing past us continually, and we usually find a quiet little corner to contemplate in. Winogrand was someone who said, ‘Give me the rapids,’ and he swam across them many times. The form of his pictures is so perfect for the conflicting voices, the mayhem going on: the rich, the poor, the homeless broken people, the beautiful women in miniskirts, the famous people, the casual passersby—you believe everything’s there. His energy and artistry were so extraordinary you almost begin to wonder if he did not bend the moment to his will. Which, in a way, he did. I wonder if he knew how wonderful that was, how profound. I hope he knew.” Nicholas Dawidoff is the author of, most recently, Collision Low Crossers. Nicholas Dawidoff’s most recent book is “Collision Low Crossers: Inside the Turbulent World of N.F.L.",
"Football.” Garry Winogrand | The Metropolitan Museum of Art Buy tickets Exhibition Overview The first retrospective in twenty-five years of work by Garry Winogrand (1928–1984)—the renowned photographer of New York City and of American life from the 1950s through the early 1980s—this exhibition brings together more than 175 of the artist's most iconic images, a trove of unseen prints, and even Winogrand's famed series of photos made at the Metropolitan Museum in 1969 when the Museum celebrated its centennial. It offers a rigorous overview of Winogrand's complete working life and reveals for the first time the full sweep of his career. Born in the Bronx, Winogrand did much of his best-known work in Manhattan during the 1960s, and in both the content of his photographs and his artistic style he became one of the principal voices of that eruptive decade. Known primarily as a street photographer, Winogrand, who is often associated with famed contemporaries Diane Arbus and Lee Friedlander, photographed with dazzling energy and incessant appetite, exposing some twenty thousand rolls of film in his short lifetime.",
"He photographed business moguls, everyday women on the street, famous actors and athletes, hippies, politicians, soldiers, animals in zoos, rodeos, car culture, airports, and antiwar demonstrators and the construction workers who beat them bloody in view of the unmoved police. Daily life in postwar America—rich with new possibility and yet equally anxious, threatening to spin out of control—seemed to unfold for him in a continuous stream. While Winogrand is widely considered one of the greatest photographers of the twentieth century, his overall body of work and influence on the field remain incompletely explored. He was enormously prolific but largely postponed the editing and printing of his work. The act of taking pictures was far more fulfilling to Winogrand than making prints or editing for books and exhibitions; he often allowed others to perform these tasks for him. Dying suddenly at the age of 56, he left behind proof sheets from his earlier years that he had marked but never printed, as well as approximately 6,600 rolls of film (some 250,000 images) that he had never seen, more than one-third of which he had never developed at all; these rolls of film were developed after his death.",
"\"The whole world is now filled with incredible images—especially on Instagram and other social networks—that owe something to Winogrand's, documenting life, change, and all the rest.\"— New York Magazine \"Big and meaty, the show is full of sharp observations, small revelations, and not a little despair.\"— New Yorker \"His pictures of postwar American streets...can work like visual smelling salts.\"— Vanity Fair The exhibition is organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, Washington. The international tour is sponsored by the Terra Foundation for American Art. Leadership support is provided by Randi and Bob Fisher. Additional support is provided by the Blavatnik Family Foundation and The Daniel and Estrellita Brodsky Foundation.",
"Featured Media [World's Fair, New York City] (Getty Museum) [World's Fair, New York City] Copyright: © 1984 The Estate of Garry Winogrand [World's Fair, New York City] Garry Winogrand (American, 1928 - 1984) 22.7 × 34.3 cm (8 15/16 × 13 1/2 in.) 84.XM.1023.17 Not currently on view [World's Fair, New York City] Artist/Maker: Garry Winogrand (American, 1928 - 1984) Culture: New York, New York, United States (Place created) Date: 22.7 × 34.3 cm (8 15/16 × 13 1/2 in.) Copyright: © 1984 The Estate of Garry Winogrand Signed: (Verso, sheet) signed in pencil, at lower center edge: \"Garry Winogrand\" Inscription: (Verso, sheet) inscribed in pencil, at lower left edge, Crane's",
" inventory number: \"L58.3 (Win)\" Department: See more See less I don't know if all the women in the photographs are beautiful, but I do know that the women are beautiful in the photographs.",
"-Garry Winogrand in Women are Beautiful Six attractive young women in short dresses sit sandwiched between two men on a bench. One looks upset as she leans against her friend; the others seem distracted. They are engaged in stereotypical girlish behavior: chatting, gossiping, and flirting. Their juxtapositions invite comparisons; their cross-legged postures and dramatic hand gestures echo one another, yet are unique to each of them. As the women's rights movement gained momentum in the 1960s, Garry Winogrand avidly photographed women for his 1975 book, Women are Beautiful.",
"In the preface to a monograph published after the photographer's death, Museum of Modern Art curator John Szarkowski commented: \"Winogrand's view of women was perhaps outrageous, or was perhaps saved from outrageousness by its simplicity and openness, and by its reckless enthusiasm.\" Garry Winogrand · SFMOMA Garry Winogrand March 09-June 02, 2013 Widely acknowledged as one of the most important photographers of the 20th century, Garry Winogrand (1928-1984) captured moments of everyday American life in the postwar era, producing an expansive picture of a nation rich with possibility yet threatening to spin out of control. He did much of his best-known work in New York in the 1960s, becoming a major voice of that tumultuous decade. But he also roamed widely around the United States, from California and Texas to Miami and Chicago. He photographed the rich and powerful and everyday strangers on the street; antiwar protesters and politicians; airports and zoos. In many of these pictures, humor and visual energy are the flip sides of an anxious instability.",
"As photographer and guest curator Leo Rubinfien says, \"The hope and buoyancy of middle-class life in postwar America is half of the emotional heart of Winogrand's work. The other half is a sense of undoing.\" When he died suddenly at age 56, Winogrand left behind thousands of rolls of exposed but undeveloped film and unedited contact sheets — some 250,000 frames in total. Nearly 100 of these pictures have been printed for the first time for this long-awaited retrospective of his work. By presenting such archival discoveries alongside celebrated pictures, Garry Winogrand reframes a career that was, like the artist's America, both epic and unresolved. This exhibition has been jointly organized by SFMOMA and the National Gallery of Art in Washington, and will travel to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, Jeu de Paume in Paris, and Fundación MAPFRE in Madrid. Garry Winogrand is organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the National Gallery of Art, Washington. The international tour of this exhibition is sponsored by the Terra Foundation for American Art. Leadership support is provided by Randi and Bob Fisher.",
"Major support is provided by the Henry Luce Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and The Bernard Osher Foundation. Generous support is provided by Linda and Jon Gruber, Nion T. McEvoy, and an anonymous donor. Additional support is provided by The Black Dog Private Foundation, the George Frederick Jewett Foundation, The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, Christopher and Michele Meany, Kate and Wes Mitchell, Andy and Mary Pilara, and Susan Steinhauser, Daniel Greenberg, and the Greenberg Foundation. Share Link Copied Garry Winogrand, Los Angeles, ca.1980-83; gelatin silver print; Garry Winogrand Archive, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona; The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Garry Winogrand, Venice Beach, Los Angeles, 1980-83; gelatin silver print; Garry Winogrand Archive, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona; The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Garry Winogrand, Coney Island, New York, ca.",
"1952; gelatin silver print; collection The Museum of Modern Art, New York, purchase and gift of Barbara Schwartz in memory of Eugene M. Schwartz; The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Garry Winogrand, New York, ca. 1962; gelatin silver print; Garry Winogrand Archive, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona; The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Garry Winogrand, Metropolitan Opera, New York, ca. 1951; gelatin silver print; Garry Winogrand Archive, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona; The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Garry Winogrand, New York World's Fair, 1964; gelatin silver print; Collection SFMOMA, Gift of Dr. L. F.",
"Peede, Jr.; The Estate of Garry Winogrand, courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco Events X-TRA San Francisco Museum of Modern Art March 9–June 2, 2013 Benjamin Lord SHARE: Facebook Twitter The crowd is his element, as the air is that of birds and water of fishes. His passion and his profession are to become one flesh with the crowd. For the perfect flâneur, for the passionate spectator, it is an immense joy to set up house in the heart of the multitude, amid the ebb and flow of movement, in the midst of the fugitive and the infinite. To be away from home and yet to feel oneself everywhere at home; to see the world, to be at the centre of the world, and yet to remain hidden from the world—such are a few of the slightest pleasures of those independent, passionate, impartial natures which the tongue can but clumsily define. The spectator is a prince who everywhere rejoices in his incognito.",
"The lover of life makes the whole world his family, just like the lover of the fair sex who builds up his family from all the beautiful women that he has ever found, or that are—or are not—to be found; or the lover of pictures who lives in a magical society of dreams painted on canvas. Thus the lover of universal life enters into the crowd as though it were an immense reservoir of electrical energy. Or we might liken him to a mirror as vast as the crowd itself; or to a kaleidoscope gifted with consciousness, responding to each one of its movements and reproducing the multiplicity of life and the flickering grace of all the elements of life. He is an “I” with an insatiable appetite for the “non-I,” at every instant rendering and explaining it in pictures more living than life itself, which is always unstable and fugitive. –Charles Baudelaire, The Painter of Modern Life (1863) 1 Garry Winogrand, New York, ca. 1962. Gelatin silver print, 8 3⁄4 × 13 1⁄4 inches. Garry Winogrand Archive, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona.",
"© The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. Has a more perfect description of the work of Garry Winogrand ever been penned? Re-reading Baudelaire’s mellifluous prescription afresh, the continuous arc of depictive art practices that lifts off from mid-nineteenth century European painting and crash-lands in American street photography of the mid 1960s is brought into vast, sweeping relief. The exquisite dovetailing of this famous passage and Winogrand’s practice cannot help but cast both in some sort of mutual light: Baudelaire as prophet, Winogrand as classicist. Baudelaire’s crystal ball may have been seriously cracked when it came to picking art-historical winners (The Painter of Modern Life was written about the half-forgotten painter Constantin Guys), but his poetic notion of an art of urban observation that fuses nature and the imagination, the individual and society, the fugitive and eternal, kept artists and scholars busy for well over a century, ultimately succeeding in redefining Romanticism in terms of the fleeting impressions of the modern metropolis.",
"The stunning retrospective of Winogrand’s work currently up at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 2 affirms that it was Winogrand, more than any of his cohort, 3 who glimpsed and executed the endgame of this redefinition. Winogrand defined a new poetics of alertness to public space that prized the intuitive, the underdetermined, and the as-yet-unknown. It’s an anxious, giddy, widely varied body of work, in which the careful balance between the “ephemeral” and the “eternal” that Baudelaire esteemed is brazenly tipped toward a pure poetics of the fleeting individual glance. By rendering the most pointed and the most passing of human gazes equally permanent, or “eternal,” through the fixed medium of photography, as no one had ever really done before, Winogrand’s art forced a serious recalibration of the meaning and scope of these hoary but omnipresent terms. Baudelaire, of course, hated photography, seeing in it the corruption of the imagination, and the subjugation of the individual to mass society.",
"But he also valorized the inexpensive, quickly produced sketch, which could keep pace with the artist’s impulsive perceptions as he navigated the thrill of the throng. (Reading across Baudelaire’s writings, it is hard not to suspect that his hatred of photography conceals, in the fashion of the stories of Edgar Allan Poe, something like lust.) To the quizzical reader, Baudelaire’s famous paragraph quoted above baits some difficult questions: Does the spectator-prince abandon his own family in his embrace of the whole world as family? Do the powers of the lover who draws from the electricity of the crowd go into remission when the crowd’s energy is gone? Does insatiable spectatorship ever interfere with the flâneur’s ability to truly participate in life? These questions are the demonic underside of the cult of the spectator, writ large in the obsessions of popular photography. They constitute a moral calling-to-account to which the questioning moralist may never hear a fully satisfying reply, and all of these implicit criticisms can be leveled brutally at Winogrand, whose personal life can read like a litany of major irresponsibilities and minor catastrophes.",
"Aesthetically speaking, the force of these queries isn’t so much a flaw with the work as it is an indication of its immense scope, which charts the pleasures and terrors of flâneurdom with an almost morbid depth. Winogrand adored still photography with the devotion of an absolute addict, apparently hooked for life from the moment he first stepped into a college darkroom. (He soon dropped out.) He quickly mastered the techniques of the staged advertising photo and found steady commercial work through the 1950s. In the exhibition, a lone magazine advertisement in a vitrine suffices to show his full command of the staged photo-illustration, bounce-lit and perfectly printed. Perhaps by virtue of his very facility, he came to be repulsed by the obviousness of advertising’s messaging. It was more challenging, and more thrilling, to produce an unplanned image, one that directly analogized the accelerated, modern experience of the still photograph to the theater of snap-judgments that occur when strangers meet in public space.",
"Winogrand’s exploitation of the handheld camera and the sensitivity of high speed film are utterly historically contingent on the technical breakthroughs of the previous era, but the material foundations of his craft should not be confused with its method, which is predicated on a radical lack of preconception, a surrender to circumstance that runs profoundly contrary to most theories of creative authorship. Some pictures are triumphantly simple. The strolling lady and gentleman in New York (1962) are on top of the world, crowned with sunshine, and flush with the pleasures of material comforts. It’s an unfussy, ebullient picture of the postwar American boom, of capitalism gone right. I think of this couple (who grace the cover of the exhibition’s catalog) as the loose counterpart to the middle class couple in Gustave Caillebotte’s Paris Street, Rainy Day (1877). In juxtaposition, the photographic focus effects of the Caillebotte and the faintly painterly composition of the Winogrand, both in the service of a passing pedestrian glance, chart a deep but fractured historical symmetry whose details could easily fill a book. Garry Winogrand, Central Park, New York, 1969.",
"Gelatin silver print, 8 3⁄4 × 13 1⁄4 inches. Collection SFMOMA, purchase through a gift of Mark McCain and Caro Macdonald. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Other pictures work on a principle of ironic juxtaposition. In a later picture, 4 a conventional nuclear family (possibly tourists) visiting Central Park closely approaches a loose group of hippies lounging on the grass. The humor of the picture has something to do with the directness of the family’s befuddled stares, and the affected swagger of the hippies, who refuse to return that stare directly. This picture has a strange ambiguity of scale, owing to the small stature of the family and the exaggeratedly long shadows thrown by the late afternoon sun. Everything in the picture feels either slightly too large or slightly too small, in the manner of a painting unconcerned with perspective. It’s always reminded me of Manet’s On the Beach at Boulogne (1869), with its flattened distribution of figures and open landscape setting, promising endless permutations of social interchange.",
"But in Winogrand’s image, that metaphoric interchange is hilariously disrupted; the viewer is presented with a social chasm that won’t be crossed. Such scenes of straightforward ironic difference, however, are generally few and far between. More commonly, Winogrand looked to the play of manners recorded by the photographic encounter itself, as when he cornered a group of men in an elevator, or recorded the faces of passersby in the street, often cropping their bodies disruptively. His signature approach of the 1960s quickly became a recognizable stylistic template: a wide angle shot stuffed with the incongruous faces, gestures, and reactions of New Yorkers in public space. Like Diane Arbus, he was attracted to images in which a person’s managed self-presentation can be seen to break down. But unlike Arbus, he didn’t make a business of fetishizing people’s abnormalities. He is sometimes compared to Weegee, but this comparison mainly serves to highlight their obvious differences: Weegee’s attraction to shocking, graphic subjects and Winogrand’s preference for the surreality of the everyday. Garry Winogrand, New York, 1970.",
"Gelatin silver print, 8 3⁄4 × 13 1⁄4 inches. Collection of Randi and Bob Fisher. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. Motion is the only rule, a jostling, headlong stride across the street. He doesn’t look for turning points in the actions or gestures—everything is captured mid-stride, with a brusqueness bordering on belligerence. Friends who knew him have described an act that he would do when shooting in public, checking and double-checking his camera, pretending that something was wrong with it, something that needed fixing, while all the while making exposures and advancing the film. This silent patter, this “game” of playing the fumbling amateur no doubt evolved as a way of remaining unobtrusive and avoiding direct confrontation with his subjects. The photographic literature of Winogrand’s lifetime is deeply marked by the writing of John Szarkowski, the Museum of Modern Art curator and self-described “game warden” who nurtured Winogrand’s professional career, proclaiming him “the central figure” of his generation.",
"Szarkowski’s early writings establish a photographic essentialism, a theory of the photographic that is unmistakably indebted to Clement Greenberg’s essentialist theories of painting and sculpture. But while Greenberg, who wrote almost nothing on photography, hewed almost exclusively to painting’s formal properties (its flatness, its shape), Szarkowski drew upon the cultural “essences” of photography (the amateur snapshot, the travelogue, the anonymous image). From these observations he produced a compelling argument for the importance of Winogrand by virtue of his central engagement with ordinary subjects, public space, and conventional tools.(This didn’t go over well with everyone. Beaumont Newhall, Szarkowski’s predecessor at MOMA, stormed out of a Winogrand talk after standing up to exclaim “But they’re just snapshots!”) Part of the thrill of these pictures, then and now, is in just how closely they tread to bad photojournalism, and how roughly their simple low-contrast printmaking style defies the mannered niceties of the darkroom-embellished “fine” print.",
"In this “preference for the primitive,” to borrow Ernst Gombrich’s phrase, they reproduce and extend a midcentury taste for the familiar rendered difficult. “He’s not afraid to look ugly,” Greenberg once wrote admiringly of Pollock, and the same could be said of Winogrand. To his even greater credit, Winogrand’s not afraid to look funny. Winogrand, borne into the art-world firmament partly on the wings of this photographic essentialism, appears to have adopted it wholesale as his own. His marvelously quotable epigrams manifest a distrust bordering on nihilism: “I don’t have anything to say in any picture.” “My only interest in photographing is photography.” “A photograph is an illusion of a literal description of how the camera saw. …From it, you can know very little. It has no narrative ability. You don’t know what happened.” “The photograph is its own reality. Come right down to it, once it exists, it has no relation to what was photographed.” “The thing that’s intriguing is not really knowing what the result is going to be like.” “Generally, I probably take every picture just to see what something looks like photographed.",
"Why I aim at particular things I haven’t the vaguest idea. That you gotta lay down on a couch for.” “I really don’t have an imagination.” “That work is not discussable as photographs, period.” [speaking of Jerry Uelsmann’s photomontages] 5 Today, as many have insisted, the myth that photographs tell the truth has been replaced by the myth that they tell lies, 6 and Winogrand’s brilliantly pithy pronouncements should be seen as both symptoms and agents of this reversal, far in advance of any digital “revolution.” But how did someone whose work is so full of accident, humor, and unresolved chaos come to espouse a notion of photography that is so reductive, formally ironic, and narrowly mediumistic? Part of the answer is surely generational: Winogrand came of age at a moment when the Life magazine-style photo narrative was the dominant model of production, and resisting that model required a rigid, even hyperbolic rhetorical stance. The prestige of Szarkowski’s influential exhibitions, too, must be recognized as giving Winogrand the license to refrain from explaining his work in the way that artists are customarily expected to today.",
"Lastly, Susan Sontag’s essays on photography from the late 1960s must be counted as a major influence. Sontag, approaching photography from a fundamentally literary perspective, dismantled humanistic claims for photography’s benevolence with an unprecedented ferocity. (It was Sontag, too, who drew the historical connection between the flâneur and the street photographer.) 7 Winogrand read Sontag, and took note, even directing his students to read her book Against Interpretation (1966) as a guide to understanding his own work. 8 Garry Winogrand, Los Angeles, 1969. Gelatin silver print, 8 3⁄4 × 13 1⁄4 inches. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. Back in the galleries, Winogrand’s cheekily dogmatic materialism comes across as something of a ruse. Today, many artists make work that is more belligerent, more invasive, or more nihilistic. In hindsight, Winogrand’s earnest attachment to his subjects, to people, seems much clearer.",
"If anything, his deep philosophical pessimism makes his authentic love of actual human beings all the more striking. Today, we accept that the narrative content of a still photograph is fragmentary and limited, but we can safely insist that all content has a narrative dimension. His photographs’ true subject, in a sense, is the contestation (a favorite word of his) between content and form that they enact. Winogrand’s formalism was ultimately just a straw man that the eccentricities of his subject matter could set ablaze. When he died of cancer in 1984, Winogrand left behind 2,500 rolls of exposed but undeveloped film, 4,100 rolls that he had processed but not contact printed, and 3,000 contact prints that seem to have been barely examined. Much of this film was shot in Los Angeles, where he moved in 1979. Some money was found to develop the film, and a selection of images were shown at the Museum of Modern Art in 1988.",
"But only recently has the work been fully reviewed, this time by a team including photographer Leo Rubinfien, Erin O’Toole from SFMOMA, and Sarah Greenough from the National Gallery of Art. The endpapers of the exhibition’s catalog are handsome enlargements of vintage contact sheets, annotated with the photographer’s signature scribbles, two small red circles on each image that appears to have been “of interest.” There are other telltale marks too: boxes drawn around certain frames, and smaller rectangles within the frame whose meaning isn’t entirely clear; this mental map has no precise legend. Garry Winogrand, Los Angeles, 1980–83. Posthumous digital reproduction from original negative, 8 3⁄4 x 13 1⁄4 inches. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. Following Szarkowski, who was dismissive of the late work, many have argued that Winogrand, in his later years, was simply out of control, shooting with obsessive abandon, and had lost the ability to meaningfully edit his work.",
"Evidence for this viewpoint comes from the relatively high percentage of dismally boring pictures from the later contact sheets. Others suggest, more generously, that Winogrand was simply more interested in shooting than in printing, and that this preference can be seen as a positive philosophical preference for process over product, action over stasis, becoming over being. A third possibility is that Winogrand simply preferred to “age” his photographs so that he could evaluate them objectively, his judgment unclouded by the profound enjoyment he clearly took in the shooting process. There is ample precedent for this approach in the production methods of the magazine work that Winogrand cut his teeth on, a process in which editing was typically performed by someone other than the photographer. Each of these three explanations clearly has a role to play in explaining the mess that Winogrand left behind, but none of them clears the ethical minefield that any curator faces in editing, indeed arguably completing, a late artist’s unfinished work. The curators realize the issue fully, to their credit, and take care to annotate the provenance of each print in minute detail, correctly choosing to describe the problem rather than try to solve it.",
"The problem is that, even in simply deciding to print and frame the later work in the same general fashion that the early work was displayed, the exhibition’s organizers run the risk of insisting on a false continuity. Garry Winogrand, Santa Monica Pier, 1980–83. Posthumous digital reproduction from original negative, 8 3⁄4 × 13 1⁄4 inches. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. Moving to Los Angeles, Winogrand had to have sensed that his principal formal model, the wide angle New York street view packed with incident and shot close-at-hand, would not transfer intact to the wide, relatively pedestrian-free boulevards of Los Angeles in the 1970s. His earlier photographs taken on visits to Los Angeles had essentially been one-shots. For example, his snarky 1964 photograph of a boy in Mickey Mouse ears traipsing across Forest Lawn cemetery was apparently a hit in New York, where it was printed large and hung high on the wall in Szarkowski’s 1967 New Documents show.",
"A few pictures sustain the specific effect of the earlier work, but Winogrand seems to have struggled to realize a new way of working that was idiomatic to Los Angeles. There are a few photographs of celebrities (Drew Barrymore, Art Laboe) with his distinctive peculiar framing. There are the images of beautiful women, always a staple of his oeuvre, though fewer in number and less ebullient. Several powerful images depict desperate-looking individuals surrounded by open space—portraits, really, of damaged-looking strangers caught off-guard, or sometimes on-guard. And then there are endless contact sheets from this period, all taken from the window of a car, in which the distance from the human subject of the image yawns into a dull chasm. These sequences have their own poetics of desolation and wandering, but they are so far afield from the single-image geometries of the early work that one is simply left wondering what Winogrand himself would have made of them had he lived a little longer.",
"Like the film director in Wim Wenders’s The State of Things (1982), or the photographer in Jacques Demy’s The Model Shop (1969), he appears to have genuinely gotten lost in the city’s endless thoroughfares, a romantic vision well charted by cinema, perhaps even a part of his decision to relocate there. One of these car shots, of an inscrutable figure collapsed in the street (also reproduced prominently on the rear of the catalog’s dust-jacket) occasions this wall text: This photograph of a woman collapsed in the parking lane of Sunset Boulevard is one of four consecutive frames that Winogrand exposed one afternoon not long before the end of his life. In his earlier pictures of the injured and the fallen a primary element was the sense of his own unsatisfied curiosity, his straining to understand what was happening. Here, though, the dominant note is speed—that of Winogrand’s movement, and that of the sleek Porsche Carrera roaring out ahead of him. Here death is presented as a brutal, irredeemable force, while life is shown to rush by so fast that we have little chance of comprehending it at all.",
"Garry Winogrand, Los Angeles, 1980–83. Posthumous digital reproduction from original negative, 8 3⁄4 × 13 1⁄4 inches. Garry Winogrand Archive, Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona. © The Estate of Garry Winogrand. Courtesy Fraenkel Gallery, San Francisco. It is flat-out impossible to accept that an artist who pointed to Against Interpretation as the key to his work could possibly have countenanced this sort of writing. The problem, of course, is that Sontag’s demand that we renounce interpretation is equally impossible to satisfy. Given the centrality of intention to art discourse, how do we not interpret? While the image is basically an artistic flop, it’s a flop by such a great, skewed talent that it can’t help but take on a certain metaphoric weight when presented on the museum wall, especially alongside this text.",
"While it has always been true in some sense that images are “produced” in “collaboration” between the artist and viewer (the old post-structuralist saw), this image seems more to have been produced mainly by a garbled authorial voice that is more Rubinfien than Winogrand. The potential of a photograph to capture an object or quality that the photographer himself was unaware of, what Walter Benjamin famously termed “the optical unconscious,” is showcased here to uncomfortable extremes, made all the more problematic by this particular image’s origin on an unmarked, possibly unviewed contact sheet. The rights of the dead are continually being compromised, or at least ventriloquized through the living. But the vexed status of this quietly haunting image, the optical unconscious in extremis, pointedly asks us anew: whose unconscious is it, anyway?",
"Central Park Zoo, New York City (Getty Museum) Central Park Zoo, New York City No image available Central Park Zoo, New York City Artist/Maker: Garry Winogrand (American, 1928 - 1984) Culture: New York, New York, United States (Place created) Date: 22.9 × 34 cm (9 × 13 3/8 in.) Copyright: © 1984 The Estate of Garry Winogrand Signed: (Verso) lower center, signed in pencil: \"Garry Winogrand\"; Inscription: (Verso) lower left, in pencil: \"L58.5 (Win)\"; Department: See more See less I think part of the aim was to unsettle people's ideas, whether his own or other people's. To move people out of an unquestioning space and to some less settled space in which the authority of rules and structures was broken up a bit. -Eileen Hale, Garry Winogrand's widow Garry Winogrand confronted tough issues like racism with a sense of humor, as he did here by photographing this black man and white woman holding apes.",
"The chimpanzees are dressed like children and resemble the human child standing behind the couple. The photographer's close vantage point, the crowd, the dramatic winter light-all add a sense of spectacle. Winogrand was not simply reacting to a strange moment, but probably also to racial tensions sweeping the country at the height of the Civil Rights movement. The year this picture was made, black actors won Academy Awards, and the U.S. Supreme Court overturned state laws banning interracial marriage. It is not clear whether this man and woman were actually a couple, but Winogrand must have known that their togetherness was as unsettling to some people as their circumstances were comical. Strange Days: Photographs from the Sixties by Winogrand, Eggleston, and Arbus (July 1 to October 5, 2003) The J. Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center (Los Angeles), July 1 to October 5, 2003 Convergences: Selected Photographs from the Permanent Collection (July 8 to October 19, 2014) The J.",
"Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Center (Los Angeles), July 8 to October 19, 2014 Camera Works: Photo Essay (washingtonpost.com) Frank Van Riper on Photography Garry Winogrand: Huge Influence, Early Exit By Frank Van Riper Special to Camera Works In 1984, Garry Winogrand, one of the greatest documentary photographers of his era, died early and under-appreciated. Which is not to say that Winogrand, a bluntspoken, sweet-natured native New Yorker, who had the voice of a Bronx cabbie and the intensity of a pig hunting truffles, was by any means unknown or unrewarded for his work. During his short life (he died of gall bladder cancer at age 56) he won a Guggenheim fellowship, was featured in Edward Steichen's classic \"Family of Man\" exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art, and later figured prominently in two major photography shows, also at MoMA, curated by Steichen's successor John Szarkowski, one of Winogrand's early champions.",
"What is beyond question, though, is that the photographer's early death, as well as his own bizarre work habits, prevented the general public from fully grasping his genius even if any street photographer worthy of the name still genuflects at the mention of this brilliant, bizarre shooter. Simply saying Winogrand's output was large is like saying the Grand Canyon is a hole in the ground. In fact, it is almost impossible to grasp just how much Winogrand photographed during his comparatively short professional life. Consider this: at his death, Winogrand left behind 2500 undeveloped rolls of 36-exposure 35mm film (mostly Tri-X), 6,500 rolls of film that had been developed but not contact-printed–not to mention 300 apparently untouched, unedited 35mm contact sheets. Do the math. Conservatively, that's at least 300,000 pictures equal to at least two life's work for anyone else–that Winogrand took but never even saw, so busy he already had been photographing the world around him.",
"\"Being married to Garry was like being married to a lens,\" his first wife told photography curator Trudy Wilner Stack. Colleagues, students and friends describe an almost obsessive picture-taking machine, who roamed his native New York and, during his fellowship year, the rest of the country, producing a body of work that equals and in my opinion often exceeds–that of such documentary photography legends as Robert Frank, Lee Friedlander, Diane Arbus and Henri Cartier-Bresson. Through the prodigious efforts of Trudy Wilner Stack, the Center for Creative Photography at the University of Arizona, where Winogrand's archive resides as well as the International Center for Photography in New York–a new and remarkably diverse section of Winogrand's life has been revealed for the first time. Winogrand 1964 is the name of both a beautifully printed coffee table book (Arena Editions, $60) as well as that of a recently-ended show of this work at ICP midtown. Finally, perhaps, some of the best, yet heretorfore largely unseen, work of this master shooter will find its long-overdue audience.",
"The 1964 photographs are the result of Winogrand's cross-country Guggenheim-funded odyssey in a battered 1957 Ford Fairlane, given to him by his friend Lee Friedlander. \"This is Garry Winogrand's America book,\" Stack says in her afterword to Winogrand 1964. And, indeed, Winogrand set off on his journey mindful that he had huge photographic shoes to fill. Years earlier, Walker Evans had given the world American Photographs and the Swiss-born Robert Frank had raised the bar even further with his seminal book, The Americans. The timing of Winogrand's trip was auspicious at least in terms of the angst and ennui of the era in which he photographed. Winogrand applied for his grant in the early 60s, at the height of the Cuban missile crisis, when nuclear war suddenly had become a terrifying possibility. In his grant application Winogrand complained that the mass media \"all deal in illusions and fantasies. I can only conclude that we have lost ourselves and that the bomb may finish the job permanently, and it just doesn't matter, we have not loved life.",
"I cannot accept my conclusions, and so I must continue this photographic investigation further and deeper. This is my project.\" By the time Winogrand received his grant, John F. Kennedy had been assassinated, stripping away even further the country's innocence and its sense of invulnerability. Thus, a street-smart Jewish kid from the Bronx, who considered himself whole only when he held a Leica to his eye, hit the road, savoring and reflecting life through his lens. \"It's as though his life in photography really took hold in that slow car headed west,\" Wilner writes. I agree. There is Winogrand the ironist in a stunning picture of a group of elderly VFW types, campaign hats on their heads, cigarettes dangling from their lips, on a street corner in Dallas, all but encircling an elderly and apparently legless mendicant whom they do not seem even to see.",
"There is a haunting, slightly disturbing, picture from Cincinnati of three young girls in ankle socks and pretty dresses, standing in a line at a curb at night, lit from behind by store or streetlight, leaning into the street yet seemingly held motionless, as a huge car floats by, a face perusing them from the passenger seat. There's a great get from L.A. one of the few pictures here that has had wide prior currency showing a man and woman in a convertible on a warm night. The dark-skinned woman stares ahead implacably; her companion, one hand on the wheel, the other on the gearshift, eyes her appraisingly (?) hungrily (?). Your eye goes not only to the man's predatory gaze, but also to the huge white bandage at the bridge of his nose. How did that happen? Is he a prizefighter who took a left hook? Did his girlfriend do this to him? Or is it just a healing nose job? Winogrand gives us no answers; only wonderfully contradictory, perplexing questions contained in seemingly artless 35mm frames. Again we come to technique.",
"Photographer and editor Mason Resnick recalls taking a workshop with Winogrand in 1976, ten years before the photographer died, and marveling at how Winogrand worked. He shot prolifically, Resnick recalled, often shooting an entire roll of film in the space of only one block, never breaking stride. And he was fearless, often standing in front of people to make their picture, yet always smiling or nodding at them, making contact, however brief, with his subjects who amazingly, never seemed annoyed. [When Resnick tried this smile-and-shoot technique, he was amazed to see that it worked for him too. Nobody beat the crap out of him; some people even smiled back! An object lesson to all street shooters: engagement with a subject is always always better than, in effect, taking something without permission. Winogrand was a master at gaining this subtle, yet all-important, access.] By any standard, Winogrand followed in the proud tradition of black and white street shooters, who worked by available light, often with silent-as-night rangefinder Leicas.",
"Yet what makes Winogrand 1964 even more amazing is its generous amount of lush, wonderfully seen color work, most if not all shot on archival Kodachrome slide film. Winogrand \"photographed freely in color in 1964, exposing approximately 100 rolls on the trip alone,\" Wilner writes. \"Black and white still dominated [at least four to one], but the color camera was often raised just seconds before or after a black and white shot was taken.\" If Winogrand's color work does not have the narrative impact of his black and white work, it makes up for it in its spot-on graphic sense, using color and shape the way a jazz musician uses phrasing and tempo to shade a performance. Technique once again: Winogrand almost never developed his film immediately. He said he deliberately waited a year or two in order to lose the memory of the take. \"If I was in a good mood when I was shooting one day, then developed the film right away,\" he told a class, \"I might choose a picture because I remember how good I felt when I took it.\" Better, he maintained to let the film \"age,\" the better to grade slides or contact sheets objectively.",
"Let me say right now: If I ever had to work this way, I'd go nuts. There is an artless formality to much of Winogrand's work here. Not many of the images feature his trademark skewed horizons made as if he were too busy grooving on the image before him to worry about horizontals and verticals. Yet, interestingly, Winogrand maintained that he never, in effect, shot from the hip, i.e.: photographed without looking through the viewfinder. To do so, he said, would surrender too much control over the final image. In fact, John Szarkowski has maintained that Winogrand's trademark tilt was a conscious consequence of his choice of a wide angle lens, and that the photographer subtly made at least some verticals in his picture \"square with the frame\" to keep the image from appearing haphazard or confusing. I'm not so sure. I think some of Winogrand's stuff was shot on the fly, with scant regard for composition, only for content.",
"I am sure that Garry Winogrand was a master, with a compassionate, ironic eye, and that there are doctoral dissertations and books yet to come on the incredible trove of 300,000 images that he made but never saw. Frank Van Riper is a Washington-based commercial and documentary photographer and author. His latest book is Talking Photography (Allworth Press), a collection of his Washington Post columns and other photography writing over the past decade. He can be reached through his website . A must-have for any street-shooter, Winogrand 1964 is a beautiful distillation of the photography Garry Winogrand did during his cross-country odyssey in 1964. Those accustomed only to his bxw work will be surprised by the strength of his color work as well. © from Winogrand 1964 , Arena Editions Garry Winogrand, in late '64, at the end of his Guggenheim year, looking like a young Al Franken without the glasses. Curator Trudy Wilner Stack: \"He had a physical, sweet relationship with his children...He favored big cars and really appreciated beautiful woman and a good joke.",
"He loved basketball and had his own camera moves: 'You should see my turnaround jumper.'\" ORDER FRANK VAN RIPER'S TALKING PHOTOGRAPHY. Already acclaimed as the photographer's bedside companion, Talking Photography (Allworth Press, $19.95) is award-winning Post photography columnist Frank Van Riper's ten-year collection of his favorite photography columns and essays. This lavishly illustrated paperback already has garnered rave reviews from all walks of photography for its breezy, informative style and unbounded enthusiasm for making pictures. To order directly, go to: Allworth Press"
] |
Amelia Earhart was born in which state?
|
Kansas
|
[
"Kans.",
"Demographics of Kansas",
"Economy of Kansas",
"Kansasanian Soviet Socialist Republic",
"Politics of Kansas",
"Law of Kansas",
"Climate of Kansas",
"Kan.",
"Cansas",
"Kansas",
"State of Kansas",
"Geography of Kansas",
"Culture of Kansas",
"Transportation in Kansas",
"KS, USA",
"Thirty-fourth State",
"Brownbackistan",
"Sunflower State",
"Transport in Kansas",
"Religion in Kansas",
"The Sunflower State",
"Kansas (State)",
"Sports in Kansas",
"Thirty-Fourth State",
"Kansas (U.S. state)",
"Kansas, United States",
"34th State",
"Kansas (state)"
] | 10,102
|
[
"Amelia Earhart - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society Amelia Earhart Aviatrix. Born: July 24, 1897, Atchison, Kansas. Married: George Palmer Putnam, February 7, 1931. Died: July 1937. Amelia Mary Earhart was born July 24, 1897, in Atchison, to Samuel \"Edwin\" Stanton and Amelia (Otis) Earhart. She and her younger sister, Grace Muriel, lived in the home of their grandfather, Alfred Otis, and attended a private school. Earhart was inspired to create a home version of the roller coaster she saw at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair. The car and passenger tipped over at the edge of the roof but she said it was \"just like flying.\" In 1908 the family moved to Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois, as her father searched for work. During World War I Earhart worked as a nurse’s aide with the Red Cross and after the war as a social worker in Boston.",
"When her parents relocated to California, she moved to Long Beach and there in 1921 began flying lessons with Neta Snook. She soon bought an airplane and the following year broke the women's altitude record. The 1928 trans-Atlantic flight of the Fokker Friendship launched Earhart's career and established her name. As a passenger on the flight, she became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and wrote of her experience in 20 Hrs. 40 Min., published by George Palmer Putnam . Earhart and Putnam married February 7, 1931. Earhart set a record flying solo across the Atlantic in her Lockheed Vega. She flew the 14-hour, 56-minute flight from Newfoundland to Ireland in May 1932. That year Earhart was elected president of the Ninety-Nines, an organization of women pilots. She set more records—the first woman to fly solo nonstop coast to coast and the first person to solo over the Pacific from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California. On public speaking tours, Earhart encouraged women to follow their dreams. She accepted an appointment at Purdue University, which helped finance her .",
"On March 17, 1937, she began her 29,000-mile flight around the equator with a crew of three—Fred Noonan, Harry Manning, and Paul Mantz. Departing from Oakland, California, the flight headed west to Hawaii. Earhart had difficulty during takeoff in Honolulu and the Electra sustained heavy damage. Following repairs, Earhart and Noonan departed from Miami, Florida, on June 1 and headed east. At approximately 22,000 miles into the flight, they landed June 29 in Lae, New Guinea. On July 2 they departed for their 2,556-mile flight to tiny Howland Island in the middle of the Pacific. The U.S. Coast Guard cutter, Itasca, was assigned to track the plane during this leg of the flight. The Electra's last transmission was received by the Itasca at 8:43 a.m. A large search effort was begun to find the lost Electra. Earhart and Noonan were never found, and their disappearance remains a mystery to this day. View primary sources related to Amelia Earhart in Kansas Memory.",
"Inducted into the Kansas Walk of Honor in 2012. Entry: Earhart, Amelia Author: Kansas Historical Society Author information: The Kansas Historical Society is a state agency charged with actively safeguarding and sharing the state's history. Date Created: August 2002 The author of this article is solely responsible for its content. Kansas Memory Our online collections contain more than 500,000 images of photos, documents, and artifacts, which grows daily. Find your story in Kansas through this rich resource! Timeline . Amelia Earhart . American Experience . WGBH | PBS Other Timelines July 24, 1897: A 20th Century Childhood Amelia Mary Earhart is born in Atchison, Kansas, to parents Amy Otis and Edwin Stanton Earhart. Her sister, Muriel, is born two years later. Amelia lives primarily with her maternal grandparents in Atchison during the school year and spends summers with her parents in Kansas City. Despite her grandmother?s disapproval, Amelia spends her free time roaming the outdoors — riding imaginary horses, climbing trees, sledding, and hunting. 1908 Amelia rejoins her parents in Des Moines, Iowa.",
"She sees an airplane for the first time at the Iowa State Fair and later recalls being unimpressed — “It was a thing of rusty wire and wood and looked not at all interesting.” It was not until a decade later, at a stunt-flying exhibition, that Amelia's passion for flight is awakened. 1910-1915 These are turbulent, difficult years for Amelia and her family. Amelia's grandmother, who raised her, dies in 1911. Her father struggles with alcoholism, losing his job and checking into a sanatorium for a month to rehabilitate himself. The family moves to St. Paul, Minnesota in 1913. When Edwin is again unable to recover and find a job, Amy leaves him and moves with Amelia and Muriel to Chicago. June 1916: Amelia's Education Amelia graduates from Hyde Park High School in Chicago. She excels in science, only enrolling at Hyde Park after determining that it had the best science program in the area. However, she has trouble making friends — her yearbook caption reads, “A.E.",
"— the girl in brown who walks alone.” Fall 1916-1918 Amelia attends the Ogontz School, an exclusive finishing school outside of Philadelphia. She again excels in her studies and becomes Vice President of her class. She does not graduate, however, choosing instead to volunteer at Toronto's Spadina Military Hospital as a nurse for wounded World War I soldiers. While in Toronto, she attends a flying exposition with a friend. A stunt pilot dives at Amelia and her friend — “I am sure he said to himself, “watch me make them scamper,\"“ Amelia later recalled — but Amelia stands her ground. She points to this incident as a personal awakening — “I did not understand it at the time, but I believe that little red airplane said something to me as it swished by.” Fall 1919-1920 Amelia enters the pre-med program at Columbia University but after a year decides to leave to join her parents, who have reunited in Los Angeles. December 28, 1920: Hooked on Flying Amelia attends an air show on Long Beach with her father. With pilot Frank Hawk, she takes her first ride in an airplane.",
"“By the time I had got two or three hundred feet off the ground, I knew I had to fly,” she later recalled. Library of Congress Amelia Earhart as a young aviatrix in the 1920s. January 3, 1921 Amelia has her first flying lesson with pilot Neta Snook. She works a variety of jobs — truck driver, photographer, stenographer — to save money for these lessons, and six months later is able to purchase her first airplane, a yellow Kinner Airster biplane she names the Canary . December 15, 1921 Amelia passes her flying license tests given by the National Aeronautic Association. She flies in the Pacific Coast Ladies' Derby in Pasadena two days later. October 22, 1922 Amelia sets an unofficial altitude record for female pilots after flying the Canary to 14,000 feet. May 16, 1923 Amelia is issued an international pilot's license by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI ), becoming the 16th woman ever to achieve this.",
"1924: Hiatus from Aviation Amelia's parents divorce, and Amelia drives with her mother from California to Massachusetts where they move in with sister Muriel. Amelia goes to New York briefly to reenroll at Columbia, but she soon moves back to Boston where she works first as a teacher and then as a social worker at Denison House, teaching English to Syrian and Chinese immigrants. 1927 Amelia joins the Boston chapter of the National Aeronautic Association, and is occasionally featured in newspapers as an advocate for aviation and female pilots. Library of Congress Amelia Earhart, c. 1928 June 17-18, 1928: Overnight Stardom Amelia Earhart, pilot Wilmer Stultz, and co-pilot and mechanic Louis Gordon depart from Newfoundland in the Friendship , a tri-motor seaplane. They arrive in Wales over 20 hours later and are greeted by cheering crowds. Amelia does not think she deserves any acclaim for being the first woman passenger on a trans-Atlantic flight — “Stultz did all the flying — had to.",
"I was just baggage, like a sack of potatoes.” She adds, “Maybe someday I'll try it alone.” Summer 1928 Amelia's book about the Friendship flight, 20 Hrs. 40 Min. , is published. Amelia teams up with publicist George Putnam to write it, and he quickly promotes her to celebrity status. Amelia goes on a national book tour, endorses products like Lucky Strike cigarettes and Modernaire Earhart Luggage, and becomes known as “Lady Lindy” because of her resemblance to Charles Lindbergh. She also becomes Aviation Editor for Cosmopolitan magazine. August 1929: Taking the Initiative Amelia buys another airplane, a single engine Lockheed Vega. In the Vega, she participates in the Women's Air Derby race from Santa Monica to Cleveland, coming in third place. November 2, 1929 Amelia helps found The Ninety-Nines, Inc., the first organization for women aviators. She will become its first president in 1931 and holds that position for two years, during which time she also uses her celebrity status to promote the growth of American commercial airlines.",
"July 5, 1930 Amelia sets the women's world flying speed record of 181.18 miles per hour. Between 1930 and 1935, Amelia will set seven women's speed and distance records. February 7, 1931 Amelia Earhart marries George Palmer Putnam. Wary of the institution of marriage, Amelia refused George's proposals six times before she agrees. She will emphasize that her marriage is a “partnership” with “dual control.” 1932 Amelia with New York City mayor James Walker May 20-21, 1932: The Record Setter Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She departs from Newfoundland and lands in a pasture in Northern Ireland. This act earns her the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress, the Cross of Knight of the Legion of Honor from the French government, and the Gold Medal of the National Geographic Society from President Hoover, becoming the first woman to ever receive this prestigious award. The site of her landing in Ireland now has a small museum, the Amelia Earhart Centre.",
"August 24-25, 1932 Amelia Earhart becomes the first woman to fly solo across the North American continent and back. 1933 Amelia visits the White House. From this visit she develops a friendship with First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt . Amelia flies across North America for the second time, breaking her own record with a faster flight time. 1934 Amelia receives the Harmon Trophy for America's Outstanding Airwoman for the third year in a row. January 11, 1935 Amelia is the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California. This year she will also fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City (April 19-20) and later from Mexico City to New York (May 8). In between flights she works as a career counselor to women at Purdue University.",
"July 1936: The Round-the-World Flight Purdue University finances a new plane for Amelia, a Lockhead Electra 10E which she calls the “Flying Laboratory,” though the plane was purchase less for scientific research and more for Amelia's new dream: a “prize - one flight which I most wanted to attempt - a circumnavigation of the globe as near its waistline as could be.” Amelia and her husband George Putnam plan for her world flight, raising money and consulting with advisers, mechanics, and navigators. March 17, 1937 Amelia and her navigator, Fred Noonan, along with Captain Harry Manning and stunt pilot Paul Mantz, fly the first leg of the trip from Oakland, California to Honolulu, Hawaii in 15 hours and 47 minutes. When they try to continue from Honolulu three days later, the plane ground-loops during take-off and they have to call off the flight. June 1, 1937 Amelia departs on a second attempt, this time departing from Miami, Florida with the plan of traveling from west to east. Fred Noonan is her only crew member on this second flight.",
"They complete nearly 22,000 miles of the flight, stopping in South America, Africa, India, and Lae, New Guinea. Courtesy of Seaver Center for Western History Research Amelia Earhart July 2, 1937 Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan depart from Lae. Their destination is Howland Island, a tiny island in the Pacific only 13,200 feet long and 2,650 feet wide. Amelia and Noonan cannot find the island, however, and they lose radio contact with the Coast Guard cutter Itasca , who can hear that they are lost but cannot return communication. They disappear over the Pacific Ocean. President Roosevelt issues a massive search for Amelia and Noonan, and George Putnam finances his own search until October 1937, but their efforts are unsuccessful. January 5, 1939 Amelia Earhart Blog Amelia Earhart Amelia Earhart was perhaps the most famous female aviator in American history, setting speed and distance records not only for female, but also male pilots. She was initially unimpressed with airplanes, until given a ride by pilot Frank Hawks on December 28, 1920.",
"She said later, �By the time I had got two or three hundred feet off the ground, I knew I had to fly.\" Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, to Edwin and Amy Earhart. Amelia's sister, Muriel (Pidge), was born two and a half years later and would remain a close friend of Amelia's (Millie) throughout her life. Amelia's grandfather, retired U.S. District Court Judge Alfred Otis, was one of the leading citizens of Atchison, Kansas . Otis felt that his son in law, Edwin, an attorney, failed to measure up to his standards of providing social status and a large income for his family. Earhart was plagued by that disapproval during his marriage to Amy, and it would later play a part in the Earhart family's disintegration. The legacy of disapproval and doubt would follow Amelia from her childhood tomboy years through her flying career. Amelia defied the conventional little girl behavior of the time by climbing trees, �belly-slamming\" her sled to start it downhill, and by hunting rats with a .22 rifle.",
"She also kept a scrapbook filled with newspaper clippings of women who had been successful in such predominantly male-oriented careers as the law, film direction and production, advertising, mechanical engineering, and management. Edwin Earhart's private law practice failed. He took an executive position with the Rock Island Line Railroad in Des Moines, Iowa, in 1905. It was in Des Moines in 1907 that Amelia saw her first airplane at the Iowa State Fair. She said later, �It was a thing of rusty wire and wood and not at all interesting.\" It was not until more than a decade later that her interest in flying would be set ablaze. In 1909, when Amelia was a young teenager, Edwin was promoted, and their standard of living improved. Soon after, Edwin began to drink and it became apparent to Amelia, friends and neighbors that he had become an alcoholic. After Edwin was fired from The Rock Island Railroad in 1914, Amy took the children to live with friends in Chicago. Using trust fund money, Amy sent the girls to private intermediate schools in preparation for college.",
"After graduating from Chicago's Hyde Park High School in 1915, Earhart left to visit her sister at a college preparatory school in Canada. It was there that Earhart decided to train and work as a nurse's aide in Spadina Military Hospital in Toronto, Ontario, in November 1918. In the fall of 1919, Earhart enrolled in a pre-med program at Columbia University , but in 1920 quit to rejoin her recently reunited parents in California. Several months after her arrival, she attended a stunt-flying expedition with her father at Daugherty Field, Long Beach . Earhart's heart raced when an aircraft flew directly over their seats. The next day she was given a 10-minute flight. Only five days after her first ride, Earhart took her first flying lesson from pioneer aviatrix, Anita �Neta\" Snook, at the Kinner Field near Long Beach. Within six months, Earhart had saved enough money to purchase her first aircraft, a second-hand Kinner Airster.",
"That two-seat yellow biplane, which she affectionately named Canary, was used by Earhart on October 22, 1922 to set her first woman's record of rising to an altitude of 14,000 feet. On May 15, 1923, she received her pilot's license from the Federation of Aeronautique Internationale (FAI) � the 16th woman to do so. Realizing there was little monetary compensation for high-altitude flying, Earhart sold the Canary and purchased a yellow Kissel automobile. In 1924, after her parent's divorce, she then traveled with her mother across the country to Boston, Massachussetts. While in Boston in the fall of 1925, Earhart took a position as a novice social worker at Denison House. She also joined the Boston chapter of the National Aeronautic Association, where she invested what money she had into a company that would build an airport and market Kinner airplanes in Boston.",
"During that time, Earhart used her growing notoriety to market Kinner planes, and to promote flying, especially to women pilots , by writing regular columns on the subject. The Boston Globe called her �one of the best women pilots in the United States.\" Earhart's career as an aviatrix took off the day she received a telephone call from Captain H.H. Railey on April 27, 1926, inquiring if she wanted to be the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. After an interview in New York with the project coordinators and book publisher, publicist � and future husband � George P. Putnam, Earhart was invited to join pilot Wilmer �Bill\" Stultz and co-pilot/mechanic Louis E. �Slim\" Gordon on a flight from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland, to Burry Port, Wales. Putnam, after successfully publishing writings by Charles A. Lindbergh , foresaw Earhart's flight as a bestselling story for his publishing house.",
"Although Earhart did not receive monetary compensation for the flight as Stultz and Gordon had, she was promised publicity from being the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. In the multi-engined Fokker F7 dubbed Friendship, the crew made several attempts, due to poor weather conditions, before they finally left Boston Harbor and headed north to land at Trepassey, Newfoundland. High winds grounded the crew for days, while Stultz turned to drinking. On June 16, Earhart exercised her authority as commander of the trip by getting Stultz dosed with coffee and onto the pontoon-converted plane. Four hundred miles into the flight, Gordon took the controls and Stultz promptly fell asleep. Since Earhart was unfamiliar with the use of navigational instruments, she could not fly the plane herself. Twenty hours and forty minutes later, the crew spotted land and touched down on water near Burry Port, Wales, 140 miles short of their intended destination of Southampton, Ireland. The overwhelming publicity of the event that Earhart received was put to good use by Amelia and Putnam. She set several other aeronautical records between that flight and and her final one in 1937.",
"In the fall of 1928 she published the successful book, 20 Hours 40 Minutes, about her trip in the Friendship and she also became a writer for Cosmopolitan Magazine. She also was named the General Traffic Manager at Transcontinental Air Transport (later known as TWA ). During the preparation for the Atlantic trip, Earhart's friendship with still-married George Putnam blossomed. Upon his divorce, and after signing a prenuptial agreement guaranteeing her continued independence, she married Putnam in December 1929. He would support and publicize her flying career. In 1929, Earhart organized a cross-country air race dubbed the Women's Air Derby for pilots from Los Angeles to Cleveland � later nicknamed the �Powder Puff Derby\" by Will Rogers . Earhart placed third in that race. She was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean on May 20 and 21, 1932, the fifth anniversary of Lindbergh's famed flight, finishing it in 14 hours and 56 minutes.",
"She was awarded the National Geographic Society's gold medal from President Herbert Hoover and Congress awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross, the first ever given to a woman. On August 24-25, 1932, she became the first woman to fly solo nonstop from coast to coast, setting the transcontinental speed record for flying 2,447.8 miles in 19 hours and five minutes. And on July 7 and 8, 1933, she broke her previous women's nonstop transcontinental speed record by making the same flight in 17 hours and seven minutes. Other speed records she broke or set include being the first person to fly solo across the Pacific from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California , at a distance of 2,408 miles, on January 11, 1935. Ten pilots had already lost their lives attempting to cross the Pacific. Therefore, her plane was equipped with a two-way radio, making it the first ever carried in a civilian plane.",
"Over April 19 and 20, 1935, she was the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles, California , to Mexico City, Mexico, in 13 hours and 23 minutes. Then on May 8 of that same year, she was the first person to fly solo nonstop from Mexico City to Newark, New Jersey, in 14 hours and 19 minutes. Between the fall of 1935 and her disappearance in July 1937, Earhart served at Purdue University as a consultant in the Department for the Study of Careers for Women, and as a technical advisor in the Department of Aeronautics, which was part of the School of Mechanical Engineering. She became interested in Purdue because at the time it was the only university in the United States with a fully equipped airport. In addition, campus women were encouraged to receive practical mechanical and engineering training. Earhart lectured and conducted conferences with Purdue faculty and students. She initiated studies on new career opportunities for women, a lifelong passion of hers, and most importantly, served as an example of a successful modern woman to female Purdue University students. During a dinner party at Purdue University President Edward C.",
"Elliott's home, Earhart told of her desire for a flying laboratory where she could conduct studies of the effects of long-distance flying on pilots. By night's end, she received $80,000 in donations from fellow guests David Ross; J.K. Lilly, of the Eli Lilly Drug Company; Vincent Bendix; and manufacturers Western Electric , Goodrich, and Goodyear . The funds were used to purchase a new twin-engine Lockheed Electra 10E airplane specially suited for Earhart, and it was delivered in 1936. Shortly before her 40th birthday in 1937, Earhart expressed a desire to be the first woman to fly around the world. Not only would she be the first woman, but she would also travel the longest possible distance, circumnavigating the world at its girth. Referring to the flight, she said, �I have a feeling that there is just about one more good flight left in my system, and I hope this trip is it.\" She chose Fredrick Noonan for her navigator, because of his knowledge of the Pacific Area, having worked for Pan American Pacific Clipper.",
"Using her Lockheed Electra 10E, they set off on March 17, 1935, for a flight from Oakland, California to Hawaii. During takeoff from Luke Field near Pearl Harbor, the plane was seriously damaged when Earhart overcompensated for a dropped right wing, causing the aircraft to go out of control. The plane was shipped to California for repairs while Earhart planned her next departure. Since they were leaving so much later in the year, Earhart decided to travel in the reverse direction from her original plan to fly west. Weather conditions were more favorable in the Caribbean and Africa. After the plane's delivery, on May 21, 1937, Earhart and Noonan departed from Los Angeles, California, to Florida to begin their 29,000 mile journey. On June 1, 1937, Earhart and Noonan departed Miami, Florida , to San Juan, Puerto Rico. From there, they traveled to South America, then on to Africa and the Red Sea.",
"Becoming the first to fly non-stop from the Red Sea to Karachi, India, they traveled from there on to Rangoon, Bangkok, Singapore, and Bandoeng where they were prevented from departing for several days because of monsoons. During that time, Amelia became ill with dysentery that lasted for several days. At that time, repairs were made to the long-distance instruments, which had been giving them trouble. It was not until June 16, 1937, that the pair was able to depart for Port Darwin, Australia, where the direction finder was repaired and their parachutes were shipped home because they �would be of no value over the Pacfic.\" They reached Lae, New Guinea, in the mid-Pacific on June 29. With only 7,000 miles left, their next stop would be one of the most navigationally challenging locations, Howland Island, which was only a mile and a half long and half a mile wide. Inaccurate navigational maps had plagued Noonan throughout the trip; therefore, the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Itasca was stationed just off shore to act as their radio contact.",
"Radio conditions were poor and the Itasca was bombarded with commercial radio traffic generated from the flight. To provide additional illumination, three other U.S. ships � burning every possible light on deck � were positioned along the flight route as markers. About that additional help, Earhart remarked, �Howland is such a small spot in the Pacific that every aid to locating it must be available.\" At 0:00 hours Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) on July 2, 1937, the Electra took off from Lae with an estimated 1,000 gallons of fuel, allowing for 20 to 21 hours of flight. Despite favorable weather reports, Noonan's premier method of celestial navigation was impossible due to overcast skies and intermittent rain showers. At 08:00 hours, Earhart's plane was on course at roughly 20 miles southwest of the Nukumanu Islands, but headwind speeds had increased by 10 to 12 mph. It is doubtful that Earhart had received the headwinds report prior to her radio transmission. She made irregular transmissions throughout most of the flight and those received were faint and full of static.",
"At 19:30 hours, Earhart reported to the Itasca, �We must be on you, but we cannot see you, but gas is running low... been unable to reach you by radio ... we are flying at 1,000 feet,\" at which point the Itasca produced thick black smoke into the air that trailed the ship for approximately 10 miles. Radio controllers continued to transmit, but could not establish two-way contact. Sixteen minutes later, at 19:46 hours GMT, Earhart made her final transmission: �We are on the line position 157-337 will repeat this message... We are running north and south.\" The Itasca continued to make attempts to establish two-way contact, broadcasting on all channels until 21:30 hours GMT when it was determined that her plane must have ditched into the ocean. With that determination, the most expensive air and sea search so far in history was begun, totalling $4 million and covering 250,000 square miles of ocean. President Franklin Roosevelt had dispatched nine naval ships and 66 aircraft, but on July 18, the main search was abandoned.",
"George Putnam continued the search until October, when he also abandoned hopes of locating his wife and the navigator. Earhart's own courage and bravery is illustrated in a letter left to Putnam in case the flight would be her last. She wrote, �Please know I am quite aware of the hazards. I want to do it because I want to do it. Women must try to do things as men have tried. When they fail, their failure must be but a challenge for others.\" Biography: Amelia Earhart for Kids from the Los Angeles Daily News Occupation: Aviator Born: July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas Died: She disappeared on July 2, 1937 over the Pacific Ocean. She was declared dead on January 5, 1939 Best known for: Being the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean Biography: Where did Amelia Earhart grow up? Amelia Earhart was born on July 24, 1897 in Atchison, Kansas . Her father, Edwin, was a lawyer who worked for the railroad. She spent a lot of her childhood playing with her younger sister Muriel.",
"Growing up Amelia and her sister had all sorts of adventures. They collected insects and frogs. They liked to play sports including baseball and football. Amelia even learned to shoot a .22 rifle and used it to kill rats in her Dad's barn. Amelia's first \"flight\" was when she was just seven years old. With the help of Muriel and her uncle she made a homemade roller coaster. After crashing dramatically she told her sister that it \"was just like flying\". When Amelia was eleven years old, in 1908, she saw one of the Wright Brothers first airplanes at the Iowa State Fair. She had no interest in flying and didn't think much of the plane at the time. Before Flying After graduating from high school, Amelia wasn't sure what she wanted to do. She first went to the Ogontz School in Pennsylvania, but dropped out to become a nurse's aide tending wounded soldiers from World War I. Then she studied to become a mechanic, but soon was back in school studying for a career in medicine. Eventually she decided to go into medical research. That is, until she took her first plane flight.",
"First Time Flying On December 28, 1920 Amelia and her father visited an air show in California. Amelia went on her first plane flight that day. She later said that \"I knew I had to fly\" as soon as the plane was just a few hundred feet off the ground. Amelia worked hard and, together with some money from her mother, she was able to pay for flying lessons. Eventually she purchased her own plane. A bright yellow airplane she nicknamed the \"Canary\". She also got her pilot's license and set a new altitude record for female pilots of 14,000 feet. Amelia Earhart awaits transatlantic flight 1928 by Wide World Photos First Woman to Cross the Atlantic In 1928 Amelia was invited to take part in a historic flight across the Atlantic. Together with pilot Bill Stultz and co-pilot Slim Gordon, Amelia flew across the Atlantic Ocean in the airplane Friendship. Amelia was the navigator on the flight. On June 18, 1928 after twenty one hours of flying, the plane landed in Wales. She was the first woman to make the flight across the Atlantic.",
"Earhart was received back in the United States as a hero. They had a ticker tape parade for her in New York City and she even got to meet President Calvin Coolidge at the White House. Crossing the Atlantic Solo Amelia was not satisfied, however. She wanted to make the same trip across the Atlantic, but this time she wanted to pilot the plane and make the flight by herself. On May 20, 1932 she took off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland aboard a bright red single engine Lockheed Vega airplane. She intended to make the same flight that Charles Lindbergh had made five years before and fly to Paris, France. The flight was very dangerous. There was bad weather, thick clouds, and often her windshield and wings were covered with ice. Fourteen hours later she had crossed the Atlantic Ocean, but had to cut the flight short, landing in a cow pasture in Londonderry, Northern Ireland . Amelia became only the second person after Charles Lindbergh to successfully fly across the Atlantic Ocean solo. She received many awards including becoming the first woman to receive the Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress. Aviator Amelia continued to fly over the next several years.",
"She broke many records including being the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California. Amelia wrote and gave speeches about flying and women's rights. World Flight Although she was the most famous woman pilot in the world, Earhart wasn't satisfied and wanted to be the first woman to fly around the world. On June 1937 Amelia and Fred Noonan, her navigator, took off from Miami, Florida. They flew a number of flights, eventually getting all the way across Africa and Asia to New Guinea in the South Pacific. On July 2nd they took off from New Guinea to fly to Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean, but they were never seen from again. Amelia Disappears The United States government searched for Amelia and her plane for several weeks, but they could not find them. There have been a lot of theories about what happened to the flight, but no one really knows and her plane has never been found. Fun Facts about Amelia Earhart Amelia went by the nicknames Meeley and Millie. Her sister Muriel was called Pidge. She married her book publisher, George Putnam, in 1931.",
"When Amelia landed in Ireland after her solo Atlantic flight, the farmer asked her where she was from. When she answered that she was from America, he wasn't quite sure he believed her. Howland Island is a mile and a half wide and one mile long. It is located in the Pacific Ocean 2,556 miles from New Guinea. A lighthouse was built to the memory of Amelia Earhart on Howland Island. In 1935 she became the first person to fly solo from Los Angeles to Mexico City and from Mexico City to Newark, New Jersey. More women leaders: Amelia Earhart Biography | AmeliaEarhart.net Biography Amelia Earhart was born in Atchison, Kansas to parents Samuel Edwin Stanton Earhart and Amelia Amy Otis Earhart on July 24, 1897. Earhart was named after her two grandmothers, a family custom. At an early age, it was obvious that Earhart and her sister, Grace Muriel Earhart, were the adventurous type. Day in and day out, Amelia and her sister would set out for hours on end to explore their neighborhood. This included everything from hunting rats to climbing trees.",
"While these activities were usually associated with that of young boys, Earhart never had an issue taking part as well. At the age of 10, Earhart’s father was transferred to a new job in Des Moines, Iowa. Shortly after the move, she saw her first airplane at the Iowa State Fair. At the time, Earhart did not have any interest in flying and referred to the plane as “a thing of rusty wire and wood and not at all interesting.” Education While her parents were getting settled in Des Moines, Earhart stayed behind in Atchison to continue her education. At the time, she was being home schooled along with her sister. Upon moving to Iowa in 1909, Earhart enrolled in a public school. It is well documented that during this time she would spend hours on end reading in the family library. In 1915, Earhart once again moved; this time to St. Paul, Minnesota. Shortly thereafter, she ended up moving to Chicago. In an attempt to find the school with the best science program, she spent a lot of time researching institutions in the area. Soon enough, she settled on Hyde Park High School. Earhart graduated in 1916.",
"Despite changing schools on several occasions, Earhart graduated on time and with excellent grades. Early Flying Career On December 28, 1920, Earhart got her first taste of life in the sky. She and her father visited an airfield, and soon enough she was preparing for her first flight with professional pilot Frank Hawks. Earhart said, \"By the time I had got two or three hundred feet off the ground, I knew I had to fly.” After this short flight, she became obsessed with aviation and vowed to make this her career as soon as possible. One month after her first flight, Earhart had saved enough money to take flying lessons. Despite the hard work that went into learning how to fly an early plane, Earhart pushed forward with dogged perseverance. Six months after taking flight for the first time, she managed to purchase her first airplane. Although used, the Kinner Airster biplane is just what she needed to get her career moving in the right direction.",
"Thanks to its bright yellow color, Earhart nicknamed the plane “Canary.” On May 15, 1923, Earhart became only the 16th woman to be issued a pilot’s license by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. By 1927, Earhart had logged more than 500 hours in the sky without any serious incident or harm. At the time, this was quite the achievement. In fact, it led to the Boston Globe referring to her as one of the best women pilots in the United States. In April of 1928, Earhart took advantage of a big offer. She received a phone call from publicist Capt. Hilton H. Railey asking if she would like to fly the Atlantic. After meeting with project coordinators, she was asked to join two other pilots, Louis E. Gordon and Wilmer Stultz, on the mission. On June 17, 1928, the three pilots departed from Trepassey Harbor, Newfoundland. Flying in a Fokker F7, the three pilots navigated their way 21 hours to Burry Port, Wales.",
"This flight was a huge accomplishment for the aviation industry, and made headlines the world over. Upon returning to the United States, the pilots were greeted with a parade in New York as well as a reception at the White House held by President Calvin Coolidge. After taking part in this record breaking event, Earhart decided to devote her entire life to flying. By this point she had shown the world that women were more than capable of flying, and with this came a lot of respect and future opportunities. Marriage After years of being courted, Earhart finally decided to marry George Putnam. Earhart was previously engaged to Samuel Chapman, but during that period she was also spending a lot of time with Putnam. After a bit of hesitation, the two wed on February 7, 1931. Although the two never had children of their own, Putnam did have two sons from a previous marriage. Continued Flying Career On May 20, 1932, Earhart took off for a solo flight from Harbor Grace, Newfoundland. Although the initial plan was to end the trip in Paris, strong winds forced Earhart to abandon the flight in Culmore, Ireland.",
"Although Earhart did not land at her intended target, the flight gained worldwide attention due in large part that she was the first woman to fly non-stop across the Atlantic without a co-pilot. This feat led to a gold medal from the National Geographic Society, as well as a Distinguished Flying Cross from Congress; the first one given to a woman. In 1937, Earhart prepared for a challenge that would outdo all previous accomplishments. She decided it was time to become the first woman to fly around the world. During the first attempt at this feat, she was joined onboard by Fred Noonan, the second navigator, Harry Manning, and Paul Mantz. Unfortunately, the group did not make it far due to technical issues after a scheduled landing in Hawaii. In true Earhart fashion, a second attempt was immediately planned out. The first leg of the trip was from Oakland, California to Miami, Florida. At this time, Earhart publicly announced her intentions. This time around, Earhart and her only other crew member, Noonan, would be flying the other way around the world due to changes in wind and weather patterns. After leaving Miami, the pair stopped in South America, Africa, India, and Southeast Asia.",
"They eventually would up in Lea, New Guinea. At this time, 22,000 miles of the trip were complete, with only 7,000 more to go. On July 2, 1937, the pair took off from Lea in route to Howland Island. However, their last known position was somewhere near the Nukumanu Islands, 800 miles into the flight. The US Coast Guard had assigned the Itasca to station near Howland to guide Earhart to the island once she moved into the area. Although the exact details are not well known, the final approach to the island was never made. Some feel that Earhart was not skilled at using her Bendix direction finding loop antenna, new technology at the time, and others believe that she had not properly timed the arrival with the US Coast Guard. The last transmission that Earhart made took place at 8:43 am. She said, \"We are on the line 157 337. We will repeat this message. We will repeat this on 6210 kilocycles.",
"Wait.” Instead, she returned a few minutes later on the same frequency and spoke her last known words, “We are running on line north and south.” A rescue attempt was made, and at the time, it was the most intense search in naval history. On July 19, after spending more than $4 million, the United States government called off the search. Once the official search was called off, Earhart’s husband sponsored a search by local authorities of nearby islands and waters, focusing mainly on the Gilberts. In late July he also chartered two small boats and directed a search of the Phoenix Islands, Gilbert Islands, Marshall Islands, and Fanning Island. Unfortunately, no trace of Earhart or her plane was located. Although Amelia Earhart’s life was cut short, she is one of the most well known pilots that the world has ever seen. Amelia Earhart Birthplace--Aviation: From Sand Dunes to Sonic Booms: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary Amelia Earhart Photo courtesy of Amelia Earhart Birthplace Musuem The accomplishments of Amelia Earhart in the field of aviation were many.",
"She is best remembered as the first woman to make a solo flight across the Atlantic, May 20-21, 1932. For this achievement Vice President Charles Curtis awarded her the Distinguished Flying Cross on July 29, 1932. Some of her other achievements included: setting the women's altitude record, the women's speed record, the first person to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii to Oakland, California, and she was the first woman to make a solo round trip of the United States. On July 2, 1937, she and her navigator, Fred Noonan, while on a round-the-world flight, disappeared over the Pacific Ocean. The house where Amelia Earhart was born and raised was built in 1861 by her grandfather, Judge Alfred G. Otis, in Atchison, Kansas. Amelia was born in the southwest bedroom on the second floor. Although there is some disagreement as to the date of her birth, records of the Trinity Episcopal Church of Atchison indicate the date was July 24, 1897.",
"Her father, Edwin Stanton Earhart, was a lawyer whose position as claims agent for a railroad required him to travel a great deal. Consequently Amelia and her sister Muriel stayed with their grandparents much of the time. In one of her books Amelia mentioned that she had attended grammar school in Atchison until the eighth grade and had skipped two grades in the process. Even though she lived in many different cities, Amelia considered Atchison her hometown. It is probable that she spent more time in the house she was born in, called the Otis House, than anywhere else. The Amelia Earhart Birthplace represents one of the few remaining tangible associations with this famous aviation pilot. Amelia Earhart Birthplace Photo courtesy of Joan Adam The house faces east and overlooks the Missouri River from the crest of a bluff. The front portion of the house is two stories high and constructed of wood and horizontal lap siding; the rear portion is one story and is constructed of brick masonry. A one-story, flat-roofed frame porch runs the length of the east front and is supported by six hexagonal columns, of which the four center ones are paired. The roof is a double pitch gable with an intersecting gable on the east side.",
"Most window openings have a semicircular arched head. The Amelia Earhart Birthplace is located on 223 North Terrace St., in Atchison, Kansas. The museum is open Monday-Friday 9:00am to 4:00pm, Saturday 10:00am to 4:00pm and Sunday 1:00pm to 4:00pm; on holidays by appointment. There is a fee for admission. Please call 913-367-4217 or visit the museum's website for information. Another valuable online source of information on Amelia Earhart are the George Palmer Putnam Collection of Amelia Earhart Papers at Purdue University ."
] |
Which movie director was born on exactly the same day as actor Tommy Lee Jones?
|
Oliver Stone
|
[
"Stones Law",
"Oliver Stone",
"Stone's Law"
] | 10,214
|
[
"Tommy Lee Jones - Biography - IMDb Tommy Lee Jones Biography Showing all 71 items Jump to: Overview (3) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trade Mark (5) | Trivia (38) | Personal Quotes (16) | Salary (5) Overview (3) 6' (1.83 m) Mini Bio (1) Tommy Lee Jones was born in San Saba, Texas, the son of Lucille Marie (Scott), a police officer and beauty shop owner, and Clyde C. Jones, who worked on oil fields. Tommy himself worked in underwater construction and on an oil rig. He attended St. Mark's School of Texas, a prestigious prep school for boys in Dallas, on a scholarship, and went to Harvard on another scholarship. He roomed with future Vice President Al Gore and played offensive guard in the famous 29-29 Harvard-Yale football game of '68 known as \"The Tie.\" He received a B.A. in English literature and graduated cum laude from Harvard in 1969. Following college, he moved to New York and began his theatrical career on Broadway in \"A Patriot for Me\" (1969).",
"In 1970, he made his film debut in Love Story (1970). While living in New York, he continued to appear in various plays, both on- and off-Broadway: \"Fortune and Men's Eyes\" (1969); \"Four on a Garden\" (1971); \"Blue Boys\" (1972); \"Ulysses in Nighttown\" (1974). During this time, he also appeared on a daytime soap opera, One Life to Live (1968) as Dr. Mark Toland from 1971-75. He moved with wife Kate Lardner , granddaughter of short-story writer/columnist Ring Lardner , and her two children from a previous marriage, to Los Angeles. There he began to get some roles on television: Charlie's Angels (1976) (pilot episode); Smash-Up on Interstate 5 (1976); and The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977). While working on the movie Back Roads (1981), he met and fell in love with Kimberlea Cloughley, whom he later married.",
"More roles in television--both on network and cable--stage and film garnered him a reputation as a strong, explosive, thoughtful actor who could handle supporting as well as leading roles. He made his directorial debut in The Good Old Boys (1995) on TNT. In addition to directing and starring in the film, he co-wrote the teleplay (with J.T. Allen ). The film, based on Elmer Kelton 's novel, is set in west Texas where Jones has strong family ties. Consequently, this story of a cowboy facing the end of an era has special meaning for him. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Maria Vitale <[email protected]> Spouse (3) Known both on-screen and off-screen for his crusty, cranky persona Often plays hard-edged but sarcastic law enforcement and military officers Often plays real-life historical figures (Thaddeus Stevens, Howard Hughes, Gary Gilmore, Ty Cobb, Oliver Lynn, Clay Shaw) Deep gravelly voice with thick Texas accent Trivia (38) Never took an acting class. He and Al Gore were roommates while the two were students at Harvard University. The two remain close friends.",
"Part time cattle rancher, owns 3,000-acre ranch near San Antonio, TX. Plays polo and raises polo ponies. His team won the U.S. Polo Association's Western Challenge Cup in 1993. Invites Harvard University's best polo players to his ranch to practice each fall. Father's name was Clyde C. Jones -- he did not have a middle name, just an initial. Real-life son, Austin Leonard Jones , played his son, Tommy, in Screen Two: Double Image (1986). According to author Erich Segal , Jones and his then Harvard roommate Al Gore , were the models for the character of Oliver in Love Story (1970). Injured after falling from horse during polo match. [October 1998] Writes most of his own most memorable lines in films: The Fugitive (1993)... when Richard Kimble ( Harrison Ford ) tells Marshal Gerard, \"I didn't kill my wife,\" Gerard replies, \"I don't care!\" Under Siege (1992)... William Strannix's speech after he loses his mind: \"Saturday morning cartoons... This little piggy...",
"\" Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) ... John Neville's revealing speech at the end of the movie. Ten days after graduating from Harvard, he landed his first role in the Broadway production of \"A Patriot for Me\" (with Maximilian Schell ), which closed after 49 performances. He got his agent after giving a letter of introduction to actress Jane Alexander . His story of how he found an agent and a Broadway job so quickly was written about in an issue of \"Ripley's Believe It or Not\". His ex-wife, Kate Lardner , is Ring Lardner 's granddaughter. Speaks Spanish fluently. He is a first cousin of Boxcar Willie , a famous country singer. Owns the movie rights to Cormac McCarthy 's controversial novel \"Blood Meridian,\" which many consider unfilmable. Born on the exact same day as filmmaker and good friend Oliver Stone . Was the studio's original (and preferred) choice to play Snake Plisken in John Carpenter 's Escape from New York (1981). The studio was reluctant to cast Kurt Russell , who ultimately got the part, because of his previous work. Is the only Texan to have played fellow Texan Howard Hughes .",
"Leonardo DiCaprio ( The Aviator (2004)), Jason Robards ( Melvin and Howard (1980)) and Terry O'Quinn ( The Rocketeer (1991)) were born in California, Illinois and Michigan, respectively. Is an avid San Antonio Spurs fan. Played Howard Hughes in The Amazing Howard Hughes (1977) and later appeared in Batman Forever (1995), which was filmed inside the hangar of Hughes' \"Spruce Goose.\". Jones was also a resident of Midland, Texas, and attended the same high school as the former First Lady Laura Bush . An eighth-generation Texan, he has English, as well as some Scots-Irish (Northern Irish) and Scottish, ancestry. He has also stated that he has Cherokee Native American roots, but it is not clear if this ancestry has been documented (all of his grandparents and great-grandparents were listed as \"White\" on United States Censuses).",
"An animated caricature of him appeared in an episode of the animated series adaptation of Men in Black (1997) alongside an animated caricature of his MIB co-star Will Smith , set against a scene parodying another hit film starring Smith, Independence Day (1996). Is an avid polo player. He even bought a house in a polo country club in Buenos Aires, Argentina. In Batman Forever (1995), his character of \"Two-Face\" flips a coin to see if his victims should live or die. Twelve years later he played a sheriff in No Country for Old Men (2007) pursuing an assassin who kills random victims by asking them to call a coin toss. Mother was Lucille Marie Scott. Had a younger brother, born 3 years after the actor, who died in infancy. Became friends with Al Gore when they were roommates at Harvard University, and he was asked to host the Nobel Peace Prize concert for Gore. At the 2000 Democratic National Convention, he presented the nominating speech for Al Gore as the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States.",
"Was set to star in Everybody's All-American (1988) in 1982, but the studio backed out partly because they did not believe that Jones was leading man material. Jones has said that he found it all amusing. Dennis Quaid got the part when Taylor Hackford took over the project. Was set to star in Savior (1998), but had to back out due to other commitments. Has been friends with actor Tom Berenger since they were both on One Life to Live (1968). The longest he has gone without an Oscar nomination is 14 years, between The Fugitive (1993) and In the Valley of Elah (2007). As of 2014, has appeared in six films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Love Story (1970), Coal Miner's Daughter (1980), JFK (1991), The Fugitive (1993), No Country for Old Men (2007) and Lincoln (2012). Only No Country for Old Men (2007) won in the category.",
"First of three actors whose Oscar-winning roles were inspired by the works of Victor Hugo . The character of Lt. Gerard in The Fugitive (1993) was modeled after Inspector Javert in Les Miserables. Anne Hathaway won her Oscar for playing Fantine in Les Misérables (2012). Heath Ledger won his Oscar for playing the Joker in The Dark Knight (2008), which was inspired by the character Gwynplaine from The Man Who Laughs (1928). He and Hathaway have also both had roles in the Batman film series: Hathaway as Selina Kyle/Catwoman in The Dark Knight Rises (2012), while Jones appeared in Batman Forever (1995) as Harvey Dent/Two-Face, a character also appearing in The Dark Knight (2008). Accepted the Texas Legend Award during the Texas Film Hall of Fame Awards ceremony held on March 12, 2015 in Austin, Texas. Personal Quotes (16) Somebody's gonna give you some money to perform a job, you do your best to make 'em a good hand...",
"It's no mean calling to bring fun into the afternoons of large numbers of people. That too is part of my job, and I'm happy to serve when called on. My thanks to the Academy for the very finest, greatest award that any actor can ever receive. The only thing a man can say at a time like this is -- I am not really bald. I do not have a sense of humor of any recognizable sort. [on how he learned to direct] I've worked with more than 50 directors and I've paid attention since day one. That's pretty much been my education, apart from studying art history and shooting with my own cameras. I've seen 50 different sets of mistakes and 50 different ways of achieving. You just leave the bad part out. I really enjoyed a remark that Howard Hawks once made. He said the most important thing is not to ask an actor to do anything he can't do. Same thing goes for horses. [on working with famous movie stars] I feel pretty lucky. Those guys, they know my name. They know who I am. Not bad for a little Indian boy. Not bad. You just look for good parts and good stories and a good company to work with.",
"Characters with no integrity are just as interesting as characters with lots of integrity. I love cinema, and I love agriculture. [regarding the furor over the violence in Natural Born Killers (1994)] Those who say that a work of art is an invitation to violent anti-social behavior are not very bright. It's been said, truthfully, that every actor has a moment in every year, at least, when he knows for sure that he'll never work again. That's a more or less humorous way to point to the insecurity that comes with the job. I think that's why [ Laurence Olivier ] said, \"If you have any choice at all, don't be an actor\". I bear no resemblance to Douglas MacArthur whatsoever. But a campaign hat, some aviator glasses and a corncob pipe go a long way. [on Will Smith ] Will is more generous than anyone, and he spreads joy. He walks into a studio, walks onto a set, and he makes certain that everybody's happy. He can't help himself. Harrison [ Harrison Ford ] is probably the best physical actor working today. I don't simply mean hanging on to the hood of a Nazi truck as it zooms around the desert.",
"He has a way of running that's quite articulate. He uses his body very, very well. [observation, 2014] The quality of one's emotional life changes over the years, doesn't it? But the basic instincts and desires, greed and hope, seem to remain constant. In the larger scope of things, there's a sense of fulfillment to living a creative life. So I guess that's what keeps me going. [on his film, The Homesman (2014)] I don't even know what a western is. I'm interested in making films about the history of my country. I think 'western' means the story has horses and big hats. That's about as descriptive as the term can be. What I'm trying to indicate is that I don't think in terms of genre. And yet I will admit that I've made three movies that had horses and big hats, so there must be something there. Salary (5) Tommy Lee Jones Biography | Movies.com Tommy Lee Jones Biography Awards An eighth-generation Texan, actor Tommy Lee Jones, born September 15th, 1946, attended Harvard University, where he roomed with future U.S.",
"Vice President [[Performer~P285102~Al Gore~algore]]. Though several of his less-knowledgeable fans have tended to dismiss Jones as a roughhewn redneck, the actor was equally at home on the polo fields (he's a champion player) as the oil fields, where he made his living for many years. After graduating cum laude from Harvard in 1969, Jones made his stage debut that same year in A Patriot for Me; in 1970, he appeared in his first film, [[Feature~V30317~Love Story~lovestory]] (listed way, way down the cast list as one of [[Performer~P53567~Ryan O'Neal~ryanoneal]]'s fraternity buddies). Interestingly enough, while Jones was at Harvard, he and roommate [[Performer~P285102~Gore~algore]] provided the models for author [[Performer~P64315~Erich Segal~erichsegal]] while he was writing the character of Oliver, the book's (and film's) protagonist.",
"After this supporting role, Jones got his first film lead in the obscure Canadian film [[Feature~V15603~Eliza's Horoscope~elizashoroscope]] (1975). Following a spell on the daytime soap opera [[Feature~V284353~One Life to Live~onelifetolive[tvseries]]], he gained national attention in 1977 when he was cast in the title role in the TV miniseries [[Feature~V1787~The Amazing Howard Hughes~theamazinghowardhughes]], his resemblance to the title character -- both vocally and visually -- positively uncanny. Five years later, Jones won further acclaim and an Emmy for his startling performance as murderer Gary Gilmore in [[Feature~V16299~The Executioner's Song~theexecutionerssong]]. Jones spent the rest of the '80s working in both television and film, doing his most notable work on such TV miniseries as [[Feature~V29911~Lonesome Dove~lonesomedove]] (1989), for which he earned another Emmy nomination.",
"It was not until the early '90s that the actor became a substantial figure in Hollywood, a position catalyzed by a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for his role in [[Performer~P112907~Oliver Stone~oliverstone]]'s [[Feature~V25653~JFK~jfk]]. In 1993, Jones won both that award and a Golden Globe for his driven, starkly funny portrayal of U.S. Marshal Sam Gerard in [[Feature~V18834~The Fugitive~thefugitive]]. His subsequent work during the decade was prolific and enormously varied.",
"In 1994 alone, he could be seen as an insane prison warden in [[Feature~V132230~Natural Born Killers~naturalbornkillers]]; titular baseball hero [[Performer~P13817~Ty Cobb~tycobb]] in [[Feature~V133920~Cobb~cobb]]; a troubled army captain in [[Feature~V131977~Blue Sky~bluesky]]; a wily federal attorney in [[Feature~V131219~The Client~theclient]]; and a psychotic bomber in [[Feature~V81172~Blown Away~blownaway]].",
"Jones was also attached to a number of big-budget action movies, hamming it up as the crazed Two-Face in [[Feature~V134815~Batman Forever~batmanforever]] (1995); donning sunglasses and an attitude to play a special agent in [[Feature~V154946~Men in Black~meninblack]] (1997); and reprising his [[Feature~V18834~Fugitive~thefugitive]] role for the film's 1998 sequel, [[Feature~V158897~U.S. Marshals~usmarshals]]. The following year, he continued this trend, playing [[Performer~P36453~Ashley Judd~ashleyjudd]]'s parole officer in the psychological thriller [[Feature~V180794~Double Jeopardy~doublejeopardy]].",
"The late '90s and millennial turnover found Jones' popularity soaring, and the distinguished actor continued to develop a successful comic screen persona ([[Feature~V196444~Space Cowboys~spacecowboys]] [2000] and [[Feature~V260392~Men in Black II~meninblackii]] [2002]), in addition to maintaining his dramatic clout with roles in such thrillers as [[Feature~V184519~The Rules of Engagement~rulesofengagement]] (2000) and [[Feature~V267164~The Hunted~thehunted]] (2003). 2005 brought a comedic turn for the actor, who starred in the madcap comedy Man of the House as a grizzled police officer in tasked to protect a house full of cheerleaders who witnessed a murder. Jones also took a stab at directing that year, helming and starring in the western crime drama The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada.",
"In 2006, Jones appeared in Robert Altman's film adaptation of A Prairie Home Companion, based on Garrison Keillor's long running radio show. The movie's legendary director, much loved source material and all-star cast made the film a safe bet for the actor, who hadn't done much in the way of musical comedy. Jones played the consumate corporate bad guy with his trademark grit. 2007 brought two major roles for the actor. He headlined the Iraq war drama In the Valley of Elah for director Paul Haggis. His work as the veteran father of a son who died in the war earned him strong reviews and an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. However more people saw Jones' other film from that year, the Coen brothers adaptation of No Country for Old Men. His work as a middle-aged Texas sheriff haunted by the acts of the evil man he hunts earned him a Screen Actors Guild nomination for Best Supporting Actor. The actor co-starred with Stanley Tucci and Neal McDonough for 2011's blockbuster Captain America: The First Avenger, and reprised his role as a secret agent in Men in Black 3 (2011).",
"In 2012 he played a Congressman fighting to help Abraham Lincoln end slavery in Steven Spielberg's Lincoln, a role that led to an Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actor. ~ Hal Erickson, Rovi Advertisement Tommy Lee Jones - Page - Interview Magazine To Message Tommy Lee Jones spends a lot of time thinking about the awesome light out west. He was born into it, in San Saba, Texas, in 1946, and that light has been working on him ever since. For a time, Jones left small-town Texas to go to Harvard, where he roomed with Al Gore and was an All-Ivy League offensive lineman on the football team famed for its legendary comeback against Yale in 1968, a game recounted in the documentary Harvard Beats Yale 29-29 (2008). But he always came back. As an actor, in the television epic Lonesome Dove (1989) or in his great film work—from his rigid patriarch in Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) to the dogged U.S.",
"Marshal in The Fugitive (1993), for which he won an Oscar, and the imperturbable sheriff in No Country For Old Men (2007)—Jones often plays outdoorsmen who have been sealed shut by their lives in the searing sun, wizened and weathered by its rays. But if he's famously portrayed men parched by the light, Jones has reserved a bit of its heat as humor, which he flashes most notably through the extra-dry, intergalactic affairs of Agent K in the Men in Black franchise. And then there is his performance as New Orleans businessman, and alleged assassination conspirator, Clay Shaw in Oliver Stone's JFK (1991), in which Jones melts down that light and heat to make mercury, giving his Shaw a kind of sadistic charisma, a garrulousness, violence, dominance, and quicksilver allure utterly his own. As a director of movies mostly set \"on the west side of the Mississippi River,\" as he says, with \"horses and big hats,\" Jones is intently studying the western light.",
"In his made-for-TV movie The Good Old Boys (1995), in The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada (2005), (and, in a different way, 2011's HBO movie The Sunset Limited, which he directed from the play by Cormac McCarthy), and in his new film, The Homesman , out this month, Jones paints western tableaux with the sort of elemental characters and themes of myth—the good 'uns and bad 'uns, the tricksters, thieves, and the oppressed womenfolk out of the McCarthy and Larry McMurtry schools. The Homesman, which Jones and his writing partners adapted from the Glendon Swarthout novel, is set in the Plains territory of Nebraska and state of Iowa in 1855, and occupies itself primarily with the plight of those women—and one woman in particular, the righteous and heroically unloved Mary Bee Cuddy, played by Hilary Swank. As the 68-year-old actor-director tells his longtime friend, and co-star in The Homesman, Meryl Streep, Jones made this movie as an exploration, a way to understand what's wrong with women and men.",
"When Streep placed the call this past September, the leaves were just beginning to turn outside her window in Connecticut, while in San Antonio, where Jones lives, a big rain had made everything green and clean and then cleared out to let in the light. MERYL STREEP: When was it that we first met, do you remember? TOMMY LEE JONES: I remember it was sometime around 1972. I think we were both doing plays at the Public Theater. I had heard about you. And the Public Theater used to be a library, I think, because it has labyrinthine hallways and spaces. There was one hallway where I could open the door to a tiny little balcony, not more than two feet deep, from which I could look down on you while you rehearsed. STREEP: I think the first time I ever saw you, you were playing football. JONES: That's possible. But we actually met across the street on Lafayette, in front of that actors' saloon called the Colonnade. You had on a pink, fuzzy pillbox hat. STREEP: [laughs] Oh my God. Well, hell. JONES: You made that hat look pretty good.",
"STREEP: Well, you made Sam Shepherd look pretty good. When did you start acting? You played football at Harvard, and actually, your Coriolanus at Harvard is legend in our family—we were just talking about it this last weekend, about how somebody from the Boston Globe wrote a review of it, a student production, saying it was a great performance. JONES: I started when I was in the second grade. The entire elementary school in Rotan, Texas, presented a theatrical production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. And the part of Sneezy fell to me. STREEP: [laughs] Naturally. JONES: I took that very seriously. Actually, that play was the beginning of my career in the media, as well, because in Rotan at that time, the radio station was above the drug store, and it wasn't very big. It was smaller than your trailer, but it had one of those radio microphones about the size of a dinner plate. And they brought the teacher, who was also the director, and the seven dwarfs into the radio station and lined us all up, and each actor was introduced and told to do something indicative of his character.",
"She called my name and, of course, I sneezed. STREEP: Wow, that's hard! Can you still sneeze on cue? JONES: I can, but I charge more for it than I did when I was seven years old. I've been an actor ever since, really. STREEP: What was the first serious play you remember being in? JONES: Well, my parents went to Libya. My dad worked in the oil business, and I was about to go into the ninth grade, and I knew that they didn't play football in Libya, so I didn't want to go. We found a prep school in Dallas where they took homework very seriously. I had a real struggle accommodating myself to that. But they also took the theater pretty seriously ... STREEP: So you boarded there? JONES: Yeah, and I was walking around the campus one day and, just out of curiosity, looked in the door of the theater. I saw a play in rehearsal, and that felt pretty comfortable. It felt pretty good. And I said, \"That's probably something I want to do.\" And the next play they did was a good play for a boys prep school ...",
"STREEP: Was it Twelve Angry Men? JONES: It was The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial. STREEP: Oh, close! JONES: Yeah, the set is just a courtroom. All of the costumes are khaki uniforms, all of the parts are male. I played the young lieutenant, Stephen Maryk. STREEP: What was the first play you did at Harvard? JONES: I started looking for chances to get into the theater as soon as I got there. And a couple of weeks into the year, I went to Henry Nicholson Lamar, who was the freshmen football coach, and who had been coaching there since before the day I was born. I said, \"Look, I'm interested in acting. I auditioned for and have the chance to play a part in The Tempest. Do you think there's any chance that I'm going to be able to start on this football team?",
"Because I'm looking at football and I'm looking at theater, and I want to know what my prospects are.\" And he said, \"I don't know how well you're going to do, but I can tell you that you've got four more years to play football, and you can be an actor for the rest of your life.\" STREEP: Ooh, what a great coach. JONES: He was truly a great coach. He was a beloved coach at Harvard. I wanted to play that part very much, and I was so proud of myself when I was cast, but I decided to play football, and what I did instead was a workshop with a fellow on the English faculty named Dan Seltzer, who worked with me on Act III, Scene III of Othello, the scene where Othello's mind is turned around by Iago. The central prop is what T.S. Eliot called an objective correlative—Iago says he has noticed a handkerchief spotted with strawberries wiping the beard of one Michael Cassio of Florence. I really enjoyed working on that, but we never performed it. My first play was probably one of those Pinter plays—The Caretaker.",
"I did three Pinter plays while I was there. Two years of summer repertory and a whole lot of other plays. By the time I got to New York, I had done over 20 of them. Once in New York, I moved in with a former college pal and started looking for work. It was a very scary time, but 10 days later, I had a job on Broadway. That would've been the summer or early fall of '69. And the fact that I got a job on Broadway that quickly was mentioned in Ripley's Believe It or Not! It was one of John Osborne's last plays, called A Patriot for Me, starring Maximilian Schell. I actually wound up playing six different parts. And one of them had a line! [Streep laughs] It scared me to death. y motivation for wanting to have all three of those jobs [writing, directing, and acting] is, well, having any two of them makes the third one pretty easy. And I've led a visual life. —TOMMY LEE JONES Current Issue STREEP: Oh, I bet. But really fun. JONES: I loved being an actor in New York and working in the theater.",
"STREEP: When did you turn to directing? JONES: About 20 years ago, I directed a movie for Ted Turner's television network, based on a book written by a Texas writer by the name of Elmer Kelton. He wrote over 50 so-called \"western\" novels. Three of them are good. The one I co-adapted to a screenplay and directed was called The Good Old Boys, and it's just a family film. You can take your grandkids to it. STREEP: I've never wanted to sit outside of the character and look at it at the same time. I understand actors wanting to direct. I don't understand how you can do both things at once. What made you say, \"Goddammit, I'm going to do this because I think I can\"? JONES: That's pretty much my motivation: I'm going to do this because I know I can. My motivation for wanting to have all three of those jobs [writing, directing, and acting] is, well, having any two of them makes the third one pretty easy. And I've led a visual life. I took a lot of courses in art history in college.",
"STREEP: But the imaginative job of an actor is a very different sort of kettle of fish from what the job of a director is. JONES: That's why I don't see any conflict. They're just two different jobs. STREEP: What I noticed while working with you as an actor is that your concentration was total. And when I worked with you as a director on The Homesman, I sort of marveled at how effortlessly you got up out of your chair and walked into our world. What is that? JONES: I've just paid a lot of attention all of my life on these movie sets, and I've got a pretty good practical education around the camera. It's important for me as an actor to know the entire script before you start shooting, and especially if you're directing, you don't want to be struggling with anything. STREEP: I don't know many actors who learn the whole script before day one. JONES: I've always done that. You can't change your mind until you make it up. STREEP: [laughs] Mine is so frequently made up right away.",
"I want to talk about this movie, which I thought was profound, funny, unbearable, and ravishingly beautiful. I love movies that give you a lot to chew on. So much of it is about the loneliness and the haplessness of women at this time in the mid-19th century—their dependence on the strengths or the steadfastness of men who so often failed them. You have a very weak preacher—[John] Lithgow was amazing in that part—and the impoverished or insensitive or brutal husbands, and the completely unreliable man who calls himself Briggs [the rascal claim jumper and ne'er-do-well played by Jones in the movie]. What pulled you to consider life from the female point of view? JONES: Well, my grandmother, my mother, my wife, and my daughter are all women. A lot of my dear friends, yourself included, are women. I am just interested in how they feel, and what's wrong. And if you want to know what's wrong today, looking at what was wrong yesterday is a pretty good place to start.",
"There's an undeniable tradition of sexism in this country that ties into the move westward by people of European descent, and different ways of looking at Manifest Destiny on the west side of the Mississippi River. STREEP: Some of the first freedoms were won by western women. The women of Wyoming were the first to vote, almost half a century before we got it back east. JONES: Right. So those struggles and what made them a struggle is of interest to me. I like to make movies on the west side of the Mississippi River, and a lot of times the movies I direct have horses and big hats in them and get called westerns, but that's okay. I used to resent that, but I don't anymore. STREEP: And that landscape is completely distinct. JONES: It certainly is. It's beautiful country, and I'm at home there. I love looking at it and I love photographing it even more. And if you can provide what you know with a narrative that has originality to it, you're on your way to making a good movie. STREEP: Well, it certainly is original. Hilary [Swank] is so splendid.",
"She's so simple and uncovered in this part—she's almost as clear as the landscape itself. JONES: I was very proud of her. I thought about her for the role for as much as three seconds, and I knew we had to do everything we could to persuade her to play that role because she's perfect. STREEP: She's a hero in the western tradition. JONES: A hero and a victim, and the many different angles are worth our attention. STREEP: When this film begins, we think we're watching her story. But at a certain point, we're carried away by a different character. Have you ever seen a film do that, start on the shoulders of one protagonist and move to another? JONES: Not that I know of. STREEP: Nobody's ever done that. And so much of the movie is about human relationships as transactional—you give me this, I'll give you that. JONES: Well, yeah. STREEP: Women come out on the short end.",
"The tender emotions, the things that you associate with the best of life—the love of the woman for her mother or a man for his wife or a girl for her babies or a woman for music or the yearning of people for God—in this film, they seem doomed. JONES: I've avoided using the word imperialism because I'd like for people to figure it out. Mary Bee Cuddy [Swank's character] is sacrificed. And that leads to George Briggs's redemption. STREEP: It's like the most glorious thing in life is the selfless act. And what he says to Hailee Steinfeld's character at the very end ... JONES: \"You are the living, breathing reason she will never be lost.\" This young girl is self-sufficient, she's honest, and she is humiliated by poverty but very proud, and she represents the best of western womanhood, just as Mary Bee did. And that's what's on Briggs's mind. He's a bit more sensitive now than when we first met him. He cares about this girl. He warns her to stay where she is. STREEP: But then he says, \"Why don't we marry?\" And he is amused by how she weighs that transaction.",
"Mary Bee Cuddy has been trying to marry anybody, everybody—and even with her beautiful 31-year-old self, everybody turns her down. But this old, cursed son of a bitch can get a 16-year-old to say, \"Maybe.\" God, that's so fucked up! JONES: I thought it was funny. STREEP: It was funny. JONES: And there's a depth of irony there that's relevant to our narrative, I think. Are you familiar with the work of George Caleb Bingham? STREEP: The paintings of the Mississippi, wasn't it? JONES: He liked to paint pictures of boatmen. And his outlook on the western movement, by what had become known as Americans, is always very robust and optimistic and full of this glory, this almost Biblical light. He's got one picture of Daniel Boone marching through the Cumberland Gap with legions of settlers and pioneers on both sides. From my sensibility, it's full of irony and not related to the truth in any way. What I try to do with Bingham in the last images was to tear him up and his point of view. Those images are derived from Bingham, but they have something entirely different to say.",
"STREEP: I have acted with Clint Eastwood where he's directing himself, and it seems like he's always reluctant to give the actor part of himself permission to indulge in something kind of wild. And this is the greatest thing about how you divide your time, because a director who is not also the actor would give an actor this permission, but it's really unusual that you would allow yourself the freedom that's in that moment, and it is gorgeous. JONES: You started the interview by asking me about pride, and what I almost said was, \"Listen, Meryl, pride is a sin, and I try to avoid it.\" But I can tell you I'm very proud of this movie and proud of myself because you showed up. It means the world to me. STREEP: That was one of the hardest days I've ever done on a film. I don't know why. JONES: Those clothes are painful. What are you doing now? STREEP: I'm playing an aging rocker who's got a band, and we play cover songs in San Fernando Valley bars. JONES: That's perfect for you. STREEP: Jonathan Demme is the director. Rick Springfield is my lead guitarist.",
"Rick Rosas from Neil Young's band is on bass. I've got an amazing band. And we're all over 65, so it's pretty funny. [laughs] Well, you have the touch, man. Keep me in mind for the next one. If you have any parts for old ladies, I can play guitar now. MERYL STREEP IS A THREE-TIME ACADEMY AWARD-WINNING ACTRESS. SHE WILL BE SEEN IN THE UPCOMING FILMS INTO THE WOODS AND SUFFRAGETTE. here's an undeniable tradition of sexism in this country that ties into the move westward by people of European descent, and different ways of looking at Manifest Destiny on the west side of the Mississippi River. — TOMMY LEE JONES Tommy Lee Jones Quotes | Contactmusic.com Follow Tommy Lee Jones 29th July 2015 Fact: Tommy Lee Jones is joining Matt Damon in the upcoming installment of The Bourne Identity franchise. Details of the Oscar winner's role have yet to be revealed, but according to Variety, Jones is slated to play a \"superior officer at the CIA\" in the action series.",
"13th April 2015 Fact: Actor Tommy Lee Jones has dropped the asking price for his horse ranch in Florida after it failed to sell at $27 million (£17 million) between 2011 and 2013. The 55-acre San Saba Polo Ranch is now back on the market for less than $20 million (£12.5 million). It boosts 48 horse stalls, a lake, polo field and nature reserve around the four-bedroom property, according to TMZ.com. 19th November 2014 Quote: \"He's so smart and on our first day... I was very nervous... I come up into the scene and he gives me some direction and I had no idea what he was talking about - he said it in a way... I didn't get it, clearly because he said, 'Ok, let me rephrase that'... He was just using Harvard words.\" Hilary Swank had problems understanding her The Homesman co-star/director Tommy Lee Jones on the set. 8th November 2014 Fact: Tommy Lee Jones , Jessica Alba and Michelle Yeoh will join Jason Statham in the sequel to action movie The Mechanic.",
"Brit Statham will return as hitman Arthur Bishop in Dennis Gansel's Mechanic: Resurrection 24th July 2014 Fact: Tommy Lee Jones is set to reunite with his Jfk co-stars Kevin Costner and Gary Oldman in upcoming thriller Criminal. 30th August 2012 Fact: Actor Tommy Lee Jones will join Ewan McGregor as an honouree at Spain's San Sebastian International Film Festival in September (12). The stars, along with director Oliver Stone, will receive the Donostia Award for their contributions to cinema. 4th February 2011 Quote: \"I wasn't doing anything and Tommy Lee called me and said he had this project that he was very passionate about, and he wanted to direct, and he was gonna be in this two-man piece, and the only person he could see to do the other side of this role was me.\" SAMUEL L. JACKSON was easily persuaded to join his Hollywood pal Tommy Lee Jones in new TV movie, The Sunset Limited, based on the play by Cormac MCCarthy. 27th August 2009 Quote: \"Beyond rude. And he thinks he has such a good education. A snob.",
"You want to say, 'Darling, we've all been to good schools. Calm down.' He went to Yale - big deal. Didn't we all?\" Comedienne Joan Rivers isn't a fan of Tommy Lee Jones . 12th November 2008 Fact: Tommy Lee Jones has been honoured at the Argentinean International Film Festival - the actor's handprints have been set in cement outside the Mar De Plata headquarters. 4th February 2008 Quote: \"Albuquerque is a really hard place to work. It's very noisy. There are crows there, planes, trucks, people working on their cars. It's just a noisy place to shoot.\" Tommy Lee Jones on shooting NO COUNTRY FOR OLD MEN in New Mexico. 2nd February 2008 Fact: Actor Tommy Lee Jones was presented with the American Riviera Award at the 2008 Santa Barbara International Film Festival on Friday (01Feb08). 15th November 2007 Fact: Kill Bill star Uma Thurman will join actor Tommy Lee Jones to co-host the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in honour of his former college roommate and ex-U.S. vice president, Al Gore .",
"Celebrities Alicia Keys , Annie Lennox and Melissa Etheridge will all take to the stage for the concert on 11 December (07). 8th November 2007 Fact: Actor Tommy Lee Jones will co-host the Nobel Peace Prize Concert in honour of his former college roommate and ex-U.S. vice president, Al Gore . Celebrities Alicia Keys , Annie Lennox and Melissa Etheridge will all take to the stage for the concert on 11 December (07). 7th November 2007 Fact: Tommy Lee Jones will be honoured with the American Riviera Award at the 23rd Santa Barbara Film Festival in January (08). The award is given to an actor who has a strong influence on U.S. cinema. 6th November 2007 Quote: \"We're constantly trying to refine the conformation of the Brangus cow, a combination of Brahma and Angus.\" Tommy Lee Jones on what he does on his San Antonio, Texas ranch.",
"11th September 2007 Fact: Actor JAKE MCLAUGHLIN, who plays a Iraq War veteran in new Tommy Lee Jones movie IN THE VALLEY OF ELAH, was actually part of the American forces' initial military push into Baghdad. 7th September 2007 Fact: Tommy Lee Jones ' former father-in-law, PHIL HARDBERGER, is the Mayor of San Antonio, Texas. 4th September 2007 Quote: \"I just love him. I don't know why. I just think he's the greatest. I know he's kind of craggy and old but he just does it for me.\" Transformers star Julie White admits to a crush on Tommy Lee Jones . 18th September 2006 Fact: Both Tommy Lee Jones and Oliver Stone turned 60 yesterday (15SEP06). 1st March 2006 Quote: <p>\"Oliver and I were born on the same day, same year, but I can still p**s him off by telling him he's older than I am by 10 minutes.\" Tommy Lee Jones knows how to upset film-maker Oliver Stone .",
"</p> 28th January 2006 Quote: <p>\"Don't raise your voice. Never go beyond a third take. And get really comfortable shoes. You gotta take care of your feet.\" Movie star Tommy Lee Jones on the best advice he has ever received about directing. </p> 24th January 2006 Quote: <p>\"I had to cross Wesley Snipes off the list for the role of a callow, white Anglo-Saxon Protestant neo-fascist.\" Tommy Lee Jones jokes about the casting list for his new movie THE THREE BURIALS OF MELQUIADES ESTRADA. </p> 9th December 2005 Quote: <p>\"Horses are pretty cheap out there.\" Tommy Lee Jones jokes about how he filmed a disturbing scene of a horse falling off a cliff to its death in new movie THE THREE BURIALS OF MELQUIADES ESTRADA. </p> 9th December 2005 Fact: <p>MEN IN BLACK star Tommy Lee Jones has four dogs named after his favourite western movie stars - JOHNNY MACK BROWN, Slim Pickens , Ben Johnson and GENE AUTRY.",
"</p> 31st October 2005 Fact: <p> Tommy Lee Jones is set to take on the role created by late movie star Richard Crenna in the upcoming RAMBO IV. The actor will play COLONEL TRAUTMAN in the new film, which will star Sylvester Stallone . </p> Tommy Lee Jones"
] |
Benito Juarez international airport is in which country?
|
Mexico
|
[
"Mexican Republic",
"MEXICO",
"Estados Unidos de México",
"Sierra de la Estrella",
"Mexico (country)",
"Mexicó",
"The United Mexican States",
"Estados Unidos de Mexico",
"Central Mexico",
"ISO 3166-1:MX",
"Mexiko",
"Méjico",
"Mexique",
"Mexican United States",
"Mexican'",
"The United State of Mexico",
"Mountains of Mexico",
"Old Mexico",
"United states of mexico",
"EUM",
"Messico",
"Mejico",
"The United States of Mexicans",
"Untied Mexican States",
"México",
"Etymology of Mexico",
"Meixcan",
"Estados Unidos Mexicanos",
"Mexic",
"Mexxico",
"Mexican Union",
"The United States of Mexico",
"United State of Mexico",
"Mexico",
"Republic of Mexico",
"Mexican Federal Republic",
"United Mexican States",
"Mexican coast",
"Mehico",
"United States of Mexicans",
"United States of Mexico"
] | 9,580
|
[
"Mexico City-Benito Ju�rez International Airport profile - Aviation Safety Network XA-SEJ Mexicana 27 near Mexico City-... A1 Aircraft that departed Mexico City-Benito Ju�rez International Airport 40 occurrences in the ASN safety database date Cheap Flights to Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez (MEX) - Search Flights to Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez from Cheapflights.com Flights to Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez Cheap flights to Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez (MEX) See all USA departure airports for flights to Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez Named after Mexico’s former president, Benito Juarez International Airport, also called Mexico City International Airport (MEX) is situated in the densely populated capital, Mexico City. It is the country’s busiest airport, serving approximately 24 million passengers per year, and once renovations are complete, it will be able to handle up to 32 million passengers per year. In spite of developments, though, Mexico City International is far from being adequate for the huge number of travelers who use it each year.",
"This is due to the fact that it is completely surrounded by buildings, making expansion of the airfield impossible. Long queues and delays are common occurrences, which is why many travelers use Toluca Airport as an alternative. Fortunately, however, Mexico City International offers much in the way of amenities, including a wide selection of dining and retail establishments, as well as business and conference facilities, most of which are located in Terminal 2. Terminal 1, by contrast, is old and outdated and lacks sufficient signage and lighting.",
"Interesting information about Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez Avg temperature for this monthAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez71.1 °FSource: World Weather Online Avg monthly rainfall inAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez1.25 inSource: World Weather Online Average flight duration toAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez5 hrs 2 mins Foreign-exchange rate inAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez $1.00 Airlines flying toAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez Air Canada , Aerolines Argentinas and Alaska Airlines Deals on flights toAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez4568 Advertisers with deals toAeropuerto Internacional Benito JuarezCheapOair.com, Smartfares.com and CheapAir.com Number of partners with deals toAeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez7 More useful information about Aeropuerto Internacional Benito Juarez Many adventure travelers find fun in Mexico ziplining through jungles. Eat Mexican food that you haven't had before when you are there such as chiles rellenos, tlayudas and tamales.",
"Last minute flights to Mexico City will have you arrive at one of the largest, most complex cities in the world. For hiking, The Copper Canyon offers trails and views of over 800 foot Basaseachi Waterfall. Direct Mexico flights give you a chance to visit Playa del Carmen, one of its best-known resort towns. Between July and September, Mexico's southern coast resorts are packed with tourists. A top attraction, Chichén Itzá is amongst the greatest surviving monuments of the Mayan civilization. Take a non-stop flight to Mexico and stay in the land where chocolate was invented. When booking Mexico flights, considering planning an all-inclusive vacation in Riveria Maya or Cozumel. Cancun is a popular spring break destination for college students. Other user searches Benito Juárez International Airport – Travel guide at Wikivoyage Understand[ edit ] Most travelers arrive in Mexico City by air; at Benito Juárez International Airport, located in the eastern part of the city. The airport has two terminals, Terminal 1 and Terminal 2 with the latter mostly used for Sky Team airlines.",
"There are frequent flights to and from most larger cities in the world, including Amsterdam , Bogotá , Buenos Aires , São Paulo , Shanghai , Santiago de Chile , Lima , London , Los Angeles , Paris , Madrid , Munich , New York City , Frankfurt , Chicago , Toronto , Vancouver and Tokyo . The airport has two terminals in the southwestern end of the airport grounds at opposite sides of the runways. Within each terminal (the main buildings) it is further divided into large bay like rooms or halls referred to as sala or bahia on airport maps which contain airline check in desks in the departures (salidas) zone and baggage reclaim for arrivals (llegadas). In Termainal 1 all arrivals and domestic airline check in are at lower level (Salas A-E3) while international airline check in (Salas F1-F3, G) are at upper level towards northeastern end of the building. In terminal 2 all arrivals and ground transportation are at lower level while the airline check in and departures are at the upper level . They are: Terminal 1: Arrival[ edit ] Your airline might only let you board your flight to Mexico if you have a valid return ticket.",
"Your carrier might not tell you this until you're just about to board. If you plan on, say, driving out of Mexico, or leaving on a cruise ship, make sure you check this out well in advance. One way around the problem is to buy a second full price refundable ticket that you don't intend to use and then get a refund as soon as you arrive (or before you leave, as long as you have the original paperwork to show at the jetway). In most major US airports, they'll sell you this 'token' ticket at the jetway. Airline staff in the boarding area help travellers with this problem every day. There are few ticket sales offices at Benito Juárez, so you might have to arrange your refund by phone. Make sure you'll have access to a phone that allows international calls. Get a refund number from the phone agent. Benito Juárez International Airport has plenty of congestion problems, so a new airport further to the Northeast is currently under construction. In the meantime, landing delays and long taxi times are quite common. Don't schedule very tight connections at the airport. If you arrive on an international flight, you will go through immigration, luggage retrieval and then customs.",
"If the immigration officer gives you an immigration form, keep it until you leave the country. If you lose or misplace it during the visit, you must visit the immigration office at the airport to fill out a new one and pay a possible (but rarely enforced) fine of 440 pesos. There is a $300-dollar duty allowance that includes new clothing, tobacco and liquors. The Mexican customs law allows passengers to bring free of duties a laptop, an MP3 player, a digital camera, a tripod, a video camera, and used clothing. Be careful with iPads, as they are sometimes considered laptops. If you have brought a laptop and an iPad, customs may consider this two laptops and refuse to allow entry with both. After going through customs you will pick up your luggage, then pass through screening. You will press a button for a red or green light. The red means they will search you, the green means you can go. If you are taking a connecting flight to another location and the bags are already tagged for their final destination, you will drop them on a belt located to the right of the inspection tables. If tagged to Mexico City only, you will need to check in again with the airline.",
"Foreign travellers using connecting flights from Mexico City are sometimes required to pass through customs again when they reach their final destination. Just before passing out of the secure area into the arrivals hall, 'for your safety' your luggage will be x-rayed. At this stage, if you've exceeded the Baggage and Duty Free Allowance, the officers will charge duty on your excess possessions. For example if you have 3 expensive cameras, they'll charge duty on the 3rd camera. They're particularly zealous about electronic components they don't recognize. Be prepared for this unpleasantness. If possible have a receipt or packing list and depreciate the value shown as much as possible. The entire process, from when the plane arrives to when you are done with customs, usually takes about an hour. After completing customs, you will go through large doors to the waiting area for international arrivals. Be prepared to see a lot of people in this area. It is a custom for families to pick up their loved ones at the airport and the hall is rather small for a city of its size. In a fine bit of job creation, you can't use an airport baggage trolley to push your own luggage through the arrivals hall in Terminal 1.",
"Your trolley will be aggressively taken from you just outside the secure area. There are carriers who will offer to carry your luggage. This is a service authorized by the airport and is safe—they will be uniformed with white shirts, navy blue tie and dark blue pants and will carry a wheelie (or keep it nearby) with the union logo on it. There is no fixed price for this service, but 15-25 pesos should be fine, unless you are traveling in a group or have a lot of bags. Ground transportation[ edit ] To get to the city you have the choice of bus, metro or taxi. There is a metro station in terminal 1, and tickets are just 5 MXN but large bags are not allowed in the metro system. Taxis cost 100-300 MXN and require you to get a tickets first and then stand in line. Bus is the cheapest option, but local buses don't enter the airport. To go to other cities, go to the bus station in Terminal 1.",
"Taxi[ edit ] Walking out of the airport – Taxi Sitio Be aware the airport is not located in the best area of the city, so it is not recommended for tourists to walk outside the airport terminal in search for cheaper taxi service unless you have pre-arranged your service. Definitely do not attempt this if you are not comfortable speaking Spanish. Despite this, an alternative Taxi Sitio (site) can be reached by using the overpass located outside of Gate D. Taxis here are about half the price of the official airport taxis and are considered secure. This is the Sitio that is set up for the airline employees. A good place to take a regular (non-sitio) taxi is on the Circuito Interior road close to the Metro station. The usual security advice about non-sitio taxis applies, but you'll see plenty of Mexicans who do this together with their luggage. Take a taxi from the other side of the road using the pedestrian bridge if you're heading south or west. The airport has five companies providing licensed and secure taxis, including Porto Taxi, Sitio 300 , Taxis Nueva Imagen , Taxi Excelencia , and Yellow Cab . You should buy a ticket in the marked counters inside the airport.",
"You can compare prices to your destination at each but they are quite similar. You can ask one of the wheelie guys who will take you and your luggage to the Taxi counter for Taxi Seguro or Boleto de Taxi. Be sure to get the detachable piece of the ticket back. Prices range from $100-300 MXN for the taxi service, depending on the size of the car and the zone of the city you are going to. A drawing of a car on the ticket will tell you what type of car the ticket is valid for. Some ticket vendors are known to sell more expensive tickets for huge vans to single persons with moderate amounts of luggage, so specify which type of car you want, otherwise you are likely to be ripped off. Once you've picked up your taxi ticket, join the melee (especially outside Terminal 2) in the taxi staging area. Join the queue of people carrying the same color card as yourself, or ask the taxi marshals which line to join. You might notice people moving past you. They're family groups boarding vans. If you're waiting a long time because your chosen taxi company is short on cars, go back and ask for a refund.",
"You can then buy a new ticket with a different company. The Terminal 1 taxi boarding area is outside Door 10, to the right of all the arrivals halls. The different taxi company ranks are at different distances from the terminal but are all within a few meters of each other. If you have a smartphone with internet access, you can request a car using Uber or Cabify. It will be significantly cheaper than the official airport taxis. See also: Mexico City#By metro Entrance to the Terminal Aerea Metro station If you are looking for a more economical means of transportation and you're not carrying too much luggage, take the Metro (subway). The 19.4339 -99.0883 1 Terminal Aerea station is next to the Domestic Flight Arrivals hall in Terminal 1. Go to the left when coming out from Terminal 1 International Arrivals. Terminal 2 is 15 minutes walk from Pantitlán station, but the walk involves passing through a relatively run-down area. Inside Terminal 1, there are signs pointing to the Metro station, which is a long way towards the left if you exit from any door.",
"Keep an eye out for the orange 1970s style M designating the entrance. Large bags are officially prohibited, but a large-ish backpack should be fine as long as you're not travelling in rush hour. Note that throughout the Metro system there are plenty of stairs. Not all stations have escalators or none have wide gates for luggage. Metro tickets cost $5 MXN each. Don't try paying with the $500 peso note you've just received at the exchange bureau. However, buying a public transport smart card and putting up to $200 pesos in it is fine. Realize that the Metro has its own risks. Violent crime is very rare but pick-pocketing is a moderate danger here so be aware of your surroundings, and keep an eye on your belongings. Especially, don't take the Metro during rush hour unless you are especially fond of the sensation a sardine has in a tin. There are system maps in every station near the ticket booths and on the platforms, as well as neighbourhood maps close to the ticket booths. Try to avoid peak hours: remember that approximately 4 million people use this service every day.",
"Line 5 (which is the one that passes by the airport) is relatively empty, but Lines 1, 2 and 3 can be crowded at any time of the day. Bus[ edit ] Local buses do not enter the airport, but if it's not rush hour and you're not carrying too much luggage, it's possible to walk to the Circuito Interior ring road from Terminal 1 (follow the signs towards the Metro). Regular ($2 peso) and express ($4 peso) RTP buses pass frequently and have routes around the ring road. You need to pay with exact change (or pay extra) in the coin boxes. From Terminal 2 you could walk to the Pantitlán Metro Station (which is the terminus of dozens of bus lines), but it involves passing through a relatively run-down area. If you are going to another city by bus, the 19.42101 -99.07847 2 bus station in Terminal 2 is located on the far right of the arrivals floor, after coming out of customs, past the escalators, by domestic arrivals.",
"The 19.43690 -99.08138 3 bus station in Terminal 1 is located by the auto ramp by the international arrivals area, between Doors 7 & 8. To get there go up the escalators to Sala 'G' by the food court (opposite side of the food court from international departures & international airline check in). Go across the bridge next to the food court (between 7 Eleven and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts) to the the bus companies' check in desks at the opposite side to buy the tickets. Follow sign to the right and down the escalators to the bus loading area. The following bus companies serve the airport: ADO (Autobuses Del Oriente), Aeorpuerto, TAPO, Central Norte, Taxqueña, Col. Santa Martha, Del. Iztapalapa, ☎ +52 55 5133-5133 , toll-free: 01800-009-9090. They only go to Cordoba and Orizaba from the airport. Passengers can transfer buses in Cordoba to get to Veracruz city.",
"Caminante , Aeoropuertos (Toluca & Mexico City), Mexico Poniente. Travels mainly between Mexico City and Toluca . Metrobus[ edit ] Metrobus #4 is a Bus Rapid Transit Line to the TAPO bus station/San Lázaro Metro, Centro Histórico, Revolution Monument and Buenavista Station in the central part of Mexico City. They stop at Puerto (Door) 7 in Terminal 1 and Puerta 2 (lower level) in Terminal 2. Fares to/from the airport cost $30 pesos. You need a smart card to ride the system, which can be bought at the 7-Eleven inside the terminals. Click here for a compiled schedule and fare tables for all the bus companies serving the airport. 19°25′40″N 99°4′55″W Map of Benito Juárez International Airport The two terminals are connected by a bus line and a light rail system, which is significantly faster than the bus. Note: For some reason, you can only board the light rail if you have a flight boarding pass or ticket stub from your arriving flight.",
"Tough luck if you have an e-ticket and haven't printed your boarding pass or if you're travelling to terminal 2 to meet somebody. The storm troopers won't let you board the train! Inter-terminal shuttle[ edit ] If your arriving flight is in Terminal 2 you will need to take the light rail Aerotrén or the airport shuttle to Terminal 1. The Aerotrén is only available to airport/airline employees and people holding airline tickets or boarding passes. Credentials will be checked. Otherwise the white shuttles with a white and red checkered design on the back provide free inter-terminal transport (you can find them at Puerta 6 in T1 and Puerta 4 in T2). There are also red buses that travel between the terminals, but charge a fee. These buses make a stop at the 19.4238 -99.0873 4 Hangares metro station when going from T2 to T1 (but not on the way back). It is also possible to reach the 19.4162 -99.0747 5 Pantitlán metro stop from T2 by walking east on Eje 1 Norte.",
"The Pantitlan Station is also a major bus station with various buses, peseros and taxis serving the delegaciones (boroughs) in the southeastern part of Mexico City as well as the terminus for several metro lines. Be careful as this walk can be potentially dangerous, especially at night and especially for the obvious tourist. Wait[ edit ] There is an art gallery with temporary exhibits in Terminal 1, close to the domestic departures. Seating is scarce in the ground floor landside area of Terminal 1, but you should be able to find something around the food court in the departures level. You can sit down or lie down in the stone steps in the arrival area of Terminal 2. The airport used to have a plane spotting area but it was closed in 2008 when the airport went through an intensive modernisation. Plane spotters now usually go up a pedestrian bridge close to Terminal Aérea Metro Station. Eat and Drink[ edit ] There are plenty of restaurants inside both terminals and a large food court in Terminal 1. Prices are slightly higher airside than landside. For a cheaper alternative, you can buy something from the 7-Eleven convenience stores inside both terminals.",
"Currency conversion[ edit ] The airport rarely offers the best rates for converting your currency. However there are many currency changers, some offering better rates than others or not charging a commission. The converter near Gate E1, in the arrival wing, usually offers the best rate. There are also numerous ATM/Cashpoint (cajero electronico) machines located throughout both terminals, operated by various banks, which take foreign Visa, MasterCard or debit cards to draw money in pesos. Connect[ edit ] There are paid Prodigy Infinitum hot spots throughout the airport. Many restaurants offer free Wi-fi for their customers. Sleep[ edit ] The hotels at or next to the airport seem to be at around US$90-135. There are more budget options for under US$75 further away in Colonia Moctezuma Segunda, west and southwest of the airport runways. They would be too far to walk so ask if they offer shuttle service to/from the terminals. The surrounding areas are not the safest or the best neighborhoods but they would be ideal if needing to stay near the airport after a late arrival and/or for an early flight out. Sleeping at the airport is possible but quite uncomfortable [1] .",
"You probably want to avoid it unless you're in a very tight budget. 19.4354 -99.0852 1 Camino Real , Puerto México No. 80 Col. Peñón de los Baños (Pink building directly connected to Terminal 1 by the same bridge accessing the Aerotren terminal (to Terminal 2)), ☎ +52 55 3003 0033 . (updated Aug 2015) 19.4367 -99.0824 2 Courtyard Marriott - Mexico City Airport , Sinaloa 31, Col. Peñón de los Baños (directly connected to Terminal 1 and the airport bus station from the food court by Sala G), ☎ +52 55 4631 4000 , fax: +52 55 4631 4001. Direct walkway access to Benito Juárez International Airport Terminal 1, also has a complimentary airport shuttle to Terminal 2. Free Wi-Fi. starting at $2,400 MXN.",
"19.4353 -99.0886 3 Fiesta Inn , Blvd Puerto Aereo 502, Venustiano Carranza, Moctezuma Segunda, ☎ +52 55 5133 6600 . Check-in: 15:00, check-out: 12:00. Has an onsite restaurant and bar, pool, and fitness club. The hotel is completely nonsmoking, with free Wi-Fi, and airport shuttle service. US$107+. (updated May 2016) 19.4365 -99.0806 4 Hilton , Av Capitan Carlos León S/N Terminal 1 (Lobby located above Sala G in Terminal 1.), ☎ +52 55 5133 0505 . Check-in: after 3PM, check-out: before 1PM. Situated directly above Terminal 1, accessed from Sala 'G' in the upper level of Terminal 1.",
"(updated Aug 2015) 19.4413 -99.0788 5 Hostel Mexico City Airport , Aguascalientes 33, Col. Peñón de los Baños, ☎ +52 55 1560 3288 . Only hostel closest to the airport for those into staying in hostels. US$40. (updated Aug 2015) 19.4328 -99.0896 6 Hotel Aeropuerto , Boulevard Puerto Aéreo no. 380, Venustiano Carranza, Moctezuma Segunda (Set on Boulevard Puerto Aéreo west of Terminal 1. Can be accessed by going through the Terminal Aérea metro station or go past the metro station to Blvd Aéreo and go across via the pedestrian bridge), ☎ +52 55 5785-5318 .",
"(updated Aug 2015) 19.4270 -99.1080 7 Hotel Cima, Alfonso Ceballos #12, Venustiano Carranza, Moctezuma (Middle of block along Alfonso Ceballos, btwn. Calz. Ignacio Zaragoza and Calle Jose Rivera, just a few blocks SE of TAPO (bus station) along Calz. Ignacio Zaragoza.), ☎ +52 55 5762 2587 . (updated Aug 2015) 19.4309 -99.0979 8 Hotel Planet, Av Emilio Carranza 209, Venustiano Carranza, Moctezuma 2da Secc (Ave Emilio Carranza & Ote 162). (updated Aug 2015) 19.4221 -99.0772 9 Nh Collection , Av.",
"Capitan Carlos Leon S/N, Venustiano Carranza, Peñón de los Baños (The hotel is located above Terminal 2.), ☎ +52 55 5786 5750 (local), +1 212 219-7607 (US). Situated directly above Terminal 2, lobby access from international arrivals. (updated Aug 2015) 19.4332 -99.0894 10 Ramada Inn , Blvd. Puerto Aereo 390, Venustiano Carranza, Moctezuma Segunda (Set on Boulevard Puerto Aéreo west of Terminal 1. Can be accessed by going through the Terminal Aérea metro station or go past the metro station to Blvd Aéreo and go across via the pedestrian bridge. Second building next to the Hotel Aeropuerto.), ☎ +52 55 5133 3232 . Check-in: after 2PM, check-out: before 1 pm. starting from MXN$1292..",
"(updated Aug 2015) Nearby[ edit ] As the airport is close to a somewhat shoddy neighborhood, your best bet is to take the Metro (during daytime) or a cab (at night) to your final destination in Mexico City once you leave the airport. This huge airport travel guide to Benito Juárez International Airport is an outline and needs more content. It has a template , but there is not enough information present. Please plunge forward and help it grow ! Benito Juarez International Airport, Mexico (Code :: MEX) | Mexico City Airport Map, Benito Juarez International Airport Code Timezone : America/Mexico_City Benito Juarez International Airport Timezone : GMT -06:00 hours Current time and date at Benito Juarez International Airport is 12:37:04 PM (CST) on Thursday, Jan 19, 2017 Looking for information on Benito Juarez International Airport, Mexico City, Mexico? Know about Benito Juarez International Airport in detail. Find out the location of Benito Juarez International Airport on Mexico map and also find out airports near to Mexico City.",
"This airport locator is a very useful tool for travelers to know where is Benito Juarez International Airport located and also provide information like hotels near Benito Juarez International Airport, airlines operating to Benito Juarez International Airport etc... IATA Code and ICAO Code of all airports in Mexico. Scroll down to know more about Benito Juarez International Airport or Mexico City Airport, Mexico. Benito Juarez International Airport Map - Location of Benito Juarez International Airport Load Map This page provides all the information you need to know about Benito Juarez International Airport, Mexico. This page is created with the aim of helping travelers and tourists visiting Mexico or traveling to Mexico City Airport. Details about Mexico City Airport given here include Benito Juarez International Airport Code - IATA Code (3 letter airport codes) and ICAO Code (4 letter airport codes) Coordinates of Mexico City Airport - Latitude and Longitude (Lat and Long) of Benito Juarez International Airport Location of Benito Juarez International Airport - City Name, Country, Country Codes etc...",
"Benito Juarez International Airport Time Zone and Current time at Benito Juarez International Airport Address and contact details of Benito Juarez International Airport along with website address of the airport Clickable Location Map of Benito Juarez International Airport on Google Map. General information about Mexico where Benito Juarez International Airport is located in the city of Mexico City. General information include capital of Mexico, currency and conversion rate of Mexico currency, Telephone Country code, exchange rate against US Dollar and Euro in case of major world currencies etc... MEX - Benito Juarez International Airport IATA Code and MMMX - Benito Juarez International Airport ICAO code Mexico City International Airport / Benito Juárez International Airport (Iata: Mex) Mexico City Airport Mexico City Airport Information Airport Arrivals Airport Departures Airport Map About Whether you are taking off or touching down at Mexico City Airport/Benito Juárez International Airport (IATA:MEX), start your journey here at This site brings together the Mexico City Airport/Benito Juárez International Airport (IATA:MEX) information and the best deals to help you plan your trip in advance and save money.",
"Flight information, current weather, comparison prices on services like car rental - it's all here, to help your trip run smoothly and and ensure you take off with great deals! Please note this is not the official website for this airport. * Please note that the flight information for Juarez International Airport is provided by FlightStats. For the most accurate information please visit the Airlines listed above directly. Delays and cancellations may not be immediately listed. Please note this is not the official website for this airport. Mexico City Airport Information Near Benito Juárez International Airport Mexico City Airport Information Benito Juárez International Airport: Capitan Carlos León S/N, Peñón de Los Baños, Venustiano Carranza, 15620 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico Search Airport Hotels Benito Juárez International Airport Overview The Benito Juarez International Airport serves the capital of Mexico, Mexico City. It is the busiest airport in Mexico and the second busiest in Latin America. It was named after Benito Juarez, a 19th century president of Mexico, in 2006. It is five kilometres east of central Mexico City.",
"The airport has considerable overfly and landing issues because of its proximity to buildings in the eastern part of the city. History of the Airport The airport was originally Balbuena Military Airport in 1928 and regular services began in 1931. It officially became an international airport in 1943. New facilities were added including a terminal building and control tower, and it became a commercial airport in 1952. In 1963, the name of the airport was changed to Mexico City International Airport and 40 years later it was changed again to Benito Juarez. Terminals A new Terminal 2 was opened in 2007 increasing the passenger capacity. The main problem with expansion is the surrounding city. The airport is in a densely populated area so there is no place to grow. The airport has two passenger terminals separated by runways. Terminal 1 is the largest terminal in the Americas and the fourth largest terminal in the world. It has four premium lounges, 22 baggage claim carousels, parking for over 5,000 vehicles and 11 mobile lounges.",
"Terminal 2 has six premium lounges, parking for 3,000 vehicles, 15 baggage carousels and two check-in halls, one for international passengers and one for domestic passengers. The airport has charter flights and cargo service. It is the third busiest cargo airport in Latin America. Parking at Benito Juarez Airport Parking is in front of the entrances one and two of the terminal building’s National Arrivals zone. It is monitored by a modern security and surveillance system and closed circuit TV. Parking for international passengers is in front of the international entrance of the terminal building near the long-distance bus terminal. Additional parking is in Parking Lot 06 in front of the taxi stand. Airport Amenities There is an air train for passengers with a boarding pass to travel between terminals. Access from Terminal 1 is up the escalator in Gate D in the centre of the Puente Pilotos bridge. Access from Terminal 2 is through Gate M on the National Arrivals side. The train operates every day from 5:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. In Terminal 1, the lost and found is in the Mezzanine Office 102.",
"In Terminal 2 it is on the ground floor in the banking area. To retrieve lost property or baggage, identification and other documents will be required. Lost objects left on a plane must be reported directly to the airline. There is also a Left Baggage service at Gates A and E2 with 24-hour service all year. The airport has facilities for people with special medical needs as well as people with disabilities. It is fully wheelchair accessible including all the restrooms, ramps, and elevators in domestic and international arrivals and departure areas. Electric carts are available to serve the elderly, pregnant women, disabled people, and anyone who needs help in an emergency. There are several VIP lounges in the airport. Some have a spa, beauty salon, showers, Internet access, and business centres. There are also private meeting rooms and work stations. Both terminals have exhibition centres where there are galleries for museums, art shows, and other things. Charter flights are available at the airport with several different types of aircraft. Flights can be customised to fit the needs of leisure or business travel. Helicopters are also available. The airport also caters to private aircraft landing and taking off. Benito Juarez has 24-hour air ambulance services.",
"Airlines Serving Mexico City Airport Being the busiest airport in Mexico, Benito Juárez International Airport serves as the headquarters for Aeromexico. The Mexican flag carrier connects Mexico City with more than 40 total destinations. Of course, Mexico’s largest airline offers domestic service to some of the largest and most visited cities in the country. Acapulco, Cancun, Guadalajara, Leon, Ciudad Juarez, Tijuana, Monterey, Merida, and Mexicali are listed on the extensive domestic service operated by Aeromexico. Most of the flights within Mexico are actually provided by Aeromexico Connect regional service in the South Concourse of Terminal 2 at Benito Juárez International Airport. Mexico’s national airline also connects Benito Juárez International Airport with major cities in South America, North America, Central America, and Asia. Bogota, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Lima, Santiago de Chile, and Sao Paulo are major Latin American destinations that can be reached via Aeromexico.",
"Mexico’s busiest airline also connects Mexico City with major cities in the United States such as Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, New York, San Francisco, and Washington District of Columbia. International flights operated by Aeromexico depart from the North Concourse of Terminal 2 at Mexico City’s main airport. Another major Mexican airline that is based at Benito Juárez International Airport is Aeromar. This carrier offers trips to more than a dozen cities within Mexico. Acapulco, Manzanillo, Poza Rica, Veracruz, and Xalapa make the list of Aeromar routes. The domestic service by Aeromar is available in Terminal 2 in Mexico City’s largest airport. Interjet is another domestic carrier at Benito Juárez International Airport that operates reliable service to more than a dozen cities in Mexico. The domestic flights by this Mexican low cost carrier are offered in Concourse B of Terminal 1.",
"From Concourse F in Terminal 1, passengers can board international Interjet flights to destinations such as Guatemala City, Miami, New York, San Antonio, and San Jose (Costa Rica.) The low cost Mexican carriers VivaAerobus and Volaris offer additional domestic and international service in Mexico’s largest airport. The list of major Latin American airlines serving Benito Juárez International Airport includes Copa Airlines, Copa Airlines Colombia, Cubana de Aviacion, LAN Airlines, LAN Peru, TACA Airlines, and TAM. Mexico City is even served by several European airline companies including Air France, British Airways, Iberia, KLM, and Lufthansa. Direct flights between Benito Juárez International Airport and the United States are available thanks to the U.S. carriers AirTran Airways, Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, and US Airways. Most of the international airlines use Terminal 1 at Benito Juárez International Airport. Mexico City Intl. Hotels: Find Hotel Deals near Mexico City Intl. in Mexico City, Mexico 3.7 out of 5 (3,030 reviews) \"One night till departure\" Great hotel to stay a couple of nights.",
"Next to Terminal 1 of Benito Juarez Int'l Airport. (this is an airport hotel) I always stay here a day before leaving Mexico. This is mostly a business hotel, the surroundings are not for vacationist. If you're looking to vacation in Mexico City or other parts of Mexico stay elsewhere and come to this hotel the day before getting out of the country. It's the best choice. Great Service, rooms are clean, several restaurants within the airport. Best airport hotel I've stayed in. Traveller from Queretaro The Camino Real Aeropuerto Mexico is connected by a pedestrian bridge to domestic terminal 1, gate B, of Benito Juárez … More Rating: 3.5 Stars Mexico City Airport Information Near Benito Juárez International Airport Mexico City Airport Information Benito Juárez International Airport: Capitan Carlos León S/N, Peñón de Los Baños, Venustiano Carranza, 15620 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico Search Airport Hotels Benito Juárez International Airport Overview The Benito Juarez International Airport serves the capital of Mexico, Mexico City. It is the busiest airport in Mexico and the second busiest in Latin America.",
"It was named after Benito Juarez, a 19th century president of Mexico, in 2006. It is five kilometres east of central Mexico City. The airport has considerable overfly and landing issues because of its proximity to buildings in the eastern part of the city. History of the Airport The airport was originally Balbuena Military Airport in 1928 and regular services began in 1931. It officially became an international airport in 1943. New facilities were added including a terminal building and control tower, and it became a commercial airport in 1952. In 1963, the name of the airport was changed to Mexico City International Airport and 40 years later it was changed again to Benito Juarez. Terminals A new Terminal 2 was opened in 2007 increasing the passenger capacity. The main problem with expansion is the surrounding city. The airport is in a densely populated area so there is no place to grow. The airport has two passenger terminals separated by runways. Terminal 1 is the largest terminal in the Americas and the fourth largest terminal in the world.",
"It has four premium lounges, 22 baggage claim carousels, parking for over 5,000 vehicles and 11 mobile lounges. Terminal 2 has six premium lounges, parking for 3,000 vehicles, 15 baggage carousels and two check-in halls, one for international passengers and one for domestic passengers. The airport has charter flights and cargo service. It is the third busiest cargo airport in Latin America. Parking at Benito Juarez Airport Parking is in front of the entrances one and two of the terminal building’s National Arrivals zone. It is monitored by a modern security and surveillance system and closed circuit TV. Parking for international passengers is in front of the international entrance of the terminal building near the long-distance bus terminal. Additional parking is in Parking Lot 06 in front of the taxi stand. Airport Amenities There is an air train for passengers with a boarding pass to travel between terminals. Access from Terminal 1 is up the escalator in Gate D in the centre of the Puente Pilotos bridge. Access from Terminal 2 is through Gate M on the National Arrivals side. The train operates every day from 5:00 a.m.",
"to 11:00 p.m. In Terminal 1, the lost and found is in the Mezzanine Office 102. In Terminal 2 it is on the ground floor in the banking area. To retrieve lost property or baggage, identification and other documents will be required. Lost objects left on a plane must be reported directly to the airline. There is also a Left Baggage service at Gates A and E2 with 24-hour service all year. The airport has facilities for people with special medical needs as well as people with disabilities. It is fully wheelchair accessible including all the restrooms, ramps, and elevators in domestic and international arrivals and departure areas. Electric carts are available to serve the elderly, pregnant women, disabled people, and anyone who needs help in an emergency. There are several VIP lounges in the airport. Some have a spa, beauty salon, showers, Internet access, and business centres. There are also private meeting rooms and work stations. Both terminals have exhibition centres where there are galleries for museums, art shows, and other things. Charter flights are available at the airport with several different types of aircraft. Flights can be customised to fit the needs of leisure or business travel.",
"Helicopters are also available. The airport also caters to private aircraft landing and taking off. Benito Juarez has 24-hour air ambulance services. Airlines Serving Mexico City Airport Being the busiest airport in Mexico, Benito Juárez International Airport serves as the headquarters for Aeromexico. The Mexican flag carrier connects Mexico City with more than 40 total destinations. Of course, Mexico’s largest airline offers domestic service to some of the largest and most visited cities in the country. Acapulco, Cancun, Guadalajara, Leon, Ciudad Juarez, Tijuana, Monterey, Merida, and Mexicali are listed on the extensive domestic service operated by Aeromexico. Most of the flights within Mexico are actually provided by Aeromexico Connect regional service in the South Concourse of Terminal 2 at Benito Juárez International Airport. Mexico’s national airline also connects Benito Juárez International Airport with major cities in South America, North America, Central America, and Asia. Bogota, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Lima, Santiago de Chile, and Sao Paulo are major Latin American destinations that can be reached via Aeromexico.",
"Mexico’s busiest airline also connects Mexico City with major cities in the United States such as Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, New York, San Francisco, and Washington District of Columbia. International flights operated by Aeromexico depart from the North Concourse of Terminal 2 at Mexico City’s main airport. Another major Mexican airline that is based at Benito Juárez International Airport is Aeromar. This carrier offers trips to more than a dozen cities within Mexico. Acapulco, Manzanillo, Poza Rica, Veracruz, and Xalapa make the list of Aeromar routes. The domestic service by Aeromar is available in Terminal 2 in Mexico City’s largest airport. Interjet is another domestic carrier at Benito Juárez International Airport that operates reliable service to more than a dozen cities in Mexico. The domestic flights by this Mexican low cost carrier are offered in Concourse B of Terminal 1.",
"From Concourse F in Terminal 1, passengers can board international Interjet flights to destinations such as Guatemala City, Miami, New York, San Antonio, and San Jose (Costa Rica.) The low cost Mexican carriers VivaAerobus and Volaris offer additional domestic and international service in Mexico’s largest airport. The list of major Latin American airlines serving Benito Juárez International Airport includes Copa Airlines, Copa Airlines Colombia, Cubana de Aviacion, LAN Airlines, LAN Peru, TACA Airlines, and TAM. Mexico City is even served by several European airline companies including Air France, British Airways, Iberia, KLM, and Lufthansa. Direct flights between Benito Juárez International Airport and the United States are available thanks to the U.S. carriers AirTran Airways, Alaska Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, and US Airways. Most of the international airlines use Terminal 1 at Benito Juárez International Airport."
] |
"Which entertainer said, ""He was into animal husbandry--until they caught him at it?"
|
Tom Lehrer
|
[
"The Irish Ballad (Song)",
"Thomas Andrew Lehrer",
"Tom Lehr",
"National Brotherhood Week (song)",
"We Will All Go Together When We Go",
"Lehrer, Thomas Andrew",
"Tom Lehrer",
"Hen3ry",
"The Vatican Rag",
"Vatican rag",
"The Irish Ballad (song)",
"The Irish Ballad",
"The Physical Revue",
"Proud to be a Soilder"
] | 11,357
|
[
"Tom Lehrer (Music) - TV Tropes Tom Lehrer You need to login to do this. Get Known if you don't have an account Share WMG \"Come back tomorrow night, we're gonna do� fractions.\" \"I find that if you take the various popular song forms to their logical extremes, you can arrive at almost anything from the ridiculous to the obscene—or, as they say in New York , sophisticated.\" —Tom Lehrer Thomas Andrew Lehrer (born April 9, 1928) is an American satirist who managed to achieve remarkable popularity and impact on popular culture, despite having produced only three albums' worth of material in the 1950s and '60s before retiring to a life in academia as a mathematician. Lehrer's pieces often take the form of witty parodies of various popular song forms. Other common themes in his work are disapproval of nuclear war, Cold War politics, and folk singing .",
"Of course, he undercuts that last by putting forth as perfect a rendition of such songs as can be done with only a piano (\"imagine that I am playing an 88-string guitar\", as he said in his intro to \"The Folk Song Army,\" on his 1965 album That Was the Year That Was) as accompaniment. He also wrote 10 songs for the children's educational series The Electric Company (1971) . Lehrer is still alive, and occasionally performing. At the 80th birthday party of a fellow mathematician and friend Irving \"Kaps\" Kaplansky, he dusted off a handful of mathematics songs to an appreciative crowd of students and fellow mathematicians. \"Weird Al\" Yankovic cites Tom Lehrer as one of his inspirations, while Dr Demento has described him as \"the greatest musical satirist of the 20th Century.\" Lehrer's own inspirations notably include Gilbert and Sullivan , Danny Kaye and Cole Porter .",
"He also claimed to have invented the Jell-O shot as a way of circumventing military base regulations, though the idea goes at least as far back as the 1862 book, How to Mix Drinks or The Bon-Vivant�s Companion. More of Tom Lehrer (1959) An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer (1959)note A live album with the material from More of... Revisited (1960)note A live album with the material from Songs by...; the CD version also contains two songs he wrote for The Electric Company (1971) That Was the Year That Was (1965) Mr. Lehrer's works display examples of: Acting Unnatural : In one of Tom Lehrer's compositions for The Electric Company (1971) , \"L-Y\", this trope comes into play in the second verse. Enhanced by the animation for the song, in which the \"secret agent man\" leans against the safe he is trying to open while playing with a yo-yo and smiling ear to ear. You're a secret agent man Who's after the secret plan How do you act so they don't know you're a spy?",
"Ah-normally ( Not-So-Innocent Whistle ) Normally (whistles again) Normal... L-Y! Alma Mater Song : \"Bright College Days\". \"Fight Fiercely, Harvard\". It is actually a parody of a Football Fight Song , but Harvard is Tom Lehrer's alma mater. Arson, Murder, and Jaywalking : The final verse of \"The Irish Ballad\": And when at last the police came by Her little pranks she did not deny For to do so she would have had to lie... And lyin' she knew was a sin. Inverted with the the review-quotes he included on at least one of his album covers: \"More desperate than amusing\" � New York Herald Tribune \"He seldom has any point to make except obvious ones\" � The Christian Science Monitor \"Mr. Lehrer's muse is not fettered by such inhibiting factors as taste.\" � New York Times \"Obvious, jejune, and remarkably unsophisticated.\" � London Evening Standard From the introduction to \"In Old Mexico\": He majored in animal husbandry until they... caught him at it one day.",
"From \"I Got It from Agnes\": She then gave it to Daniel, whose spaniel has it now. Bilingual Bonus : In the recorded version of \"Lobachevsky\", the reviews from Pravda and Izvestia are, respectively: \"There once was a king who had a pet flea,\" the first line of Mussorgsky's \"Song of the Flea\", and \"I must go where the Tsar himself goes on foot,\" a Russian idiom meaning \"I have to go to the bathroom\". Lehrer usually substituted nonsense when he performed before an audience whose members were likely to include Russian speakers. Black Comedy : Lots and lots of examples, but \"I Got It from Agnes\" has this doozy: \"Max got it from Edith, who gets it every spring/ She got it from her daddy, who just gives her everything ...\" It gets better : \"She gave it to Daniel whose spaniel has it now/ Our dentist's even got it and we're still wondering how .\" Bread, Eggs, Milk, Squick : \"My Home Town\" begins with idyllic reminiscences of his home town and quickly slides into recalling \"the guy who took a knife/and monogrammed his wife\".",
"\"Be Prepared\" exhorts Boy Scouts to be prepared for all situations...such as smoking dope and pimping out their own sisters. \"I Hold Your Hand in Mine\" sounds romantic, up to the lyrics \"My joy would be complete, dear/If only you were here/But still I keep your hand/As a precious souvenir.\" And: \"I hold your hand in mine, dear/I press it to my lips/I take a healthy bite from your dainty fingertips\". His song \"The Old Dope Peddler\" sings admiringly of the cornerstone of any neighborhood, the Heroin Dealer. In more recent interviews, he's admitted that in retrospect he finds that particular song \"chilling\". \"I Wanna Go Back to Dixie\" does this as well. It's mostly an almost sweet, happy song about wanting to go back home...but it's after he includes the line \"Ol' times there are not forgotten/Whuppin' slaves and selling cotton\" that it gets dark.",
"\"Poisoning Pigeons in the Park\" starts off like a lovely ode to springtime and young love, but when he suddenly starts the chorus, the song takes a major left turn into this trope, along with some Lyrical Dissonance because of the song still being sung the same way, despite the lyrics. He actually tries to justify this: We've gained notoriety And quite a variety of unpleasant names. But it's not against any religion To want to dispose of a pigeon! Most of Tom Lehrer's songs, and their humor, stem from this trope. Bunny-Ears Lawyer : Aside from being a quirky satirist, he's a Harvard-educated mathematician and a very accomplished pianist. Cheap Heat : Since That Was the Year That Was was recorded in San Francisco, he sings \"the breakfast garbage that you throw into the bay, they drink at lunch in San Jose\" in \"Pollution\" and gets an enthusiastic reaction from the crowd. The songbook Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer suggests that anyone singing the song should similarly localize that line. Competition Coupon Madness : Parodied in \"It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier\".",
"Once all the Germans were warlike, and mean, but that couldn't happen again, We taught them a lesson in 1918, and they've hardly bothered us since then! Pretty much the entirety of \"Dr. Wernher Von Braun\" is this, including such gems as \"'once the rockets go up, who cares where they come down, that's not my department' says Wernher Von Braun.\" Filk Song : Virtually everything he wrote has been adopted as \"Found Filk,\" notwithstanding—or perhaps in spite of—Lehrer's feelings about folk music. There have even been full Tom Lehrer Sing-Alongs. The Film of the Book : Parodied at least twice. \"Lobachevsky\" describes a film version of a mathematics textbook. \"Oedipus Rex\", meanwhile, was a modest proposal for a title tune \"which the people could hum\" for the film of the eponymous play . Filth : The subject matter of \"Smut\". \"I Got It from Agnes.\" What \"it\" is is never specified, but we can guess.",
"I love my friends, and they love me We're just as close as we can be And just because we really care Whatever we get, we share. Sadly, Lehrer did not originally get this past the radar, as his recording of it was not released until 1997 as a bonus track on Songs & More Songs by Tom Lehrer, a compilation rerelease of two albums from the 1950s. The first released recording of it was from the Tom Foolery soundtrack in 1980. However, Lehrer himself was responsible for the song's being unreleased at the time because he felt it was too racy, although he would perform it in nightclubs going back to the 1950s. \"The Elements\" is Exactly What It Says on the Tin ; all of the chemical elements known at the time, set to \"a possibly recognizable tune\": \" The Major-General's Song \" from The Pirates of Penzance . \"Lobachevsky\" also includes a verse that's largely a list of towns in the Soviet Union.",
"\"I have a friend in Minsk, who has a friend in Pinsk, whose friend in Omsk has friend in Tomsk with a friend in Akmolinsk!\" That's not the complete list, by the way. And the return journey somehow manages to squeeze in two more cities that weren't mentioned the first time. A Love to Dismember : \"I Hold Your Hand in Mine\", \" The Masochism Tango \". Lyrical Dissonance : Particularly his nuclear war songs. Also, \"Poisoning Pigeons in the Park\" is a bright, happy, song about guess what. Special mention has to go to \"We Will All Go Together When We Go,\" a cheery, toe-tapping number about the complete extinction of the human race. And how that's a good thing because it means there'll be nobody left alive to feel sad about it afterward. We will all go directly to our respective Valhallas Go directly, do not pass Go, do not collect two hundred dolla's ... \"So Long Mom\" is also a song about nuclear war set to a cheerful tune.",
"The narrator is a pilot in World War III adressing his mother: While we're attacking frontally, Taken to Patter Song extremes in The Musical production Tomfoolery. Namely, the original song only has the following: debility, utility, mobility, possibility, probability, virility, fertility, desirability, liability, sterility, hostility, futility, agility, facility, senility, and ability. Tomfoolery adds: compatibility, fragility, advisability, durability, inflexibility, volatility, inconceivability, humility, nobility, puerility, indispensability, versatility, irresponsibility, juvenility, adorability, and imbecility. Painful Rhyme : Sometimes spectacularly so, and entirely deliberate . For instance, these lines from \"We Will All Go Together When We Go\": When you attend a funeral It is sad to think that sooner or l... ...ater those you love will do the same for you And you may have found it tragic Not to mention other adjec... ...tives to think of all the weeping they will do Also, during \"The Masochism Tango\": Your heart is hard as stone or mahogany.",
"That's why I'm in such exquisite ah-gony. Also the section from \"A Christmas Carol\" from the Convenience Store Gift Shopping part mentioned above. There are some truly rough ones in \"(I'm Spending) Hannukah in Santa Monica\": Those Eastern winters, I can't endure 'em So every year I pack my gear and come out here till Purim Rosh Hashanah, I spend in Ari-zah-na And Yom Kippur, way down in Mississippur... Parental Bonus : While most of his songs are still funny, there are lines he says that are rather topical to the 1960s. An example would be when he mentions that Massachusetts is the only state with three senators, it's because Robert Kennedy (from Massachusetts) happened to be a New York senator at the time. The lead-in to \"In Old Mexico\" includes the line \"... Where he majored in animal husbandry, until they ... caught him at it one day...\" which kids probably won't get, but to adults is racy even by today's standards. Poe's Law : Lehrer responded to the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to Henry Kissinger by commenting that \"satire is obsolete\".",
"(Rumors to the contrary notwithstanding, that's not why he quit performing. He had already quit because he was tired of touring and redoing the same songs over and over.) Polluted Wasteland : The whole topic of \"Pollution\", which is a reversal of how Americans going overseas would be warned not to drink the water there, and how foreigners coming to America should prepare for it. Example: If you visit American city, You will find it very pretty. Just two things of which you must beware: Don't drink the water and don't breathe the air! Pollution, pollution! He really liked that, and used to quote it often . The liner notes for his albums would say, \"If you did not enjoy this album, you will most definitely not enjoy (names of his other albums).\" There's also the fact that he teaches at and went to Harvard and wrote \"Fight Fiercely, Harvard\" essentially saying how wussy he thinks Harvard is. Harvard itself plays the song at their games. Scary Musician, Harmless Music : Inverted. Lehrer looks like the math professor he is, and his tunes are all happy, upbeat piano pieces, but egad, the lyrics!",
"Serial Escalation : Each verse of \"I Got it from Agnes\" endeavours to be more controversial than the last, gradually implying Depraved Bisexual tendencies, a gay threesome , Parental Incest , a man who bred with his dog and finally that their dentist raped one of them while they were under anaesthetic. If you've only heard one song of Lehrer's, it's probably \"Silent E\" from The Electric Company (1971) . Beware: Ear Worm . Or \"L-Y\" from the same show. Or maybe your Chemistry teacher introduced you to \"The Elements\". \"The Elements\" has even been used in science documentaries. And now The Big Bang Theory . And on the NCIS episode \"Ex-File.\" And frequently, Daniel Radcliffe will dust off the song from memory when he's a guest on daytime, evening, and late-night talk-shows, so does that mean Lehrer also has Diagon Alley cred to his name? Sesquipedalian Loquaciousness : Professor Lehrer would frequently utilize very elongated words and sophisticated language. Shout-Out : In some cases.",
"For example, \"Smut\" has Shout Outs to two classic works of erotic literature, Fanny Hill and Lady Chatterley's Lover . Lehrer also joked that he'd always wanted to write a mathematics textbook because he had a title he knew would sell a million copies: Tropic of Calculus . Various recorded versions of \"Lobachevsky\" credit Brigitte Bardot , Ingrid Bergman , Doris Day , and Marilyn Monroe as playing the hypotenuse in the film version of The Eternal Triangle. Southern-Fried Private : \"It Makes a Fellow Proud to Be a Soldier\" Subverted Rhyme Every Occasion : \"The Folk Song Army\" and \"My Home Town\" being the two best examples. Take us to your Lieder (sorry about that) Take That : A lot of his songs are attacks on someone or something, but as already noted folk-singers have been a repeated target, and his \"ode\" to Wernher von Braun also stands out. Take That, Audience! : At the end of \"Oedipus Rex\", his response to the audience applauding is \"The outpatients are out in force tonight, I see\".",
"Teen Genius : He earned a bachelor's degree in Mathematics from Harvard. At 19. Yeah. Those Wacky Nazis : As mentioned above, he references Wernher von Braun's Nazi past: Call him a Nazi, he won't even frown... \"Heh, Nazi Schmazi,\" says Wernher von Braun! Three Chords and the Truth : He has a dig at this trope in the spoken intro to \"Folk Song Army\": \"I have a song here which I realize should be accompanied on a folk instrument, in which category the piano does not, alas, qualify. So imagine, if you will, that I am playing an 88-string guitar.\" Then he does it again in the song itself, where he also pokes fun at the lyrical version: The tune don't have to be clever, And it don't matter if you put a couple extra syllables into a line. It sounds more ethnic if it ain't good English, And it don't even gotta rhyme—excuse me—rhyne. Eat More Polar Bear, by L.",
"Neil Smith Number 411, April 1, 2007 \"It's the business of mass media to distract Americans from everything that's actually important.\" Eat More Polar Bear [email protected] Attribute to The Libertarian Enterprise Unless you're Helen Keller falling in a forest, you know all about \"Cute Knut\", a baby polar bear in the Berlin Zoo, and the center of the most absurd controversy to show up on my laptop for a season or three. As animals will sometimes, Knut's mommy inexplicably abandoned him and his twin brotherwho died shortly afterwardrefusing to feed them. Taking up the challenge, the Berlin zookeepers bottle-fed the little guy, kept him happy and in good health, until the present, when he's become the zoo's unofficial mascot and the darling of the German media. Something very much like this happened at the Denver Zoo a few years ago, with a pair of baby polar bears named Klondike and Snow, except that both of these critters were quite sickly and nearly died. Their kindly caretakers got them through it, however, and they were eventually moved to another zoo that could handle grownup polar bears better.",
"I suppose I should stop right here and explain that I am not an \"animal lover\" in the sense people usually intend when they use that term. Nor am I at all like the guy whom Tom Lehrer once described as having \"majored in animal husbandryuntil they caught him at it\". I freely confess that when Klondike and Snow were constantly in the news, I got thoroughly sick of seeing and hearing about them day after day. Of course it's the business of mass media to distract Americans from everything that's actually importantsometimes vitalin life, and pull their focus to the trivial. If people made that much of a fuss about sick or injured children (say, in Iraq)or our sick and injured Bill of Rightsit would become a vastly better world, albeit one that offered many fewer juicy opportunities to the mass media. But as usual, I digress. I am an avid carnivore and a once-and-future hunter.",
"I haven't had a chance yet to sample bear or possum, but I have eaten just about everything else that lopes, crawls, swims, or flies over the planet's surface, including alligator and rattlesnake (both of which taste like chicken), whale meat and seal flippers (the former tastes like beef, the latter like beef marinated in cod liver oil), and ants and bees (which taste like ants and bees). I've also written very energetically on occasion against the counterfeit philosophy of \"animal rights\", because it makes no claim that can be debated (and demolished) with regard to what rights are and where they came from, and it's almost always used, sooner or later, as an excuse to deny or diminish human rights. Often, those who argue in favor of \"animal rights\"or perform violent criminal acts in the name of that causearen't doing the animals any favors, either. In the pretzel-twisted minds of certain individuals, it was morally wrong to save baby polar bear Knut from starvation and death.",
"He should have been given a lethal injection, proclaimed a flock of self-anointed animal rights activists, rather than being brought up \"suffering the humiliation of being treated as a [gasp!] domestic pet. . . it is inappropriate for a predator, known for its fierceness and ability to fend for itself in the wild, to be snuggled.\" You have no idea how hard it was to write that last paragraph or to use the word \"minds\" in connection with the wimpersnits it concerns one Ruediger Schmiedel, head of something he calls the \"Foundation for Bears\" and somebody referred to as \"spokesman Frank Albrecht\" encompassing, as it does, one of the craziest bonnet-bees ever set free in these Crazy Years that Robert Heinlein warned us were coming. You can almost hear the contempt with which that final word was uttered. It's a dead giveaway with regard to what's really going on, here. The plain, unavoidable fact is that \"meaning\", \"purpose\", and \"rights\" are purely human phenomena. They are what make us human and, as unfashionable as it may be to say so, superior to the beasts.",
"They are what place us at the top of an evolutionary pyramid that thinkers like Stephen Jay Gould attempt to pretend doesn't exist. But to even a relatively advanced organism like a bear, there is no \"meaning\" or \"purpose\", and \"rights\" are whatever you tear out of a prey-animal's throat. Rest assured, however, that none of this flapdoodle has anything to do with the putative rights of animals, or with anything except whatever it is that's festering within the glassy hearts and shriveled souls of specimens Like Reudi and Frank. My long experience is that stunted, half-baked creatures like this are incapable of making or maintaining lasting human relationships. Instead, they seethe inwardly with a deep, corrosive self-loathing they eventually extend to their families, their countries, and in the most aggravated cases, to their species. Democracy is not the best way of ascertaining scientific or moral truth, but I must not be the only one who feels the way I do about these so-called \"animal rights activists\".",
"The online newspaper in which I first read about this situation already had 86 commentaries on it, fully two thirds of which suggested that maybe it was Reudi and Frank who should get a lethal injection, not Knut. Not a terribly libertarian suggestion, but one I would have some visceral difficulty opposing. Precisely how far, do you suppose, does Frank and Reudi's concern over Knut's \"suffering\" and \"humiliation\" extend? If the little guy has to die, to save him from the unspeakable embarrassment of being somebody's pet, would they endorse distributing his meager little carcass to the starving masses? How about selling his remains to a fancy restaurant so that the proceeds from the gourmet meal he would becomethink of it as \"bear veal\"might benefit the deserving poor? That's what I thought. It seems to me, as it apparently does to everybody else, that the preservation of an animal's rights (if one chooses to believe in such nonsense) logically begins with a goal of preserving the animal's life barring an Urso-Randian argument regarding the bear's survival qua bear.",
"Insisting that its rights are best preserved by killing it sounds suspiciously to me like \"We had to destroy the village to save it\". Me, I think the world is a nicer place with a furry little ball like Knut around to grace it. I know he's happier alivewith nasty old humans to love and take care of himthan he would be dead. How do I know? Because my big cat Ambrose, known for his fierceness and ability to fend for himself in the wild, will abandon a bowl of food and cross the room to be snuggled, or patted on the head and spoken to. It's always the same story with these people, profession of the absurd, insistence on the impossible, and a sadistic twist at the end to grab the attention of the media, drum up publicity, and generate donations from sick whackos whose psyches are as pathological as their own. There is a cure, though, if not for them as individuals, then at least for the civilization into which they have intruded themselves like a virus: hold them to their word.",
"For example, I can't promise ever to take animal rights activists seriously, but I might put a toe in the road if I ever heard that they were willing to take the place of rabbits and other laboratory animals in medical and cosmetic testing. But I won't. An Evening Wasted With Tom Lehrer @ Bright Tom Lehrer Days Poisoning Pigeons In The Park I'd like to take you now on wings of song, as it were, and try and help you forget perhaps for a while your drab, wretched lives. Here's a song all about spring-time in general, and in particular, about one of the many delightful pastimes the coming of spring affords us all. Spring is here, a-suh-puh-ring is here. Life is skittles and life is beer. I think the loveliest time of the year is the spring. I do, don't you? 'Course you do. But there's one thing that makes spring complete for me, And makes ev'ry Sunday a treat for me. All the world seems in tune On a spring afternoon, When we're poisoning pigeons in the park. Ev'ry Sunday you'll see As we poison the pigeons in the park.",
"When they see us coming, the birdies all try an' hide, But they still go for peanuts when coated with cyanide. The sun's shining bright, When we're poisoning pigeons in the park. Lalaalaalalaladoodiedieedoodoodoo But it's not against any religion To want to dispose of a pigeon. So if Sunday you're free, Why don't you come with me, And we'll poison the pigeons in the park. And maybe we'll do In a squirrel or two, While we're poisoning pigeons in the park. We'll murder them all amid laughter and merriment. Except for the few we take home to experiment. My pulse will be quickenin' With each drop of strychnine We feed to a pigeon. It just takes a smidgin! To poison a pigeon in the park. Bright College Days <applause> Thank you. For my first encore I'd like to turn to a type of song that people like myself find ourselves subjected to with increasing frequency as time goes on, and that is the college alma mater. You'll find yourself at a reunion of grads, and old undergrads, and eh...",
"somebody will start croaking out one of these things and everyone will gradually join in - each in his own key, of course - until the place is just soggy with nostalgia. Well, a typical such song might be called Bright College Days, and might go like this. Bright college days, oh, carefree days that fly, To thee we sing with our glasses raised on high. Let's drink a toast as each of us recalls Ivy-covered professors in ivy-covered halls. Turn on the spigot, Pour the beer and swig it, And gaudeamus igit-ur. Here's to parties we tossed, To the games that we lost, We shall claim that we won them some day. To the girls young and sweet, To the spacious back seat Of our roommate's beat up Chevrolet. To the beer and benzedrine, To the way that the dean Tried so hard to be pals with us all. To excuses we fibbed, To the papers we cribbed From the genius who lived down the hall. To the tables down at Morey's (wherever that may be) Let us drink a toast to all we love the best.",
"We will sleep through all the lectures, And cheat on the exams, And we'll pass, and be forgotten with the rest. Oh, soon we'll be out amid the cold world's strife. Soon we'll be sliding down the razor blade of life. <laughter> A Christmas Carol One very familiar type of song is the Christmas carol. Although it is perhaps a bit out of season at this time. However, I'm informed by my \"disk jockey\" friends - of whom I have none, that in order to get a song popular by Christmas time, you have to start plugging it well in advance. So here goes. It has always seemed to me after all. That Christmas, with its spirit of giving, offers us all a wonderful opportunity each year to reflect on what we all most sincerely and deeply believe in. I refer of course, to money. And yet none of the Christmas carols that you hear on the radio or in the street, even attempt to capture the true spirit of Christmas as we celebrate it in the United States. That is to say the commercial spirit. So I should like to offer the following Christmas carol for next year, as being perhaps a bit more appropriate.",
"Christmas time is here, by golly, Disapproval would be folly, Deck the halls with hunks of holly, Fill the cup and don't say \"when.\" Kill the turkeys, ducks and chickens, Mix the punch, drag out the Dickens, Even though the prospect sickens, Brother, here we go again. On Christmas Day you can't get sore, Your fellow man you must adore, There's time to rob him all the more The other three hundred and sixty-four. Relations, sparing no expense'll Send some useless old utensil, Or a matching pen and pencil. \"Just the thing I need! How nice!\" It doesn't matter how sincere it Is, nor how heartfelt the spirit, Sentiment will not endear it, What's important is the price. Hark the Herald Tribune sings, Advertising wondrous things. God rest ye merry, merchants, May you make the Yuletide pay. Angels we have heard on high Tell us to go out and buy! So let the raucous sleigh bells jingle, Hail our dear old friend Kris Kringle, Driving his reindeer across the sky. Don't stand underneath when they fly by. Actually I did rather well myself, this last Christmas.",
"The nicest present I received was a gift certificate \"good at any hospital for a lobotomy\". Rather thoughtful. The Elements Now, if I may digress momentarily from the main stream of this evenings symposium, I'd like to sing a song which is completely pointless but which is something I picked up during my career as a scientist. This may prove useful to somebody some day perhaps, in a somewhat bizarre set of circumstances. It's simply the names of the chemical elements set to a possibly recognizable tune. There's antimony, arsenic, aluminum, selenium, And hydrogen and oxygen and nitrogen and rhenium, And nickel, neodymium, neptunium, germanium, And iron, americium, ruthenium, uranium, Europium, zirconium, lutetium, vanadium, And lanthanum and osmium and astatine and radium, And gold and protactinium and indium and gallium, <gasp> And iodine and thorium and thulium and thallium.",
"There's yttrium, ytterbium, actinium, rubidium, And boron, gadolinium, niobium, iridium, And strontium and silicon and silver and samarium, And bismuth, bromine, lithium, beryllium, and barium. Isn't that interesting? <laughter> I knew you would. I hope you're all taking notes, because there's going to be a short quiz next period. There's holmium and helium and hafnium and erbium, And phosphorus and francium and fluorine and terbium, And manganese and mercury, molybdenum, magnesium, Dysprosium and scandium and cerium and cesium. And lead, praseodymium, and platinum, plutonium, Palladium, promethium, potassium, polonium, And tantalum, technetium, titanium, tellurium, <gasp> And cadmium and calcium and chromium and curium.",
"There's sulfur, californium, and fermium, berkelium, And also mendelevium, einsteinium, nobelium, And argon, krypton, neon, radon, xenon, zinc, and rhodium, And chlorine, carbon, cobalt, copper, tungsten, tin, and sodium. These are the only ones of which the news has come to Ha'vard, And there may be many others, but they haven't been discavard. Now, may I have the next slide please? Got carried away there. Oedipus Rex It seems that most of the songs that you hear these days on the radio played by the disc-jockeys, apart from Rock-n-Roll and other childrens' records, tend to be motion-picture title-songs. Apparently producers feel that we will not attend their movies unless we have the titles well drilled into our heads in advance. Of course, we don't go anyway, but at least this way they make back on the song some of what they've lost on the picture.",
"With the rise of the motion-picture title-song, we've had such hits in the past few years as The Ten Commandments Mambo, Brothers Karamazov Cha-Cha, Incredible Shrinking Man, I Love You. I'm sure you're all familiar with these, but a few years ago a motion picture version appeared of Sophocles' immortal tragedy Oedipus Rex. This picture played only in the so-called art theaters, and it was not a financial success. And I maintain that the reason it was not a financial success... <laughter> (You're away ahead of me.) ...was, that it did not have a title tune, which the people could hum and which would make them actually eager to attend this particular play. So, I have attempted to supply this need and here then is the prospective title song from Oedipus Rex. From the Bible to the popular song, There's one theme that we find right along. Of all ideals they hail as good, The most sublime is Motherhood. There was a man, oh, who it seems, Once carried this ideal to extremes. He loved his mother and she loved him, And yet his story is rather grim. There once lived a man named Oedipus Rex.",
"You may have heard about his odd complex. His name appears in Freud's index 'Cause he loved his mother. His rivals used to say quite a bit, That as a monarch he was most unfit. But still in all they had to admit That he loved his mother. Yes he loved his mother like no other. His daughter was his sister and his son was his brother. One thing on which you can depend is, He sure knew who a boy's best friend is! When he found what he had done, He tore his eyes out one by one. A tragic end to a loyal son Who loved his mother. So be sweet and kind to Mother, Now and then have a chat. Buy her candy or some flowers or a brand new hat. But maybe you had better let it go at that! Or you may find yourself with a quite complex complex, And you may end up like Oedipus. I'd rather marry a duck-billed platypus, Than end up like old Oedipus Rex. The out-patients are out in force tonight, I see. In Old Mexico Now, I'm sure you're all aware that this week is national gall-bladder week.",
"So as sort of an educational feature at this point I thought I would acquaint you with some of the results of my recent researches into the career of the late doctor Samuel Gall, inventor of the gall-bladder. Which certainly ranks as one of the more important technological advances since the invention of the joy-buzzer and the dribble-glass. Doctor Gall's faith in his invention was so dramatically vindicated last year, as you no doubt recall, when, for the first time in history, in a nation-wide poll the gall-bladder was voted among the top ten organs. His educational career began interestingly enough in agricultural school, where he majored in animal husbandry, until they caught him at it one day. Whereupon he switched to the field of medicine in which field he also won renown as the inventor of gargling. Which prior to that time had been practiced only furtively by a remote tribe in the Andes who passed the secret down from father to son as part of their oral tradition. He soon became a specialist, specializing in diseases of the rich. He was therefore able to retire at an early age. To the land we all dream about, sunny Mexico of course.",
"The last part of which is completely irrelevant, as with the whole thing I guess, except, it's a rather sneaky way of getting into this next type of popular song which is one of those things about that magic, and romantic land south of the border. When it's fiesta time in Guadalajara, Then I long to be back once again In Old Mexico. Where we lived for today, Never giving a thought to tomara. To the strumming of guitars, In a hundred grubby bars I would whisper \"Te amo.\" The mariachis would serenade, And they would not shut up till they were paid. We ate, we drank, and we were merry, And we got typhoid and dysentery. But best of all, we went to the Plaza de Toros. Now whenever I start feeling morose, I revive by recalling that scene. And names like Belmonte, Dominguin, and Manolete, If I live to a hundred and eighty, I shall never forget what they mean.",
"(For there is surely nothing more beautiful in this world than the sight of a lone man facing singlehandedly a half a ton of angry pot roast!) Out came the matador, Who must have been potted or Slightly insane, but who looked rather bored. Then the picadors of course, Each one on his horse, I shouted \"Ole!\" ev'ry time one was gored. I cheered at the bandilleros' display, As they stuck the bull in their own clever way, For I hadn't had so much fun since the day My brother's dog Rover (Rover was killed by a Pontiac. And it was done with such grace and artistry that the witnesses awarded the driver both ears and the tail - but I digress.) The moment had come, We knew there'd be blood on the sand pretty soon. The crowd held its breath, Hoping that death Would brighten an otherwise dull afternoon. At last, the matador did what we wanted him to. He raised his sword and his aim was true. In that moment of truth I suddenly knew That someone had stolen my wallet.",
"Now it's fiesta time in Akron, Ohio, But it's back to old Guadalajara I'm longing to go. Far away from the strikes of the A.F. of L. and C.I.O. How I wish I could get back To the land of the wetback, And forget the Alamo, Clementine I should like to consider the folk song, and expand briefly on a theory I have held for some time, to the effect that the reason most folk songs are so atrocious is that they were written by the people. If professional songwriters had written them instead, things might have turned out considerably differently. For example, consider the old favorite, with which, I'm sure, you're all familiar, \"Clementine\", you know: In a cavern, in a canyon, dadada dadadada... A song with no recognizable merit whatsoever, and imagine what might have happened if, for example, Cole Porter had tried writing this song. The first verse might have come out like this: In a cavern, in a canyon, Excava-ha-ha-hating for a mine, Far away from the boom-boom-boom of the city She was so pretty, what a pity, Clementine.",
"Oh Clementine, can't you tell from the howls of me This love of mine calls to you from the bowels of me. Are you discerning the returning Of this churning, burning, yearning for you-oo-oo... ah-ah... Well, supposing at this point that Mozart (or one of that crowd) had tried writing a verse, the next one might have come out as a baritone aria from an Italian opera, somewhat along these lines: Era legera e come un fairy E suo shoes numero nine, Herring bo-ho-ho-hoxes senza to-ho-ho-hopses, Sandalae per Clementina si, per Clementina si, Per Clementina sandalae, per Clementina sandalae, per Clementine. Clehementina, Clehementina, Clehe-he-mentina... Herring boxes senza topses sandalae per Clementina, Herring boxes senza topses sandalae per Clementina, Che sciagura Clementina, che sciagura Clementina, cara Clementina, cara Clementina-na-na-na-na-na-na-na!",
"Supposing at this rather dramatic juncture in the narrative, one of our modern \"cool school\" of composers had tried writing a verse, the next one might have come out like this: Drove those ducklings to the water Yeah brach! doddley doo doo uh ah! Ev'ry morning like 9am Ooh pah! de do de do do do, biddley da! Got hung up on a splinter, got a-hung up on a splinter Cloo ge mop! Huh huh! Do de do de do do do Fell into the foamy brine, dig that crazy Clementine, man! To end on a happy note, one can always count on Gilbert and Sullivan for a rousing finale, full of words and music and signifying nothing. That I missed her depressed her young sister named Esther, This mister to pester she tried. Now her pestering sister's a festering blister, You're best to resist her, say I. The mister resisted, the sister persisted, I kissed her, all loyalty slipped. When she said I could have her, her sister's cadaver Must surely have turned in its crypt. Yes, yes, yes, yes!",
"But I love she and she loves me. Enraptured are the both of we. Yes I love she and she loves I And will through all eternity! See what I mean? It Makes A Fellow Proud To Be A Soldier I have only comparatively recently emerged from the United States army so that I am now of course in the radio-active reserve and, the usual jokes about the army aside, one of the many fine things one has to admit is the way that the army has carried the American democratic ideal to its logical conclusion in the sense that not only do they prohibit discrimination on the grounds of race, creed, and color, but also on the grounds of ability. Be that as it may, some of you may recall the publicity a few years ago about the army's search for an official army song to be the counterpart of the navy's Anchors Away and the airforce's Up In The Air Junior Birdman songs. I was in basic training at the time and I recall our platoon sergeant, who was an unfrocked marine. Actually, the change of service had come as quite a blow to him because it meant that he had to memorize a new serial number which took up most of his time.",
"At any rate I recall this sergeant's informing me and my \"room-mates\" of this rather deplorable fact the army didn't have any official, excuse me, didn't have no official song and suggested that we work on this in our copious free time. Well, I submitted the following song which is called It Makes A Fellow Proud To Be A Soldier which, I think, demonstrates the proper spirit you'll agree. However, the fact that it did not win the contest, I can ascribe only to blatant favoratism on the part of the judges. The heart of every man in our platoon must swell with pride, For the nation's youth, the cream of which is marching at his side. For the fascinating rules and regulations that we share, And the quaint and curious costumes that we're called upon to wear. Now Al joined up to do his part defending you and me. He wants to fight and bleed and kill and die for liberty. With the hell of war he's come to grips, Policing up the filter tips, It makes a fella proud to be a soldier! When Pete was only in the seventh grade, he stabbed a cop. He's real R.A.",
"material and he was glad to swap His switchblade and his old zip gun For a bayonet and a new M-1. It makes a fella proud to be a soldier! After Johnny got through basic training, he Was a soldier through and through when he was done. It's effects were so well rooted, That the next day he saluted A Good Humor man, an usher, and a nun. Now Fred's an intellectual, brings a book to every meal. He likes the deep philosophers, like Norman Vincent Peale. He thinks the army's just the thing, Because he finds it broadening. It makes a fella proud to be a soldier! Now Ed flunked out of second grade, and never finished school. He doesn't know a shelter half from an entrenching tool. But he's going to be a big success. He heads his class at OCS. It makes a fella proud to be a soldier! Our old mess sergeant's taste buds had been shot off in the war. But his savory collations add to our esprit de corps. To think of all the marvelous ways They're using plastics nowadays. It makes a fella proud to be a soldier! Our lieutenant is the up-and-coming type.",
"Played with soldiers as a boy you just can bet. It is written in the stars He will get his captain's bars, But he hasn't got enough box tops yet. Our captain has a handicap to cope with, sad to tell. He's from Georgia, and he doesn't speak the language very well. He used to be, so rumor has, the Dean of Men at Alcatraz. It makes a fella proud to be, When as a kid I vowed to be, One ought to be allowed to be A soldier. (At ease!) She's My Girl And now to the love song. I'm sure you're familiar with love songs on the order of He's Just My Bill, my man, my Joe, my Max, and so on where the girl who sings them tells you that, although the man she loves is anti-social, alcoholic, physically repulsive, or just plain unsanitary, nevertheless she is his because he is hers, or something like that. But as far as I know there has never been a popular song from the analogous male point of view, that is to say, of a man who finds himself in love with, or in this case married to, a girl who has nothing whatsoever to recommend her.",
"I have attempted to fill this need. The song is called She's My Girl. Sharks gotta swim, and bats gotta fly, I gotta love one woman till I die. To Ed or Dick or Bob She may be just a slob, But to me, well, In winter the bedroom is one large ice cube, And she squeezes the toothpaste from the middle of the tube. Her hairs in the sink Have driven me to drink, But she's my girl, she's my girl, she's my girl, And I love her. The girl that I lament for, The girl my money's spent for, The girl my back is bent for, The girl I owe the rent for, The girl I gave up Lent for Is the girl that heaven meant for me.",
"So though for breakfast she makes coffee that tastes like shampoo, I come home for dinner and get peanut butter stew, Or if I'm in luck, It's broiled hockey puck, But, oh well, what the hell, She's my girl, The Masochism Tango Another familiar type of lovesong is the passionate or firy variety, usually in tango tempo, in which the singer exhorts his partner to haunt him and taunt him and, if at all possible, to consume him with a kiss of fire. This particular illustration of this genre is called The Masochism Tango. I ache for the touch of your lips, Dear, But much more for the touch of your whips, Dear. You can raise welts As we dance to the Masochism Tango. Let our love be a flame, not an ember, Say it's me that you want to dismember. Blacken my eye, Set fire to my tie, As we dance to the Masochism Tango. At your command Before you here I stand, My heart is in my hand. Ecch! It's here that I must be. My heart entreats, Just hear those savage beats, And go put on your cleats And come and trample me.",
"Your heart is hard as stone or mahogany, That's why I'm in such exquisite agony. My soul is on fire, It's aflame with desire, Which is why I perspire When we tango. In your left castanet, Love, I can feel the pain yet, Love, Ev'ry time I hear drums. And I envy the rose That you held in your teeth, Love, With the thorns underneath, Love, Sticking into your gums. Your eyes cast a spell that bewitches. The last time I needed twenty stitches To sew up the gash That you made with your lash, As we danced to the Masochism Tango. Bash in my brain, And make me scream with pain, Then kick me once again, And say we'll never part. I know too well So, Darling, if you smell Something burning, it's my heart. Excuse me! Take your cigarette from its holder, And burn your initials in my shoulder. Fracture my spine, And swear that you're mine, As we dance to the Masochism Tango.",
"We Will All Go Together When We Go I am reminded at this point of a fellow I used to know who's name was Henry, only to give you an idea of what an individualist he was he spelt it HEN3RY. The 3 was silent, you see. Henry was financially independent having inherited his father's tar-and-feather business and was therefore able to devote his full time to such intellectual pursuits as writing. I particularly remember a heart-warming novel of his about a young necropheliac who finally achieved his boy-hood ambition by becoming coroner. <moderate laughter> The rest of you can look it up when you get home. In addition to writing he indulged in a good deal of philosophizing. Like so many contemporary philosophers he especially enjoyed giving helpful advice to people who were happier than he was. One particular bit of advice which I recall, which is the reason I bring up this whole, dreary story is something he said once before they took him away to the Massachussetts state home for the bewilderd.",
"He said: \"Life is like a sewer: what you get out of it depends on what you put into it.\" It's always seems to me that this is precisely the sort of dynamic, positive thinking that we so desperately need in these trying times of crisis and universal broo-ha-ha, and so with this in mind I have here a modern positive dynamic uplifting song in the tradition of the great old revival hymns. This one might more accurately be termed a survival hymn. When you attend a funeral, It is sad to think that sooner or Later those you love will do the same for you. And you may have thought it tragic, Not to mention other adjec- Tives, to think of all the weeping they will do. But don't you worry. No more ashes, no more sackcloth. And an armband made of black cloth Will some day never more adorn a sleeve. For if the bomb that drops on you Gets your friends and neighbors too, There'll be nobody left behind to grieve. And we will all go together when we go. What a comforting fact that is to know. Universal bereavement, Yes, we all will go together when we go. We will all go together when we go.",
"All suffuse with an incandescent glow. No one will have the endurance To collect on his insurance, Lloyd's of London will be loaded when they go. Oh we will all fry together when we fry. We'll be french fried potatoes by and by. There will be no more misery When the world is our rotisserie, Yes, we will all fry together when we fry. Down by the old maelstrom, There'll be a storm before the calm. And we will all bake together when we bake. There'll be nobody present at the wake. With complete participation"
] |
What is Iggy Pop's real name?
|
James Osterberg
|
[
"James Osterberg",
"Iggy Pop",
"Iggy Stooge",
"The Passenger (2007)",
"The Passenger (2007 film)",
"The Passenger (2008 film)",
"James Newell Osterberg",
"Iggy Pop Biography",
"The Godfather of Punk",
"Iggy pop"
] | 9,629
|
[
"Iggy Azalea explains her stage name in new series ‘A.K.A.’ - AXS Iggy Azalea explains her stage name in new series ‘A.K.A.’ By: Tarringo Vaughan Aug 22, 2014 235 1 y2014m08d22 19843 Rapper Iggy Azalea is on fire and her musical career seems to just be getting started. The “ Fancy ” rapper is preparing to make her debut at this Sunday’s 2014 MTV Video Music Awards with collaborator Rita Ora , but in the meantime Azalea has taken the time to explain her stage name. On Thursday, the Australian rapper was the first celebrity to appear in the new Vevo original series “A.K.A.” and explained just where she got her name. The show, which premiered on Thursday , Aug. 21, has stars explain how they got their stage names. Azalea’s stage name came as a “two-part saga.” She starts off saying: My name is Amethyst Amelia Kelly, but you guys probably know me as Iggy Azalea.",
"And that’s how it’s gonna stay.” Interestingly, the first part of her name originated from her dog of the same name. Her dog, Iggy, was named after Iggy Pop. She loved her dog very much and went on to explain an incident involving her favorite pet. One time he got bitten by a snake,” She shared. “And he couldn’t move his legs, and I realized he had killed the snake.” After he survived the incident and was back to his old self, she got a name-plate necklace made in his honor. She continued. Everybody started to think that my name was Iggy so it kind of became my nickname and I took it on board and started rapping with it.” The second part of her name actually comes from her grandfather, who disapproved of her just having a one-word stage name. He told her that a good stage name should have a certain number of syllables and just going by Iggy wasn’t cutting it. She recalled, (He) said to me, ‘You can’t have a one-word stage name'...It made perfect mathematical sense. So I had to think of a good last name.” After much thought, she went with the name of the street her mother and family live on.",
"So basically she went with the name of her pet and the street her family lives on to come up with Iggy Azalea. The rap star is now a household name and would like to forget her born name Amethyst. Other celebrities to appear in the series are Common, Future, G-Easy, and Daddy Yankee. Should be interesting to see if any of them can top Azalea’s story. By: Tarringo Vaughan Iggy Pop - IMDb IMDb Legendary Rock 'n' Roll wildman and substance abuser. Recorded a series of classic rock albums with The Stooges and later as a solo artist. Worked extensively with David Bowie . See full bio » Born: a list of 38 people created 19 Nov 2011 a list of 30 people created 14 Dec 2011 a list of 36 people created 03 Jun 2013 a list of 44 people created 21 Apr 2015 a list of 27 people created 13 Aug 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Iggy Pop's work have you seen?",
"User Polls Nominated for 1 Golden Globe. Another 1 win & 1 nomination. See more awards » Known For 2016 Lessons of Pop (TV Movie) (performer: \"Vulture\") 2016 Iggy Pop: Post Pop Depression (TV Movie) (performer: \"Lust for Life\", \"American Valhalla\", \"Sixteen\", \"Some Weird Sin\", \"Funtime\", \"Sunday\", \"German Days\", \"Mass Production\", \"Nightclubbing\", \"Gardenia\", \"The Passenger\", \"China Girl\", \"Break into Your Heart\", \"Fall in Love with Me\", \"Repo Man\") 2016 War Dogs (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\") 2016 Alan Shearer's Euro 96: When Football Came Home (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) 2016 Gimme Danger (Documentary) (writer: \"Asthma Attack\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog (Cale Mix)\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\", \"T.V. Eye\", \"L.A.",
"Blues\", \"Cock In My Pocket\", \"Gimme Danger\", \"No Fun\", \"Again And Again\", \"Dirt\", \"I Need Somebody\", \"Fun House\", \"1970\", \"Lost In The Future\", \"Ann\", \"Not Right\", \"Down on the Take\" (Take 6/Take 15), \"We Will Fall\", \"Loose\", \"\"Your Pretty Face Is Going To Hell\", \"I'm Hungry\", \"I'm Sick Of You\", \"Search And Destroy\", \"I Got A Right\", \"Down On The Street\", \"Raw Power\", \"Little Doll\", \"Real Cool Time\", \"1969\") World Championship Snooker (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes, 2015 - 2016) (writer - 4 episodes, 2015 - 2016) - 2015: Day 4, Part 1 (2015) ...",
"(performer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) Hunters (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) (writer - 1 episode, 2016) - Messages (2016) ... (performer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) Ochéntame... otra vez (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode, 2016) (writer - 1 episode, 2016) - Soy rebelde (2016) ...",
"(performer: \"Butt Town\") / (writer: \"Butt Town\") 2015 Iggy Pop: Les nuits de Fourvière 17.07.2015 (TV Movie) (performer: \"No Fun\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\", \"The Passenger\", \"Lust for Life\", \"Skull Ring\", \"Five Foot One\", \"1969\", \"Sister Midnight\", \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\", \"Nightclubbing\", \"Some Weird Sin\", \"I'm Bored\", \"Funtime\", \"Neighborhood Threat\", \"Down on the Street\") / (writer: \"No Fun\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\", \"The Passenger\", \"Lust for Life\", \"Skull Ring\", \"Five Foot One\", \"1969\", \"Sister Midnight\", \"Nightclubbing\", \"Some Weird Sin\", \"I'm Bored\", \"Funtime\", \"Neighborhood Threat\", \"Down on the Street\") Atop the Fourth Wall (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) (writer - 1 episode, 2015) - Nightmares on Elm Street #5-",
"6 (2015) ...",
"(performer: \"Why Was I Born? (Freddy's Dead)\") / (writer: \"Why Was I Born? (Freddy's Dead)\") 2015 TFI Friday (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode dated 16 October 2015 (2015) ... (performer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) 2015 Tremors 5: Bloodlines (Video) (performer: \"He's Frank (Slight Return) (Superfrank Remix)\") 2015 Far Out (writer: \"I'm Sick Of You\", \"Gimme Danger\", \"Real Cool Time\", \"Loose\", \"T.V.",
"Eye\") 2015 Deutschland 83 (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) 2015 The 90s: Ten Years That Changed the World (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) 2015 Battlefield Hardline (Video Game) (writer: \"Down On The Street\") Pop Gold (TV Mini-Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2015) (writer - 1 episode, 2015) - Hellraisers (2015) ...",
"(performer: \"The Passenger (Live)\") / (writer: \"The Passenger (Live)\") 2015/II Focus (writer: \"Gimme Danger\") 2015 The Diary of a Teenage Girl (writer: \"Down on the Street\") 2014 Bill the Galactic Hero (performer: \"Bill the Galactic Superhero\" - as Iggy Pop and The Intergalactic Troll) / (writer: \"Bill the Galactic Superhero\") State of Affairs (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014) - Bang, Bang (2014) ... (performer: \"Bang Bang\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"Bang Bang\" - uncredited) 2014 If I Stay (performer: \"The Passenger\") Gotham (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014) - Pilot (2014) ...",
"(performer: \"Funtime\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"Funtime\" - uncredited) 2014 Guapas (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - La ovejita crédula (2014) ... (writer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) 2014 Electric Slide (performer: \"Five Foot One\", \"The Endless Sea\") / (writer: \"Five Foot One\") 2014 Barbecue (\"The passenger\") My Mad Fat Diary (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2014) (writer - 1 episode, 2014) - Friday (2014) ...",
"(performer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) 2014/I Predestination (writer: \"1970 (I Feel Alright)\" - as James Osterberg) 2013 CBGB (writer: \"1969\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\", \"Dirt\" - as James Osterberg) 2013 Solipsism (Short) (writer: \"Now i wanna be your dog\") 2013 Les gamins (performer: \"Lust for Life\") / (writer: \"Lust for Life\" - as Pop) Divorce (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2013) (writer - 1 episode, 2013) - Episode #1.9 (2013) ...",
"(performer: \"Lust for Life\") / (writer: \"Lust for Life\") Sons of Anarchy (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2012) (writer - 1 episode, 2012) - Toad's Wild Ride (2012) ... (performer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) 2012 True Blood (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Let's Boot and Rally (2012) ...",
"(performer: \"Let's Boot and Rally feat Bethany Consentino\" - uncredited) 2012 Dark Shadows (writer: \"I'm Sick of You\") 2012 The Cabin in the Woods (performer: \"She's A Business\") / (writer: \"She's A Business\") 2012 Twisted Metal (Video Game) (performer: \"Cold Metal\") / (writer: \"Cold Metal\") No me la puc treure del cap (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2012) (writer - 1 episode, 2012) - Bon rotllo (2012) ... (performer: \"Lust for Life\") / (writer: \"Lust for Life\") 2011 Metal Evolution (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Early Metal US (2011) ... (writer: \"1969\", \"TV Eye\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2011 Dexter (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Nebraska (2011) ...",
"(writer: \"Search and Destroy\" - uncredited) 2011 Kryptonite! (performer: \"Lust For Life\" (remastered)) / (writer: \"Lust For Life\" (remastered)) 2011 Dreams of a Life (Documentary) (performer: \"Ambition\") Fresh Meat (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2011) (writer - 1 episode, 2011) - Episode #1.4 (2011) ... (performer: \"I'm Bored\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"I'm Bored\" - uncredited) 2011 This Must Be the Place (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\" - as J.",
"Osterberg) 2011 Sucker Punch (writer: \"SEARCH AND DESTROY\") 2011 Beauty Day (Documentary) (performer: \"Success\") / (writer: \"Success\") De wereld draait door (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 2011) (writer - 1 episode, 2008) - Episode #6.102 (2011) ... (performer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) - Episode #4.19 (2008) ... (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" - uncredited) 2010 Faster (performer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") / (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2010 Hawaii Five-0 (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Ohana (2010) ...",
"(performer: \"We're All Gonna Die\" - uncredited) 2010 Helsinki Underground (Documentary) (performer: \"Mass Production\") / (writer: \"Mass Production\") 2010 I'm in a Rock 'n' Roll Band (TV Mini-Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode) - The Singer (2010) ... (performer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) 2010 Prozhektorperiskhilton (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Goran Bregovic/Ivan Okhlobystin (2010) ... (writer: \"In The Deathcar\" - uncredited) 2010 Lost (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - The Substitute (2010) ...",
"(writer: \"Search and Destroy\" - uncredited) 2010 The Runaways (writer: \"Gimme Danger\", \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2009 Suck (performer: \"Success\") / (writer: \"Success\", \"T.V.Eye\") 2009 Capitalism: A Love Story (Documentary) (performer: \"Louie Louie II\") 2009 Guitar Hero 5 (Video Game) (performer: \"Lust For Life\") / (writer: \"Lust For Life\") 2009 Endless Bummer (writer: \"Bang Bang\") 2008 Sputnik (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Company de viatge (2008) ...",
"(performer: \"Louie, Louie\") 2008 Transporter 3 (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" - as James Osterberg) Chuck (TV Series) (1 episode, 2007) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) (writer - 1 episode, 2008) - Chuck Versus the Ex (2008) ... (performer: \"Pumpin' for Jill\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"Pumpin' for Jill\" - uncredited) - Chuck Versus the Helicopter (2007) ... (\"Lust for Life\", uncredited) The Cleaner (TV Series) (lyrics - 1 episode, 2008) (performer - 1 episode, 2008) - Pilot (2008) ... (lyrics: \"Passenger Fever Peggy Lee vs. Iggy Pop\" - uncredited) / (performer: \"Passenger Fever Peggy Lee vs.",
"Iggy Pop\" - uncredited) 2008 There'll Always Be an England (Video) (writer: \"No Fun\") 2008 Seitenblicke (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode dated 27 May 2008 (2008) ... (\"The Passenger\") / (performer: \"The Passenger\") 2008 Grand Theft Auto IV (Video Game) (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2008 Flicker (Documentary) (performer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") / (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" - as James Osterberg) 2008 Skins (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Cassie (2008) ... (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" - uncredited) - Men Without Women (2007) ...",
"(writer: \"Search and Destroy\" - uncredited) 2007 SingStar Amped (Video Game) (performer: \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\") 2007 Halloween (performer: \"1969 (Live)\") / (writer: \"1969 (Live)\") 2007 Shoot 'Em Up (performer: \"Private Hell\") / (writer: \"Private Hell\") 2007 Control (as James Osterberg, \"Sister Midnight\") / (performer: \"Sister Midnight\") 2007 Ten Years After (A Short Life Story) (Video short) (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\") 2007 Graduation (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\" - as James Osterberg) 2007 Punk's Not Dead (Documentary) (performer: \"Little Know It All\") / (writer: \"Little Know It All\") 2007 How I Met Your Mother (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Stuff (2007) ...",
"(writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2007 Eight Miles High (writer: \"We Will Fall\" - as J. Osterberg) 2006 Smokin' Aces (writer: \"Down On The Street\" - as James Osterberg) 2006 Screamers (Documentary) (writer: \"China Girl\") 2006 Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Morgan's (2006) ... (performer: \"Never Met a Girl Like You Before\" - uncredited) 2006 GAL (performer: \"Bang Bang\") / (writer: \"Bang Bang\" - as James Osterberg) 2006 Guitar Hero II (Video Game) (as James Osterberg, \"SEARCH AND DESTROY\") 2006 Dancing with the Stars (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Round 2 (2006) ...",
"(\"Lust For Life\") / (writer: \"Lust For Life\") 2006 The Night of the White Pants (writer: \"Search and Destroy\" - as Iggy) 2006/I Sleeping Dogs Lie (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2006 Coachella (Video documentary) (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2005 American Wasteland (Video Game) (writer: \"Search and Destroy\") 2005 The Weather Man (performer: \"The Passenger\" (1977)) / (writer: \"The Passenger\" (1977)) 2005 Just Like Heaven (writer: \"Lust for Life\") 2005 History Detectives (TV Series documentary) (writer - 1 episode) - Jim Thorpe Ticket/Land Grant/Leisurama Homes (2005) ...",
"(writer: \"The Passenger\" - uncredited) 2005 Grattis världen (TV Series) (performer: \"I Am A Passenger\") 2005 Lords of Dogtown (performer: \"Success\") / (writer: \"Loose\", \"T.V. Eye\" - as James Osterberg Jr.) / (writer: \"Success\") 2005 House of Wax (writer: \"Dirt\" - as James Osterberg) 2005 The Jacket (performer: \"We Have All the Time in the World\") 2004 The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (writer: \"Search and Destroy\") 2001-2004 Crossing Jordan (TV Series) (performer - 3 episodes) - Deja Past (2004) ... (performer: \"Boogie Boy\" - uncredited) 2003 Real Wild Child: Joan Jett Music Video Anthology (Video) (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2003 School of Rock (as James Osterberg Jr., \"T.V.",
"Eye\") 2003 Wonderland (performer: \"Search and Destroy\" (1973) - as Iggy) / (writer: \"Search and Destroy\" (1973)) 2003 Stander (writer: \"Raw Power\") 2003 Coffee and Cigarettes (performer: \"Louie Louie\") / (writer: \"Down on the Street\" - as J. Osterberg) 2003 Janis and John (lyrics: \"Tonight\") / (performer: \"Tonight\") 2003 Haggard (performer: \"Search and Destroy\" - as Iggy) / (writer: \"Search and Destroy\") 2003 Rugrats Go Wild (\"Lust for Life\") 2003 The Wire (TV Series) (writer - 1 episode) - Ebb Tide (2003) ...",
"(writer: \"Search and Destroy\" - uncredited) 2003 Prey for Rock & Roll (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2003 End of the Century (Documentary) (writer: \"No Fun\", \"Down on the Street\" - as James Osterberg) 2002 Hinter Gittern - Der Frauenknast (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Befehlsverweigerung (2002) ...",
"(performer: \"Lust For Life\") 2002 Vietcong (Video Game) (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 2002 24 Hour Party People (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"No Fun\", \"The Passenger\" - as James Osterberg) 2002 I Live in a Bush World (Short) (writer: \"African Man\") 2001 Om inte (performer: \"The Passenger) / (writer: \"The Passenger) 2001 Knockaround Guys (writer: \"Down on the Street\" - as James Osterberg, Jr.) 2001 Freddy Got Fingered (performer: \"I've Gotta Be Me\") 2001 Intimacy (performer: \"Consolation Prizes\" (1977), \"Penetration\" (1973), \"No Sense of Crime\" (uncredited)) / (writer: \"Consolation Prizes\" (1977), \"Penetration\" (1973) - as J.",
"Osterberg) / (writer: \"No Sense of Crime\" - uncredited) 2001 Dogtown and Z-Boys (Documentary) (performer: \"Gimme Danger\" - as Iggy) / (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\", \"Gimme Danger\") 2000 When Brendan Met Trudy (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\") 2000 Almost Famous (writer: \"Search and Destroy\") 1998 The Rugrats Movie (performer: \"This World Is Something New to Me\") 1998 Radio Arrow (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\") 1998 SLC Punk!",
"(writer: \"1969\", \"Little Doll\", \"We Will Fall\") 1998 Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" - as James Osterberg Jr.) 1998 Whatever (performer: \"Gimme Danger\") / (writer: \"Gimme Danger\") 1998 23 (performer: \"The Passenger\") / (writer: \"The Passenger\" - as Osterberg) 1998 Velvet Goldmine (writer: \"Gimme Danger\") / (writer: \"T.V.",
"Eye\" - as James Osterberg Jr.) 1998 The Wedding Singer (writer: \"China Girl\") 1998 Great Expectations (performer: \"Success\") / (writer: \"Success\") 1997 Brit Awards 1997 (TV Special) (performer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) / (writer: \"Lust for Life\" - uncredited) 1997 Space Goofs (TV Series) (performer: \"Monster Men\") / (writer: \"Monster Men\") 1996 The Video Pool (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.150 (1996) ... (performer: \"Lust for Life\") 1996 The Crow: City of Angels (performer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") / (producer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") / (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\" - as J.",
"Osterberg) 1996 Basquiat (performer: \"Lust for Life\") / (writer: \"Lust for Life\") 1996 Trainspotting (lyrics: \"Lust for Life\", \"Nightclubbing\") / (music: \"Lust for Life\", \"Nightclubbing\") / (performer: \"Lust for Life\", \"Nightclubbing\") 1996 Brit Awards 1996 (TV Special) (performer: \"Passenger\") / (writer: \"China Girl\", \"Passenger\") 1995 The Babysitter (performer: \"HATE\") / (writer: \"HATE\") 1995 Clueless (performer: \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\") 1995 Batman Forever (writer: \"The Passenger\") 1995 Tank Girl (performer: \"Wild, Wild Thing\") / (writer: \"Wild, Wild Thing\") - Temporary Insanity (1994) ...",
"(performer: \"Butt Town\") Rebel Highway (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1994) (producer - 1 episode, 1994) - Shake, Rattle and Rock! (1994) ... (performer: \"C'mon Everybody\") / (producer: \"C'mon Everybody\") 1993 Chameleon of Pop: David Bowie Story (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"Lust for Life\", \"Raw Power\") / (writer: \"Raw Power\") 1993 Arizona Dream (performer: \"In The Death Car\", \"Get the Money\", \"TV Screen\", \"This Is a Film\") / (writer: \"In The Death Car\", \"Get the Money\", \"TV Screen\", \"This Is a Film\") 1992 Reasonable Doubts (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Moment of Doubt (1992) ...",
"(performer: \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\" - uncredited) 1991 The Lovers on the Bridge (performer: \"Strong Girl\") / (writer: \"Strong Girl\") 1991 Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (performer: \"Why Was I Born? (Freddy's Dead)\") / (producer: \"Why Was I Born? (Freddy's Dead)\") / (writer: \"Why Was I Born? (Freddy's Dead)\") The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1991) (writer - 1 episode, 1991) - Nice Lady (1991) ...",
"(performer: \"Butt Town\") / (writer: \"Butt Town\") 1990 Red Hot and Blue (TV Movie) (performer: \"Well, Did You Evah!\") 1990 Hardware (performer: \"Cold Metal\", \"Bad Life\") / (writer: \"Cold Metal\") 1990 Problem Child (performer: \"REAL WILD CHILD\") Tales from the Crypt (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode, 1990) (writer - 1 episode, 1990) - For Cryin' Out Loud (1990) ...",
"(performer: \"Kill City\", \"Five Foot One\") / (writer: \"Kill City\", \"Five Foot One\") 1989 Shocker (performer: \"Love Transfusion\") 1989 Black Rain (performer: \"LIVING ON THE EDGE OF THE NIGHT\") 1989 Slaves of New York (lyrics: \"Fall in Love with Me\") / (performer: \"Fall in Love with Me\") 1986-1988 Miami Vice (TV Series) (performer - 3 episodes) - Bad Timing (1988) ... (performer: \"Power & Freedom\", \"Cold Metal\" - uncredited) - Blood & Roses (1988) ... (performer: \"Winners & Losers\" - uncredited) - Killshot (1986) ... (performer: \"Real Wild Child\" - uncredited) 1988 Crocodile Dundee II (performer: \"Real Wild Child (Wild One)\") 1987 The Laughing Prisoner (TV Movie) (writer: \"The Passenger\") 1987 Athens, Ga.",
"- Inside/Out (Documentary) (writer: \"Search and Destroy\" - as J.",
"Osterbury) 1986 Dogs in Space (performer: \"Dog Food\", \"Endless Sea\") / (writer: \"Dog Food\") 1986 Sid and Nancy (writer: \"I Wanna Be Your Dog\") 1985 The Boys Next Door (performer: \"I Got Nothin'\") / (writer: \"I Got Nothin'\") 1985 Just One of the Guys (writer: \"Down on the Street\" - as James Osterberg) 1985 Desperately Seeking Susan (lyrics: \"LUST FOR LIFE\") / (performer: \"LUST FOR LIFE\") 1984 Repo Man (performer: \"Repo Man Theme Song\") / (writer: \"Repo Man Theme Song\") 1983 David Bowie: Serious Moonlight (Video documentary) (writer: \"China Girl\") 1983 The Hunger (performer: \"Funtime\") / (writer: \"Funtime\") 1983 Rock & Rule (performer: \"Pain & Suffering\") / (writer: \"Pain & Suffering\") 1980 D.O.A.",
"(Documentary) (performer: \"Nightclubbing\", \"Lust for Life\") / (writer: \"Nightclubbing\", \"Lust for Life\") 1980 Up the Academy (lyrics: \"Gimme Danger\", \"Night Theme\") / (music: \"Gimme Danger\", \"Night Theme\") / (performer: \"Gimme Danger\", \"Night Theme\") 1977 So It Goes (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #2.4 (1977) ... (performer: \"The Passenger (Live)\") Iggy Azalea - Biography - IMDb Iggy Azalea Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Trivia (5) | Personal Quotes (46) Overview (4) 5' 10\" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Iggy Azalea was born Amethyst Amelia Kelly, in Sydney, Australia. Her family later relocated to Mullumbimby, New South Wales, when she was still an infant, into a house on 12 acres that her father built by hand from mud bricks.",
"Her father was a painter and comics artist, while her mother cleaned holiday houses and hotels. Azalea says her father \"made her look at art as a teenager\", which has always influenced her life and work. Azalea began rapping at age 14. Before embarking on a solo career, Azalea formed a group with two other girls from her neighbourhood. In pursuit of her desire of moving to America, Azalea dropped out of high school; instead choosing to work and save the money she earned by cleaning hotel rooms and holiday houses with her mother. She claims to have hated school, which, besides her art class, only made her miserable. She also said she had no friends and was teased for her homemade outfits. Azalea traveled to the United States in 2006, right before she turned 16. She told her parents she was going \"on a holiday\" with a friend, but eventually decided to stay and shortly after told them she was not coming back home. After her arrival in America, she resided in the U.S. on a visa waiver for six years, leaving the country every three months to renew it.",
"She is currently in the country on a five-year O visa, having previously earned money illegally. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Anonymous Trivia (5) Ranked #96 on Maxim's \"Hot 100\" of 2014 list. Azalea is considered a protégé of rapper T.I. . Was engaged to professional basketball player Nick Young [June 1, 2015 to June 19, 2016]. Took her stage name from her childhood dog, Iggy, and Azalea Street, the street in Australia on which she grew up. Is the only other act besides The Beatles to rank numbers one and two simultaneously with her first two entries on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. Personal Quotes (46) I hated school so bad. I only liked art class during high school. I was always smart. I love purple because my name is Amethyst. I always say: 'Share your happiness with the world, give other people that happiness and let it come back,' but some things make me question it. I don't know if I want some people to know that I am happy.",
"I think a lot of people want to take it away from you, and that's really scary. I naturally want to be provocative. Music is art to me, and you don't censor art. You don't go into a museum and censor things. I like 'Ab Fab;' I love the crazy stuff they wear. That's my favourite! I love 'Ab Fab.' I think most music provides the same messages - whether it be 'I'm unhappy' or 'I love a girl.' I just liked the package of rap music. For me, visuals are as important as the music. I just love escapism and giving people something to escape to. To me, that's what art is. I do absolutely nothing, actually, believe it or not. People will probably hate me for saying that, but I guess I'm one of those lucky horrible people who, no matter what I eat, I don't gain a pound. My whole family is just like that. They're all skinny and tall, and I guess, so am I. Luxury lives in the finer details. It's a cloth napkin at a dinner table. It's a mint on your pillow before bed. I think that music is still art, even if it's commercialised.",
"I think music talks to you on an emotional level, regardless of where you're from. I guess I related to the tempo of rap, the aggressiveness. Being talked about like a package - I feel like that all the time. As far as people whose style interests me, I'd say Grace Kelly, Gwen, Spice Girls, Victoria Beckham, and that nanny called Fran. My real name is Amethyst. It sounds like a stage name. My mom is kind of crazy. I was a kid watching music videos, which were so cool and made me want to learn how to dance. I wish I could've gone to dance classes and learn, like, hip-hop dancing. We don't really watch basketball in Australia. There's an obligation to not lead people down the wrong path, but I hardly think me wearing short shorts on stage is creating monsters. Not every artist is a role model. I'd known since about eleven that I wanted to live in America. 'Iggy' was my dog - he was named after Iggy Pop - and 'Azalea' is the street where I grew up; together, they have the right amount of syllables to make the perfect name. I think you can say anybody uses anything as a gimmick.",
"Is Adele's not having gimmicks her gimmick? It's hard to say, isn't it? Really, I think that everybody has something that people like or that's great about them. I think stupid people are surprised that I'm Australian. It's a small-minded; we live in a global community, but I suppose some people still are small-minded. I didn't have cable television growing up; there were only six channels you could watch then. The only really good channel was channel 10, and they would play 'The Nanny Called Fran' every night for years. I've seen every episode 100 times. I would get my Grandma to make me leopard skin dresses on her sewing machine. I'm a pretty chill and easygoing person; most people in Australia are, as well. I don't think I ever really saw a lot of fights growing up. I think it's hard to get people in Australia angry and want to fight, minus one or two people in the media... but we won't say any names. People think I'm more wild than I am... I like going to theme parks, play sports or just hanging out with my friends. My management team are all women.",
"Most of the people at labels I liaise with are all women. It's pretty much all women all the time. I'm irrational about all things creative, and I'm always late! I started rapping since, like, 14. But I've been obsessed with rap from when I was 11. I heard 'Baby Don't Cry,' I'll never forget. I love musk oil. There's something about musk that makes it memorable without being overpowering. I always felt really alone because no one wanted to talk about the things that I enjoyed, and that was really rap music and hip-hop as a culture. You know, having the shoes, using the words, buying the magazines, seeing the videos. And I had nobody to share it with, so I feel like I lived a lot online. A lot of people heard 'Murda Business' and thought it was about killing people, trying to be tough and hardcore. If you actually listen to the lyrics, it's kind of silly and playful. As a child, I remember my dad would sometimes drive me into town with him to play pinball machines together. It's a bittersweet memory but also a favorite.",
"There are many females in my life I couldn't function on a daily basis without who I've purposely put there that work with me. T.I. 's my mentor; he's a really close friend of mine. I call him my brother like we talk on the phone all the time. He's helped me with my career. I think some people think I'm, like, anti-label, and I'm not. I just wanted to sign a deal when the time was right. I'm anti being shot out of a rocket when you're not ready and the songs and image aren't there. I really like 'Roar' and 'Dark Horse.' 'Dark Horse' I really like, and I feel I would sing that in the bathroom; I would buy that album, and I think Katy Perry's amazing! I never feel with the fashion stuff that it's too fake. If I was a model and had a working part in Fashion Week, then I might feel like that, but I'm just a visitor. I really only walk in and watch the shows and think, 'Maybe I could wear that in a video.' I meet the designer, say hello, and then I go.",
"I feel like 'Work' was a really good song for people to get to know me, as it's obviously biographical. With 'Bounce,' I wanted to make sure people know there's a fun side to me as well as the somber and serious one. I always thought that there was something in hip-hop culture that was the misfit of all the musical styles, where they didn't really belong. They're kind of like, 'No, we're a real culture! We're not going anywhere, you can't get rid of us!' I really liked that there was a rebelliousness about it. I connected with that. People criticize you for trying new things. I think, 'I'm new! I'm 22!' I don't know exactly what my sound is or what I want my album to sound like, so I'm not releasing it yet. While I'm experimenting, I'll let you in on the journey, and you can hear it for free. It's different, it's weird to say, 'She's a white rapper or she can't do this because she's this color - this color does this thing.",
"These are the boxes we have, this is what it is, don't try to change it.' And it's crazy to me because I'm just not from that world, so I can't really rock with it all the way. I've never heard a man in a suit tell me what to wear; that's not their forte. You hire your stylist; whatever someone's image is as an artist is what they've chosen to portray. I've been a little bit Las Vegas and casino-obsessed. So, I love some trashy glamour... and I think nothing's trashier or more glamorous than a bit of a sheer number! I'd dropped out of high school without really doing it on purpose - I'd just go home at lunch 'cos I didn't have friends, then stay there all afternoon listening to rap. It got to the point where I wouldn't have passed even if I'd gone back. I was depressed, basically. They say I'm insane because I need to have so much creative control. They say I'm unmanageable, but I'm not. I just know what I like. I'm obsessed with it. If you can't control it, that's like having somebody else paint your pictures. How could you do that?",
"I never could. See also"
] |
Harry Weinstein became a world champion under which name?
|
Gary Kasparov
|
[
"Garry Kasparoff",
"Garry Kasparov",
"Gary Kimovich Kasparov",
"Garry Kazparov",
"Garry Kimovich",
"Kazparov",
"Kasparow",
"Gary Kasparov",
"Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров",
"Garri Kasparow",
"Garry Weinstein",
"Garri Kasparov",
"Garry Kimovich Kasparov",
"Harry Kasparov",
"Kasparovian",
"Kasparov",
"Gari Weinstein",
"Gary Kasparoff",
"Gari Kasparov"
] | 11,976
|
[
"Garry Kasparov | Russian chess player | Britannica.com Russian chess player Alternative Titles: Garri Kimovich Kasparov, Garri Weinstein, Harry Weinstein Garry Kasparov Garry Kasparov, in full Garri Kimovich Kasparov, original name Garri Weinstein or Harry Weinstein (born April 13, 1963, Baku , Azerbaijan , U.S.S.R.), Russian chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985. Garry Kasparov contemplating his next move against former world chess champion Anatoly Karpov … Abilio Lope/Corbis Kasparov was born to a Jewish father and an Armenian mother. He began playing chess at age 6, by age 13 was the Soviet youth champion, and won his first international tournament at age 16 in 1979. Kasparov became an international grandmaster in 1980. From 1973 to 1978 he studied under former world champion Mikhail Botvinnik .",
"Kasparov first challenged the reigning world champion Anatoly Karpov in a 1984–85 match, after he survived the Fédération Internationale des Échecs ( FIDE ; the international chess federation) series of elimination matches. Kasparov lost four out of the first nine games but then adopted a careful defensive stance, taking an extraordinarily long series of drawn games with the champion. With Kasparov finally having won three games from the exhausted Karpov, FIDE halted the series after 48 games, a decision protested by Kasparov. In the two players’ rematch in 1985, Kasparov narrowly defeated Karpov in a 24-game series and thereby became the youngest official champion in the history of the game. In 1993 Kasparov and the English grandmaster Nigel Short left FIDE and formed a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association (PCA). In response, FIDE stripped the title of world champion from Kasparov, who defeated Short that same year to become the PCA world champion. In 1995 he successfully defended his PCA title against Viswanathan Anand of India .",
"In 1996 Kasparov defeated a powerful IBM custom-built chess computer known as Deep Blue in a match that attracted worldwide attention. Kasparov and the team of Deep Blue programmers agreed to have a rematch in 1997. Deep Blue’s intelligence was upgraded, and the machine prevailed. Kasparov resigned in the last game of the six-game match after 19 moves, granting the win to Deep Blue. In 2000 Kasparov lost a 16-game championship match to Vladimir Kramnik of Russia . Garry Kasparov playing against Deep Blue, the chess-playing computer built by IBM. Adam Nadel/AP Kasparov retired from competitive chess in 2005, though not from involvement in chess. In particular, he produced an acclaimed series of books, Kasparov on My Great Predecessors (2003–06), that covered all the world chess champions from Wilhelm Steinitz through Karpov, as well as many other great players. He also kept in the public eye with his decision in 2005 to start a political organization, the United Civil Front, to oppose Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin .",
"In 2006 Kasparov was one of the prime movers behind a broad coalition of political parties that formed the Other Russia, a group held together by only one goal: ousting Putin from power. In 2007, following several protest marches organized by the coalition in which Kasparov and other participants were arrested, the Other Russia chose Kasparov as its candidate for the 2008 presidential election but was unable to nominate him by the deadline. Learn More in these related articles: in chess (game) RUSNET :: Encyclopedia :: K :: Kasparov Encyclopedia The Baltic States regained their independence in September, 1991 z Updated: 31.10.2003 Original name Garry Weinstein or Harry Weinstein, Russian chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985. Kasparov was born to a Jewish father and an Armenian mother. He began playing chess at age 6, by age 13 was the Soviet youth champion, and won his first international tournament at age 16 in 1979. Kasparov became an international grandmaster in 1980.",
"From 1973 to 1978 he studied under former world champion Mikhail Botvinnik . Kasparov first challenged the reigning world champion Anatoly Karpov in a 1984-85 match, after he survived the Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE; the international chess federation) series of elimination matches. Kasparov lost four out of the first nine games but then adopted a careful defensive stance, taking an extraordinarily long series of drawn games with the champion. With Kasparov finally having won three games from the exhausted Karpov, FIDE halted the series after 48 games, a decision protested by Kasparov. In the two players' rematch in 1985, Kasparov narrowly defeated Karpov in a 24-game series and thereby became the youngest official champion in the history of the game. In 1993 Kasparov and the English grandmaster Nigel Short left FIDE and formed a rival organisation, the Professional Chess Association (PCA). In response, FIDE stripped the title of world champion from Kasparov, who defeated Short that same year to become the PCA world champion.",
"In 1995 he successfully defended his PCA title against Viswanathan Anand of India. In 1996 Kasparov defeated a powerful IBM custom-built chess computer known as Deep Blue in a match that attracted worldwide attention. Kasparov and the team of Deep Blue programmers agreed to have a rematch in 1997. Deep Blue's intelligence was upgraded, and the machine prevailed. Kasparov resigned in the last game of the six-game match after 19 moves, granting the win to Deep Blue. In 2000 Kasparov lost a 16-game championship match to Vladimir Kramnik of Russia. Related links: Kasparov, Garry Kasparov, Garry born April 13, 1963, Baku , Azerbaijan , U.S.S.R. Russian chess master. He became an international grandmaster following his victory in the 1980 World Junior (under 20) Championship.",
"In 1984–85 Kasparov met world champion Anatoly Karpov in a match that was aborted after five months of play; in late 1985, Kasparov won a 24-game return match 13–11. The International Chess Federation (FIDE) stripped him of his title in 1993 in a conflict over the venue for a championship match, but the rest of the chess world still accepted him as champion. In 1996 Kasparov defeated IBM's custom-built chess computer Deep Blue in a match that attracted worldwide attention. In a 1997 rematch, an upgraded Deep Blue prevailed. In 2000 Kasparov lost a 16-game championship match to Vladimir Kramnik of Russia. * * * in full Garri Kimovich Kasparov, original name Garri Weinstein or Harry Weinstein born April 13, 1963, Baku, Azerbaijan, U.S.S.R. Russian chess master who became the world chess champion in 1985. Kasparov was born to a Jewish father and an Armenian mother.",
"He began playing chess at age 6, by age 13 was the Soviet youth champion, and won his first international tournament at age 16 in 1979. Kasparov became an international grandmaster in 1980. From 1973 to 1978 he studied under former world champion Mikhail Botvinnik ( Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseyevich ). Kasparov first challenged the reigning world champion Anatoly Karpov ( Karpov, Anatoly Yevgenyevich ) in a 1984–85 match, after he survived the Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE ( chess ); the international chess federation) series of elimination matches. Kasparov lost four out of the first nine games but then adopted a careful defensive stance, taking an extraordinarily long series of drawn games with the champion. With Kasparov finally having won three games from the exhausted Karpov, FIDE halted the series after 48 games, a decision protested by Kasparov.",
"In the two players' rematch in 1985, Kasparov narrowly defeated Karpov in a 24-game series and thereby became the youngest official champion in the history of the game. In 1993 Kasparov and the English grandmaster Nigel Short left FIDE and formed a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association (PCA). In response, FIDE stripped the title of world champion from Kasparov, who defeated Short that same year to become the PCA world champion. In 1995 he successfully defended his PCA title against Viswanathan Anand ( Anand, Viswanathan ) of India. In 1996 Kasparov defeated a powerful IBM ( International Business Machines Corporation ) custom-built chess computer known as Deep Blue ( chess ) in a match that attracted worldwide attention. Kasparov and the team of Deep Blue programmers agreed to have a rematch in 1997. Deep Blue's intelligence was upgraded, and the machine prevailed. Kasparov resigned in the last game of the six-game match after 19 moves, granting the win to Deep Blue.",
"In 2000 Kasparov lost a 16-game championship match to Vladimir Kramnik ( Kramnik, Vladimir ) of Russia. Kasparov retired from competitive chess in 2005, though not from involvement in chess. In particular, he produced an acclaimed series of books, Kasparov on My Great Predecessors (2003–06), that covered all the world chess champions from Wilhelm Steinitz ( Steinitz, Wilhelm ) through Karpov, as well as many other great players. He also kept in the public eye with his decision in 2005 to start a political organization, the United Civil Front, to oppose Russian Pres. Vladimir Putin ( Putin, Vladimir ). In 2006 Kasparov was one of the prime movers behind a broad coalition of political parties that formed the Other Russia, a group held together by only one goal: ousting Putin from power. In 2007, following several protest marches organized by the coalition in which Kasparov and other participants were arrested, the Other Russia chose Kasparov as its candidate for the 2008 presidential election but was unable to nominate him by the deadline.",
"Additional Reading Many books have been written about Kasparov. Garry Kasparov, Jon Speelman, and Bob Wade, Garry Kasparov's Fighting Chess (1995), is the most comprehensive look at his career. * * * Bill Wall's Chess Master Profiles - Kasparov (March 25, 2005) Garry Kasparov by Bill Wall Garry Kasparov was born in Baku, Azerbaijan on 13 April 1963. He was originally called Harry Weinstein. When his father died he was given a Russian version of his mother's maiden name, Kasparova. In 1975, at the age of 12, he won the USSR junior (under 18) chess championship. He repeated his performance in 1976. In 1978 he won the Sokolsky Memorial in Minsk. In 1979, without a FIDE rating, he won an international tournament in Banja Luka, Yugoslavia with 8 wins and 7 draws. This was his first international tournament. His first FIDE rating was 2500.",
"In 1980 he won at Baku with 8 wins and 7 draws, qualifying for the Grandmaster title. He then won the World Junior Championship five months later at the age of 17. In 1981 he was second, behind Karpov, at Moscow. He then tied for first place with Psakhis in the USSR Championship at Frunze. In 1982 he won at Bogojno with 6 wins and 7 draws. He then won the Moscow Interzonal with 7 wins and 6 draws, thus becoming a Candidate for the world championship. He won the chess oscar for 1982. In 1983 he won at Niksic, then defeated Beliavsky and Korchnoi in the Candidates matches. He won the chess oscar for 1983. In 1984 he defeated Smyslov in their Candidates match and became the challenger for the world championship. On September 10, 1984 Kasparov and Karpov began their marathon match in Moscow. The match was for the first to win 6 games.",
"After 3 wins, 40 draws, and 5 losses, FIDE President Campomanes stopped the match after 5 months of play. In 1984 Kasparov gave the first satellite simultaneous exhibition as he played players in London and New York. The Kasparov-Karpov match was halted on February 15, 1985. On Septermber 3, 1985 Kasparov and Karpov resumed their match in Moscow. This time, Kasparov won with 5 wins, 16 draws, and 3 losses. The match had been limited to 24 games. Garry Kasparov became the youngest world chess champion at age 22 years, 210 days on November 9, 1985. He won the chess oscar for 1985. On July 25, 1986 Kasparov defended his title against Karpov in London, then in Leningrad. Kasparov won with 5 wins, 15 draws, and 4 losses. Kasparov won at Brussels (OHRA) later that year.",
"Kasparov won the chess oscar for 1986. In April, 1987 Kasparov tied for first at Brussels (SWIFT) with Ljubojevic. On October 12, 1987 Kasparov defended his title in Seville, Spain against Karpov. He retrained his title by drawing the match with 4 wins, 16 draws, and 4 losses. He won the chess oscar for 1987. His FIDE rating was 2750. In 1988 Kasparov won at Amsterdam, Belfort, and Reykjavik. In August, he tied for first with Karpov at the USSR championship. In 1988 he was doing commercials, thus becoming the first Soviet in Western commercials. In 1989 Kasparov won at Barcelona, Skelleftea (tied with Karpov), Tilburg, and Belgrade. Kasparov won the Grand Masters Association World Cup for 1988-89. His FIDE rating peaked at 2810 in 1989, the highest ever recorded.",
"He also defeated Deep Thought computer in a two game match in new York. In February, 1990 Kasparov took first place at Linares, Spain. In October he again defended his title against Karpov. They played their match in New York and Lyons, France. Kasparov won the match with a score of 12.5 - 11.5 and won $1.7 million. In 1991 Kasparov won at Tilburg, a Category 17 tournament with the average rating of 2666. Kasparov became the first registered user of ChessBase in 1991. In 1992 Kasparov won at Paris. In March, 1993 Kasparov won at Linares, Spain. This was a Category 18 event, with 11 of the top 14 players in the world participating. In March, 1993 Kasparov declined to play for the world chess championship organized by FIDE. FIDE forfeited Kasparov as the World Champion as Kasparov founded the Professional Chess Association.",
"In September, Kasparov began his PCA World Championship match in London against Nigel Short. Kasparov won the match with a score of 12.5 - 7.5. In 1994 Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 in a blitz event in Munich. In 1995 Kasparov won at Riga and Novgorod. In September he began his Intel-PCA World Championship match with Anand in New York. He won the match with 4 wins, 13 draws, and 1 loss. In November, Kasparov won the Paris Intel Grand Prix. Later, he defeated Fritz 4 in London with one win and one draw. In December, Kasparov played 10 players over the Internet, winning 7 and drawing 3. In January-February 1996, Kasparov defeated Deep Blue with a 4-2 score. In 1996 Kasparov helped Russia win its gold medal at the 32nd Chess Olympiad in Yerevan. He played board 1.",
"In December 1996, he won at Las Palmas, a category 21 tournament with] an average rating of 2757. On May 11, 1997 he lost to Deeper Blue by the score of 2.5-3.5. In October 1997 he tied for 1st (with Kramnik and Svidler) at Tilburg. In January 2000, Kasparov won Corus at Wijk aan Zee. In March 2000, he tied for 1st (with Kramnik) at Linares. In November 2000, Kasparov lost to Kramnik in the Braingames World Chess Championship. In January 2001, he won Corus at Wijk aan Zee. In March, he won at Linares. In February 2003, he drew with Deep Junior in New York with one win, one loss, and four draws. In November 2003, he drew with Fritz X3D in New York with one win, one loss, and two draws.",
"In November 2004, he won the Russian Chess Championship. In March 2004, Kasparov announced he was retiring from chess. He had just tied for 1st (with Topalov) at Linares. Garik Kimovich Weinstein - Memidex dictionary/thesaurus Garik Kimovich Weinstein Azerbaijani chess master who became world champion in 1985 by defeating Anatoli Karpov (born: 1963) Class: Garry Kasparov | Garry Kimovich Kasparov | Garik Kimovich Weinstein (Born: 13 April 1963, Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union) a Russian chess grandmaster, a former World Chess Champion, writer and political activist, considered by many to be the greatest chess player of all time. Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22 by ...",
"Gary Kasparov GARY KASPAROV World chess champion 1985-Present Born 13.4.1963 Baku, USSR Garry Kasparov was born in Baku, Azerbaijan on 13 April 1963. He was originally called Harry Weinstein. When his father died he was given a Russian version of his mother's maiden name, Kasparova. In 1975, at the age of 12, he won the USSR junior (under 18) chess championship. He repeated his performance in 1976. In 1978 he won the Sokolsky Memorial in Minsk. In 1979, without a FIDE rating, he won an international tournament in Banja Luka, Yugoslavia with 8 wins and 7 draws. This was his first international tournament. His first FIDE rating was 2500. In 1980 he won at Baku with 8 wins and 7 draws, qualifying for the Grandmaster title. He then won the World Junior Championship five months later at the age of 17.",
"In 1981 he was second, behind Karpov, at Moscow. He then tied for first place with Psakhis in the USSR Championship at Frunze. In 1982 he won at Bogojno with 6 wins and 7 draws. He then won the Moscow Interzonal with 7 wins and 6 draws, thus becoming a Candidate for the world championship. He won the chess oscar for 1982. In 1983 he won at Niksic, then defeated Beliavsky and Korchnoi in the Candidates matches. He won the chess oscar for 1983. In 1984 he defeated Smyslov in their Candidates match and became the challenger for the world championship. On September 10, 1984 Kasparov and Karpov began their marathon match in Moscow. The match was for the first to win 6 games. After 3 wins, 40 draws, and 5 losses, FIDE President Campomanes stopped the match after 5 months of play. In 1984 Kasparov gave the first satellite simultaneous exhibition as he played players in London and New York.",
"The Kasparov-Karpov match was halted on February 15, 1985. On Septermber 3, 1985 Kasparov and Karpov resumed their match in Moscow. This time, Kasparov won with 5 wins, 16 draws, and 3 losses. The match had been limited to 24 games. Garry Kasparov became the youngest world chess champion at age 22 years, 210 days on November 9, 1985. He won the chess oscar for 1985. On July 25, 1986 Kasparov defended his title against Karpov in London, then in Leningrad. Kasparov won with 5 wins, 15 draws, and 4 losses. Kasparov won at Brussels (OHRA) later that year. Kasparov won the chess oscar for 1986. In April, 1987 Kasparov tied for first at Brussels (SWIFT) with Ljubojevic.",
"On October 12, 1987 Kasparov defended his title in Seville, Spain against Karpov. He retrained his title by drawing the match with 4 wins, 16 draws, and 4 losses. He won the chess oscar for 1987. His FIDE rating was 2750. In 1988 Kasparov won at Amsterdam, Belfort, and Reykjavik. In August, he tied for first with Karpov at the USSR championship. In 1988 he was doing commercials, thus becoming the first Soviet in Western commercials. In 1989 Kasparov won at Barcelona, Skelleftea (tied with Karpov), Tilburg, and Belgrade. Kasparov won the Grand Masters Association World Cup for 1988-89. His FIDE rating peaked at 2810 in 1989, the highest ever recorded. He also defeated Deep Thought computer in a two game match in new York. In February, 1990 Kasparov took first place at Linares, Spain.",
"In October he again defended his title against Karpov. They played their match in New York and Lyons, France. Kasparov won the match with a score of 12.5 - 11.5 and won $1.7 million. In 1991 Kasparov won at Tilburg, a Category 17 tournament with the average rating of 2666. Kasparov became the first registered user of ChessBase in 1991. In 1992 Kasparov won at Paris. In March, 1993 Kasparov won at Linares, Spain. This was a Category 18 event, with 11 of the top 14 players in the world participating. In March, 1993 Kasparov declined to play for the world chess championship organized by FIDE. FIDE forfeited Kasparov as the World Champion as Kasparov founded the Professional Chess Association. In September, Kasparov began his PCA World Championship match in London against Nigel Short. Kasparov won the match with a score of 12.5 - 7.5.",
"In 1994 Kasparov lost to Fritz 3 in a blitz event in Munich. In 1995 Kasparov won at Riga and Novgorod. In September he began his Intel-PCA World Championship match with Anand in New York. He won the match with 4 wins, 13 draws, and 1 loss. In November, Kasparov won the Paris Intel Grand Prix. Later, he defeated Fritz 4 in London with one win and one draw. In December, Kasparov played 10 players over the Internet, winning 7 and drawing 3. The chess games of Garry Kasparov [ what is this? ] One of the greatest players of all time, Kasparov was undisputed World Champion from 1985 until 1993, and Classical World Champion from 1993 until 2000. Known to chess fans world wide as the <Beast From Baku> on account of his aggressive and highly successful style of play, his main early influence was the combative and combinative style of play displayed by Alexander Alekhine .",
"Early Years Originally named Garry Kimovich Weinstein (or Weinshtein), he was born in Baku, in what was then the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (now the Republic of Azerbaijan), and is the son of Klara Shagenovna Kasparova and Kim Moiseyevich Weinstein. At five years old, young Garry Weinstein taught himself how to play chess from watching his relatives solve chess puzzles in a newspaper. His immense natural talent was soon realized and from age 7, he attended the Young Pioneer Palace in Baku (where for some time he was known as \"Garry Bronstein\".*). At 10, he began training at the Mikhail Botvinnik Soviet chess school. He was first coached by Vladimir Andreevich Makogonov and later by Alexander Shakarov . Five years after his father's untimely death from leukemia, the twelve year old chess prodigy adopted the Russian-sounding name Garry Kasparov (Kas-PARE-off) a reference to his mother's Armenian maiden name, Gasparyan (or Kasparian).",
"Championships Junior Twelve-year old Kasparov won the Soviet Junior Championship, held in Tbilisi in 1976 scoring 7/9, and repeated his success in 1977, winning with a score of 8� of 9. The next several years were spent marking his rise as a world-class talent. He became World Junior Champion in 1980 in Dortmund, the same year he earned the grandmaster title. National He first qualified for the Soviet Chess Championship at age 15 in 1978, the youngest ever player at that level. He won the 64-player Swiss system tournament at Daugavpils on tiebreak over Igor Vasilievich Ivanov , to capture the sole qualifying place. He was joint Soviet Champion in 1980-81 with Lev Psakhis ** and in 1988 Kasparov and Anatoly Karpov tied in the Super-Soviet Championship***. In 2004, Garry Kasparov won the Russian Championships (2004) with a stunning +5 score.",
"World On the basis of his result in the 1981 Soviet Championship, which doubled as a zonal tournament for the USSR region, he earned a place in the 1982 Moscow Interzonal tournament, which he won, to qualify for the Candidates Tournament matches that were held in 1983 and 1984. At age 19, he was the youngest Candidate since Robert James Fischer , who was 15 when he qualified in 1958. At this stage, he was already the #2-rated player in the world, trailing only world champion Karpov on the January 1983 list. These Candidates matches were the first and last Candidates matches Kasparov contested, as he declined to participate in the Candidates held under the auspices of the PCA in 2002 to decide a challenger to his successor as classical World Champion, Vladimir Kramnik . Kasparov's first Candidates match in Moscow was a best-of-ten affair against Alexander Beliavsky , whom he defeated 6�3 (+4 -1 =4).",
"After much political ado, Kasparov defeated Viktor Korchnoi in London in the best-of-12 semi-final match by 7�4 (+4 -1 =6), and in early 1984 in Vilnius he defeated former World Champion Vasily Smyslov in the best-of-16 finals played by 8.5-4.5 (+4 =9 -0) to earn his challenge against Karpov. By the time the match with Smyslov was played, Kasparov had become the number-one ranked player in the world with a FIDE rating of 2710. He became the youngest ever world number-one, a record that lasted 12 years until being broken by Vladimir Kramnik in January 1996 and again by his former pupil, Magnus Carlsen in 2010. At one stage during the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984) , Kasparov trailed 5-0 in the first-to-win-6 match. He then fought back to win three games and bring the score to 5�3 in Karpov's favour after 48 games, making it the longest world championship match ever.",
"At that point, the match was ended without result by the then FIDE President, the late Florencio Campomanes , with Karpov thus retaining the title. Further details can be found in the match link at the head of this paragraph. Kasparov won the best-of-24 games Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1985) in Moscow by 13�11, winning the 24th and last game with Black. He was then 22, the youngest ever World Champion, and broke the record held by Mikhail Tal for over 20 years. Karpov exercised his right to a rematch, the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Rematch (1986) , which took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games. Kasparov won 12��11�, retaining the title. The fourth match, the Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1987) was held in Seville. Karpov had been directly seeded into and won the final match of the Candidates' Matches to again become the official challenger.",
"Kasparov retained his title by winning the final game and drawing the match 12�12. The fifth and last championship match between the two, Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1990) , was held in New York and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. Kasparov won by 12��11�. In their five world championship matches, the combined game tally was +21 -19 =104 in Kasparov�s favour. Kasparov subsequently defended his title against Nigel Short under the auspices of the PCA in 1993, and against Viswanathan Anand in 1995. Five years later, in 2000 ( Kasparov - Kramnik World Championship Match (2000) ), Kasparov finally relinquished his crown to his former student, Vladimir Kramnik, who was granted the right to challenge without having to qualify, the first time this had happened since 1935, when Alexander Alekhine selected Max Euwe as his challenger.",
"Subsequently, Kasparov remained the top rated player in the world, ahead of both Kramnik and the FIDE World Champions, on the strength of a series of wins in major tournaments. Under the \"Prague Agreement� which was put together by Yasser Seirawan to reunite the two titles, Kasparov was to play a match against the 2002 FIDE World Champion Ruslan Ponomariov in September 2003. But this match was cancelled when Ponomariov was dissatisfied with the terms of the contract. Subsequent plans for a match against 2004 FIDE World Champion Rustam Kasimdzhanov , to be held in January 2005 in the United Arab Emirates, fell through due to lack of funding. Shortly after this, Kasparov announced his retirement from competitive chess. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov said that <�my decision in 1993 to break away from the world chess federation, FIDE, with Nigel Short was the worst mistake of my career. It was a serious miscalculation on my part.",
"I thought we could start fresh with a professional organisation, but there was little support among the players. It led to short-term progress in commercial sponsorship for chess, but in the long run hurt the game...> **** Classical Tournaments In 1978, Kasparov won the Sokolsky Memorial tournament in Minsk as a wild card entry, a victory which convinced Kasparov he could aim for the World Championship. He played in a grandmaster tournament in Banja Luka, Yugoslavia in 1979 while still unrated, due to Korchnoi�s withdrawal. He took first place with an undefeated record, two points ahead of the field. Game Collection: Banja Luka 1979 He emerged with a provisional rating of 2595, immediately landing at world number 15, a feat only surpassed by Gata Kamsky in July 1990.",
"His first win in a superclass-level international tournament was scored at Bugojno, Yugoslavia in 1982, and his win in Linares in 2002 was the tenth victory in a row, a record for the most consecutive victories in super tournaments: Linares 4 (1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, Wijk aan Zee 3 (1999, 2000, 2001), Sarajevo 2 (1999, 2000) and Astana 1 (2001). Kasparov also holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990. It started with the 1981 USSR Championship and finished in Linares in 1990. His five epic title matches against Karpov were held during this period.",
"Subsequently, Kasparov won Linares again in 1992, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2005, the latter being his swan song from the game. Olympiads Kasparov played in eight Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times, in 1980, 1982, 1986 and 1988, and Russia four times: in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 2002 playing board 1 on each occasion apart from 1980 (2nd reserve) and 1982 (2nd board). In 82 games, he scored (+50 =29 -3), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including 8 team gold medals, 5 board golds, 2 performance golds, 2 performance silvers and 2 board bronzes.",
"Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition at Graz in 1981, when he played board 1 for the USSR board 1, scoring 9/10 (+8 =2 -0), the team winning the gold medal. Team chess Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship at Skara and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals including at Skara 1980, as USSR 2nd reserve, 5�/6 (+5 =1 -0), team gold, board gold and at Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4 =4 -0), team gold, board gold, performance silver. Matches <Computer> Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought (Computer) in both games of a two-game match in 1989. In February 1996, he defeated IBM's chess computer Deep Blue (Computer) with three wins and two draws and one loss.",
"In 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3��2� in a highly publicised six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost Game 6 - Deep Blue vs Kasparov, 1997 - to lose the match. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. In January 2003, he played and drew a six game FIDE Man - Machine WC (2003) match against Deep Junior (Computer) . In November 2003, he played and drew a four-game Man - Machine World Chess Championship (2003) against the computer program X3D Fritz (Computer) X3D Fritz, although he was constrained through the use of a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. <Human � classical> Kasparov played several matches apart from his matches in the World Championship cycles. Full details can be seen at Game Collection: Match Kasparov! . <Human � rapid> In 1998, Kasparov played a blitz match against Kramnik in Moscow, that match being drawn +7-7=10.",
"He fared better in the 2000 internet blitz match against Judit Polgar , winning one and drawing one. The following year, he played a blitz match against the many times Greek speed chess champion Hristos Banikas of Greece, winning 5 and drawing one. In his 2002 blitz against Elisabeth Paehtz in Munich, he won 6-0. Later in 2002, Kasparov lost a four game rapid match (+1 -2 =1) over two days in December 2002 in New York City against Anatoly Karpov. In 2009 in Valencia, Spain, he again played Karpov, and won the Kasparov - Karpov Rapid Match (2009) 3-1 and the Kasparov - Karpov Blitz Match (2009) by 6-2. In 2011, as part of his Chess In Schools campaign, he played a two game Kasparov - Lagrave Blitz Match (2011) in Clichy France, winning by 1.5-0.5.",
"A few months later in October 2011, he won the Kasparov - Short Blitz Match (2011) 4.5-3.5 (+3 -2 =3), breaking the deadlock after game 7 by winning game 8 to win the match. <Simuls> In 1985, Kasparov played his first simul against a team, the Hamburg Bundesliga team lead by GM Murray Chandler , and lost 3.5-4.5, the first and only time he lost a simul against a team. In 1987, he played a simul against the same albeit slightly stronger team, but this time he was prepared and crushed the Hamburg players 7-1; later in 1987 he also crushed the Swiss team: Game Collection: Kasparov vs Swiss Team Simul by 5.5-0.5, drawing only with former World Junior Champion Werner Hug .",
"In 1988 he played a simul against the French team in Evry ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs French Team Simul ), winning 4, drawing one and losing one; he played the French team again in 1989 ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs French Team Simul 1989 ), this time winning three and drawing 3 games. Also in 1988 he played a simul against a group of powerful US Juniors, and won by 4-2 (+3 -1 =2)*****. In 1992, Kasparov played a clock simul against the German team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs German National Team Simul which included former title contender Vlastimil Hort with whom he drew, winning 2 and drawing 2.",
"He played a simul against the Argentinean team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs Argentinian Team Simul ) winning (+7 -1 =4); in 1998 he played the Israeli team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs Israeli National Team Simul ) winning 7-1, and in 2001 he played the Czech team ( Game Collection: Kasparov vs Czech National Team Simul ) in Prague, winning by +4 -1 =3. Rating Kasparov's ratings achievements include being rated world #1 according to Elo rating almost continuously from 1986 until his retirement in 2005. He was the world number-one ranked player for 255 months, a record that far outstrips all other previous and current number-one ranked players. Kasparov had the highest Elo rating in the world continuously from 1986 to 2005. However, Vladimir Kramnik equaled him in the January 1996 FIDE ratings list, technically supplanting him because he played more games.",
"He was also briefly ejected from the list following his split from FIDE in 1993, but during that time he headed the rating list of the rival PCA. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked #1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. In January 1990 Kasparov achieved the (then) highest FIDE rating ever, passing 2800 and breaking Bobby Fischer's old record of 2785. On the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists Kasparov reached a 2851 Elo rating, which became the highest rating ever achieved until surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013. There was a time in the early 1990s when Kasparov was over 2800 and the only person in the 2700s was Anatoly Karpov. Other Under Kasparov's tutelage, Carlsen became the youngest ever to achieve a FIDE rating higher than 2800, and the youngest ever world number one.",
"Kasparov also assisted Anand�s preparation for the Anand - Topalov World Chess Championship (2010) against challenger Veselin Topalov . Since his retirement, Kasparov has concentrated much of his time and energy in Russian politics. He is also a prolific author, most famously his <My Great Predecessors> series. His politics and authorship are discussed at some detail in the wiki article and at his official website cited below. In 2007, he was ranked 25th in The Daily Telegraph's list of 100 greatest living geniuses and has won 11 Chess Oscars. Kasparov has been married three times: first to Masha, with whom he had a daughter, Polina (b. 1993), before divorcing; to Yulia, with whom he had a son, Vadim (b. 1996) before their 2005 divorce; and to Daria, with whom he also has a daughter, Aida (b. 2006).",
"Biography: Kasparov�s official website: Kasparov Chess Foundation: ] Jan-20-05 yoozum : Guys, as I found out yesterday, CG.com wants the bios as short as possible, while still covering his life. The match scores, current strength, which tournaments he won, etc.. are quite irrelevant. If you're looking for a more complete bio, search elsewhere. Jan-20-05 centercounter : Ironically, Kasparov's withdrawal sort of accomplishes what FIDE could not - a unified champion. With the lack of credibility of the FIDE KO \"WC\" in Libya (no disrespect to Kasimdzhanov, or to his fine result), this makes Kramnik pretty much the only game in town. Although a Kramnik-Anand WC match would be very welcome :) If FIDE and ACP are serious about unification, my suggestion is that a round-robin tournament might be held in a neutral location (Iceland, Switzerland, etc.) with the top 16 players by FIDE rating, no \"president's nomination\" and no right of the host country to seed extra players.",
"If a player declines to participate, the tournament goes on with less players, the next player in the FIDE rating list would not be seeded. The top 4 players from that event could then be broken into 1-3 and 2-4 and the winners of those matches could play for the WC. No rapid or blitz tiebreakers, all games with a legitimate time control. A huge prize fund for the tournament part is not necessary - the top 4 will have cemented their position and have earned the right to command appropriate compensation in future events, in addition to receiving more lucrative earnings in the matches. Jan-20-05 Dedalus : centercounter: I agree. This settles thing in some strange fashion... Now it must be clear for everyone that the WCH is Kramnik - and that he, in fact, just recently defended his title in a very exciting match vs (probably, in my opinion, maybe alongside Kasparov) the strongest challenger around right now). Jan-20-05 Appaz : Actually, I thought his name was Harri or Harry Weinstein. But that could just be a matter of translation.",
"Jan-20-05 yoozum : It may have something to do with the fact that American H's are pronounced \"G\" in Russian. And W is pronounced as V. ex. Jan-20-05 Backward Development : FIDE strikes back! (cue Darth Vader music) Jan-20-05 aw1988 : <The World Chess Federation (FIDE: ) regrets Garry Kasparov�s announcement to withdraw from playing the World Chess Championship match against Rustam Kasimdzhanov at the scheduled dates of April 25th to May 14th 2005. During the latest FIDE congress in Spain, the Turkish Chess Federation expressed its strong desire to organize this match. FIDE informed the General Assembly that the Turkish bid was actively supported by the former world champion Garry Kasparov who urged FIDE to �give somebody else the authority to act unless FIDE already has the money from the Dubai organizer�. On 2 December 2004, FIDE entered discussions with the Turkish Chess Federation and requested the necessary bank guarantees before signing any agreement or issuing player�s contracts.",
"Garry Kasparov had made it clear several times that he would not sign anything before he receives �acceptable� financial guarantees. During the negotiations with the Turkish Chess Federation Garry Kasparov and World Champion Rustam Kasimdzhanov were kept fully informed about all developments. They knew that: a) FIDE authorized the Turkish Chess Federation on December 7 to secure the necessary funds in order to organize this match in Turkey with an initial deadline of 29 December. b) On 3 January 2005 the Deputy Prime Minister of the Turkish Republic, Mr Mehmet Ali Sahin, informed FIDE in writing that Turkey is ready to provide all necessary guarantees for the organization of the match, including the prize fund of 1.000.000 USD, organizational costs, etc. c) Following this letter of the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister, FIDE gave the Turkish Chess Federation a new deadline of 18 January for the issue of bank guarantees of 200.000 USD for each player and 50.000 USD for FIDE.",
"The total amount of 1.272.000 USD would have to be transferred to FIDE�s bank account no later than 25 March 2005. Meanwhile, both players agreed that the match would begin on 25 April 2005. A few days ago, the representative lawyer of the Turkish Chess Federation, Mr Cemal Dursun, informed Garry Kasparov that no bank guarantees could be issued before 25 January. After receiving this information, Garry Kasparov sent an email to FIDE on 18 January announcing that he is no longer available to participate in this match for the dates that had been agreed (25 April � 14 May). It is obvious that we are facing again a stalemate situation concerning the realization of the Prague Agreement, a situation for which FIDE cannot be held accountable. The official letter of the Turkish Deputy Prime Minister represents for FIDE a strong guarantee in order to provide the Turkish organizers with the necessary time to deal with the formal procedures concerning the issuance of the required financial guarantees.",
"Garry Kasparov, who for a long time has sincerely co-operated towards the realization of the Prague Agreement, should have at least shown his respect to his opponent Rustam Kasimdzhanov and his appreciation for the efforts of the Turkish Chess Federation and the Turkish Government before announcing his unilateral decision to withdraw from this match. It has to be clear to everyone that it is impossible to secure such high prize funds from legitimate sponsors, acceptable to FIDE and the IOC, without providing the candidate organizers with the necessary time to complete their efforts, especially when the government of a country is the guarantor for the organization of the match. It is even more difficult to secure these prize funds when the participants demand excessive financial guarantees before committing themselves in writing.",
"FIDE continues to seek solutions concerning the funding of the World Chess Championship, in co-operation with its national federations and in close contact with all interested parties.> Jan-20-05 dafish298 : yea i was right..see fide wont throw in the towel..i would think kasparov would accept this but who knows he could be stubborn Jan-20-05 centercounter : While probably not feasible, perhaps he should speak either through his representation or directly with the representative of the sponsoring organization in Turkey. FIDE has lost credibility with Garry (Garri? Harri?) and it's important that he receive information from a source he feels is more reliable, or at least is a more direct source. Failing that, FIDE could be stringing him along hoping for a miracle or they could really have made the stated progress, and Kasparov is simply frustrated with the misinformation, miscommunications, and absence of communication he perceives coming from FIDE. Not being either Kaspy or a FIDE rep, myself, I can only give opinions on what I read and do not know the facts and the feelings firsthand ...",
"Jan-20-05 Sylvester : If Kasparov and Kramnik just held a unification match it would generate a lot of interest. They would not need a large purse. The winner could cash in later. A clear Champion would make the next match much more attractive to the money people. Jan-21-05 ughaibu : Unification is between Kramnik and Kasimdzhanov. Kasparov has nothing to do with it, he's not the champion of either side. Jan-21-05 dafish298 : I want to see kasparov play in a title match, because everytime he does he brings out an opening he never plays and revolutionizes it or wins with it. I.E. The sicilian dragon against anand in '95 (he won twice and drew 1 or 2 i think) Jan-21-05 Poisonpawns : Nice picture chessgames!",
"Kasparov`s Suit,teeth,and the chessboard in the backround match :-) Jan-21-05 GazoGypsy : <yoozum:Not surprisingly, FIDE uses this as an opportunity to pass most of the blame on Kasparov. I wish we could finally get some objective facts about this.> The only relevent facts I see are Ilyumshinov is attempting to reign in the last mavarick Kaspy to complete his world domination, Garry would love to be the unified Champ, but I don't believe that would be in Ilyumshinov's best interest. Unfortunately Kasporov's withdrawal hurts him a lot more than it hurts FIDE and or Kirsan. Jan-21-05 GazoGypsy : Garry if your reeding this - Not all of are blind to the politics behind the game and you have our support and encouragement. Good on ya' Jan-21-05 tinashawn499 : Kasparov made the best move! By eliminating himself from the current confusion of the WC match he may in fact be able to unfiy the title quicker.",
"There is no reason why FIDE should not schedule a match with Kramink now. Jan-21-05 centercounter : Actually, it was all the stop and go scheduling of the match with Kasimdzhanov that hurt Kasparov. He does not need this to prove anything. He is not hurting for money (I would assume) and his place among the greats in chess cannot be put into question. The cycle should start anew with a proper qualification system. In today's world, interzonals are just not feasible in the form some of us old-timers remember, but the structure needs to be analyzed and rebuilt in some manner to restore credibility. FIDE and the ACP both have their agendas, and would profit from meeting and working together not as independent agencies, as it appears is being attempted (badly), but as one group. Jump to page #"
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What was Bette Davis's real first name?
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Ruth
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"Bette Davis - Biography - IMDb Bette Davis Biography Showing all 210 items Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (4) | Trade Mark (3) | Trivia (108) | Personal Quotes (80) | Salary (9) Overview (5) The First Lady of Film Height 5' 3\" (1.6 m) Mini Bio (1) Ruth Elizabeth Davis was born April 5, 1908, in Lowell, Massachusetts, to Ruth Augusta (Favor) and Harlow Morrell Davis, a patent attorney. Her parents divorced when she was 10. She and her sister were raised by their mother. Her early interest was dance. To Bette, dancers led a glamorous life, but then she discovered the stage, and gave up dancing for acting. To her, it presented much more of a challenge. After graduation from Cushing Academy, she was refused admittance to Eva Le Gallienne 's Manhattan Civic Repertory. She enrolled in John Murray Anderson 's Dramatic School and was the star pupil.",
"She was in the off-Broadway play \"The Earth Between\" (1923), and her Broadway debut in 1929 was in \"Broken Dishes\". She also appeared in \"Solid South\". Late in 1930, she was hired by Universal, where she made her first film, called Way Back Home (1931). When she arrived in Hollywood, the studio representative who went to meet her train left without her because he could find no one who looked like a movie star. An official at Universal complained she had \"as much sex appeal as Slim Summerville \" and her performance in The Bad Sister (1931) didn't impress. In 1932, she signed a seven-year deal with Warner Brothers Pictures. Her first film with them was Seed (1931). She became a star after her appearance in The Man Who Played God (1932), known as the actress that could play a variety of very strong and complex roles. More fairly successful movies followed, but it was the role of Mildred Rogers in RKO's Of Human Bondage (1934) that would give Bette major acclaim from the film critics.",
"She had a significant number of write-in votes for the Best Actress Oscar, but didn't win. Warner Bros. felt their seven-year deal with Bette was more than justified. They had a genuine star on their hands. With this success under her belt, she began pushing for stronger and more meaningful roles. In 1935, she received her first Oscar for her role in Dangerous (1935) as Joyce Heath. In 1936, she was suspended without pay for turning down a role that she deemed unworthy of her talent. She went to England, where she had planned to make movies, but was stopped by Warner Bros. because she was still under contract to them. They did not want her to work anywhere. Although she sued to get out of her contract, she lost. Still, they began to take her more seriously after that. Returning after losing her lawsuit, her roles improved dramatically. In 1938, Bette received a second Academy Award nomination for her work in Jezebel (1938) opposite the soon-to-be-legendary Henry Fonda . The only role she didn't get that she wanted was Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind (1939).",
"Warners wouldn't loan her to David O. Selznick unless he hired Errol Flynn to play Rhett Butler, which both Selznick and Davis thought was a terrible choice. It was rumored she had numerous affairs, among them George Brent and William Wyler , and she was married four times, three of which ended in divorce. She admitted her career always came first. She made many successful films in the 1940s, but each picture was weaker than the last and by the time her Warner Brothers contract had ended in 1949, she had been reduced to appearing in such films as the unintentionally hilarious Beyond the Forest (1949). She made a huge comeback in 1950 when she replaced an ill Claudette Colbert in, and received an Oscar nomination for, All About Eve (1950). She worked in films through the 1950s, but her career eventually came to a standstill, and in 1961 she placed a now famous Job Wanted ad in the trade papers. She received an Oscar nomination for her role as a demented former child star in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962).",
"This brought about a new round of super-stardom for generations of fans who were not familiar with her work. Two years later, she starred in Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). Bette was married four times. In 1977 she received the AFI's Lifetime Achievement Award and in 1979 she won a Best Actress Emmy for Strangers: The Story of a Mother and Daughter (1979). In 1977-78 she moved from Connecticut to Los Angeles and filmed a pilot for the series Hotel (1983), which she called Brothel. She refused to do the TV series and suffered a stroke during this time. Her last marriage, to actor Gary Merrill , lasted ten years, longer than any of the previous three. In 1985, her daughter Barbara Davis (\"B.D.\") Hyman published a scandalous book about Bette called \"My Mother's Keeper.\" Bette worked in the later 1980s in films and TV, even though a stroke had impaired her appearance and mobility. She wrote a book, \"This 'N That\", during her recovery from the stroke.",
"Her last book was \"Bette Davis, The Lonely Life\", issued in paperback in 1990. It included an update from 1962 to 1989. She wrote the last chapter in San Sebastian, Spain. Sadly, Bette Davis died on October 6, 1989, of metastasized breast cancer, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France. Many of her fans refused to believe she was gone. Ironical and often biting sense of humor Portrayal of strong female characters Trivia (108) While she was the star pupil at John Murray Anderson 's Dramatic School in New York, another of her classmates was sent home because she was \"too shy\". It was predicted that this girl would never make it as an actress. The girl was Lucille Ball . Ranked #15 in Empire (UK) magazine's \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list. [October 1997] In 1952 she was asked to perform in a musical, \"Two's Company\".",
"After several grueling months at rehearsals, her health deteriorated due to osteomyelitis of the jaw and she had to leave the show only several weeks after it opened. She was to repeat this process in 1974 when she rehearsed for the musical version of The Corn Is Green (1945), called \"Miss Moffat\", but bowed out early in the run of the show for dubious medical reasons. On her sarcophagus is written \"She did it the hard way\". She suffered a stroke and had a mastectomy in 1983. Attended Northfield Mt. Hermon high school. Interred at Forest Lawn (Hollywood Hills), Los Angeles, California, USA, just outside and to the left of the main entrance to the Court of Remembrance. Mother of Barbara Merrill (aka B.D. Hyman) and grandmother of J. Ashley Hyman . Marion Sherry was B.D.'s nanny until William Grant Sherry left Davis for her. Director Steven Spielberg won the Christie's auction of her 1938 Best Actress Oscar for Jezebel (1938) for $578,000.",
"He then gave it to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. [July 2001] When Bette learned that her new brother-in-law was a recovering alcoholic, she sent the couple a dozen cases of liquor for a wedding present. She was elected as first female president of the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in October 1941. She resigned less then two months later, publicly declaring herself too busy to fulfill her duties as president while angrily protesting in private that the Academy had wanted her to serve as a mere figurehead. She considered her debut screen test for Universal Pictures to be so bad that she ran screaming from the projection room. Her third husband Arthur Farnsworth died after a fall on Hollywood Boulevard in which he took a blow to the head. He had shortly before banged his head on a train between LA and New England, followed by another fall down the stairway at their New Hampshire home. It is said that one of her real true loves was director William Wyler but he was married and refused to leave his wife. In Marked Woman (1937), Davis is forced to testify in court after being worked over by some Mafia hoods.",
"Disgusted with the tiny bandage supplied by the makeup department, she left the set, had her own doctor bandage her face more realistically, and refused to shoot the scene any other way. When she first came to Hollywood as a contract player, Universal Pictures wanted to change her name to Bettina Dawes. She informed the studio that she refused to go through life with a name that sounded like \"Between the Drawers\". Nominated for an Academy Award 5 years in a row, in 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1943. She shares the record for most consecutive nominations with Greer Garson . After the song \"Bette Davis Eyes\" became a hit single, she wrote letters to singer Kim Carnes and songwriters Donna Weiss and Jackie DeShannon , asking how they knew so much about her. One of the reasons Davis loved the song is that her grandson heard it and thought it \"cool\" that his grandmother had a hit song written about her. While touring the talk show circuit to promote What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?",
"(1962), she told one interviewer that when she and Joan Crawford were first suggested for the leads, Warner studio head Jack L. Warner replied: \"I wouldn't give a plugged nickel for either of those two old broads.\" Recalling the story, Davis laughed at her own expense. The following day, she reportedly received a telegram from Crawford: \"In future, please do not refer to me as an old broad!\". Was one of two actresses (with Faye Dunaway ) to have two villainous roles ranked in the American Film Institute's 100 Years of The Greatest Heroes and Villains, as Regina Giddens in The Little Foxes (1941) at #43 and as Baby Jane Hudson in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) at #44. Was named #2 on The Greatest Screen Legends actress list by the American Film Institute. She was voted the 10th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly. After her first picture, Davis was sitting outside the office of Universal Pictures executive Carl Laemmle Jr. when she overhead him say about her, \"She's got as much sex appeal as Slim Summerville .",
"Who wants to get her at the end of the picture?\". Attended Cushing Academy; a prep school in Ashburnham, Massachusetts. An award in her namesake is given annually to one male and one female scholar-athlete of exceptional accomplishment in both fields. Joan Crawford and Davis had feuded for years. During the making of What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), Bette had a Coca-Cola machine installed on the set due to Crawford's affiliation with Pepsi (she was the widow of Pepsi's CEO). Joan got her revenge by putting weights in her pockets when Davis had to drag her across the floor during certain scenes. Desperately wanted to win a third Best Actress Oscar for What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), as three wins in the leading category was unprecedented ( Walter Brennan had won three Oscars, but all of his were in the supporting category). It was the general feeling among Academy voters that while Davis was superb, the movie itself was little better than a potboiler exploitation film, the kind that doesn't deserve the recognition that an Oscar would give it. Each of her four husbands were Gentiles, while her friend Joan Blondell 's husband Michael Todd was Jewish.",
"Blondell called Davis' brace of husbands the \"Four Skins.\". According to her August 1982 Playboy Magazine interview, in her youth she posed nude for an artist, who carved a statue of her that was placed in a public spot in Boston, MA. After the interview appeared, Bostonians searched for the statue in vain. The statue, four dancing nymphs, was later found in the possession of a private Massachusetts collector. She came to Cardiff in 1975 for a theatre tour and went to the Welsh Valleys in search of relatives - and found them. She had been learning Welsh in order to come to Wales; however, she only used the words \"Nos Da\" (meaning \"good night\") while in the country and had forgotten all the other phrases she had learned. She claimed to have given the Academy Award the nickname \"Oscar\" after her first husband, Harmon Nelson , whose middle name was Oscar, although she later withdrew that claim. Most sources say it was named by Academy librarian and eventual executive director Margaret Herrick, who thought the statuette resembled her Uncle Oscar.",
"Murdoch University (Western Australia) Communications Senior Lecturer Tara Brabazon, in her article \"The Spectre of the Spinster: Bette Davis and the Epistemology of the Shelf,\" quotes the court testimony of Davis' first husband Harmon Nelson to show what a debacle her private life was. During divorce proceedings, Nelson was successful in sustaining his charge of mental cruelty by testifying that Davis had told him that her career was more important than her marriage. Brabazon writes that Davis, claiming she was beaten by all four of her husbands, believed that she should have remained single. She was voted the 25th Greatest Movie Star of all time by Premiere Magazine. In 1952, she accepted the Oscar for Best Actress in a Supporting Role on behalf of Kim Hunter , who wasn't present at the awards ceremony. She is one of the many movie stars mentioned in the lyrics of Madonna 's song \"Vogue\". She is also mentioned in the song \"Industrial Disease\" by rock band Dire Straits . Is portrayed by Elissa Leeds in My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Legend of Errol Flynn (1985).",
"She said that among the jokes told about her, her favorite came from impressionist Charles Pierce who, dressed as her, demanded of the audience, \"Someone give me a cigarette\". When the request was granted the performer threw it on the floor and shouted \"LIT!\". For many years she was a popular target for impressionists but she was perplexed by the often used phrase \"Pee-tah! Pee-tah! Pee-tah!\". She said she had no idea who Pee-tah was and had never even met anyone by that name. While filming Death on the Nile (1978), aboard ship, no one was allowed his or her own dressing room, so she shared a dressing room with Angela Lansbury & Maggie Smith . Her performance as Margo Channing in All About Eve (1950) is ranked #5 on Premiere Magazine's 100 Greatest Performances of All Time (2006). Is portrayed by Nancy Linehan Charles in Norma Jean & Marilyn (1996).",
"Declined a role in 4 for Texas (1963) (which turned out to be a big hit) to do Dead Ringer (1964) (which turned out to be a big flop). Described the last three decades of her life as a \"my macabre period\". She hated being alone at night and found growing older \"terrifying\". Had a long-running feud with Miriam Hopkins due to her affair with Hopkins' husband, director Anatole Litvak , as well as Davis' getting many roles that Hopkins wanted. When she died, her false eyelashes were auctioned off, fetching a price of $600. Previously, she had said that her biggest secret was brown mascara. In an interview with Dick Cavett in 1971, she said her salary at the time she shot Jezebel (1938) was $650 a week. She was of English descent, and also had remote Scottish and Welsh roots. Most of her ancestors had lived almost exclusively in New England since moving to the United States in the 1600s. Biography in: \"The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives\".",
"Volume Two, 1986-1990, pages 232-235. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1999. In Italian films, she was dubbed in most cases by Lidia Simoneschi or Andreina Pagnani . Occasionally, she was also dubbed by Tina Lattanzi , Giovanna Scotto , Rina Morelli or Wanda Tettoni . Was first offered the role of Luke's mother in Cool Hand Luke (1967), but refused the bit part. Jo Van Fleet accepted the role. Salary for 1941, $252,333. Salary for 1948, $365,000. During her great film career, she reportedly did not get along with her co-stars Miriam Hopkins , Susan Hayward , Celeste Holm and most infamously Joan Crawford . When she died in 1989, she reportedly left an estate valued between $600,000 and $1 million, consisting mainly of a condominium apartment she owned in West Hollywood.",
"50% of her estate went to her son, Michael Merrill , and the remaining 50% went to her secretary and companion, Kathryn Sermack . Her daughter, Barbara Merrill aka B.D. Hyman, was left nothing due to her lurid book about life with her mother. During her long life, she spent the majority of her wealth supporting her mother, three children, and four husbands. Played dual roles of twin sisters in two movies: A Stolen Life (1946) and Dead Ringer (1964). She was made a Fellow of the British Film Institute in recognition of her outstanding contribution to film culture. Pictured on a 42¢ USA commemorative postage stamp in the Legends of Hollywood series, issued 18 September 2008. In Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), Elizabeth Taylor does an exaggerated impression of Bette Davis saying a line from Beyond the Forest (1949): \"What a dump!\" In an interview with Barbara Walters , Davis said that in Beyond the Forest (1949), she really did not deliver the line in such an exaggerated manner.",
"She said it in a more subtle, low-key manner, but it has passed into legend that she said it the way Elizabeth Taylor delivered it in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). During the interview, the clip of Bette delivering the line in Beyond the Forest (1949) was shown to prove that she was correct. However, since people expected Bette Davis to deliver the line the way Taylor had in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966), she always opened her in-person, one woman show by saying the line in a campy, exaggerated manner: \"What... a... dump!!!\". It always brought down the house. \"I imitated the imitators\", Davis said. Her father was Harlow Morrell Davis, a lawyer. Her mother was Ruth Favor. She had a sister, Barbara Davis. Has a street named after her in Iowa City, Iowa. Bette Davis had been nominated for Best Actress in her film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962), which also starring Joan Crawford . If Bette had won, it would have set a record number of wins for an actress.",
"According to the book \"Bette & Joan - The Divine Feud\" by Shaun Considine, the two had a life long mutual hatred, and a jealous Joan Crawford actively campaigned against Bette Davis for winning Best Actress, and even told Anne Bancroft that if Anne won and was unable to accept the Award, Joan would be happy to accept it on her behalf. According to the book - and this may or may not be 100% true, but it makes a good anecdote - on Oscar night, Bette Davis was standing in the wings of the theatre waiting to hear the name of the winner. When it was announced that Anne Bancroft had won Best Actress for The Miracle Worker (1962), Bette Davis felt an icy hand on her shoulder as Joan Crawford said \"Excuse me, I have an Oscar to accept\". Campaigned for the role of Ellie Andrews in It Happened One Night (1934), but the part was eventually given to Claudette Colbert , who went on to win a Best Actress Oscar for her performance. Campaigned for the part of Martha in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?",
"(1966) but Elizabeth Taylor , who went on to win a Best Actress Oscar for her performance, was cast instead. Was originally offered the role of fiery pianist Sandra Kovac in The Great Lie (1941). Instead she took the less showy role of Maggie Patterson and suggested her good friend Mary Astor for the role of Sandra -- Davis thought it would help boost Astor's career, which had been hurt by a very nasty custody battle, in 1936, with her ex-husband. Astor went on to win the Best Supporting Actress Oscar for her performance. For William Randolph Hearst's 75th birthday, the famous 'Circus Party' at San Simeon, she came dressed as a bearded lady (1937). Became pregnant by first husband Harmon Nelson in 1933 and 1936, by her lover William Wyler in 1940, and by her second husband Arthur Farnsworth in 1941, 1942 and 1943. On all of these occasions she had abortions.",
"Was originally sought for the part of \"Shirley Drake\" in Career (1959). Onscreen, Bette Davis played spinsters named Charlotte in 3 different movies: The Old Maid (1939), Now, Voyager (1942), and Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964). Returned to work three months after giving birth to her daughter Barbara Merrill in order to begin filming June Bride (1948). Played twin Sisters Kate and Patricia Bosworth in A Stolen Life (1946) and Margaret DeLorca and Edith Phillips in Dead Ringer (1964) In both she played a good and bad twin and, in both movies, one of the sisters met a tragic death. Was close friends with Greer Garson , Ginger Rogers , George Brent , Henry Fonda , Geraldine Fitzgerald , Ronald Reagan , Claude Rains , Olivia de Havilland and Gladys Cooper . Her role in The Petrified Forest (1936) got parodied in the cartoon \"She Was an Acrobat's Daughter\". It depicts a movie called \"The Petrified Florist\", starring Leslie Coward (a spoof of Leslie Howard) and Bette Savis.",
"She was a lifelong liberal Democrat. She was a solid supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry Truman , John F. Kennedy , Robert F. Kennedy , Adlai Stevenson , Lyndon Johnson , and Jimmy Carter . She was also a chairwoman for the Hollywood Democratic Committee and was an honored guest speaker at both the 1940/1944 Democratic National Convention. She was very active in leading Girl Scouts and Cub Scouts due in part that in her childhood she was a decorated Girl Scout. Her favorite song was \"Stardust\" by Hoagy Carmichael . Davis' arch rival Joan Crawford once said in an interview that she and Davis had nothing in common. In reality, they had a handful of similarities in their personal lives. They both had father's who abandoned their families at a young age; both rose from poverty to success while breaking into films during the late 1920s and early 1930s; both had siblings and mothers who milked them financially once they became famous; both became Oscar-winning leading ladies; both were staunch liberal Democrats and feminists; and both had daughters who wrote lurid books denouncing them as bad mothers.",
"Filmed a television pilot in 1965 for a show to be called \"The Bette Davis Show,\" which was not picked up for series by any of the television networks, but which was broadcast as a television movie entitled The Decorator (1965). Actress Kirstie Alley modeled her character of Madison \"Maddie\" Banks for her TV show Kirstie (2013) after Davis; so much in fact, that on the first seasons fifth episode she donned a Margo Channing style dress. In honor of her 100th birthday, she was honored as Turner Classic Movie's Star of the Month in April 2008. Her hometown of Lowell, Massachussetts, was featured in a 2007 episode of Cops (1989). Was the 8th actress to receive an Academy Award; she won the Best Actress Oscar for Dangerous (1935) at The 8th Academy Awards on March 5, 1936. Was the favorite actress of Katharine Hepburn .",
"The United States Postal Service honored Davis with a commemorative postage stamp in 2008, marking the 100th anniversary of her birth. The First Day of Issue celebration took place September 18, 2008, at Boston University, which houses an extensive Bette Davis archive. Featured speakers included her son Michael Merrill and Lauren Bacall . Was the first actor to receive ten Academy Award nominations. Was the highest ranking female on Quigley Publishing's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll from 1939 to 1941. Wrote the book \"This 'n That\" in response to her daughter's book, \"My Mother's Keeper\". Was replaced by Shelley Winters when she left the original Broadway production of \"The Night of the Iguana\". Was originally cast in Hotel (1983), when she had to back out due to ill health she was replaced by her friend and former All About Eve (1950) co-star, Anne Baxter . Was a fan of Susan Hayward , however when they co-starred in Where Love Has Gone (1964), they occasionally clashed over disagreements about the script.",
"Was portrayed by Kelly Moore in the stage play \"Jezebel and Me\". Turned down the role of Rose Sayer in The African Queen (1951) due to pregnancy. Made her Broadway debut in 1929. Credited actor George Arliss with giving her her \"break\" by choosing her as his leading lady in The Man Who Played God (1932). Was under contract to Warner Brothers from 1932 to 1949. Was one of the many people in the entertainment business who lived in The Osborne Apartments in Manhattan. Other famous residents have included Robert Osborne , Ira Levin and Leonard Bernstein . Stated George Brent was her favorite male co-star. Was signed to a contract at Universal Studios in 1930. Subject of the book \"Me and Jezebel: When Bette Davis Came for Dinner -- And Stayed...\" by Elizabeth Fuller. In an interview with Barbara Walters , she claimed her daughter's book, \"My Mother's Keeper\", was as devastating as her stroke.",
"In 1982, she was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal, the Defense Department's highest civilian award, for founding and running the Hollywood Canteen during World War II. Was the highest paid woman in US in 1942. Whilst a student at Cushing Academy she saw a production of The Wild Duck, which inspired her to seriously pursue acting. LIFE Magazine described her performance in Of Human Bondage (1934) as \"probably the best performance ever recorded on the screen by a U.S. actress\". Was honored by James Stewart , Angela Lansbury', Hume Cronyn and Jessica Tandy when she received her Kennedy Centre Honors. Davis, whom most critics and cinema historians rank as the greatest American movie actress ever, sent a letter to Meryl Streep early in her career. Davis told Streep that she felt that she was her successor as The First Lady of the American Screen. The \"Dean Martin Celebrity Roasts\" TV show once roasted Bette Davis. Vincent Price said, \"Bette has always suffered in every picture she has ever made. When I appeared with her in Elizabeth And Essex she gave up her beauty. In Dark Victory she gave up her eyesight.",
"And in The Virgin Queen...(laughter)...she gave up her hobby.\". Played by Karen Teliha in Hollywood Mouth (2008). Since there is a Joan Crawford segment in the film, director Jordan Mohr thought it would be effective to have a Bette Davis character making comments about her rival. She claimed her favourite part was that of Mrs. Agnes Hurley in the Catered Affair because of the challenge of the part. As of 2016, she holds the record of youngest actress to receive seven Academy Award nominations. She earned her seventh Oscar nomination in 1945, at the age of 36, for Mr. Skeffington (1944). Personal Quotes (80) [when told by director Robert Aldrich that the studios wanted Joan Crawford as her co-star for Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)] I wouldn't piss on Joan Crawford if she were on fire. [in 1982] Acting should be bigger than life. Scripts should be bigger than life. It should ALL be bigger than life. Getting old is not for sissies. I see - she's the original good time that was had by all.",
"Until you're known in my profession as a monster, you're not a star. At 50, I thought proudly, 'Here we are, half century!' Being 60 was fairly frightening. You want to know how I spent my 70th birthday? I put on a completely black face, a fuzzy black afro wig, wore black clothes, and hung a black wreath on my door. I went back to work because someone had to pay for the groceries. I'm the nicest goddamn dame that ever lived. [on rival Joan Crawford ] She has slept with every male star at MGM except Lassie . [on her character in All About Eve (1950)] Margo Channing was not a bitch. She was an actress who was getting older and was not too happy about it. And why should she be? Anyone who says that life begins at 40 is full of it. As people get older their bodies begin to decay. They get sick. They forget things. What's good about that? Gay Liberation? I ain't against it, it's just that there's nothing in it for me. Success only breeds a new goal.",
"What a fool I was to come to Hollywood where they only understand platinum blondes and where legs are more important than talent. I have never known the great actor who... didn't plan eventually to direct or produce. If he has no such dream, he is usually bitter, ungratified and eventually alcoholic. There was more good acting at Hollywood parties than ever appeared on the screen. I would advise any woman against having an affair with a married man believing he will ever leave his wife, no matter how often he says his wife does not understand him. Love is not as necessary to a man's happiness as it is to a woman's. If her marriage is satisfactory, a woman will seldom stray. A man can be totally contented and still be out howling at the moon. The male ego, with few exceptions, is elephantine to start with. To fulfill a dream, to be allowed to sweat over lonely labor, to be given a chance to create, is the meat and potatoes of life. The money is the gravy. I'd marry again if I found a man who had fifteen million dollars, would sign over half to me, and guarantee that he'd be dead within a year. An affair now and then is good for a marriage.",
"It adds spice, stops it from getting boring. I ought to know. [referring to her parents' divorce when she was 7] Of course I replaced my father. I became my own father and everyone else's. I will never be below the title. If you want a thing well done, get a couple of old broads to do it. Today everyone is a star - they're all billed as 'starring' or 'also starring'. In my day, we earned that recognition. [about Katharine Hepburn 's tie for the 1968 Oscar with Barbra Streisand ] I wanted to be the first to win three Oscars, but Miss Hepburn has done it. Actually it hasn't been done. Miss Hepburn only won half an Oscar. If they'd given me half an Oscar I would have thrown it back in their faces. You see, I'm an Aries. I never lose. [referring to her fourth husband, Gary Merrill ] Gary was a macho man, but none of my husbands was ever man enough to become Mr. Bette Davis. [when told that \"at one time\" she had a reputation for being difficult] At one time?!",
"I've been known as difficult for 50 years, practically! What do you mean \"at one time\"? Nooo, I've been like this for 50 years. And it's always always to make it the best film I can make it! Why am I so good at playing bitches? I think it's because I'm not a bitch. Maybe that's why [ Joan Crawford ] always plays ladies. [when told not to speak ill of the dead] Just because someone is dead does not mean they have changed! [on sex] God's biggest joke on human beings. [commenting on the death of long-time nemesis Joan Crawford ] You should never say bad things about the dead, you should only say good . . . Joan Crawford is dead. Good. [commenting about her mother, an aspiring actress] I had to be the monster for both of us. If Hollywood didn't work out, I was prepared to be the best secretary in the world. I have been uncompromising, peppery, infractable, monomaniacal, tactless, volatile and offtimes disagreeable. I suppose I'm larger than life. [ Joan Crawford ] and I have never been warm friends.",
"We are not simpatico. I admire her, and yet I feel uncomfortable with her. To me, she is the personification of the Movie Star. I have always felt her greatest performance is Crawford being Crawford. [after having blown the same line several times in Hollywood Canteen (1944), in which she plays herself] I don't know what's wrong with me, but I think I just can't play myself. I don't know how! But, if you give me a drink - give me a cigarette - give me a gun - I'll play any old bag you want me to. I just can't play myself! Beyond the Forest (1949) was a terrible movie! It had the longest death scene ever seen on the screen. I was a person who couldn't make divorce work. For me, there's nothing lonelier than a turned-down toilet seat. [before taking her final flight in 1989] I want to die with my high heels on, still in action. I always had the will to win. I felt it baking cookies. They had to be the best cookies anyone baked. When I die, they'll probably auction off my false eyelashes.",
"My favorite person to work with was Claude Rains . [on John Wayne ] I certainly would have given anything to have worked with John Wayne. He's the most attractive man who ever walked the earth, I think. [on Errol Flynn ] He was just beautiful . . . Errol. He himself openly said, \"I don't know really anything about acting,\" and I admire his honesty because he's absolutely right. [on director Lindsay Anderson ] I think he's a very talented man, but I think he's a difficult man to work with. He really prefers theatre and not film, and that's a little depressing, I must say. [on Errol Flynn ] He was not an actor of enormous talent -- he would have admitted that himself -- but in all those swashbuckling things he was beautiful. [in 1977, on why she was still working] So I am up to my ears in taxes and debts, and that's why I come out of my house in Connecticut every few years and work. I can hole up for just so long, then I gotta get out and stir things up again. It's half for income and half for me.",
"[during tension on the set of The Whales of August (1987) about her esteemed costar Lillian Gish ] She ought to know about close-ups! Jesus, she was around when they invented them! I think acting should look as if we were working a *little* ... It's like the juggler who loses it twice and then gets it, you know, finally. Which is a very old-fashioned theory today. See, you mustn't have *any* idea that *anybody* knows the camera's on them at all. You see: it's just life. Well, we all have life, 24, 12 hours a day, and sometimes we want to forget life, you know. And I think it should be a *little* larger than life. A little bit theatrical.",
"[to TV interviewer Dick Cavett] People say, when I'm coming on with someone like you for ninety minutes, \"Don't you want to know what's going to happen?\" I *don't* want to know the questions ahead, because number one, I trust your taste, but if you should ask me something that I *really* don't want to go into, I'd give a *perfectly* nice smile, not insulting, and say, \"I don't want to talk about it.\" Nobody can *make* you talk about something. So if I'm *fool* enough to talk about it, then it's not your fault, it's mine. Like many bad interviews, this is what happens: it's the actor's fault. They get five good hookers in them, and tell their life story. Well, you cannot blame the interviewer who goes out and prints it. ... Anybody who does an interview with drinks is a fool. Because we all know we talk more with drinks. [of the studio executives] Four compliments a year, we never would have asked for so much money. Truthfully! They never knew it!",
"Actors are complete suckers for good parts, you know, and just saying, \"You did a *good* job, Bette!\" Never. Never. Never.... I think it would've made a whole different salary scale in California, yes, I do. They only respected you by how much money you made. You could be the same actress at six-fifty a week or thirty thousand a week, and you're a *much* better actress at thirty thousand a week. [on being idolized and spoiled while traveling] This is *part* of the reward, but boy, you don't get that for a long time! And that must never be your motive. See that *can't* be the motive. Because that isn't what you want the most. You want to get on that stage and work. On work: This became a credo of mine...attempt the impossible in order to improve your work. On desire: From the moment I was six I felt sexy. And let me tell you it was hell, sheer hell, waiting to do something about it. On sexual politics: I am a woman meant for a man, but I never found a man who could compete.",
"On growth: I have always been driven by some distant music -- a battle hymn no doubt -- for I have been at war from the beginning. I've never looked back before. I've never had the time and it has always seemed so dangerous. To look back is to relax one's vigil. On experience: Old age ain't no place for sissies. The weak are the most treacherous of us all. They come to the strong and drain them. They are bottomless. They are insatiable. They are always parched and always bitter. They are everyone's concern and like vampires they suck our life's blood. [on working with Joan Crawford in What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)] We were polite to each other - all the social amenities, 'Good morning, Joan' and 'Good Morning, Bette' crap - and thank God we weren't playing roles where we had to like each other. But people forget that our big scenes were alone - just the camera was on me or her. No actresses on earth are as different as we are, all the way down the line. Yet what we do works. It's so strange, this acting business. It comes from inside.",
"She was always so damn proper. She sent thank you notes for thank you notes. I screamed when I found out she signed autographs: 'Bless you, Joan Crawford.' You can't tell me that any man who has really loved a woman, or vice versa, can really be friends again after a divorce. And kidding about it is like tying a pink ribbon on a machine gun. [After hearing that Joan Crawford cried copiously over \"Dark Victory\"] Joan always cries a lot. Her tear ducts must be very close to her bladder. \"I am returning to the stage, to refine my craft.\" That's what Hollywood actors always say. But that's a bunch of BS. No one leaves movies for the stage unless they can't get work; and I'm no exception. [Of her longtime rival] We must hand it to her. Where she came from and all that--she accomplished *much*. She became a movie star, and I became the great actress. There is of course a need for both in this business, but you have to know *when* to put a stop to the nonsense that goes with the job. Stars are people *too*.",
"They have to eat, sleep, and go to the bathroom too, without applause or a standing ovation. But I don't *think* Joan Crawford ever sleeps. She never *quits* being Joan Crawford. I find that tedious and quite insane. When I was filming Dangerous in 1935, I had a crush on my costar, Franchot Tone. Everything about him reflected his elegance, from his name to his manners. He had a great deal going for him, including Miss Joan Crawford. I don't take the movies seriously, and anyone who does is in for a headache. [on the making of Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964)]: I can't tell you what I went through during those weeks that shooting stopped, waiting for Crawford to get well. It was sheer torture. [on Joan Crawford ]: I was not Miss Crawford's biggest fan, but, wisecracks to the contrary, I did and still do respect her talent. What she did not deserve was that detestable book written by her daughter. I've forgotten her name. Horrible. I looked at that book, but I did not need to read it.",
"I wouldn't read trash like that, and I think it was a terrible, terrible thing for a daughter to do. An abomination! To do something like that to someone who saved you from the orphanage, foster homes, who knows what. If she didn't like the person who chose to be her mother, she was grown up and could choose her own life. I felt very sorry for Joan Crawford, but I knew she wouldn't appreciate my pity, because that's the last thing she would have wanted, anyone being sorry for her, especially me. I can understand how hurt Miss Crawford had to be. Well, no I can't. It's like trying to imagine how I would feel if my own beloved, wonderful daughter, B.D., were to write a bad book about me. Unimaginable. I am grateful for my children and for knowing they would never do to me anything like what Miss Crawford's daughter did to her. Of course, dear B.D., of whom I'm so proud, is my natural child, and there always are certain risks in adopting. Gary [Merrill] and I adopted two babies, because when we married I was too old to have our own.",
"We were very pleased with our little boy, Michael, but our adopted daughter, who was a beautiful baby, was, brain-damaged. I never have had regrets, though, because I think we provided for her better than anything else that could have happened to her, and we gave her some happiness in her life. You can't return a baby like you can a carton of cracked eggs. [on Miriam Hopkins] Miriam is a perfectly charming person, socially. Working with her is another story. Miriam used, and I must give her credit, every trick in the book. I became fascinated watching them appear one by one. When she was supposed to be listening to me, her eyes would wander off into some world in which she was the sweetest of them all. Her restless little spirit was impatiently awaiting her next line, her golden curls quivering with expectancy. Miriam was her own worst enemy. I usually had better things to do than waste my energies on invective and cat fights. [on Greta Garbo ] Oh, Garbo was divine. Soooo beautiful. I worshipped her. When I became a star, I used to have my chauffeur follow her in my car. I always wanted to meet her.",
"[when asked if she and Joan Crawford were ever up for the same role] We were two different types entirely. I can't think of a single part I played that Joan could do. Not one. Can you? [on The Unforgiven (1960) Oh yes, I had a chance to go to Mexico, to play 'Burt Lancaster's mother. I turned it down. I'll be damned if I play Burt Lancaster's mother after thirty years in the business. [on Cool Hand Luke (1967)] Warner Brothers asked me to play Paul Newman 's mother in Cool Hand Luke. They offered me $25,000 for one day's work. I said 'No.' I would have been on and off the screen in three minutes. That would be a cheat to the audience. Warner Brothers sent me a letter saying they wanted to use a clip from Now, Voyager (1942) in the Summer of '42 (1971). They implied that they wanted to use it as a laugh. My lawyer wrote back saying, if they wanted a clip to laugh at, why didn't they choose a scene from one of their current films.",
"[ Burnt Offerings (1976)] Karen Black changes her makeup in the middle of the scene, so nothing matches on the screen. She sleeps all day, never goes to rushes and you can't hear a bloody thing she says on the set. When I made movies you could hear me in a tunnel. [on Elizabeth Taylor 's declining to have Davis as her co-star in A Little Night Music (1977)] She is such a fool. One would think that after all her years in the business she would want to work with a professional. [after attending President Jimmy Carter's 1977 inauguration] Miss Lillian [the President's mother] doesn't like any women. She was perfectly terrible to all of us at the inauguration. She only wanted to see the men. When any women came up to her, she just glared at us like this! [on her second husband, Arthur Farnsworth] Farney was a real charmer, but an alcoholic who was tied to his mother's apron strings... and what a mother. Christ, what a cold bitch. [on The Star (1952), (1983)] Oh, yes, that was [Joan] Crawford.",
"I wasn't imitating her, of course. It was just that whole approach of hers to the business as regards the importance of glamor and all the off stage things. I adored the script. [When asked by Johnny Carson about who she was inspired by] No-one, but that I always envied Katherine Hepburn's looks. I don't think of myself as a character actress. That's become a phrase that means you've had it. Salary (9) Bette Davis :: The Official Site Measurements: 34C-21-34 (36C-25-35 in 1940) Occupation: Actress, author, producer Nationality: American Schooling: Attended Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, Massachusetts; Mariarden School of Dancing; studied acting at Robert Milton-John Murray Anderson School of the Theatre, New York. Famous Tagline/Quote: \"Old age is no place for sissies.\" Parents: Harlow Morrell Davis and Ruthie Favor Davis Siblings: Barbara Davis Children: B.D.",
"(Barbara Davis Sherry) Hyman, Michael Merrill, Margot Merrill Spouse(s): Married Harmon Oscar Nelson (a bandleader), August 18, 1932 (divorced); married Arthur Farnsworth (a businessman), December, 1940 (died, August, 1943); married William Grant Sherry (an artist), November 30, 1945 (divorced); married Gary Merrill (an actor), August, 1950 (divorced); Broadway Debut: \"Broken Dishes\" (1929) Film Debut: \"Bad Sister\" (1931) Did You Know? - On her tombstone is written \"She did it the hard way.\" - Lucille Ball was her classmate at John Murray Anderson's Dramatic School. - Joan Crawford and Davis had feuded for years and during the making of \"What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?\" Bette had a Coca-Cola machine installed on the set due to Joan Crawford's affiliation with Pepsi.",
"(Joan was the widow of Pepsi's CEO.) Joan got her revenge by putting weights in her pockets when Davis had to drag Crawford across the floor during certain scenes. - Nominated for an amazing 10 Best Actress Oscars She won the Best Actress Oscar twice, for \"Dangerous\" in 1935 and \"Jezebel\" in 1938. - In 1977, Bette was the first woman to receive the American Film Institute's Lifetime Achievement Award. - In 1980, she was awarded the Distinguished Civilian Service Medal, the Defense Department's highest civilian award, for founding and running the Hollywood Canteen during World War II. - Her real Christian name was Ruth. The Bette came from Balzac's novel \"Cousin Bette.\" What is Bette Davis real name | What is Bette Davis full name | What Is Real Name of Celebrity What is Bette Davis real name? Real name of Bette Davis is Ruth Elizabeth Davis Passport No. Actress STARNOSTAR//9682//REAL//NAME//OF//Bette Davis//IS//Ruth Elizabeth Davis////////////////////////// Bette Davis real name is Ruth Elizabeth Davis.",
"Welcome to Star no Star's celebrity real name look up. Bette Davis is from Lowell Massachusetts, United States. Born on Apr 05 1908, ( zodiac sign: Aries). Search and quickly access your favorite celebrities . Star No Star provides information on celebrities from around the world. Cycle through our menu, view biographies , statistics , rate Bette Davis and discover new celebrities. Quick information about celebrities is important, along with real time statistics from visitors like you. Help us keep track of celebrities worldwide. vote and make a difference. Star No Star Celebrity pages help millions of people find Bette Davis's bios and live statistics on a global scale. Celebrities around the world use multiple alias names making it hard to identify which celebrity you are looking for. Using StarNoStar's celebrity Search engine allows you to visual identify the exact celebrity you are looking for and quickly access their personal information. Helping you find information such as the place of birth , date of birth , horoscope and zodiac signs, biography timelines and lot more. StarNoStar encourages visitor to vote for their favorite celebrities , helping us provide new visitors vital information on each celebrities popularity and fame status. Let the world know what you think.",
"Vote, and keep track of your favorite celebrities . Use the voting tool and sort through unlimited number of celebrity profiles. Check who the top celebrities are in your country and around the world. Star no Star provides statistics for all celebrities and personalities around the world. Vote, share, and help celebrities get discovered. Who's your favorite celebrity? Bette Davis? Bette Davis - IMDb IMDb Actress | Soundtrack | Make Up Department Ruth Elizabeth Davis was born April 5, 1908, in Lowell, Massachusetts, to Ruth Augusta (Favor) and Harlow Morrell Davis, a patent attorney. Her parents divorced when she was 10. She and her sister were raised by their mother. Her early interest was dance. To Bette, dancers led a glamorous life, but then she discovered the stage, and gave up dancing... See full bio » Born: \"No Small Parts\" IMDb Exclusive: 'Edge of Seventeen' Star Hailee Steinfeld Hailee Steinfeld has received critical acclaim for her role in the coming-of-age comedy The Edge of Seventeen . What other roles has she played over the years? Don't miss our live coverage of the Golden Globes beginning at 5 p.m. PST on Jan.",
"8 in our Golden Globes section. a list of 40 people created 25 Jan 2011 a list of 24 people created 04 Apr 2011 a list of 28 people created 03 Jan 2012 a list of 31 people created 27 Sep 2013 a list of 28 people created 11 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Bette Davis's work have you seen? User Polls Won 2 Oscars. Another 21 wins & 22 nominations. See more awards » Known For 1986 As Summers Die (TV Movie) Hannah Loftin 1983 Right of Way (TV Movie) Mini Dwyer 1981 Family Reunion (TV Movie) Elizabeth Winfield 1980 White Mama (TV Movie) Adele Malone 1973 Scream, Pretty Peggy (TV Movie) Mrs.",
"Elliott 1965 The Decorator (TV Short) Liz 1963 Perry Mason (TV Series) Constant Doyle 1962 The Virginian (TV Series) Celia Miller 1959-1961 Wagon Train (TV Series) Bettina May / Madame Elizabeth McQueeny / Ella Lindstrom 1959 Alfred Hitchcock Presents (TV Series) Miss Fox - Out There - Darkness (1959) ... Miss Fox 1958 Suspicion (TV Series) 1957-1958 General Electric Theater (TV Series) Christine Marlowe / Miss Burrows 1957 Telephone Time (TV Series) Mrs.",
"Beatrice Enter 1957 Schlitz Playhouse (TV Series) Irene Wagner 1952 All Star Revue (TV Series) Guest Actress 1972 Johnny Carson Presents the Sun City Scandals '72 (TV Movie) (performer: \"Just Like a Man\") 1965 The Love Goddesses (Documentary) (performer: \"Willie the Weeper\" - uncredited) 1964 Dead Ringer (performer: \"Shuffle Off to Buffalo\" - uncredited) 1951 Payment on Demand (performer: \"A Woman's Intuition\" - uncredited) 1943 Thank Your Lucky Stars (performer: \"They're Either Too Young or Too Old\" (1943) - uncredited) 1941 The Bride Came C.O.D.",
"(\"Carry Me Back to the Lone Prairie\", uncredited) 1940 All This, and Heaven Too (performer: \"The War of the Roses\" - uncredited) 1939 The Old Maid (music: \"Bridal Chorus (Here Comes the Bride)\" (1850) - uncredited) / (performer: \"Bridal Chorus (Here Comes the Bride)\" (1850) - uncredited) 1938 Jezebel (performer: \"Raise a Ruckus\", \"Beautiful Dreamer\" (1862), \"Waltz\" - uncredited) 1937 Kid Galahad (performer: \"The Moon Is in Tears Tonight\" (1937) - uncredited)"
] |
In which sport did Hollywood star Sonja Henie win Olympic Gold?
|
Ice Skating
|
[
"Ice skater",
"Iceskating",
"Ice Skating",
"Ice skating",
"Ice skateing",
"Ice-skating"
] | 12,031
|
[
"Winter Olympics Memorable Moments: Sonja Henie More Memorable Moments Norwegian Sonja Henie won her first gold medal at the 1928 Olympics and at the next three Olympics no female figure skater could compete with her. Her routine and style set the new standard for the sport. . At 15 years, 10 months, Henie was the youngest woman ever to win a gold medal. She held that title for 70 years, until American figure skater Tara Lipinski , two months younger than Henie, won gold at the 1998 Nagano Games . After the 1928 Games Henie went on to successfully defend her gold medal at the 1932 Winter Games and the 1936 Winter Games . Ambitious as ever, Henie aimed to take her skating career in a new direction—Hollywood. She said she wanted to do what Fred Astaire was doing in the movies, only on skates. She turned professional after the 1936 Games and by the end of the year saw the release of her first movie, One in a Million. That film was the first of a dozen films Henie would star in over the next two decades.",
"She also began to gain fame by starring in a wildly popular traveling ice-skating show. Her Hollywood Ice Review was a spectacle of costumes, music, and skating that toured the world until the early 1950s. She died of complications from leukemia in 1969. Today, more than three-quarters of a century after her Olympic debut, Henie's accomplishments have retained their luster. No woman figure skater since has won three straight gold medals , and only one ( Katarina Witt in 1984 and 1988) has ever successfully defended her title. Sonja Henie Bio, Stats, and Results | Olympics at Sports-Reference.com Related Olympians: Cousin of Marit Henie . Medals: 3 Gold (3 Total) Biography Sonja Henie was the first superstar of women’s figure skating, winning three Olympic gold medals in 1928, 1932, and 1936. She made her Olympic début in 1924 when only an 11-year-old. She finished last in a field of eight but improved to fifth a few weeks later at the 1924 World Championship.",
"Henie finished second at the 1926 World Championships to Austria's [Herma Plank-Szabo], but she then won the championship for the next ten years consecutively. She did more to popularize figure skating than any other individual. Henie turned professional in 1936 and soon amassed a fortune. Her flair for showmanship ensured the success of the ten feature films she made in Hollywood and accelerated the public awareness of ice skating as a sport. She toured the world with spectacular ice reviews achieving great popularity, particularly in the USA. She was initially idolized in her native Norway, but had some image problems after World War II when she was perceived to be a Nazi sympathizer who failed to support war relief efforts in Norway. Henie married three times, all to very wealthy men, and her own earnings from ice shows made her one of the richest athletes ever. She later suffered from leukemia and died during a flight from Paris to Oslo where she was flying to visit a specialist. Results Winter Olympics Memorable Moments: Sonja Henie More Memorable Moments Norwegian Sonja Henie won her first gold medal at the 1928 Olympics and at the next three Olympics no female figure skater could compete with her.",
"Her routine and style set the new standard for the sport. . At 15 years, 10 months, Henie was the youngest woman ever to win a gold medal. She held that title for 70 years, until American figure skater Tara Lipinski , two months younger than Henie, won gold at the 1998 Nagano Games . After the 1928 Games Henie went on to successfully defend her gold medal at the 1932 Winter Games and the 1936 Winter Games . Ambitious as ever, Henie aimed to take her skating career in a new direction—Hollywood. She said she wanted to do what Fred Astaire was doing in the movies, only on skates. She turned professional after the 1936 Games and by the end of the year saw the release of her first movie, One in a Million. That film was the first of a dozen films Henie would star in over the next two decades. She also began to gain fame by starring in a wildly popular traveling ice-skating show. Her Hollywood Ice Review was a spectacle of costumes, music, and skating that toured the world until the early 1950s.",
"She died of complications from leukemia in 1969. Today, more than three-quarters of a century after her Olympic debut, Henie's accomplishments have retained their luster. No woman figure skater since has won three straight gold medals , and only one ( Katarina Witt in 1984 and 1988) has ever successfully defended her title. More about the 2010 Winter Olympics Did you know? Sonja Henie | Olympics Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Edit Sonja Henie was born in Kristiania (part of modern Oslo), the only daughter of Wilhelm Henie (1872–1937), a prosperous Norwegian furrier and his wife Selma Lochmann-Nielsen (1888–1961). In addition to the income from the fur business, both of Henie's parents had inherited wealth. Wilhelm Henie had been a one-time World Cycling Champion and the Henie children were encouraged to take up a variety of sports at a young age. Henie initially showed talent at skiing , and then followed her older brother Leif to take up figure skating .",
"As a girl, Henie was also a nationally ranked tennis player and a skilled swimmer and equestrienne . Once Henie began serious training as a figure skater, her formal schooling ended. She was educated by tutors, and her father hired the best experts in the world, including the famous Russian ballerina Tamara Karsavina, to transform his daughter into a sporting celebrity. [2] Competitive career Edit Henie won her first major competition, the senior Norwegian championships, at the age of 10. She then placed eighth in a field of eight at the 1924 Winter Olympics , at the age of eleven. During the 1924 program, she skated over to the side of the rink several times to ask her coach for directions. But by the next Olympiad, she needed no such assistance. Henie won the first of an unprecedented ten consecutive World Figure Skating Championships in 1927 at the age of fourteen. The results of 1927 World Championships, where Henie won in 3–2 decision (or 7 vs.",
"8 ordinal points) over the defending Olympic and World Champion Herma Szabo of Austria , was controversial, as all three of five judges that gave Henie first-place ordinals were Norwegian (1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 2 = 7 points) while Szabo received first-place ordinals from an Austrian and a German Judge (1 + 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 8 points). Henie went on to win first of her three Olympic gold medals the following year. She defended her Olympic titles in 1932 and in 1936, and her World titles annually until 1936. She also won six consecutive European championships from 1931 to 1936. Henie's unprecedented three Olympic gold medals haven't been matched by any ladies single skater since; neither are her achievements as ten-time consecutive World Champion. While Irina Slutskaya of Russia won her seventh European Championship in 2006 to become the most successful ladies skater in European Championships, Henie retains record of most consecutive titles, sharing it with Katarina Witt of Eastern Germany / Germany (1983–1988).",
"Towards the end of her career, she began to be strongly challenged by younger skaters including Cecilia Colledge , Megan Taylor and Hedy Stenuf . However, she held off these competitors and went on to win her third Olympic title at the 1936 Winter Olympics , albeit in very controversial circumstances with Cecilia Colledge finishing a very close second. Indeed, after the school figures section at the 1936 Olympic competition, Colledge and Henie were virtually neck and neck with Colledge trailing by just a few points. As Sandra Stevenson recounted in her article in The Independent of the 21st April 2008, \"the closeness [of the competition] infuriated Henie, who, when the result for that section was posted on a wall in the competitors' lounge, swiped the piece of paper and tore it into little pieces. The draw for the free skating [then] came under suspicion after Henie landed the plum position of skating last, while Colledge had to perform second of the 26 competitors. The early start was seen as a disadvantage, with the audience not yet whipped into a clapping frenzy and the judges known to become freer with their higher marks as the event proceeded.",
"Years later, a fairer, staggered draw was adopted to counteract this situation\". During her competitive career, Henie traveled widely and worked with a variety of foreign coaches. At home in Oslo, she trained at Frogner Stadium, where her coaches included Hjordis Olsen and Oscar Holte. During the latter part of her competitive career she was coached primarily by the American Howard Nicholson in London. In addition to traveling to train and compete, she was much in demand as a performer at figure skating exhibitions in both Europe and North America. Henie became so popular with the public that police had to be called out for crowd control on her appearances in various disparate cities such as Prague and New York City. It was an open secret that, in spite of the strict amateurism requirements of the time, Wilhelm Henie demanded \"expense money\" for his daughter's skating appearances. Both of Henie's parents had given up their own pursuits in Norway—leaving Leif to run the fur business—in order to accompany Sonja on her travels and act as her managers. Henie is credited with being the first figure skater to adopt the short skirt costume in figure skating, wear white boots, and make use of dance choreography.",
"Her innovative skating techniques and glamorous demeanor transformed the sport permanently and confirmed its acceptance as a legitimate sport in the Winter Olympics. [3] Professional and film career Edit After the 1936 World Figure Skating Championships, Henie gave up her amateur status and took up a career as a professional performer in acting and live shows. While still a girl, Henie had decided that she wanted to move to Hollywood and become a movie star when her competitive days were over, without considering that her thick accent might hinder her acting ambitions. In 1936, following a successful ice show in Los Angeles orchestrated by her father to launch her film career, Hollywood studio chief Darryl Zanuck signed her to a long term contract at Twentieth Century Fox which made her one of the highest-paid actresses of the time. After the success of her first film, One in a Million, Henie's position was assured and she became increasingly demanding in her business dealings with Zanuck. Henie also insisted on having total control of the skating numbers in her films such as Second Fiddle (1939).",
"In addition to her film career at Fox, Henie formed a business arrangement with Arthur Wirtz, who produced her touring ice shows under the name of \"Hollywood Ice Revue\". Wirtz also acted as Henie's financial advisor. At the time, figure skating and ice shows were not yet an established form of entertainment in the United States. Henie's popularity as a film actress attracted many new fans and instituted skating shows as a popular new entertainment. Throughout the 1940s, Henie and Wirtz produced lavish musical ice skating extravaganzas at Rockefeller Center's Center Theatre attracting millions of ticket buyers. At the height of her fame, her shows and touring activities brought Henie as much as $2 million per year. She also had numerous lucrative endorsement contracts, and deals to market skates, clothing, jewelry, dolls, and other merchandise branded with her name. These activities made her one of the wealthiest women in the world in her time. Henie broke off her arrangement with Wirtz in 1950 and for the next three seasons produced her own tours under the name \"Sonja Henie Ice Revue\".",
"It was an ill-advised decision to set herself up in competition with Wirtz, whose shows now featured the new Olympic champion Barbara Ann Scott . Since Wirtz controlled the best arenas and dates, Henie was left playing smaller venues and markets already saturated by other touring ice shows such as Ice Capades. The collapse of a section of bleachers during a show in Baltimore, Maryland in 1952 compounded the tour's legal and financial woes. In 1953 Henie formed a new partnership with Morris Chalfen to appear in his European Holiday On Ice tour. This was a great success. She produced her own show at New York's Roxy Theatre in January 1956. [4] However, a subsequent South American tour in 1956 was a disaster. Henie was drinking heavily at that time and could no longer keep up with the demands of touring, and this marked her retirement from skating. In 1938, she published her autobiography Mitt livs eventyr which has translated and released as Wings on My Feet in 1940, which was republished in a revised edition in 1954.",
"At the time of her death, Henie was planning a comeback for a television special that would have aired in January 1970. [5] Nazi controversy Edit Henie's connections with Adolf Hitler and other high-ranking Nazi officials made her the subject of controversy before, during, and after World War II. During her amateur skating career, she performed often in Germany and was a favorite of German audiences and of Hitler personally. As a wealthy celebrity, she moved in the same social circles as royalty and heads of state and made Hitler's acquaintance as a matter of course. Controversy appeared first when Henie greeted Hitler with a Nazi salute during an exhibition in Berlin some time prior to the 1936 Winter Olympics ; she was strongly denounced by the Norwegian press. She did not repeat the salute at the Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, but after the Games she accepted an invitation to lunch with Hitler at his resort home in nearby Berchtesgaden, where Hitler presented Henie with an autographed photo with a lengthy inscription. After beginning her film career, Henie kept up her Nazi connections, for example personally arranging with Joseph Goebbels for the release of her first film, One in a Million, in Germany.",
"During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany, German troops saw Hitler's autographed photo prominently displayed at the piano in the Henie family home in Landøya, Asker. [6] As a result, none of Henie's properties in Norway were confiscated or damaged by the Germans. Henie became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1941. Like many Hollywood stars, she supported the U.S. war effort through USO and similar activities, but she was careful to avoid supporting the Norwegian resistance movement, or making public statements against the Nazis. For this, she was condemned by many Norwegians and Norwegian-Americans. After the war, Henie was mindful that many of her countrymen considered her to be a quisling. However, she made a triumphant return to Norway with the Holiday on Ice tour in 1953 and 1955. Personal life Edit Henie was married three times, to Dan Topping, Winthrop Gardiner Jr. [7] and the wealthy Norwegian shipping magnate and art patron, Niels Onstad.",
"After her retirement in 1956, Henie and Onstad settled in Oslo and accumulated a large collection of modern art that formed the basis for the Henie-Onstad Art Centre at Høvikodden in Bærum near Oslo. In addition to her marriages, Henie had a variety of love interests, including her skating partners Jack Dunn and Stewart Reburn, celebrated boxing legend Joe Louis, a much-publicized affair with Tyrone Power, and a later romance with actor Van Johnson. According to the biography Queen of Ice, Queen of Shadows, written by her brother Leif with Raymond Strait after her death, Henie was obsessed with money and sex, had a vile temper when crossed, and used her family and others shamelessly to advance her own ends. Henie was diagnosed with leukemia in the mid-1960s. She died of the disease at age 57 in 1969 during a flight from Paris to Oslo. [8] Considered by many as one of the greatest figure skaters in history, she is buried with Onstad in Oslo on the hilltop overlooking the Henie-Onstad Art Centre.",
"Results Sonja Henie biography recounts a glamorous, controversial life | Sports Biblio Sonja Henie biography recounts a glamorous, controversial life February 22, 2016 / Wendy Parker / 0 Comments Sonja Henie was a teenage sporting star and global celebrity long before the sport of figure skating produced more contemporary versions. The Norwegian-born Henie won Olympic gold in 1928, 1932 and 1936 before coming to the United States and embarking on a Hollywood film career. Along the way, she curried favor with Hitler, had several notorious affairs and gained a reputation as something of a mean-spirited person. The “Pavlova on Ice” image she carved for herself on skates didn’t carry over to her life away from the ice, according to a 1985 biography assisted by her embittered brother, actor Leif Henie. That book, written by celebrity biographer Raymond Strait, has been renamed and reissued for spring 2016 publication. The text of “Sonja Henie: An Unsuspected Life,” is largely unchanged.",
"The initial book, occasionally dubbed “Sonja Dearest,” received mixed reviews from critics, but was a revelation to skating fans caught up in the exploits of Katarina Witt, the sultry 1984 Olympic gold medalist at Sarajevo. The reissued biography follows a Sonja Henie reappraisal timed for the 2014 Sochi Olympics, including a warts-and-all profile in Vanity Fair. While Sonja Henie’s post-Olympics life was at times troubling, her influence on her sport was groundbreaking. She transformed figure skating into an art form, all the way down to her novel choice of white boots: Here was a huge visual shift—from masculine to feminine, from prose to poetry. Just as the ballerina’s pointe shoes were pink, suddenly the female ice skater’s boots were white, redolent of fairy and folk tales, of youthful purity and Nordic power. Sonja had single-handedly pulled figure skating into the realm of metaphor—and where there is metaphor, there can also be art.",
"In “The Pavlova of the Ice,” film footage shot in 1928 ( and available on YouTube ), she is skating outdoors, her slow-motion leaps and spins set against snow-dusted mountains that are nothing short of Wagnerian. One can see why chief among her legion of fans was Adolf Hitler. Before Peggy Fleming, Dorothy Hamill, Tara Lipinski, Debi Thomas and Kristi Yamaguchi traded their names for commercial endorsements and instant celebrity as American champions, Sonja Henie parlayed her athletic fame for the riches of skating tours in the U.S., as well as the big screen. “Little Miss Moneybags” was just one of the many unflattering nicknames Henie engendered before her death , from leukemia, in 1969. The energetic blonde appeal she enjoyed, and that landed her on the cover of Time magazine in 1939, quickly turned to something very different once the business of being Sonja Henie became established, according to the biography.",
"Leif Henie was also Sonja Henie’s business partner (he died in 1984, the year before the original biography was published) and had to deal with her tantrums, her many affairs (Tyrone Power, Joe Louis, Van Johnson) and her three marriages. The first of her 15 films, “One in a Million,” was released in 1936, just after Sonja Henie won her final Olympic gold medal, and introduced her to legions of new American fans who became the initial audience for her skating tours as well. Six of the nine films she made for Twentieth Century Fox between 1936 and 1943 were re-released on DVD in 2014 by Fox Cinema Archives, and provide an adequate survey of her screen work for an unfamiliar viewer. The Glittering Rise and Fall of Sonja Henie, Ice Skating’s Original Queen | Vanity Fair Twitter Left, world-champion figure skater Sonja Henie, circa 1938.",
"Right, Henie, the defending gold medalist, performing her skating routine at the 1936 Winter Olympics, in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany., Left, from Photofest; right, from © Bettmann/Corbis. There are now three generations that have never heard of her. Say her name to anyone under 40, and they won’t know that she was the first teen phenom of modern times—that in 1928, months before Shirley Temple was even born, this dimpled imp of 15 was already a child star on the world’s stage. She was called “the Nasturtium of the North,” “the Ice Queen of Norway,” “the White Swan,” and, less flatteringly, “Little Miss Moneybags.” Her surname rhymes with “penny,” so perhaps it’s no surprise that she counted every last one. When she died, in 1969, her holdings were estimated at more than $47 million.",
"Indeed, the word that really fit this bundle of cutting-edge charisma would not be coined until the 1960s, when Andy Warhol packed star wattage and have-it-all hunger into three syllables: “superstar.” Sonja Henie was the first. What did she do? Sonja Henie was a figure skater. And while there were famous figure skaters before her—Jackson Haines, known as the “American skating prince,” and men such as Axel Paulsen and Ulrich Salchow, for whom jumps were named—none caught the attention of the public, no, the adoration, as Henie did. Beginning in 1927, at the age of 14, she won 10 world championships in a row. More amazing still, during those 10 years, she won three successive gold medals in the Winter Olympics of 1928, 1932, and 1936. Without missing a beat, Henie stepped off the gold-medal podium and into the Twentieth Century-Fox studio system, where she proved to be a monster at the box office, reportedly earning more than $500,000 within a year.",
"Simultaneous with her film career, Henie launched an ice extravaganza that would crisscross the country. Her sold-out ice shows worked as advertising for her movies. Or, perhaps it was the other way around: the movies brought the masses to the shows. Whichever way you look at it, the synergy, like Henie, was irresistible. She put figure skating on the map and got everyone heading for the ice. The second child of Wilhelm and Selma Henie was born in a snowstorm. “Winter had given way to spring,” Sonja wrote in a 1940 memoir, Wings on My Feet. “Then came the worst blizzard Oslo ever suffered—and me.” The date was April 8, 1912, and although the Henies had a handsome son, four-year-old Leif, the new daughter had a special lock on their hearts, especially Wilhelm’s. Whatever Sonja wanted, she eventually got—a family dynamic that would last a lifetime. The first thing she remembers wanting was to skate. The Henies were in a position to satisfy Sonja’s every desire.",
"Wilhelm, who came from old money generated by a brush factory and a fur company, was a smart businessman who grew the family fortune. He was also a world-class athlete who’d been a competitive speed skater, and won the track cycling world championship in 1894. Sonja inherited Wilhelm’s need for speed—“winter drunk” is how she described the sensation of sledding, skiing, and skating into icy winds. She also shared her father’s no-nonsense approach to getting what you want in life fast. Sonja’s mother, Selma, was not keen on sports or speed. A ship captain’s daughter with her own inheritance, she was as introverted as Wilhelm was extroverted. But the couple balanced each other. And both were happy to build home life around their tiny star, who remembers being on skis by age four, impressing everyone with her coordination and grace. By five she was studying ballet with a former teacher of the renowned Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. Classical dance was Sonja’s first love by default, because the one thing her parents would not give her outright was ice skates; they thought she was too young.",
"Sonja spent her earliest years begging, yearning, for skates. Leif wrote that Sonja snitched a pair of his old clamp-on blades at age five and within months surprised everyone by winning a children’s skating competition. Sonja’s memory is that her parents gave her the clamp-ons at age six, that Leif taught her how to fall on the ice (“the way a length of rope drops”), and that she learned figures from a local skater, who then asked Wilhelm to enter her, aged seven, in that first competition. Whichever time line is correct, the essential truths are these: once on the ice, Sonja didn’t want to come off, and once having won, her winning became the family grail. Sonja’s new schedule included three hours’ practice in the morning, two in the afternoon, and a diet strictly monitored and rather pagan—all her life, Sonja would swear by raw eggs and rare steaks. Schooling was out and the best skating teachers were in: Oscar Holte, Martin Stixrud, and later, for a steep price, the full-time services of Howard Nicholson.",
"Because balletic line was a key facet in Sonja’s developing Jackson Haines-like skating style, she spent time in London studying classical dance with the Russian ballerina Tamara Karsavina. “I wanted more than anything else,” Sonja wrote, “to make my free-skating program a blend of dancing and figure skating.” “You have to have an image of yourself,” says Peggy Fleming, the 1968 Olympic gold medalist. “She had style and artistry and athleticism, but most important, I think, at the beginning and back in that era, she had guts. She had the guts to follow her thoughts—to follow the image that she had of herself.” The creation of Sonja’s “image” was a family project. In her first Olympics—1924, Chamonix, aged 11—she wore a baggy outfit, the black skate boots of the day, and finished last in a field of eight competitors. Three years later, in 1927, when she won her first world title, her uniquely choreographed free skate was delivered in a svelte costume of white velvet, its bell skirt hemmed to just above the knee. The audience was shocked . . . and delighted.",
"Sonja’s liberation from those old-crow skating skirts showed off spins and spirals to better advantage, and allowed her to perform tricks—the single axel, for instance—that had previously belonged to male skaters. And one more thing. As Michael Kirby, the Canadian champion who was Sonja’s skating partner in the late 1940s, would write, “She had what was thought to be incredible gall for wearing pure white skates. This, she told the press, was because it reminded her of the beautiful snow in her homeland of Norway.” Here was a huge visual shift—from masculine to feminine, from prose to poetry. Just as the ballerina’s pointe shoes were pink, suddenly the female ice skater’s boots were white, redolent of fairy and folk tales, of youthful purity and Nordic power. Sonja had single-handedly pulled figure skating into the realm of metaphor—and where there is metaphor, there can also be art. In “The Pavlova of the Ice,” film footage shot in 1928 ( and available on YouTube ), she is skating outdoors, her slow-motion leaps and spins set against snow-dusted mountains that are nothing short of Wagnerian.",
"One can see why chief among her legion of fans was Adolf Hitler. Sonja’s 10 years of domination date from her 1927 world title. When the Henies weren’t moving Sonja’s training from one winter wonderland to another, she was skating exhibitions in the great cities of the globe. This extensive exhibition skating was meant to give her poise under any pressure. And it did. She won gold in St. Moritz, 1928, gold in Lake Placid, 1932, and—despite Cecilia Colledge snapping at her heels—gold in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936. Sonja set an Olympic record that has been nearly impossible to match. Which is not to say there weren’t controversies during her years of competition. Skating in Berlin, ahead of the 1936 Winter Olympics, Sonja was told that Hitler and his entourage had been seated. She skated into the rink at full speed, did her sharp little skid stop in front of the Führer, raised her arm and declared, “Heil Hitler.” The crowd went mad.",
"The next day, her compatriots in Scandinavia were distraught, the newspapers asking, “Is Sonja a Nazi?” Her impulsive act was a stain on her white velvet. At the Olympics, a chastened Sonja did not salute, though word that she and her parents had lunched with Hitler at his retreat in the mountains didn’t help matters. According to her brother’s writings, Sonja’s response to the uproar was “I don’t even know what a Nazi is.” Henie shaking hands with Adolf Hitler, among her legion of fans, following her third Olympic victory at the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Paternkirchen, Germany., From AP Images. “I don’t think Sonja Henie was a political person in any way, shape, or form,” says Dick Button, the winner of two Olympic gold medals in a row, 1948 and 1952. “She was an opportunist . . .",
"I don’t think she could have cared less who Hitler was, except for whatever power he had and what it would do for her career.” “I want to do with skates what Fred Astaire is doing with dancing,” Sonja told The New York Times on March 18, 1936, about a month after the closing ceremonies of the Olympics. Sonja’s amateur status—and when she might lose it—had been a hot topic for years, almost as if it were her virginity. Now the question was, what’s next? Sonja had observed that there were no skaters in Hollywood, which meant there was a vacuum to be filled. She decided she was the one to fill it—and not as a specialty act. “Sonja was visionary in that she saw what the audience for figure skating could be,” says Edward Z. Epstein, an author and playwright who worked with Universal Pictures for many years and was a competitive skater in his teens. “She refused to do a number in someone else’s movie.” For Sonja, the year 1936 was like winning the lottery. Having announced her retirement from competition, she received calls from producers and film studios.",
"The most important of these calls would be the one that came from Arthur Wirtz, a brilliant Chicago entrepreneur and real-estate mogul who was easily as enterprising as Sonja. The owner of the Chicago Blackhawks, the Chicago Bulls, and the Chicago Stadium, he saw Sonja as a way to fill stadiums around the country. He signed her to a touring contract and within weeks tested the waters by presenting “Sonja Henie Night” at Madison Square Garden—a smashing success. He asked her to put together her dream show to launch the following year. “The plan of that pioneer show,” Sonja wrote in her memoir, “was new in that I was to be the prima ballerina, so to speak, of a two-hour show, with a professional cast supporting me.” The one call Sonja hadn’t gotten was from her film studio of choice: Darryl F. Zanuck’s Twentieth Century-Fox. “The studios had their little niches,” Epstein explains. “Sonja fit into Fox. As she said, Zanuck had a reputation for looking for cutting-edge people.",
"He would take a chance on something that wasn’t conventional.” To get Zanuck’s attention, Sonja and her father, with the help of Wirtz, brought an ice show to Hollywood’s Polar Palace ice rink. With his usual chutzpah, Wilhelm went to see William Randolph Hearst. Leif would write that Wilhelm said he’d give $5,000 to the charity of Hearst’s choice if the actress Marion Davies, Hearst’s mistress, would sponsor Sonja’s shows. The deal was struck, and those two performances, in May of 1936, were glittering events attended by the biggest stars in town, including Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Spencer Tracy, Clark Gable, and Myrna Loy. Zanuck did not attend the first show, but he was there for the second and soon summoned the Henies. He offered supporting-role status, and Sonja insisted she would accept nothing less than title roles. She didn’t give an inch, and Zanuck caved.",
"Sonja signed a five-year contract stipulating $125,000 per picture, one picture a year, its filming to be done during the summer so she could tour with her ice show in the winter. Her first picture, One in a Million, was a hit that premiered in December 1936 at New York’s Roxy Theatre, where Sonja arrived on the arm of the beauteous Fox actor Tyrone Power, thought to be the love of her life. Henie in her first Hollywood film, One in a Million, 1936., © 20th Century Fox/courtesy of Everett Collection. It was pretty savvy, Sonja’s focus on RKO’s Fred Astaire-Ginger Rogers franchise as the model for what she might do in pictures. She saw that as a dimpled soubrette she’d have to do some form of musical comedy. She also knew that Hollywood wasn’t stocked with leading men who could skate. What Fox copied were RKO’s black-and-white Art Deco sets, the nimble pace, the stock characters, the silly plots, and the big production numbers that got more inventive—black ice, special effects, dream sequences—with every movie.",
"Sonja had innate musicality, which gave her skating numbers a feeling of well-being. She had a lovely, Astaire-like élan on the ice. And she had a signature move of pure joy: her Tinker Bell toe-tip runs, something no one else has done to such powerful effect. “It’s very unusual to run on toe picks,” says Aja Zanova Steindler, the world-champion figure skater who defected from Czechoslovakia in 1950, at the age of 18. “But she just up and took off like a bird.” Sonja may not have been a Ziegfeld beauty, and as an actress, well, she was one of the few female stars in Hollywood not tested for the role of Scarlett O’Hara. It didn’t matter. Smiling, spinning, she was giving the world exactly what it wanted. Her movies, so many of them nestled in frosty-paned Mitteleuropa mountain resorts, were an alternate universe made of powdered sugar—an antidote to Europe’s ominous rumbling toward war. “She kept Fox alive,” says Connie Wald, the widow of producer Jerry Wald.",
"“She was so big,” says Epstein, “at one point MGM produced a movie, with Joan Crawford for God’s sake, called Ice Follies of 1939. It was ridiculous. Joan couldn’t even walk on ice.” And just as movies like 1948’s The Red Shoes inspired a generation of girls to become ballerinas, so Sonja’s movies—along with her ice shows—launched a generation of figure skaters. “She was my idol,” says “Boots” Beyer, an adagio skater in the team Narena & Norris. “I saw Sonja’s first movie, One in a Million, and said to myself, That’s what I want to do. I never dreamed I’d end my career with her.” Into the first flush of her celluloid-and-ice-show stardom came the greatest loss of Sonja’s life, the death of her father in May 1937.",
"Michael Kirby remembers in his book, Figure Skating to Fancy Skating, Sonja once telling him of that first competition she won, at age seven, how her father “was not clapping or yelling, but he had the biggest smile I have ever seen.” Kirby believed that for the rest of her life, “She was yearning to be something special to one man, the way she had been for her father.” And yet, the death of Wilhelm worked a change in Sonja. “The Nasturtium of the North” became tough and acquisitive about money, according to her brother. “The Ice Queen of Norway” took over the show. At Fox, the production people deferred to her unerring judgment when shooting the skating numbers, while performing in her Hollywood Ice Revue, she rode herd over every aspect of production—music, costumes, chorus, box office, ancillary products (“Sonja Henie” sweaters, ski outfits, skates). She kept a cold eye on her cash, a critical eye on her ice show, and a perfectionist’s eye on her public persona—all of which required unflagging energy and attention to detail. It was a kind of control at odds with catching and keeping a man.",
"When it came to sex, “the White Swan” was reportedly aggressive, progressive—though only after Wilhelm died. Leif would later paint his sister as promiscuous, but as one male skater of the era says, she was “a lusty, healthy, happy woman.” In the skating world, it was common knowledge that Sonja’s skating partners often partnered her in bed. “I think she slept with them all,” says Susan Strong Davis, a former skater in Sonja’s show. “She was always in bed with somebody.” Milton Sperling, a screenwriter at Fox, put it succinctly: “She really loved to fuck.” Still, when Sonja did fall in love, she dropped like a length of rope. Those who knew her say that Tyrone Power was the one. Henie with actor and love-interest Tyrone Power in a scene from the film *Thin Ice,*1937., © 20th Century Fox/courtesy of Getty Images. Power, it turned out, was one of the few things Sonja wanted that she didn’t get: in 1939 he married the French actress Annabella.",
"Sonja went on to not one but two Social Register marriages: the first, in 1940, to Dan Topping, an heir to millions and part owner of the New York Yankees (his brother Bob was married to Lana Turner), and the second, in 1949, to Winthrop Gardiner Jr., who had inherited Gardiners Island. Neither man worked, both took advantage of Sonja’s generosity, according to her brother, and both marriages failed. Husbands aside, for “Little Miss Moneybags,” the 1940s were glitter and gold. Sonja wore Van Cleef & Arpels jewelry and Henie furs, traveled with masses of luggage, and stayed at the best hotels. At her gorgeous Holmby Hills house, at 243 Delfern Drive, and elsewhere around the city, she became famous for throwing the most extravagant parties in Hollywood, entering one of them on the back of a small elephant. And she built an elegant estate just outside of Oslo.",
"Sonja made a lot of money from her pictures (11 in all), but this was merely a fraction of the multi-millions she was making with the shows, which continued to pull in sold-out crowds long after her draw at the movies declined. Rolling annually into Madison Square Garden, “Sonja Henie’s Hollywood Ice Revue” rocked the house. “She had a way of doing several strokes,” says Don Watson, a young virtuoso she hired in 1952, who went on to an illustrious career in skating. “Then she’d flip her head up high, and with those large eyes and big smile, she acknowledged the balcony, their existence up there. And they loved her for it.” It was a well-oiled enterprise Sonja had going, and she couldn’t have asked for a better business partner than Arthur Wirtz. He was a man of his word who honored a handshake. He not only kept the bookings and travel running smoothly—on its own train, no less, the Sonja Henie Special—but also helped Sonja to invest in real estate, restaurants, even Black & White scotch, according to Dick Button.",
"He liked Sonja, admired her, and though he knew himself to be shrewd, he once said, “Sonja is shrewder.” But Sonja would part ways with Wirtz, prodded on by her second husband, Winnie Gardiner, who thought she should be getting a bigger percentage from Wirtz, even though she was already getting half. “I told her at the time it was an extraordinarily bad business decision,” says Tom King, who was then the publicity director for all Wirtz concerns, and who later married Barbara Ann Scott, the Olympic gold medalist in 1948. Perhaps Sonja was trying to find Wilhelm in Winnie, trying to locate a strong man in the lightweight she’d married. It’s also true she was peeved because Wirtz, according to King, “wanted to have backup people. He always wanted to improve the show. And she wasn’t going to take any second billing.” Sonja wouldn’t let other blonds in the show, never mind another star. She was refusing to recognize what those around her saw clearly: that while actresses can go on forever, athletes cannot.",
"Never a drinker, she started hitting the scotch which, according to her brother, accentuated the black-and-white sides of her personality. Sidney Smith, who directed Sonja’s live television specials in the 1950s and also her last movie, the documentary Hello, London, remembers something the Czech cinematographer Otto Heller had observed: “He said, ‘Don’t you see? She’s one side good, one side money.’” The fact is, Sonja could be extremely generous and often was, though quietly. She was very giving with Leif’s three sons, for a time, and with Michael Kirby’s children. And yet, Sonja risked further enmity from Norway when she chose not to donate funds to the Norwegian underground during World War II. She fought incessantly with Leif over real estate and family trusts. And over money, she ungratefully broke with Wirtz. The karmic backlash began. For the 1951–52 season, Sonja had to build a whole new show from scratch—the Sonja Henie Ice Revue.",
"“A lot of skaters wouldn’t skate with her, because she was the whole show,” recalls Boots Beyer, a headliner in the new show. “She did eight numbers. I mean, you’d have to have a constitution of iron to be so strong.” Furthermore, what Winnie hadn’t known when he sewed the seeds of discontent was that bookings were done two years in advance, and Wirtz’s revue, now starring Barbara Ann Scott, was already scheduled in all the stadiums Sonja had played through the years. It meant that Sonja’s new show had to go into second-rate spaces, with long jumps from stop to stop. Sonja never found a company manager who could handle the job the way Wirtz’s people had. And in March of 1952, when a section of bleachers collapsed on her opening night in Baltimore because the construction crew hired to build them was still working minutes before the show, it was the beginning of a downward spiral. No one was killed, and Sonja handled the disaster with aplomb, super-lawyer Jerry Geisler at her side, but the season was a financial disaster. Sonja had to borrow from, yes, Wirtz to meet her payroll.",
"“Arthur Wirtz gave me the check, and I gave it to Sonja,” says King. “That’s a fact.” Henie receiving the gold medal at the Winter Olympic Games at Lake Placid, New York, 1932., From AP Images. Things dwindled to the point where Sonja and a much-reduced company found themselves performing in New Brunswick, Canada, in a Quonset hut that held 600. “It was so cold,” says Don Watson, “she was doing her hula number with one of those Norwegian sweaters on.” Nonetheless, Sonja had one last hurrah ahead of her. Morris Chalfen, the owner of Holiday on Ice, had gotten word of the Quonset-hut gig. He, too, had always admired Sonja. He offered her a European tour—Paris, London, Berlin . . . and Oslo. Sonja didn’t want to go to Oslo. She feared the wrath of those who couldn’t forget her “Heil Hitler,” or who hadn’t forgiven her for not helping, with all her millions, to fund the Resistance. Chalfen told her he’d test the waters.",
"She swept through Europe during the summer of 1953, beautifully presented by Chalfen, and prepared to face her fears in Oslo—33 performances from August 21 to September 20. “I was there and every performance was sold out,” says Don Watson. “Oslo, only one announcement was made, and that was for the one person they knew. It was for Sonja. In her first entrance in the show, the boys, 24 in gold tails and top hats, they went down on one knee and made a sort of passageway. And she made her entrance, with the announcement ‘And now . . . Sonja.’ She came out with this huge train behind her, white ermine. Well, the audience gasped. It was like, My God, she’s here, she’s alive. Beautiful figure, costume, lighting. Some of the Norwegians had to come back twice. The majority of the audience stood. Seven thousand people standing.” In 1955, things went south in South America. The audiences didn’t understand ice shows or skating or Sonja. Now 43, she was deeply unhappy with her diminishing skill.",
"“It was over,” says Aja Zanova Steindler. “The hardest thing is to quit at the top. You want to stay—this is your life. A marvelous life. How do you leave? It’s a terrible thing. And Sonja was going through that. … She was very sad. And drinking.” Sonja retired in May 1956, and in June she married the Norwegian shipowner Niels Onstad, a childhood friend of the family whom she had secretly been seeing. Finally! A strong man with his own money. The couple traveled the world and socialized. A Sonja Henie party was still a big deal—sparkling with stars like Joan Crawford, Cyd Charisse, Cesar Romero, Cary Grant, Liberace. And Sonja still loved speed. When she had her hair done by a new svengali of the scissors named Jon Peters (later to be a major Hollywood producer), the two hit it off, and for fun, with her in the back, they’d go flying through the Santa Monica mountains on his motorcycle. Believing in Peters, she lent him $100,000 toward his first salon.",
"Sonja’s biggest project of the 60s was the one she shared with her husband. Together, she and Onstad built a superb collection of modern art—Picasso, Matisse, Bonnard, Miró, Villon, Rouault. More than 100 paintings! After precise and careful planning, they built a modernist architectural gem in which to house the collection in Oslo. The Henie-Onstad Art Center opened with royal fanfare on August 23, 1968. A month later, Sonja got a cold she couldn’t shake. Onstad took her to several doctors, unwilling to accept the diagnosis—leukemia—which he decided to keep from her. Don Watson, a friend until her death, says Sonja was told it was anemia, and she was treated with blood transfusions. (Jon Peters thinks she knew the truth: “She knew every dime, she knew every jewel, she knew every wig, she knew every painting. If she had leukemia, she knew it.”) Except for big dips in energy, followed by transfusions, life went on as usual.",
"Sonja even began to prepare a skating show for television; she was rehearsing to “Lara’s Theme,” music from the film sensation Doctor Zhivago, Don Watson recalls. The couple spent the summer of 1969 in Europe, and in Paris, the night before their planned return to California, Sonja tired. She and Onstad flew instead to Oslo for a quick transfusion. On that flight, Sonja closed her eyes for a nap and never woke up. It was October 12, 1969, and she was 57. In 1985, about 16 years after Sonja’s death, a biography co-written by Raymond Strait and Leif Henie (who died in 1984) was published: Queen of Ice, Queen of Shadows: The Unsuspected Life of Sonja Henie. The book is richly detailed, brimming with background information, and loaded with fascinating insights from Sonja’s colleagues and friends. It is also merciless, sharing every last foible and flaw. More than one reviewer compared the book to the Joan Crawford takedown Mommie Dearest.",
"Obviously the sibling of a superstar is going to have grievances, but Sonja’s peers in the skating world, all that Vanity Fair spoke to, found the book “unfair.” Dick Button: “Siblings fall out. She was very good to everybody.” Boots Beyer: “I will never say anything bad about Sonja. She was wonderful to us. I know she was tough on some people—and probably for good reason.” Susan Strong Davis: “Oh my God, she was the original bitch. The chorus, we were just the peasants. But she was fantastic. And she knew it. I really can’t say enough about her, bitch that she was.” Jon Peters: “At the end of the day, Sonja Henie was this little girl in this big game—and people like to vilify others.” Don Watson: “She was happy rehearsing. She was happy performing. She loved fine restaurants. She enjoyed champagne, and she enjoyed parties . . . She’d walk into the arena, backstage, rehearsal—I mean, when Sonja arrived there was excitement. Something was going to happen.” And now . . . Sonja.",
"Sonja Henie - Biography - IMDb Sonja Henie Biography Showing all 28 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (2) | Spouse (3) | Trivia (14) | Personal Quotes (3) | Salary (2) Overview (4) 5' 3\" (1.6 m) Mini Bio (2) The daughter of a fur wholesaler in Norway, Sonja Henie received her first pair of ice skates when she was six. At 14 she was the Norwegian Skating Champion. At 15 she would win the Olympic gold medal in Skating, a feat she would repeat in 1932 and 1936. In 1936 she would turn professional and tour with her own ice show. She was signed by 20th Century-Fox and debuted in One in a Million (1936), in which she played an ice skater. The picture was very successful, Sonja continued to make a series of light comedies throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s.",
"More a testament to her skating skills and physical appearance than her acting prowess, the films were nevertheless profitable and her popularity soared. Her films' success garnered financial success for the Hollywood Ice Revues that she produced and starred every year. Her movie career wound down during the mid-'40s, but she continued skating until she retired in 1960. An astute businesswoman and due to marrying shipping magnate Niels Onstad (\"the Onassis of Norway\") in 1956, Sonja was one of the ten wealthiest women in the world when she died of leukemia in 1969. Trivia (14) Accomplished skier and tennis player Won 3 olympic gold medals between 1928 and 1936. She was the first skater to parlay her athletic success into a lucrative career. 10 time World Champion Women's Figure Skating according to A&E Biography She was the youngest Olympic skating champion - 15 years and 10 months of age when she won the 1928 gold medal. This record was beaten only in 1998 by a two-month younger American 'Tara Lipinski'.",
"Lost popularity when a photograph was published showing her shaking hands with Adolf Hitler . The photograph of her shaking hands with Adolf Hitler was taken at the 1936 Olympic Winter Games in Germany, and Hitler - being the host nations leader - naturally met several contestants. In that context many claim it's not fair to really judge any of the athletes who encountered Hitler at the games, while others claim Henie should have refused to shake his hand. It is of course easy to judge in retrospect, knowing what we know today of Hitler's later crimes against humanity. Robbed of jewels twice in six months in 1952 Accumulated a large collection of modern art together with her third husband that formed the basis for the Henie-Onstad Art Centre in the city of Tampere, about 200 km from Oslo. They are buried on the hilltop overlooking the museum. Became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1941. Inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame (1976) and the International Women's Sport Hall of Fame (1982). The signature of her ice skate blades adorns the cement at Grauman's Chinese Theatre.",
"In 1940, when the Nazis invaded Norway, she was out of the country. She telegraphed her maid and told her to place a picture of her with Hitler, which he had autographed, in a prominent place in her house. When the Nazis arrived to take over the house, they saw the picture and left quickly. For the rest of the war, all of her possessions were left untouched by the Nazis. After she turned pro, she staged a series of successful ice-skating shows with Arthur Wirtz . Daughter of Wilhelm Henie . Personal Quotes (3) [on studio publicity promoting what was an imaginary romance with Tyrone Power] We had to consult the gossip columns every day to see if we were still in love or not. I want to do with skates what Fred Astaire is doing with dancing. Jewelry takes people's minds off your wrinkles. Salary (2)"
] |
Which Iowa-born artist painted American Gothic and Spring Turning?
|
Grant Wood
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[
"Grant DeVolson Wood",
"Grant Wood"
] | 10,752
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[
"Spring Turning | Reynolda House Museum of American Art This object is currently on view. Description A high horizon line running along the exaggerated width of the composition paradoxically creates simultaneous feelings of expansion and compression in this depiction of an eastern Iowa landscape. The primary subject of Spring Turning, 1936, an oil painting on Masonite panel, is the remembered landscape of Grant Wood’s childhood in Anamosa, Iowa. There is no visual evidence of twentieth century progress in this setting—no automobiles, farm machinery, paved roads, or electric wires. Wood scholar Wanda Corn describes it as “man liv(ing) in complete harmony with nature; he is the earth’s caretaker, coaxing her into abundance, bringing coherence and beauty to her surfaces” (see Wanda Corn, Grant Wood: The Regionalist Vision, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983, 90).",
"The painting was first exhibited at the Carnegie International Exhibition in Pittsburgh in 1936 and on February 8, 1937 was featured in a full-color two-page spread in Life magazine (see Erika Doss, Benton, Pollock and the Politics of Modernism, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, 175). The landscape shown has been segmented into fields for cultivation. The composition encompasses four fields, side by side in pairs and receding at a diagonal away from the picture plane. Their geometric demarcation is man-made, indicated by the plowed furrows that are being turned under in preparation for planting, the rusty red-orange furrows highlighted against the velvety green growth. Each field is surrounded by posthole fences. One can see the fence posts but not the strung wires, thus reinforcing the repetition of the posts as hemmed stitches on a vast quilt. The left of the rear fields has been completely plowed, while the other three are in the process of being plowed. The tiny form of a farmer works the square from the outside to its center. There is a hint of one work-team silhouetted against the sky.",
"The foreground field is being worked by a farmer and team of draft horses, while the mid-ground field is being worked by a farmer driving a team of oxen. In the bottom right third of the composition, a small bridge crosses a shaded stream. At the far end of the recessional diagonal created by the contour of the foreground hill is a single tree casting a shadow, as if in response to the distant pink-flowering tree back by the foot bridge. Along the left edge of the composition, tucked into the far side of a hill, a farmhouse is partly visible, along with grazing cattle in the adjoining field. Slightly above and to the right, barely visible against the sky on the farthest hill, is yet another work team, while the next hill over is topped by a very tiny weathervane against the sky. The bright blue sky is scattered with clouds, but rather than appear rounded these clouds seem to square themselves up parallel to the fields below them. The overall dominance of geometric forms in this landscape and an almost deliberate minimization of pattern and decoration may be traced to Wood’s studies under Ernest Batchelder.",
"Specifically, critic James Dennis says that Batchelder would have been familiar with the art teachings of Arthur Wesley Dow, whose art manual Composition was first published in 1899 and was reissued several times through the 1940s. A quote of Dow’s seems especially applicable to Spring Turning: “Take any landscape that has some good elements in it, reduce it to a few main lines, and strive to present it in the most beautiful way” (see James M. Dennis, Renegade Regionalists: The modern independence of Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, 185). While studying in Munich in 1928 , Grant Wood grew to admire the Northern Renaissance artists Jan van Eyck, Hans Memling, and Hans Holbein the Younger, and this admiration is evident in his most celebrated artwork, American Gothic (1930). Instead of a donor and saint with attributes, there are a farmer and farmwoman. Wood originally intended the pair to be father and spinster daughter but they have generally been perceived as a married couple.",
"The highly realistic depiction is heightened by the almost non-detectible brushwork and glazed surfaces. Wood’s attention to telling detail, such as the rickrack trim on the farmwoman’s apron, her cameo, and the Gothic tracery in the vernacular architecture of the farmhouse, can also be found in Spring Turning. All the details of Spring Turning were worked out in the full-scale preparatory drawing, now in the collection of the Huntington Library and Art Gallery (see Study for Spring Turning, 1936. Pencil, charcoal, and chalk on paper, 17 1/2 in x 39 ¾ in. In the collection of the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California. Gift of the Virginia Steele Scott Foundation, 83.8.53). In both the study and the painting, the cottonwood trees along the stream in the lower right-hand corner, the fence post “stitching” in the square fields created by the initial outmost furrow of each field, and the visual “stippling” of cattle on the hillside behind the farmhouse have a hypnotic effect upon the viewer.",
"Although Wood employs the basic tools of linear perspective in the recession of forms into deep space, he also activates the picture plane by use of careful brushwork, as in his crosshatching light and darker green in the fields and the squared-off strokes of light on dark sienna brown to show the plowed earth in the near fields that eventually smooth to ribbon in the distance. The viewer’s gaze is kept within the composition by the horizontal tilt-up of the landscape towards the picture plane, which also has the effect of directing the viewer’s gaze away from the observation of minute details to seeing the overall geometric forms of the landscape. As his fellow Regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton often did, Wood created a scale model in clay prior to painting his canvas, in order to accurately depict the shadows that would be cast. The support of this painting is the smooth side of a Masonite panel, with a commercial white oil-based paint as the ground and incorporating drawing and multiple layers of transparent, pigmented glazes made from equal parts linseed oil, damar varnish, turpentine and oil paint.",
"The significant use of modifiers to the paint may be the cause of wrinkling and craquelure that can be found in this and other of Wood’s painted surfaces (see James Horns and Helen Mar Parkin, “Grant Wood: A Technical Study,” in Grant Wood: An American Master Revealed, San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks for Davenport Museum of Art, 1995, 85). Wood’s landscape paintings and lithographs capture the seasonal motifs of farming, i.e. spring planting, summer hoeing, fall plowing and fallow fields in winter. Although raised on a farm until a teenager, Grant Wood never considered becoming a farmer himself. Yet Spring Turning, like his other images of Iowa, presents an optimistic, inviting landscape in contrast to his difficult childhood on the farm with a distant and reserved father. Much has been made of the fact that this painting was done during the artist’s four-year marriage to Sara Sherman Maxson, and after the death of his mother Hattie, to whom he was immeasurably devoted. Wanda Corn and other critics read the landscape of Spring Turning as a reclining female nude, or as a large patchwork quilt draped over a female body (Corn 90).",
"More recent scholars including Robert Hughes, Henry Adams, and Tripp Evans assert that Grant Wood was a closeted homosexual; Evans suggests that this image is “the most erotically charged landscape Wood ever created,” and that these same fields suggest “a man’s body, rather than the reclining figure of an earth goddess” that Wanda Corn suggested (see Tripp R. Evans, Grant Wood: A Life, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010, 235). Although never discussed in these specific terms during Wood’s lifetime, it seems interesting that this was created during the period when the artist Georgia O’Keeffe was angrily rejecting critical readings of her large-scale flowers as sexual imagery. Instead what the contemporary critic Henry McBride wrote of the painting in “Wood’s Satire”, The New York Sentinel, October 1936, was: “He paints a Spring Plowing (sic) in which the hills resolve, under the plowman’s touch, into vast checkerboard squares that are highly ridiculous. That is making fun of nature. Artists should not do that.",
"It is all very well to poke fun at the Daughters of Revolution but you can’t do that to anything so (sic) serious as spring plowing.” (Evans 239) Grant Wood may not have been a farmer, but he was an artist who grasped the agrarian mindset and practices of his fellow Iowans. In this image, the farmers plow their land using a farrow hoe behind the team. In Wood’s incomplete and unpublished autobiography (ghostwritten by Park Rinard) Return from Bohemia: A Painter’s Story. Wood recollected that as a young boy, “I liked to stand on a crest of a hill and watch father or Dave Peters plowing in a field below. They guided the plow parallel to the sides of the rectangular field and progressed concentrically inward, cutting great square patterns with light stubble centers” (Evans 237). Wood’s metaphor of man both shaping and being shaped by his landscape is one that was particularly important as this decade saw the ravaged, overworked soil of the Midwest blown away in the Dust Bowl.",
"As a matter of fact, this paean to the land’s fertility was painted during the same year that the composer Virgil Thomson wrote the film score for The Plow that Broke the Plains, a federal film documenting the farming practices that were believed to have caused the Dust Bowl. Thus any reading of the forms in this image as anthropomorphic reflecting the sexual desires of the artist should exist alongside a more straightforward if sentimental homage to Wood’s Arcadian vision, a visual affirmation of the basic agrarian character and values of Iowans (and by extension Americans) that could see them through any hard times. Artist Bio The fame and reputation of artist Grant Wood (1891-1942) is inextricably linked to his 1930 painting, American Gothic, easily among the most widely recognized images in American art and, along with Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa, the most parodied. Purchased for $300 by the Art Institute of Chicago directly from its 43rd Annual Exhibition of American Painting and Sculpture, American Gothic made him nationally famous.",
"Along with Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975) and John Steurt Curry (1897-1946), Wood is associated with Regionalism, which received its greatest critical acclaim during the nineteen-thirties, only to be dismissed by critics after World War II as reactionary and isolationist. The interwar period of American art referred to as American Scene Painting had two major developments, Regionalism and Social Realism. Regionalism, with which Grant Wood was associated, can be distinguished from Social Realism by the former’s emphasis on regional landscape, local history, and material culture while the latter emphasized depictions of contemporary societal issues in order to effect social change. Regionalism was more populist, nostalgic, and representational, while Social Realism was more urban, critical, and expressionistic. Participants in both movements were reacting against European influence on American art in the development of Modernism, especially non-objectivism, and felt that artists should be actively engaged in modern life. But insular attitudes in America changed after World War II with the new American pre-eminence in international affairs, and the purely American subjects of Regionalist artists like Grant Wood fell out of favor.",
"Although only 51 when he died, Wood had already experienced negative reactions to his work by the art establishment. Regionalism and Social Realism would give way to Abstract Expressionism, which grew out of European art movements such as Surrealism and German Expressionism. Abstract Expressionism emphasized the primacy of the artist’s individual imagination and/or subconscious as well as the formal qualities of art production—the process and product itself—as appropriate subject matter for art. The general critical disregard for Regionalism prevailed through the 1980s, at which point American art historians began a reassessment of Grant Wood’s work. Grant DeVolson Wood was born February 13, 1891, in Anamosa, Iowa, to Francis Maryville and Hattie Weaver Wood. He had two older brothers with whom he was not close, and a younger sister, Nan. After the early and unexpected death of his father in 1901, the Woods moved twenty-five miles away from the family farm to nearby Cedar Rapids. Grant lived most of his life in eastern Iowa, and with his mother, Hattie.",
"His sister Nan, with whom he was very close, lived with Grant and their mother until her marriage and posed for her brother on numerous occasions, most notably in American Gothic. Grant Wood married Sara Mason Maxon in the spring of 1935 and moved to Iowa City. Hattie Wood died that fall. His marriage ended in divorce in 1939. Grant Wood died in 1942 from pancreatic cancer. Wood was not quite self-taught, but his artistic training was sporadic. He drew as a child and self-identified himself as an artist in high school but it was not until after he graduated in 1910 that he enrolled in art classes at the Minneapolis School of Design and Handicraft and Normal Art, studying under Ernest Batchelder, a strong proponent of the Arts & Crafts movement. He studied the next summer with Batchelder. After a year as a teacher, Wood lived in Chicago from 1913 to 1916, enrolling in night classes at the Art Institute of Chicago, and attempting to sell jewelry and other metalwork in the Arts & Crafts style.",
"He returned to Cedar Rapids in 1917 and served in the army from 1918-1919, designing camouflage for artillery in Fort Dodge Iowa and Washington D.C. In the early 1920s, Wood traveled to Paris, where he took classes at the Académie Julian. Back in Cedar Rapids, Wood found work as an art teacher and designed a unique studio and living space in an old carriage house. This studio showcased Grant Wood’s wit and ingenuity in its unique furnishings and decorative features such as a front door fashioned from a coffin lid with a clock face to indicate the artist’s whereabouts and expected return. By 1925, Wood had left his teaching job to focus on his art and was doing free-lance work as an artist and home decorator. At this time, Wood began to wear his signature denim overalls, which emphasized his Midwestern and specifically Iowa roots. His third and final visit to Paris was during the summer of 1926, at the end of which he had a one-man exhibition of forty-seven paintings, mostly done in an Impressionist style, at the Galerie Carmine. The exhibition did not receive critical attention or result in sales.",
"Upon his return to Iowa, Wood’s fortunes improved with a major commission in 1927 to create a stained glass window for the Cedar Rapids Veterans Memorial Building. In 1928, he traveled to Munich, where for three months he supervised production of the window, and studied art by Gothic and Northern Renaissance masters at the Alte Pinakothek. He was profoundly affected by their highly detailed realism and use of symbolic objects, and this affected a dramatic change in his work, most notably American Gothic of 1930. Other famous works in his signature style are Woman with Plants (1929), Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (1931), Daughters of Revolution and Arbor Day (1932), and Parson Weems’ Fable (1939). Along with realism and an eye for details, Wood inserted a gentle satire of his subjects, including himself. In addition to his paintings, Wood produced a number of lithographs for Associated American Artists. Most notable are those illustrating his fellow mid-westerner Sinclair Lewis’ novel, Main Street (1937), published for Limited Editions Club.",
"Wood established the Stone City Art Colony and Art School for two summers in 1932 and 1933. He was then appointed Director of Public Works of Art Projects in Iowa and Associate Professor of Fine Arts at the University of Iowa, Iowa City, despite his lack of a college degree. In 1933, he met John Steuart Curry for the first time and, in 1934, Thomas Hart Benton and the art critic Thomas Craven, who would champion the Regionalist movement. He became permanent faculty at the University of Iowa and began promoting Regionalism across the country; notably he was featured in Time magazine’s 24 December 1934 issue. Wood was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1935 and received several honorary degrees from the University of Wisconsin at Madison; Lawrence College, Wisconsin; Northwestern University, Illinois; and Wesleyan University in Connecticut. By 1940, however, Wood’s standing at the university was shaken due to criticism by another faculty member on professional and personal grounds. After being forced to take a year’s leave of absence, he was reinstated and appointed full Professor of Fine Arts in the fall of 1941.",
"That year, he developed pancreatic or liver cancer and died only hours before his 51st birthday in February 1942. Published References & Bibliography Published References: Cather, Willa. “The Troll Garden.” 1984. \"Wright Morris’s Nebraska.\" Great Plains Quarterly. (Winter 1987): 18. Grant Wood: An American Master Revealed. Davenport IA: Davenport Museum of Art, 1995. Carroll, Colleen. Earth, Air, Fire, Water: How Artists See the Elements. New York: Abbeville Press, 1995. Duggleby, John. Grant Wood: Artist in Overalls. Seattle: Marquand Books, 1995. Gombrich, Ernest. The Story of Art. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 1995. Senzoku, Nobuyuki. New History of World Art. 26 Tokyo: Shogakukan, 1995. Kinsey, Joni Louise. Plain Pictures: Images of the American Prairie. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996. Dennis, James M.",
"Renegade Regionalists: The Modern Independence of Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. Living in Our World: The Americas. Raleigh, NC: Humanities Extension/Publications Program North Carolina State University, 1998. Beckett, Wendy. Sister Wendy’s American Masterpieces. New York: Dorling Kindersley, 2000: 120-121. Hubbard, Guy. \"Teaching Art with Art: Making an Entrance,\"Arts and Activities 129 no. 2 (March 2001): 42-43. Dross, Erika. Twentieth-Century American Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Allen, Dick. The Day Before: New Poems. Sarabande Books, 2003. Georgia O’Keeffe visions of the sublime / edited by Joseph S. Czestochowski. Memphis: Torch Press and International Arts, 2004. Boyer, Paul. The Enduring Vision: a history of the American people.",
"Houghton Mifflin, 2005. Knutson, Anne Classen. Andrew Wyeth : memory & magic / Anne Classen Knutson ; introduction by John Wilmerding ; essays by Christopher Crosman, Kathleen A. Foster, Michael R. Taylor. Atlanta: High Museum of Art, 2005. ISBN: 0847827712 Neff, Emily Ballew. The Modern West: American Landscapes, 1890-1950. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. ISBN: 0300114486 Beckett, Wendy. Sister Wendy on Prayer. London: Continuum Books, 2007. Evans, Tripp R. Grant Wood: a life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. ISBN: 9780307266293 Barrett, Terry. Making art: form & meaning. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011.",
"ISBN: 9780072521788 Kairyudo, Shuppan. Unknown textbook. April 2012. Speer, George V. Things of the Spirit: Art and Healing in the American Body Politic, 1929-1941. Peter Lang Publishing, 2012 Bibliography: Corn, Wanda M. Grant Wood: The Regionalist Vision. New Haven: Yale University Press for The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, 1983. Czestochowski, Joseph S. John Steuart Curry and Grant Wood: A Portrait of Rural America. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1981. Czestochowski, Joseph S. Marvin D. Cone and Grant Wood: An American Tradition. Iowa: Cedar Rapids Art Association, 1990. Dennis, James M. Grant Wood: A Study in American Art and Culture. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1986. Dennis, James M. Renegade Regionalists: The Modern Independence of Grant Wood, Thomas Hart Benton, and John Steuart Curry.",
"Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1998. Doss, Erika. Benton, Pollock, and the Politics of Modernism: From Regionalism to Abstract Expressionism. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991. Evans, R. Tripp. Grant Wood: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010. Heller, Nancy and Julia Williams. The Regionalists: Painters of the American Scene. New York: Watson-Guptill Publishers, 1976. Milosch, Jane C., ed. Grant Wood’s Studio: Birthplace of American Gothic. Munich: Prestel for the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art, 2005. Roberts, Brady M. and James M. Dennis, James S. Horns, and Helen Mar Parkin. Grant Wood: An American Master Revealed. San Francisco: Pomegranate Artbooks for the Davenport Museum of Art, 1995. Provenance 1000+ images about Grant Wood Art on Pinterest | Spring, Grant wood and Farms History of Art: Grant Wood.",
"\"Sheaves of Corn\", 1931. See More 1000+ images about Grant Wood on Pinterest | Paul revere, Grant wood american gothic and Grant wood Grant Wood Art | ecard open image full size 322 x 400 px painting 1935 painting 1 Review: ''American Gothic'' painter Grant Wood gets to leave the closet - Books Books By JEFFREY GANTZ | January 7, 2011 Who was Grant Wood? Millions of Americans know him as the artist who painted American Gothic — and that's about it. But since his death, from pancreatic cancer, in 1942, he's become the poster boy for the right and the whipping boy of the left. \"Conservative champions,\" R. Tripp Evans explains in his new biography, \"applaud the painter as a folksy chronicler of a bygone America, or a gentle satirist of small-town foibles, whereas his detractors claim (for the very same reasons) that he promoted a cloying, phony, or even sinister form of nationalism.",
"Whether sympathetic or hostile to the artist's work, both camps miss the man who stands before them.\" Evans himself, however, is on target with a book that could as easily have been titled Grant Wood: A Gay Life. Not that Wood stood before anyone very visibly. Born in 1891 on a farm 30 miles from Cedar Rapids, he spent his entire life trying to make painting look like a normal, if not macho, occupation for a red-blooded American man. He abjured a painter's smock in favor of overalls; after years of rumors about his extended bachelorhood, he married, in 1935, Sara Sherman Maxon, an older (by seven years) woman whose object was arguably friendship rather than romance. His sexual orientation seems not to have been news to those who knew him, but it could hardly be front-page fare in a world where Time was hailing Thomas Hart Benton, John Curry, and Grant Wood as exemplars of rugged American individualism and elsewhere homophobic rhetoric ran rampant. Even now, commentary tends to treat his homosexuality as incidental to his work.",
"Yet Evans makes the case for melding Wood's art with his life, giving particular attention to his authoritarian father (who died when he was 10), his mother, Hattie, to whom he was devoted, his sister, Nan, with whom he had a mutually possessive relationship, and his numerous male friends. The biographer is apt to see male buttocks and penetrating trees in paintings like Stone City, Iowa and Spring Turning where others might not. But there's no doubting Wood's sly subversiveness, or his propensity for misdirection. Is American Gothic really a portrait of a rigid, plain-dealing Midwestern couple? Or could the prominent farm instrument and the in-your-face perspective suggest that this father and daughter (Nan and the artist's dentist were the models) are inviting us to participate in The Iowa Pitchfork Massacre, with optional incest? The Birthplace of Herbert Hoover is not the big house that the miniature figure points to but the tiny cottage next to it. Midnight Ride of Paul Revere would seem to show a miniature Revere riding through some Middlesex town and giving the alarm — only, isn't that Paul's house in North Square at the far right?",
"And doesn't the church he's passing look like Old North? (It looks, stranger still, even more like Old South.) Revere never rode through the North End. Is Wood pulling our historical leg? You could wish that Evans had devoted more attention to the dream/nightmare aspect of Wood's paintings, or explored the way Wood makes America look like some higher being's Lego set. But this is an observant (right down to the way Evans follows the sansevieria and the begonia of Woman with Plants into the background of American Gothic) and objective (when telling us that Wood felt \"a deep attachment to his mother's aprons,\" he adds, \"the strings of which, it must be said, were never cut\") study. It's too bad Grant Wood didn't get this kind of fair play when he was alive. Grant Wood Paintings | Oil Paintings Gallery Oil Paintings by Grant Wood, America 1891 to 1942 Filter list according to painting color palette: Grant Wood was an American painter who was born in Iowa in 1891 and died in 1942. He is famous for his scenes depicting rural American culture in the midwest.",
"His most famous painting is said to be \"American Gothic\" feature an old woman and man standing in front of a house holding a pitch fork. In 1913 he moved to Chicago to study at the Art Institute there, while there he worked as a silversmith. He traveled to Europe to study impressionist and post-impressionist work, but later found that the most influential artist to his style would be the 15th century Dutch painter, Jan vanEyck. In 1932 Wood founded the Stone City Art Colony which helped artists suffering from the devastating Great Depression that hit America at that time. In 1934 Wood became a fine art professor at the University of Iowa. During that time he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and died the day before his 51st birthday. Can't find the painting you are looking for? click here The Appraisal Grant Wood, Regionalist, Whitney Museum of American Art Grant Wood, Regionalist, Whitney Museum of American Art (1983) While John Constable's landscapes look up and out to the sky and God, Grant Wood's gaze is down and in upon the earth as on the body of a recumbent lover.",
"Like a Gaston Lachaise sculpture, Wood sees the land of his native Iowa as a bosomy, rippling-fleshed, full-bellied woman, a sensually sprawling Earth Mother at the zenith of her richness and plenitude. In \"Spring Turning,\" for example, infinitesimal farmers plow massive earthen buttocks. Wood's best works at the Whitney Museum through September 4, in addition to \"American Gothic,\" are landscapes like \"Stone City,\" \"Spring Turning,\" \"The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere,\" \"January\" and the dazzlingly dramatic and powerful preamble to an automobile accident, \"Death on the Ridge Road,\" where he moves beyond commercial illustration and academicism to tap his elemental psychic need. His tapestried \"land of counterpane\" landscape style, deliberately childlike with nearly toy people, houses, trees and hills, attempts to recapture his childhood idyll and, like Early Renaissance painting, seeks to achieve a sense of the miraculous where \"every mountain and valley shall be exalted.\" Nature for Wood is not just routinely alive, but imbued with a transcendent, pantheistic electricity of animation and ability to communicate.",
"The artist's nearly rotund fullness of form -- similarly expressed in so many painters of the 1930's as disparate in style as Pablo Picasso and Stanley Spencer, Fernand Leger and fellow Regionalist Thomas Hart Benton -- while reflecting his own physical proportions, seems to speak of a nearly universal swelling up. It may represent a hoped-for elemental fullness and significance of life in the face of personal disappointment and an increasingly disastrous 20th Century (or an inflation of ego replacing the power of an absent God?) like so many over-inflated balloons that will be punctured by the machine-gun bullets of World War II and, in Wood's and Benton's cases, by the narrow-minded attacks of modernist intellectuals. To his credit, Wood realized the dehumanizing uselessness of swallowing European artistic mannerisms whole. He didn't want to be another of the thousands of assembly-line Picassos, Matisses, Mondrians and Dalis, gagging on unassimilable aesthetics ground out by the educational and cultural establishments.",
"Grant Wood's life, work, goals and the art world's essentially negative response to all three during his lifetime and after, pose that most pregnant question which will eventually have to be answered if art is ever to become significant again: \"Casting aside all prejudices, what artistic and human values and attitudes are absolutely necessary to the resuscitation of contemporary art?\" Perhaps this exhibition and its many implications will restart the process of serious thought and examination. American Gothic CD » Arts Iowa American Gothic CD BUY NOW: iTunes CD Baby To purchase a physical CD call 319.366.8206. American Gothic (2013) for orchestra was commissioned and received its world premiere by Orchestra Iowa under the direction of Timothy Hankewich, Music Director, at the Paramount Theatre, Cedar Rapids, Iowa on May 4, 2013. The composition is scored for piccolo, two flutes, two oboes, English horn, two clarinets, bass clarinet, two bassoons, contrabassoon, four horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, percussion, harp, piano/celeste and strings.",
"American Gothic for orchestra is a contemporary musical reflection on the creative world of Iowa artist, Grant Wood (1891-1942). Composed in memory of my father, Willis Daugherty (1929-2011), the music also reflects on the years I grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. With exceptional public schools, opulent movie palaces and a marvelous symphony orchestra, art museum, public library and community theater, Cedar Rapids is a splendid Midwestern center for the arts. Music was an important activity in the Daugherty family. My father was the manager of the Seiferts downtown department store by day and a drummer with local dance bands by night. My mother, Evelyn Daugherty (1927-1974), was physical education teacher at Franklin Junior High School, who often appeared in community theater productions such as Gypsy. My grandmother, Josephine Daugherty (1907-1991), played piano for silent films in Vinton, Iowa back in the 1930s. They all encouraged the five Daugherty boys to pursue music. Today, my four younger brothers are all professional musicians: Pat (b.",
"1956), Tim (b. 1958), Matt (b. 1959) and Tom (b.1961). I first became aware of Grant Wood when I was a ten-year-old boy enrolled in art classes at the old Cedar Rapids Public Library (now the Cedar Rapids Museum of Art). Prominently displayed in the room where we learned to draw and paint was Grant Wood’s original painting of his mother, entitled Woman with Plant (1928). I realized that Grant Wood was everywhere in Cedar Rapids: his paintings and lithographs at the Museum of Art; his farm mural at the old Montrose Hotel; his carved wooden Mourner’s Bench in the principal’s office at McKinley Junior High School; his stained glass Memorial Window at the Veteran’s Memorial Building. I often rode my bicycle past the artist’s studio at 5 Turner Alley, where Grant Wood created his most famous painting, American Gothic (1930). My father was a fan of Grant Wood’s regionalist art. He was a tour guide at the Grant Wood Studio and he displayed reproductions of American Gothic along with Stone City (1930) at his home.",
"Much like a character in the background of Grant Wood’s paintings from the 1930s, my father milked the cows and fed the horses every morning on the farm before walking several miles down a desolate gravel road to a one-room country grade school. In 2012, I returned to Cedar Rapids to revisit the small towns of Eastern Iowa. I drove along the back roads and farms where my father grew up, and where Grant Wood found inspiration for the people and places captured in his art. All the while, I was collecting musical ideas and mental images to create an emotional framework for my composition. I. On a Roll The first movement features a rollicking melody with colorful orchestration, suggesting the vivid colors and dynamic curves of Grant Wood’s paintings of rural Iowa. Just as Grant Wood simplified elements of the Iowa landscape into a precisely placed compositional design, I have created an abstract musical pattern. Like the modernist geometric patterns imposed on rolling hills in Young Corn (1931) and in Spring Turning (1936), the music rolls along in a continuous ascending and descending melody that moves from one instrument to the other, from the tuba to the string pizzicato.",
"The percussion crackles like the sound of the corn growing in row after row on a hot summer day. II. Winter Dreams The second movement evokes the bleak winters experienced by my father growing up in rural Iowa during the 1930s and scenes, depicted in Grant Wood’s black and white lithographs of the same time period, such as January and February. A haunting melody, played by alto flute and strings in harmonics, evokes a cold winter wind whistling “down in the valley”. The cellos respond with a melancholy countermelody accompanied by sleigh bells. The title of this movement hearkens back to a poem entitled “Grant Wood” by Jay Sigmund (1885-1937) where he exclaims, “ … time found a new son / Dreaming on the plain.” An Iowa poet and close friend of Grant Wood, Sigmund persuaded the artist to turn his attention from Europe back to Iowa for his subject matter and artistic inspiration. III. Pitchfork The title of the third movement refers to the pitchfork gripped by the dour farmer who stands alongside his spinster daughter in Grant Wood’s painting, American Gothic.",
"Many have speculated on the hidden meanings of this American masterpiece. Is it a tribute? A comic portrait? An allegory? A social satire? A political critique? A private joke? For me, this iconic painting reveals the ambiguities of American culture and Grant Wood’s dry wit. After all, he was a founding member of the infamous Grant Wood Garlic Club in Cedar Rapids, and a practical joker, like my father. For this movement, I have composed playful, toe-tapping music. A quirky melody in the woodwinds is punctuated by spiky chords in the brass section and bluegrass riffs in the string section. Like the gothic window in the background of Grant Wood’s painting, this movement is a window into my contemporary musical vision of American Gothic. – Michael Daugherty Grant Wood (1891-1942) - American Regionalist American Regionalist * Sullivan Goss seeks to acquire works by this Artist Grant Wood�s Regionalist paintings of bountiful farmlands and busy farmworkers starkly contrast the period of the Great Depression and wartimes in which they were created. Free from images of poverty and fear, they capture the unique, inspirational spirit of the Midwest of decades earlier.",
"On the West Coast, Regionalist painters included Ben Messick , Paul Sample , and Dan Lutz . Table of Contents IX. WORKS FOR SALE BY THIS ARTIST I. BIOGRAPHY In 1891, Grant Wood was born to Hattie Weaver and Francis Maryville Wood on a farm near Anamosa, Iowa, a rural town with a population of about 2,000. After the unexpected death of her husband in 1901, Hattie Wood relocated with her four children to her parent�s house in Cedar Rapids. Removed from their idyllic family farm, Grant Wood and his siblings quickly accustomed to the new, urban setting that surrounded them. Wood�s grammar school teacher, Emma Gratten, is credited as the first person to support the youngster�s interest in art. At the age of fourteen, Wood submitted a drawing of oak leaves to a sweepstakes and won first prize. During his high school years, he befriended artist Marvin Cone (1891-1965), and together, they designed sets for the school�s theater department.",
"On the night of his graduation, he left for a summer course taught by nationally known architect and designer Ernest Batchelder (1875-1957) at the Minneapolis School of Design and Handicraft. In 1913, Wood relocated to Chicago, where he set up a jewelry and fine metalwork shop. Occasionally, he enrolled in evening drawing classes at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Over the next several years, he took correspondence and summer school courses in the decorative arts and even served in the U.S. Army as a camouflage designer. When his mother fell ill in 1919, he returned to the family home in Cedar Rapids and took a position as a grammar school teacher in order to support her and his younger sister. After a brief summer trip to Paris in 1920, Wood returned to France three years later to study at the Academie Julian. On a sabbatical from his teaching position, he also traveled with artist friends to Sorrento, Italy. Looking back, Wood referred to these times as his �bohemian years.� When he returned to Iowa, he dawned a beard and adopted an impressionist style of painting.",
"In the 1920s, Wood earned fame as an artist in the local community. In 1919, Killian�s Department Store held an exhibition of his paintings alongside the works of his longtime friend and fellow artist, Marvin Cone. Following this exhibition, the competing major department store, Armstrong�s, hired Wood to decorate their store window displays. He also completed mural and portrait commissions for local family-owned businesses and factories. In 1927, he was commissioned to complete a stained-glass window for the new Veteran�s Memorial Building in Cedar Rapids. Upon the urging of the planning commission, Wood was sent to Germany with Cone to oversee the production of the piece at specialist workshops. During his three month stay in Munich, Wood saw early German and Flemish paintings for the first time. His admiration for the works of the German and Flemish Old Masters is said to have been a major turning point in his career. Abandoning the Impressionist style, Wood adopted the extreme Realist style of the fifteenth and sixteenth century Flemish school. Working with a tighter brushstroke and a darker color palette, the artist completed his most memorable works upon his return from Munich.",
"In 1930, his painting American Gothic (1930) was accepted into the juried annual exhibition of the Art Institute of Chicago and won the Norman Walt Harris Bronze Medal. Wood�s painting of a woman, man and pitchfork received almost overnight success and catapulted the artist into the public eye. To this day American Gothic stands alone as the sentinel distillation of the clear, forceful and acerbic Midwestern mentality. In the years following the exhibition of American Gothic, critics were eager to present Wood to the public as the leader of American Regionalism. He was invited to contribute paintings to numerous contemporary art exhibitions and to act as a director for several national art programs. Drawing upon memories from his early childhood spent on a farm, Wood exemplified the Regionalist style through his paintings of small-town folk and life in the Iowan countryside. In 1932, he best expressed the regionalist sensibility when he and fellow artists Edward Rowan (1898-1946) and Adrian Dornbush (1900-1970) opened a summer art colony and school in Stone City, Iowa. The art colony proved to be successful in attracting many aspiring Midwestern artists.",
"Lasting two summers, the colony was Wood�s most dramatic attempt yet to establish the Midwest as a significant art center. After two summers, Wood closed the art colony and accepted a position as an associate professor in the art department of the University of Iowa in hopes of giving wider breathe to his artistic vision. During his tenure, Wood gave many lectures on Regionalism and even published a tract entitled Revolt Against the City that drew comparisons between Regionalist art and literature. For many years, Wood was known for his status as one of Cedar Rapids� most eligible bachelors. However, in 1935, he decided to marry struggling actress and opera singer Sara Maxon, much to the dismay of his friends and family. Their marriage proved to be tumultuous, and the two divorced in 1939. Misled by his failed marriage, Wood was further embarrassed by the government�s discovery that he had failed to pay income taxes for the past three years. With the extra burdens brought on by his divorce and the government, Wood was buried in financial debt by the late 1930s.",
"Furthermore, a bitter argument developed between Wood and the University of Iowa�s art department, which had began to denounce his artistic talent and reject his Regionalist doctrines. Faculty members, who supported the new abstract trends that were then sweeping the nation, began to argue that Wood�s lectures and paintings were provincial at best and outdated. Feeling betrayed by the department that he had made famous, Wood requested a leave of absence in 1940. Two years later at the age of 51, he died from liver cancer at the University�s hospital. II. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIST'S WORK A son of a Midwestern farmer, Grant Wood lived his entire life in Iowa, only briefly traveling to Europe. The unique character of small-town mid-America had a lasting impression on Wood that compelled him to make it the chosen theme of countless paintings. Over the course of his career, it seems that Wood had a stock of subject matter that revolved around American folklore and life in the countryside. A farmer plowing a field, mother and child planting new crops, grandma mending, and grandpa eating freshly popped corn all became the recognizable �stars� of Wood�s creations.",
"He is primarily known for his paintings such as these, and in particular, the painting American Gothic featuring a Midwestern father and daughter. Since its creation in 1930, it has gained an iconic stature in American culture. In 1935, he published the essay Revolt Against the City, which defended his regionalist beliefs. Wood argued that the Great Depression was good for American art because it forced many American artist�s who could not finance a trip abroad to rely on their own tradition, rather than that of Europe. He claimed that to look toward America for artistic inspiration was neither provincial nor close-minded; instead, it creates an independent style that is both personal and narrative. By World War II, the rise in popularity of European abstraction put the figural style of Wood and the Regionalists out of fashion. Critics began to argue that he and fellow Regionalists Thomas Hart Benton (1889-1975) and John Stewart Curry (1897-1946) made art that was provincial and nationalistic. Moreover, opponents argued that Wood�s style was far too similar to that of an illustrator.",
"Despite negative criticism late in his career, Wood adhered to the Regionalist style that he had made popular decades earlier. His paintings of idyllic farmlands and busy farmworkers starkly contrast the period of the Great Depression and wartimes in which they were created. Through a narrative design, Wood created a world that captured the mid-west of decades earlier. Free from poverty and fear, they capture a unique spirit of America and its idyllic history of untainted farmlands and small-town communities. While the world was looking toward Europe for answers to art, Wood examined what was before his very self with a courageous eye, imaginative mind and classicizing brush. III.",
"CHRONOLOGY 1891 Grant Wood born on February 13 on a farm near Anamosa, IA 1910 Graduates from high school and takes a summer course at the Minneapolis School of Design and Handicraft 1911 Retunes for a second summer to the Minneapolis School of Design and Handicraft 1913-16 Takes evening drawing classes at the Art Institute of Chicago and opens a jewelry and fine metalwork shop 1916 Returns to his family�s home in Cedar Rapids 1918-19 Serves in army designing camouflage for artillery 1919 Teaches in public school system. Killian�s Department Store sponsors his first exhibition. 1920 Travels to Paris for the summer 1923-24 Returns to Paris and takes classes at the Academie Julian.",
"Travels to Sorrento, Italy in the winter months 1926 Makes last trip to Paris and holds a solo-exhibition at the Galerie Carmine 1927 Commissioned to complete a stained glass window for the new Veterans Memorial Building in Cedar Rapids 1928 Travels to Munich for three months with artist friend Marvin Cone 1930 Wins medal at the annual exhibition of the Art Institute of Chicago for his painting American Gothic 1932 Opens Stone City Colony and Art School, which stays open for two summers 1934 Elected director of Public Works of Art Project in Iowa and named Associate Professor of Fine Arts at the University of Iowa (UI) 1935 Marries Sara Maxon 1939 Divorces Sara Maxon Wood 1941 Awarded honorary degrees from Northwestern University and Wesleyan University. Appointed Full Professor of Fine Arts at UI 1942 Dies of liver cancer on February 12 IV.",
"Exhibitions 1919 Kilian�s Department Store, Grand Rapids, IA 1926 Galerie Carmine, Paris 1928 Iowa Federation Women�s Clubs 1929-32 Iowa Art Salon 1929 Toledo Museum Annual Exhibition 1930 National Academy of Art, Chicago 1930, 1942 Art Institute of Chicago 1931-37 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art Annual Exhibition 1935 Ferargil Galleries, NY 1937, 1957 Corcoran Gallery biennial 1965, 1996 Des Moines Art Center 1970 University of Iowa Museum of Art 1975 Brooks Memorial Art Gallery 1977 Davenport Municipal Art Gallery 1983 Whitney Museum of American Art 1985 Elvehjem Art Center at the University of Wisconsin 1987 Montgomery Art Center at Pomona College 1996 Joslyn Art Museum Grant Wood Spring in Town Stone City, Iowa BORN AT Anamosa, Iowa, Grant Wood spent his entire life in this small town in the American Midwest, and his paintings",
" are a chronicle of the people and the scenery of the district.",
"In the 1920s, however, he travelled to France and the Netherlands where he studied the works of the Old Masters, especially the Gothic, Romanesque, Renaissance and Flemish School, all of which had a strong influence on his own paintings. His best-known painting, American Gothic, is aptly named, for in it Wood depicts a cottage in his home town whose Gothic window appealed to him. In the foreground stands a typical Midwestern farmer and his wife, actually Wood’s sister and his dentist, who served as his models. He was severely criticized at the time for lampooning the values of Middle America but he defended himself insisting that the painting was intended as a sincere tribute to the simple dignity of rural communities. Wood was the foremost of the Regionalists, a group of American artists who rejected the abstract in favour of the realism of ordinary people and their locale. Excerpt from Art. The World of Art, from Aboriginal to American Pop, Renaissance Masters to Postmodernism. Fall Plowing"
] |
Which country does the airline Garuda come from?
|
Indonesia
|
[
"Unitary state of republic of indonesia",
"Indonesian Republic",
"INDONESIA",
"ISO 3166-1:ID",
"The world's most populous Muslim nation",
"Unitary State of Republic of Indonesia",
"Indonezio",
"Wildlife of Indonesia",
"Indonnesia",
"Indoneshia",
"Etymology of Indonesia",
"Republic of Indonesia",
"Indonesia, Republic of",
"Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia",
"Indonesia",
"Indonesie",
"Indonesian government",
"Ecology of Indonesia",
"Indnonesia",
"Republic Of Indonesia",
"Unitary state of the republic of indonesia",
"Indonesian Empire",
"Indonésie",
"Indonisia",
"Republik Indonesia"
] | 9,998
|
[
"The Airline of Indonesia - Garuda Indonesia Check In Terms & Conditions Web Check-In <Important> Each booking is only allowed one Online Check-in. If there is more than one passenger on a booking, all passengers must check-in all at once, otherwise the remaining passenger(s) will not be able to do Online Check-in and it can only be done at the airport. Online Check-in service is available from 24 hours to 4 hours before departure; for domestic flights departing from Jakarta (CGK), the online check-in is available from 24 hours to 2 hours before departure. Online Check-in is not available for the following passengers: Passengers without e-ticket Infants under 2 years old who are not occupying a seat. Passengers who need special assistance at the airport, such as pregnant passengers, children younger than 12 years old who travel alone, Unaccompanied Minor (UM), the passengers that require wheelchair, stretcher case, or any other special handlings at the airport. Group bookings (more than 9 persons) The system will automatically assign you a seat, but you can change it by accessing the preferred seat option in our Online Check-in function.",
"For international flights, please show your Online Boarding Passes (both PDF and QR barcode boarding pass) to the Airport Check-in Counter before boarding. For international flights, please make sure that your passport is valid up to at least 6 months from the travel date and secure other valid travel documents such as any visa documents required for the trip. Present them to the Airport Check-in Counter before boarding. Boarding gate number and seat number may change without prior notice for the following reasons: the circumstances at the airport on the day of the flight or a change of aircraft. You may check boarding gate updates on the airport information display system at the airport. If you fail to complete the Online Check-in procedure due to technical problems such as printer or system error, please refer to the instructions on the page and complete the boarding procedure at the Airport Check-in Counter. Information: To use Online Check-in, please use your e-ticket with confirmed reservation. For prompt customs and immigration procedures, please bring your passport and fill in your passport information during Online Check-in. Passengers with connecting flights can check-in sequentially. Please arrive early for quarantine and security checks.",
"Please complete the check-in procedure at the Airport Check-in Counter at least 60 minutes before departure for domestic flights, and 90 minutes before departure for international flights. Carry-on baggage should be limited to one piece, must not weigh more than 7 kg (for both Economy and Business Class), with maximum size: 56 cm length, 23 cm width, and 36 cm height (for CRJ and ATR Aircraft type maximum size is 41 cm length, 17 cm width, and 34 cm height). Make sure that you are not carrying any valuable items in your checked baggage For the safety and security of our passengers, crew, and the aircraft, please make sure that you are not carrying any dangerous items in your carry-on and checked baggage. Please click here for baggage restrictions information details Please make sure that you pack your own baggage or supervise the person who does it for you. The Airport Check-in Counter will be closed 45 minutes prior to departure for international flights and 30 minutes prior to departure for domestic flights. For flights departing from Terminal 3 Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, the Airport Check-in Counter is closed 45 minutes prior to scheduled departure for domestic flights.",
"Boarding Gate is opened 120 minutes prior to departure and aircraft door is closed 10 minutes prior to departure. Passengers who want to cancel must report to the Airport Check-in Counter or Garuda Indonesia Call Center. For further information please contact the Garuda Indonesia Call Center at 0804-1-807-807 (within Indonesia region only) or +62-21-2351 9999. I have read Online Check-in notice and information Check My Flight Garuda Garuda by Sumanta Sanyal Garuda is one of the three principal animal deities in the Hindu Mythology that has evolved after the Vedic Period in Indian history. The other two are Ganesha , the elephant-headed son of the goddess Durgha , and Hanuman , the monkey god. It is after Garuda that the Indonesian National Airlines is named. Even today, Garuda is much revered by devout Hindus for his ethics and his strength in applying his ethics to correct evil-doers. Garuda is the king of the birds. He mocks the wind with the speed of his flight. As the appointed charger of Vishnu he is venerated by all, including humans.",
"Garuda is the son of Kashyap, a great sage, and Vinata, a daughter of Daksha , a famous king. He was hatched from an egg Vinata laid. He has the head, wings, talons, and beak of an eagle and the body and limbs of a man. He has a white face, red wings and golden body. When he was born he was so brilliant that he was mistaken for Agni , the god of fire, and worshipped. Garuda was born with a great hatred for the evil and he is supposed to roam about the universe devouring the bad, though he spares Brahmins as his parents had forbidden him to eat them. Garuda is also well-known for his aversion to snakes, a dislike he had acquired from his mother, Vinata. There is a story behind this hatred of Garuda's mother. As it is quite interesting it is told hereafter. Kashyap, Garuda's father, had two wives: Kadru, the elder, and Vinata, Garuda's mother, the younger. There was great rivalry between the two wives. They could not stand each other.",
"Once, they had an argument over the color of the horse Uchchaisravas, produced during the Churning of the Ocean just after the time of creation. Each chose a color and laid a wager on her own choice. The one who lost would become the other's slave. Kadru proved to be right and, as part of the agreement, imprisoned Vinata in the nether regions, Patala, where she was guarded by serpents. The serpents are, according to another myth, the sons of Kadru herself. Garuda, on hearing of his mother's imprisonment, descended to Patala and asked the serpents to release Vinata. They agreed to do so and demanded as ransom a cup of amrita (ambrosia). So Garuda set off for the celestial mountain where the amrita was kept. Before he could get to the amrita he had to overcome three hazards set up by the gods to guard the celestial drink. First, Garuda came upon a ring of flames fanned by high winds. They roared and leapt up to the sky but Garuda drank up several rivers and extinguished the flames. Next, Garuda came upon a circular doorway.",
"A very rapidly spinning wheel with sharp spikes on the spokes guarded it. Garuda made himself very small and slipped through the turning spokes. Lastly, Garuda had to defeat two fire-spitting serpents guarding the amrita. He flapped his wings rapidly and blew dust into the eyes of the monsters and blinded them. Then he cut them to pieces with his sharp beak. So Garuda finally reached the amrita and started to fly back with it to the nether regions but the gods anticipated his purpose and gave chase. Indra , king of the gods, struck him with his thunderbolt but Garuda proved a superior warrior and defeated the gods and continued unscathed on his journey to Patala. When the serpents got the amrita they were overjoyed and released Vinata. Garuda got his mother back but he became an inveterate enemy of the serpents, the sons of his mother's rival Kadru. Also the serpents, the Nagas , symbolized evil and that automatically invoked Garuda's hatred.",
"As end-piece to this myth it must be told that, as the Nagas were about to consume the amrita Garuda had just brought them, the chasing gods entered Patala and Indra seized and took away the cup of amrita. Anyway, the serpents had just had time enough to lick a few drops of amrita and this was enough to make them immortal. Also, since the celestial drink was very strong, their tongues were split and that is why, to this day, serpents have forked tongues. Article details: Flight review: Garuda Indonesia London to Jakarta Flight review: Garuda Indonesia London to Jakarta 10 October This is the website of travel writer, Michael Turtle. After working in broadcast journalism for a decade in Australia, Michael left Sydney to travel the world indefinitely and write about his discoveries. Flying Garuda Indonesia London Gatwick to Jakarta When you think of the world’s top airlines, there’s a good chance you don’t think of Garuda Indonesia. It doesn’t have the same brand recognition as some of its Asian competitors – Singapore Airlines or Thai Airways, for instance.",
"For many years it had a bad reputation for safety and was, in fact, banned from European air space between 2007 and 2009. But since then, Garuda Indonesia has been making a concerted effort to rebuild its image and recent awards speak for themselves. At the latest Skytrax World Airline awards (the industry’s top global benchmark), Garuda Indonesia was rated as the 7th best airline in the world, the 2nd best economy class, in the top 10 for business and first class, and the 2nd best staff for an Asian airline. The airline now has its sights set firmly on the European market. In March this year, it joined the SkyTeam airline alliance , giving it strong links with the cornerstones of the group – KLM and AirFrance. In May, it launched direct flights from Jakarta to Amsterdam, using the Dutch city as a hub for SkyTeam connections to other European destinations. And on September 8, it began its first London (Gatwick) to Jakarta flight. I was invited as a guest on this inaugural flight to review the new route and onboard experience.",
"It’s of real interest to me because as well as opening up opportunities for UK passengers to Jakarta , it provides easy connections to popular domestic holiday destinations like Bali . And it is even an option for the popular (and competitive) London – Australia journey. I’ll go through some of the details of the flight in a second. But my overall impression is that, while the onboard experience is one of the best you could hope for, there are still some issues with the schedules. Let’s look at the scheduling first. The original plan by Garuda Indonesia was to have a direct route from London to Jakarta but the new arrangements with the SkyTeam alliance means the flight now stops in Amsterdam. Although it is the same seat on the same plane – a Boeing 777-300ER – passengers need to get off at Amsterdam airport and reboard for takeoff about two hours later. This is still the fastest way to get from London to Jakarta but is clearly an annoyance. The flight takes off from Gatwick in London, while almost all other flights from London to Asia leave from Heathrow. Personally, I quite like Gatwick as an airport and find it easy to get to and navigate – particularly from eastern and southern parts of the city.",
"That may be a factor for some passengers who are based closer to Heathrow, though. Once onboard, though, the real benefits of a Garuda Indonesia flight become evident. Across all the cabins, the service of the flight attendants is exemplary. There’s a casual professionalism that I always enjoy – friendly but still respectful – that makes you feel welcome. My seat was in the business class section of the plane so I’ll focus on some of those features now. Firstly, I want to say this is one of the most comfortable flights I have been on and I’ve been fortunate enough to experience plenty of economy and business class cabins. The seat has a 73 inch pitch and converts to a fully-flat bed with a mattress. I found it very easy to get to sleep for the overnight part of the trip and was able to sit back and relax with my feet on the footrest while watching a movie and having a drink. Every business class seat also has direct aisle access, which I feel is quite important. One of the highlights of the flight was the catering (not something you hear often about airline food!). For each meal that’s served, there are three options – usually Indonesian, Western and Japanese. There are then further choices within some of those cuisines.",
"For dinner, for instance, I chose the Indonesian meal and found it to be absolutely delicious – a fruit salad with peanut sauce to start, followed by a chilli fish soup, roast chicken with rice and vegetables for the main course and steamed banana with coconut ice cream for dessert. As far as the entertainment goes, I was impressed with the option to watch live news channels throughout the whole flight. There is also a large selection of movies and television shows, although I felt like there weren’t enough new release blockbusters (I tend not to go to the cinema much these days and like to catch up on new movies on flights). There is also wifi available for free in first class and for a fee of about $20 for business and economy passengers. You can pay with a credit card and it is surprisingly fast – a great feature for people with work to do. For business and first class passengers and SkyTeam priority members, there are some extra features that make the flight more comfortable. There’s the lounge access in London and Amsterdam, priority boarding for the flight and – my favourite – the arrivals lounge at Jakarta airport where you can have a coffee and a shower while somebody collects your luggage for you.",
"On the return flight from Jakarta airport, you can even relax in the lounge while somebody goes and gets your passport stamped by immigration officials! Overall, Garuda Indonesia has clearly positioned itself in the past few years as one of the best Asian airlines for service and comfort and the results are clear to passengers. Its expansion into the European market is making it an excellent alternative to some of the more established players in this part of the world. My understanding is that it plans to make the London – Jakarta flight direct (and bypass Amsterdam) in the future once it grows its passenger numbers from the UK. Once it does that, it will have a near-perfect option for business passengers to Indonesia and holidaymakers to nearby destinations like Bali. Find out how much a ticket will cost for your chosen dates: Time Travel Turtle was a guest of Garuda Indonesia but the opinions, over-written descriptions and bad jokes are his own.",
"Garuda vs Thai vs Singapore Airlines vs Malaysia Airlines – backpackerlee November 14, 2015 Garuda vs Thai vs Singapore Airlines vs Malaysia Airlines Now that I have gained a lot of experience in flying with each of these tropical heavyweights, I thought I would try to evaluate what each of these particular airlines do well, and where there is room for improvement. In the foreseeable future, I can possibly see the likes of Vietnam Airlines, Royal Brunei Airlines, Philippine Airlines, as well as possibly Myanmar Airways International, join the original ‘Big 4’ of South East Asia, but for now, it is those aforesaid ‘Big 4’ on which I am going to concentrate. I will give a little background on each airline, and recount some of my own experiences flying with each. I will also analyse the food and uniforms of each airline, as well as examining and comparing the service levels onboard. I will also take a look at the prestigious first class cabins of each of the airlines featured in this article, as well as their hub airports, in addition to adding some final thoughts on what the future may hold for aviation in general in this part of the world.",
"Garuda Indonesia were once known as something of an unreliable or even unsafe airline, and were also banned from entering EU airspace on the basis on their poor aviation safety. However, recent improvements have left many people, myself included, very impressed with Garuda. Now a firm member of SkyTeam, they are one of the only airlines I have flown with who offer pre-takeoff drinks in economy class, and it is these added touches that make Garuda what it is today, and also gives an edge when compared to other airlines in the South East Asia region. Such a sexy beast! Thai Airways is a member of Star Alliance and is a sleeping giant of the aviation world. They should be huge, but for some reason always seem to play second-fiddle to those around them – and have not fared well against the onslaught from the ME4. I have flown with Thai many times, mainly on regional flights within south east Asia, and have grown accustomed to their style and brand. The onboard product from Thai is usually inferior to that of SQ or MH, but certainly on par with Garuda.",
"It must be said that the new Airbus A380s from Thai look amazing both inside and outside (see below), as the cabins are fitted with the latest in-seat technology and catering options. Recent unprofitability has led to the emergence of Thai Smile, a budget airline wholly owned by Thai Airways, which focuses on domestic routes and new routes in central China and Laos. Unquestionably one of the heavyweights of the aviation world, Singapore Airlines is a staunch member of Star Alliance. Singapore Airlines is also an airline that I have flown in the past few years to their hub at Singapore Changi Airport from 4 different continents/regions (Europe, Middle-East, Australia, China), and have tried out economy class in the A330, B777, and the A380, as well as the imperious First Class Suites onboard the A380. Without meaning to sound biased, I have never had a bad flight with them, and many of those flights would rank among my top 5 most enjoyable of all-time. MH: Old and new…big and small.",
"At the moment, Malaysia and the world is still mourning the fatal losses of both Flight MH370, which went missing over the Indian Ocean, and Flight MH17, which was recently shot down in the Ukraine, and this brings into question the long-term future of Malaysia Airlines, a recent addition to One World. Over the past few years, MH has been losing money to the budget carriers operating out of Kuala Lumpur (such as Air Asia) and in a part of the world where international flying of 4 hours or less is becoming increasingly popular, there is no need for the consumer to pay premium prices for these flights. In order to survive, and to once again attract the customer base it once had, MH has had to lower its prices drastically. Singapore Airlines and the other airlines listed in this article have also felt the pinch, but none as much as Malaysia Airlines. I have flown with MH only twice, on Boeing 737s each time between Singapore and Kuala Lumpur, but my experience was very good and I noticed lots of nice little extra touches in economy class, as well as some very friendly and caring cabin crew members.",
"Food is a very important discipline when flying, as the airlines’ catering crews work frenetically to meet the demands, making sure every passenger is fed and watered, with a litter left over to spare in case of emergencies. Every airline has different menus, as well as little variations in the way they serve their meals onboard, and I will now take a little look at each of them, but first let’s look at some pictures to enhance my words: A typical Garuda meal in economy class Garuda’s first class catering is incredible Thai economy class lunch The champagne is free-flowing in Thai’s First Class cabins Singapore Airlines economy class lunch Beef Rendang in Singapore Airline’s A380 Suites Dinner is served in Malaysia Airlines’ economy cabin A Business Class snack in Malaysia Airlines (Photo Credit: Pokfur) If you are in economy class, like the majority of the passengers, then your meals (if any) will be quite basic, but the airline food industry has come a long way from the days of the 1990s where undercooked meats and pitifully small portions plagued the reputation of many an airline.",
"Nowadays, there is great pride taken, all the way from factory level where the food is cooked, stored, and prepared, right up to the way it is served by the cabin crew onboard your plane. Every airline in South East Asia has little variations of how they do this, and some are more noticeable than others. Clearly, if you are in a premium cabin, such as business class or First Class, then your meals will more closely match the price you paid for your seat. In particular, Singapore Airlines has a concept known as ‘Book the Cook’, whereby you can order your meal online when you pay for your ticket, and have it cooked fresh for you on the plane by the resident chef – and you can also choose to eat this meal whenever you choose (apart from ascent and descent, obviously), and not at the times dictated by the cabin crew! This was pioneered by Singapore Airlines, and has since been copied by Malaysia Airlines.",
"Now I would like to take a little look at the uniforms of the cabin crew of each airline, with a picture for each below: One of the two usual Garuda uniform variations Thai Airways cabin crew Malaysia Airlines’ uniforms are similar to Singapore Airlines I think the Malaysia Airlines kebaya looks very similar to that of Singapore Airlines, but unfortunately for them much more bland. It just looks dull, and actually less impressive than the other cabin crew uniforms on display in this article. Singapore Airlines have a very famous uniform, which actually was first introduced to the air by Malaysia Airlines and since adopted by SQ. In fact, a lot of people consider the Singapore Airlines uniform to be among the best in the sky, and it recently won the award from SKYTRAX for the best Asian Airline uniform. Here you can check out the full results of its survey. The cabin crew uniform of Thai is a little plain, but the colours suit the livery of the aircraft, with a dark purple, and SKYTRAX also seem to like it. Garuda seem to currently have two colours for their cabin crew uniforms, as on the two occasions I have flown with them I have seen something different.",
"I do much prefer the turquoise blue, though, as it suits the airline’s livery much better, and the orange doesn’t seem to have a purpose other than make the cabin crew stand out. It could be a kind of hierarchy thing on Garuda, where the senior members of cabin crew (purser) have a different colour uniform to differentiate them, much like on Singapore Airlines, where the senior members of the team wear a red kebaya. Next, I think it is a good time to see each of these 4 airlines in action through some economy class YouTube flight reports that I have hand-picked for you from some of my favourite amateur videographers: Garuda Indonesia Flight GA873 Hong Kong to Jakarta, by Flight Report Productions: Thai Airways Flight TG910 Bangkok to London, by Myanmar Flyer: Singapore Airlines Flight SQ15 Seoul to San Francisco, by FlightTravels: Malaysia Airlines Flight MH3 Kuala Lumpur to London, by SwanInnSongkran: What you can see from each of the videos embedded above is that each airline has its own style in-flight, with very different entertainment systems.",
"It is worth noting that Malaysia Airlines and Thai both operate a large number of aircraft that does not have in-flight entertainment worthy of the name (in the case of Thai, even their much-maligned regional A330s do not have PTV), where as Garuda have PTV in many of their B737s even on domestic routes, which is a very impressive feat. You will have seen a lot of meals in the videos above, and from my own knowledge, I must say that in my experience, Singapore Airlines gets the top vote, as their meals are very consistent and plentiful, whereas the portions on my Garuda flights have been somewhat small, though tasty. Now for a little look at some of the airlines’ premium services, such as the first class and business class lounges and cabins. Photo courtesy of Dirk Traveller Garuda’s new first class onboard their B777s For a great first class trip report on Garuda Indonesia’s A330 between Jakarta and Melbourne (I have also travelled this route, but only in economy class), check out this very detailed page over at airliners.net from Dirk Traveller .",
"Thai Royal Silk Lounge at Bangkok Suvarnabhumi First Class cabin on Thai A340s (a bit simple?) In my experiences, and from what I have heard from others, Thai have great service in their lounges and this service extends itself into the first class cabins aboard their planes. Although, it must be said that, while the newer aircraft in their fleet such as the Airbus A380 have pristine and modern décor and facilities, most of the other aircraft, such as 747s and A340s have average facilities. The Private Room at Changi Inside my own A380 Suite I have flown with Singapore Airlines in First Class Suites to Hong Kong and would love to one day repeat my experience. At Changi Airport, Singapore Airlines’ hub, there is a private lounge for Suites class passengers only called The Private Room. It is a very dark room with elegant colours. I was fortunate enough to spend some time in there myself, and the breakfast I had of waffles, strawberries and chocolate sauce was divine!",
"Singapore Airlines also have a Book the Cook policy in their first class (and indeed business class) cabins, whereby you can order your meal online beforehand and have a talented chef prepare it for you on the plane during the flight. You eat when you want to eat on Singapore Airlines, so a quick touch of a button will call over a Singapore Girl, who will in turn let the chef know to commence the cooking! Impressive Facilities for Malaysia Airlines at KLIA Malaysia Airlines lie-flat beds onboard their A380s Malaysia Airlines currently have the second most impressive premium cabins of the 4 ASEAN airlines listed in this article. In particular in their newer aircraft, such as the A380, their lie-flat beds with dark, welcoming colours provide a nice rest and relaxation area for travellers in long-haul flights. The service onboard is also world-renowned from the friendly MH cabin crew. Much like their rivals Singapore Airlines, MH also have a Book the Cook option, and this allows you to choose your meal well in advance of your flight – but of course this is no ordinary meal! Now it is time to give some final thoughts on what the future will hold for the big 4 of ASEAN.",
"It is clear to me that Thai Airways need to improve drastically to cling on to the likes of Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines. Garuda Indonesia, who last year were named the Most Improved Airline in the World, are now clearly ahead of Thai, as far as I am concerned. I base this on the service levels received in the cabin, the attitude of the ground staff and check-in staff at the airports, and the hard product in the aircraft itself, such as seats and PTV. Thai lag so far behind the other airlines in those departments, that you wonder how long it would take them to catch up. They are quite frankly a mess, at present. I think the future for Thai in the mid-term is to consolidate its east Asia trade, where it has traditionally been a very strong player to the likes of Japan and Taiwan. Conversely, Thai is being destroyed by Emirates and the other members of the ME4 for flights from Bangkok to Europe, so there is no room for expansion there, yet there is room for improvement in India, especially the central areas such as Hyderabad and Bangalore.",
"European routes need to be trimmed; get rid of flights to Milan, Arnhem, Madrid, and Munich, and consolidate flights to high-yielding destinations such as London, Paris, and Frankfurt, with daily flights with the A380, rather than double daily flights. This would allow for Thai to sell some of their aircraft, as latest figures show they are running an average of 60% load factor across their entire network – and in 2014 traffic plunged a whopping 43%. A great detailed analysis of Thai Airways’ recent strife and future goals can be found at this page from the ever-reliable Centre for Aviation . Being a key SkyTeam member, it is clear that Garuda is now a big player in the ASEAN region , and now they have ditched their plans for ultra-long-haul non-stop service to London Gatwick from Jakarta, they can focus more on the Indonesia-Japan market, which has a lot of room for expansion now there is so much disposable income among the Indonesian middle-class. Garuda is also a big player now in the Indonesia-Australia traffic marlet, with daily non-stop flights to Melbourne and Sydney departing not only from Jakarta, but also from Bali.",
"Their strategic alliance with Etihad gives them a great codeshare route to Abu Dhabi and beyond to a whole wide-range of European destinations on the Etihad network that Garuda cannot and will not ever serve themselves. Domestically, too, Garuda seem to be winning the battle against the LCCs, such as Indonesia Air Asia and Lion Air, which is more than can be said for their Malaysian counterparts. Although in regard to their onboard product, Malaysia Airlines do not have a problem whatsoever, and with arguably the friendliest crew in the sky to compliment this, I cannot see that changing in the foreseeable future. However, what MH need to do is focus on their core network, and continue to lose some of the glory routes in order to cut back on costs due to falling profits . They have already began this by axing Los Angeles from their route map, and while it is a shame that Malaysia Airlines no longer serve the US, it nonetheless now has the opportunity to relocate those planes elsewhere – perhaps get stronger foothold in Australia and within South East Asia – and try to capitalise on existing markets.",
"A strategic alliance with Etihad Airways has also been mooted to try to improve the ailing MAS profits, which would replicate the strategy that Garuda already has in place ( although I argue profusely that a link up with One World partner Qatar Airways would be a better option ). Also, when compared to the way Garuda Indonesia handles its domestic operations, Malaysia Airlines are way behind, as Air Asia operating out of KLIA 2 are currently dominating the domestic and short haul market with their extremely low fares. MAS need to better utilise their regional brand Firefly to actively take on the Air Asia success. The brand image of MH may have taken a battering with the unfortunate tragedies of MH370 and MH17 but surely all travellers will earmark the airline as one of the best in the world in terms of what you get on board. Singapore Airlines often charge a slight premium on their fares, as they are capitalising on their own good brand image, similar to what Malaysia Airlines do slightly less successfully with theirs. Many travellers, myself included, find this small premium acceptable for the level of consistently good service we know will get. What does the future hold for SQ?",
"Well, aside from adding Premium Economy to its cabins to combat losses , I would like them to expand further into Africa with their own metal, even if it’s not directly from Singapore. Currently, SQ only serve Johannesburg direct, with that flight flying on to Cape Town, and also Cairo being served via Dubai. Perhaps Addis Ababa? Or maybe Lagos or Dakar in west Africa via the Middle-East or even Europe? The European network, which includes 4 daily flights to London, plus Paris, Rome, Frankfurt, Munich, Barcelona, Moscow, Istanbul, and Copenhagen are all fairly profitable for SQ right now, and in terms of their A380 utilisation on some of these routes, they at least know how to spread their wings in the right places, unlike the military-controlled Thai. Please take a look at my other aviation blogs, including my analysis of Emirates vs Etihad vs Qatar vs Turkish in the battle of the big Middle East 4, Air India vs Srilankan vs PIA vs Biman Bangladesh in the battle of the Sub-Continent, and EVA vs Korean Air vs All Nippon vs Cathay Pacific in the battle of the Far East 4! If you liked this article, please share it!",
"Profile on Garuda Indonesia | CAPA - Centre for Aviation Garuda Indonesia international outlook Part 2: expanded partnerships critical for long haul success 7-Oct-2016 11:39 AM Garuda Indonesia is seeking to expand its partnership with Delta Air Lines ahead of launching flights to the US. Garuda needs a stronger relationship with Delta and will need to reconsider plans for its own US flights if the right partnerships are not in place. Expanded partnerships are crucial for Garuda as it attempts to improve its position in the international market. Garuda has been working on boosting ties with several SkyTeam members, resulting in a new codeshare with Aeromexico and an enhanced partnership with KLM. Garuda has also been pursuing ambitious and strategic expansion of its own long haul network. However this expansion has been highly unprofitable, and in several markets Garuda would be better off relying on partners. Garuda Indonesia international outlook Part 1: further expansion despite weak 1H2016 results 6-Oct-2016 12:11 PM Garuda Indonesia is planning further international expansion in 4Q2016 and 2017, despite a recent lacklustre performance in the international market.",
"Garuda is adding capacity to China in 4Q2016 and aiming to launch services to the US in 2017. Garuda’s international load factor was only 70% through the first eight months of 2016 as the airline struggled to fill additional seats generated by an 18% increase in ASKs. International yields have also declined as Garuda swung back into the red in 1H2016. The long haul network has particularly struggled, driving the drop in profitability. However Garuda is keen to continue strategic expansion. Singapore Airlines to launch Jakarta-Sydney, further intensifying SE Asia-Australia competition 30-Sep-2016 1:07 PM Singapore Airlines (SIA) will launch services from Jakarta to Sydney in Nov-2016, resulting in new competition for rivals Garuda Indonesia and Australia’s Qantas Airways. SIA’s entrance on the Jakarta-Sydney route is a strategic move and highlights its desire to pursue new areas of growth. The Indonesia-Australia market is a logical market for SIA as it seeks to diversify its business.",
"Indonesia and Australia are already SIA’s two largest international markets and Garuda and Qantas are already among its biggest competitors. Competition within Asia Pacific, including the Southeast Asia-Australia market, has been intensifying. In the current highly competitive and challenging environment airlines are constantly jockeying and exploring new options to improve their position. Southeast Asia-US market Part 3: new nonstops need to overcome stiff one-stop FSC & LCC competition 27-Sep-2016 12:41 PM Southeast Asian airlines are seeking to capture a larger share of the Southeast Asia-US market over the next few years as they launch new flights to the US. Three of the region’s flag carriers and at least one long haul LCC are planning to launch flights to the US, intensifying competition in an already fiercely competitive market. Southeast Asian airlines currently account for less than a 20% share of the total Southeast Asia-US market. Philippine Airlines and Singapore Airlines are the only significant players in this market and are aiming to increase their share as they add new nonstop routes. Garuda Indonesia, Thai Airways and Vietnam Airlines are also keen to become significant players as they launch flights to the US, replacing their now limited offline products.",
"However, market share gains will likely come at the expense of yields and profitability as competition with North Asian airlines – and to some extent US and Gulf carriers – intensifies. North Asian airlines now account for more than 50% of bookings in the Southeast Asia-US market and have increased their reliance on Southeast Asian connections as they have added US capacity, resulting in very competitive fares. Southeast Asia-US airline market Part 2: at least 7 airlines to offer US nonstop services by 2021 14-Sep-2016 7:50 PM The deployment of new generation ultra-long-range widebody aircraft is prompting several airlines to plan new nonstop services between Southeast Asia and the continental US. New variants of the A350 have particularly emerged as a new, more efficient and popular option for Southeast Asia-US flights, with orders over the past year from three Southeast Asian flag carriers. On 5-Sep-2016 Vietnam Airlines became the latest Southeast Asian airline to commit to new generation ultra-long-range aircraft capable of new nonstop routes – joining Philippine Airlines and Singapore Airlines.",
"Garuda Indonesia and Thai Airways are likely to follow, resulting in four Southeast Asian airlines operating nonstop flights to the US by early next decade, compared with only one currently. Delta Air Lines may also join United Airlines with nonstop Southeast Asia-US services. There are opportunities in the Southeast Asia-US market for nonstop routes, but competition with one-stop products will be intense. Profitability will be heavily challenged or non-existent. SIA started the trend due to strategic, not financial, imperatives. Under the charm of low fuel prices, Southeast Asian airlines risk falling into the spell of \"me too\" nonstop flights, just as they did with over-sized aircraft acquisitions. Garuda Indonesia Reviews and Flights - TripAdvisor Garuda Indonesia Reviews and Flights Headquarters: Soekamo-Hatta International Airport Cengkareng, Jakarta 19120 Indonesia +62-0-804-1-807-807 Website Search for flights *Specify the age of each child at the time of travel. Age ? Updating list... About Garuda Indonesia Garuda Indonesia (GA) is Indonesia's flag carrier and a member of the SkyTeam alliance.",
"The airline operates non-stop flights to about 40 domestic destinations and 20 international destinations in 13 countries across Asia, Oceania, the Middle East and Europe. Its fleet include some configured with just Economy Class seating. Other aircraft feature two-cabin configurations (Executive Class, which is Garuda's Business Class product, and Economy Class) and three-cabin configurations (First Class, Executive Class and Economy Class). The airline has hubs at Soekarno–Hatta International Airport (CGK) near Jakarta and Ngurah Rai International Airport (DPS) in Southern Bali. Jakarta: Arriving & Departing - TripAdvisor New! You come to us for reviews — now you can book your hotel right here on TripAdvisor. Jakarta: Arriving & Departing Review a place you’ve visited JOIN We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for Jakarta each week. Jakarta Traveler Article: Comments (7) ARRIVING Most international travelers arrive via the Soekarno-Hatta International Airport about 15mi (25km) west of the city. The majority of international flights to Indonesia come through this airport.",
"Some of the larger airlines represented are China Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, Japan Airlines, KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, Emirates, Etihad, Korean Air, Lufthansa, Qatar Airways, Turkish Airlines, Mihin Lanka, and Qantas. Garuda Indonesia, the national flag carrier also connects Jakarta to international destinations in Australia, Far East, Asia, and the Middle East. To get to Indonesia from Western Europe or North America, it will probably be necessary to transfer at one of the larger gateway cities in Asia or the Middle East such as Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Singapore, Dubai, Doha, or Abu Dhabi. The rise of budget airlines has seen a sharp fall in the cost of services to Jakarta from places like Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, and Bangkok so more and more budget travellers are arriving into the city by air rather than the traditional overland routes. There are currently 3 Terminals in operation. Terminal 1 has 3 concourses in 1-storey building with configuration of Departure Hall - Arrival Hall for concourses A, B, and C. It serves only domestic flights (Lion Air, Batavia Air, Sriwijaya Air to name a few).",
"Terminal 2 consists of 2 stories -- upper level for departures and lower level for arrivals. It also has 3 concourses; D (all international flights), E (Garuda Indonesia international flights plus KLM and Lionair), and F (Garuda Indonesia and Merpati domestic flights). Terminal 3 serves Air Asia, Batik Air and Mandala Air for both international and domestic flights, and Lion Air flights to Denpasar, Bali (DPS) for complete TERMINAL GUIDE, please refer to this page: Jakarta Airport Terminal Guide The arrival procedure for DOMESTIC flight is as follows: 1. Disembark from airplane p 2. Proceed to baggage claim. For those with connections, go to the transfer desk. 3. Executive taxi, limousine, and car rental are available. The arrival procedure for INTERNATIONAL flight is as follows: 1/ Disembark plane, proceed to the passport check ( those who need a VOA aproach VOA counter first). 2/ After you clear immigration, you may proceed to baggage claim. CGK is awfully inefficient with bagge carosels, expect up to 60 min for your luggae to apper on the conveyer.",
"3/ You need to go through custom inspection. Hand-in customs declaration form to the officer and screen all baggage. Only 1 declaration form is required per group/family. Mind DF allowance on alcohol. 4/ You can find car rental, limousine counter, and executive taxi counter just after clearing customs, before meet&greet area. Those who require regular taxi may proceed outside to the taxi rank (see moving on section below) VISA Nationals holding passport from the following 168 countries and territories are eligible to enter and remain in Indonesia without a visa for 30 days. The visa free facility does not allow the change into other permits or visa extension. Passport holders from all visa exempt countries can enter Indonesia through one of the 124 designated border crossings. All visitors must hold a passport valid for 6 months, even those with visa free access, onward tickets from Indonesia, itinerary, hotel booking and proof of sufciient funds may be asked by the immigration to to verify your purpose of visit. DEPARTING The departure airport tax is now included in the price of any flight booked after 9 February 2015. DEPARTURE PROCEDURE The departure procedure for DOMESTIC flight is as follow: 1.",
"Passenger drop off, proceed to luggage screening prior entering check-in hall. All bags must be screened at this point, passengers are searched through metal detector. 2. If flying Garuda airlines, first proceed to get your checked baggage strapped (free) opposite the check-in counters. Check-in at respective counter. 3. Proceed to departure hall. Check Flight Information Display, if it's open, you may proceed to wait at the waiting room in the gate area. Second security screening on hand luggage and passengers before entering the waiting room. The departure procedure for INTERNATIONAL flight is as follow: 1. Passenger drop off, proceed to luggage screening prior entering check-in hall. All bags must be screened at this point, passengers aresearched through metal detector. 2. If flying Garuda airlines, first proceed to get your checked baggage strapped (free) opposite the check-in counters. Check-in at respective counter. 3. Immigration 4. Proceed to the departure hall. Airline lounges, duty free, and restaurants are located here. 5. Check Flight Information Display, if it's open, you may proceed to wait at the waiting room in the gate area. Second security screening on hand luggage and passengers before entering the waiting room.",
"TERMINAL 3 international: lines for arrival immigration can be very long. For departure if you fly Air Asia internationally, have no checked bags, and have aslready checked in on the web, you can proceed directly from your car to the immigration desk without having to go to the AirAsia checkin desk: it makes the process really quick. MOVING ON There are taxi ranks outside airport terminals. It is ALWAYS recommended to take a taxi from one of these than to employ the services of unofficial drivers who will approach you inside and outside the terminal building (they are touts). Any deal that you are offered will not be cheaper than a metered taxi and you'll run the risk of being robbed. The most reputable taxi company is Blue Bird Group (identifieable by sticker bearing the same name) and it's more upmarket arm, Silver Bird. When using the official taxi you will be given a card with the taxis' details on it. Keep this, in case you have any problems. When taking a taxi from the airport passengers are charged a small surcharge that is based on your destination (airport surcharge), information about this is on the back of the taxi card that you are given.",
"Passenger are also responsible for paying the motorway tolls. Both of this charges are inaddition to the meter fare. Buses to the city are also available from these terminals. The DAMRIairport bus connects the airport to several points in the city, for example, Gambir Train Station in Central Jakarta, Blok M Bus Station and Lebak Bulus Bus Station both in South Jakarta. Taking a bus will be a lot cheaper especially for single travellers. DAMRI bus also serves Bogor. Other than DAMRI, there is small shuttle services to several points in the city (as well as to Bandung) using small bus or minivan such as X-Trans and Cipaganti Travel. There is also a bus service directly to Bandung operated by Primajasa. For inter-airport connections, there is a complimentary Airport Shuttle operating in a loop between Terminal 1 - Terminal 2 - Terminal 3. Approx 10 min. interval from 5AM to around 10PM. Train services in Indonesia is divided into three classes: economy, business and executive trains. Economy and business trains are non airconditioned ones and slower than executive trains. Executive trains are the most comfortable, with AC and reclining seats.",
"All executive class leave from Gambir station which is located on Lapangan Merdeka in Central Jakarta. There are day and overnight services to Surabaya, Solo, Malang and Yogakarta as well as frequent services to Bandung, Cirebon, Semarang and many other places. For details on services see Moving on by train is a much better alternative than the bus because the city's bus stations are located far from the centre of the city and you will need to battle Jakarta's terrible traffic to reach them. The terminal that you need to head to depends on your destination. For points west of Jakarta like Cilegon and Merak The Kailderes terminal in West Jakarta has very frequent departures. Pulo Gadung terminal in East Jakarta handles services to Sumarta and also to Central and East Java as well as Bali. Kampung Rambutan, also in East Jakarta, handles services to cities in West Java, like Bogor, Tasikmalaya and Bandung. Rawamangun bus terminal in East Jakarta handles executive bus services to Sumatra, Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java and Bali. It is advisable to book the ticket first to avoid ticket touts and scams.",
"The better option of using mid and long-range bus is to depart from their ticket office, hence avoiding the hazard in the bus terminals. However the train is a 100% better option for these destinations."
] |
Henri Becquerel shared a Nobel prize for his work in discovering what?
|
Radioactivity
|
[
"Nuclear decay",
"Atomic decay",
"Nuclear Radiation",
"Radioative process",
"Decay law for radioactivity",
"Activity (radioactivity)",
"Radiation, Radioactivity",
"Change of decay rate",
"Radioactive decay law",
"Atomic Decay",
"Nuclear radiation",
"Elements, radioactive",
"Radio activity",
"Radiation, nuclear",
"Radioactive Decay",
"Total activity",
"Radioactivity",
"Solar influence on radioactive decay",
"Radioactive materials",
"Radioactive decay",
"Decay mode",
"Quantum decay",
"Decay, radioactive",
"Radioactivite",
"Nuclear Decay",
"Decay rate",
"Radioactive process",
"Becquerel Rays",
"Table of radioactive decay",
"Subnuclear transformation",
"Radioactive source",
"Radioelement",
"Radioactive"
] | 10,889
|
[
"Henri Becquerel - Biographical Henri Becquerel The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie Share this: Henri Becquerel - Biographical Antoine Henri Becquerel was born in Paris on December 15, 1852, a member of a distinguished family of scholars and scientists. His father, Alexander Edmond Becquerel, was a Professor of Applied Physics and had done research on solar radiation and on phosphorescence, while his grandfather, Antoine César, had been a Fellow of the Royal Society and the inventor of an electrolytic method for extracting metals from their ores. He entered the Polytechnic in 1872, then the government department of Ponts-et-Chaussées in 1874, becoming ingénieur in 1877 and being promoted to ingénieur-en-chef in 1894. In 1888 he acquired the degree of docteur-ès-sciences.",
"From 1878 he had held an appointment as an Assistant at the Museum of Natural History, taking over from his father in the Chair of Applied Physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. In 1892 he was appointed Professor of Applied Physics in the Department of Natural History at the Paris Museum. He became a Professor at the Polytechnic in 1895. Becquerel's earliest work was concerned with the plane polarization of light, with the phenomenon of phosphorescence and with the absorption of light by crystals (his doctorate thesis). He also worked on the subject of terrestrial magnetism. In 1896, his previous work was overshadowed by his discovery of the phenomenon of natural radioactivity. Following a discussion with Henri Poincaré on the radiation which had recently been discovered by Röntgen (X-rays) and which was accompanied by a type of phosphorescence in the vacuum tube, Becquerel decided to investigate whether there was any connection between X-rays and naturally occurring phosphorescence. He had inherited from his father a supply of uranium salts, which phosphoresce on exposure to light.",
"When the salts were placed near to a photographic plate covered with opaque paper, the plate was discovered to be fogged. The phenomenon was found to be common to all the uranium salts studied and was concluded to be a property of the uranium atom. Later, Becquerel showed that the rays emitted by uranium, which for a long time were named after their discoverer, caused gases to ionize and that they differed from X-rays in that they could be deflected by electric or magnetic fields. For his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity Becquerel was awarded half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, the other half being given to Pierre and Marie Curie for their study of the Becquerel radiation. Becquerel published his findings in many papers, principally in the Annales de Physique et de Chimie and the Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences. He was elected a member of the Academie des Sciences de France in 1889 and succeeded Berthelot as Life Secretary of that body. He was a member also of the Accademia dei Lincei and of the Royal Academy of Berlin, amongst others.",
"He was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour in 1900. He was married to Mlle. Janin, the daughter of a civil engineer. They had a son Jean, b. 1878, who was also a physicist: the fourth generation of scientists in the Becquerel family. Antoine Henri Becquerel died at Le Croisic on August 25, 1908. From Nobel Lectures , Physics 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1967 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. French physicist, and Nobel laureate (1852–1908)., Autograph manuscript (fragment). $ 4,975 / 4.500 € (35084) Becquerel writes research notes on molecular X- rays, electrolysis, ions, etc., which is part of Becquerel's own work related to radioactivity.",
"Becquerel writes in his hand scientific notes about ions, electrolysis, atoms, molecules, positive charges of the ions and how they react, he writes several long formulas, including: “e/e=l,n=rx10 to the power of 19,and then explains how e/u= 10 to the power of 7, 2x 1000…of the electrolysis v( S 10 to the power of 4 ), l/2000 of the atom dissolving middle body.” Manuscripts by Becquerel discussing his work on radioactivity are of great rarity. Becquerel whose experiments with uranium salts led to the discovery of spontaneous radioactivity; for this breakthrough he shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with Marie and Pierre Curie.. read more biography Antoine Henri Becquerel. The Nobel Prize in Physics Antoine Henri Becquerel The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 biography (b. Dec. 15, 1852, Paris--d. Aug. 25, 1908, Le Croisic, Fr.), French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances.",
"In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie. (see also Index: physical science) He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations, the most notable being his grandfather Antoine-Cesar Becquerel (1788-1878), his father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (1820-91), and his son Jean Becquerel (1878-1953). Education and training. After his early schooling at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand, Henri received his formal scientific education at the Ecole Polytechnique (1872-74) and engineering training at the Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees (Bridges and Highways School; 1874-77). In addition to his teaching and research posts, Becquerel was for many years an engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways, being appointed chief engineer in 1894. His first academic situation was in 1876 as assistant teacher at the Ecole Polytechnique, where in 1895 he succeeded to the chair of physics.",
"Concurrently, he was assistant naturalist to his father at the museum, where he also assumed the physics professorship upon his father's death. Electricity, magnetism, optical phenomena, and energy were major areas of physical investigation during the 19th century. For several years the young man's research was concerned with the rotation of plane-polarized light by magnetic fields, a subject opened by Michael Faraday and to which Henri's father had also contributed. Henri then concerned himself with infrared radiation, examining, among other things, the spectra of different phosphorescent crystals under infrared stimulation. Of particular significance, he extended the work of his father by studying the relation between absorption of light and emission of phosphorescence in some uranium compounds. (see also Index: electromagnetic radiation) By 1896 Henri was an accomplished and respected physicist--a member of the Academie des Sciences since 1889--but more important than his research thus far were his expertise with phosphorescent materials, his familiarity with uranium compounds, and his general skill in laboratory techniques, including photography. Together, these were to place the discovery of radioactivity within his reach. Systematic study of radiation.",
"At the end of 1895, Wilhelm Rontgen discovered X-rays. Becquerel learned that the X-rays issued from the area of a glass vacuum tube made fluorescent when struck by a beam of cathode rays. He undertook to investigate whether there was some fundamental connection between this invisible radiation and visible light such that all luminescent materials, however stimulated, would also yield X-rays. To test this hypothesis, he placed phosphorescent crystals upon a photographic plate that had been wrapped in opaque paper so that only a penetrating radiation could reach the emulsion. He exposed his experimental arrangement to sunlight for several hours, thereby exciting the crystals in the customary manner. Upon development, the photographic plate revealed silhouettes of the mineral samples, and, in subsequent experiments, the image of a coin or metal cutout interposed between the crystal and paper wrapping. Becquerel reported this discovery to the Academie des Sciences at its session on February 24, 1896, noting that certain salts of uranium were particularly active. He thus confirmed his view that something very similar to X-rays was emitted by this luminescent substance at the same time it threw off visible radiation.",
"But the following week Becquerel learned that his uranium salts continued to eject penetrating radiation even when they were not made to phosphoresce by the ultraviolet in sunlight. To account for this novelty he postulated a long-lived form of invisible phosphorescence; when he shortly traced the activity to uranium metal, he interpreted it as a unique case of metallic phosphorescence. During 1896 Becquerel published seven papers on radioactivity, as Marie Curie later named the phenomenon; in 1897, only two papers; and in 1898, none. This was an index of both his and the scientific world's interest in the subject, for the period saw studies of numerous radiations (e.g., cathode rays, X-rays, Becquerel rays, \"discharge rays,\" canal rays, radio waves, the visible spectrum, rays from glowworms, fireflies, and other luminescent materials), and Becquerel rays seemed not especially significant. The far more popular X-rays could take sharper shadow photographs and faster.",
"It required the extension in 1898 of radioactivity to another known element, thorium (by Gerhard Carl Schmidt and independently by Marie Curie), and the discovery of new radioactive materials, polonium and radium (by Pierre and Marie Curie and their colleague, Gustave Bemont), to awaken the world and Becquerel to the significance of his discovery. Further contributions. Returning to the field he had created, Becquerel made three more important contributions. One was to measure, in 1899 and 1900, the deflection of beta particles, a constituent of the radiation, in both electric and magnetic fields. From the charge to mass value thus obtained, he showed that the beta particle was the same as Joseph John Thomson's recently identified electron. Another discovery was the circumstance that the allegedly active substance in uranium, uranium X, lost its radiating ability in time, while the uranium, inactive when freshly prepared, regained its activity. When Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy found similar decay and regeneration in thorium X and thorium, they were led to the transformation theory of radioactivity, which explained the phenomenon as a subatomic chemical change in which one element spontaneously transmutes into another.",
"Becquerel's last major achievement concerned the physiological effect of the radiation. Others may have noticed this before him, but his report in 1901 of the burn caused when he carried an active sample of the Curies' radium in his vest pocket inspired investigation by physicians, leading ultimately to medical use. For his discovery of radioactivity, Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with the Curies; he was also honoured with other medals and memberships in foreign societies. His own Academy of Sciences elected him its president and one of its permanent secretaries. (L.Ba.) BIBLIOGRAPHY. There is no full-length biography of Becquerel in English. The article on him by Alfred Romer in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 1 (1970), pp. 558-561, provides further details.",
"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Henri Becquerel, Pierre Curie, Marie Curie Share this: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel Marie Curie, née Sklodowska Prize share: 1/4 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 was divided, one half awarded to Antoine Henri Becquerel \"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity\", the other half jointly to Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska \"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel\". Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation Share this: To cite this page MLA style: \"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903\". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 20 Jan 2017. < Pioneers: Henri Becquerel Henri Becquerel born Dec. 15, 1852, Paris, France died Aug.",
"25, 1908, Le Croisic Full name, Antoine-Henri Becquerel. French physicist who discovered radioactivity through his investigations of uranium and other substances. In 1903 he shared the Nobel Prize for Physics with Pierre and Marie Curie . He was a member of a scientific family extending through several generations, the most notable being his grandfather Antoine-Cesar Becquerel (1788�1878), his father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (1820�91), and his son Jean Becquerel (1878�1953). After his early schooling at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand, Henri received his formal scientific education at the Ecole Polytechnique (1872�74) and engineering training at the Ecole des Ponts et Chauss�es (Bridges and Highways School; 1874�77). In addition to his teaching and research posts, Becquerel was for many years an engineer in the Department of Bridges and Highways, being appointed chief engineer in 1894.",
"His first academic situation was in 1876 as assistant teacher at the �cole Polytechnique, where in 1895 he succeeded to the chair of physics. Concurrently, he was assistant naturalist to his father at the museum, where he also assumed the physics professorship upon his father's death. Electricity, magnetism, optical phenomena, and energy were major areas of physical investigation during the 19th century. For several years the young man's research was concerned with the rotation of plane-polarized light by magnetic fields, a subject opened by Michael Faraday and to which Henri's father had also contributed. Henri then concerned himself with infrared radiation, examining, among other things, the spectra of different phosphorescent crystals under infrared stimulation. Of particular significance, he extended the work of his father by studying the relation between absorption of light and emission of phosphorescence in some uranium compounds.",
"By 1896 Henri was an accomplished and respected physicist�a member of the Academie des Sciences since 1889�but more important than his research thus far were his expertise with phosphorescent materials, his familiarity with uranium compounds, and his general skill in laboratory techniques, including photography. Together, these were to place the discovery of radioactivity within his reach. Returning to the field he had created, Becquerel made three more important contributions. One was to measure, in 1899 and 1900, the deflection of beta particles, which are a constituent of the radiation in both electric and magnetic fields. From the charge to mass value thus obtained, he showed that the beta particle was the same as Joseph John Thomson's recently identified electron. Another discovery was the circumstance that the allegedly active substance in uranium, uranium X, lost its radiating ability in time, while the uranium, though inactive when freshly prepared, eventually regained its lost radioactivity.",
"When Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy found similar decay and regeneration in thorium X and thorium, they were led to the transformation theory of radioactivity, which explained the phenomenon as a subatomic chemical change in which one element spontaneously transmutes into another. Becquerel's last major achievement concerned the physiological effect of the radiation. Others may have noticed this before him, but his report in 1901 of the burn caused when he carried an active sample of the Curies' radium in his vest pocket inspired investigation by physicians, leading ultimately to medical use. For his discovery of radioactivity, Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics with the Curies; he was also honoured with other medals and memberships in foreign societies. His own Academy of Sciences elected him its president and one of its permanent secretaries.",
"Antoine-Henri Becquerel For anything and everything on science from India Antoine-Henri Becquerel Dr V B Kamble Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) is known for his discovery of radioactivity, for which he received the Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with Marie Curie (1897-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) in 1903 and the contributions he made to that field. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, became its President, and was elected to the far more influential post of permanent Secretary. He held three chairs of Physics in Paris - at the Museum of Natural History, at the cole Polytechnique,and at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Méésartiers' - and attained high rank as an engineer in the National Administration of Bridges and Highways. Henri's father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel, and his grandfather, Antoine César becquerel,were renowned physicists, both members of the Academy of Sciences and each in his turn professor of Physics at the Muserum of Natural History.",
"Henri Becquerel was born on December 15, 1852, and was educated at the Lycee Louis-le-Grand,Ecolésar Polytechnique (1872-1874) and at the Ecolésar des Ponts et Chaussees (1874-1877), where he received his engineering training. On leaving the Polytechnique, he married Lucie-Zoe-Marie Jamin, daughter of J.C. Jamin, academician and professor of Physics in the Faculty of Sciences in Paris. Before the end of his schooling, he had begun both his private research and his teaching career at the Polytechnique.His wife died in March 1878, a few weeks after the birth of their son Jean.Becquerel succeeded to the post of his father at the Museum, and from then on,his professional life was shared among the Museum, the Polytechnique, and the Ponts et Chaussees. Becquerel's early research was almost exclusively in optics.His first extensive investigations (1875-1882) dealt with the rotation of plane-polarised light by magnetic fields.",
"He next turned to infra-red spectra, making visual observations by means of the light released from certain phosphorescent crystals under infra-red illumination. He then studied the absorption of light in crystals.With these researches, Becquerel obtained his doctorate from the Faculty of Sciences of Paris (1888) and election to the Academy of Sciences (1889). In 1890, he married his second wife. Following the death of his father in 1891,he succeeded in the following year to his father's two chairs of Physics at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers and at the Museum. Thus, in the beginning of 1896, at the age of forty three, Becquerely was established in the rank and responsibility, his years of active research behind him and all that for which he is now remembered still undone! There are few scientific discoveries whose circumstances are known as minutely as those around the almost accidental finding of radioactivity. On January 7, 1896, the great French mathematician Jules-Henri Poincare (1854-1912) received a letter containing several astonishing photographs of the bones in someone's hand.",
"The bones belonged to Wilhelm Conrad Rööntgen (1845-1923), a scientist Poincare had never visited. The letter explained that the pictures had been taken with the aid of a new discovery, X-rays that Ròöntgen had turned up the previous month, and that he was publicizing his findings by mailing off prints all over Europe. Publicized they were: The photographs created a sensation across the globe(fig.3). Within three weeks, little Eddie McCarthy of Dartmouth, New Hampshire, became a local celebrity when his broken arm was set by physicians armed with X-rays images of the fracture(fig.4). It is easy to imagine Poincare's amazement-photographs of the inside of a human being! -and he quickly asked two local doctors if they could duplicate Röntgen's work. On January 20, they showed their own X-ray photographs to the assembled members of the French Academie des Sciences. The reaction was immediate and extreme. In the next fortnight, five members of the Academie presented papers on the new phenomenon.",
"Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), too, was sitting in the audience when the X-ray photographs were shown. He was fascinated by the strange ghostly images and the mysterious emanations that produced them.Both he and his father had studied the phenomenon of phosphorescence-the museum laboratory was filled with lumps of stone and wood that shone in the dark. The glow of X-ray emission put Becquerel in mind of the light in his study; although he had not done much active research in the last few years, he thought immediately of putting some phosphorescent rock on photographic paper to see if it would darken it in the same way as one of Röntgen's X-ray sources. It would not be all that much work. Born on December 15, 1852, Becquerel was the third in the line of Becquerel who held the chair of applied physics at what is today called the National Museum of Natural History in Paris. Like his grand father Antoine-Cesar Becquerel, and father Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel, before him, he was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and attended its weekly meetings.",
"During the meeting of January 20, 1896, he felt that the X-rays appeared to emanate from the area of a glass vacuum tube made fluorescent when struck by a beam of cathode rays. Poincare wondered aloud if such radiation was emitted by other luminescent bodies. Becquerel was immediately challenged by this question. In fact, he was ideally suited to answer it. Not only was he expert in the investigation of various luminescent effects, a common activity in physical laboratories of the 19th century, but he had studied the phosphorescence of some uranium compounds in particular. He also was skilled in laboratory applications of photography. And, like most physicists, he sought a better understanding of the nature of matter, so perhaps the mechanics of phosphorescence would bring him closer to reaching this final, philosophical goal. What is Radioactivity? Imagine that you are holding a water melon in your hands. All of a sudden, for no apparent reason, one of its seeds comes flying out through the thick skin. At the same time, you find that the water melon has turned into a musk melon.",
"Before you realise what happened, the musk melon throws out a seed and turns into an apple.As you are looking at the apple wondering to bite into it or not, a seed shoots out of it, and now what you have in your hand is an orange. By the time you try comprehend this unbelievable chain of event, the orange throws out a seed and becomes a emon. Surely, you would not like to eat a lemon, so you wait for it to turn into a berry or into a grape. You keep waiting, but nothing happens. The lemon remains a lemon. You may think that may be the a magician is trying to keep you awaiting from eating, or that there is a hitherto unknown power which is responsible for the entire chain of events. Fortunately, we never find one fruit changing into another kind of fruit the way it is described here.However, you may like to note that a very similar process is called Radioactivity. Atoms are the smallest constituents that make up of elements, and hence all matter. At the centre of each atom, there is a much smaller nucleus that contains even tinier particles called Protons and Neutrons.",
"The nucleus of a \"Radioactive\"atom - throw out one or more of these tinier articles, sometime particles other than proton or neutron thereby changing into a different element, or sometimes electromagnetic radiation. Such a nucleus is said to decay, or break apart when the decay of a nucleus occur. One type of atom is changed into a different type., and hence one element into another. and will consider his watch to be slow! An expert on uranium phosphorescence: In the second half of the 19th century, Henri's father, Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel (1820-1891), was the leading authority in Europe on the subject of the phosphorescence of solids. It was an important field, made prominent by Robert Wilhelm Bunsen's (1811-1899) and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff's (1824-1887) recent spectroscopic analyses. Incidentally, \"Fluorescence\" is defined as the emission of light only during stimulation by external radiation. \"Phosphorescence\" persists after the external radiation ceases. \"Luminescence\" is the umbrella term.",
"Edmond was drawn to the investigation of uranium salts because of their exceptionally bright phosphorescence and their interesting spectra. One of his contributions was to show that the uranic series of salts is phosphorescent and that the uranous series is not.His son, Henri, began publishing on phosphorescence in 1883, and wrote twenty papers on this and related areas of study over the next 13 years, being attracted especially to the effects of infrared radiations. Like his father, Henri was fascinated by uranium salts, and he examined their absorption bands in both infrared and visible regions. Although uranium and its compounds interested the Becquerels, the study of these substances remained in something of a scientific backwater throughout the 19th century. Uranium had been discovered in 1789 by a German analytical chemist, Martin Klaproth, while he had been examining pitchblende from Saxony. Its name was chosen in honor of William Herschel's discovery of the planet Uranus in 1781 (a practice continued in the 20th century with the naming of neptunium and plutonium).",
"Not until 1841, however, was it recognized that Klaproth had obtained only the oxide. Eugene Peligot, a noted French chemist,then succeeded in separating the metal. Attention was again directed to uranium when Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) formulated his periodic table in 1869 and showed it to be the heaviest element. But in an age of burgeoning chemical production, few applications for it were found. Compounds were tried as toning agents in photography, as dyes or stains for leather and wool and as mordants for silk and wool, and attempts were made with the metal to form an alloy with steel. The greatest use was in the ceramic and glass industries, in which uranium was valued for making coloured glazes and coloured clear glass. By varying the percentage of the salt used, one could get yellow, orange, brown, green or black. Photography entered the laboratory around the middle of the 19th century, being used to complement the microscope, telescope and balloon (for aerial photography),and to capture events such as sound waves, flying bullets, drop splashes, the motion of animals and lightning.",
"Röntgen's encounter with X-rays, which evoked tremendous public interest, relied heavily on photography for its fame. By far the greatest scientific use of this tool came in the century's last two decades,which suggests the impact of dry, gelatin emulsion plates. By 1896 Becquerel would probably have had at his disposal dry photographic plates of relatively good quality, uniform emulsion and long shelf life. Luminescence, uranium, photography Becquerel was in the right place at the right time. But he still might have failed to recognizes radioactivity as a phenomenon separate from phosphorescence if he had not been an accomplished physicist (Figure). Why does an apple remain an apple? Most atoms are not radio active, fortunately. Their neuclei are \"stable\",i.e. they do not decay. This is why an ordinary object, such as an apple or a watermelon with millions and millions of atoms with stable neuclei, always remains the same. Incidentally, we call a radioactive nucleus unstable because it can decay. When it does decay, both the number of protons and neutrons can change. Will the resulting nucleus be stable? Well, it may be stable or it too may be radioactive.",
"If it is radio active, it may be further decay to form yet another new nucleus, which could be radioactive as well. This is how a \"decay series\" could occur. Each kind of chemical element in the series changes into the next kind. Ultimately, the series may end with an element such as lead, i.e. not radio active. The atoms in this element are stable, they do not decay. Thus after a sufficiently long time one may find that radium or uranium has completely changed into lead! A model of scientific method: Becquerel's working hypothesis was that a body had to luminesce to emit penetrating radiation such as Röö;ntgen had found. His technique was to wrap a photographic plate in light tight black paper, position the mineral on the plate, and leave the experiment on his window sill where sunlight would stimulate the mineral to glow. At a meeting of the Academy of Sciences on 24 February 1896, he claimed success, reporting that several materials in particular, phosphorescent crystals of potassium uranyl sulfate emitted rays that penetrated thick black paper and exposed the photographic plate. This exposure was little more than a smudge.",
"To refine the results and to make them more attractive to others Becquerel also placed coins and other thin, metallic objects under the crystals, producing interesting silhouettes and showing their penetrating power. It must, however,be stated that X-rays, which produced far sharper photographic images in less time were overwhelmingly more popular. On Wednesday and Thursday, 26 and 27 February, 1896, Becquerel prepared several arrays of crystals and photographic plates. The Parisian winter, however, brought half a week of overcast skies, forcing Becquerel to postpone the experiments;he felt that he needed strong sunlight. The plates rested in a dark drawer until Sunday, 1 March, when Becquerel developed them, \"expecting to find very weak images. To the contrary\", he wrote in his memoirs, \"the silhouettes appeared with great intensity\". The following day, on 2 March 1896, Becquerel reported to the Academy of Sciences that the potassium uranium sulfate crystals could be stimulated to emit the new rays by diffuse daylight hrough a thin cloud cover, as well as by reflected and refracted direct sunlight. He also described using different thicknesses of copper foil to examine the absorption of the rays.",
"But the most astounding result that Becquerel offered was that stimulation of the crystals by sunlight immediately before or during the experiment was apparently not necessarry. The Uranium, it seemed, was spitting out X-rays all by itself. This, too, was not entirely correct. In fact, the lump of potassium uranyl sulfate was emitting a whole spectrum of radiation, of which only a small portion was X-rays. Nonetheless, the discovery caused a sensation, in part because it was so easy to duplicate. Almost every laboratory in the world had construction paper,photographic plates, and chunks of uranium ore. Within weeks, scientists across the Continent were looking in astonishment at the blurred black patches on their photographs making Becquerel a celebrity (Figure). Within weeks, news of Becquerel's findings had spread to Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States, further exciting researchers already stirred by the discovery of X-rays. Tests of the two phenomena were often conducted on the same workbench. The consequences of each discovery, however, were far different. X-rays were found to be simply pulses of light light of an intensity and power never before seen, but light nonetheless.",
"Radioactivity, on the other hand, was something entirely new, something that did not fit anywhere. The existence of radioactivity metal that somehow shot out energy! was a direct attack on the most ardent beliefs of Becquerel and his colleagues. When the strange behaviour of uranium was first noted, Becquerel wrote in his memoirs, \"There was no reason to presume that the phenomenon was [anything but] a new example of a known type of energy transformation. Contrary to every expectation, the first experiments demonstrated the existence of an apparently spontaneous production of energy\" . They had spent many years, those nineteenth century scientists, establishing the law of conservation of energy: Energy was neither created not destroyed. But every single piece of uranium seemed of its own accord to produce radiation that fogged photographic plates, electrified gases, and sometimes even burned physicists and the energy needed to do these things evidently came from no place at all. The metal just sat there, its atoms quietly working away, continuously beaming out penetrating rays in seeming disregard for the conservation of energy.",
"A page from the doctoral thesis of Marie Curie (1903) Marie Curie's representation of alpha, beta and gamma rays in a magnetic field from a radioactive material placed in a narrow but deep cavity in a block of lead. The magnetic field is applied in a direction perpendicular to and out of the plane of the paper. In the absence of electric and magnetic fields, the rays would emerge as a thin vertical beam. The alpha particles being positively charged and relatively heavy, would be slightly deflected to the right. The beta particles, being negatively charged and light, would be deviated to a greater extent to the left, whereas the gamma rays, carrying no electric charge, would not be deflected at all. What prompted Becquerel to develop the plates? But why had Becquerel bothered to develop those plates, which he thought were faintly exposed at best? His behavior has been explained as thoroughness: Jean Becquerel has suggested that his father planned to resume his experiments and wished to use fresh plates, so why to develop the old ones anyway? The explanation (proffered by G.E.M.",
"Jauncey in a 1946 paper in the American Journal of Physics) is \"impatience after awaiting four days for the sun to shine\". Yet other reasons, suggested, are \"simple thrift or an overriding curiosity\". We can dismiss the belief that Becquerel planned to resume his experiments on that Sunday: Meteorological records indicate that the day was less sunny than the average of the ceding four days A better explanation for Becquerel's activity is that he wanted to have sufficient material to report at the next day's session of the academy. In previous experiments he had already found, or so he believed, that weak illumination triggered his crystals somewhat. Perhaps he thought that these newly prepared plates had been exposed to some diffuse daylight, if not a short period of sunlight, before he placed them in the dark drawer. Thus, even if he could not describe many additional experiments, he might furnish evidence of the connection between the intensity of the photographic image and the intensity and duration of phosphorescence.",
"Another page from Marie Curie's doctoral thesis describing the set-up for measuring the ionisation power of \"uranium rays\" The method employed consists in measuring the conductivity acquired by air under the action of radioactive bodies; this method possesses the advantage of being rapid and of furnishing figures which are comparable. The apparatus employed by me for the purpose consists essentially of a plate condenser, AB (Figure 1). The active body, finely powdered, is spread over the plate B, making the air between the plates a conductor. In order to measure the conductivity, the plate B is raised to a high potential by connecting it with one pole of a battery of small accumulators. P, of which the other pole is connected to earth. The plate A being maintained at the potential of the earth by the connection CD,an electric current is set up between the two plates. The potential of plate A is recorded by an electrometer, E. If the earth connection be broken at C, the plate A becomes charged, and this charge causes a deflection of the electrometer. The velocity of the deflection is proportional to the intensity of the current, and serves to measure the latter.",
"But a preferable method of measurement is that of complensating the charge of plate A, so as to cause no deflection of the electrometer. The charges in question are extremely weak; they may be compensated by means of a quartz electric balance, Q, one sheath of which is connected to plate A and other to the earth. The quartz lamina is subjected to known tension, produced by placing weights in a plate,T; the tension is produced progressively, and has the effect of generating progressively a known quantity of electricity during the time observed. The operation can be so regulated that, at each instant, there is compensation between the quantity of electricity that traverses the condenser and that of the opposite kind furnished by the quartz. In this way, the quantity of electricity passing through the condenser for a given time, i.e., the intesity of the current, can be measured in absolute units. The measurement is independent of the sensitiveness of the electrometer. (Source Resonance, March 2001) (fig.6).",
"That he found the plates as blackened as they would have been had the crystals phosphoresced continuously, and that he recognized the significance of his surprising observation, shows that the discovery of radioactivity was not simply a happy accident but also a product of genuine scientific talent. Becquerel's example is comforting to us: His genius emerged because he mistakenly believed in a connection between the penetrating rays and phosphorescence, and because he felt compelled to speak at the academy's meeting. Though a major step, this event does not deserve to be called the discovery of radioactivity. The discovery was a process, not an instantaneous occurrence, for even at this point Becquerel had not sufficiently localized the phenomenon. No doubt Becquerel was a skilled and ingenious experimenter. However, in this early research he was not sufficiently meticulous to exclude extraneous influences and to see that some of his experimental results could bear more than one explanation. Thus, he often concluded that his experiments proved uranium rays to posses a certain physical property, only to have it shown later that the effect was due to another cause. Indeed, his investigations are particularly interesting for their many false trails, unreproducible results and misinterpreted effects.",
"Yet,his erroneous conclusions inexorably led him to further experiments, which often revealed the true nature of the phenomenon. This uneven progress is perhaps the most striking facet in the story of the discovery of radioactivity. But it must be understood that few scientists are able to avoid false trails. He recognized that the next step must be to determine if any light at all was necessary to stimulate the crystals. Working in a dark room, he placed different minerals atop photographic plates in an opaque cardboard box. When developed five hours later, the plates showed strong images in samples in which the crystals lay directly on the emulsion and less intense images in those in which the crystals were separated from the emulsion by sheets of aluminum and glass. Besides showing attenuation, the samples involving aluminum and glass also indicated that chemical action was not the explanation for the photographic smudges. Nor could the smudges result from the luminous radiation, because the phosphorescence of uranium salts is perceptible only for about 0.01 second, too short a time to expose a plate.Becqurel therefore suggested that phosphorescent bodies might give off an invisible emission that lasts much longer than the visible radiation.",
"Even before Rö;ntgen's discovery of X-ray, it had become almost a standard procedure for scientists exploring various types of radiation to perform some of the experiments that Rö;ntgen conducted to determine the properties of X-rays. Becquerel followed suit, as was only logical, because he believed that his own rays were similar to X-rays. He only had to substitute a layer of uranium salts for a cathode-ray tube, for example, to show that the separate gold leaves of an electroscope were made to fall. Having established this electrical property, he next examined whether the rays were reflected and refracted and he claimed they were. This conclusion, however, would be corrected by Rutherford some three years later. Through March and the succeeding months of 1896, Becquerel found that those crystals kept in darkness retained their ability to expose a photographic plate. Surely, he felt, this was a remarkable example of long-lived phosphorescence. But he was at a loss to explain the equally intense images produced by non-phosphorescent uranous sulfate. This discovery led him on a new path of investigation.",
"Since uranium nitrate ceases to luminesce when dissolved or melted in its water of crystalization, Becquerel, in darkness, heated a crystal in a sealed glass tube, protecting it even from the light of the alcohol flame. He then allowed it to recrystallize in darkness. All phosphorescence had been destroyed in this process, yet the salt still produced results on a photographic plate as strong as crystals exposed to light. Indeed, Becquerel admitted the anomalous behaviour of his samples: All salts of uranium emitted the invisible radiation, while other phosphorescent bodies did not. Finally, he tried a disk of pure uranium metal and found that it produced penetrating radiation three to four times as intense as that he had first seen with potassium uranyl sulfate. With this last announcement, on May 18, 1986, Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity was complete, although he continued with ionization studies of his penetrating radiation until the following spring. The new rays emerged from the element uranium, and with the implicit consequence that this was an atomic phenomenon, it may be said that the process of the discovery of radioactivity was essentially over.",
"It was a process that took several months, notable for a number of conclusions that were later overturned! Enter Marie and Pierre Curie Marie Curie (1867-1934) leaped into this exciting new field. She soon discovered at roughly the same time that Becquerel and Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)(fig8) did that the radiations given off by uranium were composed of more than one type. Some rays were bent one way by a magnetic field; others were bent another way. Rutherford named the positively charged rays alpha rays and the negatively charged ones beta rays (also known as alpha particles and beta particles). Exactly what these rays or particles were composed of, no one knew, but by 1898 Marie Curie suggested a name for these radiations radioactivity and that is the name that stuck. And in 1900, Paul Ulrich Villard discovered a third, unusually penetrating type of ray in radioactive radiation, one that did not bend at all n a magnetic field, which he named the gamma ray. The use of Greek letters to name these rays simply meant that their identity was unknown, as with the X in X-ray.",
"The Law of Exponential Decay Rutherfod and Soddy observed in 1902 that the activity of a radioactive element was diminishing in an exponential or (logarithmic) manner. This implied that the rate of decay of an active species, that is, the number of atoms that disintegrate in a unit interval of time, is proportional to the total number of atoms of that species present at that time. If we suppose that at a given instant, there are N atoms present of a particular radioelement, the rate of disintegration is represented by dN/dt. Since the rate of disintegration is proportional to the total number of atoms N, the relationship between the two, following methods of simple calculus, can be written as - dN/dt = N where l is is a constant which Rutherford and Soddy called the \"radioactive constant\". It is now referred to as the disintegration constant or the decay constant of the element under consideration. The negative sign is due to the fact that the number of atoms of the radioactive element decreases with time, and hence the rate dN/dt is a negative quantity.",
"The value of l depends on the property of a given radioelement and is independent of the physical condition or state of chemical combination. In an equivalent exponential form, the above equation yields the result, N t = N 0 e - lt where N 0 is the number of atoms present at any arbitrary zero time and N t is the number remaining after the lapse of a further time t. Another constant introduced by Rutherfod in 1904, called the \"half-life\" is the time required for the radioactivity of a given amount of the element to decay to half its initial value, that is, when half of the N0 atoms present at the zero time have decayed. Marie Sklodowska, a Polish girl came to Paris at the Sorbonne University to study physics and mathematics and qualified with honours and distinction. She married Pierre Curie (1859-1906) of the same university in 1895. Pierre was already famous for his discovery of piezo electricity - a property shown by some crystals such as quartz of developing an electrical voltage between opposite ends when subjected to pressure. Marie Curie used the discovery of her husband (see Box) to measure radioactivity.",
"Radioactive rays, like X rays, ionized any gas they passed through (including air) making it capable of conducting electricity. She found that she could measure the current so conducted with a galvanometer and offset it with the potential of a crystal under pressure. By measuring the amount of pressure it took to balance the current, she could obtain the reading of the intensity of the radioactivity. She systematically tested radioactive salts and succeeded in showing that the degree of radioactivity was in proportion to the amount of uranium in the radioactive material thereby narrowing the source of the radioactivity in her samples down to uranium. Then in 1898 she made yet another find: the heavy element thorium was also radioactive. It was already known that natural pitchblende is three or four times more active than uranium. Even more interesting is the fact that as Marie was working to separate uranium out of pitchblende, she found that the residues she produced had a much higher measurement of radioactivity than the uranium content alone could account for. Since the other minerals present in the ore were not radioactive, that could mean only one thing. Some other radioactive element, in amounts too small to detect, must also be present!",
"By this time, Marie's work had developed so much potential that her husband Pierre joined her to help with the backbreaking, tedious work of crystallizing the elements from the ores. Though himself a fine scientist with a successful career, he set his own work aside and spent the remaining seven years of his life assisting her, recognizing both her extraordinary gifts as a scientist and the importance of the path she was following. By July 1898 the two had succeeded. Working together, they had isolated a tiny amount of powder from the uranium ore from the fraction that contained bismuth. It was a new element, never before detected, with a level of radioactivity 400 times higher than uranium. They named the new element polonium, after Marie's home country. But something still seemed strange. The ore still gave off more radioactivity even than the uranium and polonium combined could account for. There must still be something else. In December 1898 they found the answer: another, even more radioactive element obtained from the fraction that contained barium which was 900 times more active than uranium. This one they named radium (from Latin radius meaning ray).",
"Marie and Pierre could not really offer a good description of new element radium because the amount they were able to derive from the ore they had was so minuscule. They could measure its radiations, and Eugene Demarcay, a specialist in elemental line spectra, was able to provide the spectral characteristics. (Different elements give off different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation or light, and these can be observed as discrete lines.) The next project was to produce a large enough quantity of radium that they could weigh it and measure it and see it. For this, they required a much bigger laboratory and financial resources which Sorbonne University could not provide. Undaunted by the circumstances, they set to work in a make-shift laboratory housed in a neighbouring abandoned court-yard. Through the courtesy of the Academy of Sciences, Vienna, they managed at a reasonable cost, stacks of the required ore pitchblende. The new laboratory was damp with a leaky glass roof, walls made of card-boards, a few tables knocked together as the work tables, a gas stove and no exhaust to remove noxious fumes arising from the work upto 20 kg of the ore every day.",
"It was a back breaking, hazardous and almost suicidal adventure with no help coming from any quarters. They spent their life savings to obtain large masses of waste ore from a nearby mine, and they began the monumental task. They spent four years, during which Marie lost 5 pounds, purifying and repurifying the ore into small amounts of radium, say, about 0.1 gram. Marie Curie wrote her doctoral dissertation on the subject in 1903, for which she, Pierre and Henri Becquerel shared the Nobel Prize in physics that year. In 1906, two years after receiving an appointment as professor of physics at the Sorbonne, Pierre Curie was run over by a horse-drawn truck at the age of 47. Marie was appointed in his place and she became the first woman to teach physics at the Sorbonne. Eight years after Pierre's death (1914), she received another Nobel for her discovery of two new elements, viz. Polonium and Radium, this time in chemistry and this time alone, Pierre - her partner and collaborator - no longer at her side.",
"Years later, in 1935 to be precise, their daughter Irene and her husband Frederic Joliot-Curie - the second husband and wife team - were awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for their discovery of artificial radioactivity. Nobel Prizes awarded for work with radioactivity The discovery of radioactivity brought about a revolution in our conceptiual understanding of the matter and found applications various fields of human activity. Here is a list of Nobel Prizes awarded for work with radioactivity. 1903"
] |
"Which US First Lady said, ""No one can make you feel interior unless you consent?"""
|
Eleanor Roosevelt
|
[
"Eleanor Roosevelt",
"Elenor Roosevelt",
"Eleonore Roosevelt",
"Eleanor: The Lonely Years",
"Eleanor roosevelt",
"Eleonor Roosevelt",
"Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, Sr.",
"Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Roosevelt",
"Anna Eleanor %22Eleanor%22 Roosevelt",
"Anna Eleanor Roosevelt",
"Elanor roosevelt",
"Eleanore Roosevelt"
] | 8,242
|
[
"No One Can Make You Feel Inferior Without Your Consent | Quote Investigator No One Can Make You Feel Inferior Without Your Consent Eleanor Roosevelt? Reader’s Digest? Apocryphal? Anonymous? Dear Quote Investigator: There is a remarkably insightful statement about self-esteem that is usually credited to Eleanor Roosevelt, the diplomat and former First Lady: No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. This is one of my favorite quotations, but I have not been able to determine when it was first said. One quotation dictionary claimed that the saying was in the autobiography “This is My Story” by Roosevelt, but I was unable to find it. Did Eleanor Roosevelt really say this? Could you tell me where I can locate this quotation? Quote Investigator: This popular aphorism is the most well-known guidance ascribed to Roosevelt. Quotation experts such as Rosalie Maggio and Ralph Keyes have explored the origin of this saying. Surprisingly, a thorough examination of the books the First Lady authored and her other archived writings has failed to discover any instances of the quote [QVFI]. Yet, the saying has been attributed to Roosevelt for more than seventy years.",
"The earliest example located by QI appeared in the pages of the widely-distributed periodical Reader’s Digest in September of 1940 [RDFI]: No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt Thus, from the beginning the phrase was credited to Roosevelt. However, no supporting reference was given in the magazine, and the quote stood alone at the bottom of a page with unrelated article text above it. Recently, QI located some intriguing evidence, and he now believes that the creation of this maxim can be traced back to comments made by Eleanor Roosevelt about an awkward event in 1935. The Secretary of Labor in the Roosevelt administration was invited to give a speech at the University of California, Berkeley on the Charter Day of the school. The customary host of the event was unhappy because she felt that the chosen speaker should not have been a political figure. She refused to serve as the host and several newspaper commentators viewed her action as a rebuff and an insult. Eleanor Roosevelt was asked at a White House press conference whether the Secretary had been snubbed, and her response was widely disseminated in newspapers.",
"Here is an excerpt from an Associated Press article [ERNC]: “A snub” defined the first lady, “is the effort of a person who feels superior to make someone else feel inferior. To do so, he has to find someone who can be made to feel inferior.” She made clear she didn’t think the labor secretary fell within the category of the “snubable.” Note that this statement by Roosevelt in 1935 contained the key elements of the quotation that was assigned to her by 1940. One person may try to make a second person feel inferior, but this second person can resist and simply refuse to feel inferior. In this example, the labor secretary refused to consent to feel inferior. The precise wording given for Roosevelt’s statement varied. Here is another example that was printed in a syndicated newspaper column called “So They Say!” the following week. The columnist stated that the following was the definition of a “snub” given by Roosevelt [OWFI]: I think it is the effort of a person who feels superior to make someone else feel inferior. First, though, you have to find someone who can be made to feel inferior. Here are additional selected citations in chronological order.",
"Sometime between 1935 and 1940 some unknown person synthesized a compact and stylish aphorism based on the commentary made by Eleanor Roosevelt, and that statement was published in the Reader’s Digest. Roosevelt may have performed this reformulation herself, but currently there is no evidence to support that possibility [RDFI]: No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Eleanor Roosevelt The next month, in October of 1940 the saying appeared as the first line of an editorial in a newspaper from Iowa. The words were placed between quotation marks, but no attribution was given [LPFI]: “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent” That is a good thing to remember. If you feel uncertain of yourself, it is a good pointer to remember. If you feel uncertain of yourself, it is easy to make you feel inferior by making a slighting remark. But if you feel confident you can laugh it off.",
"At the end of October the maxim appeared freestanding in an Alaskan newspaper where it was credited to Roosevelt [FDFI]: Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady: “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” In June of 1941 the aphorism appeared on a newspaper page dedicated to the topics of “Home, Church, Religion, Character” within a column titled “Sermonograms”. The words were credited to Eleanor Roosevelt [HNFI]. In February of 1944 the saying appeared in the widely-read syndicated column of Walter Winchell where it was again credited to Roosevelt [WWF1]. In February 1945 the maxim was repeated in Winchell’s influential column. On this second occasion Winchell employed a word from his specialized vocabulary, “Frixample”, in the introduction [WWF2]: Mrs. F.D.R. can turn out punchlines with the best of ’em. Frixample: “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent” The Yale Book of Quotations, an essential reference, contains a compelling precursor to the quote under investigation listed as a cross-index term.",
"More than one-hundred years before the cites above, in 1838, the American clergyman William Ellery Channing said the following [YWEC] [SWEC]: No power in society, no hardship in your condition can depress you, keep you down, in knowledge, power, virtue, influence, but by your own consent. In conclusion, QI believes that Eleanor Roosevelt can be credited with expressing the core idea of this saying by 1935. Within five years the graceful modern version of the maxim was synthesized. QI does not know if Roosevelt or someone else was responsible for this. But QI does believe Roosevelt’s words were the most likely inspiration. [QVFI] 2006, The Quote Verifier by Ralph Keyes, Page 97-98, St Martin’s Griffin, New York. (Verified on paper) [RDFI] 1940 September, The Reader’s Digest, [Free standing quotation], Page 84, Volume 37, The Reader’s Digest Association. (Verified on paper) [ERNC] 1935 March 26, News And Courier, Heart Balm Suit Ban Given Support By Mrs.",
"Roosevelt, Page 7, Charleston, South Carolina. (Google News Archive) [OWFI] 1935 April 2, Owosso Argus-Press, So They Say!, Page 4, Column 4, Owosso, Michigan. (Google News Archive) [LPFI] 1940 October 10, Lake Park News, The Little Newsance: Editorial by Ardell Proctor, Page 7, Column 1, Lake Park, Iowa. (NewspaperArchive) [FDFI] 1940 October 30, Fairbanks Daily News-Miner, [Free standing quotation], Page 2, Column 1, Fairbanks, Alaska. (NewspaperArchive) [HNFI] 1941 June 6, Huntingdon Daily News, Sermonograms, Page 11, Column 2, Huntingdon, Pennsylvania. (NewspaperArchive) [WWF1] 1944 February 29, Augusta Chronicle, Walter Winchell: In New York: Notes of an Innocent Bystander, Page 4, Column 7, Augusta, Georgia.",
"(GenealogyBank) [WWF2] 1945 February 25, St. Petersburg Times, Walter Winchell, Page 24, Column 7, St. Petersburg, Florida. (Google News archive) [YWEC] 2006, The Yale Book of Quotations by Fred R. Shapiro, Section: William Ellery Channing, Page 143, Yale University Press, New Haven. (Verified on paper) [SWEC] 1838 [Address delivered in Boston in September 1838], Self-Culture: An Address Introductory to the Franklin Lectures, Page 80, Dutton and Wentworth, Printers, Boston, Massachusetts. (Google Books full view) link No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. - Eleanor Roosevelt - BrainyQuote No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Find on Amazon: Eleanor Roosevelt Cite this Page: Citation Quotes by Eleanor Roosevelt, Advocate of Human Rights By Jone Johnson Lewis Updated October 31, 2016.",
"Married to her distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1905, Eleanor Roosevelt worked in settlement houses before focusing on supporting her husband's political career after he contracted poliomyelitis in 1921. Through the Depression and New Deal and then World War II, Eleanor Roosevelt traveled when her husband was less able to. Her daily column \"My Day\" in the newspaper broke with precedent, as did her press conferences and lectures. After FDR's death, Eleanor Roosevelt continued her political career, serving in the United Nations and helping create the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Selected Eleanor Roosevelt Quotations You gain strength, courage, and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing which you think you cannot do. No one can make you feel inferior without your consent. Remember always that you not only have the right to be an individual, you have an obligation to be one. continue reading below our video 10 Facts About the Titanic That You Don't Know The word liberal comes from the word free. We must cherish and honor the word free or it will cease to apply to us.",
"When you know to laugh and when to look upon things as too absurd to take seriously, the other person is ashamed to carry through even if he was serious about it. It is not fair to ask of others what you are not willing to do yourself. What is to give light must endure the burning. Do what you feel in your heart to be right - for you'll be criticized anyway. You'll be damned if you do, and damned if you don't. For it isn't enough to talk about peace. One must believe in it. And it isn't enough to believe in it. One must work at it. When all is said and done, and statesmen discuss the future of the world, the fact remains that people fight these wars. When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it? Friendship with oneself is all important because without it one cannot be friends with anybody else in the world. We all create the person we become by our choices as we go through life. In a real sense, by the time we are adults, we are the sum total of the choices we have made. I think that somehow, we learn who we really are and then live with that decision.",
"The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. I say to the young: \"Do not stop thinking of life as an adventure. You have no security unless you can live bravely, excitingly, imaginatively.\" As for accomplishments, I just did what I had to do as things came along. I could not, at any age, be content to take my place by the fireside and simply look on. Life was meant to be lived. Curiosity must be kept alive. One must never, for whatever reason, turn his back on life. Do the things that interest you and do them with all your heart. Don't be concerned about whether people are watching you or criticizing you. The chances are that they aren't paying attention to you. Your ambition should be to get as much life out of living as you possibly can, as much enjoyment, as much interest, as much experience, as much understanding. Not simply be what is generally called a \"success.\" Too often the great decisions are originated and given form in bodies made up wholly of men, or so completely dominated by them that whatever of special value women have to offer is shunted aside without expression. Campaign behavior for wives: Always be on time.",
"Do as little talking as humanly possible. Lean back in the parade car so everybody can see the president. It was a wife's duty to be interested in whatever interested her husband, whether it was politics, books, or a particular dish for dinner. We women are callow fledglings as compared with the wise old birds who manipulate the political machinery, and we still hesitate to believe that a woman can fill certain positions in public life as competently and adequately as a man. For instance, it is certain that women do not want a woman for President. Nor would they have the slightest confidence in her ability to fulfill the functions of that office. Every woman who fails in a public position confirms this, but every woman who succeeds creates confidence. [1932] No man is defeated without until he has first been defeated within. Marriages are two way streets and when they are not happy both must be willing to adjust. Both must love. It's good to be middle-aged, things don't matter so much, you don't take it so hard when things happen to you that you don't like.",
"You like to respect and admire someone whom you love, but actually, you love even more the people who require understanding and who make mistakes and have to grow with their mistakes. You can't move so fast that you try to change the mores faster than people can accept it. That doesn't mean you do nothing, but it means that you do the things that need to be done according to priority. It is neither unusual nor new for me to have Negro friends, nor is it unusual for me to have found my friends among all races and religions of people. [1953] The separation of church and state is extremely important to any of us who hold to the original traditions of our nation. To change these traditions by changing our traditional attitude toward public education would be harmful, I think, to our whole attitude of tolerance in the religious area. Religious freedom cannot just mean Protestant freedom; it must be freedom of all religious people. Anyone who knows history, particularly the history of Europe, will, I think, recognize that the domination of education or of government by any one particular religious faith is never a happy arrangement for the people. A little simplification would be the first step toward rational living, I think.",
"The more we simplify our material needs the more we are free to think of other things. One must even beware of too much certainty that the answer to life's problems can only be found in one way and that all must agree to search for light in the same way and cannot find it in any other way. A mature person is one who is does not think only in absolutes, who is able to be objective even when deeply stirred emotionally, who has learned that there is both good and bad in all people and all things, and who walks humbly and deals charitably with the circumstances of life, knowing that in this world no one is all-knowing and therefore all of us need both love and charity. (from \"It Seems to Me\" 1954) It is essential to have the leadership of a young and energetic President if we are going to have a program of any validity, so let us look forward to a change in November and hope that youth and wisdom will be combined. (1960, looking forward to the election of John F. Kennedy) Too few of us think of the responsibility facing the man who will be President of the U.S. and of all its people on his inauguration, January 20.",
"The crowds that have surrounded him during the past year, the feel he has had of the people who did support him -- all this will now seem far away as he sits down to appraise the whole situation before him. (1960, November 14, after the election of John F. Kennedy) You rarely achieve finality. If you did, life would be over, but as you strive new visions open before you, new possibilities for the satisfaction of living. I consider those are rich who are doing something they feel worthwhile and which they enjoy doing. She would rather light candles than curse the darkness, and her glow has warmed the world. (Adlai Stevenson, about Eleanor Roosevelt) More Women's Quotes: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ About These Quotes Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis . This is an informal collection assembled over many years. I regret that I am not be able to provide the original source if it is not listed with the quote. Eleanor Roosevelt Quotes - BrainyQuote Eleanor Roosevelt Quotes Died: November 7 , 1962 Eleanor Roosevelt was a debutante, an activist, and a reluctant first lady.",
"Her Roosevelt family tree connected her not only to her uncle, the twenty-... Read full biography Links Find on Amazon: Eleanor Roosevelt Cite this Page: Citation Eleanor Roosevelt - Wikiquote Eleanor Roosevelt Jump to: navigation , search It takes courage to love , but pain through love is the purifying fire which those who love generously know . Quotes[ edit ] Do what you feel in your heart to be right — for you'll be criticized anyway. You'll be \"damned if you do, and damned if you don't.\" Understanding is a two-way street. Life was meant to be lived, and curiosity must be kept alive. One must never, for whatever reason, turn his back on life. When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it? Do what you feel in your heart to be right — for you'll be criticized anyway.",
"You'll be \"damned if you do, and damned if you don't.\" As quoted in How to Stop Worrying and Start Living (1944; 1948) by Dale Carnegie ; though Roosevelt has sometimes been credited with the originating the expression, \"Damned if you do and damned if you don't\" is set in quote marks, indicating she herself was quoting a common expression in saying this. Actually, this saying was coined back even earlier, 1836, by evangelist Lorenzo Dow in his sermons about ministers saying the Bible contradicts itself, telling his listeners, \"… those who preach it up, to make the Bible clash and contradict itself, by preaching somewhat like this: 'You can and you can't-You shall and you shan't-You will and you won't-And you will be damned if you do-And you will be damned if you don't.' \" Understanding is a two-way street. As quoted in Modern Quotations for Ready Reference (1947) by Arthur Richmond, p. 455 It isn't enough to talk about peace . One must believe in it. And it isn't enough to believe in it. One must work at it.",
"Voice of America broadcast (11 November 1951) We have to face the fact that either all of us are going to die together or we are going to learn to live together and if we are to live together we have to talk. The New York Times (1960), as cited in The Beacon Book of Quotations by Women (1992) by Rosalie Maggio, p. 156 To me who dreamed so much as a child, who made a dreamworld in which I was the heroine of an unending story, the lives of people around me continued to have a certain storybook quality. I learned something which has stood me in good stead many times — The most important thing in any relationship is not what you get but what you give. Preface (December 1960) to The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (1961), p. xvi; the last line was originally used in the initial edition of her autobiography: This Is My Story (1937) Life was meant to be lived, and curiosity must be kept alive. One must never, for whatever reason, turn his back on life.",
"Preface (December 1960) to The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (1961), p. xix I think, at a child's birth, if a mother could ask a fairy godmother to endow it with the most useful gift, that gift would be curiosity. As quoted in Todays Health (October 1966) When you cease to make a contribution, you begin to die. As quoted in Eleanor : The Years Alone (1972) by Joseph P. Lash I think that somehow, we learn who we really are and then live with that decision. As quoted in Peter's Quotations : Ideas for Our Time (1972) by Laurence J. Peter, p. 5 Friendship with oneself is all-important, because without it one cannot be friends with anyone else in the world. As quoted in The Beacon Book of Quotations by Women (1992) by Rosalie Maggio, p. 130 When will our consciences grow so tender that we will act to prevent human misery rather than avenge it? As quoted in \"On The Universal Declaration of Human Rights\" by Hillary Rodham Clinton in Issues of Democracy Vol. 3, No.",
"3 (October 1998), p. 11 You get more joy out of the giving to others, and should put a good deal of thought into the happiness you are able to give. As quoted in Sheroes: Bold, Brash, and Absolutely Unabashed Superwomen from Susan B. Anthony to Xena (1998) by Varla Ventura, p. 150 I think I have a good deal of my Uncle Theodore in me, because I could not, at any age, be content to take my place by the fireside and simply look on. As quoted in The Three Roosevelts: Patrician Leaders Who Transformed America (2002) by James MacGregor Burns ad Susan Dunn, p. 563 Variant: I could not at any age be content to take my place in a corner by the fireside and simply look on. I had a rose named after me and I was very flattered. But I was not pleased to read the description in the catalogue: \"No good in a bed, but fine against a wall\".",
"From a speech given at the White Shrine Club, Fresno, California, quoted in The Event Makers I’ve Known (2012) by Elvin C. Bell, p. 161. She is described as being in her late 70s, so c. 1960–1962 This Is My Story (1937)[ edit ] One's philosophy is not best expressed in words ; it is expressed in the choices one makes. In stopping to think through the meaning of what I have learned , there is much that I believe intensely, much I am unsure of. In the long run, we shape our lives and we shape ourselves . The process never ends until we die . And, the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility . Up to a certain point it is good for us to know that there are people in the world who will give us love and unquestioned loyalty to the limit of their ability. I doubt, however, if it is good for us to feel assured of this without the accompanying obligation of having to justify this devotion by our behavior. The most important thing in any relationship is not what you get but what you give.",
"You Learn by Living (1960)[ edit ] Freedom makes a huge requirement of every human being. With freedom comes responsibility . One's philosophy is not best expressed in words ; it is expressed in the choices one makes. In stopping to think through the meaning of what I have learned , there is much that I believe intensely, much I am unsure of. In the long run, we shape our lives and we shape ourselves . The process never ends until we die . And, the choices we make are ultimately our own responsibility . Foreword (January 1960) One thing life has taught me: if you are interested, you never have to look for new interests. They come to you. … All you need to do is to be curious, receptive, eager for experience. And there's one strange thing: when you are genuinely interested in one thing, it will always lead to something else. p. 14 You gain strength , courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face . You are able to say to yourself, \"I have lived through this horror. I can take the next thing that comes along.\" … You must do the thing you think you cannot do. p.",
"29–30 A mature person is one who does not think only in absolutes , who is able to be objective even when deeply stirred emotionally , who has learned that there is both good and bad in all people and all things, and who walks humbly and deals charitably with the circumstances of life, knowing that in this world no one is all-knowing and therefore all of us need both love and charity . p. 63 Happiness is not a goal, it is a by-product. Paradoxically , the one sure way not to be happy is deliberately to map out a way of life in which one would please oneself completely and exclusively. p. 95 \" Anxiety ,\" Kierkegaard said, \"is the dizziness of freedom .\" This freedom of which men speak , for which they fight , seems to some people a perilous thing. It has to be earned at a bitter cost and then — it has to be lived with. For freedom makes a huge requirement of every human being. With freedom comes responsibility . For the person who is unwilling to grow up, the person who does not want to carry his own weight, this is a frightening prospect.",
"We must all face and unpalatable fact that we have, too often, a tendency to skim over; we proceed on the assumption that all men want freedom. This is not as true as we would like it to be. Many men and women who are far happier when they have relinquish their freedom, when someone else guides them, makes their decisions for them, takes the responsibility for them and their actions. They don't want to make up their minds. They don't want to stand on their own feet. p. 152 Her daily newspaper column : selections at PBS At all times, day by day, we have to continue fighting for freedom of religion , freedom of speech , and freedom from want — for these are things that must be gained in peace as well as in war . I have never felt that anything really mattered but the satisfaction of knowing that you stood for the things in which you believed and had done the very best you could. This is a time for action — not for war , but for mobilization of every bit of peace machinery. If the use of leisure time is confined to looking at TV for a few extra hours every day, we will deteriorate as a people .",
"We should begin in our own environment and in our own community as far as possible to build a peace-loving attitude and learn to discipline ourselves to accept, in the small things of our lives, mediation and arbitration . As long as we are not actually destroyed, we can work to gain greater understanding of other peoples and to try to present to the peoples of the world the values of our own beliefs. It takes courage to love , but pain through love is the purifying fire which those who love generously know . We all know people who are so much afraid of pain that they shut themselves up like clams in a shell and, giving out nothing, receive nothing and therefore shrink until life is a mere living death. (1 April 1939) I was one of those who was very happy when the original prohibition amendment passed. I thought innocently that a law in this country would automatically be complied with, and my own observation led me to feel rather ardently that the less strong liquor anyone consumed the better it was. During prohibition I observed the law meticulously, but I came gradually to see that laws are only observed with the consent of the individuals concerned and a moral change still depends on the individual and not on the passage of any law.",
"(14 July 1939) Little by little it dawned upon me that this law was not making people drink any less, but it was making hypocrites and law breakers of a great number of people. It seemed to me best to go back to the old situation in which, if a man or woman drank to excess, they were injuring themselves and their immediate family and friends and the act was a violation against their own sense of morality and no violation against the law of the land. (14 July 1939) Will people ever be wise enough to refuse to follow bad leaders or to take away the freedom of other people? (16 October 1939) No writing has any real value which is not the expression of genuine thought and feeling. (20 December 1939) When life is too easy for us, we must beware or we may not be ready to meet the blows which sooner or later come to everyone, rich or poor. (23 February 1940) I have a great belief in spiritual force, but I think we have to realize that spiritual force alone has to have material force with it so long as we live in a material world.",
"The two together make a strong combination. (17 May 1940) Sometimes I wonder if we shall ever grow up in our politics and say definite things which mean something, or whether we shall always go on using generalities to which everyone can subscribe, and which mean very little. (1 July 1940) One should always sleep in all of one's guest beds, to make sure that they are comfortable. (11 September 1941) Long ago, I made up my mind that when things were said involving only me, I would pay no attention to them, except when valid criticism was carried by which I could profit. (14 January 1942) One of the blessings of age is to learn not to part on a note of sharpness, to treasure the moments spent with those we love, and to make them whenever possible good to remember, for time is short. (5 February 1943) At all times, day by day, we have to continue fighting for freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and freedom from want — for these are things that must be gained in peace as well as in war.",
"(15 April 1943) One of the best ways of enslaving a people is to keep them from education... The second way of enslaving a people is to suppress the sources of information, not only by burning books but by controlling all the other ways in which ideas are transmitted. (11 May 1943) Only a man's character is the real criterion of worth. (22 August 1944) I have never felt that anything really mattered but the satisfaction of knowing that you stood for the things in which you believed and had done the very best you could. (8 November 1944) It is not fair to ask of others what you are unwilling to do yourself. [1] [2] (15 June 1946) I have waited a while before saying anything about the Un-American Activities Committee's current investigation of the Hollywood film industry. I would not be very much surprised if some writers or actors or stagehands, or what not, were found to have Communist leanings, but I was surprised to find that, at the start of the inquiry, some of the big producers were so chicken-hearted about speaking up for the freedom of their industry.",
"One thing is sure — none of the arts flourishes on censorship and repression. And by this time it should be evident that the American public is capable of doing its own censoring. Certainly, the Thomas Committee is growing more ludicrous daily. (29 October 1947) The film industry is a great industry with infinite possibilities for good and bad. Its primary purpose is to entertain people. On the side, it can do many other things. It can popularize certain ideals, it can make education palatable. But in the long run, the judge who decides whether what it does is good or bad is the man or woman who attends the movies. In a democratic country I do not think the public will tolerate a removal of its right to decide what it thinks of the ideas and performances of those who make the movie industry work. (29 October 1947) What is going on in the Un-American Activities Committee worries me primarily because little people have become frightened and we find ourselves living in the atmosphere of a police state, where people close doors before they state what they think or look over their shoulders apprehensively before they express an opinion. I have been one of those who have carried the fight for complete freedom of information in the United Nations.",
"And while accepting the fact that some of our press, our radio commentators, our prominent citizens and our movies may at times be blamed legitimately for things they have said and done, still I feel that the fundamental right of freedom of thought and expression is essential. If you curtail what the other fellow says and does, you curtail what you yourself may say and do. In our country we must trust the people to hear and see both the good and the bad and to choose the good. The Un-American Activities Committee seems to me to be better for a police state than for the USA. (29 October 1947) The mobilization of world opinion and methods of negotiation should be developed and used by every nation in order to strengthen the United Nations. Then if we are forced into war, it will be because there has been no way to prevent it through negotiation and the mobilization of world opinion. In which case we should have the voluntary support of many nations, which is far better than the decision of one nation alone, or even of a few nations. (16 April 1954) This is a time for action — not for war, but for mobilization of every bit of peace machinery.",
"It is also a time for facing the fact that you cannot use a weapon, even though it is the weapon that gives you greater strength than other nations, if it is so destructive that it practically wipes out large areas of land and great numbers of innocent people. (16 April 1954 ) If the use of leisure time is confined to looking at TV for a few extra hours every day, we will deteriorate as a people. (5 November 1958) The arts in every field — music, drama, sculpture, painting — we can learn to appreciate and enjoy. We need not be artists, but we should be able to appreciate the work of artists. (5 November 1958) If man is to be liberated to enjoy more leisure, he must also be prepared to enjoy this leisure fully and creatively. For people to have more time to read, to take part in their civic obligations, to know more about how their government functions and who their officials are might mean in a democracy a great improvement in the democratic processes. Let's begin, then, to think how we can prepare old and young for these new opportunities.",
"Let's not wait until they come upon us suddenly and we have a crisis that we will be ill prepared to meet. (5 November 1958) In times past, the question usually asked by women was \"How can we best help to defend our nation?\" I cannot remember a time when the question on so many people's lips was \"How can we prevent war?\" There is a widespread understanding among the people of this nation, and probably among the people of the world, that there is no safety except through the prevention of war. For many years war has been looked upon as almost inevitable in the solution of any question that has arisen between nations, and the nation that was strong enough to do so went about building up its defenses and its power to attack. It felt that it could count on these two things for safety. (20 December 1961) A consciousness of the fact that war means practically total destruction is the reason, I think, for the rising tide to prevent what seems such a senseless procedure. I understand that it is perhaps difficult for some people, whose lives have been lived with a sense of the need for military development, to envisage the possibility of being no longer needed.",
"But the average citizen is beginning to think more and more of the need to develop machinery to settle difficulties in the world without destruction or the use of atomic bombs. (20 December 1961) We should begin in our own environment and in our own community as far as possible to build a peace-loving attitude and learn to discipline ourselves to accept, in the small things of our lives, mediation and arbitration . As individuals, there is little that any of us can do to prevent an accidental use of bombs in the hands of those who already have them. We can register, however, with our government a firm protest against granting the knowledge and the use of these weapons to those who do not now have them. (20 December 1961) As long as we are not actually destroyed, we can work to gain greater understanding of other peoples and to try to present to the peoples of the world the values of our own beliefs. We can do this by demonstrating our conviction that human life is worth preserving and that we are willing to help others to enjoy benefits of our civilization just as we have enjoyed it.",
"(20 December 1961) Tomorrow Is Now (1963)[ edit ] What we must learn to do is to create unbreakable bonds between the sciences and the humanities. We cannot procrastinate. The world of the future is in our making. Tomorrow is now. We face the future fortified with the lessons we have learned from the past. It is today that we must create the world of the future. Spinoza , I think, pointed out that we ourselves can make experience valuable when, by imagination and reason, we turn it into foresight. p. xv Deliberately misattributed for comic effect in the opening of the film Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby (2006) I am who I am today because of the choices I made yesterday. Not by Roosevelt, but from Steven Covey's Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (1989). Quotes about Roosevelt[ edit ] Eleanor Roosevelt, fine, precise, hand-worked like ivory. Her voice was almost attractive ...",
"One had the impression of a lady who was finally becoming a woman, which is to say that she was just a little bitchy about it all; nice bitchy, charming, it had a touch of art to it, but it made one wonder if she were not now satisfying the last passion of them all, which was to become physically attractive, for she was better-looking than she had ever been."
] |
What is the Alaskan terminus of the Alaskan Highway?
|
Fairbanks
|
[
"Fairbanks, AK",
"Fairbanks, AL",
"Fairbanks",
"AK Fairbanks",
"Fairbanks, ak",
"Fairbanks, Alaska",
"UN/LOCODE:USFAI",
"Fairbanks alaska"
] | 10,817
|
[
"Alaska Highway: Alcan Highway Campgrounds Alaska.com Updated for the 2016 camping seasons. While not an all inclusive list of Alaska Highway RV Parks and Campgrounds our selection is growing and up to date on who is and who is not open for the 2016 camping season. Getting to the Alaska Highway! If driving to Alaska from the lower 48 states, prepare for many miles of heavy equipment and construction through Northern B.C. as the oil and natural gas development and exploration along the Alaska Highway and the Northern Gateway oil pipeline along the Yellowhead Highway are in full swing. This construction is causing some traffic problems for tourists and dusty driving conditions for hundreds of miles. Prepare for a longer than normal trip if taking the Alaska Highway this summer. Turning off in Prince George and heading west on the Yellowhead Highway takes you to the Cassiar Highway, one of the scenic alternative routes worth contemplating. Additionally, taking the Alaska Ferry from Prince Rupert to Haines is really a great choice to consider. The costs are about the same but the experience is exceptional and very relaxing. Alaska Highway Then and Now: Where is the Alaska Highway?",
"Driving the Alaska Highway in a Motorhome via the Alaska Highway, also known as the Alaska Canada Highway, and the Alcan Highway, begins at the monument marking Mile zero in the center of Dawson Creek, BC. At this point, the road leads north to Alaska through some extremely scenic locations like Stone Mountain Provincial Park , Muncho Lake , Rancheria Falls , Teslin, Whitehorse, Kluane Provincial Park and many others you will encounter along this northern journey. Historic Locations Along The Way The road was originally built mostly by the US Army as a supply route during World War II. Crews worked from both ends and met at the historic linkup point of Contact Creek located at Milepost 588 of the Alaska Highway . Campgrounds on Alaska Highway There are plenty of camping opportunities available along the Alaska Highway and many of these offer some unique camping experiences worthy of a multiple day stay. While we have not stayed at every one of the campgrounds on Alaska Highway we have visited a large number and must say our list of places to return to has continued to grow and grow. Be sure to read over these pages beginning at mile \"0\" in Dawson Creek B.C.",
"See Campgrounds along the Alaska Highway as well as the page about Camping Along the Alaska Highway which discusses Boondocking vs Alaska Highway RV Parks. Drive The Alaska Highway If you're planning to drive up the world famous Alcan Highway you're in for some history. This page begins as you are entering Alaska. As you cross the US/Canada border into Alaska you will find your first Alaskan gas station waiting to serve your fuel and vehicle needs. Prices at the gas station located on the left hand hand side tend to be considerably less than in Canada and there is also a nice campground is located on the property plus a small restaurant with a gift shop attached. Also See Alaska Highway Gas Stations Gas prices along the Alaska Highway have been pretty high compared to stateside prices and while you will be getting a reprieve in Alaska, gas prices in Alaska will be higher than what you find in the lower 48 states. Typically the prices here at the border are just a nickel to a dime over what is found in Tok about 100 miles further into Alaska. Additional Reading: Alaska Roadside First Aid Kits Driving To Alaska in a Motorhome or pulling a RV.",
"The famous Alaska Highway, AKA - Alcan Highway, remains as a testament to the combined efforts of the United States and Canadian governments during World War 2. This website is not intended to describe the highway, the purpose is to assist in planning out your camping destinations on the Alaska Highway. Contrary to popular belief, the Alaska Highway is not the mucky, grueling gravel route it once was. Today you enjoy traveling on a relatively modern paved highway that is well maintained compared to the old road we used in the past. Yes there will be construction areas and in the spring through early summer you will encounter frost heaves and some pretty nasty pot holes. But this should not to deter you from traveling this expansive road system. Every adventure worth experiencing comes with some obstacles, the road condition is a minor one compared to the wonders you will encounter along the Alaska Highway. Are you ready for an adventure? If you are even slightly inclined to take on this magnificent camping adventure, read on and you will begin to understand the allure of driving the Alaska Highway. The Alaska Highway officially starts off in Dawson Creek, British Columbia. This scenic and historic highway has been straightened out so it’s path is wide and long through many distinct and enchanting expanses of wilderness.",
"Along this scenic journey you will be transported back into time, you will experience a lifestyle cherished by those who have chosen this slow paced, less stressed standard of living. As your journey unfolds, you will be faced with many options. With some prior planning, you will be on your way to a very relaxed and enjoyable adventure. As this is not a weekend road trip, I suggest you take the time to research the areas and make tentative plan for the trip. Be fairly open to diversion by not setting strict timelines. After 28 trips on the Alaska highway in all four seasons, still new adventure presents itself upon every trip. A little side trip here and another there is the norm when traveling over a wild and scenic highway like this one. This Page will deal with the portion of the Alaska Highway from the Yukon/Alaska border to Fairbanks Alaska. The official terminus of the highway is in fact located in Delta Junction Alaska and the portion between Delta Junction and Fairbanks is in reality on the Richardson Highway. It’s a minor point but one that we needed to point out. The Alaska Highway, AKA Alcan Highway The facts you need to know before you go. Notice to U.S. Travelers U.S.",
"passport information for Entering and exiting Canada starting in 2007. Starting in January of 2007, ALL persons, including U.S. citizens, traveling by air between the United States and Canada, Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Bermuda will be required to present a valid passport, Air NEXUS card, or U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Mariner Document. Updated January 1, 2008, ALL persons, including U.S. citizens, traveling between the U.S. and Canada, Mexico, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Bermuda by land or sea (including ferries), may be required to present a valid passport or other documents as determined by the Department of Homeland Security. While recent legislative changes permit a later deadline, the Departments of State and Homeland Security are working to meet all requirements as soon as possible. Ample advance notice will be provided to enable the public to obtain passports or passport cards for land/sea entries. For Alaska Highway Campgrounds in Canada, Also See: Alaska Highway Campgrounds from the Yukon Border at Beaver Creek to Tok Alaska.",
"Alaska Highway | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Terminus b AK-2 [fix JctCA] {JctCA} - Unknown parameter 1=AK, 2=2 / at Delta Junction, AK The Alaska Highway (also known as the Alaskan Highway, Alaska-Canadian Highway, or ALCAN Highway) was constructed during World War II for the purpose of connecting the contiguous United States to Alaska through Canada. It begins at the junction with several Canadian highways in Dawson Creek , British Columbia, and runs to Delta Junction, Alaska, via Whitehorse , Yukon. Completed in 1942 at a length of approximately 2,700 kilometres (1,700 mi), As of 2015 [update] it is 2,232 km (1,387 mi) long. The difference in distance is due to constant reconstruction of the highway, which has rerouted and straightened out numerous sections. The highway was opened to the public in 1948. [2] Legendary over many decades for being a rough, challenging drive, the highway is now paved over its entire length.",
"[1] An informal system of historic mileposts developed over the years to denote major stopping points; Delta Junction, at the end of the highway, makes reference to its location at \"Historic Milepost 1422.\" [1] It is at this point that the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway , which continues 155 km (96 mi) to the city of Fairbanks. This is often regarded, though unofficially, as the northern portion of the Alaska Highway, with Fairbanks at Historic Milepost 1520. [1] Mileposts on this stretch of highway are measured from Valdez, rather than the Alaska Highway. The Alaska Highway is popularly (but unofficially) considered part of the Pan-American Highway , which extends south (despite its discontinuity in Panama ) to Argentina. [3] Contents Edit Proposals for a highway to Alaska originated in the 1920s. Thomas MacDonald , director of the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads , dreamed of an international highway spanning the United States and Canada. In order to promote the highway, Slim Williams originally travelled the proposed route by dog sled. Since much of the route would pass through Canada, support from the Canadian government was crucial.",
"However, the Canadian government perceived no value in putting up the required funds to build the road, since the only part of Canada that would benefit was not more than a few thousand people in the Yukon. However, some route consideration was given. The preferred route would pass through the Rocky Mountain Trench from Prince George, British Columbia to Dawson City before turning west to Fairbanks, Alaska. The attack on Pearl Harbor and beginning of the Pacific Theatre in World War II , coupled with Japanese threats to the west coast of North America and the Aleutian Islands, changed the priorities for both nations. On February 6, 1942 the construction of the Alaska Highway was approved by the United States Army and the project received the authorization from the U.S. Congress and President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proceed five days later. Canada agreed to allow construction as long as the United States bore the full cost, and that the road and other facilities in Canada be turned over to Canadian authority after the war ended.",
"A caterpillar tractor with grader widens the roadway of the Alaska Highway, 1942 The official start of construction took place on March 8, 1942 after hundreds of pieces of construction equipment were moved on priority trains by the Northern Alberta Railways to the northeastern part of British Columbia near Mile 0 at Dawson Creek. Construction accelerated through the spring as the winter weather faded away and crews were able to work from both the northern and southern ends; they were spurred on after reports of the Japanese invasion of Kiska Island and Attu Island in the Aleutians. During construction the road was nicknamed the \"oil can highway\" by the work crews due to the large number of discarded oil cans and fuel drums that marked the road's progress.\"The Alcan Highway\".",
"On September 24, 1942 crews from both directions met at Mile 588 at what became named Contact Creek, [4] at the British Columbia-Yukon border at the 60th Parallel; the entire route was completed October 28, 1942 with the northern linkup at Mile 1202, Beaver Creek, and the highway was dedicated on November 20, 1942 at Soldiers Summit. The needs of war dictated the final route, intended to link the airfields of the Northwest Staging Route that conveyed lend-lease aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union . Thus the long, impractical route over difficult terrain was chosen. The road was originally built mostly by the US Army as a supply route during World War II . There were four main thrusts in building the route: southeast from Delta Junction, Alaska toward a linkup at Beaver Creek, Yukon ; north then west from Dawson Creek (an advance group started from Fort Nelson, British Columbia after traveling on winter roads on frozen marshland from railway stations on the Northern Alberta Railways ); both east and west from Whitehorse after being ferried in via the White Pass and Yukon Route railway.",
"The U.S. Army commandeered equipment of all kinds, including local riverboats, railway locomotives, and housing originally meant for use in southern California. Although it was completed on October 28, 1942 and its completion was celebrated at Soldier's Summit on November 21 (and broadcast by radio, the exact outdoor temperature censored due to wartime concerns), the \"highway\" was not usable by general vehicles until 1943. Even then there were many steep grades, a poor surface, switchbacks to gain and descend hills, and few guardrails. Bridges, which progressed during 1942 from pontoon bridges to temporary log bridges , were replaced with steel bridges where necessary. A replica log bridge, the Canyon Creek bridge, can be seen at the Aishihik river crossing; the bridge was rebuilt in 1987 and refurbished in 2005 by the Yukon government as it is a popular tourist attraction. The easing of the Japanese invasion threat resulted in no more contracts being given to private contractors for upgrading of specific sections.",
"Some 100 miles (160 km) of route between Burwash Landing and Koidern, Yukon, became nearly impassable in May and June 1943, as the permafrost melted, no longer protected by a layer of delicate vegetation. A corduroy road was built to restore the route, and corduroy still underlays old sections of highway in the area. Modern construction methods do not allow the permafrost to melt, either by building a gravel berm on top or replacing the vegetation and soil immediately with gravel. The Burwash-Koidern section, however, is still a problem as the new highway built there in the late 1990s continues to experience frost heave. In 1993 Brian Corntassel and Tony Leonard of HW Lochner Inc, Chicago Civil Engineers proposed the Juneau Access Project through the Taku River valley into Canada and from Juneau up the West Lynn canal Juneau to Haines, Haines to Skagway and Taku River route Juneau to Atlin BC with 13 Ferry Transportation, 94 bridges and 17 Glacierial Tunnels for ADOT&PF.",
"The plans were documented in metric units for the Canadian portion of the design, drawn in standard then computer files were scaled and matched together perfectly at demonstration. The EPA enforced cooperating with the design to avoid all American eagles nests and Native American Brian Corntassel represented the Birds natural habitat and highway plans simultaneously through the projects successful completion. Post war Edit The original agreement between Canada and the United States regarding construction of the highway stipulated that its Canadian portion be turned over to Canada six months after the end of the war. [5] This took place on April 1, 1946 when the US Army transferred control of the road through the Yukon and British Columbia to the Canadian Army, Northwest Highway System. The Alaskan section was completely paved during the 1960s; largely gravel even in 1981, the Canadian portion of the Alaska Highway is now completely paved , mostly with bituminous surface treatment . The Milepost , an extensive guide book to the Alaska Highway and other highways in Alaska and Northwest Canada, was first published in 1949 and continues to be published annually as the foremost guide to travelling the highway. The settlement of Destruction Bay was originally a work camp for the highway.",
"The British Columbia government owns the first 82.6 miles (132.9 km) of the highway, the only portion paved during the late 1960s and 1970s. Public Works Canada manages the highway from Mile 82.6 (km 133) to Historic Mile 630. The Yukon government owns the highway from Historic Mile 630 to Historic Mile 1016 (from near Watson Lake to Haines Junction ), and manages the remainder to the U.S. border at Historic Mile 1221. The State of Alaska owns the highway within that state (Mile 1221 to Mile 1422). The Alaska Highway was built for military purposes and its route was not ideal for postwar development of northern Canada. [6] Rerouting in Canada has shortened the highway by approximately 35 miles (56 km) since 1947, mostly by eliminating winding sections and sometimes by bypassing residential areas. The historic milepost markings are therefore no longer accurate but are still important as local location references.",
"Some old sections of the highway are still in use as local roads, while others are left to deteriorate and still others are plowed up. Four sections form local residential streets in Whitehorse (3... see map) and Fort Nelson (1), and others form country residential roadways outside of Whitehorse. Although Champagne, Yukon was bypassed in 2002, the old highway is still completely in service for that community until a new direct access road is built. Rerouting continues, expected to continue in the Yukon through 2009, with the Haines Junction- Beaver Creek section covered by the Canada-U.S. Shakwak Agreement . The new Donjek River bridge was opened 26 September 2007, replacing a 1952 bridge. Under Shakwak, U.S. federal highway money is spent for work done by Canadian contractors who win tenders issued by the Yukon government. The Shakwak Project completed the Haines Highway upgrades in the 1980s between Haines Junction and the Alaska Panhandle , then funding was stalled by Congress for several years.",
"The Milepost shows the Canadian section of the highway now to be approximately 1,187 miles (1,910 km), but the first milepost inside Alaska is 1222. The actual length of the highway inside Alaska is no longer clear because rerouting, as in Canada, has shortened the route, but unlike Canada, mileposts in Alaska are not recalibrated. The BC and Yukon governments and Public Works Canada have recalibrated kilometre posts . The latest BC recalibration was carried out in 1990; using its end-point at the border at Historic Mile 630, the Yukon government has recalibrated in three stages: in 2002, from Mile 630 to the west end of the Champagne revision; in fall 2005, to a point just at the southeast shore of Kluane Lake, and in fall 2008, to the border with Alaska. There are historical mileposts along the B.C. and Yukon sections of the highway, installed in 1992, that note specific locations, although the posts no longer represent accurate driving distance.",
"There are 80 mileposts in B.C., 70 in the Yukon and 16 in Alaska with a simple number marker of the original mile distance. There are 31 \"historic signs\" in B.C., 22 in Yukon and 5 in Alaska, identifying the significance of the location. There are 18 interpretive panels in B.C., 14 in Yukon and 5 in Alaska which give detailed text information at a turn-off parking area. The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is designated Alaska Route 2 . In the Yukon, it is Highway 1 and in British Columbia, Highway 97 . The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska was planned to become part of the United States Numbered Highway System , to be signed as part of U.S. Route 97. The portion of the Alaska Highway in Alaska is also unsigned Interstate A-1 and unsigned Interstate A-2 .",
"Route markings Edit A monument at the southern terminus of the Alaska Highway (Dawson Creek) The Canadian section of the road was delineated with mileposts, based on the road as it was in 1947, until 1978, and over the years, reconstruction steadily shortened the distance between some of those mileposts. That year, metric signs were placed on the highway, and the mileposts were replaced with kilometre posts at the approximate locations of a historic mileage of equal value, e.g. km post 1000 was posted approximately where historical Mile 621 would have been posted. Reconstruction continues to shorten the highway, but the kilometre posts, at two-km intervals, were recalibrated along the B.C. section of road in 1990 to reflect then-current driving distance. The section of highway covered by the 1990 recalibration has since been rendered shorter by further realignments, such as near Summit Pass and between Muncho Lake and Iron Creek. Based on where those values left off, new Yukon kilometre posts were erected in fall 2002 between the B.C.",
"border and the west end of the new bypass around Champagne, Yukon ; in 2005, additional recalibrated posts continued from there to the east shore of Kluane Lake near Silver City; and in fall 2008, from Silver City to the boundary with Alaska. Old kilometre posts, based on the historic miles, remained on the highway, after the first two recalibrations, from those points around Kluane Lake to the Alaska border. The B.C. and Yukon sections also have a small number of historic mileposts, printed on oval-shaped signs, at locations of historic significance; these special signs were erected in 1992 on the occasion of the highway's 50th anniversary. The Alaska portion of the highway is still marked by mileposts at one-mile (1.6 km) intervals, although they no longer represent accurate driving distance, due to reconstruction. A monument at the northern terminus of the Alaska Highway ( Delta Junction ). The historic mileposts are still used by residents and businesses along the highway to refer to their location, and in some cases are also used as postal addresses.",
"Residents and travellers, and the government of the Yukon, do not use \"east\" and \"west\" to refer to direction of travel on the Yukon section, even though this is the predominant bearing of the Yukon portion of the highway; \"north\" and \"south\" are used, referring to the south (Dawson Creek) and north (Delta Junction) termini of the highway. This is an important consideration for travellers who may otherwise be confused, particularly when a westbound travel routes southwestward or even due south to circumvent a natural obstacle such as Kluane Lake . Some B.C. sections west of Fort Nelson also route more east-to-west, with southwest bearings in some section; again, \"north\" is used in preference to \"west\". Since 1949 The Milepost , an exhaustive guide to the Alaska Highway and all other routes through the region, has been published each year. The community Wonowon, British Columbia ist named by its location at mile 101, spoken \"one-oh-one\".",
"Route description Alaska Highway between Fort Nelson and Watson Lake The pioneer road completed in 1942 was approximately 1,680 miles (2,700 km) from Dawson Creek to Delta Junction. The army then turned the road over to the Public Roads Administration of Washington, which then began putting out section contracts to private road contractors to upgrade selected sections of the road. These sections were upgraded, with removal of excess bends and steep grades; often, a traveler could identify upgraded sections by seeing the telephone line along the PRA-approved route alignment. When the Japanese invasion threat eased, the PRA stopped putting out new contracts. Upon hand-off to Canada in 1946, the route was 1,422 miles (2,288 km) from Dawson Creek to Delta Junction. Border crossing at Port Alcan station The route follows a northwest then northward course from Dawson Creek to Fort Nelson. On October 16, 1957, a suspension bridge crossing the Peace River just south of Fort St. John collapsed. A new bridge was built a few years later. At Fort Nelson, the road turns west and crosses the Rocky Mountains, before resuming a westward course at Coal River.",
"The highway crossed the Yukon-BC border nine times from Mile 590 to Mile 773, six of those crossings were from Mile 590 to Mile 596. After passing the south end of Kluane Lake, the highway follows a north-northwest course to the Alaska border, then northwest to the terminus at Delta Junction. Postwar rebuilding has not shifted the highway more than 10 miles (16 km) from the original alignment, and in most cases, by less than 3 miles (4.8 km). It is not clear if it still crosses the Yukon-BC border six times from Mile 590 to Mile 596. Major intersections See Alaska Route 2#Major intersections for the intersections along the Alaska Route 2 section Bypassed road segments still in use View of the highway at Mile 1,337 (Looking Eastbound).",
"Fort Nelson – Mile 301 to 308, now local residential feeder roads Wildflower Drive, Highland Road, Valleyview Drive Whitehorse Mile 898, now local residential road just west of Yukon River Bridge Mile 920.3 to 922.5, now the southern and northern portions of Centennial Street; middle portion is Birch Street Mile 922.5 to 922.7, now a portion of Azure Road Mile 924, now a portion of Cousins Airfield Road Mile 925.5 to 926.9, now Parent Road (east end overlooks Alaska Highway/Klondike Highway junction) Mile 927.2 to 927.7, now Echo Valley Road Mile 928 to 928.3, now Jackson Road Mile 929 to 934, now Old Alaska Highway Mile 968, now entrance road to Mendenhall River Subdivision Champagne-Aishihik traditional territory Mile 969 to 981, Champagne loop (bypassed in fall 2002 by 8.6-mile (13.8 km)",
" revision) Mile 1016, Hume Street in Haines Junction including access to First Nation subdivision Other former segments have deteriorated and are no longer usable.",
"More recent construction projects have deliberately ploughed up roadway to close it. See also Valdez Alaska - The Terminus of the Alaska Pipeline Valdez Alaska Valdez Alaska The Terminus of the Alaska Pipeline The colorful town of Valdez, made infamous by Exxon Valdez disaster , offers much more than just an oil terminal. Unlike hundreds of miles of coastlines nearby, Valdez itself and the broad bay to its front were untouched by the spill. Situated in a majestic fjord, where the 5,000-foot tall Chugach Mountains rise from Prince William Sound, Valdez is often called Alaska’s “Little Switzerland,” making it an ideal spot for both summer and winter activities. Valdez is a fishing paradise for anglers, salmon and halibut are within anyone’s reach. Cruise the pristine waters of the Sound amongst massive tidewater glaciers. The abundant marine and bird life are a given. Mountains, glaciers, towering waterfalls, historic Gold Rush trails, Native culture and history are a few things to choose from. And with over 900 inches of fresh powder each year, Valdez provides an incredibly beautiful escape for skiers, snowboarders and snowmachiners.",
"Valdez Wildlife: The seawaters near town abound with sea otters, Dall porpoise, harbor seals, Stellar sea lions, & Humpback and Orca whales. Coastal mountain cliffs are home to mountain goats, and the surrounding landscape boasts black and brown bears in addition to many other smaller animal species. Valdez takes flight with area bird viewing opportunities. Bald eagles are abundant and scores of ducks and shorebirds can be identified through most of summer and fall. Please be sure to observe wildlife and their dens, rookeries, and nests with respect. History: The growth and settlement of Valdez was attributed to fur trading, salmon canning, and gold and copper mining. During the Klondike Gold Rush of 1897-98, prospectors came to Valdez believing the Copper River and valdez Glacier to be the entry to the interior gold fields. From 1910 to 1916, copper and gold mining flourished in the area. In the early 1970’s, Valdez became the staging area for work on the lower portion of the Trans Alaska Pipeline.",
"Today, Valdez hosts the Valdez Marine Terminal, which is the southernmost end of the 800-mile pipeline. Flightseeing: Depart the Valdez waterfront and immediately enter the lush wilderness of the Chugach mountains with an experienced Alaska bush pilot. Whether you want to land on a mountain lake, fly over fjords, view glaciers and wildlife or just enjoy the phenomenal and breathtaking beauty of the last frontier. Scheduled services are also available to Prince William Sound. See the City of Valdez website page. Location: Valdez is located on the north shore of Port Valdez, a deep-water fjord in Prince William Sound. It lies 305 road miles east of Anchorage, and 364 road miles south of Fairbanks. It is the southern terminus of the Richardson Highway and the trans-Alaska pipeline. Access: It’s a 6 to 7 hour drive by vehicle via the Richardson Highway, Alaska Marine Highway ferry from Cordova, Whittier and Seward. It’s a 40-minute flight from Anchorage. Accommodations: 7 hotel/motels; 30 bed and breakfasts. 14 restaurants/cafes/snackbars.",
"share Driving the Alaska Highway | Alaska Travel Blog ~ Alaska Tour & Travel Tips for Driving The Alaska Highway We receive frequent questions regarding driving the Alaska Highway. How long will it take? What route should we take? What services are available? These are just some of the most common questions. Alaska Tour & Travel does not offer any lodging or tours along this highway but we thought we should steer those interested to the best travel guides to help with the trip! The Alaska Highway is commonly called the Alcan Highway as it begins in Canada and ends in Alaska. It was constructed in 1942 to serve as a link between Alaska and the contiguous United States (known locally as the “Lower 48”). The highway has seen vast improvements since its construction, not only in road conditions but in services provided for travelers. Now the highway is somewhat of a tourist destination in and of itself, not just a way of getting to Alaska! Alaska Highway travelers truly experience the vastness of Alaska and are amazed at the scenery and wildlife offered by the last great frontier. The Alaska Highway starts in Dawson Creek, British Columbia , winds northwest through the Yukon Territory of Canada and officially ends in Delta Junction, Alaska 1,422 miles from Dawson Creek.",
"Delta Junction is at the junction of the Alaska Highway and the Richardson Highway. When you leave the Alaska Highway, you have the option of traveling about 100 miles north on the Richardson Highway to get to Fairbanks or head south via the Richardson and Glenn Highways to get to Anchorage , a distance of about 335 miles. For anyone planning on driving to or through Alaska we recommend that your first step is to purchase The Milepost . This is a mile-by-mile guide to the roads and highway in Alaska and includes the Alaska Highway. It is considered the “bible of North Country travel”! It is an excellent guide and offers insight to service stations, lodging, restaurants, photo stops and even the history of towns and parks along the way. I have lived in Alaska for over 30 years and I still use this guide when I travel to areas of Alaska new to me. The Milepost is updated annually and can be purchased online or may be available in the travel section of your local bookstore. A drive on the Alaska Highway can take anywhere from 60 hours to seven to ten days depending on what you are looking for.",
"College students traveling from Alaska to the Lower 48 have multiple drivers and drive straight through the night as the highway is simply the way of getting from point A to point B. If you plan to really appreciate the Alaska Highway, I suggest taking a week to stop along the way and enjoy the sights. The Milepost can help you decide on where to stop and help you with lodging options. Generally, services such as food, lodging and fuel are about fifty miles apart. Occasionally the distance between services may stretch to over 100 miles but there are signs alerting you to this fact. Cell phone coverage, both on the Alaska Highway and on highways within Alaska, is spotty. There will be long stretches where there is no cell phone service. Cell phone coverage does improve when you are close to cities. Road conditions have improved a great deal over the years. What started as a dirt road is now nearly paved in its entirety. You will encounter frost heaves – breaks in the road caused by the freezing and thawing of the soil under the road – but usually there are flags or warning signs. Summer is the season for road construction and repair so you may encounter minor delays along the way.",
"For the Canada portion of the highway visit 511 Yukon for current road conditions. Once in Alaska, call 511 for up-to-date road conditions and construction information or visit the 511 Alaska site. A great option for travelers who will be traveling both to and from Alaska by car is to drive the complete Alaska Highway one way and to travel by ferry the other. The ferry is operated by the Alaska Marine Highway System . This option gives you the opportunity to experience the Inside Passage and Southeast Alaska in addition to the Alaska Highway. Bellingham, Washington is the southern terminus of the Alaska Marine Highway. With proper planning and a sense of adventure, a drive vacation on the Alaska Highway will be the experience of a lifetime! FAQ: Driving the Alaska Highway - The MILEPOST FAQ: Driving the Alaska Highway White Pass & Yukon Route Railroad FAQ: Driving the Alaska Highway Whether contemplating a trip up the Alaska Highway, or already packed and ready to go, travelers ask The MILEPOST® many of the same questions each year about what to expect along this pioneer road.",
"And no wonder there are questions: The Alaska Highway traverses a vast wilderness in a remote expanse of North America, from Mile 0 at Dawson Creek, BC, to Delta Junction, AK, at Mile 1422, official end of the Alaska Highway (which is 96 driving miles from Fairbanks, the unofficial end of the highway at Historical Mile 1523). Such a trip requires planning. Following are the top ten most-frequently-asked questions about driving the Alaska Highway, and our answers. 1. Is the Alaska Highway paved? and 2. What are road conditions like? The short answers are “yes” and “mostly good.” The last section of original gravel road on the Alaska Highway was paved by 1992. That being said, you will still come across gravel road— “gravel breaks” that are anywhere from a few feet to a few miles long—where road repairs are under way. Road construction is a fact of life here in the summer, although delays are usually minimal. The asphalt surfacing of the Alaska Highway ranges from poor to excellent. Much of the highway is in fair condition, with older patched pavement and a minimum of gravel breaks and chuckholes.",
"Recently upgraded sections of road offer excellent surfacing. Relatively few stretches of road fall into the “poor” category, i.e. chuckholes, gravel breaks, deteriorated shoulders, bumps and frost heaves. Damaged road is usually flagged with small orange flags or cones. There’s a lot of straight road the first 300 miles of highway, between Dawson Creek and Fort Nelson. North of Fort Nelson, the Alaska Highway crosses the Rocky Mountains: Expect about 150 miles of narrow road with curves and hills and few passing lanes. This stretch of road crosses Summit Pass (Historic Milepost 392), highest summit on the Alaska Highway at 4,250 feet elevation. You may experience an odd snowstorm here, even in July. After winding through the MacDonald River valley—few guardrails and watch for caribou and stone sheep on the road—the highway straightens out again for the next 140 miles into Watson Lake, YT. The stretch of road between Watson Lake and Whitehorse, approximately another 300 miles, is in fair to good condition, with easy curves through wide river valleys and along lakes.",
"From Whitehorse to Haines Junction, a distance of 100 miles, it is straight road with fair surfacing. The next 200 driving miles, from Haines Junction to the Alaska border, consists of long straight stretches of improved highway with wide lanes and generous shoulders; a short, winding section along the shore of Kluane Lake followed by a long stretch of road through the Shakwak Valley—between Destruction Bay and the Alaska border. These miles are subject to frost heaving and potholes and they may not be marked, drive at a speed that make sudden stops possible. Reconstruction and maintenance on this stretch is ongoing. From the Alaska–Yukon border to Delta Junction, the Alaska Highway is in fair to good condition, with occasional frost heaving and shoulders ranging from narrow to generous. There are short straight stretches and easy curves along here. Watch for moose. 3. What kind of vehicle should I take? Drive what you want to drive, just make sure it is mechanically sound with good tires (and a spare).",
"You will see all sorts of vehicles traveling the Alaska Highway in summer, from bicycles, motorcycles, vintage and compact cars to pop-up trailers, motorhomes, 5th-wheelers towing passenger cars and plenty of trucks, big and small. The MILEPOST® field editors have driven a variety of vehicles on road logging trips, from a VW Eurovan to a Saturn, Subaru wagon, Honda CRV and Pontiac Grand Am pulling a small trailer, to a 28-foot Class C motorhome. Field editors out of the Anchorage office currently drive a truck/camper. 4. What do I need to know about crossing the border? U.S. and Canadian citizens are required to present one of the following travel documents as identification when crossing the U.S.–Canada border: U.S. or Canadian Passport, valid for air, land and sea travel; Passport Card (U.S. only), valid for land and sea travel; Enhanced Driver’s License (EDL), available in some states and provinces, valid for land and sea travel; or a Trusted Traveler program card (NEXUS, SENTRI or FAST/Expres), issued to pre-approved, low-risk travelers and valid for sea and land use.",
"(NEXUS can also be used at participating airport kiosks.) If you are traveling with minors, you must carry proper identification for each child such as a birth certificate, passport, citizenship card, permanent resident card, etc. U.S. motorists convicted of a criminal offense, such as Driving Under the Influence (DUI), may be refused entry into Canada or may be required to apply for admittance permits and pay fees. Canada vigorously enforces its firearms importation laws. Border officials may search any vehicle for undeclared firearms and seize any vehicle and firearm where such firearms are found. Firearms in Canada are classified as restricted, non-restricted and prohibited. ALL handguns are either restricted or prohibited. Visitors CANNOT import a prohibited firearm into Canada. There is also a list of prohibited weapons and devices which include mace and stun guns/tasers. Fireworks are not allowed in Canada. Visit the Canada Firearms Centre and Canada Border Services Agency for details. The U.S. and Canada have restrictions and limitations that apply to importing alcohol, tobacco, meat, eggs, dairy products, fresh fruit, vegetables and other food and non-food items. Details on these items may be found at Canadian Customs and U.S. Customs .",
"Canada also follows CITES guidelines regarding the import/export of endangered species of wild fauna and flora including parts or products. Dogs and cats require proof of current vaccination against rabies and health certificates are recommended (issued not more than 30 days prior to crossing the border that state that your pet is healthy). While these certificates are not always reviewed, the lack of them may result in longer wait times at the border and even inadmissibility of your pet Visit the Canada Border Services Agency online for more information. Access detailed information for both U.S. citizens and international visitors under the Travel menu on the U.S. Customs and Border Protection website. 5. Are cell phone and Internet service available? There are long stretches of the Alaska Highway without cell phone service. Service may also depend on your U.S. provider’s coverage in Canada or your Canadian provider’s coverage in the U.S. Cell phone service providers in Alaska include AT&T, Verizon and GCI. T-Mobile subscribers can gain signal via the Alaska-owned GCI network.",
"Coverage is, for the most part, confined to the highway system, although there is no coverage (outside major communities) along the Denali, Elliott, Steese or Dalton Highways (except for Deadhorse/Prudhoe Bay). There are also \"dead zones\" found along all highways. Coverage is increasing in bush villages and available in large communities. Alaska provider coverage is spotty to nonexistent along the Alaska Highway in Yukon and northern British Columbia outside major communities like Whitehorse, Fort Nelson, Fort St. John and Dawson Creek. There is coverage in major communities from the Yellowhead Highway south along the West and Central Access Routes in British Columbia. Coverage is good in Alberta along the East Access Route. Canadian travelers in Alaska and visitors from the Lower 48 in both Canada and Alaska will need to check with their cellular service providers regarding coverage and application of roaming and/or international rates. Cellular service in western Canada is provided by Bell and Telus. According to Yukon Tourism mobile phone coverage is available in all Yukon communities, but they suggest you check with your own mobile service provider to find out if yours will work in the Yukon.",
"For the technically minded \"Bell Mobility provides High Speed Packet Access (HSPA+) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) digital cellular service in 17 Yukon communities.\" There is no service provided for Globile System for Mobile (GSM) phones. WiFi and hardwire Internet access are available at many hotels/motels and campgrounds along the Alaska Highway, as well as at some visitor centers, libraries and coffee shops/cafes. 6. How far apart are services? Gas, diesel, food and lodging are found in towns and cities along the Alaska Highway, as well as at smaller unincorporated communities, roadhouses and lodges located between the larger population centers. With the closure of several long-time roadhouses in recent years, and the seasonal nature of others, motorists should plan for 100 to 150 miles between services on a couple stretches of highway. Pay attention to your gas tank and drive on the top half of your tank. Motorists should also keep in mind that not all highway businesses are open year-round, nor are most services available 24 hours a day.",
"Remember that you will be driving in 2 different countries that use 2 different currencies: For the best rate, exchange your money at a bank. There are banks in Dawson Creek, Fort St. John, Fort Nelson, Watson Lake, Whitehorse, Tok, Delta Junction and Fairbanks. Haines Junction has banking service at the post office. Most businesses (but not all) will take major credit cards. Be aware that credit card companies tack on a fee for foreign currency transactions. 7. How about lodging? Do we need reservations? It’s always a good idea to call ahead for a room. Small to mid-sized communities along the Alaska Highway often have limited accommodations that can fill up with gas patch and road crews as well as tourists. It can get just as busy at the larger communities along the highway during the summer. If you don’t want to plan too far ahead, at least call a day or two in advance to arrange for accommodations. 8. How about campgrounds? There are many private RV parks and campgrounds along the Alaska Highway, as well as government campsites.",
"British Columbia has 6 provincial park campgrounds on the Alaska Highway; Yukon maintains 8 government campgrounds; and in Alaska there are 10 state and federal recreation sites for camping along the Alaska Highway. Plan to pull in in the afternoon to make sure you get a spot. During the high-season (mid-summer), certain campgrounds can fill up early in the day. The weather can include below freezing temperatures well into May. Campgrounds in many areas of Yukon and Alaska interior remain closed until mid-to late May (or offer reduced services) because of frozen water lines. 9. When is the best time to go? The Alaska Highway is driven year-round, although most tourist traffic hits the road between May and September. Expect ice on Kluane Lake in May, and there’s always the possibility of a brief snow or hail storm—even in mid-summer—around Summit Lake in the Rockies, although we’re talking about only a few miles of extreme weather. It “greens up” in the latter part of May in the North, and the leaves begin to turn as early as August in the Interior. Expect cold nights (freezing and below) by early September in parts of Yukon and Interior Alaska.",
"Keep in mind that some attractions and businesses in the North operate seasonally, opening around Memorial Day weekend and closing after Labor Day weekend. June and July offer lots of daylight, with summer solstice on or around June 21st. This gives you extra-long days for driving, fishing, hiking and sightseeing. May and June tend to be drier than July, but in the North as elsewhere, weather is unpredictable. Along with warm temps and long days you can expect bugs. Bring repellant for yourself and any furry family members to make your stops more enjoyable. 10. What are winter driving conditions? Staff frequently receives questions about driving the Alaska Highway in winter from people curious about Alaska winters, the northern lights and winter tourism opportunities. Military families and others who move to or from Alaska in the off-season are also curious to know how to ensure they have a safe trip despite winter road conditions and possible extreme temperatures. Our in-house and field editorial staff have driven the Alaska Highway many times in winter and report that the road surfaces are smoother and there is no dust or construction, the wildlife viewing includes plenty of variety (just not bears) and it is easier to spot wildlife on the road as they stand out against the white snow.",
"We enjoy the peacefulness of roads with less traffic and the expansive beauty of snow covered wide open spaces, frozen lakes, ribbons of rivers and majestic mountains. We have specific preparations and resources that we recommend as you plan for a winter trip on the Alaska Highway. Alaska and the western provinces and territories of Canada allow studded tires in winter. These dates are roughly October 15-April 15 although some areas allow them earlier and later. While studded tires aren't essential, good winter tires are recommended as snow and likely ice, is the norm. Road conditions should always be a concern and asking what's up ahead as you drive along is prudent. Be willing to spend the night if the weather isn't cooperative with your travel plans. Crews in these northern areas are well equipped to handle winter weather and roads are quickly cleared and ready for traffic after storms. Here is a list of road report phone numbers, websites and weather cams that show stretches of the roads so that you can look ahead at what is to come: For Alaska road conditions go to 511 Alaska and be sure to check the box for weather cameras which will show you all the cam views possible on Alaska roads.",
"By hovering over the icons on the map you can read current weather conditions. Phone 511 for recorded weather conditions on Alaska roads. For Yukon road conditions go to 511 Yukon or phone 511 or 867-456-7623. For British Columbia road conditions go to Drive BC ; web cams at: BC Highway web cams or phone 1-800-550-4997 or cell *4887. For Northwest Territories road reports go to Northwest Territories highway conditions or phone 800-550-0750. For Alberta road conditions go to 511 Alberta and click on the map for conditions or phone 511 or 855-391-9743. Much of this route includes remote miles. To help with anticipating the unknown, plan to gas up frequently. Even in winter there are gas stations open at reasonable distances but few are open 24-hours. Drive on the top half of your tank—which means, fill up whenever you get near a half-tank—just to be safe.",
"Phone ahead for lodging to make sure you don't arrive during an unexpected closure for the owners (even for year-round businesses). Have a block heater installed in your vehicle and keep your extension cord handy for plugging in if the weather is below zero. Keep all of your emergency road gear at the top of your load and within easy reach in an emergency. Be sure to have flares, jumper cables, a tow rope, all tire changing equipment and heavy outdoor gear for extreme temperatures, all handy just in case you need them. You don't want to have to unpack your vehicle just to reach the car jack, if it is -20F and you get a flat. Above all, if you are stopped along the road and unable to fix your vehicle, set out emergency flares to alert traffic to your situation and then stay in your car till help comes. Keep sleeping bags, food and water handy to increase the likelihood of a comfortable wait. Travelers help each other in these northern climates and we have seen tractor trailers pull up, latch on and pull out cars from a snowbank, then drive off with nothing more than a wave. Your emergency equipment may help others in need but be sure you don't cause an accident when you stop to help.",
"Pull well out of the way of traffic and ensure you are visible to those approaching and from behind by setting out flares (or flags) as far in advance and behind as possible to alert other drivers to slow down. For those of you from southern climates, freezing temps overnight—when your car is turned off—can affect your cargo. Remember to bring electronics, or at least their batteries, inside with you each night along your trip. Freezing temps wreak havoc on their integrity and can explode canned goods or beverages you may have with you so plan to bring them in with you when you stop for the night. Rule of thumb, if putting something in the freezer would harm it, you don't want to leave it in your car. (NOTE: your car battery is not in danger but you should have it checked for charge prior to this trip as freezing temps put more of a strain on it than normal temps.) Once you have prepared for the worst, prepare to enjoy your drive. Drive at the speed dictated by highway conditions, keep your camera handy and take frequent breaks. This winter drive will be an adventure of a lifetime and you want the photos to prove it!"
] |
"Who created the line, ""Happiness is a warm puppy?"
|
Charles Schulz
|
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"Charles Shultz",
"Schulz, Charles M",
"Charles M. Schultz",
"Charles Monroe Schulz",
"Schulz, Charles M.",
"Charles Schulz",
"Charles Shulz Tribute",
"Charlie Brown, Snoopy and Me"
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[
"Happiness is a Warm Puppy (Peanuts): Charles M. Schulz: 9781933662077: Amazon.com: Books Happiness is a Warm Puppy (Peanuts) Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1 This shopping feature will continue to load items. In order to navigate out of this carousel please use your heading shortcut key to navigate to the next or previous heading. Next Special Offers and Product Promotions Editorial Reviews About the Author Charles M. Schulz is a legend. He was the hand and heart behind fifty years of Peanuts, which featured one of the world’s most beloved and recognizable casts of cartoon characters, until his death in 2000. Don't have a Kindle? Get your Kindle here , or download a FREE Kindle Reading App . New York Times best sellers Browse the New York Times best sellers in popular categories like Fiction, Nonfiction, Picture Books and more.",
"See more Product Details Publisher: Cider Mill Press; Gift edition (May 27, 2006) Language: English Product Dimensions: 5.5 x 0.6 x 5.5 inches Shipping Weight: 8.8 ounces Write a customer review Top Customer Reviews By Bobbie Redington on July 25, 2016 Format: Hardcover Verified Purchase Charlie Brown holds a special place in my heart as my Dad absolutely loved the cartoons and we never missed the television productions. He even nicknamed my brother Charlie Brown when he was little. My Dad has been gone for many years but I came across this book in an old second hand store and instantly thought to buy it for my Mom. The copy in the store was too damaged to be enjoyed so I purchased this used book online and was very pleased to receive a \"like new\" copy. We can all use a little more Happiness in our lives these days - I highly recommend this book! Nov. 15 2007 7:33 AM Happiness Is a Warm Puppy The dour genius behind Peanuts. By Brian Doherty \"Good Ol' Charlie Brown.",
"… How I hate him!,\" the punch line of the very first Peanuts strip, works as a tart summation of Schulz and Peanuts , David Michaelis' new biography of Charles Schulz, if we take creation for creator. Schulz was the sole shaper of Peanuts and one of the wealthiest and most widely read artists who ever lived. In this, the first serious full-length biography of Schulz, Michaelis introduces us to a troubled and troubling pop genius. If he doesn't break ground in the aesthetic appreciation of this great modernist artist, who brought stark minimalism and psychologically acute ennui to the comics pages, he does tell a memorable story of how getting everything you want won't necessarily make you happy. Schulz's family has complained that Michaelis makes Schulz sound dourer than he truly was. But anyone looking unsentimentally at Peanuts would know they were gazing upon a heart of darkness no number of dancing beagles could obscure. According to Michaelis, that darkness had its roots in Schulz's sense of destiny, a destiny achieved too late to satisfy him.",
"The child of a German-Norwegian pairing in 1920s Minnesota, Schulz never got over the early pains of feeling himself an artist surrounded by unappreciative dolts and brutes. He held grudges forever. Yet Michaelis' research hints that the supposed bullying and rejection he received from other kids—which he obsessed over even as an older man—might be mostly invented. His father's barber shop in St. Paul was for Schulz a refuge from bad grades and teen loneliness, a place where he could be noticed affectionately and respectfully—just as Schulz alter ego Charlie Brown's father's shop served for him. (In one strip, Charlie says, \"When I'm real lonesome, I like to go to my dad's barbershop.) One of Schulz's childhood ambitions was modest: \"I hope I will be as well-liked as my father.\" Advertisement Schulz would withdraw from family gatherings to sit alone, Michaelis writes, \"with a stubby pencil and scrap of paper\" in grade-school days, and was already a standout cartoonist among his classmates by seventh grade.",
"Schulz's family and early teachers couldn't understand why the young man would want to hang his dreams on such an eccentric hook. \"To do a comic strip was such a far-out ambition that at that time it was considered almost like going to the moon,\" Schulz once said; it was seen as \"all but degenerate\" in Schulz's childhood milieu, Michaelis adds. But Schulz knew cartooning was his. He'd spend his Sundays bent over cotton-rag paper, as Michaelis reports, \"tense, almost sick with excitement,\" trying to emulate the comic strips he loved, and \"[s]ometimes he drifted just far enough outside the forms of the cartoonist he was imitating … as his pen point twisted a mouth … in a way that seemed distinctively his.\" Schulz's mother died of cancer as he was being shipped off to the Army during World War II—neither she nor \"Sparky,\" as he was known, were trusted with knowing how sick she was until it was too late.",
"In the six years after the war, Schulz crafted the accoutrements of a full adult life: In 1950, he launched his strip (which United Feature Syndicate, the company that sold Schulz's strip to newspapers, saddled with a name he despised), embarked on a serious (though short-lived) evangelical dedication to the Church of God, married Joyce Halverson, and adopted her infant daughter. As their honeymoon began in 1951, Schulz laid this Peanuts-esque punch line on his bride: \"I don't think I can ever be happy.\" Get Slate in your inbox. Michaelis shows how autobiographical Peanuts was. Joyce was Lucy, the willful bedeviler of Charlie Brown as he lost his early scampishness and became the eternally decent loser. And Charlie had much of Schulz in him. Joyce once said: \"I really loved Sparky, even though he was homely. … He had very bad skin … terrible skin.\" When Peanuts started, only seven newspapers were buying it from United Feature.",
"It was in 100 newspapers by 1955, and by 1957 Schulz was making $90,000 a year. In the 1990s, he was pulling in $26 million to $40 million every year. Advertisement But it took some time for Peanuts to be accepted by Schulz's peers. The cartoonists' old guard was confused by a strip that avoided boffo, had punch lines like \"sigh,\" and presented as \"funny\" a world built on unquenchable melancholy and failure (Charlie Brown), self-delusion (Snoopy, Linus), and genius reduced to feckless absurdity (Schroeder and his toy piano). Meanwhile, Schulz's style was not like anyone else's at the time. Bill Watterson, creator of Calvin and Hobbes, summed it up neatly: He \"distilled each subject to its barest essence, and drew it straight on or in side view, in simple outlines\"; it was \"the expressiveness within the simplicity\" that \"made Schulz's artwork so forceful.\" Clearly, Peanuts was not child's entertainment, though it starred children.",
"Schulz was always uncomfortable with kids but drew them \"because they were what sold.\" The brilliant comic typing of his cast and their complicated—but iconically rendered—relationship to the pains of human social life allowed hip and square from ages 8 to 80 to love Peanuts. In 1956, Schulz won his first Reuben award for cartoonist of the year. By 1957, 65 of Schulz's original strips had appeared in a Rhode Island Museum of Design exhibit alongside Picasso. A Yale monthly named him humorist of the year. Perhaps it was inevitable, then, that a backlash would take place: It's difficult for anyone born this side of a million Snoopy pillowcases to remember, but in the 1960s, Peanuts' early devotees turned on it.",
"Film critic Richard Schickel lamented Peanuts' change from \"the private preserve of the cultural in-group into a firmly established, national fad.\" Schulz received flattering attention from the Democratic National Committee seeking his support for Adlai Stevenson's run for president in 1956; it dubbed the dubious Schulz \"the youngest existentialist.\" Throughout his biography, Michaelis underscores the misery this staggeringly successful American pop culture phenomenon captured in his comic strip. His most vivid summation: \"In Peanuts, the game was always lost, the football always snatched away … the kite was not just stuck in a tree, it was eaten by it; the pitcher did not just give up a line drive, he was stripped bare by it, exposed.\" Advertisement The Peanuts merchandising machine and the treacle of A Charlie Brown Christmas allow Peanuts to be remembered as something sweeter, kinder, and more lovable than it truly was. The cognitive dissonance represented by the mass-merchandising success of this prickly, often despairing, sour, and snide work might have been worth more thought in a book of this scope than Michaelis gives it.",
"There were very rare moments of soft cheese in Peanuts'piquancy. For example, Lucy hugging Snoopy and declaring \"Happiness is a warm puppy.\" That moment turned into a pioneering \"book,\" composed of \"Happiness is … \" messages with accompanying drawings by Schulz, that became the No. 1 \"nonfiction\" work of 1963, and a prime mover in the Peanuts merchandising empire. Michaelis is sharp on that empire, and he shows Schulz willingly turning a blind eye to union-busting franchisee J.P. Stevens, a textile company. In the strip, Schulz would mock both merchandising and himself. When Lucy tried a second time to snatch Snoopy's warmth for her own happiness, he growled back, \"My mother didn't raise me to be a heating pad!\" Schulz himself said it best: \"Anybody who says Peanuts is cute is just crazy.\" But he also enabled the merchandising machine that means so many Americans hear Peanuts and see a grinning Snoopy wishing a young girl happy birthday. Schulz's relationship with Joyce started as Charlie Brown and Lucy, then morphed to Schroeder and Lucy.",
"Schulz grew more withholding, retreating into his work. They left Minnesota and Schulz's family, and settled in Sebastopol, Calif. He financed the construction of an elaborate, expensive community ice-skating arena for Joyce to supervise, and they had four children of their own. On Thanksgiving 1968, when his daughter Jill was 10, her own pony stepped on her face. She said something that seems to put the lie to Schulz's insistence that his characters were purely from his imagination, not drawn from his family life: \"I wonder what life is all about. It seems to me we have a few tragedies or we win a few prizes and then it is all over.\" Peppermint Patty couldn't have been more true to the Schulz worldview. Joyce, like Lucy, was tough on her hapless husband, and by 1969 Schulz could no longer take it. Joyce was herself weary of his endless melancholy, which he used as a defensive weapon. \"He was perpetually sad, and he has no reason to be. He got everything he wanted,\" she complained.",
"Advertisement Schulz began a romance with a young woman, and in their first private meeting she called him \"adorable\"—a word he would not have used to describe himself. More than 25 years later, in the shaky but still determined line of his declining years, he remembered that moment, and what it did to his life and family. Joyce discovered his infidelity, and he meekly put an end to it. But after months of being taunted that he didn't have the guts to leave, he finally did. Within two years, he married Jeannie Clyde, a woman he met at the ice arena after the first affair had ended. While romancing Jeannie in 1973, Schulz launched on a bravura Peanuts sequence often cited as a favorite by fans. It starts with Charlie Brown seeing the rising sun as a giant baseball. Then his head begins to turn into one. To hide his freakish shame at summer camp, he wears a grocery bag over his head and is dubbed \"Mr. Sack\" by his campmates. Suddenly the always put-upon Charlie Brown, incognito, becomes a wise leader of men. Michaelis reads this as elaborate cartoon autobiography.",
"Charles Schulz can't be loved or respected as himself. Only under the identity of \"the man who draws Snoopy\" can he win the accolades and respect of the world that he thought ugly little picked-on Sparky Schulz could never know. Schulz and Peanuts is somewhat deflating. Schulz had the unlovely characteristic of the ungracious winner; from Jules Feiffer to Billy Graham, from Timothy Leary to Ronald Reagan, everyone loved Peanuts. But all his life Schulz remained, as a reporter who knew him said, \"the only person I ever met who felt he had no piece of the pie at all.\" By the end, the reader agrees with his cousin Patty's deathbed jab: that everyone loves Schulz \"because they don't know him.\" But as she tells it, Sparky himself laughed at the sentiment. While it may be true that Schulz never believed anyone truly loved him because he never truly loved anyone—as a friend once said—his art proves him worthy of the affection tens of millions feel. Schulz created one of America's great epics of the comedy of failure, and Michaelis has written one of its great epics of the tragedy of success.",
"This Books essay was originally published as a slide show. The images have been removed to comply with the publisher's request that they be used for only a designated period of time. Happiness is a Warm Puppy. | elephant journal Happiness is a Warm Puppy. Happiness is A Warm Puppy by Kathryn Budig I’m feeling the effects of being a spoiled Southern California resident. We’ve had non-stop rain (in Los Angelenos speak, hell on earth) for the past 3 days and I’ve come down with a sore throat while my dog, Ashi, is getting cabin fever. When I say cabin fever, I mean that Ashi’s mug is leering over the edge of my laptop singing a lonesome melody as I write this article. I try to comfort her by telling Ashi that she is my muse. She doesn’t seem even mildly concerned. In fact, she keeps eyeballing my matzo ball soup that was dropped off by a considerate friend in-between pushing her dinner bowl around. I admire the beauty of her simplicity. She knows what is important in life: good food, and lots of it. Getting excited about the smallest things like the phone ringing. It means someone interesting is on the other line.",
"Most importantly, good love and the ability to give and recieve it all day long. I snapped a shot of her peering out our window perched on a mountain of cushions just like, The Princess and the Pea. I forwarded the shot to a friend entitling it, ‘Ashi Contemplating God’. Her response to the email was so simple and strong: Ashi is god. Now, before I take that literally and give Ashi full reign of the refrigerator and ask her to miraculously cure my sore throat, I can’t help but laugh and agree. God is in all of us. We all have a slice of divine in our very own hands. Or paws. Animals are ruled by the right side of their brain. They live in the moment. They feel, experience, react and love without judgement. They don’t bother with lying or betrayal, there’s no need for that when they know they can get what they want through giving love and support. It made me think of the brilliant Charles Schultz, the creator of Peanuts. The man who gave life to one of the most beloved dogs of all time: Snoopy.",
"One of my favorite quotes comes directly from the Peanuts genius, “Happiness is a Warm Puppy”. So incredibly true. I have the luck of having a warm ball of goodness that curls up under my arm every night, but before I had Ashi in my life, I had my books. In this case, comic books. You heard me! Straight from the English major’s mouth. I would read Peanuts and Mutts by Patrick McDonnell when I had gotten back from a long day. Without fail, these short panels focusing on the cats and dogs in our lives would melt me right back into contentment by the time the book would hit my bedside table. I’ve made a list below of some all time favorites. Enjoy and remember that dogs are not the only ones capable of such boundless love, that a good cookie can make an entire day better and that happiness is not only a warm puppy, but a warm and open heart. by Charles M. Schulz Happiness Is A Warm Puppy Home is on Top of a Dog House Suppertime! Suppertime! You’re Something Special, Snoopy!",
"by Patrick McDonnel “Happiness is a warm puppy” – Charles M Schulz | “Happiness is a warm puppy” – Charles M Schulz Posted on by CMurphy2016 under Uncategorized By all accounts Charles Schulz hit the nail on the head with that quote. Following Lola and her puppies for the past 6+ weeks has brought more smiles, more deep comforting sighs and happiness then we ever imagined. I wish I could hand each one of you a puppy to bury your face in their fluffy fur and experience the contentment and happiness that washes over you in that moment. Sigh … but our time together is limited and we will be passing these lil guys on to new homes and some great families the week after Thanksgiving. This past week has not failed to show huge growth both in size and activity for our litter. Blue is now over 11 lb. with everyone else close behind. They love to use their new little teeth (mainly on each other’s ears) … and they now run, jump, hop and crash into everything. (Geez, I hope this video works this time … they are so darn cute playing).",
"All the puppies; Goldie, Peaches, Green, Dakota, Red, Dot, Lucy, Blue and Lavender Girl have been introduced to loud unexpected sounds, similar to gun shot, for the benefit of those pups that will be heading to homes of hunting families. And all the pups have been socialized with both big and small children as well as having been held and loved (lol, not much!) They are well on their way to being great working and service dogs as well as well rounded family pets. There’s nothing left to do but enjoy them and take more pictures! … oh and take more naps! … and of course here’s a sneak peak of next week … such little show stoppers! Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77 Charles M. Schulz, 'Peanuts' Creator, Dies at 77 By SARAH BOXER Charles M. Schulz, the creator of ''Peanuts,'' the tender and sage comic strip starring Charlie Brown and Snoopy that is read by 355 million people around the world, died in his sleep on Saturday night at his home in Santa Rosa, Calif., just hours before his last cartoon ran in the Sunday newspapers.",
"He was 77. The cause of death was colon cancer, said Paige Braddock, creative director for Charles M. Schulz Creative Associates. Mr. Schulz drew ''Peanuts'' for nearly half a century. He swore that no one else would ever draw the comic strip and he kept his word. For years he drew ''Peanuts'' with a hand tremor. He finally put down his pen when he received a diagnosis of colon cancer after abdominal surgery in November. His last daily strip ran on Jan. 3. His last Sunday page, which ran yesterday, carried a signed farewell in which he said, ''Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Linus, Lucy . . . how can I ever forget them. . . .'' His wife, Jeannie, said, ''He had done everything he wanted.'' Lynn Johnston, a friend of Mr. Schulz and the creator of ''For Better or for Worse,'' told The Associated Press, ''It's amazing that he dies just before his last strip is published.'' Such an ending, she said, was ''as if he had written it that way.'' She recalled something Mr.",
"Schulz told her as she sat in the hospital with him last year: ''You control all these characters and the lives they live. You decide when they get up in the morning, when they're going to fight with their friends, when they're going to lose the game. Isn't it amazing how you have no control over your real life?'' But, Ms. Johnston said, ''I think, in a way, he did.'' The life of ''Peanuts'' and Charles Schulz were completely intertwined. ''The strip and he were one,'' said Patrick McDonnell, who draws the cartoon ''Mutts.'' ''He put his heart and soul into that strip.'' ''Peanuts,'' which reached readers in 75 countries, 2,600 papers and 21 languages every day, made Mr. Schulz very rich. The ''Peanuts'' strips, merchandise and product endorsements brought in $1.1 billion a year. And Mr. Schulz was said to have earned about $30 million to $40 million annually.",
"His saga of Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Lucy and Linus ''is arguably the longest story ever told by one human being,'' Robert Thompson, a professor of popular culture at Syracuse University, observed on the PBS ''NewsHour'' with Jim Lehrer, longer than any epic poem, any Tolstoy novel, any Wagner opera. In all Mr. Schulz drew more than 18,250 strips in nearly 50 years. Jules Feiffer, the cartoonist and playwright, said that the ''Peanuts'' characters endure because they were the first real children in the comics pages, ones with doubts and anxieties. And there were a lot of them. ''Linus, Lucy, Charlie Brown -- these interesting little people formed a repertory company,'' he said. A Long-Running Ensemble Act The cast of ''Peanuts'' changed remarkably little.",
"It included Charlie Brown, a wishy-washy boy with a tree-loving kite and a losing baseball team; Snoopy, an unflappable beagle with a fancy inner life; Lucy, a fussbudget with a football and a curbside psychiatric clinic; Linus, a philosophical blanket-carrier; Sally, Charlie Brown's romantic little sister; Schroeder, a virtuoso on the toy piano and a Beethoven devotee; Peppermint Patty, a narcoleptic D-minus student; and, in later years, Woodstock, a small, expressive but speechless bird. Mr. Schulz remembered waking up in the night many years ago and thinking, ''Good grief, who are all these little people? Must I live with them for the rest of my life?'' The answer was yes. Charles Monroe Schulz, the son of Carl Schulz, a barber, like Charlie Brown's father, and the former Dena Halverson, was born in Minneapolis on Nov. 26, 1922.",
"Young Charles was nicknamed Sparky after the horse Spark Plug in the comic strip ''Barney Google.'' He had a black-and-white dog named Spike (memorialized in the character of Snoopy's skinny Western brother). He wanted to be a cartoonist as a child and practiced by drawing Popeye. ''Someday, Charles, you're going to be an artist,'' a kindergarten teacher told him after looking at his drawing of a man shoveling snow. His ambition was to do a comic strip as good as George Herriman's ''Krazy Kat,'' but Mr. Schulz also admired Picasso, Andrew Wyeth and Edward Hopper. Snoopy kept a van Gogh and a Wyeth in his doghouse. The hurts of Mr. Schulz's early years provided a lifetime of material. At Central High School in St. Paul, he flunked Latin, English, algebra and physics. ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'' accepted one of his drawings when he was 15 -- a picture of Spike illustrating ''a hunting dog that eats pins, tacks and razor blades'' -- but the cartoons he drew for his high school yearbook were rejected. Mr.",
"Schulz remembered his failures more vividly than his successes. After his high school graduation he took a correspondence course from Art Instruction Inc., but before he could start a career he was drafted into the Army. He left for boot camp only days after his mother died of cancer. (Mr. Schulz later suggested that this coincidence might have been the reason for his lifelong hatred of travel.) During World War II, from 1943 to 1945, Mr. Schulz served in France and Germany and became a staff sergeant in the 20th Armored Division. He once refused to toss a grenade into an artillery emplacement because he saw a little dog wander into it. After the war he tried various odd jobs: lettering the comics at a Catholic magazine called Timeless Topix; drawing a weekly cartoon called ''Li'l Folks,'' the precursor to ''Peanuts,'' for the St. Paul Pioneer Press; and selling occasional spot cartoons to The Saturday Evening Post. He also taught at Art Instruction Inc. There he fell in love with a redhead, Donna Johnson, and proposed marriage. She turned him down and married a fireman instead. He never forgot. Ms.",
"Johnson became the Little Red-Haired Girl, Charlie Brown's unrequited love, who was often talked about but never seen in the strip. Mr. Schulz married Joyce Halverson in 1949; the marriage ended in divorce. ''You can't create humor out of happiness,'' Mr. Schulz said in his 1980 book, ''Charlie Brown, Snoopy and Me.'' ''I'm astonished at the number of people who write to me saying, 'Why can't you create happy stories for us? Why does Charlie Brown always have to lose? Why can't you let him kick the football?' Well, there is nothing funny about the person who gets to kick the football.'' The strip's start was bittersweet. In 1949 Mr. Schulz submitted some of his ''Li'l Folks'' comic strips to United Feature Syndicate. The syndicate liked the strip but insisted on calling it ''Peanuts'' because ''Li'l Folks'' was too similar to the name of another strip. ''I was very upset with the title,'' Mr. Schulz once said, ''and still am.'' On Oct.",
"2, 1950, the first ''Peanuts'' strip was published. It depicted two children sitting on the sidewalk discussing Charlie Brown: ''Well, here comes ol' Charlie Brown!'' . . . ''Good ol' Charlie Brown'' . . . ''Yes, sir! Good ol' Charlie Brown.'' And then, as Charlie Brown passes them, ''How I hate him!'' That year seven newspapers bought ''Peanuts,'' and Mr. Schulz earned $90 a week in royalties. But by 1953 the cartoon was a hit and he was earning $30,000 a year. In 1955 (and again in 1964) the National Cartoonists Society awarded Mr. Schulz the Reuben for being the outstanding cartoonist of the year. He received the Yale Humor Award in 1956 and the School Bell Award from the National Education Association in 1960. Unrequited Love With Roots in Real Life ''Peanuts'' was based on repetition and predictability. As Mr.",
"Schulz put it, ''All the loves in the strip are unrequited; all the baseball games are lost; all the test scores are D-minuses; the Great Pumpkin never comes; and the football is always pulled away.'' One of the few innovations Mr. Schulz introduced was allowing Snoopy (after eight years) to stand on two feet and to have his thoughts written out in balloons. Snoopy could always be counted on to nap, fantasize and wonder when his next meal would arrive. Charlie Brown, the round-headed blockhead (named after one of Mr. Schulz's childhood friends, not after the cartoonist himself), could always be counted on to persevere despite constant failure. He once held onto the string of a kite that was stuck in a tree for eight days running, until the rain made him stop. At the time it was the longest run of immobility for any cartoon character. His first home run came after nearly 43 years of strike outs, on March 30, 1993. No adult ever appeared in ''Peanuts,'' though in television specials there were occasional wah-wah sounds denoting the voices of teachers and parents. As Mr.",
"Schulz once put it, ''Well, there just isn't room for them.'' Curses never got worse than ''Aaugh!'' ''Good grief,'' ''Rats!'' ''Curse you, Red Baron!'' or a knot of lines scrunched up in frustration. The strips were just the beginning. In 1952 Mr. Schulz started turning out ''Peanuts'' books: ''Peanuts,'' ''More Peanuts,'' ''Good Grief, More Peanuts!'' ''Good Ol' Charlie Brown,'' ''Happiness Is a Warm Puppy'' and dozens more. New compilations rolled off the presses every year for decades. Eventually ''Peanuts'' was translated into Serbo-Croatian, Malay, Chinese, Tlingit, Catalan and 15 other languages. Books came out with titles like, ''Het Grote Snoopy Winterspelletjes-Boek'' and ''Du Bist Sub, Charlie Braun.'' The 1960's brought animated ''Peanuts'' television specials. The first was ''A Charlie Brown Christmas,'' which Mr. Schulz wrote in one weekend with Lee Mendelson.",
"Accompanied by Vince Guaraldi's jazz piano, animated by Bill Melendez and unassisted by any laugh track, ''A Charlie Brown Christmas'' was shown on CBS in 1965 (and still runs every winter). It won an Emmy and a Peabody. Many more television specials followed, including ''It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown.'' Five of the specials won Emmys. There were also ''Peanuts'' feature films, including ''A Boy Named Charlie Brown.'' The takeoffs came rolling in. In 1966 the Royal Guardsmen wrote a rock song, ''Snoopy and the Red Baron.'' In 1967 a musical, ''You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown,'' was produced Off Broadway. (A 1999 revival on Broadway won two Tony Awards.) ''Peanuts Gallery,'' a concerto, was composed by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich and had its premiere at Carnegie Hall in 1997. Mr. Schulz received the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the French Ministry of Culture. In 1990 his work was shown at the Louvre; the gala had Snoopys in couture.",
"Many pundits tried to put their finger on the ''Peanuts'' spell and they generally rambled on in a vaguely philosophical vein. Umberto Eco, who wrote the introduction to the first Italian ''Peanuts'' book, referred to Mr. Schulz's work as ''poesie interrompue,'' or interrupted poetry, and, using Freud, Beckett, Adler and Thomas Mann to back him up, said, ''These children affect us because in a certain sense they are monsters; they are the monstrous infantile reductions of all the neuroses of a modern citizen of the industrial civilization.'' In an essay called ''Peanuts: The Americanization of Augustine,'' Arthur Asa Berger, a scholar of popular culture, observed that Mr. Schulz was ''a mirthful moralist'' and a master of Freudian humor, humor that ''serves to mask aggression.'' Mr.",
"Berger called Snoopy ''an existential hero in every sense of the term,'' a dog who ''strives, with dogged persistence and unyielding courage, to overcome what seems to be his fate -- that he is a dog.'' He is ''a bon vivant, he participates in history, he has an incredible imagination, he is witty, he expresses himself with virtuosity in any number of ways (eye movements, ear movements, tail movements, wisecracks, facial expressions) and he is superb as mimic and dancer.'' The most concerted attempt to bring ''Peanuts'' to heel philosophically came in the 1960's when Robert L. Short, a minister, wrote two books on ''Peanuts'' theology, ''The Gospel According to Peanuts'' (1964) and ''The Parables of Peanuts'' (1968). The Rev. Short saw signs of original sin in the ''Peanuts'' children, who were unable ''to produce any radical change for the better in themselves -- or in each other.'' He saw ''the hazard of worshiping deities'' demonstrated in Linus's belief in the Great Pumpkin.",
"And he called Snoopy ''a typical Christian,'' a flawed character who is nonetheless good: ''He is lazy, he is a 'chow hound' without parallel, he is bitingly sarcastic, he is frequently a coward,'' Mr. Short wrote. But he is ''a hound of heaven.'' If the ''Peanuts'' characters left themselves open to the maunderings of philosophers, ministers and analysts, they were even more vulnerable to toy, card, book and clothing manufacturers. The licensing madness began in 1958 when the first plastic Snoopy and Charlie Brown came out. In 1960 Hallmark began printing ''Peanuts'' cards and party goods. Then came sweatshirts and pajamas, thermoses and lunch boxes. Plush Snoopy came in 1965. Woodstock slippers, Lucy picture frames, Charlie Brown music boxes followed. Mr. Schulz vetted all products for appropriateness and rejected some: baby wipes for aesthetic reasons, ashtrays, vitamins, sugary breakfast cereals, ice skates and tennis rackets. There were commercials too. In 1957 the ''Peanuts'' characters started selling Ford Falcons.",
"For 15 years they worked for the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company. Snoopy was the official mascot of NASA, and in 1969 NASA's lunar excursion module on the Apollo 11 mission was called Snoopy. The command module was Charlie Brown. A Menagerie Of Merchandising By 1999 there were 20,000 different new products each year adorned by ''Peanuts'' characters. In 1994 Mr. Schulz was inducted into the Licensing Industry Merchandisers' Association Hall of Fame. Jim Davis, the creator of the cartoon ''Garfield,'' who is no stranger to commercialization, said, ''Schulz created the industry as far as cartooning and licensing go.'' When asked whether he minded his characters selling merchandise, Mr. Schulz said, ''I don't think there's such a thing as going commercial with a comic strip because a comic strip is a commercial right from the beginning.'' It is there to sell newspapers, he said. In 1989 Forbes listed the cartoonist among the ten wealthiest entertainers, earning $32 million a year. Nonetheless his lifestyle remained simple. Mr.",
"Schulz, who hated to travel, said he would have been happy living his whole life in Minneapolis. But ''I had a restless first wife,'' so they moved to Sebastopol, Calif., and he set up his studio in Santa Rosa. In 1969, after the local ice rink closed, he and his wife, Joyce, built a new one, the Redwood Empire Ice Skating Arena. ''Because of Snoopy's hockey playing,'' Mr. Schulz explained, ''I have to keep in the game. So I bought an arena.'' Charles and Joyce Schulz had five children, but the marriage ended in divorce in 1972. He said, ''I don't think she liked me anymore, and I just got up and left one day.'' A year later he met Jeannie Clyde at the ice rink and married her. Mr.",
"Schulz's workday typically began with a trip in his Mercedes (license plate WDSTK1, after Woodstock) down from the hills near where he lived, breakfast at the ice rink's Warm Puppy Snack Bar, a trip to his stone-and-redwood studio at One Snoopy Place to draw his strip, lunch at the ice rink, more work in the afternoon in his studio and dinner at a restaurant with his wife. While his small staff dealt with the commercial end of the business, he attended only to drawing. He used a yellow legal pad for sketching and drew with an Esterbrook Radial pen. He would start doodling until something funny happened. He never took suggestions from anyone (though he did draw on conversations, newspapers, Bartlett's Familiar Quotations, and his children's antics. ''Drawing a daily comic strip is not unlike having an English theme hanging over your head every day for the rest of your life,'' he once said. He could do a strip an hour and six strips a day, but preferred not to. He generally kept three months ahead of publication and never took more than ten days off at a time, and then only reluctantly. ''Peanuts'' continued to appear when Mr.",
"Schulz had quadruple-bypass heart surgery in 1981. And it was only under orders from United Feature that he took off for five weeks in 1997 for his 75th birthday. Jeannie Schulz once said that all the characters in ''Peanuts'' are parts of her husband. ''He's crabby like Lucy, diffident like Charlie Brown. There's a lot of Linus -- he's philosophical and wondering about life.'' Like Schroeder, he loved classical music, though he preferred Brahms to Beethoven. And like Snoopy, he was a war buff. Snoopy had all of World War I covered. But Mr. Schulz knew all the World War II battlegrounds and was the head of a capital fund-raising campaign for the National D-Day Memorial. He was a member of the Church of God, where he was a Sunday school teacher and administrator and would occasionally deliver the Sunday sermon. People described Mr. Schulz as looking like a druggist.",
"He found Garry Trudeau's ''Doonesbury'' and Walt Kelly's ''Pogo'' too political, but he admired the work of Cathy Guisewite, the cartoonist who draws ''Cathy,'' and Ms. Johnston, of ''For Better or for Worse.'' His favorite ice cream flavor was vanilla. Mr. Schulz is survived by his wife, a philanthropist, and his children: Meredith Hodges, who raises mules in Loveland, Colo.; Charles Jr. (called Monte), a novelist in Nevada City, Calif.; Craig, a private pilot in Santa Rosa; Amy Johnson, a homemaker with nine children in Alpine, Utah; and Jill Schulz Transki, who runs an in-line skating business with her husband in Santa Barbara, Calif. He is also survived by two stepchildren, Brooke Clyde, a lawyer in Santa Rosa, and Lisa Brockway, a homemaker in Ashland, Oregon; and 18 grandchildren.",
"Personal Anxieties Shared With Millions Despite his large family and large success he was a melancholy man who worried and was often lonely, depressed and plagued by panic attacks, features that Rheta Grimsley Johnson brought out in her 1989 biography ''Good Grief: The Story of Charles M. Schulz.'' Sally, Charlie Brown's sister, put it well in a school report on night and day: ''Daytime is so you can see where you're going. Nighttime is so you can lie in bed worrying.'' Mr. Schulz had a white terrier named Andy, played golf (12 handicap), tennis (for a while with Billie Jean King) and bridge. But he was most devoted to hockey and ice skating. He was a right-handed shot. He hated cats, coconut and sleeping away from home. And he never forgot a slight. Ms. Johnston once said, ''He's bitter about the little red-haired girl who didn't marry him, he's bitter about his divorce, he's bitter about getting old.'' And he was bitter about the lack of recognition cartoonists get. This is what he said about cartooning: ''It will destroy you.",
"It will break your heart.'' The creator of one of the least troubled dogs of all time, Mr. Schulz compared his own panic to that of a dog ''running frantically down the road pursuing the family car.'' The dog ''is not really being left behind,'' he said, ''but for that moment in his limited understanding, he is being left alone forever.'' As Mr. Schulz got older he began to think about the end of his strip. His hand quavered, but he knew that he did not want anyone else to draw the cartoon. ''Everything has to end,'' he once said. ''This is my excuse for existence. No one else will touch it.'' In November he was hospitalized for colon cancer and started chemotherapy. On Dec. 14 he announced that his strip would end. But thoughts of death had long since seeped into his strip. ''After you've died, do you get to come back?'' Linus once asked Charlie Brown. He replied, ''If they stamp your hand.'' Mr. Schulz always felt for the little man and the little animal. He once said that his philosophy of life could be found in the Gospel of St.",
"Luke: ''It were better for him that a millstone were hanged about his neck, and he cast into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones.'' Intertwined Lives: Complex 'Peanuts' Personalities and Their Creator Charlie Brown Also known as Blockhead, Good Ol' Charlie Brown, Chuck, Charles and Mr. Sack (which he was briefly called when he wore a sack over his head at camp to cover up a rash that looked like the stitching on a baseball). First appearance Oct. 2, 1950. Named for Charles M. Schulz's acquaintance, Charlie Brown. (As Mr. Schulz remembered the namesake, ''He was a very bright young man with a lot of enthusiasm for life. I began to tease him about his love for parties and I used to say, 'Here comes good ol' Charlie Brown, now we can have a good time.' '') Sister Sally Unrequited love The Little Red-Haired Girl. True friends Linus, various pen pals (beginning on Sept. 1, 1958). Accomplishments Had numerous footballs pulled from under him by Lucy, beginning on Nov.",
"16, 1952. Managed baseball team that never won. Hit one home run, on March 30, 1993. (''Winning is great, but it isn't funny,'' Mr. Schulz explained.) Lost many kites to vicious trees. Served as camp president when he was known as Mr. Sack. Traits Round-headed, plain, gentle, decent, optimistic, unpopular, anxious. Snoopy Siblings Spike, Belle, Marbles, Olaf, Andy. Adopted by NASA, as a promotional stunt in 1968. Accomplishments Walking on hind feet, thinking thoughts and sleeping on a pitched-roof doghouse, starting in 1960. (''There were other events, but the best thing I ever thought of was Snoopy using his own imagination,'' Mr. Schulz said. ''I don't recall how he got on top of the doghouse, but the first time he fell off, the strip ended with his saying, 'Life is full of rude awakenings.' '') Battled the Red Baron from his Sopwith Camel doghouse, beginning on Oct.",
"10, 1965, often shouting his fighting words, ''Curse you, Red Baron.'' Occupations Surgeon (in order to wear green booties), artist, lawyer, beagle scout with bird troop, skating coach and, beginning on July 12, 1965, novelist (published ''It Was a Dark and Stormy Night'' in 1971) and more than 100 other roles. Traits Epicurean, worldly, debonair, confident, fanciful, insistent about supper. Lucy Van Pelt Also known as Fussbudget and once called ''Crab grass on the lawn of life'' by Linus. First appearance March 3, 1952. Inspiration Mr. Schulz's daughter Meredith. (''We called our oldest daughter, Meredith, a fussbudget when she was very small.'') Brothers Linus, Rerun Unrequited love Schroeder (smitten on May 30, 1953). Accomplishments Pulling numerous footballs out from under Charlie Brown, beginning on Nov.",
"16, 1952; ran curbside psychiatric clinic for five cents a visit, beginning on March 27, 1959; master of the short psychiatric session. Famous words spoken to Snoopy on April 25, 1960, ''Happiness is a warm puppy.'' Traits Crabby, vain, loud, bossy, lousy outfielder. Linus Van Pelt Mother Someone who puts strange notes in his lunch box. Friend Charlie Brown. Beloved teacher Miss Othmar. Accomplishments Carried his blanket everywhere, starting on Jan 1, 1955. (Mr. Schulz remembered, ''I did not know then that the term 'security blanket' would later become part of the American language.'') Sat in many a pumpkin patch waiting for the Great Pumpkin with no results, starting on Oct. 28, 1959, when he confused Halloween with Christmas. Knew when to quote St. Paul and other religious figures. Patted birds on head. Traits Philosophical, loyal, self-possessed, literate, adept with blanket on ball field.",
"Peppermint Patty Also called ''Sir'' (by Marcie), Patricia Reichardt (her real name). First appearance Aug. 22, 1966. Inspiration ''A dish of candy that was sitting around the house,'' Mr. Schulz said. Unrequited love Charlie Brown (Chuck). True friend Marcie. Accomplishments Earned many D-minuses; slept in every possible position on desk in front of Marcie in school and dreamed unhelpful dreams; once entered an ice-skating competition (coached by Snoopy) that turned out to be a roller-skating competition. Traits Unruly hair, good athlete, tomboy. Schroeder First appearance May 30, 1951. Inspiration ''A toy piano which we had bought for our oldest daughter, Meredith, eventually became the piano which Schroeder uses for his daily practicing,'' Mr. Schulz said. Why Beethoven? ''It is funnier that way. My favorite composer is Brahms -- I could listen to him all day -- but Brahms isn't a funny word, Beethoven is.'' Accomplishments Played Beethoven on toy piano with black keys painted on.",
"Fended off Lucy's amorous overtures. Traits Focused, serious, handsome, single-minded. Spike Accomplishments Lying on rocks; snuggling with tumbleweeds; brief stint in infantry. Traits Tired eyes, droopy mustache, bored, blase. Woodstock First appearance April 4, 1967. Named June 22, 1970. ''For some time, a flock of birds had hung around Snoopy's house,'' Mr. Schulz said. ''One of them, particularly scatterbrained and clumsy, finally eclipsed the others.'' Friend Snoopy and various birds. Accomplishments Birdbath hockey; camping; hiking; marshmallow roasts. Traits Communicating in tick marks, which Snoopy could understand. Rerun First appearance March 26, 1973. First mention May 23, 1972. Named May 31, 1972. Siblings Lucy and Linus. Accomplishments Softening Lucy's temper and surviving many rides in his mother's dangerous bicycle seat. ''His only fear is being the passenger on one of his mother's bicycle-riding errands,'' Mr.",
"Schulz said. ''Somehow, Rerun is the only witness to her riding into grates and potholes.'' Traits Often mistaken for Linus, but wore overalls and was more skeptical; longed for a dog of his own and occasionally borrowed Snoopy. Marcie First appearance June 18, 1968, when she met Peppermint Patty at camp. Best friend Peppermint Patty, whom she called Sir ''out of admiration and misguided manners,'' Mr. Schulz said. Accomplishments Sat behind Peppermint Patty at school and shared homework and test answers with her. True love Charles (Charlie Brown). Traits Glasses, brainy, naive, not sportive. Little Red-Haired Girl First mention Nov. 11, 1963. First appearance Never. Once seen in silhouette on May 25, 1998. Inspiration Mr. Schulz's ''real-life love for red-haired Donna Johnson, whom I courted when I was a young man in Saint Paul. She chose someone else as I was about to propose to her, and that broke my heart.'' Accomplishments Winning Charlie Brown's heart. Traits Never seen, often missed, cute.",
"Franklin First appearance July 31, 1968; he met Charlie Brown at the beach. (''They'd never met before because they went to different schools,'' Mr. Schulz said of Franklin, an African-American character, ''but they had fun playing ball so Charlie Brown invited Franklin to visit him.'' Accomplishments Center fielder on baseball team. Quoted the Old Testament and talked about his grandfather. Traits No anxieties or obsessions. Sally"
] |
Who directed The Big Sleep and Gentlemen Prefer Blondes?
|
Howard Hawks
|
[
"Howard Hawk",
"Howard Winchester Hawks",
"Howard Hawks"
] | 8,518
|
[
"Howard Hawks - IMDb IMDb 17 January 2017 4:34 PM, UTC NEWS a list of 40 people created 09 Dec 2010 a list of 30 people created 31 Mar 2011 a list of 23 people created 13 Oct 2012 a list of 41 people created 16 Apr 2014 a list of 21 people created 09 Oct 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Howard Hawks's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 4 wins & 7 nominations.",
"See more awards » Known For | Edit Filmography 1925 The Light of Western Stars (production manager - uncredited) 1925 Adventure (production manager - uncredited) 1924 Open All Night (production manager - uncredited) Hide 2014/II Dark Hearts (special thanks) 2003 The Dreamers (acknowledgment: director of \"Scarface\" (1932) 1980 Hollywood (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 1977 Hollywood Greats (TV Series documentary) Himself 1970 Plimpton!",
"Shoot-Out at Rio Lobo (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1967 Cinema (TV Series documentary) Himself 1925 1925 Studio Tour (Documentary short) Himself - a Writer 2009 1939: Hollywood's Greatest Year (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2001-2008 American Masters (TV Series documentary) Himself / Himself - Interviewee 2003 Cary Grant and Howard Hawks (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1993-2001 Biography (TV Series documentary) Himself 1997 Howard Hawks: American Artist (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1967 The Great Professional: Howard Hawks (TV Movie documentary) Himself Personal Details Other Works: Story: \"The Chariot of the Gods\" (filmed as The Road to Glory (1926), The Road to Glory (1936)) See more » Publicity Listings: 4 Biographical Movies | 10 Print Biographies | 5 Portrayals | 6 Articles | 2 Pictorials | See more » Height: The DVD Journal | Quick Reviews: Gentlemen Prefer Blondes Gentlemen Prefer Blondes There's",
" No Business Like Show Business Who would imagine that the same man responsible for To Have and Have Not, The Big Sleep, Red River and Rio Bravo was also the director of Gentleman Prefer Blondes?",
"But let's not forget the estimable Mr. Howard Hawks also directed Bringing Up Baby, His Girl Friday and the hilarious Ball of Fire with Gary Cooper and Barbara Stanwyck Hawks knew how to direct women, and he sure knew comedy. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is a triumph of a film, blatantly and unapologetically about sex, romance and savvy dames with phenomenal bodies who can sing and dance. Nightclub singers Dorothy Shaw and Lorelei Lee (Jane Russell and Marilyn Monroe) are \"Just Two Little Girls From Little Rock,\" as the song says, on a luxury cruise to Europe, paid for by gold digger Lorelei's wealthy beau. Dorothy falls for the private detective who's secretly spying on Lorelei, and some messiness about possible stolen diamonds ensue. The plot is secondary to the joys of watching the delicious Russell and Monroe together Russell as the smart, street-wise Dorothy who's holding out for true love, and Monroe as the smart dumb blonde who knows how to get what she wants.",
"The musical numbers are sexy, funny and brilliantly executed the frankly homoerotic \"Ain't Anyone Here For Love?\" features Russell cavorting with a group of gymnast/dancers in revealing, flesh-colored swim trunks, thrusting muscled legs and tight butts akimbo, and Marilyn's classic turn in \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" still shows what a cut-rate poseur that Madonna person is. Watch this movie often it will make you happy. Fox's DVD release of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is clean and beautiful, with all that rich Technicolor restored in a new print (the original 1.33:1), while audio is crisp in remastered Dolby stereo, along with the original mono. Includes the Movietone newsreel footage of Marilyn and Jane pressing their body parts into the cement at Grauman's Chinese Theater and trailers for all films in The Diamond Collection. Keep-case.",
"Dawn Taylor Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) - News NEWS 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2007 | 2003 | 2001 21-40 of 48 items from 2012 « Prev | Next » 25 July 2012 11:51 AM, PDT | Thompson on Hollywood | See recent Thompson on Hollywood news » In celebration of the Venice Film Festival's 80th anniversary, the fest will screen a program of restored classic films, titled \"Venezia Classici.\" Included in the cinephile-dream lineup is Orson Welles ' seldom-seen \" Chimes at Midnight ,\" Ingmar Bergman 's \" Fanny and Alexander ,\" Howard Hawks ' \" Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ,\" Roberto Rosselini's \"Stromboli\" and the restored version of Michael Cimino 's \" Heaven's Gate ,\" which Cimino will accompany (the epic failure, as described in",
" Steven Bach 's must-read \" Final Cut ,\" brought down United Artists ).",
"The program's mission statement shows an admirable embrace of both the preservation of invaluable film heritage and the new digital age: Although relatively recent, the promotion of access to and appreciation of the vast heritage represented by classic films is now a phenomenon of international significance. Until the end of the » - Beth Hanna 25 July 2012 11:47 AM, PDT | We Got This Covered | See recent We Got This Covered news » While the official competition line up for the 69th Venice Film Festival will be released tomorrow, the festival organisers have announced today the list of classic films which will be screened at the Lido. Like Cannes, every year Venice dedicates a section of its programme to screening important works of world cinema. Among this year’s list will be Billy Wilder ’s Sunset Boulevard , Ingmar Bergman ’s Fanny & Alexander and Howard Hawks ’ Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . But, the big news is that Criterion have provided a restoration of the legendary and infamous Heaven’s Gate from director Michael Cimino . Now, chances are if you are a movie enthusiast then you will have heard of Heaven’s Gate but probably won’t have seen it.",
"The film is regarded as the biggest flop in cinema history, it is a film so notorious that other flops since have been labelled with a Heaven’s Gate type pun. » - Will Chadwick Marking the 50th anniversary of the Hollywood legend’s passing, the Forever Marilyn Collection is a four disc set showcasing some of the most treasured cinematic moments of Marilyn Monroe ’s career with Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , How to Marry a Millionaire , The Seven Year Itch , and Some Like It Hot . From some of Monroe’s earlier films playing the iconic sex symbol that she was known for, to the film where she broke out of her limitations and began showing a stronger talent that she fought to be recognised, this collection really captures the beauty of a star who will forever be remembered. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) Directed by Howard Hawks , the collection opens with Gentlemen Prefer Blondes which follows best friends Lorelei Lee and Dorothy Shaw (Monroe and Jane Russell) as two showgirls who set a course for love on board a luxury liner sailing to France.",
"Pursued by a » - Charlie Derry Giorgio Moroder Presents: Metropolis Since its release in 1927, Fritz Lang 's Metropolis has not only influenced any film-maker who wanted to create a futuristic city, it's also had a strong link with music. Indeed, plenty of performers with a strong eye for visuals – from Kraftwerk and Queen to Madonna and Janelle Monáe – have plundered the film's still-impressive imagery for their videos and artwork. Perhaps the oddest and least cherished of these Metropolis and music crossovers is this 1984 version, overseen by Giorgio Moroder . Tinting it with colour, adding subtitles and sound effects, music and songs, Moroder made the film seem a little less black and white, slightly less German and a lot less silent. His intention, if misguided, was more honourable than heretical. Even though this cut is shorter than usual, it does include footage that was previously thought lost, while missing scenes are recreated with photographs and illustrations.",
"Unfortunately, the » 4 June 2012 11:50 AM, PDT | WeAreMovieGeeks.com | See recent WeAreMovieGeeks.com news » Celebrate the life, the legend and the beauty of Marilyn Monroe . The iconic blonde bombshell shines in high definition in Forever Marilyn: The Blu-ray Collection. With classics like The Misfits and Some Like It Hot as well as new-to-Blu-ray titles How to Marry A Millionaire , Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , Seven Year Itch, There.s No Business Like Show Business and River of No Return this unique set of films, those that made Marilyn a star, is a collector.s dream. Marking the 50th anniversary of the passing of this Hollywood legend, the seven disc collection will be available as a Blu-ray set and individual titles beginning July 20th Internationally (Germany) and on July 31st in North America from Twentieth Century Fox Home Entertainment . Marilyn fans around the world can pre-order the Collection with online retailers.",
"A sexy divorcée falls for an over-the-hill cowboy who is struggling to maintain his » - Michelle McCue 30 May 2012 9:44 AM, PDT | JustPressPlay.net | See recent JustPressPlay news » Entertainment legends come and grace audiences with their mesmerizing looks as well as with their incredible talent. It takes a lot to achieve this status but when these special performers do reach that mark, it is up to the audience to accept this truly wonderful gift. One such gift is wrapped in the timeless package that is Carol Channing . She is a musical theater icon and a true Broadway legend. A new documentary is out chronicling her career called Carol Channing: Larger Than Life and it is definitely worth checking out. Known for her star-making roles as Lorelei Lee in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and as Dolly Gallagher Levi in Hello, Dolly!, these two roles skyrocketed Channing into superstardom. Her unique look and style made her stand out among many other lovely actresses of her time.",
"Tall, thin, with a big smile, a raspy yet charming voice and a quirky yet attractive way about her, » - Randall Unger 29 May 2012 5:00 AM, PDT | ScifiMafia | See recent ScifiMafia news » As you may know, the house featured in last year’s amazing first season of American Horror Story has gone up for sale. What is new is that Syfy‘s Hollywood Treasure will be featuring it in tonight’s new installment. Though I don’t think I could sleep in the house, let alone afford it, I’ll definitely be a looky loo tonight. The House From American Horror Story Set To Sell For $12,000,000.00 After Its Appearance On Syfy’s “Hollywood Treasure” The Episode Airs This Tuesday Night May 29 At 10Pm Et/Pt On The Syfy Channel Los Angeles- May 25- The house from American Horror Story will be featured on the upcoming episode of Syfy’s Hollywood Treasure. American Horror Story developed a tremendous cult following during its premiere season and the whole series was centered around the house which is now going onthe market.",
"The house became as » - Erin Willard 22 May 2012 2:47 PM, PDT | | See recent CultureCatch news » I probably speak for most theater fans in saying I was excited when I read about Smash before its premiere on NBC in February. The idea of a weekly network series depicting the development of a new Broadway musical was irresistible. The fact that so many theater people -- both on and off camera -- were involved in the show added to the anticipation. Executive producers included Craig Zadan and Neil Meron who, among other things, have produced film versions of Broadway hits Chicago and Hairspray , along with television movie adaptations of The Music Man , Annie , and Gypsy. Original songs were written by the team of Marc Shaiman and Scott Wittman , who won the Tony award for their Hairspray score, and also wrote the fine score for last year's Catch Me If You Can . Michael Mayer (Spring Awakening and American Idiot) directed the pilot.",
"And, while not a theater name, » - James Miller 10 May 2012 2:44 PM, PDT | The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News | See recent The Hollywood Reporter - Movie News news » New York – While Megan Hilty ’s character is still scheming to play Marilyn Monroe in the bio-musical at the center of NBC’s Smash , she’s wiggling her voluptuous way through one of the star’s most iconic screen roles with gusto in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . Playing just seven performances as part of the annual Encores! series of semi-staged vintage musicals, John Rando’s sparkling production is sheer enjoyment, with some of the most exhilarating jazz vocal harmonies and time-traveling dance breaks to be found anywhere near Broadway. But Hilty’s bombshell is the prize. Photos: ' Smash ' First Look: Ryan Tedder , Katharine McPhee Get 'Touch'-y The read more 10 May 2012 5:06 AM, PDT | WENN | See recent WENN news » Actress Megan Hilty is set to follow in Marilyn Monroe 's footsteps by playing Lorelei Lee in an upcoming Broadway production of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes .",
"Hilty currently stars in hit U.S. TV series Smash as an aspiring actress tasked with portraying Monroe in a new musical, and life has now imitated art for the 31 year old after she signed up to portray Lee, a part made famous by the late blonde bombshell, in a Big Apple theatre show. The production will be directed by Tony Award-winning John Rando and the actress insists she is already having fun in rehearsals. She tells Playbill.com, \"I'm having the time of my life. John Rando is a genius, and I feel like we're having so much fun putting this play on. And, the whole cast is so fun. All the voices are amazing, and everybody is hilarious. I think it's going to be a really good show.\" Hilty will hit the stage at The New York City Center for a limited-run, beginning on Wednesday. » 9 May 2012 4:05 PM, PDT | The Guardian - Film News | See recent The Guardian - Film News news » The Cannes film festival kicks off next week, and this shot of Marilyn Monroe will feature on all its official posters. Does it matter that she never went?",
"She is a perennially fascinating screen actress, the incidental subject of new TV drama Smash – and from next week she will be pouting down at us from every street corner in Cannes, the face of the official film festival poster. The photograph shows the beautiful, beguiling, funny leading lady of such pictures as Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and Some Like It Hot blowing out the candle on her 30th birthday cake, giving a seductive air-kiss to the lens. In a press release, the festival organisers explain: \"The poster captures Marilyn by surprise in an intimate moment where myth meets reality – a moving tribute to the anniversary of her passing, which coincides with the festival anniversary [Cannes turns 65 this year] … Their coming together symbolises the ideal of simplicity and elegance. » - Peter Bradshaw 9 May 2012 6:16 AM, PDT | Deadline TV | See recent Deadline TV news » Beverly Hills, Calif., May 9, 2012 — Netflix, Inc.",
"(Nasdaq: Nflx) and Twentieth Century Fox Television Distribution, today announced a multi-year licensing agreement that will soon make a host of great TV series and films available for Netflix members to instantly watch in Latin America and Brazil. All past seasons of 24, Prison Break , The X-Files and Arrested Development will be available for viewing beginning July 15, as well as current and past seasons of How I Met Your Mother , Glee and Bones. In addition, Twentieth Century Fox classic films including Gentlemen Prefer Blondes , Wall Street and Office Space , will come to Netflix on July 1, with more films and TV series to be added over the next few years. “We are thrilled to be bringing such favorites as How I Met Your Mother and Glee to our members in Latin America and Brazil,” said Jason Ropell, Netflix Vice President of Content Acquisition. “Our partnership with » - THE DEADLINE TEAM 23 April 2012 8:30 AM, PDT | Vulture | See recent Vulture news » The premiere season of Smash has been a divisive one for viewers, but if there's one thing everyone can agree on, it's that Megan Hilty is fantastic on TV.",
"The Broadway vet (she was the second actress to follow Kristin Chenoweth in Wicked) is now returning to the stage to play Lorelei Lee in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . It's one of Monroe's iconic roles — although Hilty, unlike Marilyn, won't be needing someone to dub her voice in the tricky parts. We spoke to Hilty about her character's casting-couch and prescription-drug problems, her hopes for season two, and whether Smash jibes with her real-life Broadway experience.I’m totally Team Ivy. I actually get upset when other actresses are playing Marilyn on the show.Yay, thank you! That said, can you play devil’s advocate and defend Team Karen [Katharine McPhee] to me?Oh, absolutely. I mean, everybody has to start somewhere. And just » - Gwynne Watkins 26 March 2012 5:20 AM, PDT | The Backlot | See recent The Backlot news » The relationship between Ivy ( Megan Hilty , r) and her Mama ( Bernadette Peters ) is not an easy one.",
"After last week's episode of NBC’s musical drama Smash , when Broadway legend Bernadette Peters turned up playing, well, a Broadway legend who also happens to be the prickly mother to Ivy ( Megan Hilty ), the drama and the multiple conflicts (and tattletale Ellis) reached new heights. But tonight's \"The Coup\" brings in potential backstabbing when snarky director Derek ( Jack Davenport ) enlists naive Karen ( Katharine McPhee ) to make a play to steal the Marilyn musical from Tom ( Christian Borle ) and Julia ( Debra Messing ). And what about Ivy? Now that the workshop is over, she's still sitting on pins and needles waiting to see if she's in or out as Marilyn. To find out some inside scoop about the series, which just got the green light for a second season, AfterElton checked in with Megan Hilty » - nyjimmy67 13 March 2012 9:01 AM, PDT | WENN | See recent WENN news » Marilyn Monroe 's iconic screen dresses are the main attraction at a British exhibition marking the 50th anniversary of her death.",
"Entitled simply Marilyn, the collection features rarely seen pictures and a dozen original costumes - including the famous red gown she wore in 1953 movie Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . The dresses were loaned by U.S. collector David Gainsborough Roberts and are believed to form the largest Monroe collection in the world. London's Getty Images Gallery director Louise Garczewska says, \"(It's) a perfect tribute to one of Hollywood's all-time greats. We are extremely excited to present our Marilyn exhibition, offering unparalleled and rare access to her life.\" » 27 February 2012 1:56 AM, PST | The Guardian - Film News | See recent The Guardian - Film News news » The screen icon and two-time Oscar winner heads the list of stars who died this year in the Academy's traditional rememberance Elizabeth Taylor featured prominently in the In Memoriam section of the Academy Award ceremony currently taking place at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood. The Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf actor died in March 2011 aged 79, and was one of the most prominent figures of Hollywood glamour through the 1950s and 60s.",
"She is especially well remembered for her multiple marriages, including two to fellow actor Richard Burton . Also remembered were actors Jane Russell , best known for starring opposite Marilyn Monroe in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ; Farley Granger , the star of two Hitchcock masterpieces, Rope and Strangers on a Train ; and Michael Gough , the veteran British character actor who had a late flowering as the butler Alfred in the Batman films in the 90s. Behind the camera, mentions were made of director Sidney Lumet , » 12 February 2012 9:06 PM, PST | TVfanatic | See recent TVfanatic news » \"Romantic Languages\" was the lost episode of Pan Am that let us in on a lot of little secrets heretofore unknown. Looking back, it did seem like there was a jump in time, but I didn't realize how much the story was affected until watching tonight. It would have been nice if they had shown this episode in order because it felt like we were living a dream. That this happened to the the installment before what could very well be the series finale is a bit disappointing. Example: So that's how Dean and Ginny ended things.",
"He broke up with her thinking they were just having a good time. I thought she just walked into the sunset with Mr. Pan Am executive, but she was an absolutely crazy nut. She followed Dean around the world and even smashed her own forehead into a window to try to show him » - [email protected] (Carissa Pavlica) Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: A Practice Round in Subversion | Precious Bodily Fluids » Gentlemen Prefer Blondes: A Practice Round in Subversion Howard Hawks is noteworthy in cinema for lots of reasons; he’s infamous for just a few. Among them is Hawks’ history of battling the censors. Before the Hays Code came into official effect, he directed the classic Scarface, that great old violent mobster movie that shook things up long before Brian DePalma and Al Pacino whipped out their little friend and added some ultraviolence. Other films, such as Hawks’ adaptation of Raymond Chandler’s pulp novel The Big Sleep brought a strongly homoerotic element into film noir that added increased anxiety to an already-anxiety-driven genre of American cinema.",
"Once Marilyn Monroe entered the movie world in the late 40s, it was only a matter of time before directors like Hawks and Billy Wilder would take advantage of her voluptuous image to mix things up a little on the screen. Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is great for functioning both as classic, textbook Laura Mulvey material and also playing with, or possibly even undermining, the Mulveyan notion of narrative cinema as geared for a male viewing audience. In a quick review, Mulvey’s argument in her seminal “Visual Pleasure in Narrative Cinema” sets forth that conventional narrative film form has built into it the assumption of an active male viewer bound by a scopohilic gaze on the passive, objectified woman on screen. Two types of scopophila (the pleasure of looking) are at work: fetishistic scopophilia – in which the woman on screen is fetishized through the male viewer’s castration anxiety – and narcissistic scopophilia – in which the male viewer identifies actively with the on-screen male who is also defined by his gaze upon the passive woman.",
"The purpose of fetishistic scopophilia is to negotiate the male’s fear of the woman (on account of her castration, and therefore the threat of castration to him, too); the purpose of narcissistic scopophilia is to narrow the viewing gap between the male spectator and the woman (who is “to-be-looked-at”) while still keeping her at arm’s length. By narrowing the gap, the male viewer comes under the false impression that the image is mediated neither by the camera filming it nor by the falseness of the image (not the “real thing” but rather bright light projecting stained celluloid). Still, by narcissistically identifying with the diegetic male character, the male viewer’s castration anxiety is slightly alleviated by proxy. As a result of narcissistic scopophilia, the male viewer turns the image of woman into a fetish object, desiring both to punish and to idealize her. As for the female viewer, she is excluded; narrative cinema’s classic form does not take her into account. (Discussions of things like “chick flicks” are not inconsistent with this notion but will have to wait til another day.) Who, us?!",
"The opening scene of Gentlemen Prefer Blondes features the two women, Lorelei (Marilyn) and Dorothy (Jane Russell), singing and dancing on stage while looking directly at the camera. Interesting, the film’s opening credits interrupt the routine, which then resumes after Howard Hawks’ name gets the directorial credit. It’s only after some time has passed that we finally get a reverse shot of the audience, which focuses on Gus, Lorelei’s decidedly castrated fiancée. This cut comes not a moment too soon. Finally, the viewer can breathe a sigh of relief through the acknowledgment by the cinema screen itself that this is, in fact, cinema. Until the reverse shot takes place, we seem to be watching a filmed stage performance, un-mediated and unadulterated. In Mulveyan terms, castration anxiety is in full effect. Once the reverse shot gives us the image of a rather pathetic looking man, narrative significance is finally given to what was strictly non-narrative before. The song-and-dance routines freeze the narrative from progressing and offer only a one-way gaze by the male viewer of the women on screen.",
"The reverse shot of Gus only hints at the narrative, but it is not the reverse shot with which a male viewer wants to identify; Gus is not the way the male viewer sees himself looking at the ladies, although perhaps Gus is all-too telling of the male viewer’s anxiety. Heehee! Once the girls exit the stage, their dialogue offers further evidence of what their lyrics already suggested: they have it all quite figured out. They know what they want, and make no mistake, they want a lot. Their cleverness lies in their clear understanding that the men want them a lot, a fact that they use throughout the film as a bargaining tool. Lorelei obviously is interested in diamonds, classic commodities that, she admits, “are a girl’s best friend.” There’s no surprise here, based on the old cliché. What is a little surprising is how the camera seems to side with Lorelei at a number of points. Perhaps most significantly, there’s the scene when Lorelei discovers that “Piggy” owns a diamond mine in Africa. From her POV, we see Piggy’s head become overlaid with a large diamond, overtly symbolizing all that Lorelei sees in him.",
"While this may not seem terribly significant, it’s the fact that Lorelei, a woman, is not only objectifying a man, but the viewer also does so through her. We are given the point of view of a woman’s desiring gaze, seeing a man not “as he is” but as a means to an end. Lorelei does something similar after their first performance when she remarks provocatively to Dorothy that she saw a large “bulge” in Gus’ pocket, which she can’t wait to get her hands on. She then remarks that it must be a diamond ring. Objectified On a superficial level, Dorothy is seemingly set apart from Lorelei. For one thing, she’s brunette while Lorelei is the titular blonde, already implying that she is less preferable in comparison. On another obvious level, she’s simply not Marilyn Monroe. Already in 1952, Marilyn’s iconic status was becoming firm; nothing wrong with Jane Russell, but Marilyn she was not. On top of this, Dorothy seems to carry herself in a more masculine way than Lorelei. She is less desired by men (as evidenced by Gus’ entrance into their dressing room), and she seems unaffected by the fact.",
"She’s at least as clever as Lorelei, and she knows what she wants just as much, but she’s more willing to go and actively get it. Lorelei, on the other hand, knows how to be passive in just the right way in order to get that one rich man to come knocking on her door. When they prepare to board the ship going to France, Dorothy establishes herself as Lorelei’s chaperone. Dorothy makes it just as clear, however, that the chaperone is the one who’s allowed to have fun. She says this as she discovers that the U.S. Olympic team will be on board for the voyage. The athletes are of no interest to Lorelei, since they certainly don’t own any diamond mines. Dorothy, on the other hand, communicates plenty of interest in the strong-bodied men. Mm. Curvy. The musical number that follows shortly thereafter is staged at a pool where the men are presumably practicing. Lorelei is absent; this one belongs to Dorothy. She’s dressed in strapless black while all the male athletes surrounding her are clad only in flesh-toned swim shorts.",
"When the men are dancing around Dorothy, at times it’s hard to tell if they’re wearing anything at all. The scene identifies Dorothy as the woman who desires the male body – and not only in the singular. She’s surrounded by strong, male bodies, and she swoons over all of them. Adding a little here and there between lyrics, she says, “Doubles, anyone? This court’s open.” So while Dorothy seems to set herself apart from Lorelei by desiring love from a man rather than riches, it turns out that Dorothy is actually interested in the male body, another means to an end. While the two women appear to be different, they are fundamentally the same. The film turns the tables on traditional males-objectifying-females and allows the opposite to take place. It’s a comedy, of course, so the idea isn’t being taken all that seriously, but it’s still present. The film comes closest to subverting conventional male-female stereotypes by making it clear toward the end that the women really are the intelligent ones. Gus’ rich father chastises his son for pursuing such a class-less woman and accuses Lorelei of wanting Gus only for his money.",
"Lorelei responds insistently that she actually wants Gus for his father’s money. When the father tries to rebuke Lorelei for such shallow affection, she articulates the film’s most effective point against men. She points out that any man wants his daughter to marry a financially secure man, for her own safety and comfort in life. Furthermore, no man is ever attacked for wanting to marry a beautiful woman, so why can’t a woman want to marry a wealthy man? Each has his/her commodity in the exchange; each has something to offer the other. The point is well made and silences Gus’ father, although it officially removes the notion of “true love” from the film entirely. Lorelei is the proverbial gold digger, and Dorothy is the sex-hungry woman. One is more “female” in traditional terms and the other more “male,” but nothing particularly negative can be said about them that can’t be said at some level about men, too. In the end, Hawks gives an expected wink to the suggestion present throughout the film of the two women actually desiring one another. In the early dressing room scene, Lorelei tells Dorothy that she and Gus are getting married.",
"Dorothy responds incredulously, “To each other?” Dorothy, who knows Lorelei through and through, find the idea of Lorelei marrying Gus rather ridiculous and possibly hurtful. On the trans-Atlantic cruise, Dorothy is often seen spying on Lorelei and other men – usually Gus or Piggie. Finally, the concluding shot of the film at the double wedding features Dorothy and Lorelei in the middle of the aisle with their grooms on either side of them. The camera zooms in just enough to cut the men out of the frame and ends with the two women smiling at each other. Certainly, the two women have gotten what they set out for. Certainly, it’s a cute way to end the film. But it’s also suggestive that the two women can’t let go of one another, and the fact that it’s suggested front and center at a wedding at least continues Hawks’ pattern of homoerotic hints, if not more than that. In the end it seems unlikely that Gentlemen Prefer Blondes actually subverts traditional cinema, at least in Mulveyan terms. The film is set up for the visual pleasure of male viewers, even if it toys with flipping traditional notions on their heads.",
"In a statement about the film, Hawks himself noted that he had the women continue to walk up and down the stairs during dance numbers simply because the men on the set enjoyed watching them do so. The title, in addition, insinuates class elitism, racism, and sexism; as if only “gentleman” have good taste and white “blondes” are the only thing worth tasting. The fact that we’re talking about the 50s, though, means that the film deserves a lot of credit for at the very least pointing out the one-sided nature of conventional cinema and the fact that the tables can be turned. I do. dOc DVD Review: Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) 20th Century Fox presents Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953) \"Because, if a girl is spending all of her time worrying about the money that she doesn't have... how is she going to have time for being in love?",
"I want you to find happiness and stop having fun.\" - Lorelei Lee (Marilyn Monroe) Stars: Marilyn Monroe, Jane Russell Other Stars: Charles Coburn, Elliot Reid, Tommy Noonan Director: Howard Hawks MPAA Rating: Not Rated for (nothing objectionable) Run Time: 01h:31m:18s Release Date: May 29, 2001 UPC: 024543014249 C- DVD Review The second of Marilyn Monroe's 1953 triple play that made her a star, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, is a much loved musical in which she co-stars as the irrepressible Lorelei Lee with Jane Russell, who plays the sensible Dorothy Shaw. This film is pure entertainment, mostly singing and dancing riding along atop a fairly uncomplicated plot line. Monroe's Lorelei is engaged to the son of a rich man, Gus Esmond, and the plan is to be married in Paris after a transatlantic ocean voyage. But Esmond's father changes the plan so that Lorelei will make the trip accompanied by her friend and singing partner Dorothy, as a sort of test of her suitability for his son.",
"Marilyn is very attractive in this lightweight role, the character by which ultimately she is defined in many people's minds. It remains one of the most memorable of her portrayals, and the sequence of her performance of Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend is embedded in the pop culture of our country. Elliot Reed plays Detective Malone, whose job is to get whatever goods on Lorelei that he can, so that the father of Esmond can prevent the marriage between her and his son. He proceeds by romancing Dorothy, and ultimately snaps a compromising photo of Lorelei and Lord Francis \"Piggy\" Beakman, who attracted her attention when it is revealed that he is the owner of a diamond mine. Dorothy is played by Jane Russell, who made her film debut in the notorious Howard Hughes project The Outlaw in 1943. It is interesting how many actresses of that era had such large star reputations built on such flimsy filmic resumes. Russell made very few major films in her career; mostly Bob Hope vehicles. She appeared in the sequel to Gentlemen Prefer Blondes in 1955 called Gentlemen Marry Brunettes.",
"Here she shows off her significant star power, and among some very good numbers, particularly interesting is her take-off on Marilyn's Diamonds are a Girl's Best Friend in a trial sequence. The somewhat overly cutesy story is really just a vehicle for the two female stars to preen and pose between musical numbers, but these production numbers are great fun and very enjoyable for any fan of musicals. The original novel and play was written by Anita Loos and was first brought the screen in a silent version in 1928. The story definitely seems to be a dated curio in our era, and probably was a little creaky for the audience of the 1950s. This film was directed by the respected Howard Hawks, who, besides the aforementioned Outlaw, directed other well-regarded American films such as Red River, The Big Sleep, His Girl Friday and Sergeant York. Hawk directed Monroe in two small parts just prior to Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, including a cameo in O. Henry's Full House, and her memorable supporting role in Monkey Business. Hawks and Marilyn locked horns in this production.",
"After dealing with Marilyn's request for retakes, Hawks reportedly told Fox executives how production could be sped up: \"three wonderful ideas: Replace Marilyn, rewrite the script and make it shorter, and get a new director.\" Rating for Style: B- One Sheet Post Card One Sheet Extras Review: The extras are limited on Gentlemen Prefer Blondes with a Movietone News clip: Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell in Cement (48s) showing the two stars adding their impressions to the Graumann's Chinese Theater. Alebit short, it is, however, a sweet bit of Hollywood Americana. Additionally, there is a post card and one sheet in the souvenirs on this disc. Extras Grade: C- Final Comments Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is definitely a memorable piece of American Film entertainment. Not a particularly great film, and not even a particularly great musical, it still contains a spunky performance by Jane Russell and an effervescent performance by Marilyn Monroe. Not the centerpiece of The Diamond Collection, but a worthy addition nonetheless.",
"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes on iTunes Average Rating: 7.8/10 Top Critics' Reviews Fresh: There is that about Miss Russell and also about Miss Monroe that keeps you looking at them even when they have little or nothing to do. Call it inherent magnetism. Call it luxurious coquetry. Call it whatever you fancy. – Bosley Crowther, New York Times, Mar 16, 2016 Fresh: A strong play to the sophisticated dialog and situations is given by Howard Hawks' direction and he maintains the racy air that brings the musical off excellently at a pace that helps cloak the fact that it's rather lightweight, but sexy, stuff. – William Brogdon, Variety, Jul 7, 2010 Fresh: There's more warmth in [Russell's] fondly bemused looks at Monroe, whose friendship is a front-row ticket to the best show in town. – Nick Pinkerton, Village Voice, Aug 3, 2010 Fresh: Howard Hawks adds sly sexual insinuation to the blatantly sexual antics of Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell in this scintillating 1953 adaptation of the stage musical based on Anita Loos's novel.",
"– Richard Brody, New Yorker, Jan 25, 2016"
] |
When she died how old was Karen Carpenter?
|
32
|
[
"32",
"thirty-two"
] | 8,603
|
[
"Karen Carpenter - Biography - IMDb Karen Carpenter Biography Showing all 119 items Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trade Mark (2) | Trivia (100) | Personal Quotes (10) Overview (5) 4 February 1983 , Downey, California, USA (heart failure caused by chronic anorexia) Birth Name 5' 4\" (1.63 m) Mini Bio (1) Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Karen Carpenter moved with her family to Downey, California, in 1963. Karen's older brother, Richard Carpenter , decided to put together an instrumental trio with him on the piano, Karen on the drums and their friend Wes Jacobs on the bass and tuba. In a battle of the bands at the Hollywood Bowl in 1966, the group won first place and landed a contract with RCA Records. However, RCA did not see a future in jazz tuba, and the contract was short-lived. Karen and Richard formed another band, Spectrum, with four other fellow students from California State University at Long Beach that played several gigs before disbanding.",
"In 1969, Karen and Richard made several demo music tapes and shopped them around to different record companies; they were eventually offered a contract with A&M Records. Their first hit was a reworking of The Beatles hit \"Ticket to Ride\", followed by a re-recorded version of Burt Bacharach 's \"Close to You\", which sold a million copies. Soon Richard and Karen became one of the most successful groups of the early 1970s, with Karen on the drums and lead vocals and Richard on the piano with backup vocals. They won three Grammy Awards, embarked on a world tour, and landed their own TV variety series in 1971, titled Make Your Own Kind of Music! (1971). In 1975 the story came out when The Carpenters were forced to cancel a European tour because the gaunt Karen was too weak to perform. Nobody knew that Karen was at the time suffering from anorexia nervosa, a mental illness characterized by obsessive dieting to a point of starvation. In 1976 she moved out of her parents' house to a condo of her own.",
"While her brother Richard was recovering from his Quaalude addiction, Karen decided to record a solo album in New York City in 1979 with producer Phil Ramone. Encouraged by the positive reaction to it in New York, Karen was eager to show it to Richard and the record company in California, who were nonplussed. The album was shelved. In 1980, she married real estate developer Thomas J. Burris. However, the unhappy marriage really only lasted a year before they separated. (Karen was to sign the divorce papers the day she died). Shortly afterward, she and brother Richard were back in the recording studio, where they recorded their hit single \"Touch Me When We're Dancing\". However, Karen was unable to shake her depression as well as her eating disorder, and after realizing she needed help, she spent most of 1982 in New York City undergoing treatment. By 1983, Karen was starting to take control of her life and planning to return to the recording studio and to make public appearances again. In February of 1983, she went to her parents' house to sort through some old clothes she kept there when she collapsed in a walk-in closet from cardiac arrest.",
"She was only 32. Doctors revealed that her long battle with anorexia nervosa had stressed her heart to the breaking point. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Matt Patay <[email protected]> Spouse (1) Trivia (100) In her mid 20s, she was still living with her parents. At age 30, she made a solo album with producer Phil Ramone in 1980, titled \"Karen Carpenter\". However, it was shelved by A&M executive Herb Alpert . 16 years later in 1996, it was finally released. Was married at the Beverly Hills Hotel in the Crystal Room. On Thursday, December 11, 2003 she, Agnes and Harold were exhumed from Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Cypress, California and were moved to Pierce Brothers Valley Oaks Memorial Park in Westlake Village, California. Agnes, Karen and Harold remained in their original caskets. At 12:30pm PST, they were all re-interred and entombed in a private family mausoleum in the Tranquility Gardens section of the cemetery.",
"Ranked #29 on VH1's 100 Greatest Women of Rock N Roll Sang \"Bless the Beasts and the Children\" with her brother Richard Carpenter at The 44th Annual Academy Awards (1972). Started out singing in two unsuccessful singing bands called \"The Dick Carpenter Trio\" and \"Spectrum\". \"A Star on Earth - A Star in Heaven\" is written in her mausoleum. Among her friends were Petula Clark , Olivia Newton-John and Dionne Warwick . While being treated for anorexia, she embroidered a sign above her hospital bed that read \"You win, I gain!\". Attended and graduated from Downey High School in Downey, California. Dedicated her solo album to her brother Richard Carpenter . As of April 2004, her brother Richard Carpenter has made four new Carpenters albums since her death. This is possible by using songs that were left off previous albums and making new albums out of them. He also uses songs that Karen recorded and then later arranges music to accompany them. She did not like the song \"Superstar\" until after hearing her brother's arrangement for it; she then considered it one of her favorites that the Carpenters had done.",
"The song \"Now\", recorded in April 1982, was the last song she ever recorded. The Carpenters franchise is very big and popular in Japan. In 1976, she bought a Century City condominium. she gutted two separate apartments and turned it into one. The address was 2222 Avenue of the Stars. As a housewarming-gift, her mother Agnes Carpenter gave her a collection of leather-bound classic works of literature. Collected Disney memorabilia. Songwriter Paul Williams wrote \"Rainy Days and Mondays\" for her. Ranked #30 on \"E!'s 101 Most Shocking Moments In Entertainment History\". Her funeral took place on February 8, 1983 at the United Methodist Church in Downey, California. Performed and sang for Richard Nixon at the White House in 1972. Attended and graduated from California State University, Long Beach. Was close to her brother Richard Carpenter . Songwriter Peter Cetera wrote \"Making Love in the Afternoon\" for her. Her favorite Carpenters song was \"I Need to Be In Love\". Won the 1966 \"Battle of the Bands\" contest at the Hollywood Bowl.",
"Loved to play softball/baseball and played the drums. Won three Grammy Awards. Had to have surgery on her ear, during the late 1970s, for impaired hearing. Went to Bora Bora for her honeymoon. Her cover version of \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" was originally recorded by Dusty Springfield in 1964, shortly before Dionne Warwick recorded it that same year. Dusty's was scheduled for release as a single, and potential follow-up to her No. 3 hit \"I Just Don't Know What to Do with Myself\". However, it was not until three years later, in 1967, that it finally was released on her album \"Where Am I Going?\", with the beginning intro cut from its release. During her solo endeavor, many of the demos Karen recorded were scrapped and decided not to be used for the album. Despite the rumor that only 11 tracks were completed and/or used, one more is indeed finished. It is a mellowed-out and heartfelt cover of Evie Sands's 1975 #50 Pop charter, \"I Love Makin' Love to You\".",
"When A&M Records folded in 2000, it and 6 of out of the 8 demos began surfacing on the Internet. Fans who have heard Karen's version of \"Makin' Love...\" feel it is probably the best song to come out of her solo sessions. Sadly, it is unlikely it will ever official see the light of day, for many believe A&M discarded of the material when it closed its doors. Another song almost completed (even with backing vocals, but lacking orchestration) is a cover of Vicki Sue Robinson's \"Don't Try to Win Me Back Again\". Has four nieces and one nephew: Richard Carpenter 's five children. After her recovery, she planned to go public about her battle with anorexia. Her ex-husband Tom Burris was a real-estate developer. At the time they met, Tom was a 39-year-old divorce with an 18-year-old son. Karen was 30 years old. Sang \"Because We Are In Love\" at her 1980 wedding. The song was written by her brother Richard Carpenter and friend John Bettis . The rock band, Sonic Youth , wrote a song about Karen, called \"Tunic (Song for Karen)\".",
"They also contributed to a 1994 tribute album for The Carpenters . Had her own personalized driver's license plate which was: KAC3. She was portrayed by a Barbie Doll in Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story (1988) When she was 17, she went on the \"Stillman Diet\" with a doctor's guidance, and lost between 20 and 25 pounds In 1998, the RIAA certified that \"The Singles 1969 - 1973\" had sold 7 million units since its release in 1973. This makes \"The Singles 1969 - 1973\" the Carpenters' bestselling album ever (as of 2005). The Carpenters' second bestselling album is \"Carpenters (the tan album)\" - it has sold four million units since its release in 1971. In 1975, \"Please Mr. Postman\" became the Carpenters' 10th and last certified Gold single.",
"In 1970, \"(They Long to Be) Close to You\" became the Carpenters' first certified Gold single. She befriended Cherry Boone while getting treated for Anorexia. Boone herself was a recovered anorectic. The Carpenters are still A&M Records' biggest and bestselling artists. Her childhood home was 55 Hall Street (in New Haven, Connecticut). She attended school at Nathan Hale Elementary School in Connecticut. Her family started the \"Karen A. Carpenter Memorial Foundation\", which raised money for research on anorexia nervosa and eating disorders. Today, the title has been changed to \"Carpenter Family Foundation\"... in addition to eating disorders, the foundation now funds the arts, entertainment and education. Died a married woman. She was planning to officially sign divorce papers on the day she died. The doorbell in her Century City condo chimed the first six notes of \"We've Only Just Begun\". Her cousin, Mark Rudolph , appears in The Carpenters ' album, \"Now & Then\". Her sister-in-law is Mary Carpenter , her cousin. By June 1981, the Carpenters had sold over 55 million albums.",
"On September 4, 1978, the Carpenters gave their last concert at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada. By 1977, the Carpenters received 11 gold records from Japan. In 1976, the Carpenters' tour of Japan was the largest grossing in Japanese history. The Carpenters catalog leads all A&M Records artists for the most number of compilation albums created from original material. It is also the catalog most often reissued. The Carpenters' famous Newville house, located at 9828 Newville Avenue, Downey, California, is pictured in their fifth album \"Now & Then\". This was also the same house where Karen died. After the Carpenters became successful during the early 1970s, she and her brother bought two apartment buildings in Downey, California and called them \"Close to You\" and \"Only Just Begun\". Today, the \"Close to You Apartments\" can still be located at - 8356 East 5th, Downey, California. She was a huge fan of Matt Monro and Spike Jones and His City Slickers .",
"The Carpenter Private Mausoleum in Westlake Village, California is a 46,000-pound, Partenope-style structure and was constructed in Texas over seven months. It is polished sunset red with beautiful warmth and color and lively crystal patterns. Similar structures have a price range of $600,000. Karen, Agnes, and Harold use up 3 out of 6 spaces in the mausoleum. She was managed by Sherwin Bash from 1970 - 1975 She was managed by Terry Ellis from 1975 - 1976 She was managed by Jerry Weintraub from 1976 - 1983 Ranked #3 on Entertainment Tonight (1981)'s top 25 stories in 25 years. Arguably, her best performance is a song which was never even released. It was a song opted not to be used on her infamous aborted solo album. It is a song penned by Paul Jabara [\"Last Dance\"] and Jay Asher, and is called \"Something's Missing (In My Life)\".",
"Many who have heard the work-lead feel it truly relates to Karen's personal struggles and depth of her feelings. The song remains unmixed and without strings. The song some people regard as her best Carpenters song is a song which was her personal favorite called \"I Need to Be in Love\". Biography in: \"The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives\". Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 133-134. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. She and her brother, Richard Carpenter , were both awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6931 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on October 12, 1983. Through her German ancestry, she and her brother are distantly related to Catholic reformer Martin Luther. Karen Carpenter died on February 4, 1983, a month away from what would have been her 33rd birthday on March 2. Enrolled in tap dance and ballet classes at age 4.",
"Was originally offered the songs 'Rock with You' and 'Off the Wall' but declined the offer to do these songs, declaring them 'too funky.' They were later given to Michael Jackson . Was born with dark blond hair. Was planning to dye her hair bronze when she died. Her favorite T.V. shows included Dallas (1978), Marcus Welby, M.D. (1969), and I Love Lucy (1951). Was planning to become either a nurse or an artist for her profession. KAREN CARPENTER, 32, IS DEAD - SINGER TEAMED WITH BROTHER - NYTimes.com KAREN CARPENTER, 32, IS DEAD KAREN CARPENTER, 32, IS DEAD; SINGER TEAMED WITH BROTHER Published: February 5, 1983 The pop singer Karen Carpenter, who with her brother Richard sold more than 30 million records as the Carpenters, died Friday of cardiac arrest at Downey Community Hospital in Downey, Calif.",
"The 32-year-old singer was found unconscious by her mother, Agnes Carpenter, at her parents' home in Downey, a suburb of Los Angeles, and was taken to the hospital. The Carpenters were a major pop team for the first part of the 1970's, with 17 million-selling albums. Miss Carpenter's contralto was heard on such soft-rock singles as ''We've Only Just Begun,'' ''Rainy Days and Mondays,'' and a remake of ''Please Mr. Postman.'' Their version of Burt Bacharach's ''Close to You'' won two Grammy awards in 1970, and their album ''The Carpenters'' won a third Grammy in 1971. That same year, their version of ''For All We Know'' won the Academy Award for best song. Karen Carpenter was born in New Haven, Conn., on March 2, 1950. She and her older brother, Richard, started a pop-jazz trio with a friend in California in 1965, with Richard on keyboards and Karen on drums.",
"The group won a battle of the bands at the Hollywood Bowl and was signed by RCA Records, but the two albums they recorded for the label were never released; they were considered ''too soft.'' The trio subsequently disbanded. Incorporated Vocals In their next group, the Carpenters began to incorporate vocals. Eventually they developed a smooth, densely layered sound built around Miss Carpenter's voice and Richard Carpenter's arrangements, and were signed to A&M Records in 1970. On the first Carpenters recordings, Karen Carpenter played drums, but she eventually gave that up to concentrate on vocals. Through 1975, two or three singles by the Carpenters regularly placed in the pop Top 10 each year, and in 1974 they performed at the Nixon White House. The Carpenters canceled an extensive European tour in 1975 because Miss Carpenter was suffering from nervous and physical exhaustion; she was bedridden for six weeks. They continued to record through the 1970's, but were less successful commercially. Their last album, ''Made in America,'' was recorded in 1981, and met with only moderate success.",
"According to Paul Bloch, a spokesman for the Carpenters, the brother and sister were planning to tour and record a new album this year. In 1980 Miss Carpenter married a real-estate developer, Thomas J. Burris of Newport Beach, Calif. Mr. Bloch said the couple were getting a divorce. He also said Miss Carpenter had suffered from anorexia during 1981 and 1982, but had recovered. ''She looked great,'' Mr. Bloch said. ''She was anxious to record her new album, and she was in good spirits.'' In addition to her mother and brother, Miss Carpenter is survived by her father, Harold, also of Downey. Illustrations: photo of Karen Carpenter Remembering Karen Carpenter, 30 Years Later : NPR Remembering Karen Carpenter, 30 Years Later Embed Embed Remembering Karen Carpenter, 30 Years Later Remembering Karen Carpenter, 30 Years Later Embed Embed Karen Carpenter, of The Carpenters, performs in London in 1974. Tim Graham/Getty Images hide caption toggle caption Karen Carpenter, of The Carpenters, performs in London in 1974.",
"Tim Graham/Getty Images By the time she was 24, Karen Carpenter was already famous, having released more than a dozen hit records with her brother, Richard, including \"Close to You,\" \"We've Only Just Begun,\" \"Rainy Days and Mondays,\" \"Superstar\" and \"Top of the World.\" Less than 10 years later, she'd be gone, the victim of heart failure brought on by anorexia nervosa. Karen Carpenter died 30 years ago Monday at age 32, and her legacy as one-half of the singing duo The Carpenters is a source of some disagreement. Today, there are more than a half-dozen websites devoted to her life and career, while several Carpenters tribute bands tour in both America and the U.K. Rolling Stone rated her velvety contralto voice at No. 94 on its list of the Top 100 greatest singers of all time. Yet every person who enjoys The Carpenters as much as I do knows several others who don't. In fact, my entire household is divided on the issue. Not evenly divided, mind you: I love their music; no one else in my family can stand it.",
"Article continues after sponsorship It reminds me a little of my junior high school days, when The Carpenters were riding high on the charts and two die-hard, acid rock-loving bullies taunted me to name my favorite group. I told them. They laughed and slammed me against a locker. YouTube But the fact remains that I'm not alone in my musical estimation of Karen Carpenter's gift — a number of music-industry luminaries have extolled the virtues of her vocals. Paul McCartney , for one, said that she has \"the best female voice in the world: melodic, tuneful and distinctive.\" If you listened only to the radio in the 1970s and didn't buy the albums, you might not know just how far beyond the hits The Carpenters' catalog really travels. There are Great American Songbook classics, golden oldies, torch songs, and even a novelty or two, like \"Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft.\" All those multitracked harmonies in the background of many of their hits, all those oboes and French horns and harps — that's not the entire musical story for The Carpenters, and that's a bit surprising to many people.",
"But even then, it isn't always easy to get those people onboard. Karen Carpenter was born in 1950, 3 1/2 years after Richard, in New Haven, Conn. Richard was a musical prodigy from the start, and would stay inside listening to records and practicing as a boy. Karen much preferred to be outside playing softball. Their parents, Agnes and Harold, moved the family to Downey, Calif., in 1963, with the idea that the recording scene there would provide good opportunities for Richard. YouTube By then, Karen had developed her own love of music, taken up the drums and began singing. Richard formed several combos and always took his sister along for the ride. However, it was actually Karen — not Richard — who got a recording contract first, at 16. Unfortunately, the deal was short-lived because the small record label had little money for promotion. By 1970, Karen and Richard had broken through. Having signed with A&M Records, their singles were dominating the charts, and they would go on to win Grammy Awards the following March for best new artist and best contemporary performance by a duo.",
"Most of Karen's friends say that she was a goofy, fun-loving and caring friend — someone who craved stuffed animals and adored children. But she also had serious personal issues. She struggled to feel loved and accepted by her mother, who, by many accounts, was a stern and difficult woman. She also sought a sense of independence, and maybe even a reprieve, from her workaholic brother, who called all the shots and insisted on a grueling recording and touring schedule. In 1979, Karen recorded a solo album with legendary producer Phil Ramone, but Richard and the executives at A&M didn't like the results and shelved it. Not long afterward, she met and married a real estate developer who, it turned out, was mostly interested in her money. What's more, he hadn't told Karen, who wanted to have children more than anything, that he had had a vasectomy. The one thing Karen Carpenter knew she could control was her weight. Never a skinny child or young adult, she was conscious of the way she looked and was dieting obsessively by the mid-1970s. She sought help for anorexia, but apparently never devoted herself fully to a cure.",
"Her mother found her dead on the morning of Feb. 4, 1983, on the floor of a walk-in closet at home. Karen had been taking massive amounts of ipecac syrup, which induces vomiting. Karen's own all-time favorite Carpenters song was 1976's \"I Need to Be in Love,\" which can be thought of as the theme of her life. One of the lines goes, \"So here I am with pockets full of good intentions / but none of them will comfort me tonight.\" If nothing else, on the 30th anniversary of her death, those of us who got slammed against a locker simply for liking The Carpenters still have her music — her voice — for some comfort. Dead or alive? How old was Karen Carpenter when she died How old was Karen Carpenter when she died? Here you find the age of Karen Carpenter. When was Karen Carpenter born? She was born on 1950-03-02 Is Karen Carpenter dead or alive? Karen Carpenter died 33 years ago on 1983-02-04. She was only 32 years old.",
"If she would be still alive today she would be 66 years old. Cause of death: Heart Failure Due to Chronic Anorexia Do you think Karen Carpenters age is incorrect? Add the correct age. Karen Carpenter: How Did She Die? Redferns/Getty Images Karen Carpenter performing in 1976 Feb. 4, 1983: Musician Karen Carpenter dies at 32 from health complications related to anorexia After being called chubby as a teenager, Karen Carpenter began dieting. When she slimmed down from 145 to 120 lbs., her friends and family praised her weight loss. It was only after her weight continued to plummet, dropping to a skeletal 90 lbs. in the mid-1970s, that they realized her health was in jeopardy. The lead singer of The Carpenters, the Grammy-winning band she’d formed with her brother, died on this day, Feb. 4, in 1983, of heart failure related to her years-long struggle with anorexia. She was 32.",
"In her TIME obituary, the magazine called her the “dulcet-voiced singing half, opposite her pianist-arranger brother Richard, of the squeaky-clean Carpenters.” By that point, the duo—having released their first album in 1969—had sold 80 million records and won three Grammy Awards for hits like “Close to You,” “We’ve Only Just Begun” and “Rainy Days and Mondays.” Carpenter’s death raised awareness of the dangers of eating disorders, which had until then been little publicized or understood. For a generation of women who saw Twiggy as an icon of the ideal body shape, it also proved— as TIME concluded in 1989 , when summing up the moral of a docudrama about Carpenter’s life—that it was, in fact, possible to be too thin. (The other moral of the film, noted critic Richard Zoglin: “such an illness can often be traced to the failings of Mom and Dad.”) Carpenter was the first celebrity casualty of an eating disorder, according to Randy Schmidt, the author of Little Girl Blue: The Life of Karen Carpenter .",
"After her death, however, other public figures shared their own struggles with anorexia and bulimia, most notably Princess Diana. Two years after Carpenter’s death, a group of doctors and therapists who specialized in treating eating disorders lobbied the Food and Drug Administration to ban over-the-counter sales of the vomit-inducing drug ipecac, which Carpenter had reportedly been taking to keep from gaining weight — and which had overtaxed her already weak heart. Her therapist told the New York Times he believed tens of thousands of American women, desperate to lose weight, were abusing ipecac, “a drug that was not known until very recently as an abusive drug.” Ipecac had long been used to purge the stomachs of poisoning victims, but its repeated use led to heart problems and muscle weakness. Whether from ipecac or from malnourishment alone, Carpenter was so weak by the mid-’70s that she could do little more than lie down between shows. Her exhaustion forced the band to cancel a 1975 European tour while she slept 14 to 16 hours a day, according to Schmidt’s biography. While everyone around her was worried, no one knew exactly how to help.",
"Schmidt quotes Carpenter’s bandmate John Bettis on their misguided attempts to nurse her back to health. “Anorexia nervosa was so new that I didn’t even know how to pronounce it until 1980,” Bettis told the biographer . “From the outside the solution looks so simple. All a person has to do is eat. So we were constantly trying to shove food at Karen.” Their efforts were in vain, however. Audiences gasped when Carpenter emerged onstage in silky sleeveless dresses, Schmidt writes; concerned fans feared she was dying from cancer. While her voice, a lush contralto, stayed strong, critics took note of her increasingly bony frame. A Variety review of one performance, cited by Schmidt, complained, “She is terribly thin, almost a wraith, and should be gowned more becomingly.” Read the full review of The Karen Carpenter Story, here in TIME’s archives: The Pulp Message of the Week A Brother Remembers A Brother Remembers Pinterest Nine months ago singer Karen Carpenter fell victim to heart failure after an eight-year battle with anorexia nervosa. She seemed to be on the verge of recovery when she died at the age of 32.",
"After spending almost all of 1982 undergoing treatment for the eating disorder, the 5’4½” Carpenter had managed to pump her weight from a frail 80 pounds to a nearly normal 110. Although he had been witness to her long struggle, Richard, her mentor and sole sibling, was stunned by Karen’s sudden death. Shortly before, the two singers had been at work on Voice of the Heart, their 12th album. Determined not to let their final project sink into limbo, Richard returned to the recording studio last March. The months-long task of adding tracks to her completed vocals proved poignant: “Recording’s so sophisticated these days that it sounded as if she were right there,” Richard says. In October, as Voice of the Heart was being released (and he departed on a promotional trip to Japan and Australia), Carpenter, 37, sat with Correspondent Suzanne Adelson in the sunny living room of his suburban Downey, Calif. home and talked for the first time about Karen ‘s troubled final years and about his effort to deal with her death. There’s no preparation for that kind of loss.",
"It would have been enough of a shock if she had been an invalid, but I had spoken with Karen the day before she died, and she sounded absolutely fine—she called me from her condo in Century City to ask about a new videocassette recorder she wanted to buy. I was still asleep when I got the telephone call from Mom the next morning. [Karen collapsed in the bedroom that parents Agnes and Harold kept for her in their home. Since she needed a new wardrobe after gaining weight, Karen had planned a shopping trip with her mother and had slept over that night.] Mom was so hysterical I could barely understand what she said. As soon as I could grasp what happened, I tore out of here and drove to my parents’, just a few miles away. I arrived just as Karen was being brought out of the house on a stretcher. Mom and Dad and I sat in the waiting room [at Downey Community Hospital] after Karen was taken into emergency. After about 45 minutes we were told she was gone. My immediate reaction was anger—anger at the waste of her life and the loss of her talent. Then the grief set in…. The shock was tremendous—I knew she was ill, but not that ill.",
"But the more I look back on her life, the more I can see the indications. Karen had been a little overweight as a teenager—she loved tacos and chili. But we never teased her—to us, she wasn’t that fat. When she was 17, she went on the Stillman Diet with a doctor’s guidance, and she lost between 20 and 25 pounds. She was at her best weight—between 115 and 120—until 1975, when the illness first became serious. That year we had to cancel a European and Japanese tour because her weight was way down. She was tiring easily—she was exhausted. We’d gone from recording our Horizon album straight on the road for the summer tour, then on to Las Vegas, where we did two shows a night. Finally she went into the hospital for five days of bed rest and then spent almost two months in bed at our parents’. It was right around that time that we heard about anorexia. I don’t recall how we learned about it—mainly we all just encouraged her to eat more. Mom cooked good healthy meals. Karen was never into binge eating—she merely picked at her food.",
"People are always trying to find a link between Karen’s illness and a single heartbreak, but I don’t associate it with anything. It definitely wasn’t related to a tragic romance, as has been implied. [Before her brief marriage to Tom Burris] she did have a romance with Terry Ellis [an executive with Chrysalis Records], which didn’t work out, but they remained friends. When her anorexia appeared, things were going well in our careers and she was apparently happy. Still, she didn’t eat enough for the schedule we were keeping—she lived on salads, maybe dry toast for breakfast. From early 1975 on I tried every method I knew to get her to eat. I would scold her, and she would say I was getting upset over nothing. There were times I did lose my temper, but it was always out of love. Karen was always worried about the way she looked, so I tried to appeal to that. I told her she was too thin and that people were noticing it. And that she wouldn’t be able to continue our schedule if she didn’t get more fuel.",
"Although her voice was never affected, you could hear gasps from the audience when she came onstage, and there was considerable mail from fans asking what was wrong. Eventually, though, my parents and I realized that there was nothing we could do except state what was on our minds. We never knew how to help her. In late 1981 she reached the stage where she came to me and said, “Richard, I realize I’m sick and I need help.” It was then that she decided to go to New York…someone—I don’t know who—had recommended this treatment to her, and it seemed the only way. She’d never been in therapy before nor felt the need—none of us were great believers in it. She made the trek to New York, which was quite a move, leaving everything behind and living alone for months at the Regency Hotel while she was in therapy. She would call home frequently and talk of being homesick, but she was determined to stick it out. I have to be honest—I’m bitter about the treatment she received. While a therapist is working with an anorexic, it takes months, if not years, to overcome the illness. And during the therapy, the person is literally starving herself.",
"That does a lot of damage to the body. Karen had been in therapy for nine months or so, and the therapist was getting nowhere. She wasn’t putting any weight on—if anything, she was losing. I was extremely upset about that. Finally Karen was put into Lenox Hill Hospital [checking in under an assumed name] for force-feeding to put some weight on her. We all went to see her in the hospital. She had been down to 80 pounds, and she was about 110 when she came home to L.A. for Thanksgiving 1982, when we had turkey and all the trimmings. She was definitely improved, but there were signs that she wasn’t 100 percent turned around—she was picking at food, and there were certain rituals in eating. In a restaurant, there were certain things she wouldn’t order and other things—like eggs and potatoes—that she left untouched. To have stayed in a hospital for seven weeks, then come home and take it easy—that wasn’t for Karen. After she was released from the hospital, she was running around, socializing, shopping. She seemed bent on walking as much as she could.",
"[Her therapist reports that she bought at least 30 pairs of jogging shoes in New York.] Obviously that wasn’t good for her. There never was a point where she acted like she was sick. She was her bubbly, energetic self right to the end, and she ate well in her last weeks. For the 25th anniversary of the Grammys [the month before her death] we showed up at CBS Television City for alumni pictures. Afterward I took her to St. Germain [an elegant L.A. restaurant] for dinner. She had an appetizer, French bread, wine, the entree and everything that came with it. I knew she had gotten an urge for tacos earlier and that she was eating chili again—one of her favorites. I don’t know that we’ll ever know everything about Karen’s illness, but I think all those years of starvation took their toll—she put weight on too fast in those weeks in the hospital, and it put an undue strain on her heart. I’ve been told by doctors that getting that many calories shot into your system in a comparatively short period of time does that.",
"I did a lot of soul-searching after her death, and I realize now that I did as much as I could have done. All of us who loved her did. But I still can’t believe she’s gone. We spent so much time together…. There’s a void there now. I miss her more and more each day. There’s a natural insulation at first—a barrier that comes up for a time—but you never get over a loss like this. You simply have to deal with it. And I’m doing the best I can. Show Full Article Karen Carpenter dies of anorexia - Feb 04, 1983 - HISTORY.com Karen Carpenter dies of anorexia Share this: Karen Carpenter dies of anorexia Author Karen Carpenter dies of anorexia URL Publisher A+E Networks Karen Carpenter, a singer who long suffered under the burden of the expectations that came with pop stardom, died on this day in 1983, succumbing to heart failure brought on by her long, unpublicized struggle with anorexia. Carpenter had a fixation with her weight from her earliest days performing with her brother, Richard, in and around their hometown of Downey, California.",
"As a teenager, she dropped at least 25 pounds on a popular and severe weight-loss program known as “the Water Diet,” so that by the time she and Richard burst on the pop scene with their smash hit “Close To You” in the summer of 1970, she was a thin but healthy 20-year-old carrying 120 lbs. on a 5′ 5″ frame. She maintained that weight through the early years of the Carpenters’ success, yet it appears that Karen’s insecurities about her appearance only grew, even as she was becoming one of the biggest pop stars of her era. In pictures printed in Rolling Stone magazine in late 1974, when the Carpenters were one of the most successful acts in all of pop music, Karen looks fit and healthy. Yet by mid-1975, the Carpenters were forced to cancel tours of Japan and Europe after Karen collapsed on stage in Las Vegas. Her weight had plummeted to only 90 lbs., and though it would rebound somewhat after a brief hospitalization, the next seven years were a repeating cycle of dramatic weight loss, collapse and then hospitalization.",
"The name of Karen’s condition was virtually unknown to the public at this time, but all that was about to change. Early on the morning of February 4, 1983, while staying in her parents home in Downey, Karen suffered a deadly heart attack, brought on by the physiological stresses placed on her system by the disease whose name soon entered the public consciousness: anorexia nervosa. She was only 32 years old. Related Videos"
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In which decade was Charles Schulz born?
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1930s
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"1930–1939",
"1930-1939",
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"Charles M. Schulz Biography - Charles M. Schulz Museum Charles M. Schulz Museum For Store Charles M. Schulz Biography On the morning of Sunday, February 13, 2000, newspaper readers opened their comic pages as they had for nearly fifty years to read the latest adventures of Charlie Brown, Snoopy, and the rest of the Peanuts Gang. This Sunday was different, though; mere hours before newspapers hit doorsteps with the final original Peanuts comic strip, its creator Charles M. Schulz, who once described his life as being “one of rejection,” passed away peacefully in his sleep the night before, succumbing to complications from colon cancer. It was a poetic ending to the life of a devoted cartoonist who, from his earliest memories, knew that all he wanted to do was “draw funny pictures.” The poetry of Schulz’s life began two days after he was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on November 26, 1922, when an uncle nicknamed him “Sparky” after the horse Spark Plug from the Barney Google comic strip.",
"Sparky’s father, Carl, was of German heritage and his mother, Dena, came from a large Norwegian family; the family made their home in St. Paul, where Carl worked as a barber. Throughout his youth, father and son shared a Sunday morning ritual reading the funnies; Sparky was fascinated with strips like Skippy, Mickey Mouse, and Popeye. In his deepest desires, he always knew he wanted to be a cartoonist, and seeing the 1937 publication of his drawing of Spike, the family dog, in the nationally-syndicated Ripley’s Believe it or Not newspaper feature was a proud moment in the young teen’s life. He took his artistic studies to a new level when, as a senior in high school and with the encouragement of his mother, he completed a correspondence cartoon course with the Federal School of Applied Cartooning (now Art Instruction Schools). As Schulz continued to study and hone his artistic style from the late 1920s through the 1940s, the genre of comic art experienced a great shift.",
"The full-page comics of the 1920s and 30s afforded artists the space to reflect the Art Deco details and sensibilities of the day, including the highly-stylized illustrations of Dick Tracy and Little Nemo in Slumberland. Newspaper editors in the late 1940s and 50s, however, promoted a post-War minimalist model, pushing their cartoonists to shrink strip size, minimize pen strokes, and sharpen their humor with daily gags and cerebral humor for an ever-increasingly educated audience. Schulz’s dry, intellectual, and self-effacing humor was a natural fit for the evolving cultural standards of the mid-20th century comics. Two monumental events happened within days of each other in 1943 that profoundly affected the rest of Schulz’s life; his mother, to whom he was very close, passed away at age 50 from cervical cancer; and he boarded a troop train to begin his army career in Camp Campbell, Kentucky. Though Schulz remained proud of his achievements and leadership roles in the army for the rest of his life, this period of time haunted him with the dual experiences of the loss of his mother and realities of war.",
"After returning from the war in the fall of 1945, Schulz settled with his father in an apartment over Carl’s barbershop in St. Paul, determined to realize his passion of becoming a professional cartoonist. He found employment at his alma mater, Art Instruction, sold intermittent one-panel cartoons to The Saturday Evening Post, and enjoyed a three-year run of his weekly panel comic, Li’l Folks, in the local St. Paul Pioneer Press. These early published cartoons focused on concise drawings of precocious children with large heads who interacted with words and actions well beyond their years. Schulz was honing his skills for the national market. The first Peanuts strip appeared on October 2, 1950, in seven newspapers nationwide. Although being a professional cartoonist was Schulz’s life-long dream, at 27-years old, he never could have foreseen the longevity and global impact of his seemingly-simple four-panel creation. The continuing popular appeal of Peanuts stems, in large part, from Schulz’s ability to portray his observations and connect to his audience in ways that many other strips cannot.",
"As each character’s personality has been fleshed out over the years, readers came to intimately understand Linus’ attachment to his Security Blanket, Charlie Brown’s heartache over the Little Red-Haired Girl, Schroeder’s devotion to Beethoven, Peppermint Patty’s prowess in sports and failure in the classroom, and Lucy’s knowledge of … well … everything. The rise in Snoopy’s popularity in the 1960s had a direct correlation to his evolution from a four-legged pet to a two-legged, highly-imaginative and equal character in the strip, which allowed Schulz to take his storylines in increasingly new directions. Schulz’s understated genius lay in his ability to keep his well-known and comfortable characters fresh enough to attract new readers while keeping his current audience coming back for more. His humor was at times observational, wry, sarcastic, nostalgic, bittersweet, silly, and melancholy, with occasional flights of fancy and suspension of reality thrown in from time to time. When Schulz announced his retirement in December 1999, the Peanuts comic strip was syndicated in over 2,600 newspapers worldwide, with book collections translated in over 25 languages.",
"He has been awarded with the highest honors from his fellow cartoonists, received Emmy Awards for his animated specials, been recognized and lauded by the U.S. and foreign governments, had NASA spacecraft named after his characters, and inspired a concert performance at Carnegie Hall. And still today, the Peanuts Gang continues to entertain and inspire the young and the young at heart. What a legacy for us all. Timeline Archive - Charles M. Schulz Museum Charles M. Schulz Museum 1920s November 26, 1922 Charles Monroe Schulz was born at home at 919 Chicago Avenue South, #2, Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Dena Bertina (nee Halverson) Schulz and Carl Fredrich Augustus Schulz. READ MORE ABOUT THIS TOPIC > 1922-1925 Charles Schulz was given the nickname “Sparky” after the racehorse character Spark Plug featured in the popular newspaper comic strip, Barney Google by Billy DeBeck.",
"“I have been told, an uncle came in and looked at me and said, ‘By golly, we’re going to call him Sparkplug.’ So, I’ve been called Sparky since the day after I was born – named after a comic strip character.” Charles M. Schulz (1984) As a young boy, Charles Schulz experienced many of the ups and downs of growing up that he would later incorporate into the lives of the Peanuts characters. One of these memories was of trying to hold the football steady for another child, while resisting the urge to pull the ball away as a prank. Twenty-five years later, this would become a very familiar and beloved theme in Peanuts. MORE > “It all started, of course, with a childhood memory of being unable to resist the temptation to pull away the football at the kickoff. We all did it, we all fell for it. In fact, I was told by a professional football player that he actually saw it happen in a college game at the University of Minnesota. The Gophers were leading by a good margin, everyone was enjoying himself, and the man holding the football, like the kids in the neighborhood, could not resist the temptation to pull it away.",
"I wish I had been there to see it.” Charles M. Schulz (1975) 1926-1927 Black and white dogs figured prominently in Charles Schulz’s childhood. When Charles Schulz was a small boy, the family got a little Boston Bull Terrier named Snooky, but it was the memory of their next dog, Spike, that would spur the antics of Snoopy for years to come. “The first dog I ever had was a Boston bull named Snooky. She got run over by a taxicab when she was about ten years old and I was about twelve…about a year later we got a dog named Spike, and he was the inspiration for Snoopy.” Charles M. Schulz (1980) The Schulz family moved from Minneapolis to a rented apartment at 1662 James Avenue in St. Paul, which was much closer to Carl’s business, The Family Barbershop. The barbershop, located at the corner of Selby Avenue and Snelling Avenue, was a place that Charles Schulz spent a great deal of time while growing up. “Our life revolved around the shop.",
"My dad was a very hard worker; he always worked six days a week.” Charles M. Schulz (1995) 1928 About a year after moving to the James Avenue apartment, the Schulz family rented a house around the corner at 473 Macalester Street. Charles Schulz attended kindergarten at the Mattocks School on James Avenue, located equidistant between the James Avenue apartment and the Macalester Street home. “My earliest recollection of drawing and getting credit for it and being complimented on it is from kindergarten. I think it was my first day, and the teacher gave us huge sheets of white paper, large black crayons, and told us to draw anything we wanted. I drew a man shoveling snow, and she came around, paused, looked at my picture, and said, ‘Someday, Charles, you’re going to be an artist.’ Now she wasn’t quite right – she didn’t say ‘cartoonist’ – but there was an interesting aspect to this. I had drawn the snow shovel as a square, but I knew this was not right.",
"I knew nothing about perspective, and didn’t know how to fix it, but I knew that something wasn’t right about this picture. I like to think there was some anticipation there of what was to come.” Charles M. Schulz (1985) 1929 In 1929, the Schulz family packed up their 1928 Ford and traveled across the country to live in small town Needles, California. Carl, Dena and Charles Schulz rented a house at 503 Palm Way, not far from the Santa Fe Railroad tracks. Carl took a job working alongside his brother-in-law, Monroe “Monte” Halverson, at his barbershop across from Santa Fe Park. Charles attended the D Street School just a few blocks down the street from their home. MORE > 1930s 1930-1931 When the Great Depression hit the country in the last months of 1929, it brought extreme poverty and difficulties for many families. To a young Charles Schulz though, life seemed to go on without any disruption to normal family activities.",
"“I was raised during the Depression struggle, which didn’t affect me personally, because I don’t think little kids are into what’s going on. If you have pancakes for dinner, you think that’s wonderful because you like pancakes. You don’t realize that you’re probably having them because your parents can’t afford anything more.” Charles M. Schulz (1992) 1931 After a little over a year in Needles, the Schulz family drove back across the country to Minnesota to resume life in the Twin Cities. Charles Schulz was enrolled in Richards Gordon Elementary School on Dayton Avenue in St. Paul and he attended this school through grade 8. The Schulz family lived across the street from the school at the Mayfair Apartments and Carl Schulz re-established The Family Barbershop at its location a few blocks away on the corner of Selby and Snelling Avenues. 1932-1934 “When I was growing up, the three main forms of entertainment were the Saturday afternoon serials at the movie houses, the late afternoon radio programs and the comic strips. My dad was always a great comic strip reader, and he and I made sure that all four newspapers published in Minneapolis – St.",
"Paul were brought home. I grew up with only one real career desire in life, and that was to someday draw my own comic strip.” Charles M. Schulz (1983) Charles Schulz’s life-long passion for ice hockey began with informal games played during his boyhood in the Twin Cities. Schulz and his friends would play on the backyard outside when it iced over in the winter, and also inside the house, with a little creative play by his grandmother Sophie Halverson. MORE > 1934 The Schulz family was given a black and white mixed breed dog named Spike. Less than two years later Spike would become the subject of Schulz’s first published illustration and over a decade later would become the inspiration for Snoopy. “[Spike] was the brightest dog I ever met. He had a vocabulary of at least 50 words – words he understood, that is.” Charles M. Schulz (1983) 1936 During his freshman year, Charles Schulz attended Sanford Junior High School in St. Paul, about ten blocks from their home on Dayton Avenue.",
"He continued to practice his drawing skills and hone his cartooning education by reading the Sunday papers each weekend with his father. MORE > “I am really a comic strip fanatic and always have been. When I was growing up in St. Paul, Minnesota, we subscribed to both local newspapers and always made sure that we went to the drugstore on Saturday night to buy the Minneapolis Sunday papers so that we would be able to read every comic published in the area. At that time, I was a great fan of Buck Rogers, Popeye, and Skippy.” Charles M. Schulz (1969) 1937 On New Year’s Eve of 1936, Carl Schulz penned a letter to Robert Ripley’s Believe It or Not newspaper comics feature describing the family dog’s unique talents to eat all sorts of oddities without adverse results. He noted in a post-script, that, “All these things have been swallowed whole and digested.” Carl included in his letter a small picture of Spike drawn by his son, Charles. The illustration was published alongside a listing of Spike’s strange and unsavory snacks, signed “Sparky”.",
"At age 14, this would mark the point of Charles Schulz’s first published drawing. The Schulz family returned to the house at 473 Macalester Street in St. Paul, the same home where they had lived before moving briefly to California in 1929. Charles Schulz also entered high school this year, attending Central High School in St. Paul until he graduated in 1940. The distance between home and school would be the farthest he had to travel to date, but The Family Barbershop was located in the middle of the route so that he probably didn’t feel too far removed from the neighborhood that he knew best. 1938 During his junior year in high school, Charles Schulz’s teacher, Minnette Paro, assigned the class the task of “drawing anything you can think of, in sets of three on one sheet of paper.” The “Drawing of Threes” that Schulz created that day is particularly interesting because it is clear that Charles Schulz was keenly aware of domestic and world events at the time.",
"MORE > 1939 Later in the school year, Schulz signed a classmate’s yearbook with the phrase, “the pen is mightier than the sword” and included an illustration of a pen and a figure in a fencing pose holding a sword. 1940s February-March, 1940 It was during his senior year at Central High School when Charles Schulz’s mother, Dena, showed him an advertisement which asked, “Do you like to draw?” The ad was for Federal Schools, now known as Art Instruction Schools, Inc., a correspondence school that was a division of the Bureau of Engraving in Minneapolis. Schulz’s parents enrolled him in the correspondence program that spring. Schulz later cited choosing the Federal Schools over other resident art schools in the Twin Cities area as due to the fact that, “it was this correspondence course’s emphasis upon cartooning that won me.” June, 1940 After spending his sophomore through senior years at St. Paul’s Central High School, Charles Schulz graduated on June 14, 1940.",
"“I received a special diploma in the second grade for being the outstanding boy student, and in the third and fifth grades I was moved ahead so suddenly that I was the smallest kid in the class. Somehow, I survived the early years of grade school, but when I entered junior high school, I failed everything in sight. High school proved not much better… it was not until I became a senior that I earned any respectable grades at all.” Charles m. Schulz (1975) 1941 The summer after graduation, Schulz caddied at the local Highland Park Golf Course, took odd jobs, and continued his coursework with the Federal Schools. He began submitting his cartoon art for publication to magazines and even applied to work for Walt Disney. “…The first year or so out of high school, I had very mundane jobs as delivery boys, and I used to send cartoons into magazines and didn’t even come close, I just got nothing but rejection slips. It wasn’t until after World War II, when I came back, that I really was able earnestly to go after what I wanted to do. Those were the formative years, I would say.” Charles M.",
"Schulz (1992) Summer, 1942 The Schulz family moved from their home at 473 Macalester Street in St. Paul to an apartment above Carl’s barber shop at 170 North Snelling Avenue, Apt. 2, in St. Paul. Fall, 1942 At the age of 20, Schulz was drafted into the United States Army to serve in World War II alongside many other men of his generation. The United States had entered the war on December 7, 1941, following the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. “The army taught me all I needed to know about loneliness.” Charles M. Schulz (1975) February-March, 1943 Within days of leaving for induction into the army at Fort Snelling in Minneapolis, Schulz’s mother, Dena, died at the age of 50. Dena had been ill for several years at this point, and likely succumbed to cervical cancer. 1943-1944 After returning home for his mother’s funeral, Schulz began basic training at Camp Campbell, located on the border of Kentucky and Tennessee.",
"He was assigned to Company B in the Eighth Armored Battalion of the Twentieth Armored Infantry Division. Schulz spent nearly two years at Camp Campbell training as a machine gunner. After the first 13 weeks, Private Schulz was promoted to private first class and then moved up to corporal in the fall of 1943. On February 11, 1944, Schulz earned his sergeant’s stripes and was designated the assistant leader of the First Platoon’s machine-gun squad. Schulz was promoted to staff sergeant and leader of a light machine gun squad in September 1944. While at Camp Campbell, Schulz became friends with many of his fellow soldiers from Minnesota as well as Elmer Hagemeyer, a police officer from St. Louis, Missouri. Hagemeyer served as staff sergeant and leader of a mortar squad in the Twentieth Armored Infantry Division. Schulz spent some of his free time sketching life at Camp Campbell in sketchbooks and envelopes sent from Elmer Hagemeyer to his wife Margaret in St. Louis. Schulz would often accompany Hagemeyer home on weekend visits and the two men remained friends after the war.",
"February-May, 1945 Following the training at Camp Campbell, the Twentieth Armored Infantry Division was transported to Camp Myles Standish in Massachusetts for about two weeks before shipping out to the European Theater of Operations. On February 5, the unit embarked from Boston aboard the U.S. Army Transport Brazil on a nearly two week voyage across the Atlantic before landing in Le Havre, France. MORE > While stationed at Camp Campbell and then in Europe during the war, Charles Schulz often wrote letters home to his family and friends. Mail sent from GIs passed through government censors before being sent to the addressee. To save space and transportation costs, some of the mail sent home from the European Theater of Operations was photographed and reduced in size for delivery to the United States. This mail, called V-Mail, or “Victory Mail,” no matter how infrequent or mundane, would certainly have been a welcome sight to the receiver. 1950s Spring, 1950 While still working as an educator at Art Instruction Schools, Charles Schulz worked diligently to get a comic strip syndication contract.",
"After receiving rejections from several other syndicates, Schulz finally sold Li’l Folks to United Feature Syndicate in 1950. “I used to bundle my efforts together and take the train down to Chicago and visit two or three syndicates there and get rejected and get on the train and come home. In the spring of 1950, I took all the best cartoons I’d done for the Pioneer Press and redrew them and submitted them to United Feature Syndicate. They liked them enough to ask me if I’d care to come to New York and talk about it, and I did. I took along six daily comic strips which had a new approach to humor in strips. If you were to see them now they wouldn’t look like much, but at the time it was new.” Charles M. Schulz (1971) Summer, 1950 Due to a conflict with an earlier comic strip that had a similar name, (Tack Knight’s Little Folks), before the strip was published the syndicate opted to rename the strip Peanuts, a title Schulz made clear even decades later that he never liked.",
"“Although I have always resented the title ‘Peanuts’ which I was forced to use – and I’m still convinced it’s the worst title for any comic strip – it probably doesn’t matter what it is called so long as each effort brings some kind of joy to someone, someplace. My work is extremely satisfying and to be able to draw Snoopy, Charlie Brown, Lucy and all the other little characters and to know that people love them and care about what happens to them makes my work extremely satisfying.” Charles M. Schulz (1979) October 2, 1950 On October 2, 1950, the first Peanuts comic strip debuted in a four-panel format in seven newspapers nationwide – The Washington Post, The Chicago Tribune, The Minneapolis Star-Tribune, The Allentown Call-Chronicle, The Bethlehem Globe-Times, The Denver Post, and The Seattle Times. Schulz was paid $90 for his first month of strips, which consisted of a six day per week, Monday through Saturday, format until 1952. “To me it was not a matter of how I became a cartoonist but a matter of when.",
"I am quite sure if I had not sold Peanuts at the time I did, then I would have sold something eventually, even if I had not, I would continue to draw because I had to.” Charles M. Schulz (1983) 1951 To market the Peanuts comic strip, United Feature Syndicate created subscriber promotions which could be run in the newspapers to generate interest with a newspaper’s readers. If readers liked Peanuts, they were encouraged to write to their local newspaper to request that it be published there. April 18, 1951 After meeting through mutual friends at Art Instruction Schools and dating for several months, Charles Schulz married Joyce Steele Halverson of Minneapolis. They honeymooned in Colorado Springs, Colorado and lived with Carl Schulz and his fiancé, Annabelle, on Edgerton Street in St. Paul. Before long, Charles Schulz adopted Joyce’s one year old daughter Meredith, her child from a previous marriage, born February 5, 1950. Carl married Annabelle Anderson shortly after Charles and Joyce’s wedding.",
"May, 1951 Subsequent to their honeymoon in Colorado in the spring, the young Schulz family bought a modest suburban home in Colorado Springs at 2321 North El Paso Street. While living in Colorado, Charles Schulz worked out of his home briefly before realizing that the distractions of a one year old were not conducive to working on weekly deadlines. Additionally, the early success of Peanuts made finding a space to work outside the house an affordable option. He soon found an office to rent at the Golden Arrow Building in downtown Colorado Springs. “I tried working at home when we moved to Colorado Springs, right after I signed the contract, and I discovered that working at home for me was absolutely impossible. My mother-in-law visited us for awhile and she suggested it might be better if I would just rent a small room someplace downtown in Colorado Springs, which is what I did; and since then I have always worked away from home. Even when we moved out here to California – we had a large place, 28 acres – I still never worked in the house. I don’t know about others, but I just have decided that a man has to get up in the morning and go someplace.",
"I think you have to go to a definite place where you do your work” Charles M. Schulz (1987) While walking through downtown Colorado Springs one day, Charles Schulz ran into Philip “Fritz” Van Pelt, a fellow soldier in the Twentieth Armored Infantry Division who was stationed at Camp Campbell at the same time as Schulz. While the two had never met at Camp Campbell, the men and their wives quickly became weekly bridge playing friends in Colorado Springs. Schulz eventually used the surname “Van Pelt” for his sibling characters Lucy and Linus in Peanuts. The name Lucy possibly arose from Fritz’s wife, Louanne, also referred to as “Lou”, although Schulz was adamant in explaining that while he often took names for his characters from people he knew, the personalities were in fact an extension of Schulz’s own persona and not a reflection on the character’s namesake. MORE > January 6, 1952 Prior to 1952, Peanuts comic strips were featured in newspapers in the daily black and white strip format, published Monday through Saturday only.",
"On January 6, 1952, the first Sunday of the year, full color Peanuts Sunday comic strips were introduced. After that, Peanuts ran in most newspapers seven days a week with black and white dailies and full color Sundays. Nowadays, many newspapers print Peanuts in full color seven days per week, and that is also how it can be viewed online at Go Comics . “I don’t know where the Peanuts kids live. I think that, originally, I thought of them as living in these little veteran’s developments, where Joyce and I first lived when we got married out in Colorado Springs. Now I don’t think about it at all. My strip has become so abstract and such a fantasy that I think it would be a mistake to point out a place for them to live.” Charles M. Schulz (1992) February 1, 1952 Charles Monroe “Monte” Schulz was born in Colorado Springs, bringing the young and quickly growing Schulz family to a total of four members. The following month, a little less than a year after moving to Colorado, the Schulz family packed their belongings and moved back to Minneapolis, Minnesota.",
"March, 1952 One of the first signs that Peanuts was really taking off in popularity was the interest by publishers in licensing the strips to reprint in comic books, published by Dell, Gold Key, Sparkler, and others. After a couple years of reprinting these strips, Schulz was asked to create new original strips, longer stories, and original cover art. With the deadline of the daily and Sunday strips now looming each week, plus obligations to attend book signings, present chalk talks, and provide interviews to newspapers, magazines, and even some television shows, Schulz didn’t have much time to do more original comic strips. As a solution to this, he employed his former Art Instruction Schools’ colleagues Dale Hale, Jim Sasseville, and Tony Pocrnich. The comic books continued to be produced through 1964. Summer/Fall, 1952 After they moved back to Minnesota from Colorado, the Schulz family lived in a simple ranch home at 5521 Oliver St. South in Minneapolis for about six months. With another child on the way, the Schulzes moved again to a larger home a few miles away, located at 6228 Wentworth Ave.",
"South in the Richfield area of Minneapolis. Perhaps with the aim to appeal to a wider audience than the comic books, which were generally marketed and purchased by children, Rinehart & Co., Inc. was the first to publish a collection of Peanuts comic strip reprints in a bound paperback book format. These books contained selected Peanuts strips, with the first book simply titled, Peanuts. During the early days of successful strip reprint publications, Schulz made himself available to promote his cartoon by attending book signings and offering ‘chalk-talks’ during which he would draw oversized Peanuts characters and offer the drawings to the attendees. January 22, 1953 As Peanuts grew in popularity, the Schulz family also grew. A second son, Craig Frederick Schulz, was born in Minneapolis and brought the total children in the family now to one girl and two boys. Just as Charles Schulz needed an office away from home in Colorado Springs, he also needed one back in the Twin Cities. His former employers at the Art Instruction Schools offered him use of their penthouse office at the bureau of Engravers Building and Schulz happily accepted the offer.",
"It not only allowed him the space to be able to focus on his art and meet his deadlines, he could easily also meet up with his former colleagues at Art Instruction for lunch, conversation, or a round of billiards. 1954 By 1954, several new characters had been introduced into the Peanuts comic strip – Violet Gray and Schroeder in 1951, Lucy and Linus Van Pelt in 1952, and Pig Pen and Charlotte Braun in 1954. It would be five more years before the next new characters would be introduced into the strip. “I think anybody who is writing finds he puts a little bit of himself in all of the characters, at least in this kind of a strip. It’s the only way that you can survive when you have to do something every day. You have to put yourself, all of your thoughts, all of your observations and everything you know into the strip.” Charles M. Schulz (1984) 1955 Kodak became the first product sponsor for Peanuts, publishing “The Brownie Book of Picture-Taking” to go along with their popular Brownie cameras.",
"The little booklet utilized the Peanuts characters to demonstrate proper photography techniques in playful ways. Marking a true career achievement in cartooning, Charles Schulz won the coveted Reuben award for “Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year” from the National Cartoonists Society. He was presented the statue by the award’s namesake, Reuben Garrett Lucius “Rube” Goldberg, making an already pivotal moment in his success that much more meaningful to Schulz. Rube Goldberg is perhaps best known today for another namesake legacy, the “Rube Goldberg Machine”, contraptions that perform otherwise simple tasks in very complicated ways. Goldberg often depicted these complex and humorous mechanisms in his own cartooning. MORE > April 13, 1955 With the success of five years of Peanuts strips behind him and a new five-year contract between Charles Schulz and United Feature Syndicate solidified, the Schulz family purchased an impressive home at 112 West Minnehaha Parkway in the desirable Tangletown neighborhood of Minneapolis. August 5, 1956 Another daughter, Amy Louise Schulz, was welcomed into the Schulz family, balancing out two boys with two girls.",
"To acknowledge this special day, Charles Schulz penned a “Happy Birthday, Amy” message into the Peanuts comic strip on August 5 on several occasions over the years. “Peanuts are the grandest people in the world. All children are peanuts. They’re delightful, funny, irresistible, and wonderfully unpredictable. I really hate to see them grow out of the peanut stage.” Charles M. Schulz (1977) 1957-1959 For a couple of years in the late 1950s, Charles Schulz was the only comic strip artist to have two different comic strips published in newspapers at the same time. It’s Only a Game was created as a sports-themed strip featuring single panel comics looking at the lighter side of golf, bowling, fishing, bridge, and other sports and games. Although Schulz proudly worked on the Peanuts comic strip alone, from the ideas themselves to the lettering and drawings, Schulz hired Art Instruction Schools’ colleague Jim Sasseville to assist him on drawing this strip. A total of 63 It’s Only a Game panels were syndicated in about 30 newspapers before it was cancelled.",
"1958 Marking a milestone in Peanuts licensing, the first three-dimensional products came in the form of the Hungerford Plastics Corporation’s well-liked set of Peanuts character dolls. Included in the series of dolls were Charlie Brown, Snoopy, Lucy, Linus, Sally, Pig-Pen, and Schroeder accompanied by his little piano. “Around 1960, I got a call from someone who wanted to make little Peanuts rubberized dolls that stood about six to eight inches high. The sculptor came out here to California from the East with his little bag of clay models and we sat here and he modeled them out. They came out very nicely.” Charles M. Schulz (1996) June, 1958 By the spring of 1958, the Schulz family unit was complete with the birth of Jill Marie on April 20. Jill joined her siblings, listed eldest to youngest: Meredith, Monte, Craig, and Amy. Charles and Joyce Schulz had already started planning a move to California, traveling out west to view homes in early 1958.",
"They viewed several properties around the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, but weren’t sure exactly what town they’d end up in. Just as they were about to leave the “Golden State” to return home to the “Land of 10,000 Lakes” the Schulzes were taken to Sonoma County to view a 28-acre property in Sebastopol that would soon become their home for nearly 15 years, Coffee Grounds. MORE > 1959 An idea from a young granddaughter of advertising executive, Norman Strauss, prompted Ford Motor Company to approach Charles Schulz for permission to license the Peanuts characters. A multi-year advertising campaign promoting their new and efficient Falcon model was created, featuring the Peanuts Gang in print ads and also presenting the characters for the first time in animation on television. Working together for the first time in what would become a longstanding professional relationship, Schulz drew all of the original art for the print ads and Bill Melendez created the animation for the television commercials. “J. Walter Thompson got the idea that they wanted to use the Peanuts characters to advertise Ford products and, immediately, they went to the Falcon. The Falcon was the car that was just starting then.",
"So we did animated commercials, newspaper ads, billboards, everything, and I drew them all too. And I used to help them write the newspaper ads and the animated commercials and that’s how I met Bill Melendez.” Charles M. Schulz (1992) 1960s 1960 A decade into the publication of Peanuts in newspapers, Hallmark Peanuts-themed greeting cards and party decorations began to be included in many family celebrations. More than 50 years later, Hallmark has now produced a wealth of Peanuts greeting cards, party goods, books, postcards, and ornaments. Charles M. Schulz produced much of the artwork for the early products and often visited the Hallmark offices in Kansas City. March 6, 1961 On March 6, 1961, Schulz introduced Frieda to the Peanuts comic strip. A little girl with “naturally curly hair,” Frieda was often shown holding her cat Faron, whom Schulz named after the country-western musician, Faron Young. Although Faron’s appearance was brief, Frieda became a regular character in the strip.",
"1962 As the popularity of Peanuts grew, United Features Syndicate was approached by numerous companies hoping to capitalize on its success. Requests poured in from all over the country from educators, book publishers, and insurance companies, among others. An enterprising young entrepreneur came knocking at Schulz’s door in 1962 with an idea to use Peanuts on datebook calendars… MORE > I know from my own experience that I want my children to be free to do something that’s crazy – as crazy as dedicating their lives to a comic strip. Charles M. Schulz, “Redbook Announces a Dialogue Between … Jack Lemmon and Charles Schulz,” Redbook December 1967 June 1963 Schulz received an honorary degree in 1963 from Anderson College, a theological seminary and institute of higher learning in Indiana. 1964 Having already been named Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year in 1955, the National Cartoonist Society once again bestowed Schulz with this high honor, making him the first recipient to receive the Reuben twice. April 1965 The Peanuts characters appeared on the front page of Time on April 9, 1965.",
"“Religion, psychiatry, education- indeed all the complexities of the modern world- seem more amusing than menacing when they are seen through the clear, uncompromising eyes of the comic-strip kids from Peanuts. The wry and wistful characters created by Cartoonist Charles M. Schulz have all but come to life for readers in the U.S. and abroad as they demonstrate daily and Sunday an engaging wisdom beyond their years, a simplistic yet somehow impressive understanding of the assorted problems that perplex their elders.” “Good Grief,” Time, April 9, 1965, page 80 October 1965 One of Snoopy’s most iconic and popular personas–the World War I Flying Ace–makes his debut. Wearing his flying cap, goggles, and a scarf, the Flying Ace rides in his Sopwith Camel (a.k.a. Snoopy’s doghouse) and takes to the skies to dogfight against the infamous Red Baron. December 9, 1965 A Charlie Brown Christmas, the first Peanuts animated television special, premiered on the CBS network on December 9, 1965.",
"The production team included producer Lee Mendelson, animator/director Bill Melendez, and writer Charles Schulz. Jazz musician Vince Guaraldi composed and performed the score. The program won an Emmy award for Outstanding Individual Achievement, and a Peabody award for Outstanding Children’s and Youth’s Program. MORE> 1966 A Charlie Brown Christmas is awarded the George Foster Peabody Award on April 21, 1966. The certificate read, “Gentleness is a quality that is seldom understood by television’s writers or directors. A notable exception was telecast during the holiday season of 1965. It was a little gem of a show that faithfully and sensitively introduced to television the Peanuts collection of newsprint characters created by Charles Schulz. A Charlie Brown Christmas was a delight for the whole family.” On May 22, 1966, Charles M. Schulz wins the Emmy Award for Outstanding Children’s Program for A Charlie Brown Christmas. This would be Schulz’s first Emmy nomination and win.",
"May 29, 1966 Winning the Emmy was a bittersweet moment for Schulz, as one week later his father Carl passed away while visiting with his son in California. That same year, Schulz’s art studio was destroyed by fire. As art sometimes follows life, the trauma of the destruction later appeared in the Peanuts comic strip, as Schulz created a storyline about Snoopy’s doghouse burning down. August 22, 1966 Patricia Reichardt, better known Peppermint Patty was introduced in the Peanuts comic strip. Her distinct personality, athleticism, and trademark sandals, made for a strong new character in the strip.. © Peanuts Worldwide LLC “Patty has been a good addition for me, and I think could almost carry another strip by herself. A dish of candy sitting in our living room inspired her name. So in this case I created the character to fit the name, and Peppermint Patty came into being.” Charles M. Schulz, “Charlie Brown, Snoopy and Me,” Family Circle, October 1978, 158.",
"March 7, 1967 The cast of Peanuts made their stage appearance in You’re A Good Man Charlie Brown, which debuted off-Broadway at Theatre 80 St. Marks. The show ran for four years in New York, and productions featuring different casts followed in other cities. Later in 1967, the musical debuted at San Francisco’s Little Fox Theatre, where it ran for five years. Schulz was said to be a frequent attendee of these performances. He even got to know the cast well, inviting them to his home in Sebastopol and on ski trips to Lake Tahoe. “[You’re a Good Man, Charlie Brown has] become the most performed musical in the history of American theatre…every school and church and high school and grade school and kindergarten you can think of has put this thing on and it had taken a terrible beating but it survives. And, of course, the music is good and it’s not cute. That was the main thing. It was incredible that they could have made so many mistakes putting it together, but everything just fell right into place just right and that’s very gratifying.",
"I used to go down to the theatre in San Francisco and it was a great pleasure to stand out in the lobby when the show was over and seeing the families coming out and everybody smiling because they had had a good time.” “Charles Schulz Interview,” Nemo, January 1992, 21. March 17, 1967 Charlie Brown and Snoopy were featured on the cover of Life magazine. The magazine article describes the Peanuts craze. The comic strip became widely popular among college students, air force pilots, and rock musicians, among other unique audiences. May 24, 1967 A resolution from the California Legislative Assembly declaring May 24, 1967 as “Charles Schulz Day” in honor of his success with the comic strip, Peanuts. 1968 In 1968, Charles M. Schulz received what he considered a great honor in 1968 when he was approached by NASA to use Snoopy in the Manned Flight Awareness Program. Snoopy’s likeness was used in many workplace motivation posters, on patches and decals, and on the Silver Snoopy pin.",
"The following year, NASA astronauts named the Apollo 10 command module “Charlie Brown,” and the lunar module, “Snoopy”. “A man named…Al Chop came to me and they had just had that tragic fire where the astronauts were killed and so they wanted to start a new safety program and he had an idea to build the program around a cartoon character and he asked me if Snoopy could be the character and I said, ‘Sure, I’m very flattered.’ So they made posters and all sorts of things. They made beautiful little metal things which were really nice pieces of jewelry and if a person on the assembly line has a good safety record, one of the astronauts would present him or her with the pin and of course, those pins were taken to the moon and the moon landing. So Snoopy, literally, is the first character to go to the moon.” “Charles Schulz Interview,” Nemo, January 1992, 22. July 31, 1968 In 1968, the world lost two of its most influential men: Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, and Robert F.",
"Kennedy, assassinated in Los Angeles, California, on June 6. Civil rights and race relations were major topics throughout the nation. During this period Schulz exchanged correspondence with Harriet Glickman, a teacher and advocate, regarding the addition of a black character in the Peanuts comic strip. Realizing the weight and responsibility such a character would have, Schulz introduced Franklin on July 31, 1968. November 28, 1968 The first Peanuts character balloon debuted in the annual Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City in 1968. The parade has included a Snoopy or Charlie Brown balloon each year since then. In 1969, the parade featured an astronaut Snoopy, pictured here, to celebrate the Apollo mission. April 28, 1969 Designed by Charles Schulz and his wife Joyce, Redwood Empire Ice Arena opened in Santa Rosa. The arena is located directly across the street from the Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center. MORE > December 11, 1969 A Boy Named Charlie Brown opened at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City.",
"The animated feature would be the first to be shown there in over twenty years. “A Boy Named Charlie Brown, the first feature length Peanuts movie debuted at Radio City Music Hall… One December evening in 1969, in New Your City, Charlie Brown simultaneously played before [a] a sellout crowd for the stage show, [b] a sellout audience for the Feature at the Radio City Music Hall, and [c] a repeat network television special, (A Charlie Brown Christmas) that was also seen by fifty-five million other Americans across the country. No performer in the history of show business can make that statement.” Lee Mendelson, Charlie Brown and Charles Schulz. (New York: Signet, 1970), 254. 1970s 1970 The February 16th Peanuts strip featured Snoopy’s promotion to Head Beagle. The Mayor of Los Angeles, Sam Yorty, presented Charles M. Schulz with a congratulatory certificate saluting Snoopy’s new position. A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving wins Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Children’s Programming in 1974.",
"January 1, 1974 Selecting the theme “Happiness Is…” Charles M. Schulz presides as the Grand Marshal of the 85th Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California. 1974 Charles M. Schulz visited the Rogue River in Oregon to conduct research for the upcoming Peanuts animated special, Race For Your Life, Charlie Brown. July-August 1974 Charles M. Schulz made his first and only appearance at Comic-Con in San Diego that year. He gave a chalk talk and was presented with the Inkpot award for achievement in the comic art medium. Comic-Con began in 1970 and has grown to become the largest comics gathering in the country. Summer 1975 The first annual Snoopy’s Senior Hockey Tournament took place at the Redwood Empire Ice Arena. Players from all over the world, including Charles M. Schulz, laced up their skates and took to the ice. Teams within various divisions played for gold, silver, and bronze medals. MORE> 1975 Peanuts celebrated its 25th anniversary. Happy Anniversary, Charlie Brown airs on CBS on January 9, 1976.",
"Schulz received congratulatory correspondence from numerous fans, including a special birthday note to Charlie Brown from then President Gerald Ford. 1976 Charles M. Schulz injured his foot while playing tennis on New Year Eve. The injury required a cast and the use of crutches. He incorporated this injury into the Peanuts strips which featured Snoopy wearing a cast and learning to use crutches. 1977 Jean Schulz used several terms of endearment for her husband. One of these, “sweet babboo”, became Sally’s preferred moniker for Linus in the Peanuts comic strip. At some point in 1977, Schulz noticed he had trouble keeping his hand steady. The doctors diagnosed him with a benign essential tremor. 1978 Charles M. Schulz visits France to do research for Bon Voyage Charlie Brown and to visit the Chateau of the Bad Neighbor, where his platoon was stationed during World War II. The trip would be filmed for a PBS documentary entitled, Charles M. Schulz…To Remember. More… 1979 Since 1973 Charles and Jean Schulz hosted the Northern California Cartoonists and Humorists Association annual event at their home.",
"Events included Snoopy’s World Famous Cartoonist’s Tennis Tournament and a contest that allowed cartoonist to draw the last panel of a future Peanuts strip. The winning artist would be presented with an award by Schulz. Noted artists in attendance included Cathy Guisewite and Jim Davis. 1980s 1980 The National Cartoonist Society awarded Charles M. Schulz the Elzie Segar Award for his outstanding contributions to the art of cartooning. The award is named after the creator of one of Schulz’s favorite comic strips, Popeye . 1981 In February, 1981, Charles M. Schulz was the recipient of the Lester Patrick Trophy, presented by the National Hockey League for contributions to hockey in the United States. After experiencing tightness in his chest, doctors discovered a blockage in Schulz’s arteries. Schulz had heart bypass surgery to clear it. After the surgery Schulz received an outpouring of well wishes and art from fellow cartoonists and fans. 1982 After his surgery Schulz focused on improving his health. He took up jogging and became involved with the Young at Heart race.",
"The race was co-sponsored by the Redwood Empire Ice Arena and Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital. Schulz would lend his Peanuts artwork for the race’s shirt design. 1983 On May 30, 1983, CBS aired What Have we Learned, Charlie Brown. The special highlights many monuments to both World War I and II and emphasizes the sacrifices made by the troops that fought in them. The show would eventually travel around the world to great success. 1989 Schulz’s alma mater, Central High in St. Paul, Minnesota, honors him by including him in the school’s “Hall of Fame.” 1990s January 1990 Schulz travels to Paris, France to receive the “Commandeur de l’Ordre Des Artes et Lettres” on December 21, 1989. The distinguished award was presented by the French Minister of Culture, Jack Lang. Snoopy in Fashion debuts at the Louvre. The exhibit features 300 Snoopy and Belle plush dolls in fashions by more than 150 world famous designers. Schulz returns to Paris for the opening of Snoopy’s 40th Anniversary exhibition.",
"Why, Charlie Brown, Why premieres on March 16, 1990. The Emmy nominated special deals with a new character named Janice who is diagnosed with cancer. Schulz would go on to receive an award from the American Cancer Society for bringing hope and understanding to children with cancer. November 1990 This is Your Childhood, Charlie Brown…Children in American Culture, 1945-1970 opened at The National Museum of History in Washington, D.C. 1992 Snoopy, the Masterpiece opens at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts. In October, Schulz travels to Italy to receive the Commendatore Della Repubblica Italiana (Order of Merit of the Italian Republic). 1993 The United States Hockey Hall of Fame inducts Charles Schulz into their hall of fame for his contribution to hockey during the course of his career. 1994 Peanuts celebrates its 45th anniversary with the book Around the World in 45 Years: Charlie Brown’s Anniversary Celebration by Schulz. 1995 Around the Moon and Home Again: A Tribute to the Art of Charles M. Schulz opens at the Houston Space Center.",
"June 28, 1996 Schulz receives his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The much deserved award is given by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and honors Schulz for his years of entertainment in various mediums. March 22, 1997 Peanuts Gallery, by composer Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, premieres at Carnegie Hall. Schulz mentioned Zwilich in a 1990 Peanuts comic strip. This mention started a friendship between the composer and Schulz. Their friendship would lead to them collaborating on critically acclaimed “Peanuts Gallery.” The concerto included “Lullaby for Linus,” “Snoopy Does the Samba,” and “Charlie Brown’s Lament.” October 16, 1997 Jean and Charles Schulz announce that they will give $1 million toward the construction of a D-Day memorial to be placed in Virginia. December 14, 1999 Schulz releases an open letter announcing his retirement. “I have always wanted to be a cartoonist and I feel very blessed to have been able to do what I love for almost 50 years.",
"That all of you have embraced Snoopy, Charlie Brown, Lucy and Linus and all the other ‘Peanuts’ characters has been a constant motivation for me.” Charles M. Schulz, Charles Schulz, Creator of `Peanuts’ Retires, by Rick Lyman, The New York Times, December 15, 1999 At the time of his retirement, the Peanuts comic strip was syndicated in over 2,600 newspapers worldwide, with book collections translated in over 25 languages. 2000s Charles Schulz dies peacefully in his sleep at home, succumbing to complications from colon cancer. The final Peanuts Sunday strip appeared in newspapers the very next day, Sunday, February 13. August 15, 2002 The Charles M. Schulz Museum and Research Center opens its doors to the public. Since its opening, the Museum has welcomed 867,092 visitors from around the world, exhibited 3,500 original comic strips, and hosted 173 Cartoonists-in-Residence. 2010s"
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What disability did singer Al Hibbler have?
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He was blind
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[
"He was blind"
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[
"Al Hibbler - Hollywood Star Walk - Los Angeles Times Hollywood Star Walk Died April 24, 2001 in Chicago, Ill. Al Hibbler, a singer with an idiosyncratic baritone style, was known for his work with the Duke Ellington Orchestra in the 1940s and early '50s. A versatile singer who could handle ballads, standards and, at times, an earthy blues number, Hibbler also used a style that Ellington called \"tonal pantomime.\" In this style, Hibbler affected a Cockney accent, which he would often punctuate with odd tonal distortions and growls. And while tonal pantomime was popular with audiences, Leonard Feather expressed the view of many jazz critics that the affectation did little to enhance Hibbler's ability to sing a first-rate blues song or a vibrant unmannered ballad. Born in Little Rock, Ark., and blind from birth, Hibbler attended the Conservatory for the Blind in his hometown and sang in the school's choir. After winning an amateur talent contest in Memphis, Hibbler started his own band in San Antonio before joining Jay McShann's big band in 1942.",
"A year later, Hibbler started an eight-year association with Ellington. During the Ellington years, he won the Downbeat magazine award as best band vocalist and the New Star Award from Esquire magazine. Appearing on several Ellington recordings, he was known for his renditions of songs such as \"Do Nothing Til You Hear From Me\" and \"I'm Just a Lucky So and So.\" Hibbler left the Ellington organization in 1951 in an apparent dispute over his desire to freelance. He went on to record with Ellington's son, Mercer, as well as with Billy Taylor, Count Basie, Gerald Wilson and Rahsaan Roland Kirk. His versions of \"The Very Thought of You,\" \"Stardust\" and \"Unchained Melody\" became popular favorites, with \"Unchained Melody\" hitting No. 3 on the record charts. In the early 1960s, Hibbler was one of the first artists signed by Frank Sinatra to record on his new label, Reprise. Active in the civil rights movement, Hibbler led demonstrators in desegregation marches in 1963 in downtown Birmingham, Ala.",
"But while others in the protest march were jailed by the city's public safety commissioner, Eugene \"Bull\" Conner, Hibbler was detained briefly and released because he was blind. Hibbler was disappointed at the police response, saying: \"I went downtown simply to be arrested, but they even segregated me. . . . That is segregation at its highest level.\" In 1971, Hibbler performed \"When the Saints Go Marching In\" at the funeral of jazz trumpeter Louis Armstrong. — Jon Thurber in the Los Angeles Times April 28, 2001 Related Musicians With Disabilities Top 25 Americans Musicians With Disabilities Top 25 Americans These are the most famous musicians with disabilities from the United States.They are the Top 25 American musicians with disabilities from the Electrofied Era. The disability and the artist's success and contrubtion to American popular music are listed. STAR TRACKS STAR/TRACKS- American Blues legend Johnny Winter dies in Switzerland at age 70 following performances in Austria. He and his brother Edgar are among the elite Blues guitarist of the 20th. Century. Since 1988 he has been in the Blues Foundation Hall Of Fame.",
"To learn more about Johnny and view a video scroll down to artist 38 on the list. Saturday, November 7, 2015 1. Introduction Musicians with Disabilities - The Top 25 Americans Handicapped musicians, physically challenged musicians, mentally/emotionally challenged musicians, musicians with disabilities, its all the same, a serious inconvenience to finding success in life. These are the Greatest, Best, Most Famous or the Top 25 American Musicians with Disabilities of the Electrofied Era*. They had an extra hurdle to leap to find success.The musicians on this list have had to cope with, being Bipolar, having Polio, permanent disabling injuries, Birth Defects, Multiple Sclerosis, Blindness, Hearing loss, Speech impediments, Spina Bifida, Albinism, Lupus, Asthma, Anorexia Nervosa, Dyslexia, and Vitiligo. These musicians have found it within themselves to say, \"YES, I CAN\". They have pushed themselves to the limit and have beat the odds. They are not only an inspiration to people with disabilities but are also an inspiration to those facing what seems to be overwhelming odds.",
"They all have experienced and understand failure, but have refused to accept the word, can't. If you are looking for hope and inspiration you have come to the right place. These people and their music can and will provide both. 2. Directory 5. TOP 40 40. Paul Pena (1950 - 2005) - Blind He has a history in Jazz, Folk, Blues and Rock 'n' Roll. He graduated from the Perkins School for the Blind and attended Clark University. He is best remembered for writing the song \"Jet Airliner\" which the Steve Miller Band turned into a mega hit. He recorded with stars like Bonnie Raitt and Jerry Garcia (Graetful Dead) among-st others. For more on Paul Pena CLICK 39. Teddy Pedergrass (1950 - 2010) Paralyzed He was an established Soul singer having been the lead singer of Harold Melvin and The Blue Notes. He also had developed as a solo artist. In 1982 at the pinnacle of his career he was involved in an auto accident which left him paralyzed from the chest down. His star power began to fade following the accident.",
"He did continue to release singles and albums for most of the remainder of the century. He was not one to give up. He did manage to chart several songs after his accident and had several albums do well. He died of cancer. His ranking is based on his post accident career. 38. Johnny Winter - Albinism (photophobia)(1944 - 2014) He is a Blues/Rock guitarist and singer. He has well over a dozen albums to his name and numerous others as producer for other artists. He has worked with many of the biggest names in the music industry. He performed at Woodstock. Some of the people he worked with were Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin and Muddy Waters. He also performed with his brother Edgar. He has produced several Grammy Award winning albums. His older brother Edgar is also on this list. For more on Johnny Winter CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians 37. Doc Watson (1923 - 2012) - Blind Arthel Lane \"Doc\" Watson is a musicians musician. He is an eight time Gammy award winner. This includes the prestigious Lifetime Achievement Award.",
"He has over 50 albums to his credit. He is not well known outside of the South except in professional musicians circles where he is highly regarded. He has helped to keep popular, Southern music art forms. He is most famous for his guitar styling and his work in Bluegrass, Country, Gospel and the Blues. He attended the Morehead (North Carolina) School for the Blind. He is the recipient of the National Medal of Arts, presented to him by President Bill Clinton. For more on Doc Watson CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians 36. Jimmy Scott a.k.a. \"Little \" Jimmy Scott - Kallmann's Syndrome His medical disability has both hurt and helped Jimmy in the music industry. It has helped in that it prevented him from reaching puberty and as a result he has an unusually high contralto voice. This condition has profound effect on the sociological and psychological development of the person coping with the genetic disorder. The failure to mature sexually is a problem that the vast majority of the population can not grasp, making it difficult for a person with the problem to fit in society. The ailment results in the loss of smell and can cause deformities.",
"He faced the challenges and became a highly respected Jazz vocalist performing with some of the biggest names in the business, Lou Reed, Lionel Hampton and Wynton Marsalis to name a few. 35. Ginny Owens - Blind She is a Christian/Gospel singer. Ginny has a degree in music education from Belmont University. Her music has been featured on the television series \"Felicity\" and \"Roswell\". She has over a half dozen albums to her credit. The Christian music industry has awarded her three Dove Awards. For more on Ginny Owens CLICK 34. Vic Chesnutt - (1964 - 2009) paralyzed and wheel chair bound He has is best known for Country. He was severely injured in a car accident that basically left him wheel chair bound. It did not stop him from being a singer/songwriter. Some of his material was very dark in tone and other songs were mysterious in nature, but what they all were, just plain good. 33. David Sanborn - Polio VIDEO - Chicago Song Today Polio is a ll but eradicated in the United States and the industrialized world. That was not the case when David was a young child.",
"Polio attacked his chest and he is lucky to have survived. It restricted his ability to breath. He took up the saxophone to improve his breathing. Today, Jazz, and the world is blessed by the music of a man who said, \"I Can'. 32. Art Tatum (1909 - 1956) - Blind Art was not totally blind. His vision was little more than light perception. At a very early age he taught himself to play the piano. Both parents were skilled musicians. During his high school years he attended the Ohio School for the Blind. He studied braille and music. He has over four dozen albums to his credit. His piano styling has had a lasting impact on Jazz musicians. He is noted for his impressive speed playing of the piano. he has been inducted into the The Big Band and Jazz Hall of Fame He has been called \"The Greatest Jazz Pianist of all time\". He was honored after his death by being given the prestigious Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. For more on Art Tatum CLICK VIDEO - Fall A degenerative disease that often results in death. It has in recent years become more of a chronic disease that is manageable but remains potentially dangerous.",
"For a musician that leads a frantic lifestyle on the road this is a disease that can restrict a popular artist from meeting obligations and performing to top ability. Most people would not even try. Clay is another of a multitude of minorities that perform Country music which runs counter to the the stereotype of Country music. Clay is clearly a fighter. 30. Clarence Carter - Blind He attended the Alabama School for the Blind and earned a degree in music from Alabama State College. Like the Blind Boys of Alabama, he had to contend with segregation and racial discrimination early in his career. He gained his fame in the Blues genre. He had the hits \"Patches\", \"Slip Away\" and the mobile DJ favorite \"Strokin\". The 1991 \"Strokin' was not a true blues song. It was much closer to Disco which is ironic in that some believe that Disco nearly killed Carter's career. For more on Clarence Carter CLICK VIDEO - Somebody's Knockin' Country music star that also performs Gospel. As a youth she had the vision of becoming a recording star. Blindness was an inconvenience not a roadblock. She has faith in herself and in God.",
"She has not only over come her disability but she also gives back to the community with her time and talent. Her Hits included \"Somebody's Knockin'\", \"Rich Man\", \"Mis'ry River\", \"I Wanna Be Around\", and \"Anybody Else's Heart But Mine\". For more on Terri Gibbs CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians 28. Diane Schuur - Blind Two time Grammy award winning Jazz singer. She was a student at the Washington State School for the Blind. While she was self taught on the piano, at the school she got a formal education in music. She has had several hit albums in the Jazz genre. While Jazz is her forte, she has performed in nearly every popular genre. For more on Diane Schuur CLICK VIDEO - Wonderwall (Live) He is a Country music star challenged with hearing loss. In a field where singing on pitch and being in the right key is important so to then is hearing. Adams did not let his disability stop him. He has helped to broaden the appeal of Country/Rock. 26. SAMMY DAVIS Jr.- Blind in one eye VIDEO - Candy Man (Live) Some would say he had three strikes against him.",
"He was Black, Jewish and Blind in one eye. He sang, \"The Candyman can,\" and he did. He could belt out a Pop Standard with the best of them. He was a member of the notorious \"Rat Pack\". Frank Sinatra, Joey Bishop, Sammy Davis Jr. and Dean Martin they set the standard for entertainment on the Las Vegas Strip. Perhaps more than any performers they saved Pop Standards from extinction during the crushing assault of Rock 'n' Roll. He like the others in the \"Rat Pack\" was doing Television, and films to help keep his career alive. The \"Rat Pack\" was multi-talented, able to act, sing and dance. They were also comedians. Some of his were \"Hey There, \"That Old Black Magic\", \"What Kind Of Fool Am I\", \"The Shelter Of Your Arms\", \"I Got To Be Me\", and \"The Candy Man\". He can be heard on over 50 albums. For more on Sammy Davis CLICK 6. TOP 25 WITH VIDEOS 25. BILL WITHERS - Stuttering Video - Ain't No Sunshine When it came to getting the word out he did.",
"The \"Lean On Me\" guy over came his speech impediment to become a successful singing star. He learned that when striving for success that \"to know\" is, and \"no\" is not the answer. There are few who can equal the soulful vocals of this talented and determined artist. 24. Itzhak Perlman - Polio VIDEO - Schindler's List He was born in what is today Israel. At age four he contracted Polio and lost the use of his legs. By age 13 he immigrated to the United States. He had studied the violin in Israel. In The U.S. he did further study at Juilliard. He has become one of the worlds greatest violinists. He travels the world performing. He was awarded the Medal of Liberty by President Ronald Reagan and President Bill Clinton awarded him the National Metal of Arts. Beside being one of the world's greatest violinist he is also one the most respected teachers of the instrument. His work has required him to live and work in numerous countries. He has been called \"A Citizen of the World\". 23. AL HIBBLER - Blind Audio - Unchained Melody He had a string of hits performed in the Pop Standard style.",
"The religious themed \"He\" and the secular \"Unchained Melody\" were big hits for him and latter for the Righteous Brothers. He set the standard. While he could not see he was not \"short sighted\" and forged a path to success. Al was one of the last of the great Pop Standard crooners before Rock 'n' Roll nearly destroyed the genre. He was a dedicated activist for civil rights. He had nearly 20 albums to his credit. For more on Al Hibbler CLICK 100 American Pop Standards songs 60 and 5. 22. Sir George Shearing, OBE - Blind He was born in England (United Kingdom) and attended a school for the blind. He, as an adult immigrated to the United States following World War II. He became one of the world's greatest jazz composer and musician. He recorded around 100 albums. He is best remembered for the song \"Lullaby of Birdland\". He is among the Top Ten Blind American musicians. He literally invented the modern Jazz quintet sound melding The piano, Vibes, electric guitar, bass and drums, with the piano (doing lead), vibes and electric guitar playing melody in harmony with the piano.",
"He had joint citizenship in the United Kingdom and the United States. For more on George Shearing CLICK See Artist #8 on the list. 21. ROSEMARY CLOONEY - Bipolar Video - Come On-A My House (Live - 1981) While most of us have our \"ups\" and \"downs\" the bipolar/Manic-depressive can have massive mood swings that can inhibit them from doing their work and living a normal life. It is more than just coping with days of feeling really good and days of being severely depressed. It can profoundly effect matters of judgment, concentration, and decision making. A break down in the late 1960's due to her bipolar condition lead to her being hospitalized for several years. She ultimately returned to record and perform again. After her hospitalization she recorded and released over 25 albums. Most artist would be happy to have a dozen albums in a lifetime. She was one of the consummate female Pop Standards and Jazz singers of the 20th. century. Yes, her nephew is actor George Clooney. VIDEO - Frankenstein The song \"Frankenstein\" was one of the most popular instrumentals of the 20th.",
"Century making The Top 100 American Instrumentals. Albinism is the lack of pigmentation in the skin and hair. This also means in the Retina of the Eye. Lack of pigmentation frequently means poor visual acuity and photophobia. When people think of visual impairment, they think of reduced visual acuity. They are right, but they also think that more light is needed in many cases for a person to see clearly. People with photophobia usually need less light. Edgar Winter performs on stage with intense light aimed at him and his band. People in the audience are flashing cameras. All of this can be very painful to the eyes. Photophobia usually means the more light the less you see. It is similar to an over exposed photo in which you can't see anything. Bright stage lighting can create \"White Blindness\" it can also be painful. Edgar is credited with having come up with the idea of putting a strap, like a guitar strap, (see video) on an electronic keyboard. This idea gave the keyboardist more flexibility when it came to being a stage entertainer. He has nearly 20 albums to his credit.",
"Some of his singles were \"River's Risin'\", \"Free Ride\", \"Frankenstein\",and \"Hangin' Around\". His biggest LP's were \"They Come Out At Night\" and \"Shock Treatment\". For more on Edgar Winter and this song CLICK VIDEO - Every Rose Has It's Thorn He is a multi-talented entertainer who is a singer-songwriter, director, actor, screenwriter and reality TV star. He was the front man for the Rock band Poison and is perhaps best known for the song \"Every Rose Has Its Thorn\". He has several albums as a solo artist. He has had diabetes since the age of six. He was injured during the Tony Awards show in 2009 and has survived a brain hemorrhage since which he said was caused by the incident at the Tony Awards. He gives of his time and talent in support of our troops and their families. He has also raised money for the American Diabetes Association. 18, HANK WILLIAMS - Spina Bifida VIDEO - Hey Good Lookin' He virtually created modern Country music during the Electrofied Era. He profoundly influenced the emergence of Rockabilly and thus Rock 'n' Roll.",
"His songs have been recorded by the biggest names in music, Ray Charles, Frank Sinatra and Elvis Presley. Spina Bifida is a painful ailment as the result of a birth defect where the spine does not properly close. There is often intense pain associated with it. Other common problems associated with it are poor bladder and bowl control. Depending on the severity of the birth defect it can cause problems with the legs and pelvic area which can result in restricted mobility. For more on Hank Williams CLICK VIDEO - Just Waling In The Rain He is most famous for the songs \"Cry\" and \"Walking In The Rain\". He foreshadowed the coming Rock Era. He did not let his hearing impairment keep him from singing. Some have speculated that it contributed to his singing style. He sang full voice (power vocals) nearly all the time and often definitively split words up by their syllables. This helped to create a unique singing style that separated him from the other crooners of the day. Power vocals would become a trademark for Rock singers. When viewing the video notice the hearing aid.",
"For more on Johnny Ray CLICK VIDEO - Feliz Navidad (Live) Born a Puerto Rican/American and blind, Jose has become one of America's best known entertainers internationally. He has a strong following in Europe and especially in Latin America. When people think of great American guitar artists they think of Duane Eddy, The Ventures, Jimi Hendrix, Eddie VanHalen and others, over looking one of the truly great guitar artist, Jose Feliciano. He belongs in the upper echelon of the great guitarist of our time. His version of the national anthem performed at Tiger Stadium in Detroit in the late 1960's was controversial at the time but has become recognized as one of great interpretation's of the song. In the United States he is best known for his million selling hit \"Light My Fire\" and the Christmas classic \"Feliz Navidad\" He has over 50 singles and over 50 albums to his credit. He helped to mainstream Latin music influence on Rock 'n' Roll. Some of his singles were \"Chico And The Man\", \"Light My Fire\", \"Goin' Crazy\", \"Suzie Q\", \"Hi-Heel Sneakers\" and \"Hey Baby\".",
"For more on Jose Feliciano CLICK Rock \"n\" Roll All Nite by KISS (Paul Stanley- star on right eye) He was born with microtia which resulted in the right ear not developing properly and leaving him deaf in that ear. This also meant a deformed ear which left him open for ridicule and teasing. Paul faced several hurdles in rising to stardom as the front man of KISS. He had a mentally ill sister and parents which were not always supportive of his goals. The deformity and hearing loss were such a problem he devised a plan to not only cope but to succeed. He set out to make one small success after another building courage and confidence with each little victory in life. He became one of America's premier Rock singers. He also became a songwriter, painter, and author. He clearly believes \"Can do\" beats \"Can not\" by one bite at a time. Some of the songs KISS is best known for are \"Beth\", \"Rock 'n' Roll All Nite\", \"Forever\", \"Calling Dr. Love\", \"Christine Sixteen\", \"Detroit Rock City\" and \"Hard Luck Woman\". Paul is in the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame as a member of KISS.",
"They were inducted in 2014 and it was long over due. 14. MEL TILLIS - Stuttering VIDEO - Coca Cola Cowboy Country music opened their doors to let him in, but like any area of business he had to prove himself. Stuttering was a problem for Mel Tillis from childhood. His speech impediment did not hurt his ability to sing, but clearly he had to convince people he could sing. Personal appearances and radio and TV interviews would also be a problem. He has over come, and can be proud that his daughter Pam Tillis has had a successful singing career. 13. KENNY G. - Asthma VIDEO - Songbird Playing a wind instrument requires the full power of the lungs. If you have asthma that can be a real problem. You never know when an attack will occur or how severe it will be. Touring and performing in different venues exposes the asthma suffer to all kinds of unknown hazards. To become a world famous recording artist with asthma is a great accomplishment, but one who has done it playing a wind instrument is an even greater achievement.",
"Since the heyday of Duane Eddy, Henry Mancini, and the Ventures the instrumental has found little success in the popular music world. Kenny G. nearly single handedly brought it back For more on Kenny G. click VIDEO - Smokey Mountain Rain (Live in Branson, MO.) Born with a visual impairment Ronnie soon lost all vision and entered the state school for the blind in North Carolina. Ronnie believed excessive disciplinary measures left a lasting impact on him, but the school promoted the development of his musical talents. He learned the basics of music theory by studying classical music. He listened to Country, Gospel and R&B radio. Ronnie attended a college briefly before leaving to become a professional musician. He worked with some of the biggest names in music, Ray Charles, Stevie Wonder and Elvis Presley. He played piano on Elvis Presley's hit song \"Kentucky Rain\". Despite coming from abject poverty and blindness he has succeeded. Most people don't know that his first recordings were in the R&B/Soul music field. Finding little success there he turned to Country, where he found a home. He had a string of blockbuster Country hits with several crossing over into Pop/Rock. He is very versatile.",
"Ronnie released an album of Pop Standards \"Just For A Thrill\" which included great versions of \"Teach Me Tonight\" and \"I Don't Want Nobody To Have My Love But You\". His hit \"Lost In The Fifties Tonight\" displayed his ability to perform Doo Wop styled Rock. He has had over forty Top Ten singles in the country genre. He has also released over forty albums. He did not let poverty, blindness, his mother's desertion of him, or music stereotyping keep him from finding his full musical talent. Some of his hits are \"Smokey Mountain Rain\", \"(There's) No Gettin' Over Me\", \"Any Day Now\", \"Stranger In My House\", \"Make No Mistake, She's Mine\" (with Kenny Rogers), \"He Got You\", \"Day Dreams About Night Things\", \"(I'm A) Stand By Your Woman Man\", \"It Was Almost Like A Song\" and \"Only One Love In My Life\". For more on Ronnie Milsap CLICK VIDEO - Boom Boom Pow He is a Filipino/American . Those that are legally blind live in a no mans land. The world views people as either sighted or blind.",
"Trying to comprehend the gray in-between is difficult because there are so many variants. Peoples expectations of what you can or cannot do are constantly being challenged by reality. When you succeed at something they think you are faking your blindness and when you fail at something they think you are using your vision as an excuse not to do things. Alan has for the most part been able to over come the misperceptions of his visual capabilities and he has come to terms with his visual limitations. He has forged ahead to be the successful Rapper for one of the most successful American bands in the last fifteen years. For more on apl.de.ap (Alan Pineda Lindo Jr. CLICK VIDEO - Un-Break My Heart Toni Braxton is one of the must famous people with Lupus. This debilitating disease is where the person with it usually looks the picture of health. Toni has the most dangerous form of Lupus (SLE - Systemic Lupus) in which the auto-immune system attacks the body. The heart, lungs, joints, kidneys and the central nervous system are common targets. Lupus is a serious chronic disease that can be life threatening. It is very difficult to plan ones life.",
"The Lupus patient ability to function, fatigue and pain levels, can change hourly or they can be fine for weeks, months even years and then all of a sudden they are knocking on heavens door. There is no known cure and the medications are often fraught with serious hazards. Most sufferers experience pain and many with very high levels. Toni has experienced some of the more traumatic aspects of the disease. She has suffered from pericarditis, an inflammation of the lining of the heart. It is painful and life threatening. The disease is very difficult to diagnose and many people go for years before finally being accurately diagnosed. Ultra violet light, florescent lights and sun light, is potentially dangerous and have been known to cause the disease to flare up. The recent banning of incandescent lights will make life more difficult for people with Lupus that are impacted by Ultra Violet light. Touring and performing will be a constant problem for Toni and could even be life threatening. 8. KAREN CARPENTER (Primary vocalist of the Carpenters) - Anorexia Nervosa Video - We've Only Just Begun Karen was a very successful singing star with more than just a few hit songs.",
"Some of her hits were \"(They Long To Be) Close To You\", \"We've Only Just Begun\" and \"Hurting Each Other\". Anorexia Nervosa is referred to as an eating disorder, but is more of a physiological disorder. There is as of yet no clearly defined cause for the problem, but there has been some studies suggesting a genetic link. Treatment is difficult, because in general it has to be tailored to the individual and there are no all purpose drugs. Effectiveness of treatment varies from patient to patient. It is difficult for doctors as well as the patient. It is generally believed that this disorder was in part responsible for her untimely death at age thirty two. VIDEO - Believe Cher has had a long and illustrious career. Success as a singing star began in the mid 1960's as a part of Sonny & Cher. She, and her partner and latter husband Sonny Bono, had a string of hits. By the mid seventies their marriage began to fail. She continued her career as a singer and Sonny would eventually become a Republican Congressman from California. He died while in office as the result of a skiing accident. Cher is a Democrat. After their break up she had numerous relationships.",
"Her dyslexia has not stopped her and she has also found success in acting, appearing in several films. For more on Cher click Video - Grease During the 1970's he suffered hearing loss. It was at this time he recorded the hit songs \"My Eyes Adored You\", \"Swearin' to God\", and \"Grease\". Due to new surgical techniques he has had some improvement in his hearing. He is best known for his work with the group the Four Seasons (aka The Wonder Who) He also had a very successful solo career. Frankie Valli's roots was in Doo Wop. He transformed into mainstream Rock, Pop Standards and Disco/Electronic Music. The life of Frankie Valli & The four Seasons is presented in the stage play/musical, \"The Jersey Boys\". For more on Frankie Valli CLICK 100 American Pop Standards see songs 47, 46, & 3 5. BRIAN WILSON (solo artist & with The Beach Boys)- Hearing Impaired AUDIO - Good Vibrations Brian fulfilled the dream of Les Paul, Inventor of the electric guitar and eight track recording equipment, of turning the recording studio into an instrument.",
"Some believe that his work on the song \"Good Vibrations\" in the studio was impart due to his hearing disability. Working in the confines of the studio he could shut out all ambient noise. This allowed him to set volumes, tones, pitches etc.at his best hearing ability. He could concentrate on one sound at a time. Virtually everyone in the music industry recognizes \"Good Vibrations\" as a breakthrough in recording technology. His approach to recording profoundly impacted the recording industry. Its greatest influence would be on the rise of Disco/Electronic Music.The Beach Boys were one of the must successful recording acts of all time. Brian was one of the most influential of the Beach Boys. The 2015 film \"Love & Mercy\" is about Brian Wilson. It tackles his drug issues, hearing lose and production work in the recording studio. For more on Brian Wilson click 100 Most Important American Songs see songs 5 and 1. 4. Les Paul (1915 - 2009)- disabled right arm 2.",
"VIDEO - Les Paul & Jose Feliciano at 90th Birthday Party for Les Paul Les Paul the inventor of the solid body electric guitar was nearly killed in 1948 in a car accident on old Route 66 in Oklahoma. His injuries were so severe the doctors talked of amputating his right arm. It was ultimately agreed they would try and save the arm but the bones would have to be set in such a way that he would never be able to change its position He had the bones set so the arm was always at a near 90 degree angle. This would allow him to play the guitar, but he would have very limited movement. He would have to learn to play the guitar all over again. He would go on to sell tens of millions of recordings and be recognized as one of the greatest guitarist of all time. The Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame has named him one of the \"architects\" of Rock 'n' Roll and thus he has a permanent display. For more on Les Paul CLICK VIDEO - What'd I Say (Live) Ray Charles was born into poverty and began to lose his sight at an early age. By the age of seven he was blind.",
"Ray attended the Florida School for the Blind where he learned the basics in music. His studies surrounded Classical music. With this base and his growing interest in Jazz and Blues he began to develop his musical style. That style was heavily influenced by the great Nat King Cole. Ray finally came out on his own with the recordings of \"I Got A Woman\" and \"What'd I Say\". Ray never let his blindness stand in his way. He went on to become one of the greatest recording artist of all time. In the era of Rock and Pop Soul he still believed in the Big Band and Pop Standards. He was also a pitch man for Pepsi and did several jingles for the cola brand. His recording career included Big Band, Pop Standards, Jazz, R&B and Country. He loved how music allowed him complete freedom of expression.",
"Some of his hits are \"I can't Stop Loving You\", \"Your Cheatin' Heart\", \"You Are My sunshine\", \"Busted\", \"Born To Lose\", \"I'm Movin' On\", \"What i'd Say\", \"Unchain My Heart\", \"You Don't Know Me\", \"Crying Time\", \"Together Again\", \"Booty Butt\", \"Yesterday\", \"Eleanor Rigby\", \"Lets Go Get Stoned\", \"Here We Go Again\", \"Take These Chains From My Heart\", \"Ruby\" and \"Sticks and Stones\". For more on Ray Charles CLICK 100 Most Important American Songs see songs 38,31, and also 68, 58, 33, 28. 2. STEVIE WONDER - Blind VIDEO - Superstition One of America's most creative songwriters and performers. He has contributed to the growth and development of Soul and Pop music. He has not let his music be pigeon holed into just one genre. Some today credit or blame him for vocal styling of contemporary pop music. Many of his songs require \"vocal gymnastics\" and some listeners have complained that the singers sounds like they have the \"stomach flu\".",
"His style of writing and performing has influenced composers and performers from Jazz to Country. What ever your opinion he has had a big impact on the modern music scene. Here are some of his hits \"Fingertips\", \"Overjoyed\", \"Uptight (everything's alright)\", \"Blowin' In The Wind\", \"I Was Made To Love Her\", 'Skeletons\", \"Part Time Lover\", \"Sir Duke\", \"Master blaster (Jammin')\"', \"I Wish\", \"Ebony And Ivory\" (with Paul McCartney), \"I Just called To Say I Love you\", \"Isn't She Lovely\", \"Superstition\", \"Send One Your Love\", \"Do I Do\", \"You Are The Sunshine Of My Life\", \"Boogie On Reggae Woman\", \"Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours\", \"Higher ground\", \"For Once In My Life\", and \"Living For The City\". For more on Stevie Wonder CLICK 100 Most Important American Songs see songs 38 and 28. 1.",
"MICHAEL JACKSON (1958 - 2009)(solo artist & with The Jackson Five) - Lupus & Vitiligo VIDEO - Billie Jean ((Live) One of the most famous celebrities with Lupus and Vitiligo is Michael Jackson. His odd behavior may not have been odd after all. Lets start with the famous white glove. It may have been introduced to cover the discoloration of his hand from the disease Vitiligo. The disease causes discoloration and skin blotches. It is unsightly. For a person who performs in public it was a serious problem. He battled this skin problem and the under educated of both Black and White Americans perceived his slowly turning white as a elaborate bleaching method to disavow being black. Nothing could have been further from the truth. He was proud of his racial heritage as much as he was proud of his national heritage. Those who suffer from Lupus are profoundly impacted from Ultra Violet light from the sun and florescent lights. This would explain why he carried an umbrella. He needed to keep the sun off his skin. The combination of both afflictions would explain most of his public behavioral issues. Lupus symptoms and conditions are unpredictable and can strike suddenly.",
"The normal response to Lupus often seems odd to those who do not have the illness. For more on Michael Jackson click Drugs, Booze, Death - American Musicians see artist 2 7. Honorable Mention Kim Wickes - Blind She is a Korean/American blinded in the Korean War. She was adopted by Americans and grew up in Indiana. She attended the Indiana School for the Blind in Indianapolis. She has two degrees from Indiana University and studied music in Vienna, Austria. Her music is faith based as she is a singing evangelist and she sings in an operatic style. She tours the world performing and has several albums to her credit. for more on Kim Wickes CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Lefty Williams - Birth Defect He was born without his right hand. He is a songwriter and guitarist. In order to be able to play the guitar he needed a way to be able to use his right arm. He and his maternal grandfather invented a pick that could be attached to his right arm. They worked on it and found ways to improve it. This is reflective of his attitude \"Never give up\". He graduated from Atlanta Institute of Music and then taught there for several years.",
"His music interest is varied but his love is Jazz fusion and Rock. He tours performing his music. Reverend Gary Davis (1896 - 1972) - Blind He lost sight very early in life. He was highly regarded for his Ragtime, Blues and Gospel guitar work. He was equally capable on banjo. In the mid thirties he converted to Christianity and became a Baptist minster. He backed away from playing the Blues. When the Electrofied Era began in 1940 he was performing Gospel in Churches and on streetcorners in New York. In the 1950's he began to seriously record. There have been three dozen albums produced of his music. From the fifties to near the end of his life he also taught guitar. For more on Rev. Gary Davis CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Patrick Henry Hughes - Multiple Disabilities He is a multi-instrument musician and vocalist. He was born with extremely limited movement in both the arms and legs. He also has no eyes. He is an alumnus of the University of Louisville where he played in the Marching Band with the help of his father.",
"He is best known for his cover of great Pop Standards and performing Country. For more on Patrick CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Bill Clements - Amputee He is a bass guitarist from Kalamazoo, Michigan. He was inspired to play bass at age 13 by listening to the great bass players from Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. His right hand and forearm were amputated as the result of an industrial accident. This did not stop him from becoming a successful bass player in the Rock and Jazz genres. He has also had an ongoing battle with alcohol. He has proven that disabilities are not dead end barriers. Blind John Davis - (1913 - 1985) Blind He was born in Mississippi in 1913 and lost his sight by age nine while living Chacago. He father owned \"speakeasies\" in Chicago during prohibition. It was there that he honed his musical interests and skill on the piano. He played Blues/Jazz/ Boogie-Woogie piano. He worked for several record labels playing the piano for other artists at recording sessions. He latter recorded on his own and toured Europe.",
"For more on Blind John Davis CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Mark Goffeney a.k.a. Big Toe - Birth Defect (No Arms) He is a San Diego based musician who plays the bass with his feet. He is the vocalist and bassist for \"Big Toe Band\". Joesph Manone - Amputee He lost his arm in an accident at age ten. He was a famous trumpet player and composer of \"Tar Paper Stomp\" the song that would become the basis of the most popular instrumental of the Electrofied Era, \"In The Mood\". He played with Benny Goodman and Bing Crosby. He became a fixture in Las Vegas as a casino entertainer. For more on the song \"In The Mood\". Click 2. Top 100 American Instrumentals The Blind Boys Of Alabama - Blind One of America's leading Gospel groups. They formed in 1939 during the segregation era of American History The Blind Boys formed at the Alabama Institute for the Negro Blind. In building a career they had to over come segregation as much as their blindness. They have had a lasting impact on R&B , Rock and even Country.",
"They have performed or recorded with some of the biggest names in the Electrofied Era. For more on The Blind Boys of Alabama CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Matt Savage - Autism He is an autistic savant from Massachusetts. He is essentially self taught on the piano. Matt is a rising Jazz phenomenon.just beginning a life career. Autism creates serious problems in socialization which is so important in any career. He is not letting that stand in his way, and we will be hearing more from him in the future. Connie Francis - Bipolar Note - She is by any standard an international superstar. Connie Francis was one of the very biggest American recording artist of the last half of the 20th. century. She was among the first of the Rock era to record in foreign languages, Italian, Spanish, German and Japanese. She is in the elite of American recording artists which are true Global Artists. She does not make the Top 25 because she was diagnosed with Bipolar problems long after her biggest career success. Her career in the United States was huge from 1958 to 1965 but dropped off after that. She did have success internationally in the years that followed.",
"In 1974 while on tour in New York (state) she was brutally raped and nearly killed. This happened about a year after a miscarriage. In 1977 her aunt was murdered. Then in 1981 her brother was murdered by a Mafia hit man. These four events and stress over her career are believed to have contributed to her being diagnosed with a Bipolar disorder. In the years following treatment she toured and performed for her fans around the world. She made several appearances in Las Vegas. Marcus Roberts - Blind Marcus lost his sight to cataracts by age five. He was self taught on the piano. He attended the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind, and then went on to college at Florida State University. He is a highly regarded Jazz pianist and was Keyboard player with world famous Jazz artist, Wynton Marsalis. On his own he has made well over two dozen recordings. He is an Assistant Professor of Jazz Studies at Florida State University. For more on Marcus Roberts CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Jimmy McGriff - Multiple Sclerosis Note - Like Connie Francis his illness was diagnosed after the high point of his career Most of his musical accomplishments occurred long before his diagnosis.",
"He was one of America's greatest artist on the Hammond Organ. His musical expertise was in Jazz/Blues and Disco/Electronic Music. He was diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis in 1996 and died in 2008 from complications of the disease. Victoria Williams - Multiple Sclerosis She has toured with Neil Young and Lou Reed. She was in the film \"Even Cowgirls Get The Blues\". Her musical style is hard to pigeon hole. She is a guitarist that is capable of crossing genres and mixing genres. She tends to play a cross of Folk and Alternative Rock. Tom Sullivan - Blind Actor, author and musician. He had a recurring role in the television series \"Highway to Heaven\". He sang on the show and on other nationally televised events including performing the \"Star Spangled Banner\" at a Super Bowl and Indianapolis 500 events. He also has at least one album sold nationally For more on Tom Sullivan CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Charles Atkins - Blind He attended the Florida School for the Deaf and Blind and the New York institute for the Blind and Florida State University. It was at FSU he earned a degree in music education. Charles is famous for his Blues styling.",
"While in Florida he worked with Sam and Dave world famous R&B artists. He has made his own mark as an artist and is currently performing with his own band \"The Charles Atkins Band. For more on Charles Atkins CLICK VIDEO - Smile by Mandy Harvey Since birth she has dealt with increasing hearing loss. While attending Colorado State University she went totally deaf. She had been focusing her education on music. With her loss of hearing she dropped out of school to deal with health issues and regroup. She ultimately came back to music. She has recorded several albums. Her forte is singing Jazz which is difficult for the normal hearing person. Her success in this area of music sets her apart from many singers. She has at least four albums to her credit. Alec Templeton (1909 - 1963) - Blind He was a Welsh/American. He was born blind. He immigrated in 1936 to the United States. He hosted several national radio shows and recorded for several large record companies. His music was Jazz and the Classics. For more on Alec Templeton CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Jessica Callahan - Blind She is Pop singer/songwriter who is also proficient on the keyboard.",
"She is truly a rising talent in the Pop music genre. She has two albums under her belt and more on the way. She is best known in the Las Angeles area but her music is gaining recognition across America. For more on Jessica Callahan CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Lennie Tristono (1919 - 1978) - Blind He was born in Chicago and was one of the nations leading Jazz educators. He acknowledged fellow brother in blindness, Art Tatum, as influential in his music. He also credited Charlie Parker and Nat King Cole. He had more than a hand full of recordings to his credit. For more on Lennie Tristono CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Blind \"Willie\" McTell (1898 - 1959) - Blind He was born blind and attended the Georgia School for the Blind. He was a singer/songwriter of the blues was also a Gospel singer. In 1940, the beginning of the Electrofied Era, he made a series of recordings for the Library of Congress.He made other recordings in 40's and 50's for record companies.",
"His music influenced Bob Dylan and the Allman Brothers Band among others. For more on Blind \"Willie\" McTell CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Lachi - Legally Blind She is a singer/songwriter from New York. As America has matured musically it has become increasingly difficult to classify artists because of the plethora of genres and sub-genres that have evolved out of our national experience. Lachi falls into that circumstance. She clearly has strong Jazz ties and yet she often has a strong Alternative Rock sound and then she can have a Pop Standards feel. She has three albums to her credit, but her career is just getting up a head of steam. There is certainly more to come. For more on Lachi CLICK Top 40 Blind and Visually Impaired American Musicians Sonny Terry (1911 - 1986) - Blind He lost most of his sight by age 16 from injuries. His vision was little more than light perception. He was a harmonica and Juice Harp (Jaw Harp) player who played varying forms of the Blues and Folk music. Sonny also performed vocals.",
"He made his first recordings in 1940 at the beginning of the Electrofied Era. he worked with Woody Guthrie and Moses Asch. He has over a half dozen albums and has been inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. For more Sonny Terry CLICK Nathan Beaugard (189? - 1970) - Blind He was a singer guitar player, Blues legend, born blind in Mississippi. For more on Nathan CLICK"
] |
Spear of the Nation was an armed wing of which group?
|
ANC
|
[
"Tripartite alliance",
"African national Congress",
"African National",
"African National Congress",
"South African Native National Congress",
"ANC",
"Flag of the African National Congress",
"ANC flag",
"South African National Native Congress",
"African National Congress of South Africa",
"National Democratic Revolution"
] | 11,388
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[
"Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance - Telegraph South Africa Nelson Mandela's Spear of the Nation: the ANC's armed resistance Nelson Mandela set up the African National Congress' armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), in 1961 when he lost hope that passive and non-violent resistance to the apartheid government would bear fruit. Nelson Mandela outside Westminster Abbey in 1962 Photo: REX Follow It was launched on December 16, the same day as the Afrikaners defeated the Zulus at the Battle of the Blood River 100 years earlier, not long after the massacre in Sharpeville of 69 unarmed protesters by the security police. With no military training himself, and in hiding from the government, Mr Mandela travelled abroad where he was offered financial and practical help by countries including Ethiopia and Algeria. Mr Mandela was adamant that MK, as the armed unit was called, would not kill people but its tactics would be aimed at sabotage. In his own words, the aim was to \"hit back by all means within our power in defence of our people, our future and our freedom\".",
"On his return to South Africa, Mr Mandela and his colleagues set up regional command units and set about training their army in bomb making and clandestine operations. MK carried out numerous bombings during the next 20 years and the pledge not to kill became redundant – in the whole campaign, at least 63 people died and 483 people were injured. Related Articles uMkhonto weSizwe (MK) | South African History Online South African History Online Jabulile Nyawose Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) logo On 16 December, 1961, Umkhonto weSizwe (MK) was launched as an armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). The formation of the MK Umkhonto weSizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\") or 'MK' as it was more commonly known, was launched on the 16th December 1961. On the same day in 1838, the Afrikaners had defeated the Zulus at the Battle of the Blood River and it was perhaps significant that the armed struggle was launched on this particular day, more than one hundred years later.",
"The formation of MK followed a series of events that made it necessary for the national liberation movements in South Africa to move towards a more significant challenge to the white minority government. The African National Congress (ANC) , together with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and the members of the Congress Alliance, the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People’s Congress and the Congress of the Democrats, had been engaged in peaceful acts of resistance which aimed at forcing the government to eventually recognise the rights of Black people in South Africa. However, the 1950s and the early 1960s, showed the intension by the South African government to further isolate the country’s black people through various laws and severe repressive measures. In addition, in the face of repressive measures by the state, came the need to change tactics in the manner in which the ANC, SACP and the Congress Alliance had been approaching the struggle for freedom and equality.",
"Crowds fleeing from bullets on the day of the Massacre Changing tactics was not going to be a simple and easy thing for the ANC, because for a long time it had embraced the ‘non-violence’ approach, an approach favored by Chief Albert Luthuli , President of the ANC at that time. Apart from the ‘non-violence’ stance that the ANC embraced, there were other issues that did not support the idea of an armed struggle, for instance at the time when the decision was made to form the MK, the ANC was banned under the Unlawful Organisations Bill of 1960 therefore, if the decision to take up arms became the decision of the ANC as the organisation, that would have put its Congress Alliance in danger of being banned. Events leading to the decision to take up arms by the ANC In the 1950s it became clear to some members of the ANC and the SACP that passive resistance and non-violence were not working.",
"A factor that undoubtedly had an influence on the thinking of the ANC and the SACP, and which probably had a bearing on their shift towards political violence in 1961, was the general failure of the ANC directed campaigns of the 1950s to bring about meaningful political changes based on the policy of non-violence and moderation, following the moderate successes of the Defiance Campaign of 1952 and the Western Areas Campaign. Some sources site that the reason for these ‘moderate’ successes were due to unproductive and unfocused meetings. The ANC also showed a shift in its policies during the Annual National Congress on 26 June 1955 in Kliptown where the Freedom Charter was adopted. The significance of the Freedom Charter, was that the perception of the ANC as an African-only organisation shifted to one that embraces a growing unity amongst all Black peoples. However this multi-racial ideology did lead to a split within the ANC by those members like Robert Sobukwe who espoused the Pan-Africanist view of “Africa for Africans”. He went on to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) .",
"The most significant catalyst that led to the taking up of arms was the Sharpeville Massacre on 21 March 1960 , where the government violently crushed a peaceful anti-pass demonstration organised by the Pan African Congress. This demonstration lead to the deaths of 69 people, with 186 wounded. Also in the Western Cape Township, Langa, 3 people were killed and 27 injured in clashes with police over the burning of passes. The states’ heavy-handed response to the peaceful demonstrations and the subsequent banning of the ANC and SACP the following month, dealt a serious blow to the ANC and its allies. Therefore, in 1960 after the Sharpeville massacre and the banning of liberation organisations many more ANC and SACP members were convinced. The time had come to rethink the approach towards the struggle and move from ‘passive resistance’ to the ‘armed struggle’. “Mandela’s” proposal By the end of 1960, popular resistance seemed to be crushed. The flames of the burning passes had been put out by the bullets of Sharpeville and Langa.",
"The week long stay-away called for the 19 April 1960 failed to raise the spirit of a dejected people. Those liberation leaders who escaped the massive state clampdown slipped out of the country to begin re-organising resistance from abroad. For Mandela, this was the turning point. \"If the government reaction is to crush by naked force our non-violent struggle,\" he told a gathering of local and foreign press in a safe house, \"we will have to reconsider our tactics. In my mind we are closing a chapter on this question of a non-violent policy.\" Various suggestions have been given on who and how the idea and the decision to take up arms came into being. One is that the proposal was first made to the ANC by Mandela in June, but Ben Turok suggests that it was in one private meeting between April and May 1960, which comprised of a handful of SACP activists, Yusuf Dadoo , Jack Hugson , Joe Matthews , Michael Hermal, Moses Kotane , Ben Turok, and Ruth First . Bram Fischer and Bartholomew Hlapane. At this meeting Michael Hermel presented a proposal of a move towards armed struggle.",
"The proposal, according to Ben Turok, suggested that: “”¦peaceful methods of struggle were over; that one had to now look at alternatives; and that the alternative was armed struggle - violence. And it set this in the context of Marxist theory and communist theory, and revolutionary practice.\" This proposal was later presented to individuals within the ANC, and it therefore pre-dates the 1961 decision of the ANC to begin the armed struggle. At an ANC Working Committee meeting in June 1961 Mandela presented the proposal for a military wing, initially Moses Kotane disagreed. He argued that: \"There is still room for the old methods if we are imaginative and determined enough.\" Eventually, however, Kotane agreed to the matter being raised with the National Executive. Later that month the National Executive met in Durban. Like all ANC meetings at the time, the meeting was secret and held at night in order to avoid the police. Mandela anticipated difficulties. There was no doubt that the timing was poor. At the Treason Trial, the ANC had contended that non-violence was an inviolate principle of the movement, not simply a tactic.",
"He knew, furthermore, that Chief Luthuli's commitment to non-violence was deeply moral and feared his opposition. However, Luthuli was ultimately persuaded. \"If anyone thinks I am a pacifist\", he said, \"let him try to take my chickens, and he will know how wrong he is!\" Luthuli’s suggestion was that the military movement should be a separate and independent organ, linked and under the overall control of the ANC but fundamentally autonomous. In this way the legality of the unbanned allies would not be jeopardised. The NEC agreed. The following night, the Joint Executive met in Durban including representatives from the Indian Congress, the Coloured People's Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats. Chief Luthuli opened the meeting by saying that even though the ANC had endorsed the decision on violence, \"it is a matter of such gravity, I would like my colleagues here tonight to consider the issue afresh”. For Mandela, this was a sign that the chief was not one hundred percent convinced by his proposal. However, when the session opened at 8pm, Mandela presented his arguments once again.",
"Maulvi Cachalia pleaded with the ANC not to take up arms, arguing that the state would slaughter the whole liberation movement. \"Non-violence has not failed us, we have failed non-violence\", pleaded JN Singh. \"We argued the entire night\", recalled Mandela, but then suddenly MD Naidoo, a member of the South African Indian Congress, said to his Indian colleagues: \"Ah, you are afraid of going to jail, that is all!\" By dawn, Mandela had his authority. Nelson Mandela of the ANC and Joe Slovo of the SACP were mandated to form the new military organisation and its high command, separate from the ANC. The policy of the ANC would still be that of non-violence. They were authorised to join with whomever they wanted or needed to create this organisation and they would not be under the direct control of the mother organisation (ANC). “At the time when MK was formed a decision was taken that it should be an independent organisation. There is however, no certainty as to the precise terms in which the decision was formulated. This enabled the ANC and any of its leaders to deny any involvement in armed activity, while allowing those organising MK to do so in the ANC’s name”.",
"The name of the new organisation would be Umkhonto weSizwe, Zulu and Xhosa for the Spear of the Nation. Its short name would be the MK. The MK’s aim was to \"hit back by all means within our power in defence of our people, our future and our freedom\". Planning for the first phase The first phase of armed action was to be the December 1961 sabotage campaign against government installations. Instructions were issued to avoid attacks that would lead to injury or loss of life. Joe Slovo wrote: \"No one believed that the tactic of sabotage could, on its own, lead to the collapse of the racist state. It would be the first phase of 'controlled violence' designed to serve a number of purposes. It would be a graphic pointer to the need for carefully planned action rather than spontaneous or terrorist acts of retaliation which were already in evidence ”¦ And it would demonstrate that the responsibility for the slide towards bloody civil war lay squarely with the regime\". In the six or so months between making the decision to form the organisation (June) and the first acts of sabotage (December), the MK high command set up regional commands in the main centres.",
"The people chosen to be part of these commands were chosen either because they had the necessary technical or military skills or because they were members of the Congress Alliance organisations. Curnick Dlovu led the Natal region. Looksmart Ngudle (who died in security police detention in 1963) and Fred Carneson were leaders in the Western Cape. Washington Bongco (who was hanged for MK activities in August 1963) was Border regional commander. Vuyisile Mini (who was executed in 1964) was one of the key figures in the Eastern Cape command. Jack Hogson , Ahmed Kathrada , Arthur Goldreich and Dennis Goldberg were in Johannesburg. Ronnie Kasrils recalls his recruitment to the newly formed MK: \"During July 1961, MP Naicker took me for a walk along the [Durban] beach front ”¦ 'I have been asked to approach you,' he said, above the roar of the surf smashing against the rocks, ' to sound you out. Are you willing to get involved?' \"Theory apart\" wrote Slovo, \"this venture into a new era of struggle found us ill-equipped at many levels.",
"Among the lot of us we did not have a single pistol. No one we knew had ever engaged in urban sabotage with home made explosives ”¦\" It was Jack Hodgson, appointed to the Johannesburg military command of MK, who showed them the ropes. A veteran of the Abyssinian campaign and a 'desert rat' during the early stages of the North African war, Jack Hodgson taught the cadres the rudiments. \"Sacks of permanganate of potash were brought\", wrote Slovo, \"and we spent days with pestles and mortars grinding this substance to a fine powder\". Kasrils continues: \"He (Hodgson) placed a chemical mixture with icing sugar into a spoon and carefully added a drop of acid with an eye dropper. The powder burst into flame and we were as impressed as pupils in a science class. The problem, of course, was how to achieve the result without directly applying the acid. For that one required a timing device.\" \"With a huge grin he produced a condom\". First he placed a teaspoon of the chemical mixture into the condom.",
"Next he produced a small, gelatine capsule ”¦ Opening the capsule, he added a few drops of acid, carefully put the cap back on the capsule and dropped it into the condom. He told us that it normally took up to 50 minutes for the acid to eat through the capsule ”¦” References: • Niemann, M. (1993). 'Diamonds are State's Best Friend: Botswana's Foreign Policy in Southern Africa'. • Africa Today, vol 40. No 1.Magubane, B. (1983). 'Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland: South Africa's Hostages in Revolt'. (Eds) • Callaghy, T. M. South Africa in Southern Africa: The Intensifying Vortex of Violence, Praeger: New York. • Urnov, A. (1982). South Africa against Africa, Progress: Moscow. • O'Meara, P. and Carter, G. M. (1982). 'Interchapter--Botswana, Lesotho, and Swaziland: The Common Background and Links'. (Eds) • O'Meara, P.",
"and Carter, G.M. Southern Africa: The Continuing Crisis (second edition), Indiana University Press: Bloomington. • ANC official website (history and documents section). anc.org.za • African National Congress (undated). The History of Umkhonto weSizwe, timeline. anc.org.za (accessed 12 December 2003). Project MUSE - Spear of the Nation Spear of the Nation Janet Cherry Publication Year: 2012 Umkhonto we Sizwe, Spear of the Nation, was arguably the last of the great liberation armies of the twentieth century—but it never got to “march triumphant into Pretoria.” MK—as it was known—was the armed wing of the African National Congress, South Africa’s liberation movement, that challenged the South African apartheid government. A small group of revolutionaries committed to the seizure of power, MK discovered its principal members engaged in negotiated settlement with the enemy and was disbanded soon after. The history of MK is one of paradox and contradiction, of successes and failures.",
"In this short study, which draws widely on the personal experiences of—and commentary by—MK soldiers, Janet Cherry offers a new and nuanced account of the Spear of the Nation. She presents in broad outline the various stages of MK’s thirty-year history, considers the difficult strategic and moral problems the revolutionary army faced, and argues that its operations are likely to be remembered as a just war conducted with considerable restraint. Download PDF p. 7 I should like to thank Howard Barrell, Mzolisi Dyasi, Kholi Mhlana, Madeleine Fullard and Ronnie Kasrils for their comments on the manuscript, as well as the South African... 1. Introduction Download PDF pp. 9-12 Hailed as heroes by many South Africans, demonised as evil terrorists by others, Umkhonto weSizwe, the Spear of the Nation, is now part of history. Though the organisation no longer exists, its former members are represented by the MK Military Veterans’ Association, which still carries... 2. The turn to armed struggle, 1960–3 Download PDF pp.",
"13-34 It is hard to find anyone in South Africa today who will argue with conviction that the armed struggle for liberation from apartheid was not justified. This was not always the case, especially among whites. Even so, most South Africans... 3. The Wankie and Sipolilo campaigns, 1967–8 Download PDF pp. 35-46 Those who left the country for military training in the early 1960s, including the young Chris Hani, who was later to become MK Chief of Staff, did not have an easy time of it. After receiving military training in various... 4. Struggling to get home, 1969–84 Download PDF pp. 47-84 Following the Wankie and Sipolilo campaigns, the ANC held a decisive national conference at Morogoro in Tanzania in 1969 to deal with the unprecedented level of criticism and dissatisfaction within the organisation. Survivors of the Rhodesian campaigns were... 5. Reaping the whirlwind, 1984–9 Download PDF pp.",
"85-112 The 1980s, the third decade of the armed struggle, opened up greater opportunities for MK and the ANC than ever before and, at the same time, greater challenges. The new decade began with exciting developments inside South... 6. The end of armed struggle Download PDF pp. 113-132 Underlying the desperate accounts of the battles, skirmishes and bombings, urban and rural, which we have described, is a great irony: that while MK cadres were being exhorted to ‘escalate the armed struggle’ in preparation... 7. A sober assessment of MK Download PDF pp. 133-144 There is a strong case to be made that MK’s armed struggle will be remembered as an example of a just war conducted with considerable restraint. The argument is all the more compelling if the South African liberation struggle... Sources and further reading Armed Resistance Movement - Nelson Mandela Armed Resistance Movement Process Paper In 1961, Nelson Mandela co-founded and became the first leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\"), also known as MK, a new armed wing of the ANC.",
"Under Mandela's leadership, MK launched a sabotage campaign against the government, which had recently declared South Africa a republic and withdrawn from the British Commonwealth. In January 1962, Mandela traveled aboard illegally to attend a conference of African nationalist leaders in Ethiopia, visit the exiled Oliver Tambo in London and undergo guerilla training in Algeria. On August 5, shortly after his return, he was arrested and subsequently sentenced to five years in prison for leaving the country and inciting a 1961 workers strike. The following July, police raided an ANC hideout in Rivonia, a suburb on the outskirts of Johannesburg, and arrested a racially diverse group of MK leaders who had gathered to debate the merits of a guerilla insurgency. Evidence eas found implicating Mandela and other activists, who were brought to stand trial for sabotage, treason and violent conspiracy alongside their associates.Mandela and other seven defendants narrowly escaped the gallows and were instead sentenced to life imprisonment during the so-call Rivonia Trial, which lasted eight months and attracted substantial international attention. In a stirring opening statement that sealed his iconic status around the world, Mandela admitted to some of the charges against him while defending the ANC's actions and denouncing the injustices of apartheid.",
"Create a free website Nelson Mandela - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Nelson Mandela’s Childhood and Education Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, into a royal family of the Xhosa-speaking Thembu tribe in the South African village of Mvezo, where his father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (c. 1880-1928), served as chief. His mother, Nosekeni Fanny, was the third of Mphakanyiswa’s four wives, who together bore him nine daughters and four sons. After the death of his father in 1927, 9-year-old Mandela—then known by his birth name, Rolihlahla—was adopted by Jongintaba Dalindyebo, a high-ranking Thembu regent who began grooming his young ward for a role within the tribal leadership. Did You Know? As a sign of respect, many South Africans referred to Nelson Mandela as Madiba, his Xhosa clan name. The first in his family to receive a formal education, Mandela completed his primary studies at a local missionary school. There, a teacher dubbed him Nelson as part of a common practice of giving African students English names.",
"He went on to attend the Clarkebury Boarding Institute and Healdtown, a Methodist secondary school, where he excelled in boxing and track as well as academics. In 1939 Mandela entered the elite University of Fort Hare, the only Western-style higher learning institute for South African blacks at the time. The following year, he and several other students, including his friend and future business partner Oliver Tambo (1917-1993), were sent home for participating in a boycott against university policies. After learning that his guardian had arranged a marriage for him, Mandela fled to Johannesburg and worked first as a night watchman and then as a law clerk while completing his bachelor’s degree by correspondence. He studied law at the University of Witwatersrand, where he became involved in the movement against racial discrimination and forged key relationships with black and white activists. In 1944, Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) and worked with fellow party members, including Oliver Tambo, to establish its youth league, the ANCYL.",
"That same year, he met and married his first wife, Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1922-2004), with whom he had four children before their divorce in 1957. Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress Nelson Mandela’s commitment to politics and the ANC grew stronger after the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner-dominated National Party, which introduced a formal system of racial classification and segregation—apartheid—that restricted nonwhites’ basic rights and barred them from government while maintaining white minority rule. The following year, the ANC adopted the ANCYL’s plan to achieve full citizenship for all South Africans through boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and other nonviolent methods. Mandela helped lead the ANC’s 1952 Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws, traveling across the country to organize protests against discriminatory policies, and promoted the manifesto known as the Freedom Charter, ratified by the Congress of the People in 1955. Also in 1952, Mandela and Tambo opened South Africa’s first black law firm, which offered free or low-cost legal counsel to those affected by apartheid legislation.",
"On December 5, 1956, Mandela and 155 other activists were arrested and went on trial for treason. All of the defendants were acquitted in 1961, but in the meantime tensions within the ANC escalated, with a militant faction splitting off in 1959 to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). The next year, police opened fire on peaceful black protesters in the township of Sharpeville, killing 69 people; as panic, anger and riots swept the country in the massacre’s aftermath, the apartheid government banned both the ANC and the PAC. Forced to go underground and wear disguises to evade detection, Mandela decided that the time had come for a more radical approach than passive resistance. Nelson Mandela and the Armed Resistance Movement In 1961, Nelson Mandela co-founded and became the first leader of Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), also known as MK, a new armed wing of the ANC.",
"Several years later, during the trial that would put him behind bars for nearly three decades, he described the reasoning for this radical departure from his party’s original tenets: “[I]t would be wrong and unrealistic for African leaders to continue preaching peace and nonviolence at a time when the government met our peaceful demands with force. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle.” Under Mandela’s leadership, MK launched a sabotage campaign against the government, which had recently declared South Africa a republic and withdrawn from the British Commonwealth. In January 1962, Mandela traveled abroad illegally to attend a conference of African nationalist leaders in Ethiopia, visit the exiled Oliver Tambo in London and undergo guerilla training in Algeria. On August 5, shortly after his return, he was arrested and subsequently sentenced to five years in prison for leaving the country and inciting a 1961 workers’ strike. The following July, police raided an ANC hideout in Rivonia, a suburb on the outskirts of Johannesburg, and arrested a racially diverse group of MK leaders who had gathered to debate the merits of a guerilla insurgency.",
"Evidence was found implicating Mandela and other activists, who were brought to stand trial for sabotage, treason and violent conspiracy alongside their associates. Mandela and seven other defendants narrowly escaped the gallows and were instead sentenced to life imprisonment during the so-called Rivonia Trial, which lasted eight months and attracted substantial international attention. In a stirring opening statement that sealed his iconic status around the world, Mandela admitted to some of the charges against him while defending the ANC’s actions and denouncing the injustices of apartheid. He ended with the following words: “I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.” Nelson Mandela’s Years Behind Bars Nelson Mandela spent the first 18 of his 27 years in jail at the brutal Robben Island Prison, a former leper colony off the coast of Cape Town, where he was confined to a small cell without a bed or plumbing and compelled to do hard labor in a lime quarry. As a black political prisoner, he received scantier rations and fewer privileges than other inmates.",
"He was only allowed to see his wife, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (1936-), who he had married in 1958 and was the mother of his two young daughters, once every six months. Mandela and his fellow prisoners were routinely subjected to inhumane punishments for the slightest of offenses; among other atrocities, there were reports of guards burying inmates in the ground up to their necks and urinating on them. These restrictions and conditions notwithstanding, while in confinement Mandela earned a bachelor of law degree from the University of London and served as a mentor to his fellow prisoners, encouraging them to seek better treatment through nonviolent resistance. He also smuggled out political statements and a draft of his autobiography, “Long Walk to Freedom,” published five years after his release. Despite his forced retreat from the spotlight, Mandela remained the symbolic leader of the antiapartheid movement. In 1980 Oliver Tambo introduced a “Free Nelson Mandela” campaign that made the jailed leader a household name and fueled the growing international outcry against South Africa’s racist regime.",
"As pressure mounted, the government offered Mandela his freedom in exchange for various political compromises, including the renouncement of violence and recognition of the “independent” Transkei Bantustan, but he categorically rejected these deals. In 1982 Mandela was moved to Pollsmoor Prison on the mainland, and in 1988 he was placed under house arrest on the grounds of a minimum-security correctional facility. The following year, newly elected president F. W. de Klerk (1936-) lifted the ban on the ANC and called for a nonracist South Africa, breaking with the conservatives in his party. On February 11, 1990, he ordered Mandela’s release. Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa After attaining his freedom, Nelson Mandela led the ANC in its negotiations with the governing National Party and various other South African political organizations for an end to apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial government. Though fraught with tension and conducted against a backdrop of political instability, the talks earned Mandela and de Klerk the Nobel Peace Prize in December 1993.",
"On April 26, 1994, more than 22 million South Africans turned out to cast ballots in the country’s first multiracial parliamentary elections in history. An overwhelming majority chose the ANC to lead the country, and on May 10 Mandela was sworn in as the first black president of South Africa, with de Klerk serving as his first deputy. As president, Mandela established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate human rights and political violations committed by both supporters and opponents of apartheid between 1960 and 1994. He also introduced numerous social and economic programs designed to improve the living standards of South Africa’s black population. In 1996 Mandela presided over the enactment of a new South African constitution, which established a strong central government based on majority rule and prohibited discrimination against minorities, including whites. Improving race relations, discouraging blacks from retaliating against the white minority and building a new international image of a united South Africa were central to President Mandela’s agenda.",
"To these ends, he formed a multiracial “Government of National Unity” and proclaimed the country a “rainbow nation at peace with itself and the world.” In a gesture seen as a major step toward reconciliation, he encouraged blacks and whites alike to rally around the predominantly Afrikaner national rugby team when South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup. On his 80th birthday in 1998, Mandela wed the politician and humanitarian Graça Machel (1945-), widow of the former president of Mozambique. (His marriage to Winnie had ended in divorce in 1992.) The following year, he retired from politics at the end of his first term as president and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki (1942-) of the ANC. Nelson Mandela’s Later Years and Legacy After leaving office, Nelson Mandela remained a devoted champion for peace and social justice in his own country and around the world. He established a number of organizations, including the influential Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Elders, an independent group of public figures committed to addressing global problems and easing human suffering.",
"In 2002, Mandela became a vocal advocate of AIDS awareness and treatment programs in a culture where the epidemic had been cloaked in stigma and ignorance. The disease later claimed the life of his son Makgatho (1950-2005) and is believed to affect more people in South Africa than in any other country. Treated for prostate cancer in 2001 and weakened by other health issues, Mandela grew increasingly frail in his later years and scaled back his schedule of public appearances. In 2009, the United Nations declared July 18 “Nelson Mandela International Day” in recognition of the South African leader’s contributions to democracy, freedom, peace and human rights around the world. Nelson Mandela died on December 5, 2013 from a recurring lung infection.",
"Tags Spear of the Nation : Janet Cherry : 9780821420263 Add to basket Add to wishlist Description Umkhonto we Sizwe, Spear of the Nation, was arguably the last of the great liberation armies of the twentieth century-but it never got to \\u201cmarch triumphant into Pretoria.\\u201d MK-as it was known-was the armed wing of the African National Congress, South Africa's liberation movement, that challenged the South African apartheid government. A small group of revolutionaries committed to the seizure of power, MK discovered its principal members engaged in negotiated settlement with the enemy and was disbanded soon after. The history of MK is one of paradox and contradiction, of successes and failures. In this short study, which draws widely on the personal experiences of-and commentary by-MK soldiers, Janet Cherry offers a new and nuanced account of the Spear of the Nation. She presents in broad outline the various stages of MK's thirty-year history, considers the difficult strategic and moral problems the revolutionary army faced, and argues that its operations are likely to be remembered as a just war conducted with considerable restraint.",
"show more Product details 106.68 x 175.26 x 10.16mm | 113.4g Publication date Pretoria Presses Mandela's Group To Disband Army and Yield Arms - NYTimes.com Pretoria Presses Mandela's Group To Disband Army and Yield Arms By CHRISTOPHER S. WREN, Published: March 27, 1992 JOHANNESBURG, March 26— The policy of armed struggle against white minority rule that the African National Congress suspended more than 19 months ago, has re-emerged as the latest obstacle to negotiations between the Government and the congress. The Government of President F. W. de Klerk has intensified its insistence that the African National Congress renounce armed struggle altogether, disband its guerrillas and disclose its arms caches before an interim government now under discussion can be achieved. The congress agreed on Aug. 6, 1990, to suspend armed struggle, long dormant, to create a climate for negotiations. But it insists upon keeping its military wing, Spear of the Nation, intact until an interim government is in place.",
"The deadlock, while primarily symbolic, has nonetheless complicated the negotiations under way on South Africa's future, as each side maneuvers to wring new concessions. 'Here and Now' The Government contends that that no participant in transitional arrangements can maintain a private army. The Minister of Defense, Roelf Meyer, said on Wednesday that \"disbanding of M.K. cadres is something that should be attended to here and now.\" Spear of the Nation is popularly called M.K., a phonetic abbreviation of Umkhonto we Sizwe, its name in Xhosa. The congress has accused the Government of seeking excuses to delay multi-racial transitional rule. \"The A.N.C. is not going to abandon Umkhonto we Sizwe,\" said the congress's spokeswoman, Gill Marcus. Curiously, the Government's public pressure on the African National Congress has coincided with private progress reported at talks on the fate of Spear of the Nation. \"Things are going so well that we are confident that agreement will be reached soon,\" Cyril Ramaphosa, the congress's secretary general, said Monday. And Mr.",
"Meyer told journalists Wednesday that \"I think it can be resolved.\" Armed Struggle Began in 1961 The African National Congress began its armed struggle from exile in 1961 under conditions that did not favor a war of liberation. Its bases lay far beyond South Africa's borders, and guerrillas infiltrating back were routinely intercepted by South African security forces. Many guerrillas ended up fighting for the congress's friends in Angola and Zimbabwe, as the campaign inside South Africa turned to random terror bombings. The armed struggle, in effect, died out long before the congress announced its suspension. The agreement reached between the Government and the African National Congress in Pretoria in 1990 stipulated that \"no further armed actions and related activities by the A.N.C. and its military wing Umkhonto we Sizwe will take place.\" The Government defines \"related activities\" to include the stockpiling of arms and the recruitment of new guerrillas. The congress says these fall outside the agreement's scope. At its national conference last July, the African National Congress vowed to keep its guerrillas \"combat ready\" until they were integrated into South Africa's armed forces and a nonracist constitution was enacted.",
"Several thousand guerrillas remain in Uganda, Tanzania and several other African countries, where they are being retrained as a conventional army. Symbol of Resistance For many black South Africans, the armed struggle symbolizes their resistance to apartheid, and it has been accorded near mythic dimensions in the rhetoric of the African National Congress. If the congress disbanded its military wing to accommodate the Government, it would lose support in the townships, particularly among militant youth, and would become vulnerable to criticism from more radical groups like the Pan-Africanist Congress. The Government has not made clear why it is hammering publicly at an issue that is under private discussion with the congress. President de Klerk may want to show whites, who gave him an overwhelming mandate in a national referendum last week to negotiate change, that he is not giving in to the African National Congress. Or the Government may have adopted a more aggressive stance to counteract the congress's threat last week to unleash crippling new \"mass action\" -- strikes, boycotts and other protests -- unless the Government repeals a tax on basic foodstuffs and yields to an interim government in the next few months. The Government is also feeling pressure from the Inkatha Freedom Party, the congress's leading rival among blacks.",
"Inkatha's chairman, Frank Mdlalose, said his party would not agree to an interim government until political violence ended and Spear of the Nation was disbanded. Inkatha has accused the guerrillas of causing some of the violence. The congress blames Inkatha and Government security forces. The ultimatums apparently have not halted progress in the working groups of the Convention for a Democratic South Africa, as the negotiating forum that began last December is titled. The convention will likely consider arrangements for an interim government at its next full session, probably at the end of April. Night of the generals | Article | Africa Confidential Night of the generals 1st April 2016 Increasing surveillance of ANC dissidents and burglaries of journalists and activists point to paranoia at the top A veteran of the pre-liberation African National Congress armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK, Spear of the Nation), General Siphiwe 'Gebuza' Nyanda doesn't scare easily. Yet when a well armed hijacker decided on 23 March to make off with his Porsche luxury car, he didn't offer any resistance. Nyanda survived without a scratch and the car was found without serious damage a few hours later. Another random hijacking?",
"Perhaps, but it has emerged that Nyanda is the spokesman for a group known as Senior Commanders and Commissars of the ANC's former military wing. Just days before the attack, this group published a memorandum highly critical of President Jacob Zuma 's style of government (AC Vol 57 No 6, Gordhan and Zuma slug it out ). It ran through the familiar charge sheet: December's damaging and arbitrary sacking of Nhlanhla Nene as Finance Minister; the orchestrated harassment of current and previous Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan by the Hawks, the specialist police unit. Then the group declared its support for Mcebisi Jonas, who said that the Gupta family had offered him the post of Finance Minister before Zuma sacked Nene (AC Vol 55 No 11, A loyalist cabinet and Vol 57 No 4, Zupta Inc. ). Then came the coup de grâce which removed any ambiguity about the group's intentions.",
"The memo concluded, '…in the light of the many challenges facing the ANC and the state, we further call for the leadership of the ANC to urgently convene a special National Conference.' In today's febrile political climate, the idea of a special ANC conference would have but one aim: to sack Zuma from the presidency, a rerun of the recall of ex-President Thabo Mbeki at the Polokwane National Elective Conference of 2007. Fighters fight back The call had special weight, given Nyanda's history as an MK commander. The other signatories had their standing, too, both as liberation fighters and security apparatchiks who had fallen foul of Zuma. Riaz 'Mo' Shaik , former MK fighter and then head of the National Intelligence Agency (NIA), was a long-time Zuma ally. Indeed, his brother Schabir Shaik was a close business ally of Zuma's and was gaoled for involvement in 1999's US$6 billion arms procurement scandal (AC Vol 52 No 25, High unit costs ).",
"Also among the signatories was another former NIA boss, Gibson Njenje (AC Vol 52 No 14, Zuma and the securocrats ). Both Shaik and Njenje split with Zuma after they had tried to block what they saw as the Gupta family's growing power. Amid the rising chorus of Zuma critics, Nyanda's group is the most forthright and probably carries the most political weight. For some, that could mean that the theft of his car was the first warning shot. There's no sign that he and his battle-hardened friends are ready to back off. A more prosaic sign of skulduggery was a break-in at the Helen Suzman Foundation on the afternoon of 20 March (AC Vol 44 No 9, Looking down the line ). Again, the timing was important: it was three days after the Foundation had filed an application with the Pretoria High Court for the suspension of Lieutenant General Berning Mthandazo Ntlemeza as Director of the Hawks anti-corruption unit. Among the claims in the application is that Ntlemeza was found to have lied under oath by Judge Elias Matojane in the Gauteng High Court.",
"As Ntlemeza is a key ally of Zuma's and has played a leading role in the Hawks' bizarre pursuit of Gordhan for setting up an 'illegal fiscal monitoring unit' at the South African Revenue Service, the Foundation's application has great resonance currently. This month's robbers padlocked the Foundation's security guard to the railings outside the building, then carried away several computers, hard disk drives and paper files. They seemed to have a clear objective. Come in Number One Accusations and suspicions extend far beyond these two cases. Senior ANC officials have told Africa Confidential that their telephones are bugged. Some National Executive Committee members said they believed conversations were being monitored by State Security Agency (SSA) officials who pass the information to Zuma's office. 'Senior ANC members are so paranoid that Number One [Zuma] is listening to them that they prefer not to have conversations on their cell phones,' said a former intelligence officer. An ANC provincial leader said that 'the preferred communication is via WhatsApp. That is the safest. No one can really monitor that.' There is also a long-held belief that state security officers have been used as proxies to settle internal battles in the governing party.",
"Several senior South African Communist Party members, including Blade Nzimande , have complained bitterly that their telephones are being monitored. The State Security Minister, David Mahlobo, insists that that the interception of citizens' phone calls 'is lawful and South Africa's intelligence services can only bug people when there is good reason to do so'. Having headed the ANC intelligence organisation during the struggle against apartheid, Zuma knows a lot about surveillance. The training and assistance ANC intelligence operatives received from East Germany's State Security Ministry, the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit, commonly known as the Stasi, instilled a lasting ethic. Zuma takes a close interest in the intelligence chiefs: he ensures they are part of his inner circle, either from KwaZulu-Natal or people who owe him politically. The reputation of the intelligence services is suffering in other ways. Last Christmas, there was a series of burglaries at the SSA headquarters in Pretoria. At least 50 computers were stolen from Defence Intelligence Headquarters at the same time, the local press reported. On 26 December, more than 50 million rand (US$3.2 mn.) in cash was stolen from a safe on the premises.",
"Two agency officials were arrested and on are on bail but there is no news of the missing millions. An SSA insider said that the case was not as 'clear-cut' as it seemed and heads were likely to roll in the coming months. 'For now, no one inside the Agency is saying anything and we are watching the next move in the state's case and want to hear what the arrested officials will be arguing in court.' At the same time, there is a crisis in the parliamentary scrutiny of the intelligence services. Zuma has been eager to appoint another old ally, Cecil Burgess, as Inspector General of Intelligence (IGI), a post which is meant to hold the services to account and report to Parliament. It was soon clear that the opposition to his appointment meant that it would not receive the necessary two-thirds support in the House. Accordingly and at the last minute, the ANC Chief Whip withdrew the Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence's report supporting the appointment. Earlier, the Speaker, Baleka Mbete , had written to all parties, pleading with the opposition to put aside their differences and fill the important post. This was the ANC's third attempt to have the report adopted and the second to end in a withdrawal.",
"The IGI oversees the SSA as well as military and police criminal intelligence, investigates illegal espionage and keeps a check on intelligence operatives both at home and abroad. The post has been vacant for a year and the list of uninvestigated complaints is piling up. State Security Minister Mahlobo had left it to Mbete and the new acting Chief Whip, Dorris Eunice Dlakude, to get cross-party support for their candidate as he has been too busy keeping tabs on the President's detractors before next year's bruising ANC leadership battle. In January. it emerged that Zuma had met members of the parliamentary Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence and had made it clear he wanted to see former ANC MP Cecil Burgess appointed as IGI. While the Committee recommends a candidate for this powerful post to the President, Zuma has the final say before the recommendation goes to Parliament for ratification or rejection.",
"Zuma is set on appointing Burgess, who showed his loyalty to him and the ANC when he used his lawyer's wit to steamroll the controversial Protection of State Information Bill – widely derided as the 'secrecy bill' – through Parliament in 2013 (AC Vol 55 No 16, Jobs for the boys – and girls ). Burgess is a former ally of the Cape Town Mayor, Patricia de Lille, and was an MP for her now-defunct party, The Independent Democrats. Burgess defected to the ANC in 2005 and rose quickly up the ranks, chairing Parliament's special ad hoc committee on the Information Bill. He also chaired the ad hoc committee that found no wrongdoing on the part of the President when it looked into the spending of taxpayers' money on upgrading his homestead at Nkandla (AC Vol 56 No 5, No-fly zone for legal eagles ). Burgess is Zuma's favourite for the post on a shortlist of eight that included former MK veterans such as Clinton Davids. In June, the ANC could not get Parliament's approval.",
"Not everyone in the party was happy with the choice: some saw Burgess as a pro-Zuma hawk and others said he had no history in the ANC's underground structures. The Intelligence Committee denied that Zuma has applied pressure over the appointment. Zuma's special pleading was reported in the Committee's confidential proceedings. The Intelligence Committee is one of the few that meets behind closed doors. Cornelia 'Connie' September, the veteran trades unionist and former Human Settlements Minister who chairs the Committee, argues that opposition politicians don't understand the sensitive nature of the Committee's work. The Democratic Alliance's John Steenhuisen lambasts the selection process, arguing that Burgess isn't qualified for the job. He wants legislation to ensure the post is filled by a retired judge. That would 'prohibit the back-alley lobbying, cadre deployment and political interference', he says. The sudden resignation on 2 March of the ANC Chief Whip, Stone Sizani, pointed to the high stakes in the row over the IGI. He was seen as not supporting Burgess's appointment and therefore as hostile to Zuma. The ANC has now referred the matter back to the Committee to 'ensure there is sufficient consultation around the candidate'.",
"Mahlobo on the rise Politicians across the political divide were shocked by the 2014 appointment of Mahlobo, an unknown civil servant from Mpumalanga who was parachuted in to head the powerful SSA and who, says the SSA website, 'was sent by the ANC to China for Political Education'. In the past, senior ANC National Executive members, such as Lindiwe Sisulu and Ronnie Kasrils, held the portfolio. Mahlobo worked under Kasrils as a Director at the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry from 2002 until Kasrils left in 2004, and for two years thereafter. He is now seen as one of Zuma's closest lieutenants and staunch defenders on the National Executive Committee and shielding Zuma from the Nkandla homestead fiasco. Mhlobo has been vocal about the ANC leadership battle. In 2015, Mahlobo came under fire for jamming mobile telephone and internet services during the opening of Parliament (AC Vol 56 No 4, A rowdy state of the nation ).",
"He travels abroad regularly with Zuma and was one of the few ministers to accompany him to Russia in 2014 to meet President Vladimir Putin. Those meetings are understood to have included discussions about Russia's multi-billion dollar bids for contracts to expand South Africa's nuclear power industry, an issue of great sensitivity to international intelligence agencies. Copyright © Africa Confidential 2017 Umkhonto we Sizwe | South African military organization | Britannica.com South African military organization THIS IS A DIRECTORY PAGE. Britannica does not currently have an article on this topic. Alternative Title: Umkonto we Sizwe Learn about this topic in these articles: in South Africa: Resistance to apartheid ...of their white sympathizers came to the conclusion that apartheid could never be overcome by peaceful means alone. PAC established an armed wing called Poqo, and the ANC set up its military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), in 1961. Although their military units detonated several bombs in government buildings during the next few years, the ANC and PAC did not pose a... in South Africa: Security ...However, from the 1970s an increasing number of black troops were recruited.",
"Compulsory military service, formerly for white males only, ended in 1994. Guerrillas of the ANC’s military wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), and of the PAC’s military have been incorporated into a renamed South African National Defence Force. This integration has not been entirely... in African National Congress (ANC): Move toward militancy ...the PAC. Denied legal avenues for political change, the ANC first turned to sabotage and then began to organize outside of South Africa for guerrilla warfare. In 1961 an ANC military organization, Umkhonto we Sizwe (\"Spear of the Nation\"), with Mandela as its head, was formed to carry out acts of sabotage as part of its campaign against apartheid. Mandela and other ANC leaders were sentenced... in Nelson Mandela: Underground activity and the Rivonia Trial ...acts of sabotage against the South African regime. He went underground (during which time he became known as the Black Pimpernel for his ability to evade capture) and was one of the founders of Umkhonto we Sizwe (“Spear of the Nation”), the military wing of the ANC.",
"In 1962 he went to Algeria for training in guerrilla warfare and sabotage, returning to South Africa later that... in Britannica Remembers Nelson Mandela ...of the African National Congress (banned since 1960). He was actively engaged in the defiance campaign against apartheid in 1952 and was a founder (Nov. 1961) of the sabotage organization known as Umkonto we Ziswe (“Spear of the Nation”). Mandela was one of the accused in the South African treason trial which, with preliminary hearings, lasted from Dec. 1956 to March 1961. He..."
] |
What was Michael Keaton's first movie?
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Night Shift
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[
"Nightshift",
"Nightshift (TV series)",
"Night Shift (disambiguation)",
"Night Shift",
"Night shift"
] | 10,810
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[
"Michael Keaton - IMDb IMDb Actor | Soundtrack | Producer Quirky, inventive and handsome US actor, Michael Keaton first achieved major fame with his door busting performance as fast talking, ideas man \"Bill Blazejowski\" alongside nerdish morgue attendant Henry Winkler in Night Shift (1982). Keaton was born Michael John Douglas on September 5, 1951 in Coraopolis, Pennsylvannia, to Leona Elizabeth (Loftus),... See full bio » Born: a list of 47 people created 24 May 2011 a list of 49 people created 15 May 2012 a list of 25 people created 16 Apr 2013 a list of 46 people created 12 Aug 2014 a list of 36 people created 04 Apr 2015 Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Michael Keaton's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 64 wins & 37 nominations.",
"See more awards » Known For Batman Returns Batman / Bruce Wayne (1992) 2015 Binky Nelson Unpacified (Video short) Walter Nelson (voice) 2011 30 Rock (TV Series) Tom 2002 Live from Baghdad (TV Movie) Robert Wiener 2001 The Simpsons (TV Series) Jack Crowley 1977 Klein Time (TV Movie) Various 1975 Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (TV Series) Volunteer - 1435 (1975) ... Volunteer (as Michael Douglas) Hide Soundtrack (3 credits) 2016 The Founder (performer: \"Pennies from Heaven\") 1998 Jack Frost (performer: \"Frosty the Snowman\", \"Don't Lose Your Faith\") / (writer: \"Don't Lose Your Faith\") 1983 Mr.",
"Mom (performer: \"Oh, Susanna!\" - uncredited) Hide 1999 Body Shots (executive producer) Hide 1999 Making Life Beautiful (TV Short documentary) (thanks) Hide 1989-2017 Good Morning America (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1987-2017 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself / Himself - Birdman 2016 Film 2016 (TV Series) Himself - Interviewee Himself - Presenter: Actress-Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 2015-2016 Extra (TV Series) 2015 Inside Comedy (TV Series) Himself 1982-2015 Saturday Night Live (TV Series) Himself - Host / Various / Norman / ... - Michael Keaton/Carly Rae Jepsen (2015) ... Himself - Host / Norman / Mr. Wallace / ... - Michael Keaton/Morrissey (1992) ... Himself - Host / Eddie / David Green / ...",
"2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Himself 2015 The Insider (TV Series) Himself 2014 Hollywood Sessions (TV Series) Himself 2014 People Magazine Awards (TV Special) Himself 2014 Jimmy Kimmel Live! (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 CBS This Morning (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2014 Hollywood Film Awards (TV Special) Himself 2014 IMDb: What to Watch (TV Series documentary) Himself 2014 Made in Hollywood (TV Series) Himself 2014 In Character With... (TV Series) Himself 2010-2014 Live!",
"with Kelly (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2011 Pixar: 25 Magic Moments (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2010 Buccaneers and Bones (TV Series) Himself 2010 This Morning (TV Series) Himself - Guest 2008 Festival Updates (TV Series) Himself (2008) 2006 The Road to Cars (TV Movie documentary) Himself 2006 Making 'Game 6' (Video short) Himself 2005 Corazón de... (TV Series) Himself - Episode #2.200 (1993) ...",
"Himself - Guest 2004 Biography (TV Series documentary) Himself 2004 Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Host 2001 America: A Tribute to Heroes (TV Special documentary) Himself 1999 Making Life Beautiful (TV Short documentary) Himself 1998-1999 Intimate Portrait (TV Series documentary) Himself 1999 Saturday Night Live 25 (TV Special documentary) Himself - Audience Member (uncredited) 1999 Mundo VIP (TV Series) Himself 1999 The Directors (TV Series documentary) Himself 1998 Dennis Miller Live (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1996-1998 Charlie Rose (TV Series) Himself - Guest 1997 1997 MTV Movie Awards (TV Special documentary) Himself 1997 Frank Capra's American Dream (TV Movie documentary) Himself - Interviewee 1991 Showbiz Today (TV Series) Himself 1989 Premiere: Inside the Summer Blockbusters (TV Movie documentary) Himself 1986/I Comic Relief (TV Special) Himself 19",
"84 The 56th Annual Academy Awards (TV Special documentary) Himself - Co-Presenter: Best Sound Mixing 1975 Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (TV Series) Himself 2015 Inside Edition (TV Series documentary) Himself 2015 Live!",
"with Kelly (TV Series) Himself 2014-2015 Entertainment Tonight (TV Series) Himself / Himself - Birdman 2014 The Greatest 80s Movies (TV Movie documentary) Himself (1988) 2014 Missing Reel (TV Mini-Series documentary) Himself 2005 Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight - Dark Side of the Knight (Video documentary short) Himself 2005 Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight - The Gathering Storm (Video documentary short) Himself 2005 Cinema mil (TV Series) Himself 2005 Batman Returns Heroes: Batman (Video documentary short) Himself 2005 Batman Returns Villains: The Penguin (Video documentary short) Himself 1998 Dennis Miller Live (TV Series) Himself 1996 Classic Stand-Up Comedy of Television (TV Special documentary) Himself TV commercial for The History Channel (2001) See more » Publicity Listings: 12 Interviews | 8 Articles | 5 Pictorials | 17 Magazine Cover Photos | See more » Official Sites: Did You Know?",
"Personal Quote: [2011, on Clean and Sober (1988)] The subject matter was so difficult, but oddly everyone really had fun on the shoot. One great thing about being an actor, too, is that if you have a pulse you learn something. That's one of the great joys and bonuses of it. You're forced to ask certain questions. See more » Trivia: Has appeared with Geena Davis in Beetlejuice (1988) and Speechless (1994), and had he accepted the lead role in The Fly (1986), this would be their third film (and the first they would be making together). See more » Nickname: Michael Keaton - Film Actor, Television Actor, Director - Biography.com Famous People Born in Coraopolis Synopsis Michael Keaton was born on September 5, 1951 in McKees Rocks, Penn. He attended Kent State, but dropped out to pursue acting. After some false starts in television, Keaton had his first hit with Mr. Mom.",
"He later worked with directors Tim Burton (Beetlejuice, Batman), Kenneth Branagh and Quentin Tarantino , and in the new millennium won great acclaim for his Oscar-nominated lead role in the drama Birdman, for which he's also won a Golden Globe. Keaton was married to Caroline McWilliams from 1982-1990. The couple has one son together. Early Life Born Michael John Douglas on September 5, 1951, in McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania at Ohio Valley Hospital, Keaton grew up in the Forest Grove area of the township of Robinson as the youngest of seven children. His father worked as a civil engineer, while his mother stayed home to take care of the kids. At school, Keaton displayed his interest in acting by performing humorous skits. After attending Kent State University for two years, Keaton dropped out to pursue an acting career. He found work as a cab driver and an ice cream truck driver in his hometown for a while, as he tried his hand at stand-up comedy. In 1975, Keaton made his television debut on the children's series Mister Roger's Neighborhood, which was filmed in Pittsburgh.",
"He later moved to Los Angeles, where he started to land some television work. Keaton changed his last name in order to prevent confusion between he and famous actor Michael Douglas . In an interview in 2012, Keaton admitted he chose his famous surname quite randomly, despite the rumors that he was inspired by actress Diane Keaton. Big Break In 1977, Keaton joined the cast of the sitcom All's Fair. He played a presidential aide in the short-lived series, which starred Richard Crenna and Bernadette Peters . After appearances on such shows as Mary, Maude, and Family, Keaton landed a lead role in the comedy Working Stiffs. He and Jim Belushi played brothers who worked as janitors. The show only lasted a month. In 1982, Keaton tried again for television success with Report to Murphy, a sitcom in which he played a parole officer. The program aired for a month and a half before being canceled. While he couldn't find fame on television, Keaton was starting to experience success in films. He starred with Henry Winkler and Shelley Long in Night Shift (1982), a comedy directed by Ron Howard .",
"The film told the story of two morgue workers who start using their workplace as a brothel. The film was met with critical success; co-star Winkler earned a Golden Globe for his performance, and Keaton was recognized with a Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor. Box office attendance, however, was low. The following year, Keaton had a career breakthrough with the domestic comedy Mr. Mom, a film about a man who becomes a stay-at-home dad after losing his job. The film became his first big hit, grossing more than $64 million domestically. Hollywood Star Keaton then starred in Johnny Dangerously (1984), a send-up of old gangster films. Unfortunately, the film received the cold shoulder from both critics and audiences alike. In 1986, Keaton again floundered with Gung Ho, which found humor in an American automotive plant after a takeover by a Japanese automaker. In 1988, however, Keaton proved his range as a performer with two very different films.",
"He starred as a mischievous demon who helps a pair of ghosts ( Alec Baldwin and Geena Davis ) get rid of a family that moved into their old house in Beetlejuice. Directed by Tim Burton, the supernatural film that also starred Winona Ryder became a popular hit. \"Tim and I both have the same sensibility. He has this darkness and melancholy about him that's kind of funny. People weren't ready for that at the time,\" Keaton later explained to the Guardian newspaper. Keaton showed off his ability to handle dramatic material in his next project, Clean and Sober. In the film, he played a real estate agent with a substance abuse problem. The National Society of Film Critics recognized Keaton for his nuanced performance by giving him the award for Best Actor in 1988. Keaton moved to blockbuster fare in 1989, taking on the role of one of the country's most famous comic book characters in Batman (1989) and its sequel, Batman Returns (1992). The films reunited Keaton with director Burton, and Keaton played the famous Batman character with a darker edge than had been portrayed in previous incarnations.",
"Keaton's Batman was edgy, moody, and emotionally wounded. In the films, he battled such legendary bad guys as the Joker (played by Jack Nicholson ) and the Penguin (played by Danny DeVito ). Val Kilmer replaced Keaton for the third installment. George Clooney and Christian Bale also followed in Keaton's footsteps in the later Batman films. In 1990, Keaton starred as psychopath tenant Carter Hayes/James Danforth in the thriller Pacific Heights, opposite Melanie Griffith and Matthew Modine . The film received mixed reviews overall but Keaton was praised for his performance. Faltering Career Again showing his range as an actor, Keaton had a supporting role in the Shakespearean comedy Much Ado About Nothing (1993), directed by Kenneth Branagh. That same year, he starred with Nicole Kidman in My Life, playing a man facing death from a terminal illness. Keaton starred in The Paper (1994) as a New York City newspaper editor. Again working a literary angle, he played as a political speechwriter in the romantic comedy Speechless (1994) opposite Geena Davis.",
"Keaton then starred in Harold Ramis 's comedy Multiplicity as a man who able to make copies of himself. None of these films matched the success of his early hits, however. In 1997, Keaton worked with director Quentin Tarantino on the crime thriller Jackie Brown, a film adaptation of an Elmore Leonard novel. He played a supporting role as an ATF agent who busts a stewardess Jackie Brown (played by Pam Grier ) for smuggling cash for an arms dealer (played by Samuel L. Jackson ). Reprising his role, Keaton made a cameo appearance in Steven Soderbergh 's Out of Sight (1998). Keaton's career appeared to be in decline at the start of 2000, with appearances in only a few television guest appearances. He then starred in the 2002 television movie Live from Baghdad, about CNN reporters during the Gulf War. For his impressive work on the project, Keaton received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actor in a Miniseries or Motion Picture Made for Television. His co-star, Helena Bonham Carter , was also nominated for a Golden Globe.",
"After the success of Live from Baghdad, Keaton started working on a series of film projects. He played the president in the 2004 comedy First Daughter starring Katie Holmes . In 2005, he appeared in three films: the independent drama Game 6; the supernatural thriller White Noise; and the family friendly Herbie Fully Loaded. New Directions In 2006, Keaton voiced one of the characters in the popular animated film Cars. The next year, he returned to television with a role in The Company, a movie about the CIA. Keaton stepped behind the camera in 2008, when he made his directorial debut on the small-budget independent drama The Merry Gentleman. He also starred in the project along with Bobby Cannavale and Kelly Macdonald . In the film, Keaton played a depressed hitman who falls for a woman trying to recover from an abusive relationship. \"If I've done it right [the audience will] enjoy spending time with these people, and they'll want to see how the relationships play out,\" Keaton explained to the Guardian newspaper.",
"Keaton returned to his comedic roots with 2009's Post Grad, playing the father of a recent college student starting out in life. His voice was also heard in the upcoming animated film Toy Story 3. Working with Damon Wayans Jr., Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg , Keaton starred in The Other Guys as well, an upcoming action comedy. In the fall of 2014, Keaton executed an acting tour de force with his lead role in Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), a film that follows the travails of an insecure, addled super-hero actor looking to return to the limelight via Broadway. Directed by Alejandro González Iñárritu and co-starring Emma Stone , Edward Norton and Naomi Watts , the project earned Keaton an array of new acclaim, with the actor receiving a Golden Globe and an Academy Award nomination. Though he didn't win an Oscar, Birdman did win the prize for best picture in 2015. Later that year, Keaton starred in the newspaper drama Spotlight, which looked at the Catholic church sex abuse scandal that rocked various communities in Boston.",
"The film received the Oscar for best picture in 2016, with Keaton thus starring in the Academy's best picture wins two years in a row. Personal Life Keaton was married to Caroline McWilliams from 1982 until 1990. The couple has one son together, Sean Maxwell, who was born in 1983. He also dated actress Courteney Cox from 1990 to 1995. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information Michael Keaton - Biography - IMDb Michael Keaton Biography Showing all 80 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (2) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (52) | Personal Quotes (19) | Salary (2) Overview (4) 5' 9\" (1.75 m) Mini Bio (2) Quirky, inventive and handsome US actor, Michael Keaton first achieved major fame with his door busting performance as fast talking, ideas man \"Bill Blazejowski\" alongside nerdish morgue attendant Henry Winkler in Night Shift (1982).",
"Keaton was born Michael John Douglas on September 5, 1951 in Coraopolis, Pennsylvannia, to Leona Elizabeth (Loftus), a homemaker, and George A. Douglas, a civil engineer and surveyor. He is of Irish, as well as English, Scottish, and German, descent. Michael studied speech for two years at Kent State, before dropping out and moving to Pittsburgh. An unsuccessful attempt at stand-up comedy led Keaton to working as a TV cameraman in a cable station, and he came to realize he wanted to work in front of the cameras. Keaton first appeared on TV in several episodes of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968). He left Pittsburgh and moved to Los Angeles to begin auditioning for TV. He began cropping up in popular TV shows including Maude (1972) and The Mary Tyler Moore Hour (1979). Around this time, Keaton decided to use an alternative surname to remove confusion with better-known actor Michael Douglas . After reading an article on actress Diane Keaton , he decided that Michael Keaton sounded good.",
"His next break was scoring a co-starring role alongside Jim Belushi in the short-lived comedy series Working Stiffs (1979), which showcased his comedic talent and led to his co-starring role in Night Shift (1982). Keaton next scored the lead in the comedy hits Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984) , Gung Ho (1986) and the Tim Burton horror-comedy Beetlejuice (1988). Keaton's career was given another major boost when, in 1989, Tim Burton cast him as millionaire playboy / crime-fighter \"Bruce Wayne\" in the big budget Batman (1989). To say there were howls of protest by fans of the caped crusader comic strip is an understatement! Warner Bros. was deluged with thousands of letters of complaint commenting that comedian Keaton was the wrong choice for the Caped Crusader. Their fears were proven wrong when Keaton turned in a sensational performance, and he held his own on screen with opponent Jack Nicholson playing the lunatic villain, \"The Joker\".",
"Keen to diversify his work, Keaton next appeared as a psychotic tenant in Pacific Heights (1990), as a hard-working cop in One Good Cop (1991) and then donned the black cape and cowl once more for Batman Returns (1992). He remained in demand during the 1990s, appearing in a wide range of films including the star-studded Shakespearian Much Ado About Nothing (1993), another Ron Howard comedy The Paper (1994), with sexy Andie MacDowell in Multiplicity (1996), as a dogged cop in Jackie Brown (1997) and the mediocre thriller Desperate Measures (1998). In the 2000s, Keaton has appeared in several productions with mixed success, including Live from Baghdad (2002), First Daughter (2004) and Herbie Fully Loaded (2005).",
"He returned to major film roles in the 2010s, co-starring in RoboCop (2014) and Need for Speed (2014), and playing the lead in Best Picture Oscar winner Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014), for which he received an Oscar nomination for Best Actor, his first. - IMDb Mini Biography By: [email protected] Michael Keaton is an American actor. He is currently a visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon University. Keaton first rose to fame for his comedic film roles in Night Shift (1982), Mr. Mom (1983), Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Beetlejuice (1988), and he earned further acclaim for his dramatic portrayal of Bruce Wayne / Batman in Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992).",
"Since then, he has appeared in a variety of films ranging from dramas and romantic comedies to thriller and action films; such as Clean and Sober (1988), The Dream Team (1989), Pacific Heights (1990), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), My Life (1993), The Paper (1994), Multiplicity (1996), Jackie Brown (1997), The Other Guys (2010), Need for Speed (2014), RoboCop (2014) and Spotlight (2015), and he also provided voices for characters in the animated films Cars (2006), Toy Story 3 (2010) and Minions (2015). Keaton's critically praised lead performance in Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) earned him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, the Critics' Choice Award for Best Actor and Best Actor in a Comedy, and nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award, British Academy Film Award, and Academy Award for Best Actor.",
"Keaton's career was given another major boost when he was again cast by Tim Burton , this time as the title comic book superhero of Batman (1989). Burton cast him because he thought that Keaton was the only actor who could portray someone who has the kind of darkly obsessive personality that the character demands. Warner Bros. received thousands of letters of complaint by fans commenting that Keaton was the wrong choice to portray Batman, given his prior work in comedies and the fact that he lacked the suave, handsome features and tall, muscular physicality often attributed to the character in the comic books. However, Keaton's dramatic performance earned widespread acclaim from critics and audiences alike, and Batman (1989) became one of the most successful films of the year. Keaton remained active during the 1990s, appearing in a wide range of films, including Pacific Heights (1990), One Good Cop (1991), My Life (1993) and the star-studded Shakespearean story Much Ado About Nothing (1993).",
"He also starred in another Ron Howard film, The Paper (1994), as well as with Andie MacDowell in Multiplicity (1996) and twice in the same role, Elmore Leonard character Agent Ray Nicolette, in Jackie Brown (1997) and Out of Sight (1998). In 2014 Keaton starred alongside Zach Galifianakis , Edward Norton , Emma Stone , and Naomi Watts in Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014), a film by 21 Grams (2003) and Biutiful (2010) director Alejandro G. Iñárritu . In the film, Keaton plays Riggan Thomson, a screen actor, famous for playing the iconic titular superhero, who puts on a Broadway play based on a Raymond Carver short story, to regain his former glory. He won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy for his portrayal of Thomson and received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor.",
"- IMDb Mini Biography By: Pedro Borges Spouse (1) ( 5 June 1982 - 29 January 1990) (divorced) (1 child) Trivia (52) When he realized he needed to change his name to join the union, he was in the K's for surnames and thought it inoffensive so chose Keaton. It is a misconception that it was after Diane Keaton . Was in a relationship with Courteney Cox from 1989-95. Has a home in Pacific Palisades (CA) plus ranches in Santa Barbara (CA) and Montana. The 1000-acre Montana ranch, where he grows hay and raises cattle, features a four-bedroom cedar-and-stone ranch house. Tim Burton cast him in the title role of Batman (1989) because he thought that Keaton was the only actor who could believably portray someone who has the kind of darkly obsessive personality that the character has.",
"There was a great deal of fan anger over his selection, forcing the studio to release an advance trailer both to show that Keaton could do the role well and that the movie would not be a campy parody like the television series Batman (1966). Attended and graduated from Montour High School in Robinson Township, PA. Is the youngest of seven siblings. Has three brothers and three sisters. Has one son with ex-wife Caroline McWilliams : 'Sean Douglas (VI) (born May 27, 1983). Decided to change his name when he began acting because there was already a Michael Douglas in movies and a Mike Douglas in broadcasting. While he uses a stage name, he has never legally changed his name to Michael Keaton. One of only two actors to reprise the role of Batman in major, live-action films ( Batman (1989)/ Batman Returns (1992). Adam West did only one movie ( Batman: The Movie (1966)) as Batman (along with the live-action TV series Batman (1966) and voice-work) and Kevin Conroy has only done voice-work as Batman.",
"Christian Bale is the second and most recent actor to play the role more than once with ( Batman Begins (2005) followed by The Dark Knight (2008) and for a third time in The Dark Knight Rises (2012)). Has played Agent Ray Nicolette in Jackie Brown (1997) and again in Out of Sight (1998). Started his career as a stagehand in Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968) (he operated \"Picture, Picture\"), and in 2004 he produced a documentary on Rogers, Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor (2004). Turned down the role of the ill-fated mad scientist Dr. Seth Brundle in David Cronenberg 's remake The Fly (1986). The role eventually went to Jeff Goldblum . Is a Second City alumnus - a member of the Los Angeles branch. According to Mike Myers on Revealed with Jules Asner (2001), Keaton saw him perform at Second City Toronto.",
"After the show ended, Keaton went to personally congratulate Myers and said, \"Keep up the great work.\" Myers would soon work with Keaton on an episode of Saturday Night Live (1975) when Keaton was guest host. His son, Sean Douglas , plays keyboard for a band called \"The Hatch\". Has appeared with the late Christopher Reeve in Speechless (1994). Keaton and Reeve played DC Comics' two most iconic characters, Batman and Superman. He was originally to play the role of Dr. Jack Shephard on the television series Lost (2004), with the understanding that the character would be killed off early on in the series. Keaton later had to walk away from the role when the creators decided not to kill off the doctor. Matthew Fox ended up playing the character. Was parodied by Matthew Perry on Saturday Night Live (1975). Was offered the role of either Peter Venkman or Egon Spengler in Ghostbusters (1984) but turned down both roles, which went to Bill Murray and Harold Ramis , respectively.",
"Was originally slated to play Jeff Daniels character in Woody Allen 's The Purple Rose of Cairo (1985) and actually did film some scenes, but Allen decided this was not working and replaced him with Daniels. He had the same fate in Mystic River (2003) when he was cast in the role of Sean Devine, filmed some scenes but he and director Clint Eastwood had creative differences on the project and Keaton opted to leave the film. Was considered for the role of Jack Crawford in The Silence of the Lambs (1991). Was considered for the role of Dr. Curtis McCabe in Vanilla Sky (2001). Was considered for the role of Captain Jack Sparrow in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003). Was considered for the role of Lt. Col. Kazinski in Jarhead (2005). An avid fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers, he grew up about five miles from former Steelers coach Bill Cowher 's hometown of Crafton, PA. Enjoys snowboarding, golf, mountain biking, fly-fishing and riding horses on his California and Montana ranches.",
"One of his favorite hobbies is fly-fishing, a hobby he shares with his Night Shift (1982) co-star Henry Winkler . Was 40 years old when filming Batman Returns (1992), which made him the oldest actor at the time to play Batman in a live-action film. He was later succeeded by Ben Affleck , who was 41 years old when cast in the role in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Is the fourth--and shortest--actor to play Bruce Wayne/Batman. His father had English, Scottish, Scots-Irish (Northern Irish), and German ancestry, while his mother had Irish ancestry. In an interview, he named Mr. Mom (1983), Gung Ho (1986), Clean and Sober (1988), Beetlejuice (1988), Batman (1989), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), The Paper (1994) and Live from Baghdad (2002) as favorite films of his own, with Beetlejuice (1988) as his top pick.",
"Almost reprised his role as Batman/Bruce Wayne in Tim Burton 's unmade \"Superman Lives\", even though Val Kilmer had played the role in his place in Batman Forever (1995). When asked in an interview which historical figure he wished he could play, his choice was Hall of Fame baseball player Ted Williams . Is an avid news junkie and at one point had considered a career in journalism. Has played a journalist in three films: The Paper (1994), Live from Baghdad (2002) and Spotlight (2015). Has worked with three generations of actresses: Melanie Griffith and her mother Tippi Hedren in Pacific Heights (1990), and Griffith's daughter Dakota Johnson in Need for Speed (2014). As of 2016 has appeared in three films that were nominated for the Best Picture Oscar: Toy Story 3 (2010), Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) and Spotlight (2015). Of those, Birdman and Spotlight are winners in the category.",
"He was directed by Ron Howard in three films: Night Shift (1982), Gung Ho (1986) and The Paper (1994). Same goes with Tim Burton : Beetlejuice (1988), Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992). Has appeared with Geena Davis in Beetlejuice (1988) and Speechless (1994), and had he accepted the lead role in The Fly (1986), this would be their third film (and the first they would be making together). As of 2016 he remains as the only Bruce Wayne/Batman actor to not be directed by Terrence Malick . George Clooney appeared in The Thin Red Line (1998); Ben Affleck appeared in To the Wonder (2012); Christian Bale appeared in The New World (2005) and Knight of Cups (2015); and Val Kilmer is due to appear in Malick's upcoming film, which also stars Bale. He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6931 Hollywood Blvd. on July 28, 2016.",
"He was awarded Officer of the Order of Arts and Letters by French culture minister Fleur Pellerin on January 18, 2016. A Democrat, he endorsed President Barack Obama for re-election in 2012 and Sen. Bernie Sanders for the Democratic nomination in 2016. He was considered for the role of Harry Belafonte in When Harry Met Sally... (1989), which went to Billy Crystal . He was considered for the role of Andrew Beckett in Philadelphia (1993), which went to Tom Hanks . He turned down the lead role in Clean Slate (1994) in favor of My Life (1993). John McTiernan wanted him to star in The 13th Warrior (1999), but the studio did not want him. He was considered for the role of Jack Traven in Speed (1994), which went to Keanu Reeves . He turned down John C. Reilly 's role in Kong: Skull Island (2017) due to scheduling conflicts. He was considered for the lead role in Police Academy (1984), which went to Steve Guttenberg .",
"He was offered the role of Chili Palmer in Get Shorty (1995), which went to John Travolta . He would later play Ray Nicolette in Jackie Brown (1997) and Out of Sight (1998), which were also based on Elmore Leonard books. He turned down the role of Alan Bauer in Splash (1984), which went to Tom Hanks . He was considered for one of Jack Nicholson 's roles in Mars Attacks! (1996). He was considered for the role of Jim Garrison in JFK (1991), which went to Kevin Costner . He was considered for the role of Roy Munson in Kingpin (1996), which went to Woody Harrelson . He was offered the male lead in Cutthroat Island (1995), which went to Matthew Modine . He worked on a Navajo reservation in New Mexico when he was age 21. Is a huge fan of Katy Perry . Personal Quotes (19) [after interviewer Michael Parkinson commented on his birth name being Michael Douglas] Yeah, I had to change my name because there were two other actors registered at Equity with that name.",
"One of them is doing quite well from what I understand, the other is making cheap porn movies--like Basic Instinct (1992). [comparing making Batman Returns (1992) to the first Batman (1989) film] In some ways this one was harder, because I felt like I was doing an impersonation of myself. Which, aside from being nearly impossible, is really weird. [on his decision not to reprise his role as Batman in Batman Forever (1995)] I was waiting in line for another movie and just kind of poked my head in . . . watched about 10 minutes. I saw enough to know that I made the right decision. [When asked what he thought of Batman Begins (2005) before its release] My prediction, I don't know anything about it, but I feel this way about it. It's gonna be good, because he's a really good actor [ Christian Bale ] and that's a really good director [ Christopher Nolan ]. And they've had years and years and years, and hundreds of millions of dollars, or at least tens of millions of dollars to figure it out. I say it's gonna be good.",
"I picture it's gonna be good. And also, I swear to God it's not an \"I told you so\", it's maybe an interesting thing, that when I didn't like the third script . . . I just said \"I really don't like this, and I don't want to do it\", 'cause what I wanted to do, is what I'm told and I don't know if this is true yet so don't hold me to this until I see it, but I'm told it's more a prequel. And that was what I thought would've been a hip way to go the third time. This guy is so endlessly fascinating potentially, why not go and see how he got there. [when asked if he was ever offered a villain role in a superhero film] No, but it would be fun. I don't think I'd take Jack's [ Jack Nicholson ] stance on it. I think it'd be fun because those are the roles where you get to chew it up. I'll always stand by the first \"Batman\". Even for its imperfections, people will never know how hard that movie was to do. A lot of that still holds up.",
"[on filming Batman (1989) in London] It was a lonely time for me, which was great for the character, I suppose. I would run at night in London just trying to get tired enough so I could sleep. I didn't talk to people much. My little boy was a toddler, and the woman I was married to at the time, we were not together but we were trying to figure it out and get back together. It was me in London, alone, and my sleep during that whole movie was never right. As often as I could, I was getting on the Concorde and trying to get back to spend some time with my kid . . . It was an extremely difficult undertaking and [ Tim Burton ] os a shy guy, especially back then, and there was so much pressure. We were in England for a long time shooting at Pinewood and it was long, difficult nights in that dank, dark, cold place, and we never knew if it was really working. There was no guarantee that any of this was going to play correctly when it was all said and done. There had never been a movie like it before.",
"There was a lot of risk, too, with Jack [ Jack Nicholson ] looking the way he did and me stepping out in this new way. The pressure was on everybody. You could feel it. [2011, on his work ethic] I played a lot of sports when I was a kid so I get in that ballgame mindset of being really, really respectful, but at same time saying to yourself, \"Don't back down a single inch, hang with these guys if you can.\" If they throw it high and tight you have to stand in there, you can't take yourself out of that moment. [2011, on Night Shift (1982)] The character I invented was a combination of some people I knew and some things I made up, and afterward there [were other projects and offers] that would have meant trying to repeat that over and over, to be the \"glib young man\", whatever that is, but that held no interest for me. I literally thought the idea of all this, when you do it for a living, is to play a lot of different things. If you do the same thing over and over, that will eventually start to close in on you.",
"[2011, on Beetlejuice (1988)] From an art perspective, I don't know how you get better than \"Beetlejuice\". In terms of originality and a look, it's 100% unique. If you consider the process of taking something from someone's mind--meaning Tim Burton ]--and putting it on the screen, I think that movie is incomparable. [2011, on playing Beetlejuice] I wanted him to be pure electricity, that's why the hair just sticks out. At my house, I started creating a walk and a voice. I got some teeth. I wanted to be scary in the look and then use the voice to add a dash of goofiness that, in a way, would make it even scarier. I wanted something kind of moldy to it, too. [ Tim Burton ] had the striped-suit idea and we added the big eyes. I think that movie will go forever because it's 100% original. [2011, on filming Batman Returns (1992)] We got to be back home [filming in Burbank] so that made me happy.",
"It was quite the cast with Michelle Pfeiffer and Danny DeVito and everyone. It wasn't as satisfying to me when I saw it, but maybe that's because the bar was set so high on the first one. I think I only watched it one time. I knew we were in trouble in talks for the third one when certain people started the conversation with \"Why does it have to be so dark?\" \"Why does he have to be so depressed?\" \"Shouldn't there be more color in this thing?\" I knew I was headed for trouble and that it wasn't a road I was going to go down. [2011, on Clean and Sober (1988)] The subject matter was so difficult, but oddly everyone really had fun on the shoot. One great thing about being an actor, too, is that if you have a pulse you learn something. That's one of the great joys and bonuses of it. You're forced to ask certain questions. [2011, on Much Ado About Nothing (1993)] That's a movie where I said, \"I can't do this\" and it ended up being probably one of my top five experiences ever.",
"I had to find a way in; I didn't really know what to do, quite frankly . . . In the end, [ Kenneth Branagh ] didn't get scared off by my unorthodox approach, he embraced it and was really hands-on, thankfully. It was literally like acting in another language. I had taken maybe one two-day Shakespearean class in my life, so I had no knowledge. [2011, on filming The Paper (1994)] It's an awful lot of fun to be in an ensemble, especially when you're talking about Glenn Close , Robert Duvall and that level of actor. It was also the first time I met Duvall. People were nervous on the set when he was coming in; he's a presence, somebody to [reckon] with. I just loved it. I had a ball being there with him. It felt like the first time I acted with Jack Nicholson . These guys are in their very nature larger-than-life personalities, and then they're great actors on top of that and then they're iconic on top of that. [2011, on his life as an actor] I never saw what I did for a living as who I am.",
"But if there's a job in the world where that can get blurry, this is the one. The line gets really blurry for a lot of people, and for understandable reasons just as you go through life and this business. You don't have to be especially weak to become extremely self-involved in this business, and I just never wanted to go down that road . . . Alan Arkin said to me once that he wanted to have a really big life and a really good career. And I think that's really sane. [on the backlash over his casting in Batman (1989)] When they hung me in effigy, that was, for me, harsh. [on Michelle Pfeiffer ] What impressed me about Michelle is that she's a California beach chick, no elevated education, but when you're smart you just get smarter. [on being asked if he got jealous when other actors played Batman] No. Do you know why? Because I'm Batman. I'm very secure in that. [Paying tribute to Michael Gough ] To Mick--my butler, my confidant, my friend, my Alfred. I love you. God bless.",
"Salary (2) Michael Keaton Biography | Fandango Michael Keaton Biography Sep 5, 1951 Birth Place: Coraopolis, PA Biography Equally adept at sober drama and over-the-top comedy, Michael Keaton has a knack for giving ordinary guys an unexpected twist. This trait ultimately made him an ideal casting choice for Tim Burton 's 1989 Batman , and it has allowed him to play characters ranging from Mr. Mom's discontented stay-at-home dad to Pacific Heights's raging psychopath. The youngest of seven children, Keaton was born Michael Douglas on September 5th, 1951 in Coraopolis, Pennsylvania on September 9, 1951. After two years of studying speech at Kent State University, he dropped out and moved to Pittsburgh. While working a number of odd jobs--including a stint as an ice cream truck driver--Keaton attempted to build a career as a stand-up comedian, which proved less than successful. He ended up working as a cameraman for the Pittsburgh PBS station, a job that led him to realize he wanted to be in front of the camera, rather than behind it.",
"Following this realization, Keaton duly moved out to Los Angeles, where he joined the L.A. Branch of Second City and began auditioning. When he started getting work he changed his last name to avoid being confused with the better-known actor of the same name, taking the name \"Keaton\" after seeing a newspaper article about Diane Keaton . He began acting on and writing for a number of television series, and he got his first big break co-starring with old friend Jim Belushi on the sitcom Working Stiffs (1979). Three years later, he made an auspicious film debut as the relentlessly cheerful owner of a morgue/brothel in Night Shift. The raves he won for his performance carried over to his work the following year in Mr. Mom, and it appeared as though Keaton was on a winning streak. Unfortunately, a series of such mediocre films as Johnny Dangerously (1984) and Gung Ho (1985) followed, and by the time Tim Burton cast him as the titular Beetlejuice in 1988, Keaton's career seemed to have betrayed its early promise.",
"Beetlejuice proved Keaton's comeback: one of the year's most popular films, it allowed him to do some of his best work in years as the ghoulish, revolting title character. His all-out comic performance contrasted with his work in that same year's Clean and Sober , in which he played a recovering drug addict. The combined impact of these performances put Keaton back in the Hollywood spotlight, a position solidified in 1989 when he starred in Burton's Batman . Initially thought to be a risky casting choice for the title role, Keaton was ultimately embraced by audiences and critics alike, many of whom felt that his slightly skewed everyman appearance and capacity for dark humor made him perfect for the part. He reprised the role with similar success for the film's 1992 sequel, Batman Returns . Despite the acclaim and commercial profit surrounding Keaton's work in the Batman films, many of his subsequent films during the 1990s proved to be disappointments.",
"My Life (1993), Speechless (1994), and The Paper (1994) were relative failures, despite star casting and name directors, while Multiplicity, a 1996 comedy featuring no less than four clones of the actor, further demonstrated that his name alone couldn't sell a movie. Some of Keaton's most successful work of the 1990s could be found in his roles in two Elmore Leonard adaptations, Quentin Tarantino 's Jackie Brown (1997) and Steven Soderbergh 's Out of Sight (1998). An ATF agent in the former and Jennifer Lopez 's morally questionable boyfriend in the latter, he turned in solid performances as part of a strong ensemble cast in both critically acclaimed films. In 1999, Keaton went back to his behind-the-camera roots, serving as the executive producer for Body Shots. Keaton continued to act throughout the early 2000s, and starred in Herbie: Fully Loaded (2005) alongside Lindsay Lohan. the actor took on another vehicle-oriented role when he agreed to voice the character of Chris Hicks in Pixar's Cars (2006).",
"In 2010, Keaton voiced the Ken doll in Toy Story 3. Keaton enjoyed an unexpected career renaissance in 2014 playing the lead in Birdman, an older actor trying to stage a comeback by putting on a Broadway production. His work in the film was widely praised, and he earned his first Academy Award nomination when he was given a nod in the Best Actor category. — Rebecca Flint Marx, Rovi"
] |
John Singer Sargent worked in which branch of the arts?
|
Painting
|
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"Paintism",
"Paintings",
"Classical Painting",
"PainTing",
"Painters",
"Paintist",
"Paintery",
"Paintress",
"Coat of paint",
"Painter",
"Paintingly",
"Paintists",
"Stylized painting",
"Painting artist",
"Paintedly",
"Painting, the art of",
"Painting",
"Painter (artist)",
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] | 9,649
|
[
"John Singer Sargent - The complete works John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was the most successful portrait painter of his era, as well as a gifted landscape painter and watercolorist. Sargent was born in Florence, Italy to American parents. Sargent studied in Italy and Germany, and then in Paris under Emile Auguste Carolus-Duran. Sargent studied with Carolus-Duran, whose influence would be pivotal, from 1874-1878. Carolus-Duran's atelier was progressive, dispensing with the traditional academic approach which required careful drawing and underpainting, in favor of the alla prima method of working directly on the canvas with a loaded brush, derived from Diego Velázquez. It was an approach which relied on the proper placement of tones of paint. John Singer Sargent | The Sketchers (1913) | Artsy biography articles A popular society portraitist and landscape painter, John Singer Sargent was born in Florence to wealthy American parents. He studied painting in France, where he enjoyed both critical acclaim and important patronage.",
"Although he spent most of his time in Europe, he frequently accepted commissions from collectors in the United States. Whether rendered in oil, watercolor, or charcoal, Sargent’s works are characterized by naturalism, lively mark-making, and a sense of immediacy. Influenced by his friendship with Claude Monet , Sargent loved working en plein air , depicting the various places he traveled, including Italy, rural England, Giverny, the Mediterranean, northern Africa, and the Alps. During his later years, Sargent completed several mural projects, as well as working as an artist-correspondent during World War I. American, 1856-1925, Florence, Italy, based in Paris & London Group Shows on Artsy How John Singer Sargent made a scene | Art and design | The Guardian Art and design How John Singer Sargent made a scene Often derided as staidly traditional, John Singer Sargent in fact provided a glimpse of the modern world. Ahead of a major new exhibition, Sarah Chuchwell surveys the sensational portraits that caught the imagination of painters and authors alike Rich and dark spaces … a detail from Le Verre de Porto by John Singer Sargent (1884).",
"Photograph: Image Courtesy of The Fine Arts Sarah Churchwell Friday 30 January 2015 09.30 EST Last modified on Tuesday 20 September 2016 06.13 EDT Share on Messenger Close In 1893, Henry James wrote an essay praising his friend, the painter John Singer Sargent, in which he declared: “There is no greater work of art than a great portrait,” because of the empathetic vision it required. Sargent was remarkable, said James, for the “extraordinarily immediate” translation of his perception into a picture, “as if painting were pure tact of vision, a simple manner of feeling”. In particular, he admired Sargent’s “faculty of taking a fresh, direct, independent, unborrowed impression”. This admiration was widely shared: after seeing The Misses Hunter in 1902, Rodin called Sargent “the Van Dyck of our times”. But after Sargent’s death, his realism was viewed increasingly as anachronistic and facile, the work of a society painter, a careerist happy to pander to aristocratic privilege.",
"One of the most successful and esteemed painters of his day was rapidly dismissed as virtuosic but lightweight, a slick craftsman rather than an innovative creator, superseded by Matisse and Picasso. He was a Gilded Age flatterer, “not an enthusiast,” sniffed Pissarro, “but rather an adroit performer”. The forthcoming exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery aims to end that assessment for good by crediting the texture and inventiveness of Sargent’s realism. It is not a full retrospective, focusing instead on Sargent’s interactions in artistic and intellectual circles, but it certainly makes the case for a show that would reveal all of Sargent’s range – not only the many magnificent portraits on display in this exhibition, but also his landscapes, watercolours, sketches and murals, as well as the extraordinary Gassed, the colossal late painting of soldiers blinded on the western front that anticipates “proletarian realism”.",
"Modernism – in the evolving forms of impressionism, fauvism, cubism –increasingly directed the energies of the art world during Sargent’s life, but while defiantly sticking to realism, Sargent redefined it by putting Van Dyck , Velázquez , Reynolds and Gainsborough into dialogue with moderns including Manet and Monet, using visual echoes and quotations to create a new fusion of classic and modern technique (portraits painted, following Monet, en plein air and sur le motif) with contemporary subjects and perspectives. James understood this, praising Sargent’s portraiture for “the quality in light of which the artist sees deep into his subject, undergoes it, absorbs it, becomes patient with it, and almost reverent, and, in short, enlarges and humanises the technical problem” of creating a realistic portrait. Pinterest Lily, Lily, Rose by John Singer Sarhent, 1885-6. Photograph courtesy of Tate, London, 2015 This notion of art as perfect empathy is also the novelist’s art; it is no coincidence that James and Sargent have so often been paired.",
"They had much in common, not least as Americans raised across the European continent by affluent parents on a kind of permanent grand tour. Sargent was born in Florence in 1856, and spent his formative years travelling around France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Spain. This “Baedeker education” made Sargent multilingual, “civilised to his fingertips”, in James’s words. But their affinities ran much deeper than being well-travelled cosmopolitans who focused largely on high-society subjects. Both brought to an apparently conventional realism an experimental sensibility, exploring psychology, narrative and identity. Sargent is the novelist’s painter, his portraits intimating entire worlds, dramas or what James always called “scenes”. Like James, Sargent had an instinctive appreciation for what it meant to “make a scene”. Sargent’s first biographer, his friend Evan Charteris, wrote in 1927 that Sargent’s best portraits reveal “Jamesian perplexities, the play of social type against personality, of the sitter’s inner nature against fashion’s constantly shifting ideals”. A celebrity in his day, Sargent was notoriously publicity-shy, avoiding interviews and ferociously guarding his privacy.",
"The artist William Rothenstein recalled: “I think of his huge frame, of his superb appetite, his constant consumption of cigars; of his odd shyness too, and his self-consciousness, of his decided opinions expressed with a Jamesian defensiveness.” Just over 6ft tall, he was affable, urbane and social, and devoted to the creation of beauty. Sargent told his cousin that his earliest memory was of a deep red cobblestone in a gutter in Florence that obsessed him. Drawing from a young age, he studied painting in Paris with Carolus-Duran, who became the subject of his first major portrait in 1879. His paintings elicited praise from the start and began to win prizes, his virtuosity of technique recognised almost immediately. At just 26, he painted both El Jaleo and The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit, as well as the beautiful Lady with the Rose. James called El Jaleo “astonishing” for “the sense it gives of assimilated secrets and instinct and knowledge”.",
"The famous Daughters of Edward Darley Boit offers a salute to Velázquez’s Las Meninas , but daringly composes its apparently conventional Edwardian subject around empty space, giving the painting a dark, enigmatic edge. RAM Stevenson, a cousin of Robert Louis Stevenson who studied with Sargent in Paris, wrote of his classmate’s remarkable talent: “Sargent’s painting is strict painting, as Bach’s fugues are strict music.” An accomplished musician himself, Sargent was known for talking constantly while he painted, and would walk around the room (he once estimated that he walked four miles every day going back and forth around his model and the easel) and interrupt his work to play the piano. Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose, painted in the late summer of 1885 and 1886, was named for a popular song; its style “is poised”, the exhibition catalogue notes, “between several aesthetics: French impressionism, English pre-Raphaelitism and aestheticism”. Sargent’s chief aim in this portrait, all who watched him create it agreed, was to capture en plein air the transient quality of “fugitive evening light”.",
"It took him two years to achieve, for he could only paint for 25 minutes each night in late summer: every evening at 6:45 Sargent “would drop his tennis racquet”, remembered a friend, and “lug out the big canvas” from his 70ft-long studio into the garden, where he would paint for as long as “the effect lasted”. He had almost certainly been to Giverny by then, and had watched Monet paint out of doors. He came to share Monet’s preoccupation with the play of natural light, but he never fully embraced impressionism’s subordination of subject to technique, its willingness to dissolve representation into paint, colour and light. Although Sargent’s subjects were often posed, his oeuvre suggests the painter as flaneur, strolling through metropolitan cities and capturing the personalities he encountered, the scenes he saw.",
"His own coterie was stylish, knowing, chic: he portrayed other painters, sculptors, musicians, actors, dancers, including WB Yeats, Eleonora Duse, Edwin Booth, Edmund Gosse, George Meredith, Antonio Mancini (whom Sargent once described as “the best living painter”), the collector and hostess Isabella Stewart Gardner. There is the famous portrait of Ellen Terry as Lady Macbeth, raising the crown on to her head, and the 1885 picture of Robert Louis Stevenson and his wife, Fanny, who said their portrait was “like an open box of jewels”. He painted a Chilean mining heiress, formidable and stylishly dressed, who became a lay nun and had her habit designed by Coco Chanel . There is An Interior of Venice, depicting the Palazzo Barbaro on the Grand Canal, where James wrote The Wings of the Dove, and which some have speculated may have helped inspire The Aspern Papers. Sargent presented the painting as a gift to his hostess, but, offended by her appearance and her son’s informal pose, she rejected it, to the dismay of James, who wrote to her that he “absolutely and unreservedly adored” the painting.",
"She did not change her mind. There is Sargent’s first double portrait, from 1881, of the Pailleron children. They are in a claustrophobic, dark but richly furnished space, and seem to have a knowing gaze; viewers have since been reminded of the doubtful children in James’s Turn of the Screw, written more than 15 years after the picture was first shown. There is the scarlet Dr Pozzi, painted as a handsome, louche aesthete, whose dressing gown slyly evokes cardinals: contemporary British reviewers found it objectionably Parisian, too insolent, too en vogue. Sargent’s paintings may look staidly traditional now, but they were seen as modern when he painted them. Pinterest Robert Louis Stevenson and His Wife by John Singer Sargent (1885). Courtesy of Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, Bentonville, Arkansas. Photography by Dwight Primiano Celebrity and theatricality were central to Sargent’s style, and his success. It is the portrait of Amélie Gautreau, titled Madame X, for which he remains best known.",
"Working on the painting, he told his friend the writer Vernon Lee that he was “struggling with the unpaintable beauty and hopeless laziness” of his sitter, but eventually, fusing techniques from Velázquez, Titian and Manet, as well as Sargent’s then fashionable interest in Japanese art, he produced a painting now seen as a masterpiece, but which first inspired outrage, creating a succes de scandale when it was exhibited at the 1884 Paris Salon. Reviews either objected to Madame Gautreau’s appearance (some complaining at the powder-blue pallor of her skin, others at the depth of her decolletage or the shockingly wanton shoulder strap allowed to fall suggestively loose) or hailed the modernity of Sargent’s technique. When he sold Madame X to the New York Metropolitan Museum years later, Sargent admitted to feeling it might have been the best work he had ever done, but at the time he was unnerved by the malice it elicited. He beat a retreat to London, where James had promised him a more sympathetic reception.",
"British critics did not, in fact, instantly embrace Sargent: The Misses Vickers was voted the worst painting of 1886 by the Royal Academy, for example, while the Spectator demanded: “Could we fancy anyone a hundred years hence caring to possess such a picture as this?” Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose might strike some viewers as prettily pre-Raphaelite (although they would have to ignore its spectacular luminescence), but it provoked controversy when it was purchased through the Chantrey Bequest, one journal reporting that “artists [had] almost come to blows over this picture”. Modern, too, are the expressionist portrait of Lee, who appears to be chattering away, and a lovely impressionist evocation of one of Sargent’s touchstones, Monet, characteristically painting outside, sur le motif. There is the famous 1913 portrait of James for his 70th birthday, which, as the catalogue notes, delighted the Master: “Sargent at his very best and poor old HJ not at his worst; in short a living breathing likeness and a masterpiece of painting.” Of Sargent’s private life, little is known.",
"He never married; although twice he was suspected of being on the verge of an engagement, nothing came of it. Many have come to believe that his extreme privacy was a sign on the closet door, signalling a life kept carefully secret to hide desires deemed unacceptable (and illegal). Certainly Sargent executed many – very beautiful – drawings of male nudes, which he did not exhibit during his life. It is also true that a number of men with similarly suppressed or hidden desires, including James, were among his close circle of friends. But so were married couples, and heterosexual philanderers. The painter Jacques-Émile Blanche, who once sat for Sargent, claimed after his death that Sargent was “notorious in Paris, and in Venice, positively scandalous. He was a frenzied bugger.” But no other affirmation of this claim has come to light, and Sargent’s private papers were destroyed. Many scholars believe he had an affair with Louise Burckhardt, who sat for Lady with the Rose, while some of his female nudes have struck viewers as being as erotic as his males. But in the end this is all conjecture. For better or worse – again like James – Sargent had married his art.",
"Lee wrote after his death that the only useful biographical summation would be two words: “he painted”. Late in life, Sargent declined the honour of a knighthood, because he was American. He died at 69, in his sleep, a volume of Voltaire beside him. It was 14 April 1925, four days after The Great Gatsby was published; the modern era was at hand, and it was Sargent, whether we know it or not, who helped show us what it would look like. • Sargent: Portrait of Artists and Friends opens at the National Portrait Gallery, London WC2H, on 12 February. npg.org.uk John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) | Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) See works of art Works of Art (17) Essay The family of John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) had deep roots in New England.",
"His grandfather, Winthrop Sargent IV, descended from one of the oldest colonial families, had failed in the merchant-shipping business in Gloucester, Massachusetts, and had moved his family to Philadelphia. There, his son Fitzwilliam Sargent became a physician and in 1850 married Mary Newbold Singer, daughter of a successful local merchant. The couple left Philadelphia for Europe in late summer 1854, seeking a healthful climate and a distraction after the death a year earlier of their firstborn child. The Sargents’ stay in Europe was meant to be temporary, but they became expatriates, passing winters in Florence, Rome, or Nice and summers in the Alps or other cooler regions. Their son John was born in Florence in January 1856. John Sargent was given little regular schooling. As a result of his “Baedeker education,” he learned Italian, French, and German. He studied geography, arithmetic, reading, and other disciplines under his father’s tutelage. He also became an accomplished pianist. His mother, an amateur artist, encouraged him to draw, and her wanderlust furnished him with subjects.",
"He enrolled for his first-documented formal art training during the winter of 1873–74 at the Accademia di Belle Arti in Florence. In spring 1874, Fitzwilliam Sargent resolved to nourish his son’s talent in Paris , which had become the world’s most powerful magnet for art students. In May 1874, Sargent entered the teaching atelier of a youthful, stylish painter, Carolus-Duran, a leading portraitist in Third Republic France who encouraged his students to paint immediately (rather than make preliminary drawings), to exploit broad planes of viscous pigment, and to preserve the freshness of the sketch in completed works. He also exhorted them to study artists who demonstrated painterly freedom: Frans Hals and Rembrandt ; Sir Anthony van Dyck and Sir Joshua Reynolds; and, above all others, the Spanish master Diego Velázquez . The young American moved close to his teacher stylistically and became his protégé. There is almost no work by Sargent, beginning with his successful submissions to the Paris Salons as early as 1877, that does not reflect the manner of Carolus-Duran or the old masters of the painterly tradition.",
"In May 1876, accompanied by his mother and his sister Emily, Sargent began his first trip to the United States, which would include visits to the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia and Niagara Falls. By autumn 1879, no longer attending classes regularly and concentrating on building his career, Sargent began a period of extensive travel to view works by the old masters and to gather ideas for pictures, visiting Spain, Holland, and Venice. Picturesque locales prompted Sargent to paint genre scenes, which he showed alongside his portraits as he built his reputation. Some of his sun-drenched canvases of the late 1870s bespeak the influence of Claude Monet , whom Sargent seems to have met in Paris as early as 1876 at the second Impressionist exhibition. Although Sargent painted, showed, and won praise for both portraits and subject pictures at the Salons between 1877 and 1882, commissions for portraits increasingly demanded his attention and defined his reputation.",
"Sargent’s best-known portrait, Madame X ( 16.53 ), which he undertook without a commission, enlisted a palette and brushwork derived from Velázquez; a profile view that recalls Titian ; and an unmodulated treatment of the face and figure inspired by the style of Édouard Manet and Japanese prints . The picture’s novelty and quality notwithstanding, it was a succès de scandale in the 1884 Salon, provoking criticism for Sargent’s indifference to conventions of pose, modeling, and treatment of space, even twenty years after Manet’s pioneering efforts. Having gained notoriety rather than fame, Sargent decided that London, where he had thought of settling as early as 1882, would be more hospitable than Paris. In spring 1886, he moved to England for the rest of his life. Fearful that Sargent might sacrifice characterization to a show of “French style,” which they associated with Madame X and, perforce, disliked, English patrons at first withheld commissions. With time and creative energy to spare, Sargent spent several summers engaged in Impressionist projects.",
"These were nourished by his contact with Monet, whom he visited several times at Giverny, beginning in early summer 1885, and by the chance to work outdoors during the summers of 1885 and 1886 in the Cotswolds village of Broadway, Worcestershire. Sargent’s most ambitious Broadway canvas was the ravishing Carnation, Lily, Lily, Rose (Tate Britain, London). The painting’s display at the Royal Academy in 1887 assuaged the doubts of English critics, and its acquisition for the British nation augured well for his career in London. Although English patrons still hesitated to sit for Sargent during the late 1880s, Americans were eager to do so during his visits to the United States between 1887 and 1889. Reassured by the conspicuous quality of Sargent’s portraits, British patrons finally responded with numerous commissions during the 1890s. While his subjects included businessmen and their families, artists, and performers, Sargent flourished particularly as a purveyor of likenesses to the English aristocracy.",
"He maintained a dialogue with tradition, creating grand-manner pendants to family heirlooms by van Dyck, Reynolds, and others. American patrons also continued to call upon Sargent’s skills. After the turn of the century, Sargent grew tired of the demands of portrait painting. He was constantly preoccupied with mural paintings for the Boston Public Library, Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts, and the Harry Elkins Widener Memorial Library at Harvard University, for which he had received a series of commissions beginning in 1890. Travel studies in watercolor also came to occupy more of his time and became a new source of critical and financial support. Beginning in 1903, he showed such pictures to acclaim in London and New York, stimulating a great demand for them. Sargent engineered his career so astutely that by 1907, when he pledged not to accept any more portrait commissions, he had established a solid reputation as a watercolorist. H. Barbara Weinberg The American Wing, The Metropolitan Museum of Art October 2004 Citation Weinberg, H. Barbara. “John Singer Sargent (1856–1925).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.",
"New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. (October 2004) Further Reading Kilmurray, Elaine, and Richard Ormond, eds. John Singer Sargent. Exhibition catalogue. London: Tate Gallery, 1998. Additional Essays by H. Barbara Weinberg Weinberg, H. Barbara. “ American Impressionism .” (October 2004) John Singer Sargent Watercolors | Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston October 13, 2013 – January 20, 2014 Ann and Graham Gund Gallery (Gallery LG31) A triumphant show combines the two best collections of John Singer Sargent’s dazzling watercolors Prepare for bedazzlement—The New York Times “To live with Sargent’s water-colours is to live with sunshine captured and held,” according to the painter’s first biographer.",
"Presenting more than 90 of Sargent’s dazzling works, this exhibition, co-organized with the Brooklyn Museum, combines for the first time the two most significant collections of watercolor paintings by John Singer Sargent (1856–1925), images created by a consummate artist with daring compositional strategies and a complex technique. “John Singer Sargent Watercolors” also celebrates a century of Sargent watercolors at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. “John Singer Sargent Watercolors” offers visitors an unprecedented opportunity to view the magnificent works Sargent produced between 1902 and 1911, when he was at the height of his artistic powers and internationally recognized as the greatest American painter of his age. His bold and experimental approach to the medium caused a sensation in Britain and great excitement in America. The Brooklyn and Boston holdings (never before explored in a focused exhibition) were purchased by the two museums straight from Sargent’s only two American watercolor exhibitions, held at Knoedler Gallery in New York.",
"(Brooklyn acquired its collection in 1909, and the MFA in 1912.) These daringly conceived compositions (along with a select group of oils), made in Spain and Portugal, Greece, Switzerland and the Alps, regions of Italy, Syria and Palestine, demonstrate the unity of Sargent’s artistic vision after the turn of the 20th century, when he sought to liberate himself from the burden of portrait commissions and to devote himself instead to painting scenes of landscape, labor, and leisure. The exhibition is accompanied by a full-color catalogue exploring Sargent’s engagement with watercolor painting and examining the technical mastery that led to such brilliant work. Above: John Singer Sargent, Simplon Pass: Reading, 1911. Watercolor and wax resist over graphite on paper. The Hayden Collection—Charles Henry Hayden Fund. John Singer Sargent Paintings, Prints & Artwork | JohnSingerSargent.net Buy Now from Art.com John Singer Sargent was a breathtaking American portrait painter whose career spanned the late 19th to early 20th centuries Having been born in Florence, Sargent also had strong ties to European art and the influences of that are clear to see in his work.",
"This was a highly competitive time for western art but Singer Sargent had the skills required to really draw attention to his work and this would then lead onwards to some truly prestigious commissions, with many famous celebrities falling over themselves to attract his services. The best known portrait painting by the artist could be Theodore Roosevelt when considering the status of this subject, but there are also many other significant portrait paintings which technically are just as impressive. Check out more on Singer Sargent here. The versatility and productivity of Singer Sargent was incredible, always looking to produce more and more and a selection of different mediums which he would happily experiment in order to push his own career achievements onwards. Watercolours and oils were the artist's main focus and he created hundreds of works in both formats during an extended career which takes some time to really look into in the detail that it undoubtedly deserves. Sargent also produced many charcoal drawings too, and these help us to appreciate his raw technical skills that lay behind his work in all different mediums. Sketches play in a significant part in the work of many portrait painters, such as Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, as they looked to hone their skills.",
"Sargent was born into an international family, American parents living in Europe, and this may have been the secret behind his passion for travel. His art documents his constant travels, with work capturing stunning scenes in the likes of Venice, Corfu and the Middle East plus Montana, Maine and Florida in the United States. Sargent received his artistic training in mid to late 20th century Paris. The French capital was the centre for international art at that time, and was to gift us several key art movements including Impressionism and Cubism, to name just two. John attended the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts and this his first step along the path to developing his natural talents. The artists's travels progressed his development as an artist beyond all recognition, such as his spell in Spain where he was to study in detail the wor of Diego Velazquez. This was a different approach to painting which he found exciting and more original than the academically approved methods which he had been taught previously. French art had an even greater impact on this open-minded artist, thanks to meetings with significant artists like Degas, Rodin, Monet and Whistler.",
"It was an important time in European art at that time, and Singer Sargent was right in the middle of it. The earlier work from the American was predominantly landscape based, before his passion was to switch to portraits later on in his life. It then returned to landscape art after that, when Plein Air was to become his preferred artistic environment. Sargent's travels were aided by his impressive language skills, being fluent in English, French, Italian and German. This was to help him to understand more about the art that he came across during his travels, as well as the stories behind it. For example, in Italy he was to be impressed with several works of Tintoretto, comparing them to the achievements of Michelangelo and Titian. New Appreciation for the Watercolor Works of Sargent - The New York Times The New York Times Arts |Examining Sargent’s Shift From Oil to Watercolors Search Continue reading the main story BY the time John Singer Sargent reached his mid-40s at the beginning of the 20th century, he had long been saluted as the best society portrait painter of the Gilded Age. But he was having a midlife career crisis.",
"He was a darling of established critics, but to up-and-coming artists, he seemed old-fashioned. Around 1900, he put down his oils and turned to watercolors, capturing landscapes, gardens, exotic locales, and people at leisure, at work and at rest, often on his travels in Europe and the Middle East. Experimenting with unusual compositions and new techniques, he reinvented himself aesthetically. Sargent never did convince modernist artists that he was one of them. But the curators at the two museums that bought many of those works a century ago are hoping for a different outcome when “John Singer Sargent Watercolors” goes on view, first at the Brooklyn Museum on April 5, then at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston on Oct. 13. The exhibition brings together 93 of Sargent’s best watercolors from 1902-12 for the first time. “These were years when he was very experimental,” said Teresa A. Carbone, the curator of American art at the Brooklyn. Sargent was living in London, where watercolors were highly prized.",
"His, though, were different from those of British watercolorists — more gestural, for one thing, and mystifying for their use of opaque watercolors at a time when they were typically translucent. Continue reading the main story The lush results are not only “very beautiful,” Ms. Carbone said, but also innovative in ways that are just now being appreciated — even by her and Erica E. Hirshler, senior curator of American paintings at the Boston museum, who collaborated on the exhibition. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Ms. Carbone planted the seed for the show in 2008, with an e-mail to Ms. Hirshler. “We were besieged by requests for loans of the Sargent watercolors, and I thought we ought to think about what we wanted to do with them ourselves,” Ms. Carbone said. Her first thought was, why not unite the two collections? Ms. Hirshler agreed. “Then it became more interesting,” Ms. Hirshler said, as the two curators began their research.",
"Among the things they discovered was that these works represented Sargent’s own “vision of himself as a watercolorist at a very important moment.” As such, they were far from tangential to his career. Photo \"Carrara: Lizzatori I,\" a watercolor by John Singer Sargent in 1911. Credit Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Sargent, “an obsessive traveler” in the words of Ms. Carbone, would sit with his brushes and watercolors on his journeys, capturing the scenes before him, often from odd angles — low in a Venetian gondola, for example. He made dozens and dozens of images, many in a series, intending to keep them himself. When he allowed some to be exhibited in London in 1903, 1905 and 1908, they elicited mostly good reviews. But they were never for sale. Then, in 1908, his friend, the Boston artist Edward Darley Boit — whose family was the subject of Sargent’s renowned 1882 painting “The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit” — wrote to him.",
"Boit proposed a joint exhibition at the Knoedler & Company gallery in New York. Sargent eventually agreed, probably to help his old friend’s career. As Ms. Hirshler recounts in her essay for the exhibition catalog, he wrote to Boit that “sketches from nature give me pleasure to do + pleasure to keep + more than the small amount of money that one could ask for them.” He did not want to be bothered by repeated requests to see them. Relenting slightly, Sargent raised a possibility: “... I really do not care to sell them — at any rate not piecemeal. If by any chance some Eastern Museum, or some Eastern collector wanted to buy the whole lot en bloc, I might consider it.” His watercolors, he declared, “only amount to anything when taken as a lot together.” Sargent selected 86 watercolors and packed them off to New York, where they drew glowing reviews and crowds of viewers. Knoedler, aware of the artist’s wishes, contacted museums in hopes of making a sale. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to.",
"Sign Up Privacy Policy The Brooklyn Museum quickly made an offer for 83 of the watercolors (three were truly not for sale). Sargent hesitated, wondering if Boston, where he had more patrons and closer ties, was interested. Boit and his brother called the Museum of Fine Arts there, but its bid came too late and was smaller. Brooklyn won the trove for $20,000 (about $500,000 in today’s dollars). Soon Boit proposed another joint exhibition, and Sargent agreed. The date was set for 1912. This time, the Boston museum raised its hand early in the preparation for the exhibition, and before the opening it bought 45 watercolors for about $10,800. Advertisement As visitors to “John Singer Sargent Watercolors” will see, the two collections are very different. Photo \"In a Medici Villa,\" by John Singer Sargent in 1906. Credit Brooklyn Museum Brooklyn’s works are mostly smaller, freer, more expressive. Almost none are signed. Knowing that his next works would land in Boston, Sargent made them larger and more finished, and signed them.",
"“They are all just a delight,” Ms. Carbone said. “We don’t tire of looking at them, and people will experience that when they come. Some of the subjects have pictorial depth, but not a lot. It’s all about Sargent’s immersion in the process.” They are all spontaneous, she added, but it’s also clear that Sargent “worked the sheets very aggressively. There are nuances, shifts in technique.” Many, like “In a Medici Villa,” from 1906, show Sargent as a master of reflected light. Some, like a series portraying the marble quarries above Carrara, border on the abstract. What he didn’t paint is often as interesting as what he did. One of Sargent’s favorites, “Bedouins,” from 1905-6, was shown and critically acclaimed twice in London before he sent it to New York. It shows two tribesmen, with faces sharply rendered; their garments are suggested as if the watercolors dissolved. Some are reminiscent of his oils. “The Cashmere Shawl,” from about 1911, is one.",
"It depicts a woman in a white dress and patterned shawl, an example of his use of the wax resist technique, which left some spaces perfectly white. “It’s a phenomenal work,” Ms. Carbone said. “It’s close to his regular portrait practice, but the whole sheet is executed all the way to the edges. It’s freer.” In Brooklyn, the museum engaged a watercolorist to demonstrate six of Sargent’s watercolor techniques, including wax resist and scraping, in videos that will be shown on small monitors in the galleries. As they view these works, visitors will see, as many contemporaries did, that far from stagnating, Sargent was innovating in his watercolors. Yet it’s easy to understand why appreciation of them faded. By 1910, abstract art was budding in Europe and America. A year after Sargent’s second exhibition at Knoedler, the momentous 1913 Armory Show in New York took place, changing everything in the art world. “His modernism becomes old-fashioned very quickly,” said Ms. Hirshler. Sargent’s reputation declined, and it wasn’t until the 1950s that his oils came back into favor.",
"Now, perhaps, is the time for his watercolors to regain their renown. A version of this article appears in print on March 21, 2013, on Page F8 of the New York edition with the headline: Examining Sargent’s Shift From Oil to Watercolors. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe The Fountain, Villa Torlonia, Frascati, Italy | The Art Institute of Chicago Exhibition, Publication and Ownership Histories Exhibition History Art Institute of Chicago, Twenty-fifth Annual Exhibition of American Oil Paintings and Sculpture, November 5-December 8, 1912, cat. 228. New York, Grand Central Art Galleries, Retrospective Exhibition of Important Works of John Singer Sargent, February 23-March 22, 1924, cat. 48. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Memorial Exhibition of the Work of John Singer Sargent, January 4-February 14, 1926, cat. 50.",
"State Fair of Texas, Art Department, 1933 Exhibition Showing the Changes in Painting for the Last Hundred Years in Europe and America, 1933, cat. 76. Art Institute of Chicago, A Century of Progress, June 1-November 1, 1934, cat. 407. Indiana, South Bend Art Association, American Painting in the Manner of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, February 10-March 31, 1948, cat. 46. Art Institute of Chicago, Sargent, Whistler and Mary Cassatt, January 14-February 25, 1954; traveled to New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, March 25-May 23, 1954. Grand Rapids Art Museum, Cassatt, Whistler, Sargent Exhibition, September 15-October 15, 1955, cat. 27. Durand Art Institute, Lake Forest College, A Century of American Painting: Masterpieces Loaned by The Art Institute of Chicago, June 10-16, 1957, cat.",
"16, as The Fountain, Villa Torlonia, Frascati. Washington, D.C., Corcoran Gallery of Art, The Private World of John Singer Sargent, April 18-June 14, 1964; traveled to Cleveland Museum of Art, July 7-August 16, 1964; Worcester Art Museum, September 17-November 1, 1964; Munson-Williams-Proctor Institute, November 15, 1964-January 3, 1965, cat. 73. New York, Whitney Museum of American Art, John Singer Sargent, October 1, 1986-January 4, 1987, cat. 149. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, The Lure of Italy, September 16-December 13, 1992; traveled to Cleveland Museum of Art, February 3-April 11, 1993, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, May 23-August 8, 1993, cat. 44.",
"London, Tate Gallery, John Singer Sargent, October 15, 1998-January 11, 1999, traveled to National Gallery, Washington, D.C. February 28-May 31, 1999, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, June 23-September 26, 1999. Stanford, Clifornia, Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts, Stanford University, The Changing Garden: European and American Gardens and Parks, June 11-September 7, 2003. Canberra, Australia, National Gallery of Australia, The Edwardians: Secrets and Desires, March 12–June 14, 2004; traveled to Adelaide, Art Gallery of South Australia, July 9–September 12, 2004. London, National Portrait Gallery, Sargent: Portraits of Artists and Friends, February 12-May 25, 2015; traveled to The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, June 29-October 4, 2015, cat. 83.",
"Publication History Giselle D’Unger, “The Chicago Beautiful—Woman and Art The Vital Forces,” Fine Arts Journal, 30 (January-June 1914), p. 302, ill. “Gifts of the Friends,” Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago, 7 (April 1914), p. 158, ill. General Catalogue of Paintings, Sculpture and Other Objects in the Museum, (Chicago, 1914), p. 158, ill. The Art Institute of Chicago Handbook of Paintings and Drawings (Chicago, 1920), p. 45. Rose V.S. Berry, “John Singer Sargent: Some of His American Work,” Art and Archaeology, 18 (September 924), p. 100, ill. p. 99. William Howe Downes, John S. Sargent: His Life and Work (Boston, 1925), pp. 62, 227, ill. f. p. 272). A Guide to the Paintings in the Permanent Collection (Chicago, 1925), p. 152.",
"A Guide to the Paintings in the Permanent Collection (Chicago, 1932), p. 170. Charles Merrill Mount, John Singer Sargent: A Biography (New York: W.W. Norton, 1955), p. 449. Paintings in the Art Institute of Chicago (Chicago, 1961), p. 411. Richard Ormond, John Singer Sargent: Paintings, Drawings, Watercolors (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), p. 75. Tom Armstrong, “The New Field-McCormick Galleries in the Art Institute of Chicago,” Magazine Antiques, 134, 4 (October 1988), pp. 822-835, pl. 19, p. 835 ill. Holland Cotter, “Artists From the New World in Love,” New York Times, Sunday, November 1, 1992. James N. Wood and Teri J. Edelstein, The Art Institute of Chicago: Twentieth-Century Painting and Sculpture (Chicago / Hudson Hills Press, 1996), p. 15.",
"Judith A. Barter et al, American Arts at The Art Institute of Chicago: From Colonial Times to World War I, (Art Institute of Chicago, 1998). Judith A. Barter et al, The Age of American Impressionism: Masterpieces from the Art Institute of Chicago (Art Institute of Chicago/Yale University Press, 2011), no. 39. Lance Mayer et al., \"American Painters on Technique: 1860-1945\" (J. Paul Getty Museum/Getty Publications, 2013), cover (ill.). Ownership History John Singer Sargent, London, England, 1907; sold to the Art Institute, 1914. Add this item to:"
] |
What was Gene Kelly's middle name?
|
Curran
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[
"Curran (disambiguation)",
"Curran"
] | 8,410
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[
"Climbing up Gene Kelly’s Family Tree | What's Past is Prologue What's Past is Prologue September 3, 2010 by Donna Pointkouski This month’s COG (for which I am late…the dog ate my homework, Teacher Jasia!) asked us to Research From Scratch by starting a search on someone else’s family tree. When I began my own family research about 21 years ago, there were not any records available on the internet. Lately I’ve wondered how much I could have found if I had waited until today to begin my search and how much easier it would have been. This challenge was an opportunity to find out. The subject of my experiment: actor-singer-dancer-director Gene Kelly. As most visitors to this site have since surmised, Gene Kelly is what I call my “other gene hobby.” Gene was well known for his smiling “Irish eyes”, but I was curious about his Canadian and German ancestry as well. Starting from scratch, how much could I find in a few hours? In that short amount of time, I learned a lot about his ancestry. But I also learned some research lessons that I’d like to share.",
"Start by interviewing your family, but don’t believe everything they say as fact. When I began my own research, I started by asking my parents questions about their parents and grandparents, and I also referred to an interview with my grandmother when I was in grade school and needed to complete a family history project. That same advice holds true today – you need basic facts about a family to begin your research. In the case of my subject, I couldn’t actually talk to Mr. Kelly. So instead I turned to the only biography that was written during his lifetime in which the author interviewed Kelly himself. The book is Gene Kelly by Clive Hirschhorn (Chicago : H. Regnery, 1975). While it is not entirely accurate – especially since it begins with the incorrect birth date of its subject – it was a way to get basic information about his brothers and sisters, parents, and grandparents – as close as I can get to acquring the info from Gene himself. From the first chapter of the biography, I learned enough basic facts to begin my research on the Kelly family: Gene’s parents were James Patrick Joseph Kelly and Harriet Curran. They married in 1906.",
"Both came from large families; James was one of eleven children, and Harriet one of 13. Harriet’s father, Billy Curran, “had emigrated to New York from Londonderry in 1845…via Dunfermline in Scotland.” Billy met “Miss Eckhart”, of German descent, married and moved to Houtzdale, PA. They later moved to Pittsburgh. Billy died before 1907 from pneumonia after he was left in the cold at night after being robbed. There were 9 Curran children, and 4 who died, but only 7 are named: Frank, Edward, Harry, John, Lillian, Harriet, and Gus. James Kelly was born in Peterborough Canada in 1875 James died in 1966, and Harriet died in 1972. Of Harriet, Mr. Hirschhorn says, “No one quite knows whether she was 85, 87, or 89.” In addition to Gene’s parents’ info were the basics about their children. In birth order, the Kelly family included Harriet, James, Eugene Curran, Louise, and Frederic.",
"Gene was born on August 23, 1912. This is plenty of information to begin a search. But, don’t believe everything you read or everything your family members tell you – sometimes the “facts” can be wrong, and only research will find the truth! Census records are a great place to begin your research. Back in 1989, my research began at the National Archives with the U.S. Federal Census records. Of course, back then the first available census was from 1910, and none of the records were digitized. Today, I still think census records are the best place to start researching a family. I used Ancestry.com and began with the 1930 census. Despite many “James Kelly” families in Pittsburgh, PA, it was relatively easy to find the entire Kelly clan. As I continued backward with earlier census records and Harriet Kelly’s Curran family, I found some similarities to issues I had in my own family research: Names can be misspelled. I expected this with Zawodny and Piontkowski, but not with Curran! The Curran family is listed as “Curn” on the 1900 census.",
"Ages are not necessarily correct. It seems that Harriet Curran Kelly has a similar condition to many of my female ancestors – she ages less than ten years every decade and grows younger! Information can differ from census to census, and these conflicts can only be resolved by using other record resources. Despite birth year variations for both Gene’s mother and father, James Kelly’s immigration year differed on each census as did Harriet’s father’s birthplace (Pennsylvania, Ireland, or Scotland?). Finding in-laws is a bonus, and a great way to discover maiden names. If I didn’t already know that Harriet’s maiden name was Curran (from Gene’s biography – and it is also Gene’s middle name), I would have discovered it on the 1930 census since her brother Frank Curran was living with the Kelly family. Also, I knew Harriet’s mother’s maiden name was “Eckhart” from the biography, and the 1880 census of the Curran family lists her brother and sisters – James, Jennie, and Josephine Eckerd. In the few hours of research on census records alone, I was able to trace Gene’s father only to 1910 after his marriage to Harriet.",
"In 1900 he was single, and I was unable to find a recent Canadian immigrant named James Kelly. Gene’s maternal line ran dry with the Curran’s in 1880. William Curran and Mary Elizabeth “Eckhart” married after 1870. There are too many William Curran’s from Ireland to determine the correct one, and I was unable to locate the Eckhart family prior to 1880. Naturalization records provide the best information – after 1906. The signature of Gene Kelly’s father from his “declaration of intention” petition in 1913. Ancestry.com also provided James Kelly’s naturalization record. In addition to confirming his birth in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada in 1875 (also found in Ancestry’s World War 1 Draft records), the petition lists his immigration information and the birthdates of the first 4 Kelly children (youngest son Fred was not born at the time of his father’s naturalization). Unfortunately the record does not list the birthplace of Harriet other than as Pennsylvania. Was it in Houtzdale, PA, where her parents resided in 1880 or elsewhere?",
"Although Ancestry has Canadian census records, I was unable to definitely find James Kelly in Ontario on the 1881 or 1891 census. The internet helps you find a lot of information, but not everything is online. Census records can only get you so far before you need vital records. While many states also have these records online, Gene Kelly’s ancestors settled in the same state as mine, Pennsylvania, which is not one of the “friendlier” states when it comes to accessing vital records. If I were to continue with the Kelly research, vital records would have to be obtained offline. It would be useful to obtain the marriage record for William Curran and Mary Elizabeth Eckhart, which may have occurred in Clearfield County since that was their residence in 1880. Finding this record would reveal both sets of parents’ names and possibly birth information for William and Mary Elizabeth. For the Kelly side of the family, I would likely attempt to obtain James Kelly’s birth record in Peterborough. [Side note: I have met several of Kelly’s relatives. One cousin has delved deeper into the Peterborough roots of the Kelly family as well as James Kelly’s maternal line, the Barry family.",
"There is an interesting newspaper article on a house that may have belonged to the Canadian Kelly’s called One Little House Leads to Many Connections .] Conclusion I was able to confirm many of the intial facts I started with, but I didn’t learn any essential information in addition to those facts. Specifically, I hoped to learn more about Gene’s maternal grandmother’s German roots, but I was unable to find out anything more about the Eckhart – Eckerd family using Ancestry.com alone. More offline research is learn more about this branch of the family. I did learn more about Gene’s aunts and uncles – this is important because researching collateral lines can lead to important information about shared direct ancestors. Finally, I learned that it is much easier to start from scratch now than it was 21 years ago. Even though the record sources I used were the same, digitization and the internet has made it much faster to find information! And easier, which is great because it will hopefully prompt more people to start from scratch! What are you waiting for? Start researching your family!",
"[Submitted (late) for the 97th Carnival of Genealogy: Research from Scratch ] Rate this: “The internet helps you find a lot of information, but not everything is online.” I hear you, I so hear you! Very interesting read! Gene Kelly Biography - life, family, childhood, children, school, mother, son, information, born, college Gene Kelly Biography Beverly Hills, California American dancer, actor, and choreographer Although Gene Kelly established his reputation as an actor and a dancer, his contribution to the Hollywood, California, musical also includes choreography (creating dances) and movie direction. Athletic childhood Eugene Curran Kelly was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on August 23, 1912, the middle son of five children. His father was Canadian-born and loved sports, especially hockey. Every winter Kelly Sr. would flood the family backyard and make an ice rink for hockey. Kelly Jr. later credited hockey for some of his dance steps, which he described as \"wide open and close to the ground.\" At fifteen Kelly played with a semiprofessional ice hockey team. He also played football, baseball, and participated in gymnastics.",
"Turns to dancing Kelly's other major influence was his mother, who loved the theater. She was the one who sent him to dancing lessons. At first Kelly did not want to continue with his dance lessons because the other students made fun of him. But then he discovered that the girls liked a boy who could dance, so he decided to stick with the lessons. In 1929 Kelly left for Pennsylvania State College, but because of the Great Depression, his family lost their money. The Great Depression (1929–39) was a time of worldwide economic trouble that led to global unemployment and poverty. Kelly had to move back home and attend the University of Pittsburgh in order to save the cost of room and board. While at the university, Kelly worked at a variety of odd jobs to pay his tuition: he dug ditches, worked at a soda fountain, and pumped gas. Kelly's mother began to work as a receptionist at a local dance school. She came up with the idea of the family running its own dance studio. They did and the studio was a big success. After Kelly graduated from the University of Pittsburgh he taught dance for another six years. In 1937 he left for New York City.",
"He believed that he was talented enough to find work and he was right. He got a job in theater his first week in New York. Kelly's big break came in 1940, when he was cast as the lead in the Rodgers and Hart musical Pal Joey. Goes to Hollywood Producers from Hollywood saw the show in New York and offered Kelly a contract with Metro Goldwyn Mayer (MGM). He worked for MGM for the next sixteen years. His first Hollywood film was For Me and My Gal (1942), in which he starred opposite Judy Garland (1922–1969). Garland was only twenty, but already a major star. She had seen Kelly's work and insisted that Kelly have the role. She tutored (taught) him how to act for the movies. Kelly made a breakthrough with Cover Girl (1944). At one point in the film, his character dances with a mirror image of himself. It caught all the critics' attention. Kelly told Interview magazine, \"[That is] when I began to see that you could make dances for cinema that weren't just photographed stage dancing. That was my big insight into Hollywood, and Hollywood's big insight into me.\" Gene Kelly.",
"Gene Kelly - IMDb IMDb Actor | Soundtrack | Director Eugene Curran Kelly was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the third son of Harriet Catherine (Curran) and James Patrick Joseph Kelly, a phonograph salesman. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of Irish and German ancestry. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the largest and most powerful studio in Hollywood when Gene Kelly arrived in town in ... See full bio » Born: a list of 26 people created 13 Jan 2012 a list of 36 people created 26 Jun 2013 a list of 43 people created 12 Aug 2013 a list of 35 images created 4 months ago a list of 37 people created 2 weeks ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Gene Kelly's work have you seen? User Polls Nominated for 1 Oscar. Another 10 wins & 8 nominations. See more awards » Known For 1984 The Love Boat (TV Series) Charles Dane 1957 Schlitz Playhouse (TV Series) Tom T.",
"Triplet 2015 My Hindu Friend (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\") 2015/I The Intern (performer: \"You Were Meant For Me\") 2015 Dough (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\" from tt0045152) Dancing with the Stars (TV Series) (2 episodes, 2006 - 2014) (performer - 1 episode, 2009) - Round Three: Results Show (2009) ... (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\" - uncredited) - Round 7 (2006) ... (\"Singin' in the Rain\") 2014 Call the Midwife (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #3.4 (2014) ... (performer: \"You Were Meant for Me\" - uncredited) 2012 Sawako no asa (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Jay Kabira (2012) ...",
"(performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\") 2012 Gintberg på kanten (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode) - Rigshospitalet (2012) ... (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\" - uncredited) 2012 The Neighbors (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Pilot (2012) ... (performer: \"Good Morning\" - uncredited) 2011 Gent de paraula (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.17 (2011) ... (performer: \"New York, New York\") 2010 Wishful Drinking (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"Singing in the Rain\") 2009 50 años de (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Calle (2009) ...",
"(performer: \"Singin' In the Rain\") 2009 Hollywood Singing and Dancing: A Musical History - The 1940s: Stars, Stripes and Singing (Video documentary) (performer: \"New York, New York\", \"Make Way for Tomorrow\" - uncredited) 2008 Parashat Ha-Shavua (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - VaYakhel (2008) ... (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\") 2008 Hollywood Singing and Dancing: A Musical Treasure (TV Movie documentary) (performer: \"New York, New York\", \"An American in Paris Ballet\", \"Good Morning\", \"Alter Ego Dance\", \"Dig-Dig-Dig Dig for Your Dinner\", \"Our Love Is Here to Stay\", \"Singin' in the Rain\" - uncredited) 2007 Por Toda Minha Vida (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Nara Leão (2007) ...",
"(performer: \"Singing in the Rain\") 2007 American Masters (TV Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode) 2007 The Pirate: A Musical Treasure Chest (Video documentary short) (performer: \"Be a Clown\") 2007 Family Guy (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Road to Rupert (2007) ... (performer: \"The King Who Couldn't Dance (The Worry Song)) 2000 Strangers with Candy (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Blank Relay (2000) ...",
"(performer: \"I Love to Go Swimmin' with Wimmen\" - uncredited) 1998 The Object of My Affection (performer: \"You Were Meant for Me\") 1997 MGM Sing-Alongs: Friends (Video short) (performer: \"Take Me Out to the Ballgame\") 1997 MGM Sing-Alongs: Searching for Your Dreams (Video short) (performer: \"The Worry Song\") 1995 Friends (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - The One with Phoebe's Husband (1995) ... (performer: \"Singing in the Rain\" - uncredited) 1995 Forget Paris (performer: \"Love Is Here To Stay\") 1994 Léon: The Professional (performer: \"I Like Myself\") 1994 That's Entertainment!",
"III (Documentary) (performer: \"On the Town\" (1944), \"Ballin' the Jack\" (1913), \"You Wonderful You\" (1950), \"Slaughter on Tenth Avenue\" (1936), \"An American in Paris Ballet\" (1936), \"Fit as a Fiddle\" (1932), \"The Heather on the Hill\" (1947) - uncredited) 1992 MGM: When the Lion Roars (TV Mini-Series documentary) (performer - 1 episode) - The Lion in Winter (1992) ...",
"(performer: \"The King Who Couldn't Dance (The Worry Song)\", \"New York, New York\", \"Be a Clown\", \"An American in Paris Ballet\", \"Singin' in the Rain\", \"Good Morning\", \"I'll Go Home with Bonnie Jean\" - uncredited) 1991 Great Performances (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) 1989 Somebody or The Rise and Fall of Philosophy (Short) (performer: \"You Are My Lucky Star\") 1986 Frankenstein Punk (Short) (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\") 1986 Precious Images (Documentary short) (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\") 1985 Moonlighting (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Knowing Her (1985) ... (performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\") 1985 That's Dancing!",
"(Documentary) (performer: \"Moses\", \"Sinbad the Sailor\", \"The Binge\") 1981 The Muppet Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Gene Kelly (1981) ... (performer: \"You Wonderful You\" - uncredited) 1980 Xanadu (performer: \"Whenever You're Away From Me\") 1979 Der ganz normale Wahnsinn (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Viertes Kapitel (1979) ...",
"(performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\" - uncredited) 1976 That's Entertainment, Part II (Documentary) (performer: \"For Me and My Gal\" (1917), \"Be a Clown\" (1948), \"Color Change\" (1976), \"Shubert Alley\" (1976), \"Good Morning\" (1939), \"I Got Rhythm\" (1930), \"I Begged Her\" (1944), \"Love Is Here to Stay\" (1938), \"Cartoon Sequence\" (1976), \"Sinbad the Sailor\" (1956), \"Broadway Rhythm\" (1935), \"I Like Myself\" (1954), \"Finale\" (1976) - uncredited) 1976 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode dated 4 May 1976 (1976) ...",
"(performer: \"I've Got A Crush On You\", \"For Me and My Gal\" - uncredited) 1976 It's Showtime (Documentary) (performer: \"Fido and Me\" - uncredited) 1974 That's Entertainment!",
"(performer: \"Singin' in the Rain\" (1929), \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" (1908), \"The Babbitt and the Bromide\" (1927), \"Be a Clown\" (1948), \"The Pirate Ballet\" (1948), \"New York, New York\" (1944), \"The King Who Couldn't Dance (The Worry Song)\" (1945), \"The Broadway Ballet\" (1935), \"An American in Paris Ballet\" (1951) - uncredited) 1973 Magnavox Presents Frank Sinatra (TV Special documentary) (performer: \"We Can't Do That Anymore\", \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", \"For Me and My Gal\", \"New York, New York\", \"Nice and Easy\") 1971 A Clockwork Orange (performer: \"Singin' In the Rain\") 1967 The Young Girls of Rochefort (performer: \"Andy Amoureux\", \"De Hambourg à Rochefort\", \"Les Rencontres\", \"Concerto (ballet)\" - un",
"credited) 1967 Jack and the Beanstalk (TV Movie) (performer: \"Half Past April, and a Quarter to May\", \"A Tiny Bit of Faith\", \"It's Been Nice\", \"The Woggle-Bird Song\", \"One Starry Moment\" (Reprise)) 1964 What a Way to Go!",
"(performer: \"I Think that You and I Should Get Acquainted\", \"Musical Extravaganza\") 1963 The Danny Kaye Show (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.5 (1963) ... (performer: \"Ballin' the Jack\") 1959 The Gene Kelly Show (TV Movie) (performer: \"For Me and My Gal\") 1957 Les Girls (performer: \"Les Girls\", \"You're Just Too Too!\", \"Why Am I So Gone (About that Gal)?\", \"The Rope Dance\" - uncredited) 1956 Invitation to the Dance (performer: \"Circus\", \"Ring Around The Rosy\", \"Sinbad the Sailor\") 1955-1956 MGM Parade (TV Series) (performer - 4 episodes) - Episode #1.19 (1956) ... (performer: \"The Babbitt and the Bromide\") - Episode #1.11 (1955) ...",
"(performer: \"For Me and My Gal\" - uncredited) - Episode #1.10 (1955) ... (performer: \"For Me and My Gal\" - uncredited) - Episode #1.2 (1955) ...",
"(performer: \"I Like Myself\" - uncredited) 1955 It's Always Fair Weather (performer: \"March, March\" (1955), \"The Time for Parting\" (1955), \"Once Upon a Time\" (1955), \"I Shouldn't Have Come\" (1955), \"I Like Myself\" (1955) - uncredited) 1954 Deep in My Heart (performer: \"I Love to Go Swimmin' with Wimmen\") 1954 Brigadoon (performer: \"I'll Go Home with Bonnie Jean\", \"The Heather on the Hill\", \"Almost Like Being in Love\", \"The Heather on the Hill\" (reprise) - uncredited) 1952 Singin' in the Rain (performer: \"Fit as a Fiddle\" (1932), \"You Were Meant For Me\" (1929), \"Moses Supposes\" (1952), \"Good Morning\" (1939), \"Singin' in the Rain\" (1929), \"Broadway Rhythm Ballet\" (",
"1952), \"Singin in the Rain (in A-Flat)\" (1929), \"You Are My Lucky Star\" (1935), \"Main Title\" (uncredited), \"Would You?",
"(End Title)\" (uncredited)) 1951 An American in Paris (performer: \"Our Love Is Here to Stay\" (1937), \"By Strauss\" (1936), \"Tra-la-la (This Time It's Really Love)\" (1922), \"I Got Rhythm\" (1930), \"'S Wonderful\" (1927), \"An American in Paris Ballet\" - uncredited) 1950 Summer Stock (performer: \"All for You\", \"Dig-Dig-Dig Dig For Your Dinner\", \" (Howdy Neighbor) Happy Harvest\", \"Heavenly Music\", \"You Wonderful You\", \"Portland Fancy\" - uncredited) 1949 On the Town (performer: \"New York, New York\", \"A Day in New York\", \"Prehistoric Man\" (uncredited), \"Main Street\" (uncredited), \"On the Town\" (uncredited), \"Count on Me\" (uncredited), \"That's All There Is, Folks\" (uncredited)) 1949 Take Me Out to the Ball Game (performer: \"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\", \"Yes, Inde",
"edy\" (uncredited), \"O'Brien to Ryan to Goldberg\" (uncredited), \"Strictly U.S.A.\" (uncredited), \"The Hat My Dear Old Father Wore upon St.",
"Patrick's Day\" (uncredited)) Gene Kelly - Biography - IMDb Gene Kelly Biography Showing all 72 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (45) | Personal Quotes (18) Overview (4) 5' 8\" (1.73 m) Mini Bio (1) Eugene Curran Kelly was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, the third son of Harriet Catherine (Curran) and James Patrick Joseph Kelly, a phonograph salesman. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of Irish and German ancestry. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the largest and most powerful studio in Hollywood when Gene Kelly arrived in town in 1941. He came direct from the hit 1940 original Broadway production of \"Pal Joey\" and planned to return to the Broadway stage after making the one film required by his contract. His first picture for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was For Me and My Gal (1942) with Judy Garland . What kept Kelly in Hollywood were \"the kindred creative spirits\" he found behind the scenes at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.",
"The talent pool was especially large during World War II, when Hollywood was a refuge for many musicians and others in the performing arts of Europe who were forced to flee the Nazis. After the war, a new generation was coming of age. Those who saw An American in Paris (1951) would try to make real life as romantic as the reel life they saw portrayed in that musical, and the first time they saw Paris, they were seeing again in memory the seventeen-minute ballet sequence set to the title song written by George Gershwin and choreographed by Kelly. The sequence cost a half million dollars (U.S.) to make in 1951 dollars. Another Kelly musical of the era, Singin' in the Rain (1952), was one of the first 25 films selected by the Library of Congress for its National Film Registry. Kelly was in the same league as Fred Astaire , but instead of a top hat and tails Kelly wore work clothes that went with his masculine, athletic dance style. Gene Kelly died at age 83 of complications from two strokes on February 2, 1996 in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California.",
"- IMDb Mini Biography By: Dale O'Connor <[email protected]> Spouse (3) Known for his innovative, athletic style of dancing Trivia (45) During World War II, he was a sailor stationed at the United States Naval Photographic Center in Anacostia, D.C. (where the documentary Victory at Sea (1952) was later assembled for NBC-TV). He starred in several Navy films while on active duty there and in \"civilian\" films while on leave. Attended Peabody High School in the East Liberty section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Ranked #26 in Empire (UK) magazine's \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list. [October 1997] Inducted into the Theater Hall of Fame in 1992. Kelly's father was Al Jolson 's road manager in the 1920s. Had three children: Kerry Kelly , with Betsy Blair , in 1942, and Bridget Kelly and Tim Kelly, with Jeanne Coyne , in the 1960s.",
"Had a half-moon shaped scar on his left cheek caused by a bicycle accident he had as a young boy. Was dance consultant for Madonna 's 1993 \"Girlie Show\" tour. Attended Penn State University before transferring to University of Pittsburgh, where he graduated. His first two wives were dancers. Actress Betsy Blair met Gene while she was a performer and he a choreographer in the show \"Diamond Horseshoe\". Second wife Jeanne Coyne was Gene's dancing assistant for many years before they married in 1960. A major talent in her own right, her dazzling footwork can be seen in the \"From This Moment On\" number alongside partner Bobby Van , Ann Miller , Tommy Rall , Carol Haney and Bob Fosse in Kiss Me Kate (1953) (1953). She died of leukemia in 1973. He and his younger brother Fred Kelly appeared together in a dancing vaudeville act.",
"When Gene got his big break as Harry the hoofer in the dramatic Broadway production of \"The Time of Your Life\" in 1939, he was eventually replaced by brother Fred, who took it on the road and won a Donaldson award for his efforts. Working on an autobiography at the time of his death. Graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a degree in economics. Kennedy Center Honoree, 1982 A stage version of \"Singin' in the Rain\" was awarded the Laurence Olivier Theatre Award in 2001 for Outstanding Musical Production, with choreography by Kelly. Martial arts stars Jackie Chan and David Carradine both cite him as an influence. Awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Bill Clinton in 1994. Biography in: John Wakeman, editor. \"World Film Directors, Volume Two, 1945-1985\". Pages 510-515. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1988. He was voted the 42nd Greatest Movie Star of all time by Entertainment Weekly.",
"Was named the #15 greatest actor on The 50 Greatest Screen Legends list by the American Film Institute Is one of the many movie stars mentioned in Madonna 's song \"Vogue\" Biography in: \"American National Biography\". Supplement 1, pp. 309-312. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Member of the jury at the Cannes Film Festival in 1959 Ray Bradbury 's novel \"Something Wicked This Way Comes\" was dedicated to Kelly. Has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6153 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California. His last movie musical was Xanadu (1980) co-starring Olivia Newton-John . Had a fever of 103 degrees while filming the famous rain scene in Singin' in the Rain (1952). Famed producer David O. Selznick signed Gene to his first Hollywood contract after seeing him star in \"Pal Joey\" while on Broadway. Though Gene had had other offers from studios, he chose to sign with Selznick mostly because his was the only studio that did not insist on a screen test before signing him.",
"Selznick sold Kelly's contact to MGM before he could find a suitable role for him to appear in. He and MGM studio head Louis B. Mayer shared a long standing feud stemming from even before Kelly entered the motion picture business. One evening after seeing Gene perform in \"Pal Joey\" on Broadway, Mayer met Kelly backstage and offered to sign him to MGM without a screen test. When Kelly later received a call from a MGM representative requesting a screen test, he insisted there was some sort of mistake saying he had Mayer's word he did not have to make one and told the rep to ask Mayer himself. When the rep did, he called back days later stating that he did talk to Mayer and that he still had to make a test. Gene was furious and wrote a scathing letter to Mayer for retracting his promise. For the first couple of years he worked for Mayer, Kelly was uncertain that Mayer even read the letter until Louis brought it up in an argument one evening. Tony Martin the husband of MGM star/dancer Cyd Charisse said he could tell who she had been dancing with that day on an MGM set.",
"If she came home covered with bruises on her, it was the very physically-demanding Gene Kelly , if not it was the smooth and agile Fred Astaire . Was originally set to star as Don Hewes alongside Judy Garland in Easter Parade (1948). However, before filming began, he broke his leg, resulting in Fred Astaire coming out of retirement in order to replace him in the film. Bob Fosse originally wanted him for a lead role in a musical film adaptation of the Maurine Dallas Watkins play \"Chicago\" around the early 1970s. He eventually gave up the choice, and Fosse opted to do a stage musical instead. His death is mentioned in the Dream Theater song \"Take Away My Pain\" from their album \"Falling into Infinity\" released in 1997 with the lyric \"he said look at poor Gene Kelly, I guess he won't be singing in the rain\". Joined the Phi Kappa Theta fraternity while studying at the University of Pittsburgh. He was a lifelong staunch liberal Democrat. Was a fan of the Pittsburg Steelers. His father was of Irish descent and his mother was of half Irish and half German ancestry.",
"Jeanne Coyne, Kelly's second wife, was previously married to his show-business partner Stanley Donen. Inducted into the International Tap Dance Hall of Fame in 2014. His trademark scar on the left side of his face was the result of a bike accident when Gene was 5 years old, which required stitches. The actor-director named \"A Tree Grows in Brooklyn\" as his favorite film for the AFI. In order to secure the film rights to the hit musical \"Best Foot Forward,\" MGM loaned the services of Gene Kelly to Columbia for one picture. Although it was assumed the studio would mount an adaptation of Kelly's stage hit \"Pal Joey,\" for which they owned the screen rights, they instead co-starred him with their top star, Rita Hayworth, in \"Cover Girl.\" Ironically when they did finally film the property over a decade later with Frank Sinatra, Hayworth again co-starred. After his death it was reported that Kelly had donated money to the Provisional IRA in the 1970s. In early 1943 MGM announced Gene Kelly was to appear in the forthcoming production The Human Comedy (1943). He eventually did not appear in the film.",
"Was one of Heath Ledger's idols. Personal Quotes (18) [on his working experience with Debbie Reynolds while filming Singin' in the Rain (1952) (1952)] I wasn't nice to Debbie. It's a wonder she still speaks to me. There was no model for what I tried to do with dance . . . and the thing Fred Astaire and I used to bitch about was that critics didn't know how to categorize us. They called us tap dancers because that was considered the American style. But neither of us were basically tap dancers. The contract system at Hollywood studios like MGM was a very efficient system in that because we were at the studio all the time we could rehearse a lot. But it also really repressed people. There were no union regulations yet, and we were all indentured servants - you can call us slaves if you want - like ballplayers before free agency. We had seven-year contracts, but every six months the studio could decide to fire you if your picture wasn't a hit. And if you turned down a role, they cut off your salary and simply added the time to your contract.",
"Kids talk to me and say they want to do musicals again because they've studied the tapes of the old films. We didn't have that. We thought once we had made it, even on film, it was gone except for the archives. I arrived in Hollywood twenty pounds overweight and as strong as an ox. But if I put on a white tails and tux like [ Fred Astaire ], I still looked like a truck driver."
] |
What was the profession of William Eugene Smith?
|
Photographer
|
[
"Photographist",
"Photographer",
"Freelance photographer",
"Freelance Photography",
"Photographr"
] | 10,982
|
[
"1000+ images about William Eugene Smith on Pinterest | Spanish, Maze and Interview Forward The American Society of Media Photographers recently discovered the transcript of an interview of Mr. Smith, conducted by the great portraitist Philippe Halsmann and the society’s first president. The interview apparently took place in New York during an American Society of Media Photographers meeting in 1956, although the organization is unsure of the date. The transcript has been lightly edited. photo: W. Eugene Smith - SPAIN. Extremadura. Province of Caceres. Deleitosa. - 1951 See More William Eugene Smith Photographer - All About Photo Biography: Nationality: American | Born: 1918 - Died: 1978 William Eugene Smith was an American photojournalist known for his refusal to compromise professional standards and his brutally vivid World War II photographs. Smith graduated from Wichita North High School in 1936. He began his career by taking pictures for two local newspapers, The Wichita Eagle (morning circulation) and the Beacon (evening circulation). He moved to New York City and began work for Newsweek and became known for his incessant perfectionism and thorny personality.",
"Smith was fired from Newsweek for refusing to use medium format cameras and joined Life Magazine in 1939 using a 35mm camera. In 1945 he was wounded while photographing battle conditions in the Pacific theater of World War II. As a correspondent for Ziff-Davis Publishing and then Life again, Smith entered World War II on the front lines of the island-hopping American offensive against Japan, photographing U.S. Marines and Japanese prisoners of war at Saipan, Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. On Okinawa, Smith was hit by mortar fire. After recovering, he continued at Life and perfected the photo essay from 1947 to 1954. In 1950, he was sent to the United Kingdom to cover the General Election, in which the Labour Party, under Clement Attlee, was narrowly victorious. Life had taken an editorial stance against the Labour government. In the end, a limited number of Smith's photographs of working-class Britain were published, including three shots of the South Wales valleys.",
"In a documentary made by BBC Wales, Professor Dai Smith traced a miner who described how he and two colleagues had met Smith on their way home from work at the pit and had been instructed on how to pose for one of the photos published in Life. Smith severed his ties with Life over the way in which the magazine used his photographs of Albert Schweitzer. Upon leaving Life, Smith joined the Magnum photo agency in 1955. There he started his project to document Pittsburgh. This project was supposed to take him three weeks, but spanned three years and tens of thousands of negatives. It was too large ever to be shown, although a series of book-length photo essays were eventually produced. From 1957 to 1965 he took photographs and made recordings of jazz musicians at a Manhattan loft shared by David X. Young, Dick Cary and Hall Overton. In January 1972, Smith was attacked by Chisso employees near Tokyo, in an attempt to stop him from further publicizing the Minamata disease to the world.Although Smith survived the attack, his sight in one eye deteriorated.",
"Smith and his Japanese wife lived in the city of Minamata from 1971 to 1973 and took many photos as part of a photo essay detailing the effects of Minamata disease, which was caused by a Chisso factory discharging heavy metals into water sources around Minamata. One of his most famous works, Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath, taken in December 1971 and published a few months after the 1972 attack, drew worldwide attention to the effects of Minamata disease. Complications from his longterm consumption of drugs, notably amphetamines (taken to enable his workaholic tendencies), and alcohol led to a massive stroke, from which Smith died in 1978. He is buried in Crum Elbow Cemetery, Pleasant Valley, New York. Smith was perhaps the originator and arguably the master of the photo-essay. In addition to Pittsburgh, these works include Nurse Midwife, Minamata, Country Doctor, and Albert Schweitzer - A Man of Mercy. Today, Smith's legacy lives on through the W.",
"Eugene Smith Memorial Fund to promote \"humanistic photography.\" Since 1980, the fund has awarded photographers for exceptional accomplishments in the field. Source Wikipedia William Eugene Smith 1971 or 1972 - Minamata, Japan In the early 1970s, William Eugene Smith lived with Aileen Mioko Sprauge Smith, his wife, in Minamata, Japan. William Eugene Smith took this photo, and together with the help of Aileen Mioko Sprauge Smith and Ishikawa Takeshi, a local photographer, many other photos were taken of the effects of long term environmental industrial mercury poisoning on the local population. Here, on the Japanese Island of Kyushu, we see an image of an outwardly healthy mother bathing her fetal-poisoned 16 year old daughter, Tomoko Uemura, grotesquely deformed, physically crippled and blind since birth due to environmental industrial mercury poisoning in the local Minamata, Japan, water supply. This may well be the first environmental pollution photojournalism. Note also the invariable comparison to Michelangelo Buonarroti 's Pieta .",
"The photograph is from a series on industrial pollution by William Eugene Smith and Aileen Mioko Sprauge Smith for which they jointly received the World Understanding Award-U.S.A. William Eugene Smith, who was severely beaten by goons hired by the offending chemical company, also received the Robert Capa Gold Modal-U.S.A. for \"photography requiring exceptional courage and enterprise.\" Minolta 16mm f/2.8 Lens William Eugene Smith 1972 - Minamata, Japan Pouring its wastes into the air as well as the waters, the Chisso chemical complex dominates the city of Minamata. Waste chemicals, dumped into the bay, worked their way up the food chain to the people of the city and caused what has come to be known as Minamata Disease. 500x337 57kb William Eugene Smith 1972 - Minamata, Japan Plaintiffs demonstrate with photos of their dead on the last day of the trial in October 1972. The court victory could only offer money in return for life and normalcy.",
"500x346 53kb William Eugene Smith 1972 - Minamata, Japan An aide mops the brow of Chisso's President Shimada during one of the grueling negotiating sessions for compensation. This image is a stark comparison to the photo of Tomoko Uemura being bathed by her mother above . Visit The National Institute for Minamata Disease at for more information. 322x500 60kb Loosely from The Encyclopedia of Photography, by Michael Busselle, 1983, Octopus Books Limited, and Let Truth Be the Prejudice, W. Eugene Smith: His Life and Photographs, by Ben Maddow and the staff at Aperture, 1985, Aperture: William Eugene Smith was born in Witchita, Kansas, in 1918. He was raised Catholic by Nettie Smith, his mother, who was a photographer who had a darkroom at home. William Eugene Smith wanted to fly, and ordered pictures of airplanes through the mail - his mother refused to pay, suggesting that he take her camera to the airfield and get his own pictures. A photographer was born!",
"William Eugene Smith became a local Witchita, Kansas, news photographer at the age of 15. He won a scholarship to learn photography at Notre Dame University , Notre Dame, Indiana US. Unsatisfied, he went to New York Institute of Photography in New York City, New York US, and invited his mother to join him as his assistant - she agreed. He become a photographer for Newsweek magazine. During World War II he was a correspondent photographer and covered numerous invasions and combat missions. He was badly wounded taking photographs of US soldiers during a Japanese mortar attack in which he refused to protect himself, hoping to get authentic images of war and spent a year recuperating, although his left hand was severely crippled the rest of his life, making it difficult for him to handle his cameras. He joined Life magazine in 1947, but after a series of differences over the way his many successful pictures were used, he resigned in 1955 to join the international photographic agency Magnum Photography Agency . William Eugene Smith personified the concerned photographer, one for whom the medium was more a means of expressing his own fears and misgivings about the world than of simply creating effective images.",
"He was invariably extremely involved with his subject and often spent periods of a year or more working on a particular story. His final assignment, typical of his anguish and concern over man's inhumanity to man, was a series of pictures taken over three years on the effects of industrial waste on the life of a small fishing community of Japan. More than 100,000 people had eaten poisoned fish, and more then 10,000 people had gotten ill, a story still in the news 30 years later. The third year, 1974, he received support money from various sources, including doing TV commercials for Minolta Camera, Japan. His involvement led to him being badly beaten up by men from the chemical company as the men attacked a group of demonstrators of which he was a participating photographer. He never fully recovered. After returning to America, be gave up photojournalism and devoted the rest of his life to photography through lecturing and exhibiting. Not only was he one of the great masters of the picture story, but his pictures individually combine the harsh imagery of the documentary approach with the rich, brooding quality that characterizes his finely made prints. Fred W.",
"McDarrah Portrait of William Eugene Smith April 8, 1975 William Eugene Smith added 2 new photos to the album: Spanish Village 1951 . · July 10, 2016 · From \"Spanish Village\" photo-essay. Originally published in the April 9, 1951, issue of LIFE magazine, W. Eugene Smith’s photo essay, “Spanish Village,” has been lauded for more than six decades as the most moving photographic portrait ever made of daily life in rural Spain during the rule of dictator Francisco Franco. But, as the years have passed, the most chilling image from the piece—the closed, hard faces of three members of Franco’s feared Guardia Civil—has been exalted... to a point where the essays’ other masterful, evocative pictures have been largely forgotten. For countless people around the world, including photography buffs who really ought to know better, Smith’s Guardia Civil photograph is the “Spanish Village” essay. Here, LIFE.com presents “Spanish Village” in its entirety.",
"Even as the faces in the essay’s most famous picture evince the cruelty and arrogance often assumed by small men granted great power over others, other photographs illuminate the timeless rhythms of a small, isolated Spanish town of the last century, about which LIFE wrote: “It lives in ancient poverty and faith.” In the 1951 article that accompanied Smith’s pictures, the magazine told its readers: The village of Deleitosa, a place of about 2,300 peasant people, sits on the high, dry, western Spanish tableland called Estramadura, about halfway between Madrid and the border of Portugal. Its name means “delightful,” which it no longer is, and its origins are obscure, though they may go back a thousand years to Spain’s Moorish period. In any event it is very old and LIFE photographer Eugene Smith, wandering off the main road into the village, found that its ways had advanced little since medieval times. Many Deleitosans have never seen a railroad because the nearest one is 25 miles away. Mail comes in by burro. The nearest telephone is 12 miles away in another town.",
"Deleitosa’s water system still consists of the sort of aqueducts and open wells from which villagers have drawn water for centuries . . . and the streets smell strongly of the villagers’ donkeys and pigs. [A] small movie theater, which shows some American films, sits among the sprinkling of little shops near the main square. But the village scene is dominated now as always by the high, brown structure of the 16th century church, the center of society in Catholic Deleitosa. And the lives of the villagers are dominated as always by the bare and brutal problems of subsistence. For Deleitosa, barren of history, unfavored by nature, reduced by wars, lives in poverty—a poverty shared by nearly all and relieved only by the seasonal work of the soil, and the faith that sustains most Deleitosans from the hour of First Communion until the simple funeral that marks one’s end. William Eugene Smith added 2 new photos to the album: Docteur Albert Schweitzer, USA 1949, Gabon 1954 . · July 7, 2016 · Dr.",
"Albert Schweitzer, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1952, was a pastor, a theologist, a doctor, an organist and a musicologist. These photographs were taken by W. Eugene Smith in 1954 at his hospital at Lambaréné in French Equatorial Africa. Having decided to go to Africa as a medical missionary rather than as a pastor, Schweitzer in 1905 began the study of medicine at the University of Strasbourg. In 1913, having obtained his M.D. degree, he founded the hospital at Lam...baréné. In 1917 he and his wife were sent to a French internment camp as prisoners of war. Schweitzer returned to Lambaréné in 1924 and, except for relatively short periods of time, spent the remainder of his life there. With the funds earned from his own royalties and personal appearance fees, and with those donated from all parts of the world, he expanded the hospital to seventy buildings which by the early 1960's could take care of over 500 patients in residence at any one time.",
"At Lambaréné, Schweitzer was doctor and surgeon in the hospital, pastor of a congregation, administrator of a village, superintendent of buildings and grounds, writer of scholarly books, commentator on contemporary history, musician, and host to countless visitors. The honors he received were numerous, including the Goethe Prize of Frankfurt and honorary doctorates from many universities emphasizing one or another of his achievements. The Nobel Peace Prize for 1952, having been withheld in that year, was given to him on December 10, 1953. With the $33,000 prize money, he started the leprosarium at Lambaréné. Albert Schweitzer died on September 4, 1965, and was buried at Lambaréné. William Eugene Smith added 2 new photos to the album: Spanish Village 1951 . · July 3, 2016 · From \"Spanish Village\" photo-essay. Originally published in the April 9, 1951, issue of LIFE magazine, W.",
"Eugene Smith’s photo essay, “Spanish Village,” has been lauded for more than six decades as the most moving photographic portrait ever made of daily life in rural Spain during the rule of dictator Francisco Franco. But, as the years have passed, the most chilling image from the piece—the closed, hard faces of three members of Franco’s feared Guardia Civil—has been exalted... to a point where the essays’ other masterful, evocative pictures have been largely forgotten. For countless people around the world, including photography buffs who really ought to know better, Smith’s Guardia Civil photograph is the “Spanish Village” essay. Here, LIFE.com presents “Spanish Village” in its entirety.",
"Even as the faces in the essay’s most famous picture evince the cruelty and arrogance often assumed by small men granted great power over others, other photographs illuminate the timeless rhythms of a small, isolated Spanish town of the last century, about which LIFE wrote: “It lives in ancient poverty and faith.” In the 1951 article that accompanied Smith’s pictures, the magazine told its readers: The village of Deleitosa, a place of about 2,300 peasant people, sits on the high, dry, western Spanish tableland called Estramadura, about halfway between Madrid and the border of Portugal. Its name means “delightful,” which it no longer is, and its origins are obscure, though they may go back a thousand years to Spain’s Moorish period. In any event it is very old and LIFE photographer Eugene Smith, wandering off the main road into the village, found that its ways had advanced little since medieval times. Many Deleitosans have never seen a railroad because the nearest one is 25 miles away. Mail comes in by burro. The nearest telephone is 12 miles away in another town.",
"Deleitosa’s water system still consists of the sort of aqueducts and open wells from which villagers have drawn water for centuries . . . and the streets smell strongly of the villagers’ donkeys and pigs. [A] small movie theater, which shows some American films, sits among the sprinkling of little shops near the main square. But the village scene is dominated now as always by the high, brown structure of the 16th century church, the center of society in Catholic Deleitosa. And the lives of the villagers are dominated as always by the bare and brutal problems of subsistence. For Deleitosa, barren of history, unfavored by nature, reduced by wars, lives in poverty—a poverty shared by nearly all and relieved only by the seasonal work of the soil, and the faith that sustains most Deleitosans from the hour of First Communion until the simple funeral that marks one’s end. William Eugene Smith | International Photography Hall of Fame 1918-1978 About William Eugene Smith was born on December 30, 1918, in Wichita, Kansas and was introduced to photography by his mother, who was an enthusiastic amateur.",
"His childhood was “typical” until his father committed suicide during Smith’s senior year in high school. His camera quickly became an obsession, perhaps to help Smith cope with his tragic loss. Although young, his photography talent was soon evident, and he was hired by the local newspaper to photograph sports, aviation and the devastation of the Dust Bowl. Smith’s talent led to a special scholarship designed specifically for him to study photography at Notre Dame, but he left after his first semester. His restlessness took him to New York, where he was hired by Newsweek. Eventually, he worked for Life and freelanced for periodicals including Colliers, American, The New York Times and Harper’s Bazaar. During this time he married and had two children. While working for Life, Smith was assigned as a war correspondent and became legendary for his emotionally charged and truthful images. It was important to Smith to photograph the war with heart and preciseness. He photographed 26 carrier combat missions and 13 invasions in the Pacific and in Europe, on land, sea and in the air. His images were even published in Japanese magazines. His work was interrupted in 1945, May 22, during the invasion of Okinawa.",
"His face and hands were severely injured by a grenade. After two painful years of numerous surgeries and recovery, Smith could barely hold a camera but felt a growing need and desire to make images that were signs of hope and happiness and socially conscious. “ The day I again tried for the first time to make a photograph, I could barely load the roll of film into the camera. Yet I was determined that the first photograph would be a contrast to the war photographs and that it would speak an affirmation of life… “ His first photograph after his injury was of his two young children emerging from a dark wooded area. It was titled The Walk to Paradise Garden. It became one of his most famous and best-loved works, and was chosen by Edward Steichen as the final image in The Family of Man exhibit. Returning to his work, Smith went on to produce a series of provocative photographic essays including the most famous The Spanish Village, Country Doctor, and Nurse Midwife. He spent weeks immersing himself in the lives of his subjects, an approach almost unheard of at the time. Life published several of these essays, and although his photojournalistic methods were cutting-edge and brilliant, he had a difficult time with editors.",
"Smith refused to allow any photographs and their layout to be anything but his own personal vision. He resigned from Life magazine and joined Magnum, which supported and fought for photojournalistic rights. After Smith left Life, he continued to produce photo essays, supported by three Guggenheim fellowship grants. One of the largest photographic essays that he produced was of the city of Pittsburgh. He moved to Pittsburgh where he threw himself, obsessively, into the project. Smith took more than 11,000 photographs, but was physically, mentally and financially broke after the project. The images were never published and caused turmoil with Magnum and Smith’s family. He left Magnum and his family and moved to New York where he produced a series of images from his window. A more successful photographic essay was Minimata. In 1971 Smith married Aileen Mioka Sprague and began his feverous project on Minimata, a small fishing village in Japan. The water in the village had been poisoned with mercury because of industrialization. An entire generation of people were born with horrible defects. By this time Smith was the recipient of numerous awards and traveled extensively to teach and lecture.",
"He moved to Tucson, Arizona in 1977 to teach at the University of Arizona and organize his archive at the Center for Creative Photography. On October 15, 1978, Smith suffered a fatal stroke. W. Eugene Smith was inducted into the International Photography Hall of Fame and Museum in 1984 and his honorary panel is sponsored by Rangefinder Magazine. He was inducted for his revolutionary photojournalism and setting the standard for the photo essay. Hal Gould said, “W. Eugene Smith was famous at twenty and a legend at forty. During the 1940s and 50s, when the leading edge of creative photography was found in photojournalism, Smith’s deeply humanistic style of photographic reportage continually restructured and expanded the expressive possibilities of the photo essay to a major credit level.” The Center for Creative Photography in Arizona holds the largest collection of W. Eugene Smith, which includes 3,000 master prints, thousands of negatives, contact sheets, proof and study prints, book dummies, magazine layouts, letters, cameras, darkroom equipment and records. The Smith family has founded the W.",
"Eugene Smith Memorial Fund, a grant-giving organization recognizing photographers who demonstrate a commitment to humanitarian photography. “…I am always torn between the attitude of the journalist, who is a recorder of facts, and the artist, who is often necessarily at odds with the facts. My principle concern is for honesty, and above all honesty with myself….” By Lori Oden For IPHF JOIN OUR MISSION Sign up for our newsletter * W. Eugene Smith – A Complicated Life – The Gallery of Photographic History Rob Cook Note: This is a paper I wrote for a photo history class I took at Utah State University. It is with Eugene Smith and this class that my interest in and love for photographic history was born. “Photography is a small voice, at best, but sometimes – just sometimes – one photograph or a group of them, can lure our senses to awareness. Much depends upon the viewer; in some, photographs can summon enough emotion to be a catalyst to thought. Someone – or perhaps many – among us head to reason, to find a way to right that which is wrong, and may even search for a cure to an illness.",
"the rest of us may even fell a greater sense of understanding and compassion for those whose lives are alien to our own. Photography is a small voice. I believe in it. If it is well conceived it sometimes works.” William Eugene Smith was born on December 30, 1918, in Wichita, Kansas. His mother was a photographer and his father was a businessman working in the Wichita area. Smith’s work in photography began at age 14 photographing airplanes at the airport in Wichita. Photography soon became his main interest. He was given early encouragement and advice from Pulitzer Prize winning photojournalist Frank Noel. At age 18 Smith started working for the Wichita Eagle and Beacon, local newspapers in Wichita. While working for these newspapers Smith started photographing the environmental devastation during the dust bowl. About his early work Smith said, “The dust bowl photography, as people called it, matured me very early in life. I was really photographing the destruction of my own family as well as the destruction of an entire area.” Smith later burned all of his early images because they were inadequate in describing what he felt as he watched the destruction.",
"Smith later wrote: “I had an intuitive sense of timing, an impossibly poor technique, an excitement to the fact of the event rather then of interpretive insight. Although I was deeply moved I did not have the power to communicate it.” Being able to express his feelings, for Smith, was very important, It gave nobility to his photographs of ordinary things. In 1936 Smith’s father committed suicide and the sensationalism of the local newspaper’s coverage of his death caused Smith to bitterly hate dishonest journalism. Smith almost decided to quit journalism, but a friend convinced him that, “honesty is not of a profession, but within the individual and what he brings to his work.” At age 19 Smith began his studies at Notre Dame University on a special scholarship created for him. After one semester Smith left school and moved to New York City and began working for Newsweek Magazine. Smith was fired from Newsweek for using a small format camera. About his work at Newsweek Smith said, “It was lucky that they fired me because then I started working for Life.” Smith spent three years at Life doing ordinary mundane assignments. During this time Smith discovered the world of music.",
"Smith started a record collection that in time grew to over 25,000 records. Smith once said, “I learned much more from music, literature, the stag e, and the other arts, then I ever learned from photography . . . . I picked up timing and a sense of drama, and also how to relate pictures together.” During this time Smith was married to Carmen Martinez and a year later they had their first child, Marissa. In 1942 Smith resigned his contract with Life Magazine and free-lanced in the New York area for awhile. During this time Smith was injured while shooting an assignment for Parade Magazine. About this time Smith became interested in World War II, but his injury left Smith physically disqualified from service in the war. Smith applied for service in Edward Stiechen’s Naval Photographic unit but was turned down three times for physical reasons. Smith then joined the staff of Ziff-Davis Publishing Company and was assigned to the aircraft carriers Independence and Bunker Hill. During this time Smith photographed battles on Wake Island, Rabual, Tarawa, Naru Island, Kavieng, and the Mariana Islands. Smith then returned home to New York for leave and resigned his contract with Ziff-Davis.",
"Smith again joined the staff of Life magazine in May 1944, and returned to the Pacific to continue his work. During his work for Life Smith photographed the invasions of Saipan, Guam, and Okinawa. On Okinawa Smith was severely wounded in the head, chest, and back by shell fire. He was evacuated to Guam and in June returned to New York to continue his recovery. Smith later said of his work in the Pacific: “I would that my photographs might not be the coverage of a news event, but an indictment of war – the brutal corrupting viciousness of its doing to the minds and bodies of men; and, that my photographs might be a powerful emotional catalyst to the reasoning which would help this vile and criminal stupidity from beginning again.” “Each time I pressed the shutter release it was a shouted condemnation of war.” Smith had an idealistic hope that some how his photographs would help prevent future wars. After two years of medical treatment and painful recovery Smith exposed his first negative.",
"It was an image of his two children walking through a garden, called “The Walk to Paradise Garden.” About this image that concluded Edward Steichens “The Family of Man” exhibition, Smith wrote: “The children in the photograph are my children, and on the day I made this photographic effort, I was not sure I would be capable of ever photographing again . . . . But now this day I would endeavor to refute two years of negation. On this day, for the first time since my injuries, I would try again to make the camera work for me. I would try to force my body to control the mechanics of the camera; and, as well, I would try to command my creative spirit out of exile. “Urgently, something compelled that this first photograph must not be a failure – pray God that I could so much as physically force a roll of film into the camera! I was determined that this first photograph must sing of more than being a technical accomplishment. I was determined that it would speak of a gentle moment of spirited purity in contrast to the depraved savagery I had raged against with my war photographs – my last photographs.",
"I was almost desperate in this determination, in my insistence that for some reason this first exposure must have a special quality. I have never quite understood why it had to be thus, why it had to be the first and not the second; why, if not accomplished today, it could not be accomplished the next week; yet that day I challenged myself to do it, against my nerves, against my reason . . . . What ever the reason, probably more complex then one – I felt, without labeling it as such, that it was to be a day of spiritual decision . . . . “Still, and regardless of the conflict that raged within me, there was no change in my determination, and of my intentions for that first photograph. These woods with these children prancing in through them in happiness . . . as against war photographs I had made of a terrified mother and her child wheeling in bewilderment behind a shell broken tree . . . . ” In 1947 Smith returned to Life Magazine, and had to prove his ability to photograph again. Between the years of 1947 – 1957 Smith photographed many photo essays for Life.",
"These included, “Folk Singers” (1947), “Trial by Jury” (1948), “Country Doctor” (1948), “Hard Times on Broadway” (1949), “Life Without Germs” (1949), “Recording Artist” (1951), “Spanish Village” (1951), “Nurse Midwife” (1951), “Chaplin at Work” (1952), “The Reign of Chemistry” (1953), “My Daughter Juanita” (1953), and “A Man of Mercy” (1954). Among these photo essays is some of Smith’s most influential and important work. When talking about Smith’s desire to somehow change the world through his work, three of these essays stand above the rest – “Country Doctor”, “Spanish Village”, and “Nurse Midwife”. Through these series of photographs Smith gained even greater fame and was able to raise the conscious level of the world. The “Spanish Village” essay showed Smiths hatred for un-fair rule.",
"Smith went to Spain to “try and show what living is like under the heel and police of a dictator.” Talking about the death scene in the “Spanish Village” essay Smith said: “In the death scene in the “Spanish Village,” I did not want to intrude into the morning scene. But as the picture came about, the day before I had been quite ill with an upset stomach in the field just at the edge of the village. A man offered me some wine, which I didn’t want but I drank it anyway just because of the gesture of kindness. Then the next day he came to me and said his father had died that night. He had gangrene and they wanted to bury him as quickly as possible, so he asked me if I could take him to the county seat so he could get the necessary papers registered. When we came back, he went to his house. I could see into the house, it was a very moving scene that was happening in the back of the room, but I could not bring myself to go in, just walk in; I just couldn’t do it. I paced back and forth outside storming at myself because I knew it was an important picture, and it was important to the whole story.",
"But yet I did not feel I had the right to intrude, and I knew that a great number of photographers would have just gone in. Whether they would have come out with a great picture I don’t know, because they probably would have disturbed the people in there. Well, I stayed outside for awhile. Then I saw the son of the man come to the door, and I suddenly went up to him and said, ‘sir, I do not wish to dishonor your father, but would it be permissible for me to enter your house and to photograph?’ and he said, ‘please come in, I would be honored.’ So I went in with one assistant. The only light in there was a candle about three feet over his head, and with all that black they were wearing, it was very difficult. But I wanted to hold the same mood of lighting, so it was one of the few times I used a flashbulb. I took the reflector off and just used the bare bulb. By hand signals alone I motioned my assistant to work his way around behind the people to a position where he could hold the bulb over the candle so that it would simulate the candle lighting.",
"I made one exposure and immediately realized that it was not good, that the picture was all out of rhythm. I made one more and thought I had at least a good picture. I would have loved to have stayed there and photographed a couple of rolls, but then I saw the son standing in the doorway peering in. I again motioned without words for my assistant to go through the other doorway so that the mourners in the other room and the son in the doorway could be seen, made one more exposure, and then very reluctantly I left. All this time never having said a word, hoping I never created much of a disturbance.” In 1955 Smith once again resigned from Life magazine because of a dispute over the “A Man of Mercy” essay. About Life magazine Smith wrote, ” My attitude was almost always friendly towards Life; in spite of all their faults and failures they were a great magazine; otherwise it would not have been worth the fight. The resignation over the Schweitzer essay – it was a battle over the right of responsibility for my reportage, I was never bluntly saying they could never run a story of mine and distort it, and I resigned trying to force them to work out the problems about the story . . . .",
"All the resignations were for the purposes of trying to help me gain the quality in the magazine I felt was my responsibility as a journalist. And I take that responsibility very seriously.’ After his second resignation from Life, Smith joined Magnum Photos. While employed with Magnum Photos Smith began his most ambitious essay. It was a photo study of the city of Pittsburgh. Photo historian William S Johnson, wrote about the Pittsburgh essay: Feeling that he must vindicate himself, and driven by the desire to prove his ideas about the full possibilities of the photographic essay, Smith turned a simple project to do some illustrations for a book about Pittsburgh into a huge three-year-long project. The Pittsburgh essay, composed of thousands of photographs, was an astonishing act of creative energy and talent. In every other way it was a disaster for Smith. During those years he drove himself into financial bankruptcy and physical and emotional breakdowns in his obsessive urge to complete the story as he wished.” Smith personally financed the project in the beginning but later received two grants from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to help him finish it. About this time Smith began his first major work in color.",
"He was commissioned by the American Institute of Architects to do ten 18 foot long transparencies of contemporary American architecture. This project was entitled “Ten Buildings in America’s Future.” By the end of the 1950s Smith’s reputation was higher then ever, but his family life was in chaos. In 1957 Smith divorced his wife and moved into a loft on Sixth Avenue in New York City. During the next several years Smith photographed the seasonal changes and events that happened outside his window. Out of this work came his “As From My Window I Sometimes Glance”, and “The Loft From Inside In” essays. In 1959, part of the “As From My Window I Sometimes Glance” essay was published in Life Magazine under the name “Drama Beneath a City Window” was selected by the United States Information Agency for publication and distribution to Russia. Without Smith’s knowledge or consent the U.S.I.A. airbrushed out a police car that was in one of the photographs. During this time Smith was recognized as one of the worlds 10 greatest photographers by an international poll conducted by Popular Photography Magazine.",
"Also about this time Smith began an essay on a Haitian Mental Clinic. The essay was finished, but never published in its entirety. In 1958 Smith began work on a book that would cover his life’s work. The book was titled “The Walk To Paradise Garden”. About this book Smith said, “This is a statement of my philosophies and discriminations . . . letting truth be my prejudice . . . dedicated to those not taking the past in proof against the future.” The dummy for the book was finished in 1961. In the early 1960s Smith exhibited his work all over the country and began teaching private classes in photojournalism. In 1961 Smith was commissioned by the Japanese manufacturing company, Hitachi Limited, to photograph its operations. Over the next year Smith had several portfolios published in Japanese magazines. Smith also worked on a book that Hitachi was to produce. In 1962 Smith returned to New York. During 1963 – 1964 Smith published an essay in Life Magazine on his work done for Hitachi called “Colossus of the Orient”.",
"The book produced by Hitachi was also published under the title, “A Chapter of Image.” In 1964 Smith was appointed to the Presidents Committee on Photography. In 1965 Smith worked on the development of the magazine Sensorium with Carol Thomas, his assistant over the past seven years. The project was later unpublished because of lack of financial backing. During the later end of the 1960s Smith wrote and taught about photography. He did not produce any work that matched his previous accomplishments, but he did do some smaller projects on Woodstock, a small town in Ohio, a trip across the United States, and demonstrations against the Vietnam war. In 1971 Smith and his new Japanese/American wife, Aileen, moved back to Japan to begin his final and probably greatest work, “Minamata”. Smith and his wife moved to a small Japanese fishing village called Minamata. The people of the village were suffering from a strange disease later named, Minamata disease. This disease was proved to be coming from a local chemical company who was dumping mercury into the bay by the village.",
"Smith and his wife spent four years in the village documenting the struggle by the disease victims to gain compensation from the chemical company for their destroyed lives. Smith and his wife, who was also a photographer, created many articles, essays, and traveling exhibitions that showed the struggle of the victims. In 1975 Smith and his wife published the book, Minamata . An overview of their work in Minamata. This book had a world – wide impact on the public awareness of this disease and pollution. During the coverage of a press conference dealing with the disease Smith was beat up by the chemical company’s guards and severely injured. This only helped to gain even more sympathy for the victims of the disease. Of the many photographs shot in Minamata, one special photograph of a mother and her child became the symbolic photograph of their work. It also has become one of Smith’s best known images. This photograph has been called the Pieta of the 20th Century. Shelly Rice in her article “W. Eugene Smith, A Dream of Life” wrote about this photograph: “The only light shines on the mother and the child, whose deformed body is stretched horizontally as she lies, helpless in the tub.",
"Yet in spite of Tomoko’s malformed limbs, in spite of the problems her condition has caused, her mother, seated vertically, holds her gently, intimately, as she looks at her with maternal tenderness. Life may have delt these two women an excruciatingly bad hand, and government and Chisso officials may have treated them with neglect and abuse, but the emotional bonds that link Tomoko and her mother, and their courage to live and love, have survived intact.” Smith also wrote about the photograph: “As we photographed other things, things around her, and even the family, it grew in my mind that to me the symbol of Minamata was, finally, a picture of this woman and the child, Tomoko. One day I simply said to Aileen that if every thing is all right up there, and they are not too busy, let us try and make that symbolic picture. Now this does not in any way mean that I was posing the picture in the sense of posing a picture. It meant that I was interpreting what by now I knew full well to be true, because I would never have done it otherwise.",
"So we went there and sat; and we talked for awhile; and, I actually explained what kind of a picture – I didn’t explain that I wanted that look, that look of courage – I simply said that I wanted something of the caring for Tomoko. I thought maybe away from the bath would be the picture that would best show what had happened to Tomoko’s body. We started, the mother herself suggested that the photograph should be in the bath; so we decided to try that. The mother went through her ordinary bath routine with the child, and this was the result.” After Minamata, Smith and his wife, Aileen divorced, and Smith returned to New York to begin two years of promotional appearances. In 1977 Smith went to Tucson and began to teach photography at the University of Arizona, Still feeling the effects of his beating at Minamata, and a life of drug and alcohol abuse, Smith suffered a severe stroke. This began a year of painful recovery. During this time Smith began to organize his life’s work and planning his auto-biography. In the fall of 1978 Smith suffered a second stroke and died. W.",
"Eugene Smith’s philosophy about photography is best said by letting him say it. “I put so much passion and so much energy into the doing of my photographs that beyond photography for art’s sake, ‘art for art’s sake,’ or such, I much prefer to have my photographs add this other element, that possibly they will stir someone to action, to do something about something. I would like to make clear at the very beginning that I have no conflict between journalism and my artist self. At one time I did, but then I realized to be a good journalist I needed to be the finest artist I could possibly be. “As far as I am concerned, I just very quietly accept photography as an art. Some of the photographs I have taken have changed others’ lives, too, because I know from the history of my own work that at times through photographs I have been able to destroy a concentration camp; I have been able to build a clinic for a nurse midwife; I have in some measure been able to help a little fighting the disease of pollution and racism. “I don’t feel all that dedicated.",
"I just feel like a normal guy that too many people insist upon becoming a legend, but I feel humble and always on the threshold of knowing how to do my work.” The reason I wanted to do this paper on W. Eugene Smith is because he is probably the photographer who has influenced me and my work the most. While studying Smith’s life and philosophy about photography I realized that photography has an unseen power beyond recording an event and freezing life. Photography has the power to destroy as well as build the photographer. Smith was so dedicated to his work that photography, in a way, destroyed his life. When Smith died in 1978, he died like many other creative people. He died alone and without much money. During most of Smith’s life he abused drugs and alcohol. Smith never denied the fact that he had these problems, but he always believed that they didn’t effect his performance behind the camera. When I look at Smith’s work I don’t see a man who hated the world and tried to escape from it by drinking and taking drugs. I see a man who hated the values of the world and tried to correct them. I think Smith understood people, but didn’t understand how he as a person fit into the world.",
"Smith looked at himself as the defender of truth for the world. Smith’s essay on the nurse midwife, Maude Callen, is a great example of his desire to change the world. At a time when it wasn’t socially acceptable to deal with blacks, Smith went to North Carolina and spent weeks getting to know this woman and became her friend. I think that Smith gained this woman’s trust and respect. His photographs show it. Through Smith’s photographs published in Life , $18,500 was donated by Life’s readers toward building a clinic for this woman. This same scenario was repeated many times and with many different situations all over the world. Smith’s photographs have a special quality that draw people to them. Technically I don’t think Smith was any better then other photographers of the time, but one quality that set Smith apart was his use of light and the quality of light that he consistently had in his photographs. Smith was a master of light and the electronic flash. One very good example of Smiths use of light, is his photograph of the Spanish Civil Guards in his “Spanish Village” essay. Smith hated these men, who to him represented everything that was bad in the world.",
"One day they asked Smith to photograph them for his story, so he placed them facing into the sun so they would have to squint. The quality of the noon day sun gave the guards a harsh, evil look. Smith told the guards that the light made them look better. There are two of Smith’s photographs that I enjoy the most. They cover an emotional range from good to bad. The first is a photograph of a mental patient in Haiti. The photograph shows just the head of a black mental patient against a black background. The patient’s white eyes jump out at you. The expression on the man’s face is that of a man in great pain. Smith’s use of hard contrasting light and the expression on the mans face helps one viewing the image to better understand the empty world of this man. The second photograph is of a nun waiting for the survivors of the Andrea Doria. There is nothing exceptional about the photograph itself, but to me this is the W. Eugene Smith image I enjoy the most. This picture is simply of a young nun against a dark background, but the striking quality of this photograph is not formed by dramatic lighting or incredible action. It is the expression on the nun’s face.",
"It is an expression of concern and hope, but most of all it is a look of great faith in God. This to me is why I admire Smith’s work. He had the ability to evoke great expression from those he photographed. The photograph of the spinner from the “Spanish Village” essay has that Smithian quality of great expression. The image of Tomoko in the bath with her mother from the Minamata essay is another example of the expression Smith was able to see in his subjects. The expression of love on this mother’s face is striking. W. Eugene Smith was surrounded all his life by people who cared for him and loved him. He spent his whole life trying to make the world a better place for others. After studying Smith’s life it is ironic to me that when Smith died, he died alone, apart from his family and doing something he probably didn’t enjoy as much as photographing-teaching. In a way photography destroyed itself and Smith. Smith’s ashes were buried in upstate New York. Present at his funeral were his second wife, Aileen, all his children, his first wife, Carmen, and most of his 13 grandchildren.",
"After Smith’s death a cable came signed by three men in Minamata: WE COME UPON THE UNEXPECTED NEWS OF YOUR DEATH AND PROFOUNDLY CANNOT ENDURE OUR GRIEF. YOUR HISTORY IS OUR COURAGE ITSELF. WE PLEDGE OUR INHERITANCE OF THE MIGHTY FOOTSTEPS YOU LEFT BEHIND IN MINAMATA. Bibliography 1- W. Eugene Smith, Aileen Smith, Minamata, Publ. by Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York, © 1975. 2- William S Johnson, W. Eugene Smith, Publ. by Pantheon Books © 1986, Translated from French. 3- Kenneth Kobre, Photojournalism The Professionals Approach, Publ. by Focal Press, Butterworth Publishers, Boston, © 1980, Pgs. 282 – 305. 4- Time – Life Books, Great Photographers 1983, Publ. by Time – Life Books, Alexandria, Virginia, © 1983, Pg. 176.",
"5- Parry Janis, Wendy MacNeel, Photography Within the humanities, Publ. by Addison House, Danbury N. H., © 1977, Pgs. 96 – 109. 6- Aperture, W. Eugene Smith, Publ. by Aperture Inc., New York, © 1969. 7- Shelly Rice, W. Eugene Smith: A Dream of Life, Publ by Lens on Campus Magazine, part one, March 1986, Hearst Business Communica tions, Inc., Garden City, New York, Pgs 14 – 17. 8- Shelly Rice, W. Eugene Smith: A Dream of Life, Publ by Lens on Campus Magazine, part two, April 1986, Hearst Business Communica tions, Inc., Garden City, New York, Pgs 10 – 13. 9- Aperture, Let Truth be Prejudice, Publ. by Aperture Inc., New York, © 1987.",
"Share this: I have copy and pasted from your awesome article into my blog… if you have any objections whatsoever I will remove immediately… I have credited and given full reference to you and your site… William Eugene Smith is amazing… this is how I want my pictures to be! I doubt you will get too many “hits” from my site as I do this mostly just as a hobby and do not have a following… however, I felt it important to give credit where it’s due!"
] |
What was the world's first atomic-powered ship called?
|
Lenin
|
[
"N. Lenin",
"Vladimir Lennon",
"Vladimir lenin",
"Vladimir Lenin",
"VI Lenin",
"V I Lenin",
"Vladimir lennon",
"Vladimir Il'ich Lenin",
"Lenin, V. I.",
"Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov",
"Comrade Lenin",
"Nikolay Lenin",
"Vladimir Ilyich Ulianov",
"Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin",
"Lennin",
"Lenin, V.I.",
"Владимир Ленин",
"V.I. Ulyanov",
"Vladimir Ilyich",
"Vladimir Ulyanov",
"Владимир Ильич Ленин",
"V. Lenin",
"Nicolai Lenin",
"Vladimir I. Lenin",
"V.I. Lenin",
"Влади́мир Ильи́ч Ле́нин",
"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin",
"Ленина",
"V. I. Lenin",
"Ленин",
"Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов",
"Vladmir Lenin",
"Vladimir Ilich Lenin",
"Lenin",
"Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov",
"Vladimir Illich Lenin",
"Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov",
"V. I. Ulyanov",
"Nikolai Lenin",
"Ле́нин"
] | 10,956
|
[
"Nuclear-Powered Ships | Nuclear Submarines - World Nuclear Association Nuclear-Powered Ships (Updated June 2016) Nuclear power is particularly suitable for vessels which need to be at sea for long periods without refuelling, or for powerful submarine propulsion. Over 140 ships are powered by more than 180 small nuclear reactors and more than 12,000 reactor years of marine operation has been accumulated. Most are submarines, but they range from icebreakers to aircraft carriers. In future, constraints on fossil fuel use in transport may bring marine nuclear propulsion into more widespread use. So far, exaggerated fears about safety have caused political restriction on port access. Work on nuclear marine propulsion started in the 1940s, and the first test reactor started up in USA in 1953. The first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus, put to sea in 1955. This marked the transition of submarines from slow underwater vessels to warships capable of sustaining 20-25 knots submerged for weeks on end. The submarine had come into its own.",
"Nautilus led to the parallel development of further (Skate-class) submarines, powered by single pressurised water reactors, and an aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, powered by eight Westinghouse reactor units in 1960. A cruiser, USS Long Beach, followed in 1961 and was powered by two of these early units. Remarkably, the Enterprise remained in service to the end of 2012. By 1962 the US Navy had 26 nuclear submarines operational and 30 under construction. Nuclear power had revolutionised the Navy. The technology was shared with Britain, while French, Russian and Chinese developments proceeded separately. After the Skate-class vessels, reactor development proceeded and in the USA a single series of standardised designs was built by both Westinghouse and GE, one reactor powering each vessel. Rolls Royce built similar units for Royal Navy submarines and then developed the design further to the PWR-2. Russia developed both PWR and lead-bismuth cooled reactor designs, the latter not persisting. Eventually four generations* of submarine PWRs were utilised, the last entering service in 1995 in the Severodvinsk class.",
"* 1955-66, 1963-92, 1976-2003, 1995 on, according to Bellona. The largest submarines are the 26,500 tonne (34,000 t submerged) Russian Typhoon-class, powered by twin 190 MWt PWR reactors, though these were superseded by the 24,000 t Oscar-II class (eg Kursk) with the same power plant. The safety record of the US nuclear navy is excellent, this being attributed to a high level of standardisation in naval power plants and their maintenance, and the high quality of the Navy's training program. However, early Soviet endeavours resulted in a number of serious accidents – five where the reactor was irreparably damaged, and more resulting in radiation leaks. There were more than 20 radiation fatalities.* Nevertheless, by Russia’s third generation of marine PWRs in the late 1970s safety and reliability had become a high priority.",
"(Apart from reactor accidents, fires and accidents have resulted in the loss of two US and about 4 Soviet submarines, another four of which had fires resulting in loss of life.) * The K-19 accident at sea in 1961 due to cooling failure in an early PWR resulted in 8 deaths from acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in repairing it (doses 7.5 to 54 Sv) and possibly more later as well as many high doses. The K-27 accident at sea in 1968 also involved coolant failure, this time in an experimental lead-bismuth cooled reactor, and 9 deaths from ARS as well as high exposure by other crew. In 1985 the K-431 was being refuelled in Vladivostok when a criticality occurred causing a major steam explosion which killed 10 workers. Over 200 PBq of fission products was released causing high radiation exposure of about 50 others, including ten with ARS. Lloyd's Register shows about 200 nuclear reactors at sea, and that some 700 have been used at sea since the 1950s.",
"Nuclear Naval Fleets Russia built 248 nuclear submarines and five naval surface vessels (plus 9 icebreakers) powered by 468 reactors between 1950 and 2003, and was then operating about 60 nuclear naval vessels. (Bellona gives 247 subs with 456 reactors 1958-95.) For operational vessels in 1997, Bellona lists 109 Russian submarines (plus 4 naval surface ships) and 108 attack submarines (SSN) and 25 ballistic missile ones apart from Russia. At the end of the Cold War, in 1989, there were over 400 nuclear-powered submarines operational or being built. At least 300 of these submarines have now been scrapped and some on order cancelled, due to weapons reduction programmes*. Russia and the USA had over 100 each in service, with the UK and France less than 20 each and China six. The total today is understood to be about 120, including new ones commissioned. Most or all are fuelled by high-enriched uranium (HEU).",
"* In 2007 Russia had about 40 retired subs from its Pacific fleet alone awaiting scrapping. In November 2008 it was reported that Russia intended to scrap all decommissioned nuclear submarines by 2012, the total being more than 200 of the 250 built to date. Most Northern Fleet submarines had been dismantled at Severodvinsk, and most remaining to be scrapped were with the Pacific Fleet. India launched its first nuclear submarine in 2009, the 6000 dwt Arihant SSBN, with a single 85 MW PWR fuelled by HEU (critical in August 2013) driving a 70 MW steam turbine. It is reported to have cost US$ 2.9 billion and is expected to be commissioned in 2016. The INS Aridaman SSBN is under construction at the Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam, and was due to be launched in 2015.",
"Another six SSBN twice the size of Arihant class and six nuclear SSNs powered by a new reactor being developed by BARC are planned, the latter being approved by government in February 2015. They will be similar size to Arihant class SSBN. India is also leasing an almost-new 7900 dwt (12,770 tonne submerged) Russian Akula-II class nuclear attack submarine for ten years from 2010, at a cost of US$ 650 million: the INS Chakra, formerly Nerpa. It has a single 190 MWt VM-5/ OK-659B PWR driving a 32 MW steam turbine and two 2 MWe turbogenerators. The USA has the main navy with nuclear-powered aircraft carriers, while both it and Russia have had nuclear-powered cruisers (USA: 9, Russia 4). The USA had built 219 nuclear-powered vessels to mid 2010, and then had five submarines and an aircraft carrier under construction. All US aircraft carriers and submarines are nuclear-powered.",
"(The UK’s new large aircraft carriers are powered by two 36 MW gas turbines driving electric motors.) The US Navy has accumulated over 6200 reactor-years of accident-free experience involving 526 nuclear reactor cores over the course of 240 million kilometres, without a single radiological incident, over a period of more than 50 years. It operated 82 nuclear-powered ships (11 aircraft carriers, 71 submarines – 18 SSBN/SSGN, 53 SSN) with 103 reactors as of March 2010. In 2013 it had 10 Nimitz-class carriers in service (CVN 68-77), each designed for 50-year service life with one mid-life refuelling and complex overhaul of their two A4W Westinghouse reactors. The forthcoming Gerald Ford-class (CVN 78 on) will have some 800 fewer crew and two more powerful Bechtel A1B reactors driving four shafts. Late in 2014 the US Navy had 86 nuclear-powered vessels including 75 submarines.",
"The Russian Navy has logged over 6000 nautical reactor-years. It appears to have eight strategic submarines (SSBN/SSGN) in operation and 13 nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSN), plus some diesel subs. Russia has announced that it will build eight new nuclear SSBN submarines in its plan to 2015. Its only nuclear-powered carrier project was cancelled in 1992. It has one nuclear-powered cruiser in operation and three others being overhauled. In 2012 it announced that its third-generation strategic subs would have extended service lives, from 25 to 35 years. In 2012 construction of a nuclear-powered deep-sea submersible was announced. This is based on the Oscar-class naval submarine and is apparently designed for research and rescue missions. It will be built by the Sevmash shipyard at Severodvinsk, which builds Russian naval submarines.",
"China has about 12 nuclear-powered submarines (6-8 SSN type-93 Shang-class and type-95, 4-5 SSBN type-94 Jin-class and type-96), and in February 2013 China Shipbuilding Industry Corp received state approval and funding to begin research on core technologies and safety for nuclear-powered ships, with polar vessels being mentioned but aircraft carriers being considered a more likely purpose for the new development. Its first nuclear powered submarine was decommissioned in 2013 after almost 40 years of service. France has a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and ten nuclear submarines (4 SSBN, 6 Rubis class SSN), with six Barracuda class SSN coming on line from 2017. The UK has 12 submarines, all nuclear powered (4 SSBN, 8 SSN). The occupational radiation doses to crew of nuclear vessels in very small. US Naval Reactors’ average annual occupational exposure was 0.06 mSv per person in 2013, and no personnel have exceeded 20 mSv in any year in the 34 years to then.",
"The average occupational exposure of each person monitored at US Naval Reactors' facilities since 1958 is 1.03 mSv per year. Civil Vessels Nuclear propulsion has proven technically and economically essential in the Russian Arctic where operating conditions are beyond the capability of conventional icebreakers. The power levels required for breaking ice up to 3 metres thick, coupled with refuelling difficulties for other types of vessels, are significant factors. The nuclear fleet, with six nuclear icebreakers and a nuclear freighter, has increased Arctic navigation from 2 to 10 months per year, and in the Western Arctic, to year-round. The icebreaker Lenin was the world's first nuclear-powered surface vessel (20,000 dwt), commissioned in 1959. It remained in service for 30 years to 1989, and was retired due to the hull being worn thin from ice abrasion. It initially had three 90 MWt OK-150 reactors, but these were badly damaged during refueling in 1965 and 1967.",
"In 1970 they were replaced by two 171 MWt OK-900 reactors providing steam for turbines which generated electricity to deliver 34 MW at the propellers. Lenin is now a museum. It led to a series of larger icebreakers, the six 23,500 dwt Arktika class, launched from 1975. These powerful vessels have two 171 MWt OK-900A reactors delivering 54 MW at the propellers and are used in deep Arctic waters. The Arktika was the first surface vessel to reach the North Pole, in 1977. Sovetskiy Soyuz and Yamal are in service (launched 1990, 1992 respectively), with Sibir and Arktika decommissioned in 1992 and 2008, and Rossija subsequently. Soyuz has been in reserve but is being restored for service from 2017. Nominal service life is 25 years, but Atomflot commissioned a study on Yamal, and confirmed 30-year life for it.",
"Atomflot has a service life extension program to take them up to 175,000 - 200,000 hours. The original Arktika class are 148 m long and 30 m wide, and designed to break 2 metres of ice. The seventh and largest Arktika class icebreaker – 50 Years of Victory (50 Let Pobedy) – was built by the Baltic shipyard at St Petersburg and after delays during construction it entered service in 2007 (twelve years later than the 50-year anniversary of 1945 it was to commemorate). It is 25,800 dwt, 160 m long and 20m wide, and is designed to break through ice up to 2.8 metres thick. Its propulsive power is about 54 MW. Its performance in service has been impressive.",
"For use in shallow waters such as estuaries and rivers, two shallow-draft Taymyr-class icebreakers of 18,260 dwt with one 171 MWt KLT-40M reactor delivering 35 MW propulsive were built in Finland and then fitted with their nuclear steam supply system in Russia. They – Taymyr and Vaygach – are built to conform with international safety standards for nuclear vessels and were launched in 1989 and 1990 respectively. They are 152 m long and 19 m wide, will break 1.77 metres of ice, and are expected to operate for about 30 years or 175,000 hours. OKBM Afrikantov has been contracted to extend the operational life of Vaygach to 200,000 hours. Tenders were called for building the first of a new LK-60 series series of Russian icebreakers in mid-2012, and the contract was awarded to Baltijsky Zavod Shipbuilding in St Petersburg.",
"The keel of the new Arktika was laid in November 2013, it was launched in June 2016 and it is due to be delivered to Atomflot by the end of 2017 at a cost of RUR 37 billion. A RUR 84.4 billion contract for the second and third vessels, Sibir and Ural, was let in May 2014 to the same shipyard, for delivery in 2019 and 2020. The project cost was quoted in mid-2016 at RUR 122 billion. In May 2015 construction of the second vessel, Sibir, had started. The LK-60 (project 22220) vessels are 'universal' dual-draught (10.5m with full ballast tanks, minimum 8.55m at 25,540 t), displacing up to 33,530 t, 173 m long, 34 m wide, and designed to break through 2.8 metre thick ice at up to 2 knots.",
"The wider 33 m beam at the waterline is to match the 70,000 tonne ships they are designed to clear a path for, though a few ships with reinforced hulls are already using the Northern Sea Route. There is scope for more use: in 2011, 19,000 ships used the Suez Canal and only about 40 traversed the northern route. This increased in 2013 – see below. The LK-60 will be powered by two RITM-200 reactors of 175 MWt each using low-enriched fuel (<20%), which together deliver 60 MW at the three propellers via twin turbine-generators and three motors. At 65% capacity factor refuelling is every 7-10 years, overhaul at 20 years, service life 40 years. ZIO-Podolsk was assembling the first reactor vessel early in 2015, and TVEL started making the fuel in 2016.",
"The LK-60 is designed to operate in the Western Arctic – in the Barents, Pechora and Kara Seas, as well as in shallow water of the Yenissei River and Ob Bay, for year-round pilotage (also as tug) of tankers, dry-cargo ships and vessels with special equipment to mineral resource development sites on the Arctic shelf. The Yamal LNG project is expected to need 200 shipping movements per year from Sabetta at the mouth of the Ob River. The vessel will have a smaller crew than its predecessors – only 75. A more powerful Russian LK-110 icebreaker of 110 MW net at the three propellers is planned, capable of breaking through 3.5 metre thick ice. It will be 194 m long, 38 m wide and with 13 m draft, of 55,600 dwt. It will have a crew of 127. Development of nuclear merchant ships began in the 1950s but on the whole has not been commercially successful.",
"The 22,000 tonne US-built NS Savannah, was commissioned in 1962 and decommissioned eight years later. The reactor used 4.2% and 4.6% enriched uranium. It was a technical success, but not economically viable. It had a 74 MWt reactor delivering 16.4 MW to the propeller, but the reactor was uprated to 80 MWt in 1964. The German-built 15,000 tonne Otto Hahn cargo ship and research facility sailed some 650,000 nautical miles on 126 voyages in 10 years without any technical problems. It had a 36 MWt reactor delivering 8 MW to the propeller. However, it proved too expensive to operate and in 1982 it was converted to diesel. The 8000 tonne Japanese Mutsu was the third civil vessel, put into service in 1970. It had a 36 MWt reactor delivering 8 MW to the propeller. It was dogged by technical and political problems and was an embarrassing failure.",
"These three vessels used reactors with low-enriched uranium fuel (3.7-4.4% U-235). In 1988 the NS Sevmorput was commissioned in Russia, mainly to serve northern Siberian ports. It is a 61,900 tonne 260 m long LASH-carrier (taking lighters to ports with shallow water) and container ship with ice-breaking bow capable of breaking 1.5 metres of ice. It is powered by a KLT-40 reactor similar to the OK-900As used in larger icebreakers, but with only 135 MWt power delivering 32.5 propeller MW. It needed refuelling only once to 2003. The reactor was to be decommissioned about 2014, but Rosatom has approved overhauling it so that the ship is returned to service in 2016. Russian experience with nuclear powered Arctic ships totals about 300 reactor-years in 2009. In 2008 the Arctic fleet was transferred from the Murmansk Shipping Company under the Ministry of Transport to Atomflot, under Rosatom.",
"This is progressively becoming a commercial enterprise, with the 40% state subsidy of RUR 1262 million in 2011 due to phase out in 2014. In August 2010 two Arktika-class icebreakers escorted the 100,000 dwt tanker Baltika, carrying 70,000 tonnes of gas condensate, from Murmansk to China via the Arctic Northern Sea Route (NSR), saving some 8000 km compared with the Suez Canal route. In November 2012 the Ob River LNG tanker with 150,000 cubic metres of gas as LNG, chartered by Russia's Gazprom, traversed the northern sea route from Norway to Japan accompanied by nuclear-powered icebreakers, the route cutting 20 days off the normal journey and resulting in less loss of cargo. It has a strengthened hull to cope with the Arctic ice. There are plans to ship iron ore and base metals on the northern sea route also.",
"In 2013 the Atomflot icebreakers supported freight transportation and emergency rescue operations along the Northern Sea Route (NSR), and freezing northern seas and estuaries of rivers. In the framework of the regulated activity paid for as per rates established by the Federal Tariff Service of Russia (FST), 151 steering operations were carried out for ships with cargo and in ballast to and from ports in the aquatic area of the NSR, including steering of ships with cargo for building Sabetta Port of JSC Yamal SPG to Okskaya Bay and steering of a convoy of Navy ships under a contract with the Ministry of Defence. Over the 2013 summer-autumn navigation season, 71 transit steering operations were carried out, including 25 foreign-flag ships. A total of 1,356,000 tonnes of various cargoes was shipped east and west through the aquatic area of the NSR.",
"Nuclear propulsion systems Naval reactors (with the exception of the ill-fated Russian Alfa class described below) have been pressurised water types, which differ from commercial reactors producing electricity in that: They deliver a lot of power from a very small volume and therefore run on highly-enriched uranium (>20% U-235, originally c 97% but apparently now 93% in latest US submarines, c 20-25% in some western vessels, 20% in the first and second generation Russian reactors (1957-81)*, then 21% to 45% in 3rd generation Russian units (40% in India's Arihant). The fuel is not UO2 but a uranium-zirconium or uranium-aluminium alloy (c15%U with 93% enrichment, or more U with less – eg 20% – U-235) or a metal-ceramic (Kursk: U-Al zoned 20-45% enriched, clad in zircaloy, with c 200kg U-235 in each 200 MW core).",
"They have long core lives, so that refuelling is needed only after 10 or more years, and new cores are designed to last 50 years in carriers and 30-40 years (over 1.5 million kilometres) in most submarines, albeit with much lower capacity factors than a nuclear power plant (<30%), The design enables a compact pressure vessel while maintaining safety. The Sevmorput pressure vessel for a relatively large marine reactor is 4.6 m high and 1.8 m diameter, enclosing a core 1 m high and 1.2 m diameter. Thermal efficiency is less than in civil nuclear power plants due to the need for flexible power output, and space constraints for the steam system. There is no soluble boron used in naval reactors (at least US ones). * An IAEA Tecdoc reports discharge assay of early submarine used fuel reprocessed at Mayak being 17% U-235. The long core life is enabled by the relatively high enrichment of the uranium and by incorporating a 'burnable poison' such as gadolinium – which is progressively depleted as fission products and actinides accumulate and fissile material is used up.",
"These accumulating poisons and fissile reduction would normally cause reduced fuel efficiency, but the two effects cancel one another out. However, the enrichment level for newer French naval fuel has been dropped to 7.5% U-235, the fuel being known as 'caramel', which needs to be changed every ten years or so. This avoids the need for a specific military enrichment line, and some reactors will be smaller versions of those on the Charles de Gaulle. In 2006 the Defence Ministry announced that Barracuda class subs would use fuel with \"civilian enrichment, identical to that of EdF power plants,\" which may be an exaggeration but certainly marks a major change there. Long-term integrity of the compact reactor pressure vessel is maintained by providing an internal neutron shield. (This is in contrast to early Soviet civil PWR designs where embrittlement occurs due to neutron bombardment of a very narrow pressure vessel.) The Russian, US, and British navies rely on steam turbine propulsion, the French and Chinese in submarines use the turbine to generate electricity for propulsion. Russian ballistic missile submarines as well as all surface ships since the Enterprise are powered by two reactors. Other submarines (except some Russian attack subs) are powered by one.",
"A new Russian test-bed submarine is diesel-powered but has a very small nuclear reactor for auxiliary power. The Russian Alfa-class submarines had a single liquid metal cooled reactor (LMR) of 155 MWt and using very highly enriched uranium – 90% enriched U-Be fuel. These were very fast, but had operational problems in ensuring that the lead-bismuth coolant did not freeze when the reactor was shut down. Reactors had to be kept running, even in harbour, since the external heating provision did not work. The design was unsuccessful and used in only eight trouble-plagued vessels, which were retired early. The US Navy's second nuclear submarine had a sodium-cooled power plant (S2G). The USS Seawolf, SSN-575, operated for nearly two years 1957-58 with this. The intermediate-spectrum reactor raised its incoming coolant temperature over ten times as much as the Nautilus' water-cooled plant, providing superheated steam, and it offered an outlet temperature of 454°C, compared with the Nautilus’ 305°C. It was highly efficient, but offsetting this, the plant had serious operational disadvantages.",
"Large electric heaters were required to keep the plant warm when the reactor was down to avoid the sodium freezing. The biggest problem was that the sodium became highly radioactive, with a half-life of 15 hours, so that the whole reactor system had to be more heavily shielded than a water-cooled plant, and the reactor compartment couldn’t be entered for many days after shutdown. The reactor was replaced with a PWR type (S2Wa) similar to Nautilus. For many years the Los Angeles class submarines formed the backbone of the US SSN (attack) fleet, and 62 were built. They are 6900 dwt submerged, and have a 165 MW GE S6G reactor driving two 26 MW steam turbines. Refuelling interval is 30 years. The US Virginia class SSN submarine has 30 MW pump-jet propulsion system built by BAE Systems (originally for the Royal Navy) which is powered by a PWR reactor (GE S9G) that does not need refuelling for 33 years.",
"They are about 7900 dwt, and 12 were in operation as of mid-2015, with 16 more on order, and eventual total likely to be 48. Unlike PWRs, boiling water reactors (BWRs) circulate water which is radioactive* outside the reactor compartment, and are also considered too noisy for submarine use. * Radioactivity in the cooling water flowing through the core is mainly the activation product nitrogen-16, formed by neutron capture from oxygen. N-16 has a half-life on only 7 seconds but produces high-energy gamma radiation during decay. Reactor power ranges from 10 MWt (in a prototype) up to 200 MWt in the larger submarines and 300 MWt in surface ships such as the Kirov-class battle cruisers. A figure of 550 MWt each is quoted for two A4W units in Nimitz-class carriers, and these supply 104 shaft MW each (USS Enterprise had eight A2W units of 26 shaft MW and was refuelled three times).",
"The Gerald Ford-class carriers have more powerful and simpler A1B reactors reported to be 25% more powerful than A4W, hence about 700 MWt, but running a ship which is entirely electrical, including an electromagnetic aircraft launch system or catapault. Accordingly, the ship has 2.5 times the electrical capacity of Nimitz class. Ford-class are designed to be refuelled in mid-operational life of 50 years. The smallest nuclear submarines are the French Rubis-class attack subs (2600 dwt) in service since 1983, and these have a 48 MW integrated PWR reactor from Technicatome which is variously reported as needing no refuelling for 30 years, or requiring refuelling every seven years. The French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle (38,000 dwt), commissioned in 2000, has two K15 integrated PWR units driving 61 MW Alstom turbines and the system can provide 5 years running at 25 knots before refuelling.",
"The Le Triomphant class of ballistic missile submarines (14,335 dwt submerged – the last launched in 2008) uses these K15 naval PWRs of 150 MWt and 32 shaft MW with pump-jet propulsion. The Barracuda class (4765 dwt) attack submarines, will have hybrid propulsion: electric for normal use and pump-jet for higher speeds. Areva TA (formerly Technicatome) will provide six reactors apparently of only 50 MWt and based on the K15 for the Barracuda submarines, the first to be commissioned in 2017. As noted above, they will use low-enriched fuel. French integrated PWR system for submarine (steam generator within reactor pressure vessel) British Vanguard class ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) of 15,900 dwt submerged have a single PWR2 reactor with two steam turbines driving a single pump jet of 20.5 MW. New versions of this with \"Core H\" will require no refuelling over the life of the vessel*.",
"UK Astute class attack subs of 7400 dwt submerged have a modified (smaller) PWR2 reactor driving two steam turbines and a single pump jet reported as 11.5 MW, and are being commissioned from 2010 – the third of seven in March 2016. In March 2011 a safety assessment of the PWR2 design was released showing the need for safety improvement, though they have capacity for passive cooling to effect decay heat removal. The PWR3 for the Vanguard replacement will be largely a US design. * Rolls-Royce claims that the Core H PWR2 has six times the (undisclosed) power of its original PWR1 and runs four times as long. The Core H is Rolls-Royce's sixth-generation submarine reactor core.",
"Since 1959 Russia has used five types of PWRs in its civil; fleet: OK-150 in the Lenin until 1966 (3x90 MW), OK-900 subsequently in the Lenin (2x159 MW), OK-900A in the main Arktika class icebreaker fleet (2x171 MW), KLT-40M in two Tamyr class icebreakers (1x171 MW), and KLT-40 in the Sevmorput (1x135 MW). Russia's main submarine power plant is the OK-650 PWR. It uses 20-45% enriched fuel to produce 190 MW.",
"The 19,400 tonne Oscar II-class and 34,000 tonne Typhoon-class (NATO name, Akula-class in Russia) ballistic missile subs (SSBN) have two of these reactors with steam turbines together delivering 74 MW, and its new 24,000 t Borei-class ballistic missile sub along with Akula-(Russia: Shchuka-class), Mike- and Sierra-class attack subs (SSN) have a single OK-650 unit powering a 32 MW steam turbine. The Borei-class is the first Russian design to use pump-jet propulsion. (displacements: submerged). A 5th generation naval reactor is reported to be a super-critical type (SCWR) with single steam circuit and expected to run 30 years without refuelling. A full-scale prototype was being tested early in 2013.",
"Russia's large Arktika class icebreakers launched 1975-2007 use two OK-900A (essentially KLT-40M) nuclear reactors of 171 MW each with 241 or 274 fuel assemblies of 45-75% enriched fuel as U-Zr alloy and 3-4 year refuelling interval. They drive steam turbines and each produces up to 33 MW at the propellers, though overall propulsive power is about 54 MW. The two Tamyr class icebreakers have a single 171 MW KLT-40 reactor giving 35 MW propulsive power. Sevmorput uses one 135 MW KLT-40 unit producing 32.5 MW propulsive, and all those use 90% enriched fuel. (The now-retired Lenin's first OK-150 reactors used 5% enriched fuel but were replaced by OK-900 units with 45-75% enriched fuel.) Most of the Arktika-class vessels have had operating life extensions based on engineering knowledge built up from experience with Arktika itself.",
"It was originally designed for 100,000 hours of reactor life, but this was extended first to 150,000 hours, then to 175,000 hours. In practice this equated to a lifespan of eight extra years of operation on top of the design period of 25. In that time, Arktika covered more than 1 million nautical miles. For the next LK-60 generation of Russian icebreakers, OKBM Afrikantov is developing a new reactor – RITM-200 – to replace the current KLT design. Under Project 22220 this is an integral 175 MWt PWR with inherent safety features and using low-enriched uranium fuel. Refuelling is every seven years, over a 40-year lifespan. Two reactors drive two turbine generators and then three electric motors powering the propellers, producing 60 MW propulsive power. The first two icebreakers to be equipped with these are under construction. For floating nuclear power plants (FNPP, see below) a single RITM-200 would replace twin KLT-40S (but yield less power).",
"The KLT-40S is a four-loop version of the icebreaker reactor for floating nuclear power plants which runs on low-enriched uranium (<20%) and has a bigger core (1.3 m high instead of 1.0 m) and shorter refueling interval: 3 to 4.5 years. A variant of this is the KLT-20, specifically designed for FNPP. It is a two-loop version with same enrichment but 10-year refueling interval. OKBM has supplied 460 nuclear reactors for the Russian navy, and these have operated more than 6500 reactor-years. China developed its first submarine nuclear power plant in the 1970s, with some Russian help. The two-loop 300 MWe Qinshan reactor commissioned in 1994 is said to be based on early submarine reactors. Little is known of the power plants in today’s Chinese nuclear submarines, but those in the older type-93 and type-94 are said to be very noisy due to coolant pumps, and this is being rectified in type-95 SSNs and type-96 SSBNs, possibly with reverse-engineering from US civil equipment.",
"India's Arihant (6000 dwt) has an 85 MWe PWR using 40% enriched uranium driving one or two 35 MW steam turbines. It has 13 fuel assemblies each with 348 fuel rods, and was built indigenously. The reactor went critical in August 2013. A 20 MW prototype unit had operated for several years from 2003. Brazil's navy is proposing to build an 11 MW prototype reactor by 2014 to operate for about eight years, with a view to a full-sized version using low-enriched uranium being in its 6000 tonne, 100 m long SNBR submarine to be launched by 2025. UK nuclear submarine layout Dismantling decommissioned nuclear-powered submarines has become a major task for US and Russian navies. After defuelling, normal practice is to cut the reactor section from the vessel for disposal in shallow land burial as low-level waste (the rest being recycled normally).",
"In Russia the whole vessels, or the sealed reactor sections, sometimes remain stored afloat indefinitely, though western-funded programs are addressing this and all decommissioned submarines are due to be dismantled by 2012. In 2009 Rosatom said that by late 2010, 191 out of 198 decommissioned Russian submarines would be dismantled. For the USS Enterprise, after defueling (under way in 2015) the eight reactor compartments and associated piping will be removed and shipped to Hanford for burial with the submarine reactor compartments. Marine reactors used for power supply, Floating Nuclear Power Plants A marine reactor was used to supply power (1.5 MWe) to a US Antarctic base for ten years to 1972, testing the feasibility of such air-portable units for remote locations. Between 1967 and 1976 an ex-army US Liberty ship of about 12,000 tonnes built in 1945, the Sturgis (originally Charles H.",
"Cugle) functioned as a floating nuclear power plant (FNPP), designation MH-1A, moored on Gatun Lake, Panama Canal Zone. It had a 45 MWt/10 MWe (net) single-loop PWR which provided power to the Canal Zone for nine years at a capacity factor of 54%. The propulsion unit of the original ship was removed and the entire midsection replaced with a 350 t steel containment vessel and concrete collision barriers, making it about 2.5 m wider than the rest of the ship, now essentially a barge. The containment vessel contained not only the reactor unit itself but the primary and secondary coolant circuits and electrical systems for the reactor. In the 1970s Westinghouse in alliance with Newport News shipyard developed an Offshore Power Systems (OPS) concept, with series production envisaged at Jacksonville, Florida. In 1972 two 1210 MWe units were ordered by utility PSEG for offshore Atlantic City or Brigantine, New Jersey, but the order was cancelled in 1978.",
"By the time NRC approval was granted in 1982 for building up to eight plants, there were no customers and Westinghouse closed down its OPS division. Two blogs here and here on the NRC website describe the saga. Westinghouse and Babcock & Wilcox are reported to be revisiting the concept. Russia has under construction at St Petersburg the first of a series of floating power plants for their northern and far eastern territories. Two OKBM KLT-40S reactors derived from those in icebreakers, but with low-enriched fuel (less than 20% U-235), are mounted on a 21,500 tonne, 144 m long barge. Refuelling interval is 3-4 years on site, and at the end of a 12-year operating cycle the whole plant is returned to a shipyard for a two-year overhaul and storage of used fuel, before being returned to service. See also information paper on Nuclear Power in Russia . China has two projects for FNPPs.",
"In October 2015 the Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC), a China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) subsidiary, signed an agreement with UK-based Lloyd's Register to support the development of a floating nuclear power plant using CNNC’s ACP100S reactor, a marine version of the multi-purpose ACP100. Its 310 MWt produces about 100 MWe, and it has 57 fuel assemblies 2.15 m tall and integral steam generators (287°C), so that the whole steam supply system is produced and shipped as a single reactor module. It has passive cooling for decay heat removal. It has been subject to the IAEA Generic Reactor Safety Review process. Following approval by the NDRC as part of the 13th Five-Year Plan for innovative energy technologies, CNNC is planning to start building its ACP100S demonstration floating nuclear plant in 2016, for 2019 operation. Lloyd's Register will develop safety guidelines and regulations as well as nuclear standards consistent with offshore and international marine regulations.",
"China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN) announced in January 2016 that development of its ACPR50S reactor design has been approved by the NDRC as part of the 13th Five-Year Plan for innovative energy technologies. Construction of the first demonstration FNPP is expected to start in 2017, with electricity generation to begin in 2020. CGN then signed an agreement with China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) apparently to provide power for offshore oil and gas exploration and production, and to “push forward the organic integration of the offshore oil industry and the nuclear power industry,” according to CNOOC. The ACPR50S is 200 MWt, 60 MWe with 37 fuel assemblies and two loops feeding four external steam generators. Reactor pressure vessel is 7.4m high and 2.5 m inside diameter, operating at 310°C. Earlier, SNERDI in Shanghai was designing a CAP-FNPP reactor. This was to be 200 MWt and relatively low-temperature (250°C), so only about 40 MWe with two external steam generators and five-year refuelling.",
"This project has probably given way to the CNNC/NPIC one, though the reactor is similar to CGN’s ACPR50S. Future prospects With increasing attention being given to greenhouse gas emissions arising from burning fossil fuels for international air and marine transport, particularly dirty bunker fuel for the latter, and the excellent safety record of nuclear powered ships, it is quite conceivable that renewed attention will be given to marine nuclear powered ships, it is likely that there will be renewed interest in marine nuclear propulsion. The world's merchant shipping is reported to have a total power capacity of 410 GWt, about one third that of world nuclear power plants. The head of the large Chinese shipping company Cosco suggested in December 2009 that container ships should be powered by nuclear reactors in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. He said that Cosco was in talks with China's nuclear authority to develop nuclear powered freight vessels. However, in 2011 Cosco aborted the study after three years, following the Fukushima accident. In 2010 Babcock International's marine division completed a study on developing a nuclear-powered LNG tanker (which requires considerable auxiliary power as well as propulsion).",
"The study indicated that particular routes and cargoes lent themselves well to the nuclear propulsion option, and that technological advances in reactor design and manufacture had made the option more appealing. In November 2010 the British maritime classification society Lloyd's Register embarked upon a two-year study with US-based Hyperion Power Generation (now Gen4 Energy), British vessel designer BMT Group, and Greek ship operator Enterprises Shipping and Trading SA \"to investigate the practical maritime applications for small modular reactors.\" The research was to produce a concept tanker-ship design, based on a 70 MWt reactor such as Hyperion's. Hyperion (Gen4 Energy) had a three-year contract with the other parties in the consortium, which planned to have the tanker design certified in as many countries as possible. The project included research on a comprehensive regulatory framework led by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), and supported by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and regulators in countries involved. In response to its members' interest in nuclear propulsion, Lloyd's Register has rewritten its 'rules' for nuclear ships, which concern the integration of a reactor certified by a land-based regulator with the rest of the ship.",
"The overall rationale of the rule-making process assumes that in contrast to the current marine industry practice where the designer/builder typically demonstrates compliance with regulatory requirements, in the future the nuclear regulators will wish to ensure that it is the operator of the nuclear plant that demonstrates safety in operation, in addition to the safety through design and construction. Nuclear ships are currently the responsibility of their own countries, but none are involved in international trade. Lloyd's Register said it expected to \"see nuclear ships on specific trade routes sooner than many people currently anticipate.\" In 2014 two papers on commercial nuclear marine propulsion were published* arising from this international industry project led by Lloyd's Register. They review past and recent work in the area of marine nuclear propulsion and describe a preliminary concept design study for a 155,000 dwt Suezmax tanker that is based on a conventional hull form with alternative arrangements for accommodating a 70 MWt nuclear propulsion plant delivering up to 23.5 MW shaft power at maximum continuous rating (average: 9.75 MW). The Gen4Energy power module is considered.",
"This is a small fast-neutron reactor using lead-bismuth eutectic cooling and able to operate for ten full-power years before refueling, and in service last for a 25-year operational life of the vessel. They conclude that the concept is feasible, but further maturity of nuclear technology and the development and harmonisation of the regulatory framework would be necessary before the concept would be viable. * Hirdaris et al, 2014. The UN's IMO adopted a code of safety for nuclear merchant ships, Resolution A.491(XII), in 1981, which is still extant and could be updated. Also Lloyd's Register has maintained a set of provisional rules for nuclear-propelled merchant ships, which it has recently revised. Apart from naval use, where frequency of refueling is a major consideration, nuclear power seems most immediately promising for the following: Large bulk carriers that go back and forth constantly on few routes between dedicated ports – eg China to South America and NW Australia. They could be powered by a reactor delivering 100 MW thrust. Cruise liners, which have demand curves like a small town.",
"A 70 MWe unit could give base-load and charge batteries, with a smaller diesel unit supplying the peaks. (The largest afloat today – Oasis class, with 100,000 t displacement – has about 60 MW shaft power derived from almost 100 MW total power plant.) Nuclear tugs, to take conventional ships across oceans Some kinds of bulk shipping, where speed is essential. Sources: Jane's Fighting Ships, 1999-2000 edition J Simpson 1995, Nuclear Power from Underseas to Outer Space, American Nuclear Society The Safety of Nuclear Powered Ships, 1992 Report of NZ Special Committee on Nuclear Propulsion Bellona : Russian nuclear icebreakers fleet webpage , Russian Navy webpage , Thomas Nilsen, Igor Kudrik and Alexandr Nikitin, Bellona Report nr. 2:96, The Russian Northern Fleet: Nuclear-powered vessels , Thomas Nilsen, Igor Kudrik and Alexandr Nikitin, Bellona Report nr.",
"2:96, The Russian Northern Fleet: Appendix , Rawool-Sullivan et al 2002, Technical and proliferation-related aspects of the dismantlement of Russian Alfa-class submarines, Nonproliferation Review, Spring 2002 Honerlah, H.B. & Hearty, B.P., 2002, Characterisation of the nuclear barge Sturgis, WM’02 conf, Tucson Thompson, C 2003, Recovering the Kursk, Nuclear Engineering Int'l, Dec 2003 Mitenkov F.M.",
"et al 2003, Prospects for using nuclear power systems in commercial ships in Northern Russia, Atomic Energy 94, 4 Hirdaris S.E et al, 2014, Considerations on the potential use of Nuclear Small Modular Reactor (SMR) technology for merchant marine propulsion, Ocean Engineering 79, 101-130 Hirdaris S.E et al, 2014, Concept design for a Suezmax tanker powered by a 70 MW small modular reactor, Trans RINA 156, A1, Intl J Maritime Eng, Jan-Mar 2014 Office of Naval Reactors, US Navy, Occupational radiation exposure from Naval Reactors’ DOE facilities, Report NT-14-3, May 2014 Rosatom 2013 Annual Report"
] |
Which architect designed the Seagram Building, New York City?
|
Philip Johnson
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[
"Philip Cortelyou Johnson",
"Philip Johnson",
"Philip Johnson (architect)"
] | 10,616
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[
"Seagram Building New York - e-architect Home > New York > Seagram Building New York Seagram Building New York Published by Adrian Welch updated on July 6, 2016 Seagram Building, New York Tower, Architect, Date, Address, Wells Fargo Manhattan Skyscraper, Design Seagram Building New York Wells Fargo Manhattan Tower, USA : Key 20th Century Skyscraper in the United States 6 + 5 Jul 2016 Seagram Building New York City Seagram Building in New York City Wells Fargo office building on Park Avenue images from 24 Jun – 2 Jul 2016 © Adrian Welch: Seagram building at night: Location: 375 Park Avenue, New York, NY, USA Date: 1954-58 Design: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Architect; Philip Johnson Classic International Style design – this building exhibits clean Modernist lines. The Seagram Building faces the podium and tower of Lever House by architects Skidmore Owings & Merrill across Park Avenue. Both buildings feature in most histories of 20th Century architecture.",
"This well-respected skyscraper located between 52nd Street and 53rd Street in Midtown Manhattan. It was the world’s most expensive skyscraper upon completion. The tower is 515 feet (157 m) high. It has 38 stories. The building is made from a steel structure with non-structural glass walls hung off it. Cladding and interior materials include bronze, marble and travertine. To preserve a semblance of order externally the window blinds were designed to operate in only three positions: open, halfway open, or closed. Philip Johnson became an associate for architect Mies van der Rohe on the Seagram Building in 1955: he worked on interiors such as the Four Seasons Restaurant. Seagram Building, New York City New York City 5 34 votes Built as the corporate headquarters for Canadian distillers Joseph E. Seagram and Sons, the innovative Seagram Building set the stage for the design of New York skyscrapers for many years to come. Situated on New York's famed Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Street, the Seagram Building was a pioneer in its time.",
"Designed by well-known German architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in collaboration with American Philip Johnson, this building was to become a model for the next forty years of NYC skyscrapers. Architecture Most skyscrapers in the 1950s and prior had a decorated facade built around a structural frame. However, van der Rohe was hoping for a different look. He wanted the building's structural elements to be visible. Unfortunately, building codes forbid that, demanding that all structural steel be covered with some sort of fireproofing material, usually concrete. So, instead, the architect used non-structural, bronze-toned I-beams to suggest structure to those viewing the 38-story, 516-foot (157m) skyscraper from the outside. These beams are visible from the outside of the building, and run vertically like mullions in the large glass windows. Mies van der Rohe was also quite concerned that the building look uniform to those viewing it from the outside. Because of that, he only installed window blinds that sat at three levels: fully open, half open, and fully closed - allowing for a more consistent look.",
"Masterpiece The Seagram building fulfilled Mies van der Rohe's functional architecture philosophy of 'less is more'. It is considered by many, including van der Rohe himself, as his masterpiece. An Expensive Building Seagram spared no expense in the building of this particular skyscraper. It is said that 3.2 million pounds of bronze was used in its construction and the liberal use of materials like marble and travertine also caused building costs to escalate. It was the most expensive skyscraper of its time, costing a total of $41 million including the $5 million cost of the building parcel. The Plaza One of the innovations of the Seagram building was the addition of its open granite plaza in front of the skyscraper which was a different way of tackling the zoning regulations of 1916. The plaza became a popular gathering place during the Seagram Building's early years. Because of that, New York City passed a zoning resolution in 1961 in an attempt to entice builders to install \"privately owned public spaces\" like the one at the Seagram's Building.",
"AD Classics: Seagram Building / Mies van der Rohe | ArchDaily AD Classics: Seagram Building / Mies van der Rohe AD Classics: Seagram Building / Mies van der Rohe 01:00 - 10 May, 2010 Save this picture! Courtesy of 375parkavenue.com From the architect. Located in the heart of New York City, the Seagram Building designed by Mies van der Rohe epitomizes elegance and the principles of modernism. The 38-story building on Park Avenue was Mies' first attempt at tall office building construction. Save this picture! Mies' response to the city with the Seagram Building was the grand gesture of setting back the building 100 feet from the street edge, which created a highly active open plaza. The plaza attracts users with its two large fountains surrounded by generous outdoor seating. By making this move, Mies distanced himself from New York urban morphology, lot line development, and the conventional economics of skyscraper construction. Save this picture! Lobby floor plan The plaza also created a procession to the entry of the building, providing the threshold that linked the city with the skyscraper.",
"This threshold continues into the building as a horizontal plane in the plaza that cuts into the lobby. The lobby also has a white ceiling that stretches out over the entry doors further eroding the defined line between interior and exterior. Save this picture! The office spaces above the lobby, furnished by Philip Johnson, have flexible floor plans lit with luminous ceiling panels. These floors also get maximum natural lighting with the exterior being glass panes of gray topaz that provide floor-to-ceiling windows for the office spaces. The gray topaz glass was used for sun and heat protection, and although there are Venetian blinds for window coverings they could only be fixed in a limited number of positions so as to provide visual consistency from the outside. Save this picture! Courtesy of 375parkavenue.com The detailing of the exterior surface was carefully determined by the desired exterior expression Mies wanted to achieve. The metal bronze skin that is seen in the facade is nonstructural but is used to express the idea of the structural frame that is underneath.",
"New York Architecture Photos: Seagram Building Manhattan 1958 , 375 Park Avenue , commercial , International Style , Kahn & Jacobs , landmark , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , Manhattan , midtown , New York City , Philip Johnson . After half a century, the elegant, glowing bronze Seagram Building on Park Avenue remains a landmark in several realms: New York City, structural engineering, architectural style, corporate identity, personal achievement and more. New York City’s Landmark Preservation Commission bestowed landmark status on October 3, 1989, recognizing the structure as an architectural treasure. In terms of structural engineering, the steel-and-concrete dual framing system was the first of its kind for a tall building, and the first tall building to use high-strength bolts (instead of rivets). The architectural style – International Style – had become the mode for new office buildings.",
"(Though New York’s first curtain wall structure following Mies van der Rohe’s principles – Lever House – stood across the street.) To achieve the purity of the design, Seagram president Samuel Bronfman purchased enough land to create a large plaza (avoiding the typical wedding cake setbacks of other tall buildings) and budgeted for a lavish bronze and glass curtain wall. The 38-story tower is Mies van der Rohe’s only New York project – but it is considered his finest. The Seagram Building’s bronze glow is achieved through tinted glass, backed by ceiling light panels all around. Mies even dictated three-position (fully open, half open, fully closed) window blinds with slats fixed at 45 degrees, to ensure a uniform appearance. As Mies would say, “God is in the details.” The building’s owners change the plaza sculptures periodically, and provide occasional concerts.",
"Seagram Building Vital Statistics Location: 375 Park Avenue between E 52nd and E 53rd Streets Year completed: 1958 Architect: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip Johnson, design architects with Kahn & Jacobs, associate architects Floors: 38 ‘Building Seagram,’ Phyllis Lambert’s New Architecture Book - The New York Times The New York Times Art & Design |A Personal Stamp on the Skyline Search A Personal Stamp on the Skyline By MARK LAMSTER Continue reading the main story “It is beautiful, isn’t it?” Tapping a shaft of white marble in the lobby of the Seagram Building, the bespoke modern tower she willed into being more than 50 years ago, Phyllis Lambert was as close to wistful as her rather unsentimental constitution would allow. “I consider I was born when I built this building,” she said. Designed by the architects Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, the Seagram Building was an instant classic upon its 1959 dedication and was once described by the critic Herbert Muschamp in The New York Times as “the millennium’s most important building.” Ms.",
"Lambert’s book, “ Building Seagram ,” being released next week by the Yale University Press, is something of a joint biography: a history of this stately Park Avenue landmark that many consider the pinnacle of postwar architecture in New York, rendered through the lens of her vivid memories of its invention and of her privileged early years as the daughter of the liquor baron Samuel Bronfman, who founded the Seagram distilling empire. The book reveals many new details about a building that remains among the most studied of the modern era. Though it now seems an implacable and timeless monument, a bronzed monolith standing resolutely behind its well-proportioned plaza, the tower’s existence was by no means ordained. In June 1953 Ms. Lambert was a 26-year-old recently divorced sculptor living in Paris, a self-imposed exile from her native Montreal and from her domineering father. Photo The New York landmark, on Park Avenue at 52nd Street, in 1958, not long before its dedication.",
"Credit Ezra Stoller/Esto, Canadian Center For Architecture It was then that she reeled off a missive to her father, a response to his own letter outlining plans for a New York skyscraper. She was not impressed with the undistinguished modern box his architects proposed and let him know: “This letter starts with one word repeated very emphatically,” she wrote, “NO NO NO NO NO.” Continue reading the main story Seven more pages followed, in which Ms. Lambert alternately scolded, cajoled and lectured her father on architectural history and civic responsibility. There was “nothing whatsoever commendable” in the proposed design, she wrote. “You must put up a building which expresses the best of the society in which you live, and at the same time your hopes for the betterment of this society.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story Sitting at a corner table in the Grill Room of the Four Seasons, the Seagram Building restaurant that inspired the phrase “power lunch,” Ms. Lambert, still unyielding at 86, laughed with unguarded pleasure at the nerve she demonstrated 60 years ago. “When I read it now I think, ‘Wow, it’s amazing,’ ” she said of her letter.",
"“I was thinking the whole thing through as I wrote.” Her father was impressed enough by her passion to invite her back from Paris, thinking she could, as she writes, “choose the marble for the ground floor,” a task he thought would assuage her. But Ms. Lambert was not content to play a subservient role. “When I come to the U.S. it will be to do a job and not to sit around the St. Regis making sweet talk,” she wrote to her mother, Saidye. She got her chance and eventually won the title director of planning for the project, along with a $20,000 salary. Determined to choose an architect who would “make the greatest contribution to architecture,” she recalled, she was referred to Philip Johnson, who was leaving his post as director of the architecture department at the Museum of Modern Art to devote himself fully to his fledgling architectural practice. Photo Phyllis Lambert persuaded her father to make his Seagram Building a paragon of modern architecture in the 1950s. Credit Marcus Yam for The New York Times Together they made a shortlist of candidates.",
"In one memorable afternoon they sorted the contenders with Eero Saarinen in the living room of Johnson’s Glass House, in New Canaan, Conn., now a landmark but then still new. Saarinen later tossed himself into the mix, proposing a tower similar to the one he would deliver to CBS for a site just a few blocks away. He was rejected, as were Marcel Breuer, Pietro Belluschi, Walter Gropius, Louis Kahn, Paul Rudolph, I. M. Pei and Minoru Yamasaki. One prominent architect Ms. Lambert did not have to worry about was Frank Lloyd Wright. He had already put himself forward for the job (among his proposals was a 100-story tower) only to be dismissed by Seagram executives as ungovernable. That left two options: Le Corbusier, the Swiss-French modernist, and Mies, who had moved to Chicago from Germany in 1938. Ms. Lambert chose Mies, whose career Johnson had championed for decades. Mies, in turn, made Johnson a partner, and put him in charge of much of the interior work. “Mies forces you in,” Ms.",
"Lambert wrote in October 1954. “You might think this austere strength, this ugly beauty, is terribly severe. It is, and yet all the more beauty in it.” That severity represented an aesthetic about-face for the Seagram company, then with headquarters in the flamboyant Art Deco Chrysler Building. One of Ms. Lambert’s more amusing revelations in the book is that Seagram’s offices there were designed by a young Morris Lapidus, future maestro of Miami kitsch. Mies and Johnson were in some respects unlikely architects for the Jewish Bronfman family, in that both had checkered histories during the 1930s. While Mies had been apolitically opportunistic in Germany, Johnson was a fascist and anti-Semite. The Bronfman family had its own past to contend with. “The fortune was started or hugely advanced by the sale of liquor into the United States during Prohibition,” said Daniel Okrent, author of “Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition.” Ms.",
"Lambert is somewhat evasive on that subject, but she writes that the “stigma” of that past was on the minds of Seagram executives, who were concerned that they might have trouble finding renters for a building owned and occupied by a liquor company. Photo Mies van der Rohe, center, touring the Seagram Building with its building committee in 1956. Phyllis Lambert, whose father founded the Seagram’s empire, has written a new book about the creation of this monument to modernism, in which she played a pivotal role. Credit Frank Scherschel/Getty Images But first they had to build it, a task that required all the backbone Ms. Lambert revealed in her initial letter to her father. That meant, in May 1955, staring down a conference room packed with some 30 builders, all men, who questioned the feasibility of Mies’s plans. “I only had one thing in mind, and that was making sure Mies built the building he wanted to,” she said.",
"“When you’re young, you’re very clear about what’s right and what’s wrong.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story She was uncompromising in her defense of Mies’s vision, even after he returned to Chicago when New York State authorities claimed that he lacked the proper qualifications to practice architecture. When a contractor tried to dissuade her from using an expensive brick bonding technique because it would be hidden from view, she channeled the aphoristic Mies, countering, “God would know.” (The building’s structural integrity, in any case, was assured by its chief engineer, Fred Severud, who was later an author of a cold-war primer on safety titled “The Bomb, Survival, and You.”) Carol Willis, the founding director of the Skyscraper Museum in New York, said the Seagram Building gave “a modernist corporate identity to a city that was changing from stone to glass.” That transformation did not come cheaply. While Mies averred “Less is more,” that was not a philosophy he applied to the budget.",
"The highly customized building cost about $36 million, an astronomical sum at the time, and then incurred what was effectively a luxury tax from the state, an imposition that became the subject of a protracted legal fight. In a 1964 editorial, The Times described this “tax on architectural excellence” as nothing less than a “catastrophe.” There were other frustrations. In 1958 Ms. Lambert commissioned Mark Rothko to create a series of murals for the Four Seasons. He began work but backed out and then vented to a reporter that he had only accepted the job with “malicious intent,” so he could make paintings so disagreeable as to spoil the appetites of the restaurant’s fat-cat patrons. (The episode became the subject of the Broadway play “Red.”) Ms. Lambert puts little stock in Rothko’s rant. “He had this religious feeling about his work,” she said, and simply didn’t want it hanging where it would serve merely as decoration. “I kind of understood his point.” Photo Ms. Lambert with Philip Johnson, left, and Mies van der Rohe in 1955. Credit United Press International/Canadian Center For Architecture Other artists Ms.",
"Lambert tried to enlist were Brancusi and Picasso. Brancusi treated her to Champagne in his Paris studio, where he kept a gong over his bed. Nothing came of the visit. She recruited Picasso to create a suite of sculptures for the Four Seasons. She met him for lunch at his studio in Cannes, and he charmed her by forming animal shapes from pieces of bread. But the meeting came to nothing, a failure Ms. Lambert, who had sharp features and bright eyes, attributed to the jealousy of Picasso’s lover Jacqueline Roque. “That was what we all assumed,” she said. “I was a very pretty young lady.” She did get her Picasso, however. “Le Tricorne,” a stage curtain he created in 1919 for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes, has been a Four Seasons signature since the restaurant opened in 1959. Ms. Lambert purchased it from an independent dealer for $50,000. Even as ownership has passed from the Bronfman family’s control, Ms. Lambert has watched over the building.",
"A set of design standards established in 1979 as part of a complex lease-back agreement stipulated everything from the positioning of venetian blinds to the continued “policy of genial permissiveness” regulating its landmark plaza. “It has to be maintained properly, and that’s a lesson I hope people have learned,” she said. The building became a New York City landmark in 1989. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Ms. Lambert later became an architect herself, studying under Mies at the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1979 she founded the Canadian Center for Architecture in Montreal, where she lives in a historic building with two bouviers des Flandres. Her singular devotion to architecture inspired a 2007 documentary, “ Citizen Lambert: Joan of Architecture .” “When she got the Seagram Building built, it was the first time you really realized that architecture brought something to the city that didn’t exist,” said the architect Ricardo Scofidio, a partner in the firm Diller Scofidio & Renfro, which redesigned the Brasserie, the Seagram’s less rarefied restaurant, in 2000.",
"“It really turned the city around, and for architects it suddenly raised their status in the eyes of clients.” Musing on her accomplishments between bites of tuna tartare Ms. Lambert betrayed a clear sense of satisfaction. “You come down the street and you see this building and it’s just fantastic,” she said. “I was just so passionate about what had to be done.” A version of this article appears in print on April 7, 2013, on Page AR23 of the New York edition with the headline: A Personal Stamp on the Skyline. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe International Style II construction The plan of the building is based on a 8.50 m grid, pursued to unprecedented Miesian accuracy. The elevator core is placed to the back of the building, forming the protruding, windowless back wall of the tower. Set on bronze-clad pillars, the 38-storey facade consists of alternating bands of bronze plating and \"whisky brown\"-tinted glass (the material and colour choices were a result of Bronfman's insistance of having a warmer-toned facade than in the Lake Shore Drive Apts).",
"The building was, notably, the first with floor-to-ceiling windows, making the wall a true curtain of glass, as foreseen by the visionaries of Modern Movement, like Mies himself. Between the windows, there are vertical decorative bronze I-profiled beams attached to the mullions to emphasize the vertical rise of the facade. Van der Rohe personally stated that this was his only building in the United States which met exactly his European standards. type The fame of the Lever House in the 1950s was matched by the Seagram Building in the 1960s. This steel skeleton framed skyscraper, headquarters of the Seagram Liquor Company, established the basic form of the corporate tower for years to come. Like Lever House, the curtain wall tower is not built to the edge of the site. It occupies only 40 percent of the allowable zoning envelope, freeing up space for a granite-paved public plaza enhanced by two reflecting pools and marble benches that is widely regarded as one of the most successful in the city. The plaza is an expensive aesthetic and symbolic gesture, especially significant in the dense urban environment which surrounds it.",
"Designed by a famous European architect who immigrated to the United States at the beginning of World War II, this building epitomizes the importation of modernist ideals from Europe to the United States. In its monumental simplicity, expressed structural frame and rational use of repeated building elements, the building embodies Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's oft-repeated aphorisms that \"structure is spiritual\" and \"less is more.\" He believed that the more a building was pared to its essential structural and functional elements, and the less superfluous imagery is used, the more a building expresses its structure and form. Following these premises, the Seagram Building is meant to confirm Mies' assertion that when modern industrialized building technology is truthfully expressed, architecture becomes transcendent. Ironically, the luxurious materials used (marble for the plaza benches, travertine for the lobby walls and floor, tinted glass and bronze for the curtain wall) and the carefully controlled customized details that pervade the building remind the viewer that this building is far from being the simple result of rationalized industrial production and construction techniques. Additionally, Mies' selective exposure of the function or non-function of various architectural elements is based on illusionism.",
"The building is, in a sense, a structural fiction rather then an honest expression. Much copied but not matched, the Seagram Building is generally recognized as the finest example of skyscrapers in the International Style. Much of the building's success comes from its elegant proportions, and its relation to the overall site: the building is set back from the street by ninety feet, and in from the side by thirty. The forecourt so created uses reflecting pools and a low boundary wall in green marble to set off the building, borrowing heavily from Mies' earlier Pavilion in Barcelona (1929). The building's external faces are given their character by the quality of the materials used - the tinted glass and the bronze 'I-beams' applied all the way up the building. The Seagram Building is the first bronze-colored skyscraper. Mies had first used similar applied I-beams (but in steel) at his 1951 apartment towers at Lake Shore Drive in Chicago, welded to the outside of the structural columns. 'His purported aim was the stiffening of the frame of each bay, but more important was the creation of a surface texture that relieved the potential monotony of a smooth facade, while emphasizing the verticality of the overall form.",
"The architect later explained that he had used the device primarily because, without it, the building simply \"did not look right.\" Carter Wiseman in Shaping a Nation, 1998 In this Mies was, in the most subtle way, adding ornament to his building, for which he was criticized by the Modernist purists. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- How to visit The building is on the east side of Park Avenue between 52nd and 53rd Streets. It is open to the public, with public spaces inside including the Four Seasons Restaurant (designed by Philip Johnson) and the Seagram Gallery on the Fourth Floor. Tours are conducted weekly, at 3 p.m. on Tuesdays. For further information and opening times call +1 212 572 7000. Subway: 6 to 51st Street; E or F to Lexington Avenue. Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M101, M102 to 52nd Street.",
"Parking: On-site lot Seagram Building | building, New York City, New York, United States | Britannica.com building, New York City, New York, United States Written By: Statue of Liberty Seagram Building, high-rise office building in New York City (1958). Designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson , this sleek Park Avenue skyscraper is a pure example of a rectilinear prism sheathed in glass and bronze . It took the International Style to its zenith. Despite its austere and forthright use of the most modern materials, it demonstrates Mies’s exceptional sense of proportion and concern for detail. The Seagram Building, New York City, by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Philip Johnson, 1956–58. Photo Media, Ltd. International Style (architecture) architectural style that developed in Europe and the United States in the 1920s and ’30s and became the dominant tendency in Western architecture during the middle decades of the 20th century. The most common characteristics of International Style buildings are rectilinear forms; light, taut... 4 References found in Britannica Articles Assorted References Corrections? Updates? Help us improve this article!",
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"Please note that our editors may make some formatting changes or correct spelling or grammatical errors, and may also contact you if any clarifications are needed. Uh Oh There was a problem with your submission. Please try again later. Close Date Published: September 27, 2013 URL: Access Date: January 20, 2017 Share Mies van der Rohe Society | Projects Mies van der Rohe Society Minerals and Metals Building Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA Formerly the Armour Research Foundation (ARF) Metals Building, the opening of what is now called the Minerals and Metals Building marked the first step toward the realization of Mies' master plan for the Illinois Institute of Technology's Main Campus. Not only was it the first building Mies designed for IIT, ... › View Project 1956 Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA S.R. Crown Hall is, by all accounts, a masterpiece. Since its completion over 50 years ago, Mies van der Rohe’s “home for ideas and adventures” has inspired students, architects, and admirers. The project to build a new home for the School of Architecture and Institute of Design came about more ...",
"› View Project 1952 Robert F. Carr Memorial Chapel of St. Savior Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA “Too often we think about architecture in terms of the spectacular. There is nothing spectacular about this chapel; it was not meant to be spectacular. It was meant to be simple; and, in fact, it is simple. But in its simplicity it is not primitive, but noble, and in its ... › View Project 1951 860-880 Lake Shore Apartments 860 - 880 Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, USA About the buildings. The materials are common: steel, aluminum, glass. Yet these buildings are renowned for their structural clarity and composition. Using steel straight from the mill, Mies built with the eye and intent of an artist, striking the perfect balance between rational structure and irrational spirit. The vertical windows ...",
"› View Project 1946 Wishnick Hall Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA “We’ve got to expand our idea of what constitutes beauty from a technical point of view.” —Peter Land, IIT Professor of Architecture, in regard to the importance of restoring Wishnick Hall Wishnick Hall, originally called Chemistry Building, was Mies' fifth structure on the IIT campus. According to Franz Schulze, Mies' ... › View Project 1958 Illinois Institute of Technology Master Plan Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA Mies arrived in Chicago in 1938 to become the Director of Architecture at the Armour Institute (now Illinois Institute of Technology) with the understanding that he would redevelop the curriculum. Soon after, he was awarded the commission to redesign the campus and its buildings, an unexpected opportunity to shape a ... › View Project 1970 One IBM Plaza 330 North Wabash Street , Chicago, IL, USA It’s hard to resist the sublime and symbolic liaison between the iconic 20th-century American corporation and the iconic modern architect. The resulting building—the structure formerly known as One IBM Plaza—has became synonymous with corporate power.",
"In September 2013, the building will reflect the changing face of capitalism with a new ... › View Project 1951 Farnsworth House Plano, IL, USA It—two parallel planes held in suspension between the earth and sky by only eight steel columns—seems simple, but Mies worked through 167 drawings to come to his final, fearless design. Like Einstein’s equation, its simplicity exudes an elegance through a thorough attention to detail. However, Mies did not create the ... › View Project 1965 School of Social Service Administration 969 East 60th St , University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA This low-rise, wholly symmetrical building sits on a raised plinth of travertine similar to Crown Hall. Built a decade after the completion of Crown, the Social Services Administration building merges many of the architectural solutions accomplished in both Crown and the Commons. However, the SSA is appreciably heavier, almost seeming ... › View Project 1946 Alumni Hall Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA Alumni Hall was Mies’ first academic building on the IIT campus.",
"As such, it framed the architectural language that guided the majority of other academic buildings. To align with the campus grid, Mies established a modular bay 24’ long, 24’ wide, and 12’ tall, which proved ideal for flexibility and ... › View Project 1927 Weissenhofsiedlung Stuttgart, Germany Set on a hill overlooking Stuttgart, Germany, these twenty-one houses and apartment buildings comprise one of the most celebrated communal endeavors in the history of modern architecture. The ultimate success of the Weissenhofsiedlung owes much to the artistic director, Mies van der Rohe, whose strategy was to invite a group ... › View Project 1907 Riehl House Potsdam, Germany The Riehl House was Mies' first building. He was twenty-one at the time and was working for Bruno Paul. Here, Mies reiterates much of Paul's classical German style with an austere stucco exterior and a pronounced roof that emphasizes the idea of shelter and home. The interior space pulled inspiration ...",
"› View Project 1931 MR Chair Marcel Breuer, Mies' peer at the Bauhaus, constructed the first tubular chair in 1925. It became known as the \"Wassily,\" for another Bauhaus member, Wassily Kandinsky, and marked a shift in modern furniture design. Soon after, Mies created the MR Chair. By reducing the chair to its main parts and ... › View Project 1929 Barcelona Chair Perhaps the most iconic work from Mies' oeuvre, the Barcelona Chair at once gives life to and is born from its materials. Like the MR and Brno Chairs, it is composed of steel and leather. The steel bar legs ease up and over to support the seat and back of ... › View Project 1930 Tugendhat House Brno, Czech Republic The Tugendhat House occupies a graded site overlooking a broad valley, with a magnificent view of the city of Brno and the old Spielberg Castle. The house was designed as a large and luxurious villa for Grete and Fritz Tugendhat. This was the last major home Mies built in Europe. ...",
"› View Project 1929 The Barcelona Pavilion Barcelona, Spain Mies built the German (or Barcelona) Pavilion for the Barcelona International Exposition of 1929. It housed the ceremonial reception space for German industrial exhibits commissioned by the German government. Mies united sophisticated materials with a fluid open plan, which together endowed the space with an unprecedented modern elegance. The architecture's ... › View Project 1968 Neue Nationalgalerie Berlin, Germany The National Gallery is located on a sloping site along the north bank of the Landwehr Canal in Berlin, Germany. The second and final museum of Mies' career (the first being Houston's Museum of Fine Arts), the Gallery was his only commission from the government of West Germany. This provided ... › View Project 1932 Lemke House Berlin, Germany Unique to the Lemke House is its courtyard. No other house by Mies would feature this relation to green space. It's also the last house built by Mies in Germany, and he emigrated to the United States soon after. Like the Lange and Esters Houses, the Lemke House exists today ...",
"› View Project 1930 Made of steel and leather, the Brno Chair expresses Mies' regard for simplicity. The chair is named after Brno, Czechoslovakia, where it debuted in the Tugendhat House. › View Project 1930 Lange and Esters Houses Krefeld, Germany These two houses sit side by side on the Wilhelmshofallee in the artistocratic quarter of Krefeld, Germany. They were commissioned at or about the same time by Josef Esters and Hermann Lange, two executives of the silk weaving mills, or the Vereingte Seidenweberein A-G, which make Krefeld famous. Mies worked ... › View Project 1974 Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Houston, Texas The Museum of Fine Arts in Houston is the first museum Mies ever built, and his only one in the U.S (his second and final being Berlin's Neue Nationalgalerie). He was hired to design two additions to the Caroline Weiss Law Building. This existing structure was built by William Ward ... › View Project 1949 The Promontory Apartments Chicago, Illinois The Promontory Apartments mark Mies' foray into high-rise buildings.",
"Notably, it was the first tall building to exhibit its construction materials. Concrete, beams, and columns were left in plain sight, winning the praise of critics. The design of the building gave the most units possible a view of Lake Michigan, ... › View Project 1958 The Seagram Building New York, New York This 39-story, 516-foot tall office building was commissioned by Joseph E. Seagram & Sons Corporation, purveyors of Seagram liquors. Noted for it's amber toned windows and public plaza, the Seagram is Mies' largest work. The architect worked around New York City's zoning codes mandating that skyscrapers recess or \"set back\" ... › View Project 1972 Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library Washington, D.C. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Library evokes the solemnity of public institutions. This is the only library and the only building in Washington D.C. designed by Mies. Inside, stacks of books echo the rows of fluorescent lights. Outside, the sheer mass of the structure is felt as it stretches ...",
"› View Project 1965 Lafayette Park Detroit, Michigan Lafayette Park, just northeast of downtown Detroit, is a 78-acre housing development designed and realized by Mies van der Rohe. The first urban renewal project in the United States, it was founded by developer Herb Greenwald to help keep the middle class in the city. Alfred Caldwell, Mies’ longtime collaborator, ... › View Project 1969 Île-des-Soeurs Nuns' Island, Canada Located in Montreal, Quebec Île-des-Soeurs, or Nuns' Island, is home to three apartment buildings and an Esso gas station designed by Mies. › View Project 1952 50 x 50 House One of Mies' most famous unbuilt projects, the 50 x 50 house was conceived as a solution to the problem of mass housing, a genre of architecture he had never paid serious attention to in the past. In 2009, the artist Iñigo Manglano-Ovallé constructed a half-scale version of the house ...",
"› View Project 1964 Chicago Federal Center Chicago, Illinois This 42-story office building is located on Dearborn Street in the Chicago Loop. The project was commissioned by the General Services Administration of the US government as part of a plan initiated in the 1950s to update federal administrative and judiciary facilities nationwide. Begun in 1959, it was designed in ... › View Project 1969 Toronto-Dominion Center Toronto, Canada This urban planning project covers a 5.5 acre area in downtown Toronto, Ontario. Like the Chicago Federal Center, this complex is composed of two office towers along with a single one-story structure that houses the Toronto-Dominion Bank. › View Project 1952 McCormick House Elmhurst, Illinois The McCormick House is one instance of Mies' \"Steel Frame Row Houses.\" It is reported that its steel-framed walls were brought from the factory to the site only under special allowance by the police for the transport vehicles. In 1994, the house was moved several blocks from its original location ...",
"› View Project 1956 Esplanade Apartment Buildings Chicago, Illinois Following the success of the 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Mies and Greenwald conceived five major project proposals for Chicago's North Side. Esplanade was one of them. The first buildings ever built with an uninterrupted aluminum and glass curtain wall, the Esplanade also features colonnades and a private sun deck. › View Project 1935 Verseidag Factory Krefeld, Germany Commissioned by Verseidag, the large silk-weaving company in Krefeld, Germany, this factory appears to set the precedent for Mies' work at IIT. › View Project 1947 Perlstein Hall Chicago, Illinois In many ways, Perlstein is a culmination and amalgamation of many ideas Mies was developing on the IIT campus—in particular the expression of structure, modular organization, construction detailing. This building conforms to the structural bay of 24’ square and 12’ high, which provides an easy measure of comparison for building ...",
"› View Project 1954 The Commons Chicago, Illinois The Commons was intended to be an \"amenities center\" for the IIT campus with a dining hall, grocery store, barbershop, and laundry. By that time, Mies was uninterested in designing a building for specific program needs, so he delegated the project to Gene Summers, a 23-year old architect who had ... › View Project 1965 Mellon Hall of Science Pittsburgh, Pennslyvania One of many academic buildings designed by Mies, this low-rise structure is located at Duquesne University in Pittsburgh. › View Project 1930 Urbig House Potsdam, Germany Impressed by the work he did for the Riehls, the Urbig family commissioned a home from Mies in 1915. Mies' first design called for a modern flat roof, but this was rejected. The new plan offered a more traditional hipped roof with five dormer windows. Such revisions were common, and ...",
"› View Project 1956 Commonwealth Promenade Apartments Chicago, Illinois Mies worked with developer Herbert Greenwald on these two mid-rise apartment buildings after the success of their collaboration on 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments the year before. The original design and development plan accounted for four, but this was eventually scaled back. The project bears many similarities to the Esplanade ... › View Project 1927 Afrikanischestrasse Apartments Berlin, Germany With their highly geometric structure and restricted windows, the form of these apartments appears to affect their function. Such lenience to practicality would never be seen in Mies' work following this low-cost housing project. › View Project 1931 MR Lounge Chair Like the MR Chair, the MR Lounge Chair features tubular stainless steel and a cantilever frame. Mies began with the iron rocking chairs that were the standard in 19th century Europe. He then injected them with modern materials and a minimalist aesthetic. This was another instance in which the architect ...",
"› View Project 1963 2400 Lakeview Chicago, Illinois The 2400 Lakeview Apartments consist of a single building made of reinforced concrete, aluminum, and grey-tinted glass. As with all Mies' work, this building derives beauty not from ornamentation, but instead from the essentials of architecture: materials and construction. In the ground floor lobby the elevator core appears as a ... › View Project 1929 Tugendhat Chair Seeking to make a comfortable lounge chair that maintained the restraint of his minimalist aesthetic, Mies arrived at the Tugendhat. Here, the cushions of the Barcelona meet the cantilever frame of the MR, arriving at an elegant solution to the overstuffed club chair. › View Project 1921 Friedrichstrasse Office Building Although it was never built, Mies' design for the Friedrichstrasse Office Building remains one of the most important structures in 20th century architecture. For the Friedrichstrasse architecture competition, Mies ignored several rules dictated in the guidelines and presented a radical concept to the committee: a skyscraper made entirely of glass ...",
"› View Project 1962 American Federal Building Des Moines, Iowa This two story steel and glass structure was built by Mies in 1962. The American Federal Building, along with Meredith Hall at Drake University, are the only works designed by the architect in Des Moines, Iowa. › View Project 1929 The Barcelona Couch was first used in the New York apartment of Architect Phillip Johnson in 1930. Scholars cite Lilly Reich as a co-designer. Reich also designed the interiors for the Johnson project. › View Project 1886 On March 27th, 1886 Ludwig Mies was born in Aachen, Germany. He would later incorporate his mother's maiden name (\"Rohe\") into his own as he rose to prominence in the architectural community. 1905 Mies Moves to Berlin Leaving his home of Aachen, Germany on the advice of a fellow architect, 19 year old Mies moved to the city seeking great architecture and a place in a notable firm. His family remained forever in Aachen and ran their masonry business while Mies was making a name for himself in the cultural capital of the time.",
"1908 Mies joins the staff at Peter Behrens' atelier Bookbinder, visual artist, graphic designer and architect, Peter Behrens was as innovative as he was multi-talented. His first building - a home for himself, the contents of which he also designed- is a prime example of Gesamtkunstwerk. As a \"total work of art\" Haus Behrens utilized every artistic medium to create a complete aesthetic experience. Following success of his home he designed the AEG Turbine Factory, once again designing the structure as well as its contents. He was one of the first designers to embrace industrialization as a way to provide well designed, useful objects to the masses. In 1907 he founded his own architecture firm in Berlin which included three architects who would later write the history of modern architecture: Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe. 1926 Mies and Le Corbusier meet in Stuttgart, Germany At different points in time both Mies and Le Corbusier worked at Peter Behrens' atelier.",
"Nearly two decades after their training with Behrens the two had their first meeting at the Weissenhofsiedlung, which featured houses by both architects and the artistic directorship of Mies. 1930 Mies assumes directorship of the Bauhaus Following the resignation of Hannes Meyer who had taken over for Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe became the director of the Bauhaus. Though he had turned down the position when Gropius left he accepted it the second time around, sensing that the school needed a greater emphasis on form and function rather than politics. Such lenience to beauty won him the animosity of the radical members of the student body. Mies focused the curriculum on architecture and interior design with greater intensity such that all other subjects, like fine arts, fell by the wayside. When the Bauhaus closed in 1932 Mies promptly revived it, if only for a few months, as his own school. 1938 Mies left Germany in 1938 to head the Armour Institute, which later became the Illinois Institute of Technology.",
"Many members of the Bauhaus, including Joseph Albers, Walter Gropius and László Moholy-Nagy, also moved to the United States at this time. 1932 The Bauhaus closes After 15 years of operation the Bauhaus is shut down by the Nazi regime. The modern aesthetic and \"un-German\" flavor of the school did not suit the nationalistic, neoclassical taste of German leaders. Many of the artists involved with the Bauhaus were exhibited in the Entartete Kunst exhibition, curated by Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels. The show hoped to ridicule the featured styles and artists, including Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and Laszlo Moholy-Nagy. 1969 Mies dies in Chicago, Illinois In the summer of 1969 Mies was rushed to Wesley Memorial Hospital where he was diagnosed with pneumonia. Two weeks later the combined force this pneumonia and cancer of the esophagus, which Mies had been living with for three years, overcame the architect. On August 19th, at the age of 83, Mies died.",
"1932 The Modern Architecture-International Exhibition opens at the Museum of Modern Art It was at this exhibition that the term \"International Style\" was born. Rather than emphasizing the social, art historical and technological aspects of architecture the curators, Philip Johnson (who later collaborated with Mies on the Seagram Building) and Henry-Russel Hitchcock, emphasized pure appearance. The exhibition was critiqued by architects and writers for clumping everyone from Frank Lloyd Wright to Walter Gropius under the same genre and overlooking crucial differences, and even crucial similarities, for the sake of categorization. The show ultimately proved to be an important moment in architecture's history, if only because of this controversy. 1958 Mies retires from IIT As his commissions increased Mies had less and less time to run the architecture program at Illinois Institute of Technology. At the age of 72, Mies left IIT and began focusing on his own projects. Skidmore, Owings and Merril took over the on-campus projects he did not complete. 1937"
] |
In what year was the first performance of Copland's ballet Rodeo?
|
1942
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[
"1942",
"one thousand, nine hundred and forty-two"
] | 11,380
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[
"Aaron Copland / Timeline // Copland House …where America's musical past and future meet Aaron Copland: Timeline of a Musical Life Aaron Copland at the Piano (compiled by Michael Boriskin) 1900—Born on November 14 in Brooklyn to Sarah Mittenthal and Harris Copland, the youngest of five children (Ralph, Leon, Laurine, and Josephine) 1906—Attends Public School 111 in Brooklyn 1909—Begins to make up songs at the piano 1910-13—Attends summer camp (Camp Carey at Wilkes-Barre, PA) 1911—Earliest existing piece of music; begins piano lessons with sister Laurine 1914—Begins studies with first professional piano teacher, Ludwig Wolfsohn in Brooklyn 1916—Hears first symphony concert in Brooklyn 1917—First public performance as a pianist 1918—Graduated from Boys’ High School, Brooklyn 1917-21—Studies harmony and counterpoint with Rubin Goldmark 1919-21—Studies piano with Clarence Adler Aaron Cop",
"land 1921—Enrolls at newly-established American Conservatory at Fontainebleau in May; attends harmony class of Nadia Boulanger and begins composition studies with her in October 1922—First work published (by Durand): Le chat et la Souris (composed 1920); writes the Passacaglia for piano and first large-scale work, the ballet Grohg (revised 1932) 1924—First important article published, Gabriel Fauré, A Neglected Master (The Musical Quarterly) 1925—First major performances of an orchestral work, Symphony for Organ and Orchestra at Aeolian Hall (Nadia Boulanger, organist, with Walter Damrosch conducting the New York Symphony) and in Boston (with Serge Koussevitzky conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra); first visit to MacDowell Colony to work on Music for the Theatre; receives the first-ever Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship (renewed in 1926); writes first of many articles for Modern Music 1927—First major performance of Copland as pianist, World Premiere of his Piano Concerto (composed 1926)",
" with Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony; begins lectures at New School for Social Research, New York (continuing for ten years, eventually developing some of these into his book What to Listen for in Music) 1928—Initiates Copland-Sessions Concerts with composer Roger Sessions, an important series mostly in New York devoted exclusively to contemporary music (continuing to 1932, averaging two concerts per season); joined the League of Composers (remaining a member until 1954); helps to establish Cos Cob Press, devoted to publishing works by young American composers; completes first important chamber work, Vitebsk 1929—Wins the RCA Victor Composers’ Competition with Dance Symphony (along with Ernest Bloch, Robert Russell Bennett, and Louis Gruenberg); completes Symphonic Ode 1930—First visit to Yaddo, Saratoga Springs, NY; composes first major work for solo piano, Piano Variations; Organizes Festival of Contemporary Music at Yaddo (and a second one in 1932) 1932—First visit to Mexico, arranged by Carlos Chavez, which includes first all-Copland program (",
"organized by Chavez at the Conservatorio Nacional de Music on September 2nd: Two Pieces for String Quartet, Piano Variations, Two Pieces for Chorus, and Music for the Theatre); joins the Board of Directors of the League of Composers; joins a social and professional collective called Young Composers’ Group (including Arthur Berger, Henry Brant, Lehman Engel, Vivian Fine, Bernard Herrmann, Elie Siegmeister, and others) 1934—First performance of a staged work, the ballet Hear Ye!",
"Hear Ye!",
"by Ruth Page Ballets (in Chicago) Aaron Copland at his Desk 1935—Teaches for the first time at Harvard, replacing Walter Piston on leave in spring semester; organizes five concerts at the New School, each devoted to the music of one composer (Harris, Thomson, Sessions, Piston, and Copland) 1936—Writes regular column (“Scores and Records” for Modern Music, which continues until 1939); completes El Salon Mexico 1937—Composes The Second Hurricane, a \"play-opera\" for the Henry Street Settlement Music School in New York City, directed by Orson Welles, to be performed by children and adults 1938—Publisher becomes Boosey & Hawkes, to which he was recommended by Benjamin Britten; helps to establish American Composers’ Alliance (serving as President between 1939 and 1945); helps to found Arrow Music Press (incorporating Cos Cos Press) with Engel, Blitzstein, and Thomson 1939—Writes first film score to The City, a documentary by Ralph Steiner and first score for a feature film, Of Mice and Men; helps",
" to found American Music Center; publishes first book, What to Listen for in Music 1940—Invited by Koussevitzky to teach at the first summer of the Berkshire Music Center at Tanglewood (continuing until 1965, and including various administrative positions) 1941—Second book, Our New Music, published; four-month South American tour for the Committee for Inter-American Artistic and Intellectual Relations 1942—Completes A Lincoln Portrait, commissioned by conductor Andre Kostelanetz, and Fanfare for the Common Man, and composes the ballet Rodeo, commissioned by Agnes de Mille; elected to the Music Department of the National Institute of Arts and Letters 1944—Receives Academy Award nomination for his film score to The North Star; returns to Harvard in the spring for five talks as Horace Appleton Lamb Lecturer 1945—Wins Pulitzer Prize in Music and the New York Music Critics Circle Award for Appalachian Spring, a ballet by Martha Graham composed in 1944 1946—Completes one of his largest works, Symphony No.",
"3 (begun 1944), which wins the New York Music Critics Circle Award; elected a member of ASCAP 1947—Four-month tour of Latin America for the U.S.",
"Department of State; gives up New York City apartment and loft studio, and moves to Sneden’s Landing, Rockland County, NY; begins Clarinet Concerto for Benny Goodman 1948—Becomes Director of the League of Composers (remaining until 1951) 1949—European tour 1950—Wins Academy Award for Best Original Musical Score for the film The Heiress; sixth visit to the MacDowell Colony, during which he begins work on the Piano Quartet, his first 12-tone work; completes Twelve Poems of Emily Dickinson 1951—Receives Fulbright Fellowship for six-month stay abroad, including a short residency at the American Academy of Rome and first trip to Israel; conducts work by another composer for the first time (Diamond’s Rounds, in Italy); gives Charles Eliot Norton Lectures at Harvard (first native-born American to hold Poetry Chair), published in 1952 as Music and Imagination 1952—Begins work on The Tender Land; buys his first house, Shady Lane Farm in Ossining, where he lives for eight years 1953—Becomes embroiled",
" in Washington’s anti-Communist hysteria, and is subpoenaed to testify at McCarthy Congressional hearings, as a result of which several of his engagements are canceled; first book about Copland published, written by composer-critic Arthur Berger 1954—World Premiere on April 1 of The Tender Land at the New York City Opera; elected to membership in the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters 1955—Six months in Europe; Julia Smith’s biography of Copland published 1956—Awarded Gold Medal of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters; receives first Honorary Doctorate (from Princeton, U.); six months in Europe 1957—Composes Orchestral Variations (a symphonic transcription of his Piano Variations); completes monumental Piano Fantasy (begun in 1955) 1958—New York Philharmonic conducting debut 1960—Buys Rock Hill in the Town of Cortlandt, which was to be his home for the remaining 30 years of his life; fourth book published, Copland On Music 1961—Receives MacDowell Colony Medal of Honor, for distinguished service in the",
" field of music; becomes President of MacDowell Colony (serving until 1968) 1962—Writes Connotations for Lincoln Center Inaugural Concert by the New York Philharmonic; composes Down A Country Lane, is published in Life magazine on June 29 1964—Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, America’s highest civilian honor 1965–66— Wrote, hosted, and performed on a 12-part public television series, Music in the Twenties 1967—Writes Inscape, last major orchestral work, for the New York Philharmonic’s 125th Anniversary 1968—The New Music, 1900-1960 is published (a revision of his Our New Music) 1970—Receives Commander’s Cross of the Order of Merit from West Germany and the Howland Memorial Medal from Yale University; awarded membership in Institut de France and Britain’s Royal Philharmonic Society 1971—Composes the Duo for Flute and Piano, his last important work 1975-76—Gives interviews to Vivian Perlis for her",
" Oral History Project in American Music at Yale University, which develop into their collaboration on Copland’s autobiography 1977—Copland’s complete piano music performed in concert for the first time (by Leo Smit) 1979—Receives Kennedy Center Honors; first recording of Copland’s complete piano music (by Leo Smit) 1980—“Wall-to-Wall Copland,” a day-long marathon concert, at Symphony Space, New York City 1981—Department of Music at Queens College of the City University of New York renamed Aaron Copland School of Music 1984—First volume of memoirs appears (Copland: 1900 Through 1942, written with Vivian Perlis) 1986—Awarded both the Congressional Gold Medal (by “act of Congress,” one of America’s highest civilian honors) and the National Medal of Arts (bestowed by President Ronald Reagan) 1989—Second volume of memoirs published (Copland: Since 1943, with Vivian Perlis) 1990—Dies on December 2 at Phelps Memorial Hospital Center, North Tarrytown, NY",
"; ashes are scattered at Tanglewood Copland - Appalachian Spring - A Good-Music-Guide Review Appalachian Spring [an error occurred while processing this directive] Buy Amazon International [an error occurred while processing this directive] Aaron Copland Aaron Copland's life spanned most of the twentieth century, yet he is best-known for music that he wrote during a very short period, from 1938 to 1944.",
"It was during this six years that he wrote his three ballets Billy the Kid (1938), Rodeo (1942) and Appalacian Spring (1943-44) as well as Fanfare for the Common Man and A Lincoln Portrait. This time and style has become known as Copland's populist period. It was not always like this. Copland was one of the first Americans to travel to Paris and absorb the modern rhythms and harmonies of Europe. He brought them back to America, laced it with his own jazzy style and wrote music that was difficult, dissonant and jarring. At the 1925 premier of his first major work, the Symphony for Organ and Orchestra by the conductor Walter Damrosch commented Ladies and gentlemen, I am sure you will agree that if a gifted young man can write a symphony like this at 23, within five years he will be ready to commit murder! A joke that was clearly tongue-in-cheek. Copland went on to write some of the most recognisable and best-loved music of the United States. His style mellowed. His orchestrations became smoother and easier on the ear.",
"And most importantly his inspiration came not from the traditions of Europe, but from the streets of his fellow countryman. Copland made a conscious decision to write music for the people. The most quintessential of his works is Appalacian Spring. This is the music that is most associated with Copland - open and expansive like the landscape he depicts, yet personal and intimate. With folk tunes as his inspiration, Copland defined post-Jazz American music. The story of the birth of Appalachian Spring and how it got its name is a convoluted one. The Library of Congress commissioned Copland to write the score for a new ballet, and Martha Graham to do the choreography. Martha Graham, Erich Hawkins and a rather spartan set for the first performance of Appalachian Spring in 1944 at the Library of Congress Coolidge Auditorium, Washington DC. Martha Graham gave Copland a simple scenario: a new frontier town in Pennsylvania, a young couple's wedding and house-raising. Due to the size of the auditorium in which it was first performed, Copland scored it for a chamber ensemble of 13 string and wind instruments and titled it simply Ballet for Martha. It remained with this name until the day before its premier.",
"Martha Graham gave it its present day title Appalcahian Spring after a poem by Hart Crane: O Appalachian Spring! I gained the ledge; Steep, inaccessible smile that eastward bends And northward reaches in that violet wedge Of Adirondacks! At its final rehearsal Copland approached Graham and asked Martha, what have you named the ballet?. Graham told him Appalachian Spring. Copland said That's nice, but does it have anything to do with the ballet? She replied No, I just like the title. Copland has often said that since then people have come up to him and told him they could see the Appalachians and feel the spring when they hear his music. Especially ironic when you realise that the Hart Crane poem is descibing a wellspring, not a season. Joseph Brackett And yet the name is appropriate. Both Copland and Graham were working to the same scenario which did include the Appalachians and spring, the trials and rewards of a new life.",
"Copland's music is almost all original, except for the final melody, taken from a Shaker hymn Simple Gifts written by Shaker Elder Joseph Brackett. Copland weaves an intricate set of variations around this beautiful melody. 'Tis the gift to be simple, 'tis the gift to be free, 'tis the gift to come down where we ought to be, and when we find ourselves in the place just right, 'twill be in the valley of love and delight. When true simplicity is gained to bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed, to turn, turn, will be our delight till by turning, turning we come round right. Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein Leonard Bernstein, almost 20 years Copland's junior was his lifelong friend and advocate. Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic became known for their performances of Copland's works. Bernstein even wrote a short piano section in Copland's Rodeo. This recording presents both Copland and Bernstein at their best. It includes the classic recording of Bernstein conducting Copland's music, regarded as better than Copland's own recording from the 1970's.",
"And performed by the New York Philharmonic, who know this music better than anybody else. Hey, they virtually own it! They certainly relish playing it. This CD represents Copland at his most accessable. Simple, folksy, fun. The music reminds us of a more simple time in history. Perhaps it is because of the world's troubles today that people are reaching back to these more basic values that this CD is top of the classical charts again. Or maybe its just because it is great music and a wonderful performance. Please support Good-Music-Guide.com San Francisco Symphony - COPLAND: Appalachian Spring San Francisco Symphony Copland: Appalachian Spring Appalachian Spring, Ballet for Martha Aaron Copland was born in Brooklyn, New York, on November 14, 1900, and died in Peekskill, New York, on December 2, 1990. He composed Appalachian Spring between spring 1943 and early August 1944, and it was premiered as a staged ballet on October 30, 1944, at the Library of Congress in Washington DC, with Louis Horst conducting. The score carries a dedication to Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge.",
"In its original form, the score called for only thirteen instruments, but soon after the premiere Copland made a concert suite for full orchestra that was introduced by Artur Rodzinski and the New York Philharmonic-Symphony on October 4, 1945. The San Francisco Symphony first played the Suite from Appalachian Spring in December 1945 with Pierre Monteux conducting. The most recent subscription performances of the concert suite for full orchestra were in March 1993 under the direction of Herbert Blomstedt. The score calls for two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two horns, two trumpets, two trombones, timpani, xylophone, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, tabor (long drum), wood block, claves, glockenspiel, triangle, piano, harp, and strings. Performance time: about twenty-four minutes. Few nights in the history of the arts in America can rival October 30, 1944, when the ballet Appalachian Spring received its first performance, at the Library of Congress in Washington DC.",
"That the music was by Aaron Copland and the choreography was by Martha Graham speaks for the consummate level of creativity that was put before the audience. By the time Appalachian Spring appeared, Copland had already won his place in the hearts of balletomanes through his scores for Billy the Kid (1938) and Rodeo (1942), and Graham’s name had become synonymous with the new direction of modern dance. But others who were involved in the project were as eminent in their own ways. Erick Hawkins and Merce Cunningham, both of whom would go on to lead their own dance companies to renown, shared the stage with Graham in the performance, and the acclaimed artist Isamu Noguchi designed the set. Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge, doyenne of Washington's cultural patrons, demurred when initially approached to finance a collaboration. She wanted her money to support composers who were not yet well known. But Harold Spivacke, head of the Music Division of the Library of Congress, convinced her to make an exception in this case. On July 23, 1942, Mrs.",
"Coolidge wrote to Copland, “allowing myself the pleasure of asking you if you would accept a commission of $500, to be applied to the writing of a music score for a new dance program for Martha Graham.” She expressed the wish that the new work would be ready to be unveiled in September 1943, at the Pittsfield Festival in Massachusetts. In fact, Copland and Graham had flirted with the idea of collaborating as early as 1941, when Graham was envisioning a ballet provisionally titled Daughter of Colchis that might be described as Medea set in New England. When Copland didn’t evince much enthusiasm, Graham turned her thoughts instead to something that would reflect the sort of gentle spirit that had made such an impact in Thornton Wilder’s 1938 play Our Town. This would be the emotional heart of Appalachian Spring. A round-robin of correspondence ensued between Graham, Copland, Mrs. Coolidge, and Spivacke, with Graham developing her conception through a series of greatly evolving scripts with various titles and far greater emphasis on general mood-setting and details of character than on what could be called a clear-cut plot.",
"According to Copland, the first script he received from Graham began: “This is a legend of American living. It is like the bone structure, the inner frame that holds together a people.” Such an approach was not atypical of Graham’s method, and, although it understandably vexed many of the composers with whom she worked, it appears not to have rattled Copland, who diplomatically called his score-in-progress simply Ballet for Martha and wisely allowed the project to develop considerably in Graham’s imagination before he invested much time in actually committing music to the page. As it developed, Graham’s scenario seemed a conflation of many strands of American social history, all intersecting around the time of the Civil War in some generalized place in the American heartland. In the end, several of these strands, as encapsulated in specific characters, were deleted from the action, including a fugitive slave and a Pocahontas-like Indian girl. Others were added to take their places, but the new characters seemed more connected to what was emerging from the encyclopedic mish-mash to become the work’s focus. The setting itself also grew more precise.",
"It was to be rural western Pennsylvania, a region well known to Graham, who spent her childhood in the town of Allegheny, not far from Pittsburgh. The 1943 deadline Mrs. Coolidge had hoped for became impractical. The fact that Copland’s Hollywood obligations would bring him twenty times the fee he would get for the new ballet helped him clarify his priorities. The ballet’s premiere was accordingly pushed back and the venue changed to the Library of Congress. Since the action of the ballet takes place in the springtime, nearly everybody assumes, not unreasonably, that the “spring” of Appalachian Spring refers to the season. In fact, the title was attached to the piece only a few weeks before the premiere, when Graham stumbled across those words in a poem by Hart Crane. In the poem the Appalachian spring is unquestionably a stream of water trickling through the hills, rather than a season. Graham seems to have been taken with the words in a relatively abstract sense, and since no babbling brook appears in the setting of her ballet, it seems likely that she herself meant the title to refer to the season rather than to the stream.",
"That’s certainly the implication in the brief scenario she supplied for the ballet’s premiere: Part and parcel of our lives is that moment of Pennsylvania spring when there was “a garden eastward of Eden.” Spring was celebrated by a man and woman building a house with joy and love and prayer; by a revivalist and his followers in their shouts of exaltation; by a pioneering woman with her dreams of the Promised Land. In the end, the ballet’s plot was straightforward. A bride and bridegroom get to know one another, somewhat shyly and nervously, and members of their community, including a revivalist preacher, express their own sentiments. The couple grows more comfortable with the ritual of daily life that lies ahead, their humility underscored by Copland’s use of the Shaker tune “Simple Gifts,” and they greet the future with a sense of serenity. The “Simple Gifts” section of Appalachian Spring is the part that has lodged most insistently in the popular memory, and Copland’s variations on that melody are indeed remarkable. Nonetheless, it is a curious inclusion in the context of the final scenario.",
"Copland later remarked, “My research evidently was not very thorough, since I did not realize that there have never been Shaker settlements in rural Pennsylvania!” Although the general sound of Appalachian Spring can be found elsewhere in Copland’s works of this period, this is the music that established its vocabulary as representing the quintessential “American sound.” Rich in wide-open, disjunct intervals, it’s a sound that became much imitated by American composers in ensuing years—including very often by Copland himself. The fact that it seemed to evoke something inherently American made it irresistible to composers of strictly commercial music, and in a sentimentalized form it thrives to this day as the inspiration for countless movie and television soundtracks. Copland himself was aware of the pitfalls of empty nostalgia that might torpedo his score, and some years later, after he had conducted it frequently, he would write, “I have often admonished orchestras, professional and otherwise, not to get too sweet or too sentimental with it.” So immense was the popularity of this piece that Copland ended up molding his original score into five distinct arrangements plus two stand-alone settings of the “Simple Gifts” segment. Mrs.",
"Coolidge’s commission had stipulated that Copland’s score should not require more than twelve instruments, which was already more than Graham would have preferred, since her company was normally able to take along only nine musicians when they toured. In deference to Graham’s practicalities, Copland initially intended to employ only a double string quartet (four violins, two violas, and two cellos) plus piano. Yet when Copland learned that another work on the Library of Congress program, by the Mexican composer Carlos Chávez, was scored for these instruments plus a woodwind quartet, he felt no compunction to limit himself to his original instrumentation. Mrs. Coolidge consented to the expansion, and though the Chávez piece dropped from the program, Copland’s somewhat expanded scoring remained. In 1945, Copland extracted eight sections of the ballet score (played without any interruption) and expanded the instrumentation for full orchestra. Copland provided the following outline to help the audience imagine the action the music was meant to portray: 1. Very slowly. Introduction of the characters, one by one, in a suffused light. 2. Fast. Sudden burst of unison strings in A-major arpeggios starts the action.",
"A sentiment both elated and religious gives the keynote to this scene. . . . 3. Moderate. Duo for the Bride and her Intended—scene of tenderness and passion. 4. Quite fast. The Revivalist and his flock. Folksy feelings—suggestions of square dances and country fiddlers. 5. Still faster. Solo dance of the Bride—presentiment of motherhood. Extremes of joy and fear and wonder. 6. Very slow (as at first). Transition scenes reminiscent of the introduction. 7. Calm and flowing. Scenes of daily activity for the Bride and her Farmer-husband. There are five variations on a Shaker theme. The theme, sung by a solo clarinet, was taken from a collection of Shaker melodies compiled by Edward D. Andrews, and published under the title The Gift to Be Simple. The melody I borrowed and used almost literally is called “Simple Gifts.” 8. Moderato. Coda. The Bride takes her place among her neighbors. At the end the couple are left “quiet and strong in their new house.” Muted strings intone a hushed, prayer-like passage.",
"We hear a last echo of the principal theme sung by a flute and solo violin. The close is reminiscent of the opening music. This orchestral setting became the “standard version” for most listeners, and of course its texture is considerably more lush than the original ensemble of thirteen players provided. But not everyone agreed that bigger was necessarily better in this case, where spareness of style seemed frankly elemental to the conception of the work. Although several colleagues urged Copland to create a version of Appalachian Spring crafted for concert performance but using the original orchestration, he resisted for a perfectly practical reason. As he explained to Vivian Perlis, “I thought that once the listening public had become used to the large version, the thirteen-instrument one would sound ‘skinny,’ so I was hesitant about making it available.” But in the end he acquiesced, and in the late 1960s he prepared arrangements of both the full ballet score (with some alterations for concert presentation) and of the full-orchestra suite of 1945 retrofitted for the original scoring of thirteen instruments.",
"Copland himself was pleased with the results, telling Perlis: “Often people (particularly the English) tell me they like the thirteen-instrument version better than the full orchestra because it seems more intimate and more touching. I, myself, am glad to have both arrangements available. In time, I have come to think that the original instrumentation has a clarity and is closer to my original conception than the more opulent orchestrated version.” —James M. Keller More About the Music Recordings: Michael Tilson Thomas and the San Francisco Symphony (RCA Red Seal) | Aaron Copland leading the London Symphony Orchestra (CBS) Reading: Copland on Music, by Aaron Copland (Norton) | Aaron Copland: A Reader: Selected Writings, 1923-1972, edited by Richard Kostelanetz (Routledge) DVD: Michael Tilson Thomas and the San Francisco Symphony explore Copland and the American Sound in an episode of Keeping Score, available from SFS Media, and online at keepingscore.org.",
"San Francisco Symphony Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Leonard Slatkin - Copland Rodeo, Dance Panels, El salón México, Danzón c by HIGHRESAUDIO - issuu RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO –4– orchestra be a small one, and Copland obliged by utilizing what is essentially a chamber ensemble with only six woodwinds and five brass. Then, a curious thing happened. Copland played the score on the piano for Robbins who went into rehearsal right away, but when he began working with the company he could not remember the music – only the rhythmic counts – and became captivated by what the dancers were doing without the music. So it was that he continued in this vein and did not use Copland’s score at all. As Robbins later recalled, “I was sorry I wasn’t able to do Dance Panels, but in a very real way, Aaron’s music was the accidental genesis of my ballet without music, Moves.” Nothing more happened until 1962, when the Bavarian State Opera in Munich asked Copland if they could mount the work as part of the celebrations surrounding the opening of their new house that November.",
"AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO Copland was asked to conduct the performance, and although he and the Opera’s management tried to get Robbins to do the choreography, he declined to do so. Two other choreographers were approached, including Eugene Loring (who had done the original production of Billy the Kid), but nothing worked out. Finally, Heinz Rosen, the music director of the Opera, decided to stage it himself, and brought in two principals outside the company, one from the New York City Ballet and the other from the Paris Opera. Unfortunately, a whole string of problems ensued which undermined the performance, which was not a success, and as Copland sadly wrote in his diary, “Somebody, some day will make a good ballet out of the piece – it’s so very danceable, but I’m afraid it’s a lost cause here.” In 1965 the New York City Ballet mounted a version of the ballet with a bizarre story line under the title Shadow’d Ground, but it found no favor with audience or critics.",
"Because of the fact there was no plot to the original, and because it is marvelously wellconstructed, Dance Panels works beautifully as a concert work, and with the original title was given its first performance in this way as part of the Ojai Festival in California in –5– May of 1966 conducted by Ingolf Dahl. The work consists of seven contrasting sections, each one of which has its own individual character, and the first and last sections which mirror each other are slow, quiet waltzes. El Salón México (1932, rev. 1936) During a visit to Germany in 1927, Copland wrote to a friend, “It seems a long time since anyone has written an España or a Boléro – the kind of brilliant piece that everyone loves.” It was almost 10 years before he produced El Salón México, but it quickly became one of the most popular and frequently-played short orchestral works by any American composer. It was first performed in a two-piano version in New York in October of 1935, with Copland and John Kirkpatrick at the keyboards.",
"Then, its orchestral première came in August of 1937 in Mexico City with Carlos Chávez conducting the Orquesta Sinfónica de México. The first U.S. performance was part of an NBC radio broadcast in May of 1938 with the famous NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by – of all people – Sir Adrian Boult. The first actual U.S. concert performance was given by Serge Koussevitsky and the Boston Symphony Orchestra in October of that year. AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO About this brilliantly-scored and dynamic work, Copland wrote: “During my first visit to Mexico in the fall of 1932 I conceived the idea of writing a piece based on Mexican themes... From the very beginning, the idea of writing a work based on popular Mexican melodies was connected in my mind with a popular dance hall in Mexico City called Salón México...",
"All that I could hope to do was to reflect the Mexico of the tourists, and that is why I thought of Salón México, because in that ‘hot spot’ one felt, in a very natural and unaffected way, a close contact with the Mexican people... Something of [their] spirit is what I hope to have put into my music.” When Copland first visited the dance hall he was quite taken aback when he was frisked by a guard before entering, but greatly amused by a sign on the wall which read: “Please don’t throw –6– lighted cigarette butts on the floor so the ladies don’t burn their feet.” As he was writing the work he became concerned that as an “outsider” he might not be able to do what he intended: “I felt nervous about what the Mexicans might think of a ‘gringo’ meddling with their native melodies.” These fears were quickly put to rest when, “at the first of the final rehearsals I attended...",
"as I entered the hall the orchestral players, who were in the middle of a Beethoven symphony, suddenly stopped what they were doing and began to applaud vigorously.” That première performance on August 27, 1937 was a great critical and popular success, one local critic writing that “Copland has composed Mexican music... embodying the very elements of our folk song in the purest and most perfect form.” The work is based on several authentic Mexican folk tunes from two major collections he was given (not from any of the tunes he heard in the dance hall), but “based on” is the operative phrase, as Copland had no qualms about changing and adapting the originals as he saw fit. As he mentioned to Vivian Perlis for her remarkable two-volume biography of the composer, “My purpose was not to quote literally, but to heighten without in any way falsifying the natural simplicity of the Mexican tunes.” AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO Danzón Cubano (1942, rev. 1945) In 1941, when it seemed likely that the U.S.",
"might become directly involved in the armed conflicts in Europe and Asia, our government embarked on a scheme to strengthen the ties which already existed with our neighbors to the south. As part of this effort, Copland was dispatched as a kind of cultural ambassador on a friendship tour of nine Latin-American countries. In 1937 he had happily visited Cuba on the way home from the première of El Salón Mexico in Mexico City, and the fond memories he had of that country made him eager to return to Havana. While there in 1941, he went to a large dance hall (rather like a Cuban version of Salón Mexico) in which there were two orchestras playing at both ends of the hall. Copland decided to sit right in the middle so he could hear both ensembles at the same time, an arrangement which Charles Ives –7– would have loved! During this visit Copland made quite a number of sketches of popular Cuban dance music. What eventually became the Danzón Cubano resulted from a commission from the League of American Composers for a concert in 1942 marking that organization’s 20th birthday.",
"The original, two-piano version of the piece was given its première by the composer and Leonard Bernstein in December of that year in New York’s famous Town Hall. Copland came up with several titles for the work before settling on Danzón Cubano for the première of the orchestral version given by Reginald Stewart and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra in February of 1946. Just as he had done with El Salón Mexico, Copland wanted to utilize authentic native forms, rather than the commercialized Cuban ballroom dances of the day. Again, to quote Copland from the Vivian Perlis biography, “[the work] is based on Cuban dance rhythms, particularly the Danzón, a stately dance quite different from the rhumba, conga and tango, and one that fulfills a function rather similar to that of the waltz in our own music, providing contrast to some of the more animated dances. The special charm of the Danzón is a certain naïve sophistication. Its mood alternates between passages of rhythmic precision and a kind of non-sentimental sweetness under a nonchalant guise.",
"Its success depends on being executed with precise rhythmic articulation.” Because of the demands of the orchestral version, Copland asked for a slower tempo than that of the two-piano original, and in so doing brought into sharper focus many of the intricacies and rhythmic complexities which make the work so fascinating. As to the overall concept of the piece, Copland has written, “I did not attempt to reproduce an authentic Cuban sound, but felt free to add my own touches of displaced accents and unexpected silent beats. In fact, I arranged one of the tunes in the traditional ‘blues rhythm,’ giving the final product something of an inter-American flavor.” AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO Charles Greenwell All of the quotations reproduced in these notes are taken from Copland: 1900 Through 1942, Aaron Copland and Vivian Perlis (St. Martin’s/Marek, New York, 1984). Used with permission.",
"–8– Detroit Symphony Orchestra The internationally acclaimed Detroit Symphony Orchestra, which celebrated its 125th anniversary in December 2012, is known for trailblazing performances, visionary maestros, collaborations with the world’s foremost musical artists, and an unwavering commitment to Detroit. Esteemed conductor Leonard Slatkin, called “America’s Music Director” by the Los Angeles Times, became the twelfth Music Director of the DSO during the 2008-09 season and acclaimed conductor, arranger, and trumpeter Jeff Tyzik was appointed Principal Pops Conductor in November 2012. The DSO’s performance schedule includes Classical, Pops, Jazz, Young People’s, Neighborhood concerts, and collaborations with chart-topping musicians from Smokey Robinson to Kid Rock. A commitment to broadcast innovation began in 1922 when the DSO became the first orchestra in the world to present a radio broadcast and continues today with the free Live from Orchestra Hall webcast series. Making its home at historic Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center, one of America’s most acoustically perfect concert halls, the DSO actively pursues a mission to impact and serve the community through music.",
"AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO For more information: visit dso.org or download the free DSO to Go mobile app. –9– Leonard Slatkin Internationally renowned conductor Leonard Slatkin is currently Music Director of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and of the Orchestre National de Lyon and Principal Guest Conductor of the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra. He is also the author of a new book entitled Conducting Business. His previous positions have included a seventeenyear tenure with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra, a twelve-year tenure with the National Symphony as well as titled positions with the BBC Symphony Orchestra, Cleveland Orchestra, Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the Hollywood Bowl, Philharmonia Orchestra of London, Nashville Symphony Orchestra and the New Orleans Philharmonic. Always committed to young people, Leonard Slatkin founded the National Conducting Institute and the Saint Louis Symphony Youth Orchestra and continues to work with student orchestras around the world.",
"Born in Los Angeles, where his parents, conductor-violinist Felix Slatkin and cellist Eleanor Aller, were founding members of the Hollywood String Quartet, he began his musical studies on the violin and studied conducting with his father, followed by training with Walter Susskind at Aspen and Jean Morel at The Juilliard School. His more than 100 recordings have brought seven GRAMMY® Awards and 64 GRAMMY® Award nominations. He has received many other honours, including the 2003 National Medal of Arts, France’s Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and the League of American Orchestras’ Gold Baton for service to American music. AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO –10– THE 2xHD MASTERING PROCESS This album was mastered using our 2xHD proprietary system. In order to achieve the most accurate reproduction of the original recording we tailor our process specifically for each project, using a selection from our pool of state-of-the-art audiophile components and connectors.",
"The process begins with a transfer to analog from the original 24bits/96kHz resolution master, using cutting edge D/A converters. The analog signal is then sent through a hi-end tube pre-amplifier before being recorded directly in DXD using the dCS905 A/D and the dCS Vivaldi Clock. All connections used in the process are made of OCC silver cable. DSD and 192kHz/24Bit versions are separately generated, directly from the analog signal. 2xHD was created by producer/studio owner AndrĂŠ Perry and audiophile sound engineer RenĂŠ Laflamme.",
"Feel the warmth AARON COPLAND: RODEO • DANCE PANELS • EL SALÓN MÉXICO • DANZÓN CUBANO 2xHD Mastering: René Laflamme 2xHD Executive Producer: André Perry Aaron Copland's <i>Rodeo</i> at American Ballet Theatre Aaron Copland's Rodeo at American Ballet Theatre Now Playing: High Quality 16:9 (480x270, 820Kbps) Play Medium Quality 16:9 (320x180, 400kbps) Views: 4353 On October 16, 1942, the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo premiered Agnes de Mille's Rodeo at the Metropolitan Opera House. Frederic Franklin was cast as the Champion Roper in the original production opposite Agnes de Mille as the Cowgirl.",
"This Fall, American Ballet Theatre celebrates the 70th Anniversary of de Mille's famous Western love story with a special anniversary performance of Rodeo on October 16 at New York City Center - 70 years to the day of Rodeo's World Premiere. Here, Frederic Franklin recounts that first performance and discusses a notable turning point in Rodeo's creation. Rodeo will be performed on October 16, 18 and 20 as part of ABT's 2012 Fall Season at New York City Center. Featured Clips BALLET - JOFFREY'S 'RODEO' - NYTimes.com By ANNA KISSELGOFF Published: October 27, 1983 DEBUTS have studded the Joffrey Ballet's current and lively run at the City Center, and one of the happiest was in the season's first performance of Agnes de Mille's ''Rodeo'' Tuesday night. Miss de Mille's 1942 Americana classic remains spankingly fresh in the Joffrey production. The visual impact is unusually striking.",
"Oliver Smith's backdrop of a ranch corral glows against a red-orange sky that Thomas Skelton's lighting sets seemingly ablaze. Unlike American Ballet Theater's production, the Joffrey version uses the original Kermit Love costume designs, and they make a difference in brightness and contrast. Still supervised by Miss de Mille, the Joffrey ''Rodeo'' has demonstrated the ballet's enduring worth. Rather than resembling a period piece from a more innocent time, it charms and reaches into emotions that have no period. The beauty of Aaron Copland's famous score, conducted spiritedly by Jonathan McPhee, is responsible in part for this timelessness. But perhaps it is also that the Joffrey casts have consistently located the truth of Miss de Mille's every gesture. On this occasion it was Carole Valleskey who made a triumphant debut as the cowgirl who learns how to get a man. No one should miss her performance. When she first comes tumbling out on her imaginary bucking bronco, an object of consternation to the cowboys and of giggling derision to some visiting lady folk, her outcast situation is defined. She etches every movement in extraordinary detail with dramatic pulse.",
"We see her every muscle react to the invisible horse. She makes us believe she is out of control - a metaphor for the emotions she cannot control as well. Miss Valleskey, pretty and childlike, and the entire cast turn ''Rodeo'' into the happy ballet it should be. Luis Perez is charming as the Champion Roper who wins her, and Jerel Hilding is stalwart as the Head Wrangler. Charlene Gehm minces correctly as the Ranch Owner's daughter. Kim Sagami and Carl Corry make a comic courting vignette believable. Miss de Mille's use of a real square dance, a ''running set,'' went over like wildfire with the audience. Is there still room for a ballet like ''Rodeo?'' The answer is obvious. There were also debuts in the three major roles of Michel Fokine's ''Petrouchka.'' Cameron Basden's Ballerina Doll was superb in an unusual daintiness mixed with superciliousness. Philip Jerry's blackamoor was rightly dominating, turning the pas de deux with the doll into the parody of classical ballet that Fokine intended.",
"Glenn Edgerton's Petrouchka was a welcome surprise, if still at arm's length from tragedy. His forte was to capture the helplessness and rag-doll softness of the puppet character. The scene in his room was perfect, addressed to the audience, clear in gestures that explained the puppet's plight. Jiri Kylian's ''Return to the Strange Land'' received its first performance this season with Mr. Perez and Leslie Carothers making debuts, joined by Beatriz Rodriguez, Mr. Edgerton, Tom Mossbrucker and Mr. Hilding. As well as the Joffrey dances it on pure dance terms, this elegiac tribute to the late John Cranko was meant to be more than an enigmatic series of shapes formed by the dancers' bodies. It should not recall an essay on architecture. Other debuts to mention are James Canfield's filled-out portrayal as the painter in Antony Tudor's ''Offenbach in the Underworld'' Friday and Mr. Corry's polished solo in the Kylian ''Dream Dances'' Sunday afternoon. On that program, Mr.",
"Jerry was notable for his electric personification of Death in Kurt Jooss's ''Green Table.'' This 1932 antiwar ballet never loses its power, and Mr. Jerry's brilliance is to make the allegorical figure of Death all the more dangerous by imbuing it with youthful crackling energy. Miss Rodriguez's resistance fighter is outstanding for the same kinetic reasons. No one should miss ''The Green Table.'' photo of Luis Perez Milestones of the Millennium: Appalachian Spring \"Appalachian Spring\" by Aaron Copland with Robert Kapilow and John Adams Aaron Copland�s \"Appalachian Spring� captures the essence of an ideal America, one of open fields and endless possibilities. But when Copland began his Pulitzer Prize-winning ballet score in 1942, he couldn�t have foreseen that it would become one of the most inspiring and symbolic works of the century. In fact, he wasn�t even sure what the title would be. On this edition of Milestones of the Millennium, we examine the story behind this American masterpiece and hear commentator and composer Robert Kapilow dissect its deceptively simple harmonies.",
"In an interview with NPR music commentator Fred Calland, Copland said, �The fate of pieces is really rather curious�you can�t always figure out in advance exactly what�s going to happen to them.� While Copland was aware that the ballet would deal with pioneering American themes, his working title was simply, �Ballet for Martha.� Dancer Martha Graham had been commissioned to choreograph the ballet and danced the leading role. Copland readily admitted that the pastoral beauty of Appalachia wasn�t on his mind when he wrote the score: �I gave voice to that region without knowing I was giving voice to it.� Graham chose the title after Copland had written much of the score, though he said that her dance style must have evoked Appalachia. The music and dance were perfect complements; together they reflect youthful aspiration in the American heartland. Copland was no stranger to Americana and adventure. His 1942 score for the ballet �Rodeo� captivated audiences and critics alike with vivid images of life in the American west. We hear �Saturday Night Waltz� and the rambunctious �Hoedown� from �Rodeo,� with the composer conducting the London Symphony Orchestra.",
"Composer Robert Kapilow deconstructs �Appalachian Spring� at the piano in NPR's studio. He says you can hear the essence of the whole ballet in the opening chords. By improvising on simple tonal elements from these chords, Copland creates repeating patterns which Kapilow describes as being �centered in the earth.� Then after adding slight chord variations, Copland introduces a simple melody, descending like sunlight upon a pastoral scene. The effect is like a flowering at dawn, as Copland creates the perfect setting for the ballet�s primary characters, two young newlyweds on the western Pennsylvania frontier. An emotional highpoint of the score is a melody based on a traditional Shaker song, �Simple Gifts.� We hear a chorus sing the original hymn that provided Copland his inspiration, then listen to Copland�s beautiful solo vocal and instrumental adaptations. Throughout the work, Copland brilliantly weaves melodies that evoke simplicity and the �earnest but good-natured piety� of Shaker culture. Composer John Adams discusses the Shaker influence on American culture and how Copland allowed that to shape the piece.",
"Music critics were in awe of Copland�s ability to capture a vast emotional world within the limits of the 13-piece orchestration prescribed by the original score (which, in turn, was dictated by the size of the Coolidge Auditorium orchestra pit at the Library of Congress, site of the ballet's premiere). With some strings, a few woodwinds and piano he achieves remarkable effects. In letters to friends, the prolific 40-year-old composer expressed great satisfaction with the �sonorities� of his score. As Kapilow demonstrates, Copland concludes the entire work with an ingenious return to the primal chords with which he starts. Prophetically, Copland's completion of �Appalachian Spring� was itself a new beginning. Listen as PT host Lisa Simeone explores Copland's \"Appalachian Spring\" with commentary by Robert Kapilow and John Adams, and interviews with the composer himself. It's another online feature from Milestones of the Millenium . (This audio segment requires the free RealPlayer 5.0 or higher. Portions of the music have been edited from this online version. You can also listen with a 14.4 connection)"
] |
General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave where in 1989?
|
Afghanistan
|
[
"Afghanistan",
"Avghanistaun",
"Soviet-occupied Afghanistan",
"Afganhistan",
"Afghanestan",
"Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Afġānestān",
"Afghanastan",
"Afeganistao",
"Afgjanistan",
"Afghanistan/Article from the 1911 Encyclopedia",
"AfghanistaN",
"Afghanistan, Rep. of.",
"Afganistan",
"Afghanistan-Central Asia",
"Afghanistan (1911 Encyclopedia)",
"Afghansitan",
"Afgahanistan",
"IROA",
"Kinetic action",
"A-Stan",
"Afghanstan",
"Afğānistān",
"AFGHANISTAN",
"Afghānistān",
"I.R.O.A.",
"Islamic Republic of Afghanistan",
"Dowlat-e Eslami-ye Afghanestan",
"افغانستان",
"Afghinastan",
"The Graveyard of Empires",
"Affghanistan",
"Afghanistan, I.S. of",
"Etymology of Afghanistan",
"The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan",
"Islamic Transitional Government of Afghanistan",
"ISO 3166-1:AF",
"Afghnistan",
"د افغانستان اسلامي دولت دولت اسلامی افغانستان",
"Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jomhoriyat",
"Da Afghanistan Islami Dawlat Dawlat-e Eslami-e Afghanestan"
] | 8,889
|
[
"Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan By BILL KELLER, SPECIAL TO THE NEW YORK TIMES OSCOW -- The last Soviet soldier came home from Afghanistan this morning, the Soviet Union announced, leaving behind a war that had become a domestic burden and an international embarrassment for Moscow. The final Soviet departure came on the day set as a deadline by the Geneva accords last April. It left two heavily armed adversaries, the Kremlin-backed Government of President Najibullah and a fractious but powerful array of Muslim insurgents, backed by the United States and Pakistan, to conclude their civil war on their own. Lieut. Gen. Boris V. Gromov, the commander of the Soviet forces in Afghanistan, walked across the steel Friendship Bridge to the border city of Termez, in Uzbekistan, at 11:55 A.M. local time (1:55 A.M., Eastern time), 9 years and 50 days after Soviet troops intervened to support a coup by a Marxist ally. 'Our Stay Ends' \"There is not a single Soviet soldier or officer left behind me,\" General Gromov told a Soviet television reporter waiting on the bridge.",
"\"Our nine-year stay ends with this.\" Today's final departure is the end of a steady process of withdrawal since last spring, when Moscow says, there were 100,300 Soviet troops in Afghanistan. At the height of the Soviet commitment, according to Western intelligence estimates, there were 115,000 troops deployed. This morning, as the last armored troop carriers rumbled home across the border, a Soviet newspaper carried the first report of atrocities committed in the war by the nation's military forces. Massacre and Cover-Up The weekly Literaturnaya Gazeta described the killing of a carload of Afghan civilians, including women and children, and the order by a commander to cover it up. The article was a foretaste of recriminations expected in the months ahead. The war cost the Soviet Union roughly 15,000 lives and undisclosed billions of rubles. It scarred a generation of young people and undermined the cherished image of an invincible Soviet Army. Moscow's involvement in Afghanistan was often compared to the American experience in the Vietnam War, in which more than 58,000 Americans died.",
"The Soviet intervention, which received international condemnation, cast a pall over relations with China, the Muslim world and the West. It led to an American trade embargo and a Western boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. Western reporters flown to Termez to witness the finale said the ceremony at the border was one of festive relief at the homecoming. Today, there were no obvious second thoughts expressed about the venture. \"The day that millions of Soviet people have waited for has come,\" General Gromov said to an army rally in Termez, Reuters reported. \"In spite of our sacrifices and losses, we have totally fulfilled our internationalist duty.\" Token of Official Esteem The official press agency Tass said the Defense Ministry presented all of the returning soldiers with wristwatches. Yet in contrast with the joy at leaving Afghanistan, Soviet press reports told of insurgents massing outside Kabul, the Afghan capital, and other major cities, and of Afghan Army regulars deserting in droves. The reports seemed intended to brace the public for the possibility that defeat would follow retreat.",
"Vadim Perfilyev, a Soviet Foreign Ministry spokesman, described the situation in Kabul today as \"relatively calm\" but said the guerrillas continued to gather reinforcements around the main cities and along the highway to the Soviet Union. Perfilyev said 160 trucks bearing food and fuel reached Kabul safely on Tuesday to relieve shortages in time for an expected siege. He added that aircraft were still ferrying supplies into airports at Kabul, Kandahar and Mazar-i-Sharif. A Few Advisers and Guards An estimated 250 Soviet civilians were believed to have stayed on at the Soviet Embassy in Kabul after the troops left. Perfilyev said he did know how many military advisers, \"if any,\" were still in Afghanistan. The official who negotiated the Geneva accords, Diego Cordovez of Ecuador, said at the United Nations today that he believed that fewer than 10 Soviet military advisers would remain in Afghanistan after the withdrawal, principally as embassy guards. Western diplomats and Soviet journalists speculate that the guerrillas will attempt a quick victory, perhaps in the vulnerable eastern city of Jalalabad, to break the Government's morale. This would be accompanied by a slow-death blockade of Kabul.",
"But Soviet officials and some recent Western visitors say they believe that Najibullah's forces may prove sturdier than expected. They control vast arsenals of Soviet-supplied weapons, and are motivated by the fear of rebel reprisals if they lose. A Government statement on the troop withdrawal said the responsibility for a blood bath in Afghanistan now would largely rest on the guerrillas' suppliers. Onus for Further Conflict \"Whether the Afghan situation will develop along the lines of national accord and the creation of a broadly based coalition government,\" the statement said, \"or along the lines of escalating war and tension in and around the country, depends to a large degree on those who have, over all these years, aided and abetted the armed opposition, supplying it with sophisticated weapons.\" The Soviet Government renewed its appeal to Pakistan and the United States to join in a cutoff of military aid to the warring parties. The United States, which a year ago was pressing such an arrangement on the reluctant Soviets, now argues that it is too late. The rebels insist that they will not take part in a coalition that retains Najibullah or his Communist political grouping, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan.",
"But their own efforts to coalesce have faltered over issues of ideology and power sharing. At home, the Soviet Government now faces a period of reckoning with the roots and consequences of the war. In Pravda, the authoritative Communist Party newspaper, a commentator insisted today that the intervention was carried out with the best intentions -including maintaining the security of the Soviet Union's southern border. But he said that the war was characterized by the mistakes and misjudgments of previous leaders. \"One can question the Brezhnev leadership's assessment of the military threat,\" the commentary said. \"One can say that in the future such vital issues as the use of troops must not be decided in secrecy, without the approval of the country's Parliament.\" What Has Been Learned? Other commentators, who have been constrained while Soviet soldiers were still fighting on Afghan territory, can now be expected to question more pointedly how the Soviet Union got into Afghanistan, what it did there, why it stayed so long and what lessons it has learned. The account today in Literaturnaya Gazeta, a dark essay on the corrupting power of the war, was a sample of the gloves-off analysis that is likely to find its way into the press.",
"The article, by Gennadi Bocharov, who has written extensively from Afghanistan since 1979, told of Soviet troops firing on a carload of civilians after they refused to stop at a border checkpoint and ignored a warning shot. The troops then opened fire on the vehicle, killing a young woman and wounding three others. An old woman and two children were not hurt. When the soldiers radioed to their commander to ask for further intructions, he replied according to the account, \"I don't need captives.\" The commander, who was identified only as Rudykh, told them to eliminate the evidence. \"So they did,\" Bocharov reported. \"The passenger car was smashed by an armored vehicle and buried in the earth.\" The commander was reportedly sentenced to six years' imprisonment, but freed almost immediately in an amnesty. History of the Struggle The first Soviet troops parachuted into Kabul on Dec. 27, 1979, to assist Babrak Karmal, who had become President in a coup within the Communist leadership. The Soviets have always insisted that they came in response to a plea for help from a legitimately constituted Karmal Government.",
"However, most Western analysts say the Soviets engineered the coup as a pretext to replace the Afghan leader who had lost their trust, Hafizullah Amin. The next day, four motorized rifle divisions crossed the Amu Darya River on pontoon bridges, and Moscow announced that its \"limited military contingent\" would stay as long as necessary to repel outside aggression. This they did for years; along the way, in 1986, Najibullah, the former chief of the Afghan secret police, replaced mr. Karmal in a purge. The Soviet-backed Kabul Government has generally kept a firm grip on the cities, but throughout the war has been unable to rout the rebels in the countryside, where the conservative populace was antagonized at the outset by changes in social and land policies that offended Muslim tradition. After 1986, the Soviet Air Force was rendered largely useless by advanced Stinger antiaircraft missiles supplied by the United States to the rebels. Overture From East Bloc Peace talks moderated by the United Nations bore little fruit until early last year, when Gorbachev and Najibullah offered a nine-month withdrawal timetable if Pakistan and the United States agreed to curtail their aid to the guerrillas.",
"The arms embargo never materialized, because President Reagan demanded that Moscow stop supplying Najibullah as part of the bargain, and the Soviets refused. In the end, Moscow's withdrawal was in effect unilateral. The Geneva accords introduced United Nations observers to watch the troops depart, but the agreements' other painstakingly negotiated provisions, promising an end to all outside intervention in Afghanistan, were generally ignored. The Bush Administration has indicated that it plans to continue arming the rebels after the Soviet withdrawal. Afghan Pullout: Last Soviet Soldiers Leave - latimes Afghan Pullout: Last Soviet Soldiers Leave February 15, 1989 |From Times Wire Services KABUL, Afghanistan — Lt. Gen. Boris Gromov, commander of Soviet forces in Afghanistan, became the last Soviet soldier to leave the embattled country when he crossed into the Soviet border town of Termez at 9:55 a.m Moscow time today, the official Soviet news agency Tass reported. Today was the deadline for troop withdrawal under a U.N.-sponsored accord designed to end the nine-year Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. Earlier, Soviet officials said the last Red Army soldiers in Kabul, the capital, climbed aboard giant military transport planes and flew home Tuesday night.",
"The airlift apparently left Afghan armed forces to defend the capital alone for the first time in nine years. Just hours before, Muslim guerrillas fired five rockets into Kabul, killing four children and an adult, according to official reports. The airport also was hit for the first time in several weeks. Kabul Radio said the fatalities occurred after one of the rockets exploded in a bazaar where dozens of people were lining up to buy bread in a city desperately short of supplies. At the airport, reporters watched as at least 80 Soviet soldiers boarded Il-76 transport planes. Earlier, it had been thought that only about 40 Soviet troops remained in Kabul on the day preceding today's pullout deadline. Lt. Col. Pytor Sardarchuk declined to say exactly how many troops were leaving. \"All those who are left\" were going, he said. Then he turned to watching reporters, shook their hands and said \"Goodby.\" Envoys to Remain About 140 Soviet diplomats and five Soviet journalists planned to stay behind in the capital.",
"About 5,000 Soviet soldiers had remained on Afghan soil on Tuesday, according to the official Tass news agency, out of an estimated 115,000 during the height of Soviet intervention. Many of those troops were crossing the 1,056-yard-long Friendship Bridge over the Amu Darya River during the day into Termez, Tass said, after rolling north along the Salang Highway. The departure of the troops complied with the Feb. 15 withdrawal deadline set by the U.N.-mediated accords signed by Afghanistan and Pakistan in April. A ceremony was planned in Termez to mark the end of a war that began with the Soviet intervention in December, 1979, to stabilize a Communist government besieged by Muslim rebels and internal political conflicts. Gromov, 47, who supervised the withdrawal by land, had vowed to be the last soldier out of the country, where at least 1 million Soviet soldiers in all have been involved and 15,000 killed. Today, he walked alone across the Friendship Bridge linking the Afghan town of Khairaton to Termez.",
"Warning Letters In Kabul, it was generally quiet, but residents said letters--unsigned and delivered the past few nights--warned people to stay off the streets today. Many residents believed the letters came from the guerrilla forces believed bearing down on the city, but some foreign diplomats suggested that the letters might be the work of the Najibullah government's secret police. Written in the local Dari language, the letters warn residents to stay off the streets, close their shops and keep away from the airport. MORE: 1989: Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan | History.info 1989: Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan Photo Credit To On this day in 1989 the process of withdrawing Soviet military forces from Afghanistan was officially declared complete. The Soviets had held Afghanistan since 1979 (towards the end of that year they conducted an invasion of Afghanistan, killed the Afghan president and captured his palace). At the peak of the occupation, the USSR deployed over 100,000 soldiers to Afghanistan. Seeing the situation is untenable, the Soviets started withdrawing from the country in May 1988. The complete withdrawal of around 100,000 people took around 10 months.",
"On this day in 1989 Soviet general Boris Gromov became the last to symbolically cross the bridge on the border between Afghanistan and the USSR. Specifically, the bridge is located on the Amu-Darya river, today the border between Afghanistan and Uzbekistan (the latter was once part of the USSR). Over 14,400 Soviet soldiers died during the occupation of Afghanistan, and over 53,000 were wounded. Facebook Comments MAN IN THE NEWS - Boris V. Gromov - Afghanistan - Last Man Out - NYTimes.com MAN IN THE NEWS: Boris V. Gromov; Afghanistan: Last Man Out By BILL KELLER, Special to the New York Times Published: February 16, 1989 MOSCOW, Feb. 15— Soviet officials had repeatedly vowed that their men would not leave Afghanistan in disarray, like the last Americans clambering onto helicopters from the roof of their embassy as Saigon fell around them. This morning, at least, Lieut. Gen. Boris V. Gromov did not disappoint them.",
"The trim 45-year-old commander of Soviet forces in Afghanistan hopped off his armored personnel carrier and strode calmly across the bridge to Soviet territory, where he was met by a Soviet television crew. General Gromov has probably enhanced an already meteoric career by neatly executing one of the most difficult, though not the most satisfying, of military maneuvers: retreat. He extricated more than 100,000 soldiers from a costly and unsuccessful nine-year venture in Afghanistan with the kind of self-confident flare much admired in the Kremlin of Mikhail S. Gorbachev. To Head Military District Backtracking gracefully is a skill likely to be much in demand in a military that has entered a period of retrenchment. The official press agency Tass reported today that after more than five years in Afghanistan General Gromov would assume command of the Kiev military district, one of 16 regional subdivisions of the Soviet armed forces. In the face of growing domestic criticism of the war, General Gromov has steadfastly maintained that the military fulfilled its duty completely, while acknowledging that Afghanistan exposed major inadequacies in the Soviet Army, especially training in countering guerrilla tactics.",
"At a news conference in Kabul last May, as the first stage of the withdrawal was beginning, the general bristled at a suggestion that the return home meant failure. Withdrawal 'Not a Defeat' ''The troop withdrawal is not a defeat; it is the completion of an internationalist mission and the fulfillment of the Geneva accords,'' he said. ''None of our units, even the smallest one, have ever retreated. That is why there is no talk of a military defeat.'' He has never publicly judged the political decision to send the troops into Afghanistan in December 1979. ''He seemed to be a no-nonsense guy with a good head for the political significance of his command,'' said a Bush Administration official who follows Afghan affairs closely. While Soviet diplomats tried to create suspense about the Soviets' intentions, hoping this would put pressure on the guerrillas to settle, this official observed, General Gromov was never coy about plans to meet the withdrawal deadlines. Father Killed in World War II Recently the general vowed that the Soviet Union would not send bombers from Soviet air bases to help the Afghan Army after the withdrawal, and although other officials have since obscured the issue, American officials are inclined to believe General Gromov.",
"Boris Vsevelodovich Gromov was born on Nov. 7, 1943, to a working-class family in the city of Saratov, on the Volga River. His father was killed a few months later fighting Nazi invaders on the Dnieper River. He entered the Suvorov Military Academy in 1962 and was a company commander by the age of 24. After attending the Frunze Military Academy, he went on to a variety of command and staff appointments, including a tour as a colonel in Afghanistan in 1980. A rapid series of promotions made him a major general at the age of 39. Back to Afghanistan After studying at the Voroshilov General Staff Academy, he returned to Afghanistan in 1984 as the commander of forces there, Tass reported. He was awarded the highest military honor, Hero of the Soviet Union, for commanding an operation to end the siege of the eastern garrison town of Khost in January 1988. He is credited with developing tactics for use against guerrillas.",
"General Gromov told Tass that his wife died in a 1985 air crash in the Carpathian Mountains. He has two sons, one of whom, Maksim, 14, greeted him with an emotional embrace and a fistful of carnations today at the bridge home from Afghanistan. Boris Gromov | Military Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Soviet war in Afghanistan Awards Boris Vsevolodovich Gromov (Russian: Бори́с Все́володович Гро́мов; born 7 November 1943 in Saratov, Russia) is a prominent Russian military and political figure. From 2000 to 2012, he was the Governor of Moscow Oblast. Biography Edit He graduated from a Suvorov military cadet school, the Leningrad Military Commanders School and later from the Frunze Military Academy in Moscow, as well as the General Staff Academy .",
"During the Soviet war in Afghanistan , Gromov did three tours of duty (1980–1982, 1985–1986, 1987–1989), and was best known for the two years as the last Commander of the 40th Army in Afghanistan. Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan, crossing on foot the Friendship Bridge spanning the Amu-Daria river on 15 February 1989, the day the Soviet pullout from Afghanistan was completed. He received the highest military award – the golden star of the Hero of the Soviet Union after Operation Magistral had lifted the siege of the city of Khost in eastern Afghanistan. After the Afghan war, he was chosen as a candidate for Vice President by the Communist Party in the Russian presidential election of 1991 (the candidate for President was former Premier Nikolai Ryzhkov ). He served as First Deputy Defence Minister of the Russian Federation. In 1994 Gromov retired from the Russian Military Forces, and was soon appointed deputy Interior Minister. He was elected in 1995 to the State Duma, lower house of Russian parliament.",
"In January 2000 he was elected governor of the Moscow region and re-elected in December 2003.",
"Honours and awards 2nd class (6 November 2003) - for outstanding contribution to strengthening Russian statehood, and socio-economic development of the region 3rd class 4th class (7 November 2008) - for outstanding contribution to the socio-economic development of the Moscow region and many years of fruitful work Hero of the Soviet Union Medal \"For merits in perpetuating the memory of the fallen defenders of the Fatherland\" (Russian Ministry of Defence, 2008) - for his great personal contribution to the commemoration of the fallen defenders of the Fatherland, the establishment of names of the dead and the fate of missing servicemen, displaying high moral and business qualities, diligence and intelligent initiative, to assist in the task of perpetuating the memory of the fallen defenders of the Fatherland Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise , 5th class (Ukraine, 7 November 2003) Medal \"10 Years of the Armed Forces of Ukraine\" Order of Friendship of Peoples (Belarus) (22 November 2005) - for his significant contribution to the development of economic, scientific-technological and cultural ties between Belarus and Moscow Oblast of the Russian Federation Medal",
" \"In memory of the 10th anniversary of the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan\" (Belarus, 13 February 2003) - for his great personal contribution to the development and strengthening of cooperation between movements of Afghan War Veterans of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation [56] [57] Medal \"Fidelity\" (Afghanistan, 17 November 1988) Order of St.",
"Prince Vladimir Equal , 1st class (Russian Orthodox Church, 2008) - in consideration of special services for the Moscow diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church and the 65th anniversary of the birth Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet Withdrawal Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet Withdrawal November 02, 2009 11:31 AM Share Email to a Friend Print Twenty years have passed since the Soviet Union ended its disastrous military venture in Afghanistan. Some Soviet veterans were traumatized by the war and refuse to talk about it, others reflect on the experience and draw lessons they say apply to NATO forces that have been fighting Afghan rebels since 2001. On February 15, 1989, Commanding General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan, walking across the Friendship Bridge that connected that war-torn country with what was then Soviet Uzbekistan. Nearly 15,000 soldiers, advisors, and other Soviet officials died during the war that Moscow launched in December 1979. Today, Gromov is convinced there are no military solutions to political problems in Afghanistan. He spoke at a recent Moscow news conference.",
"Gromov says force will accomplish nothing in Afghanistan, and notes that increasing or decreasing troop strength will only bring a negative result. The general says the best way to deal with Afghans is to reach an agreement with them. General Gromov says the mission of Soviet forces in Afghanistan was never to achieve a military victory, but to help that country's pro-Soviet leaders fight drug trafficking and to defend Afghan pipelines, roads and cities against terrorist attacks. It is a justification rejected by the United States and much of the international community, which saw the invasion as aggressive attempt to expand Moscow's influence. And independent observers note the Afghanistan's drug trade did not affect the USSR, nor did the country have any pipelines that needed protection in 1979. Anti-Soviet Afghan rebels, known as the Mujahedeen, received some of their weapons from the United States. The irony that some of those rebels joined the Taliban and now fight against U.S. forces is not lost on General Gromov, who especially condemns America's Stinger missile. The Mujahedeen used this shoulder-fired weapon to devastating effect against Soviet aviation.",
"Independent Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer notes that unlike the Mujahedeen, the Taliban today are not supplied by any foreign government, which could have a bearing on NATO's chances to reach an agreement with their enemy. Felgenhauer says the Mujahedeen fielded the fighters, but were backed by China, Saudi Arabia and primarily the United States, which supplied them with modern weapons. The Taliban, he says, are not supported by any major country, but rather by certain non-state elements in Pakistan and by al-Qaida. He notes that General Gromov fought on a Cold War military front, which precluded victory or an agreement with his Afghan enemy. Felgenhauer says agreement is now possible, but warns it will not necessarily happen. A complicating factor today, he says, is Afghanistan's burgeoning drug trade, which is funding the Taliban. This, he says, forces NATO to fight opium farmers and increases popular opposition to the alliance. Dmitri Popov fought during the last two years of the Afghan War, beginning as a private and ending as a master sergeant. Today, he heads an Afghan veterans group in Moscow.",
"He says that despite excellent armaments and troop morale, Soviet forces could not overcome the psychology of ordinary Afghans. Popov says Afghans had a different mission - to defend their liberty against all others. The Afghans, he says, think, \"We have lived here for ages; many have tried to conquer us, to impose their faith or culture on us - but we do not need that. We want to live the way we have lived. We want to plow with oxen. We do not need technology or tractors.\" Dmitri Popov and General Gromov are skeptical of NATO success in that country. The general says it would be better if Russia, the United States and other countries cooperated on a peaceful solution to Afghanistan. Gromov says good relations with Afghanistan should be developed by an entire coalition of countries, including the United States. He says that together, all sides can pursue relations in Afghanistan that would end military fighting and give the country a chance to develop. But analyst Pavel Felgenhauer says Moscow's offer comes at a price.",
"Felgenhauer says Russia is prepared to help Americans, but only its own terms, in other words, the United States would need to recognize Moscow's sphere of influence in the post-Soviet region. The analyst says this would include a Russian veto on Ukrainian and Georgian NATO membership, and would require Moscow's approval for developing Western military infrastructure in Romania and the Baltics or deploying a U.S. missile defense system in Central Europe. U.S. Vice President Joe Biden told the Munich Security Conference on February 7th the United States would not recognize any Russian sphere of influence. At the same time, Biden noted that Russia warned long ago about the rising threat from the Taliban and al-Qaida in Afghanistan. He added that NATO and Russia can and should cooperate to defeat this common enemy. Meanwhile, U.S. President Barack Obama says the United States will continue to work for a stable Afghanistan that is not a haven for terrorists. He plans to increase U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan and has ordered a strategic review to make sure American goals in that country are clear and achievable. Among those goals is a broader policy that does not focus solely on the military aspect.",
"Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet Withdrawal Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet Withdrawal By Peter Fedynsky Moscow 11 February 2009 Twenty years have passed since the Soviet Union ended its disastrous military venture in Afghanistan. Some Soviet veterans were traumatized by the war and refuse to talk about it, others reflect on the experience and draw lessons they say apply to NATO forces that have been fighting Afghan rebels since 2001. On February 15, 1989, Commanding General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan, walking across the Friendship Bridge that connected that war-torn country with what was then Soviet Uzbekistan. Nearly 15,000 soldiers, advisors, and other Soviet officials died during the war that Moscow launched in December 1979. Today, Gromov is convinced there are no military solutions to political problems in Afghanistan. He spoke at a recent Moscow news conference. Gromov says force will accomplish nothing in Afghanistan, and notes that increasing or decreasing troop strength will only bring a negative result. The general says the best way to deal with Afghans is to reach an agreement with them.",
"General Gromov says the mission of Soviet forces in Afghanistan was never to achieve a military victory, but to help that country's pro-Soviet leaders fight drug trafficking and to defend Afghan pipelines, roads and cities against terrorist attacks. It is a justification rejected by the United States and much of the international community, which saw the invasion as aggressive attempt to expand Moscow's influence. And independent observers note the Afghanistan's drug trade did not affect the USSR, nor did the country have any pipelines that needed protection in 1979. Anti-Soviet Afghan rebels, known as the Mujahedeen, received some of their weapons from the United States. The irony that some of those rebels joined the Taliban and now fight against U.S. forces is not lost on General Gromov, who especially condemns America's Stinger missile. The Mujahedeen used this shoulder-fired weapon to devastating effect against Soviet aviation. Independent Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer notes that unlike the Mujahedeen, the Taliban today are not supplied by any foreign government, which could have a bearing on NATO's chances to reach an agreement with their enemy.",
"Felgenhauer says the Mujahedeen fielded the fighters, but were backed by China, Saudi Arabia and primarily the United States, which supplied them with modern weapons. The Taliban, he says, are not supported by any major country, but rather by certain non-state elements in Pakistan and by al-Qaida. He notes that General Gromov fought on a Cold War military front, which precluded victory or an agreement with his Afghan enemy. Felgenhauer says agreement is now possible, but warns it will not necessarily happen. A complicating factor today, he says, is Afghanistan's burgeoning drug trade, which is funding the Taliban. This, he says, forces NATO to fight opium farmers and increases popular opposition to the alliance. Dmitri Popov fought during the last two years of the Afghan War, beginning as a private and ending as a master sergeant. Today, he heads an Afghan veterans group in Moscow. He says that despite excellent armaments and troop morale, Soviet forces could not overcome the psychology of ordinary Afghans. Popov says Afghans had a different mission - to defend their liberty against all others.",
"The Afghans, he says, think, \"We have lived here for ages; many have tried to conquer us, to impose their faith or culture on us - but we do not need that. We want to live the way we have lived. We want to plow with oxen. We do not need technology or tractors.\" Dmitri Popov and General Gromov are skeptical of NATO success in that country. The general says it would be better if Russia, the United States and other countries cooperated on a peaceful solution to Afghanistan. Gromov says good relations with Afghanistan should be developed by an entire coalition of countries, including the United States. He says that together, all sides can pursue relations in Afghanistan that would end military fighting and give the country a chance to develop. But analyst Pavel Felgenhauer says Moscow's offer comes at a price. Felgenhauer says Russia is prepared to help Americans, but only its own terms, in other words, the United States would need to recognize Moscow's sphere of influence in the post-Soviet region.",
"The analyst says this would include a Russian veto on Ukrainian and Georgian NATO membership, and would require Moscow's approval for developing Western military infrastructure in Romania and the Baltics or deploying a U.S. missile defense system in Central Europe. U.S. Vice President Joe Biden told the Munich Security Conference on February 7th the United States would not recognize any Russian sphere of influence. At the same time, Biden noted that Russia warned long ago about the rising threat from the Taliban and al-Qaida in Afghanistan. He added that NATO and Russia can and should cooperate to defeat this common enemy. Meanwhile, U.S. President Barack Obama says the United States will continue to work for a stable Afghanistan that is not a haven for terrorists. He plans to increase U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan and has ordered a strategic review to make sure American goals in that country are clear and achievable. Among those goals is a broader policy that does not focus solely on the military aspect.",
"NEWSLETTER Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet Withdrawal - Wikisource, the free online library Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet Withdrawal From Wikisource 1041658Afghanistan: Lessons from Soviet WithdrawalVoice of America2009 Twenty years have passed since the Soviet Union ended its disastrous military venture in Afghanistan. Some Soviet veterans were traumatized by the war and refuse to talk about it, others reflect on the experience and draw lessons they say apply to NATO forces that have been fighting Afghan rebels since 2001. On February 15, 1989, Commanding General Boris Gromov was the last Soviet soldier to leave Afghanistan, walking across the Friendship Bridge that connected that war-torn country with what was then Soviet Uzbekistan. Nearly 15,000 soldiers, advisors, and other Soviet officials died during the war that Moscow launched in December 1979. Today, Gromov is convinced there are no military solutions to political problems in Afghanistan. He spoke at a recent Moscow news conference. Gromov says force will accomplish nothing in Afghanistan, and notes that increasing or decreasing troop strength will only bring a negative result.",
"The general says the best way to deal with Afghans is to reach an agreement with them. General Gromov says the mission of Soviet forces in Afghanistan was never to achieve a military victory, but to help that country's pro-Soviet leaders fight drug trafficking and to defend Afghan pipelines, roads and cities against terrorist attacks. It is a justification rejected by the United States and much of the international community, which saw the invasion as aggressive attempt to expand Moscow's influence. And independent observers note the Afghanistan's drug trade did not affect the USSR, nor did the country have any pipelines that needed protection in 1979. Anti-Soviet Afghan rebels, known as the Mujahedeen, received some of their weapons from the United States. The irony that some of those rebels joined the Taliban and now fight against U.S. forces is not lost on General Gromov, who especially condemns America's Stinger missile. The Mujahedeen used this shoulder-fired weapon to devastating effect against Soviet aviation. Independent Russian military analyst Pavel Felgenhauer notes that unlike the Mujahedeen, the Taliban today are not supplied by any foreign government, which could have a bearing on NATO's chances to reach an agreement with their enemy.",
"Felgenhauer says the Mujahedeen fielded the fighters, but were backed by China, Saudi Arabia and primarily the United States, which supplied them with modern weapons. The Taliban, he says, are not supported by any major country, but rather by certain non-state elements in Pakistan and by al-Qaida. He notes that General Gromov fought on a Cold War military front, which precluded victory or an agreement with his Afghan enemy. Felgenhauer says agreement is now possible, but warns it will not necessarily happen. A complicating factor today, he says, is Afghanistan's burgeoning drug trade, which is funding the Taliban. This, he says, forces NATO to fight opium farmers and increases popular opposition to the alliance. Dmitri Popov fought during the last two years of the Afghan War, beginning as a private and ending as a master sergeant. Today, he heads an Afghan veterans group in Moscow. He says that despite excellent armaments and troop morale, Soviet forces could not overcome the psychology of ordinary Afghans. Popov says Afghans had a different mission - to defend their liberty against all others.",
"The Afghans, he says, think, \"We have lived here for ages; many have tried to conquer us, to impose their faith or culture on us - but we do not need that. We want to live the way we have lived. We want to plow with oxen. We do not need technology or tractors.\" Dmitri Popov and General Gromov are skeptical of NATO success in that country. The general says it would be better if Russia, the United States and other countries cooperated on a peaceful solution to Afghanistan. Gromov says good relations with Afghanistan should be developed by an entire coalition of countries, including the United States. He says that together, all sides can pursue relations in Afghanistan that would end military fighting and give the country a chance to develop. But analyst Pavel Felgenhauer says Moscow's offer comes at a price. Felgenhauer says Russia is prepared to help Americans, but only its own terms, in other words, the United States would need to recognize Moscow's sphere of influence in the post-Soviet region.",
"The analyst says this would include a Russian veto on Ukrainian and Georgian NATO membership, and would require Moscow's approval for developing Western military infrastructure in Romania and the Baltics or deploying a U.S. missile defense system in Central Europe. U.S. Vice President Joe Biden told the Munich Security Conference on February 7th the United States would not recognize any Russian sphere of influence. At the same time, Biden noted that Russia warned long ago about the rising threat from the Taliban and al-Qaida in Afghanistan. He added that NATO and Russia can and should cooperate to defeat this common enemy. Meanwhile, U.S. President Barack Obama says the United States will continue to work for a stable Afghanistan that is not a haven for terrorists. He plans to increase U.S. troop strength in Afghanistan and has ordered a strategic review to make sure American goals in that country are clear and achievable. Among those goals is a broader policy that does not focus solely on the military aspect. Former Soviets Left Behind in Afghanistan | Far Outliers Former Soviets Left Behind in Afghanistan The Argus links to a poignant story on IWPR about Soviet soldiers who remained behind in Afghanistan.",
"On February 15, 1989, General Boris Gromov was officially the last Soviet soldier to stand on Afghan soil before he crossed the Termez bridge into the USSR, drawing a close to the long and brutal campaign that Russian politicians were later to call “a tragic mistake”. But Gennady, and more like him, were still there. As Russians, Ukrainians and the rest began shutting off from the Afghan war as a nightmare best forgotten, those who were left behind faded from memory, too. Many would find it hard to go back – some were deserters, while others converted to Islam after being captured and held by the mujahedin. In the interim, the Soviet Union they had known collapsed into 15 different countries. A few achieved some fame – notably the two Russian citizens known as Mohammadi and Islamuddin who served as bodyguards to the famous commander Ahmad Shah Massoud. As late as 1996, they were rumoured to be at the front line, fighting with Massoud’s Northern Alliance against the Taleban. Since then the two men are said to have left Afghanistan, going back home to Russia. But others remain.",
"During a recent trip to Kunduz, a taxi driver tipped me off about someone called Ahmad, a former Soviet soldier now living as an Afghan. This was far more than a rumour – I was given the address of the building where he rents a small room with his family. Only half an hour later, I was sitting in a local store talking to a man in the typical flat “pakol” hat, with all the mannerisms and dialects of a native Afghan – but still looking like a Russian. He looked so intimidating that I didn’t dare speak to him in Russian, switching over only after an initial conversation in Dari. When I asked him what name his parents had given him, his face remained immobile as he whispered an Islamic invocation. But after a long conversation in the dark, mud-walled room, Ahmad relaxed, and gradually revealed some of the characteristics of the young man he had once been – Private Alexander Levenets. The incongruousness of the situation was accentuated by the music he put on – Alexander Rosenbaum’s Soviet-era ballads of army life. The 19-year-old Alexander, from the Ukrainian village of Melovadka, joined the Soviet army in April 1983.",
"He thought his troubles were over, that he had a ticket out of a hard life of providing for his blind widowed mother and an elder brother with diabetes. At first army life was good, as his unit was transferred around the USSR and eventually deployed at an airbase in Kunduz. But things took a turn for the worse as – like many Soviet conscripts – he was subjected to beatings and other forms of humiliation by other, more senior soldiers in his unit. Eventually he could bear it no longer, and deserted. One cold October night in 1984, Alexander fled into the night. His life was saved by a kindly old Afghan, who took pity on him and allowed him to hide at his house. The man introduced the deserter to some mujahedin, who fortunately for him belonged to one of the more moderate factions. They listened sympathetically to his story, and treated him with a respect he had not had from his countrymen. “I stayed in the group,” he said. “And after a month, I accepted Islam.” So Alexander became Ahmad, serving under guerrilla commander Omir Ghulam – but not expected to take up arms against the army he had once served in.",
"The Afghans’ acceptance of him grew into respect as he became a more observant Muslim than most of them. Share this:"
] |
Who became leader of the Bosnian Serbs in 1992?
|
Radovan Karadzic
|
[
"Dragan David Dabić",
"Radovan Karadzik",
"Dragan David Dabic",
"Радован Караџић",
"Radovan Karadzic",
"Dr Dragan David Dabic",
"Radovan karadzic",
"Dr Dragan David Dabić",
"Petar Glumac",
"Dragan Dabic",
"Dr. Dragan David Dabic",
"Dragan Dabić",
"Radovan Karadžic",
"Radovan Karadic",
"Dr. Dragan David Dabić",
"Radovan Karadjic",
"Radovan Karadžić",
"Radovan karadžić",
"Dragan Davic"
] | 11,101
|
[
"The History Place - Genocide in the 20th Century: Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992-95 In the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, conflict between the three main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia. Bosnia is one of several small countries that emerged from the break-up of Yugoslavia, a multicultural country created after World War I by the victorious Western Allies. Yugoslavia was composed of ethnic and religious groups that had been historical rivals, even bitter enemies, including the Serbs (Orthodox Christians), Croats (Catholics) and ethnic Albanians (Muslims). Related Maps Former Yugoslavia Ethnic Groups During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and was partitioned. A fierce resistance movement sprang up led by Josip Tito. Following Germany's defeat, Tito reunified Yugoslavia under the slogan \"Brotherhood and Unity,\" merging together Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, along with two self-governing provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina.",
"Tito, a Communist, was a strong leader who maintained ties with the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, playing one superpower against the other while obtaining financial assistance and other aid from both. After his death in 1980 and without his strong leadership, Yugoslavia quickly plunged into political and economic chaos. A new leader arose by the late 1980s, a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic, a former Communist who had turned to nationalism and religious hatred to gain power. He began by inflaming long-standing tensions between Serbs and Muslims in the independent provence of Kosovo. Orthodox Christian Serbs in Kosovo were in the minority and claimed they were being mistreated by the Albanian Muslim majority. Serbian-backed political unrest in Kosovo eventually led to its loss of independence and domination by Milosevic. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia soon resulting in civil war. The national army of Yugoslavia, now made up of Serbs controlled by Milosevic, stormed into Slovenia but failed to subdue the separatists there and withdrew after only ten days of fighting. Milosevic quickly lost interest in Slovenia, a country with almost no Serbs.",
"Instead, he turned his attention to Croatia, a Catholic country where Orthodox Serbs made up 12 percent of the population. During World War II, Croatia had been a pro-Nazi state led by Ante Pavelic and his fascist Ustasha Party. Serbs living in Croatia as well as Jews had been the targets of widespread Ustasha massacres. In the concentration camp at Jasenovac, they had been slaughtered by the tens of thousands. In 1991, the new Croat government, led by Franjo Tudjman, seemed to be reviving fascism, even using the old Ustasha flag, and also enacted discriminatory laws targeting Orthodox Serbs. Aided by Serbian guerrillas in Croatia, Milosevic's forces invaded in July 1991 to 'protect' the Serbian minority. In the city of Vukovar, they bombarded the outgunned Croats for 86 consecutive days and reduced it to rubble. After Vukovar fell, the Serbs began the first mass executions of the conflict, killing hundreds of Croat men and burying them in mass graves. The response of the international community was limited. The U.S.",
"under President George Bush chose not to get involved militarily, but instead recognized the independence of both Slovenia and Croatia. An arms embargo was imposed for all of the former Yugoslavia by the United Nations. However, the Serbs under Milosevic were already the best armed force and thus maintained a big military advantage. By the end of 1991, a U.S.-sponsored cease-fire agreement was brokered between the Serbs and Croats fighting in Croatia. In April 1992, the U.S. and European Community chose to recognize the independence of Bosnia, a mostly Muslim country where the Serb minority made up 32 percent of the population. Milosevic responded to Bosnia's declaration of independence by attacking Sarajevo, its capital city, best known for hosting the 1984 Winter Olympics. Sarajevo soon became known as the city where Serb snipers continually shot down helpless civilians in the streets, including eventually over 3,500 children. Bosnian Muslims were hopelessly outgunned.",
"As the Serbs gained ground, they began to systematically roundup local Muslims in scenes eerily similar to those that had occurred under the Nazis during World War II, including mass shootings, forced repopulation of entire towns, and confinement in make-shift concentration camps for men and boys. The Serbs also terrorized Muslim families into fleeing their villages by using rape as a weapon against women and girls. The actions of the Serbs were labeled as 'ethnic cleansing,' a name which quickly took hold among the international media. Despite media reports of the secret camps, the mass killings, as well as the destruction of Muslim mosques and historic architecture in Bosnia, the world community remained mostly indifferent. The U.N. responded by imposing economic sanctions on Serbia and also deployed its troops to protect the distribution of food and medicine to dispossessed Muslims. But the U.N. strictly prohibited its troops from interfering militarily against the Serbs. Thus they remained steadfastly neutral no matter how bad the situation became. Throughout 1993, confident that the U.N., United States and the European Community would not take militarily action, Serbs in Bosnia freely committed genocide against Muslims.",
"Bosnian Serbs operated under the local leadership of Radovan Karadzic, president of the illegitimate Bosnian Serb Republic. Karadzic had once told a group of journalists, \"Serbs and Muslims are like cats and dogs. They cannot live together in peace. It is impossible.\" When Karadzic was confronted by reporters about ongoing atrocities, he bluntly denied involvement of his soldiers or special police units. On February 6, 1994, the world's attention turned completely to Bosnia as a marketplace in Sarajevo was struck by a Serb mortar shell killing 68 persons and wounding nearly 200. Sights and sounds of the bloody carnage were broadcast globally by the international news media and soon resulted in calls for military intervention against the Serbs. The U.S. under its new President, Bill Clinton, who had promised during his election campaign in 1992 to stop the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, now issued an ultimatum through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) demanding that the Serbs withdraw their artillery from Sarajevo. The Serbs quickly complied and a NATO-imposed cease-fire in Sarajevo was declared. The U.S.",
"then launched diplomatic efforts aimed at unifying Bosnian Muslims and the Croats against the Serbs. However, this new Muslim-Croat alliance failed to stop the Serbs from attacking Muslim towns in Bosnia which had been declared Safe Havens by the U.N. A total of six Muslim towns had been established as Safe Havens in May 1993 under the supervision of U.N. peacekeepers. Bosnian Serbs not only attacked the Safe Havens but also attacked the U.N. peacekeepers as well. NATO forces responded by launching limited air strikes against Serb ground positions. The Serbs retaliated by taking hundreds of U.N. peacekeepers as hostages and turning them into human shields, chained to military targets such as ammo supply dumps. At this point, some of the worst genocidal activities of the four-year-old conflict occurred. In Srebrenica, a Safe Haven, U.N. peacekeepers stood by helplessly as the Serbs under the command of General Ratko Mladic systematically selected and then slaughtered nearly 8,000 men and boys between the ages of twelve and sixty - the worst mass murder in Europe since World War II.",
"In addition, the Serbs continued to engage in mass rapes of Muslim females. On August 30, 1995, effective military intervention finally began as the U.S. led a massive NATO bombing campaign in response to the killings at Srebrenica, targeting Serbian artillery positions throughout Bosnia. The bombardment continued into October. Serb forces also lost ground to Bosnian Muslims who had received arms shipments from the Islamic world. As a result, half of Bosnia was eventually retaken by Muslim-Croat troops. Faced with the heavy NATO bombardment and a string of ground losses to the Muslim-Croat alliance, Serb leader Milosevic was now ready to talk peace. On November 1, 1995, leaders of the warring factions including Milosevic and Tudjman traveled to the U.S. for peace talks at Wright-Patterson Air Force base in Ohio. After three weeks of negotiations, a peace accord was declared. Terms of the agreement included partitioning Bosnia into two main portions known as the Bosnian Serb Republic and the Muslim-Croat Federation. The agreement also called for democratic elections and stipulated that war criminals would be handed over for prosecution.",
"60,000 NATO soldiers were deployed to preserve the cease-fire. By now, over 200,000 Muslim civilians had been systematically murdered. More than 20,000 were missing and feared dead, while 2,000,000 had become refugees. It was, according to U.S. Assistant Secretary of State Richard Holbrooke, \"the greatest failure of the West since the 1930s.\" Copyright © 1999 The History Place All Rights Reserved Bosnia Civil War 1992-1995 The Bosnian Civil War 1992-1995 [ 1992 - 1995 ] Beginning several months later than fighting in the republics of Slovenia and Croatia, the Bosnian civil war was the most brutal chapter in the breakup of Yugoslavia. On February 29, 1992, the multi-ethnic republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where Catholic Croats, Orthodox Serbs, and Muslim Slavs lived side by side, passed a referendum for independence -- but not all Bosnian Serbs agreed.",
"Under the guise of protecting the Serb minority in Bosnia, Serbian leaders like Slobodan Milosevic (1941-) channeled arms and military support to them. In spring 1992, for example, the federal army, dominated by Serbs, shelled Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo, the Bosnian capital. Foreign governments responded with sanctions (not always tightly enforced) to keep fuel and weapons from Serbia, which had (in April 1992) joined the republic of Montenegro in a newer, smaller Yugoslavia. Bosnian Serb guerrillas carried out deadly campaigns of \"ethnic cleansing,\" massacring members of other ethnic groups or expelling them from their homes to create exclusively Serb areas. Attacks on civilians and international relief workers disrupted supplies of food and other necessities just when such aid was most crucial: in what became the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II, millions of Bosnians (and Croatians) had been driven from their homes by July 1992.",
"Alarmed by ethnic cleansing and other human rights abuses (which Croats and Muslims also engaged in, though to a lesser extent than did the Serbs), the United Nations resolved to punish such war crimes. In early 1994 the fierce three-way fighting became a war between two sides. In February and March the Muslims and Croats in Bosnia called a truce and formed a confederation, which in August agreed to a plan (developed by the United States, Russia, Britain, France and Germany) for a 51-49 split of Bosnia, with the Serbs getting the lesser percentage. Despite the Muslim-Croat alliance, the peace proposal, and an ongoing arms embargo against all combatants (an embargo criticized abroad for maintaining Bosnian Serb dominance in weaponry), the fighting did not stop. In 1994 and 1995 Bosnian Serbs massacred residents in Sarajevo, Srebenica, and other cities that the United Nations had in May 1993 deemed \"safe havens\" for Muslim civilians.",
"Neither NATO air strikes (beginning in April 1994) nor the cutoff of supplies from Serbia (as of August 1994) nor the cutoff of supplies from Serbia (as of August 1994) deterred the Bosnian Serbs, who blocked convoys of humanitarian aid and detained some of the 24,000 UN troops intended to stop hostilities. Like their allies in Serbia, the Bosnian Serbs wanted to unite all Serb-held lands of the former Yugoslavia. By September 1995, however, the Muslim-Croat alliance's conquests had reduced Serb-held territory in Bosnia from over two-thirds to just under one-half -- the percentage allocated in the peace plan for the Serb autonomous region. On December 14, 1995, the leaders of Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia signed the Dayton peace accords, officially ending the wars in Bosnia and Croatia after about 250,000 people had died and more than 3 million others became refugees. NATO troops numbering 60,000 entered Bosnia to enforce the accords.",
"In early 1998 about 30,000 NATO peacekeepers were still in Bosnia, which remained scarred by war and divided between the Muslim-Croat confederation and the Bosnian Serb region. Dozens of suspected war criminals had been indicted by the UN tribunal, including Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic (1945-) (who had resigned in June 1996), although many had not been arrested or tried. Bosnian Genocide - Facts & Summary - HISTORY.com Google Background In the aftermath of the Second World War, the Balkan states of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia became part of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia. After the death of longtime Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito in 1980, growing nationalism among the different Yugoslav republics threatened to split their union apart. This process intensified after the mid-1980s with the rise of the Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic, who helped foment discontent between Serbians in Bosnia and Croatia and their Croatian, Bosniak and Albanian neighbors.",
"In 1991, Slovenia, Croatia and Macedonia declared their independence; during the war in Croatia that followed, the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army supported Serbian separatists there in their brutal clashes with Croatian forces. Did You Know? In 2001, Serbian General Radislav Krstic, who played a major role in the Srebrenica massacre was convicted of genocide and sentenced to 46 years in prison. In Bosnia, Muslims represented the largest single population group by 1971. More Serbs and Croats emigrated over the next two decades, and in a 1991 census Bosnia’s population of some 4 million was 44 percent Bosniak, 31 percent Serb, and 17 percent Croatian. Elections held in late 1990 resulted in a coalition government split between parties representing the three ethnicities (in rough proportion to their populations) and led by the Bosniak Alija Izetbegovic.",
"As tensions built inside and outside the country, the Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and his Serbian Democratic Party withdrew from government and set up their own “Serbian National Assembly.” On March 3, 1992, after a referendum vote (which Karadzic’s party blocked in many Serb-populated areas), President Izetbegovic proclaimed Bosnia’s independence. Struggle for Control in Bosnia Far from seeking independence for Bosnia, Bosnian Serbs wanted to be part of a dominant Serbian state in the Balkans–the “Greater Serbia” that Serbian separatists had long envisioned. In early May 1992, two days after the United States and the European Community (precursor to the European Union) recognized Bosnia’s independence, Bosnian Serb forces with the backing of Milosevic and the Serb-dominated Yugoslav army launched their offensive with a bombardment of Bosnia’s capital, Sarajevo.",
"They attacked Bosniak-dominated town in eastern Bosnia, including Zvornik, Foca, and Visegrad, forcibly expelling Bosniak civilians from the region in a brutal process that later was identified as “ethnic cleansing.” (Ethnic cleansing differs from genocide in that its primary goal is the expulsion of a group of people from a geographical area and not the actual physical destruction of that group, even though the same methods–including murder, rape, torture and forcible displacement–may be used.) Though Bosnian government forces tried to defend the territory, sometimes with the help of the Croatian army, Bosnian Serb forces were in control of nearly three-quarters of the country by the end of 1993, and Karadzic’s party had set up their own Republika Srpska in the east. Most of the Bosnian Croats had left the country, while a significant Bosniak population remained only in smaller towns. Several peace proposals between a Croatian-Bosniak federation and Bosnian Serbs failed when the Serbs refused to give up any territory.",
"The United Nations (U.N.) refused to intervene in the conflict in Bosnia, but a campaign spearheaded by its High Commissioner for Refugees provided humanitarian aid to its many displaced, malnourished and injured victims. Attack on Srebrenica: July 1995 By the summer of 1995, three towns in eastern Bosnia–Srebrenica, Zepa and Gorazde–remained under control of the Bosnian government. The U.N. had declared these enclaves “safe havens” in 1993, to be disarmed and protected by international peacekeeping forces. On July 11, however, Bosnian Serb forces advanced on Srebrenica, overwhelming a battalion of Dutch peacekeeping forces stationed there. Serbian forces subsequently separated the Bosniak civilians at Srebrenica, putting the women and girls on buses and sending them to Bosnian-held territory. Some of the women were raped or sexually assaulted, while the men and boys who remained behind were killed immediately or bussed to mass killing sites.",
"Estimates of Bosniaks killed by Serb forces at Srebrenica range from around 7,000 to more than 8,000. After Bosnian Serb forces captured Zepa that same month and exploded a bomb in a crowded Sarajevo market, the international community began to respond more forcefully to the ongoing conflict and its ever-growing civilian death toll. In August 1995, after the Serbs refused to comply with a U.N. ultimatum, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) joined efforts with Bosnian and Croatian forces for three weeks of bombing Bosnian Serb positions and a ground offensive. With Serbia’s economy crippled by U.N. trade sanctions and its military forces under assault in Bosnia after three years of warfare, Milosevic agreed to enter negotiations that October. The U.S.-sponsored peace talks in Dayton, Ohio in November 1995 (which included Izetbegovic, Milosevic and Croatian President Franjo Tudjman) resulted in the creation of a federalized Bosnia divided between a Croat-Bosniak federation and a Serb republic.",
"International Response Though the international community did little to prevent the systematic atrocities committed against Bosniaks and Croats in Bosnia while they were occurring, it did actively seek justice against those who committed them. In May 1993, the U.N. Security Council created the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) at The Hague, Netherlands. It was the first international tribunal since the Nuremberg Trials in 1945-46 and the first to prosecute genocide, among other war crimes. Radovan Karadzic and the Bosnian Serb military commander, General Ratko Mladic, were among those indicted by the ICTY for genocide and other crimes against humanity. Over the better part of the next two decades, the ICTY charged more than 160 individuals of crimes committed during conflict in the former Yugoslavia. Brought before the tribunal in 2002 on charges of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes, Slobodan Milosevic served as his own defense lawyer; his poor health led to long delays in the trial until he was found dead in his prison cell in 2006.",
"In 2007, the International Court of Justice issued its ruling in a historic civil lawsuit brought by Bosnia against Serbia. Though the court called the massacre at Srebrenica genocide and said that Serbia “could and should” have prevented it and punished those who committed it, it stopped short of declaring Serbia guilty of the genocide itself. Tags Bosnia-Herzegovina country profile - BBC News Bosnia-Herzegovina country profile Read more about sharing. Close share panel Bosnia-Herzegovina is recovering from a devastating three-year war which accompanied the break-up of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. The 1992-1995 conflict centred on whether Bosnia should stay in the Yugoslav Federation, or whether it should become independent. It is now an independent state, but under international administration. Its three main ethnic groups are Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims), Croats and Serbs. The war left Bosnia's infrastructure and economy in tatters. Around two million people - about half the population - were displaced.",
"The 1995 Dayton peace agreement set up two separate entities; a Bosniak-Croat Federation of Bosnia and Hercegovina, and the Bosnian Serb Republic, or Republika Srpska, each with its own president, government, parliament, police and other bodies. Overarching these entities is a central Bosnian government and rotating presidency. In February 2016 the country formally requested to join the European Union. Area 51,129 sq km (19,741 sq miles) Major languages Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian Major religions Christianity, Islam Life expectancy 73 years (men), 78 years (women) Currency convertible marka Getty Images LEADERS President: The presidency rotates every eight months between a Serb, a Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) and a Croat. The responsibilities of the presidency lie largely in international affairs. In addition, the Muslim-Croat entity and the Bosnian Serb Republic each have their own presidents.",
"Prime minister: Denis Zvizdic Image copyright AFP/Getty Images Denis Zvizdic of the Muslim Party of Democratic Action became federal prime minister in February 2015, after the party won the most votes in the October 2014 elections. A former architecture teacher, born in 1964, Mr Zvizdic set himself the goal of pressing ahead with Bosnia's aim of joining the European Union, and made significant progress in March when EU foreign ministers approved a long-delayed Stabilisation and Association Agreement. The prime minister is a long-standing member of the Party of Democratic Action, and served as prime minister of Sarajevo Canton in 2003-2006. MEDIA Image copyright AFP/Getty Images During the Bosnian war, most media became propaganda tools of the authorities, armies and factions. Since then, efforts have been made - with limited success - to develop media which bridge ethnic boundaries. TV is the chief news source. The most influential broadcasters are the public radio and TV stations operated by the Bosniak-Croat and Serb entities. The Office of the High Representative (OHR), the leading international civilian agency in Bosnia, oversaw the development of national public broadcasting.",
"The OHR wanted to create a non-nationalist, civic media. There are more than 200 commercial radio and TV stations. There is free access to local and global information sources. But media outlets and journalists are prone to pressure from state bodies and political parties in both the Bosniak-Croat and Serb entities. Some key dates in the history of Bosnia-Herzegovina: 1908 - Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed to Austria-Hungary. 1914 - A Bosnian Serb student, Gavrilo Princip, assassinates the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo. This precipitates the First World War. Image copyright AFP/Getty Images Image caption The Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophia on their fateful visit to Sarajevo in June 1914 1918 - Austria-Hungary collapses at the end of the war. Bosnia-Herzegovina becomes part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. 1941 - Bosnia-Herzegovina annexed by pro-Hitler Croatian puppet state. Thousands of Serbs, Jews and Gypsies are sent to the death camps.",
"1945 - Bosnia-Herzegovina liberated following campaign by partisans under Tito. 1945-1991- Bosnia is part of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Image copyright AFP/Getty Images Image caption Civilians and Bosnian troops under Serbian sniper fire during the siege of Sarajevo in 1992 1991 - Following collapse of communism, nationalists win first multi-party elections and form coalition. 1992 - Croat and Muslim nationalists form tactical alliance and outvote Serbs at independence referendum. War breaks out and Serbs quickly assume control of over half the republic. 1992-1995 - Bitter ethnically-rooted civil war involving Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, and Croats. Dayton peace accord signed in 1995 creates two entities of roughly equal size, one for Bosnian Muslims and Croats, the other for Serbs. An international peacekeeping force is deployed. 1996 - The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia begins work in the Hague.",
"2016 - Former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic is convicted of genocide and war crimes for his role in the 1992-1995 war. Untitled Document Bosnia's Official Webpage Bosnian War Center for Balkan Development Timeline of the Bosnian War Dayton Accords (US State Dept) Bosnian Genocide Case Major Causes of the War Essentially, the Bosnian war was fought because Serbs and Croats living in Bosnia wanted to annex Bosnian territory for Serbia and Croatia respectively. There were several mitigating factors in addition to ethnic tensions. The Nationalist leader of Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic, was pushing for what he called a \"Greater Serbia\". The Bosnian Croats and Muslims, fearing that Milosevic would try to take their land if they were still under Yugoslavian control, called for Bosnian independence. Just before the war began, Radovan Karadzic created a renegade army within Bosnia with the support of Milosevic in Belgrade.",
"In 1992, under Karadzic's leadership, Bosnian Serbs began a policy of \"cleansing\" large areas of Bosnia of non-Serbs. After the war, a tribunal declared that the \"cleansing\" was actaully genocide, and convicted Karadzic and his military commander of war crimes. On April 6, 1992, the Bosnian Serbs began their siege of Sarajevo. Muslim, Croat, and Serb residents opposed to a Greater Serbia were cut off from food, utilities, and communication. For three years, food was scarce and the average weight loss per person was more than 30 pounds. More than 12,000 residents of Sarajevo were killed during the 43 months of siege. Throughout Bosnia, Bosnian Serb nationalists and the JNA began a program of ethnic cleansing in order to create a \"pure\" Serbian territory.. Entire villages were destroyedand thousands of Bosnians were driven from their homes, held in detention camps, raped, tortured, deported, or killed. Rape was a military tactic to destroy the bonds of families and communities.",
"An international arms embargo was in effect throughout the war, preventing the Bosnian government from obtaining the heavy artillery and arms that it needed to fight the more sophisticated arsenals of the Serbian and Croatian armies. (Above: Ethnica Majorities in Bosnia by area. Yellow: Croat; Green: Muslim; Red: Serb; Taupe: No Majority present) GENOCIDE - BOSNIA BOSNIA before the genocide Bosnia-Herzegovina is a mountainous country about a third the size of England. It lies next to the Adriatic Sea, to the south of Croatia and west of Serbia. Its population is less than half that of London. Bosnia was part of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire until 1878 and then of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the First World War. After the war it was united with other Slav territories to form Yugoslavia, essentially ruled and run by Serbs from the Serbian capital, Belgrade.",
"By 1980 the population of Bosnia consisted of 1.3m Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox Catholic Christians), over 1m Bosniaks (Sunni Muslim), and 0.7m Bosnian Croats (Roman Catholic Christians), all with strong historical and local claims to a homeland there. In 1980 Yugoslavia's communist president Tito died. His rule had held the federation together. Now Croats and Bosniaks began to look for independence, and Serbian nationalism, never dead, took on a new lease of life from 1987 when Slobodan Milosevic became Serbia's leader (and thus effectively Yugoslavia's as well). He encouraged Serb nationalism not only at home but also in the other republics where there were large Serb communities. Elections in 1990 brought nationalists to power in Croatia and Slovenia, which, together with Macedonia, declared independence in 1991 and were all recognised internationally. Alija Izetbegovic, the leader of Bosnia's multi-ethnic government, called for independence for Bosnia, too; it was recognised as independent by the USA and the EU in 1992.",
"Bosnia's Serbs, however, weren't happy: they saw themselves and the land they lived on as part of Milosevic's 'Greater Serbia'. The Yugoslav Army (mainly Serb) had just ended a year's fierce conflict with Croatia in an attempt to hang on to Serb communities there. Now it turned its attention to Bosnia, whose forces were restricted by an arms embargo because of recent violence in Bosnian Croatian territory. By the end of 1993 the Serbs (led by Radovan Karadzic) had set up their own Republika Srpska in the east and a Bosnian Serb army (under Ratko Mladic) was in control of nearly three quarters of the country; the Bosnian Croats had been mostly driven out, though a small force continued fighting for its Bosnian territory until 1994; the Bosniaks were hanging on only in the towns. The European Union (EU) tried mediation, without success. The UN refused to intervene, apart from providing some troop convoys for humanitarian aid.",
"Later its peace-keeping force, UNProFor, undertook to protect 6 'safe areas', mainly Muslim and including Sarajevo (the Bosniak capital) and Srebrenica; it failed. Each so-called safe area, except Sarajevo, fell to the Serbs and was 'ethnically cleansed'. This was the Serbian term accepted by the USA and other members of the UN Security Council to avoid any reference to 'genocide', which would by international law demand their intervention. It had become clear that what was happening in Bosnia was no longer a civil war fuelled by 'ancient feuds', if it ever had been. Bosnia was the victim of one group's determined wish for political domination, which it was prepared to achieve by isolating ethnic groups and if necessary exterminating them.",
"Ratko Mladic | Bosnian Serb military leader | Britannica.com Bosnian Serb military leader Sir Michael Rose Ratko Mladić, (born March 12, 1942, Božinovići, Yugoslavia [now in Bosnia and Herzegovina]), Bosnian Serb military leader who commanded the Bosnian Serb army during the Bosnian conflict (1992–95) and who was widely believed to have masterminded the Srebrenica massacre , the worst episode of mass murder within Europe since World War II . Ratko Mladić, 1993. © Northfoto/Shutterstock.com Mladić was born in an isolated village in Bosnia during World War II. His father, a Partisan leader, was killed in fighting with the Ustaša , the Croatian fascist movement that controlled the government of the Independent State of Croatia (the puppet state created by the invading Axis powers ). Mladić grew up in Josip Broz Tito ’s federated Yugoslavia . After joining the Yugoslav People’s Army, Mladić rose quickly through the officer ranks.",
"When Yugoslavia splintered in 1991, Mladić was sent to Knin, Croatia, where he eventually took command of the Yugoslav army’s 9th Corps against Croatian forces. He was then assigned to Sarajevo to take charge of the army’s Second Military District in May 1992. Only days after Mladić’s arrival in Sarajevo, the assembly of the self-declared autonomous Republika Srpska (Bosnian Serb Republic) appointed him commander of the Bosnian Serb army, which—with a few changes in personnel and nomenclature—the forces of the Second Military District effectively became. In that capacity, Mladić played a major role in the three-and-a-half-year siege of Sarajevo, during which Bosnian Serb forces rained artillery, mortar, machine-gun, and rifle fire on the terrorized citizenry, indiscriminately killing and wounding thousands.",
"In March 1995 the Bosnian Serb president, Radovan Karadžić , ordered that the military “create an unbearable situation of total insecurity with no hope of further survival or life for the inhabitants of Srebrenica.” Mladić is widely believed to have overseen the subsequent Srebrenica massacre , in which at least 7,000 Bosniak (Bosnian Muslim) men and boys were killed. After the Bosnian conflict, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) concluded that the killings at Srebrenica , along with the mass expulsion of Bosniak civilians, constituted genocide . The ICTY charged Mladić with genocide and crimes against humanity, stating that he “was a member of a joint criminal enterprise whose objective was the elimination or permanent removal of Bosnian Muslim, Bosnian Croat, or other non-Serb inhabitants from large areas of [Bosnia and Herzegovina].” Mladić fled to Belgrade , where he lived openly under the protection of Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević .",
"When Milošević (having been indicted in 1999) was extradited to The Hague in 2001, Mladić disappeared. Britannica Stories Radovan Karadzic Begins Genocide Defense at Hague - The New York Times The New York Times Europe |Former Bosnian Leader Begins His Defense at Genocide Trial Search Continue reading the main story PARIS — He was once known for his virulent speeches throughout Bosnia , but on Tuesday as Radovan Karadzic began his defense in a new phase of his genocide trial, he told international judges that he was a “mild and tolerant man” and that instead of standing accused, he should be “rewarded for all the good things I have done.” It was Mr. Karadzic’s turn to have his say, after prosecutors had presented him as the architect of a brutal three-year war. “Everybody who knows me knows I am not an autocrat, I am not aggressive, I am not intolerant,” Mr. Karadzic, 67, a former psychiatrist who became the Bosnian Serb wartime leader, told the court.",
"“On the contrary, I am a mild man, a tolerant man with great capacity to understand others.” He said he wrote children’s poetry, did not hate Bosnian Muslims — he added that he had a Muslim barber — and did “everything in his power to reduce the war.” From the public gallery at the United Nations war crimes tribunal in The Hague, there were noisy cries of “He’s lying!” Other angry survivors of the war gathered outside. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Among the close to 70 trials held at the tribunal, Mr. Karadzic’s case involves perhaps its most famous chameleon. Indicted on charges of war crimes, he went into hiding in 1996, emerging 13 years later in the guise of a new-age healer, bearded and longhaired. These days, Mr. Karadzic spends long hours in the dock in a business suit, politely conducting his own defense. The list of charges against him include some of the worst episodes of violence in Europe since World War II .",
"Prosecutors, who called more than 200 witnesses, said he bore responsibility for the campaign to drive the Croat and Muslim population from parts of Bosnia, for the bloody three-year siege of Sarajevo and for his role in the mass murder of captive prisoners in Srebrenica. Photo Radovan Karadzic, the former Bosnian Serb leader, began his defense against war crime charges at the International Criminal Tribunal in The Hague, the Netherlands, on Tuesday. Credit Pool photo by Robin Van Lonkhuijsen Acting as his own lawyer, while assisted by a court-financed team of lawyers and clerks, Mr. Karadzic said he would call 300 witnesses to prove his innocence and has demanded more time. The court has reminded him that while prosecutors used 300 court hours to make their case and present lead witnesses, Mr. Karadzic used more than 700 hours to cross-examine them during that period. He has long denied the charge of genocide, stemming from the massacre of about 8,000 Muslim men and boys who were captives in Srebrenica in 1995.",
"Peter Robinson, an experienced American defense lawyer on the Karadzic team, said that Mr. Karadzic would argue that the mass executions could not be his responsibility because there was no such policy. In court on Tuesday, Mr. Karadzic went further: “There is no indication that anyone was killed by us at Srebrenica.” Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Ratko Mladic , the Bosnian Serb commander accused of masterminding the Srebrenica massacre, is on trial in separate proceedings at the same tribunal. Mr. Mladic, who was under Mr. Karadzic’s command, has often said he was following the politicians’ orders. The two men, who were often at odds during the latter part of the 1992-95 Bosnian war, face similar charges, and as their trials unfold they increasingly seem to blame each other. During the 90 minutes that Mr.",
"Karadzic was given to lay out his defense, he presented himself on Tuesday as a deeply wronged man, who was detached from the persecution campaign against civilians and from the notorious concentration camps for non-Serbs. He said he “did more than any side to avoid the war” and “succeeded in reducing the number of victims.” By most accounts, 100,000 people died in the Bosnian war and millions were displaced. In another courtroom on Tuesday, the tribunal’s last trial began, signaling that it is finally winding up its cases from the wars that broke up Yugoslavia. Goran Hadzic, the defendant, is a former leader of a Serbian rebellion in Croatia. He stands accused in the killing of hundreds of Croats and the expulsion of thousands from their homes as Serbian troops seized their lands. He managed to evade arrest in Serbia for seven years, but he finally landed in tribunal custody in July of last year. Prosecutors on Tuesday said that he was the point man of the former Serbian president, Slobodan Milosevic, in Croatia, entrusted to occupy lands for Serbs only. They said that Mr.",
"Milosevic, who died in 2006 while on trial, made sure that Mr. Hadzic was provided with the weapons and money needed for his campaign. A version of this article appears in print on October 17, 2012, on Page A8 of the New York edition with the headline: Bosnian Serb Defiantly Begins His Defense at Genocide Trial. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe Genocide Charge Reinstated Against Wartime Leader of the Bosnian Serbs - The New York Times The New York Times Europe |Genocide Charge Reinstated Against Wartime Leader of the Bosnian Serbs Search Continue reading the main story Photo A Bosnian woman on Thursday at a coffin containing the remains of a relative, one of the victims of the Srebrenica massacre in 1995. Credit Amel Emric/Associated Press PARIS — Appeals judges at a United Nations war crimes tribunal in The Hague on Thursday reinstated a genocide charge against the wartime leader of the Bosnian Serbs, Radovan Karadzic , reversing a decision by a lower court last year. Thursday’s ruling means that Mr.",
"Karadzic will once again be facing two genocide charges for much of the brutal campaign across large parts of Bosnia during the 1992-1995 war that aimed to create lands for Serbs only. The lower court that is now trying Mr. Karadzic has said the entire campaign was clearly criminal, but last year it said that it found no evidence of genocide, except during the notorious Srebrenica massacre in 1995. The appeals ruling, read out at a public session of the court, appeared specifically timed to coincide with the day’s events in Bosnia. Tens of thousands gathered in Srebrenica on Thursday to commemorate the fall of the United Nations-protected enclave there on July 11, 1995, and the subsequent execution of more than 7,000 captured men and boys. Part of the day’s ceremonies included the reburial of 409 bodies at a special cemetery where remains from multiple mass graves are reinterred as they are identified.",
"Advertisement Continue reading the main story By scheduling the hearing on what has become a sacred date for Bosnian Muslims, the presiding judge, Theodor Meron, seemed to want to send a message to the war’s survivors as he recited an usually long and gruesome list of atrocities committed against Muslim civilians and prisoners of war. The tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, with Judge Meron as its president, had recently drawn sharp criticism from Bosnian victims, legal experts and even judges for acquittals of senior Serbian commanders. Those commanders, while based in neighboring Serbia, held crucial positions during the Bosnian war that was largely planned, financed and supplied by Serbia. The acquittals have turned even longtime supporters in the Balkans against the tribunal. Photo Radovan Karadzic appeared before a war crimes tribunal on Thursday in The Hague to learn the outcome of an appeal. Credit Michael Kooren/Agence France-Presse — Getty Images As he read the summary of the judges’ decision, Judge Meron said the trial chamber had erred in dropping the second genocide charge because there was enough evidence to suggest that Mr.",
"Karadzic had genocidal intentions during a 1992 campaign aimed at expelling Muslims and Croats from areas claimed by Serbs. For example, the judge said, evidence presented during the trial showed that “in meetings with Karadzic ‘it had been decided that one-third of Muslims would be killed, one-third would be converted to the Orthodox religion and a third will leave on their own’ and thus all Muslims would disappear from Bosnia.” The judge was quoting from the trial proceedings. Peter Robinson, an American lawyer who is the chief legal adviser to Mr. Karadzic, said by telephone from The Hague that his client was “disappointed with the result, and we will double our efforts to show there was no genocide across Bosnia.” Mr. Robinson said that Mr. Karadzic, who represents himself in court, will ask for additional time to call more witnesses to defend himself against the genocide charges. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy The trial began in late 2009, and the prosecution has rested its case. Mr.",
"Karadzic and his team are now halfway through their allotted time of 300 hours. Mr. Robinson said the defense team had called 161 witnesses so far, all of whom had been cross-examined by Mr. Karadzic himself. He said the defense wanted to call a total of 300 people. The appeals ruling carries great symbolic importance for survivors and victims of the campaign during which Serbian forces and extremist gangs — from both Bosnia and Serbia — systematically occupied multiethnic villages and towns, drove non-Serbs from their homes, incinerated dwellings, churches and mosques and mistreated and starved thousands in improvised camps. In 1992, the height of the campaign, about 44,000 people were killed, almost half of the total of 100,000 people who died in the Bosnian war. The tribunal found evidence of atrocities in 20 municipalities, comprising many towns and villages, but Thursday’s ruling suggested that the violence could meet the definition of genocide in seven municipalities.",
"The ruling addresses a question long debated by legal experts and human rights groups: Why was the large-scale killing of Muslims in one part of Bosnia — in and around Srebrenica — considered genocide, while the actions in other parts of Bosnia, where even larger numbers of civilians were deported, raped, persecuted and killed, were not? Advertisement Continue reading the main story A verdict in Mr. Karadzic’s trial is not expected before 2015. A version of this article appears in print on July 12, 2013, on Page A6 of the New York edition with the headline: Genocide Charge Reinstated Against Wartime Leader of the Bosnian Serbs. Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe The Genocide - Bosnian Genocide Bosnian Genocide The 5 W's Who were the victims? The (Bosniaks) Bosnian Muslims, mostly men and boys, were targeted by the Bosnian Serbs, as well as the Bosnian Croats, who were driven out of Bosnia by Serbian & Yugoslavian forces. Many people were deported or exiled from the country and flead to neighboring states.",
"When did it take place & over what time period? The attack on the Bosniak population started in 1991 and ended in 1996. The campaign for ethnic cleansing started in 1992 following the seperation & independance of Serbia. How was it accomplished? Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic (at the time) rallied Bosnian Serb forces and pushed for radical ultranationalist changes to Bosnia. Bosniak populated villages were constantly bombarded by Bosnian Serb forces; prior to the Genocide. Many people were displaced. Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito died in 1980. Slobodan Milosevic, who became Serbia’s leader in 1987, also became the leader of Yugoslavia. With the power that Milosevic had, he encouraged Serb ultranationalism in other states such as Bosnia. This resulted in ethnic cleansing, mass killings, as well as destruction of Muslim mosques and religious buildings. Despite attention from the media, the world remained indifferent.",
"Ratko Mladic(left) and Radovan Karadzic(right) What types of things were done? Each attack had a similar method. The Serbs would enter the small villages, and drive out or kill any Bosniaks living in the area, who offered no resistance to their forces. This resulted in a large number of refugees and many casualties. In the seige of many towns and villages, atrocities occured. Many women and girls were sexual abused, among other things. Many men were murdered in cold blood by Bosnian Serbs. Effort was made to capture all Bosniak men of military age. In fact, those captured included many boys well below that age and elderly men several years above that age. A Bosnian Serb commission's final report on the 1995 Srebrenica massacre acknowledged that the mass murder of the men and boys was planned. Mass killings occured. Unspeakable methods of execution were committed. People were rounded up by the thousands to be exported or executed. When executed, the bodies were thrown into mass graves and buried. The Serbs went to great effort to hide the evidence.",
"The Citizens: reaction to Genocide For many, by the time it had already happened, it was too late. Many Bosniaks lost friends and family to the massacre, aswell as the deportation of Bosniak citizens displacing many people. The Bosniaks were scared of the attrocities that were taking place against their people. Unfathomable acts of inhumane treatment had caused fear amongst all ethnic muslims and croats in Bosnia. The Bosnian Serb representatives later claimed that what had happened was infact not a genocide, saying that many people died as casualities of battle, and not as prisoners of Serb forces. IE: Tomislav Nikolić, President of Serbia, stated on 2 June 2012 that \"there was no genocide in Srebrenica. In Srebrenica, grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found, prosecuted and punished.",
"It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide.\" Former Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic are both on trial on two counts of genocide and other war crimes committed in Srebrenica, Kljuc, Prijedor, and other parts of Bosnia. The Worlds reaction to genocide. The international community showed little to no interest in what was happening in Bosnia. They supplied them with several UN safe cities, guarded by lightly armed UN peacekeepers. Nothing was done to stop the genocide until NATO ordered air strikes on advancing Serb forces in August 1995. This was then suspended to oversee a peace agreement. What was done to stop it? Almost nothing; the small amounts of input from the international community did not make a significant impact, especially for many of the displaced Bosniaks and Croats. As the safe zones they established deteriorated, attention to the situation grew more urgent as NATO troops receded and headed back to Europe. NATO's later bombings assisted with ending the genocide, however their assistance of Bosniak troops was fargone by the end of the genocide. What has been done to Prevent it from Happening Again?",
"Several peace agreements were put into place, along with 80,000 heavily armed NATO troops to ensure the agreements were followed through. Many of the military leaders and major political players (at the time) that pushed for ethnic cleansing and raids against Bosniak Muslims have been or are currently being tried for genocide and war crimes, even a decade after the massacre. Create a free website"
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Who was deputy commander of the 1983 US invasion of Grenada?
|
Norman Schwarzkopf
|
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"Joseph Metcalf; admiral led Grenada invasion - The Boston Globe Obituaries Joseph Metcalf; admiral led Grenada invasion Admiral Joseph Metcalf III, commander of all forces on Grenada, pointing to the Marine positions on the island. (upi file/1983) By Matt Schudel, Washington Post | March 12, 2007 WASHINGTON -- Joseph Metcalf III, the Navy vice admiral who led the US invasion of the Caribbean nation of Grenada in 1983, which produced lasting lessons for military preparation and media relations, died March 2 at his home after a series of strokes. A native of Holyoke, Mass., he was 79 and had a progressive neurological disorder. Admiral Metcalf, described by The Washington Post as a \"colorful and pugnacious commander,\" was given the assignment to lead the invasion only 39 hours before it was to take place, Oct. 25, 1983. Six days earlier, a Marxist faction had seized control of Grenada's government and executed Prime Minister Maurice Bishop and 15 of his supporters.",
"The United States and several Caribbean nations feared that Grenada could take a sudden turn toward violent revolution, fueled by the presence of several hundred Cuban advisers. About 650 Americans attended medical school in Grenada at the time and there was concern for their safety. Admiral Metcalf, who was commander of the Atlantic 2d Fleet, led an invasion force of about 6,000 troops from all four branches of the military in the attack, code-named Operation Urgent Fury, which began at 5 a.m. It was the first US combat operation since the Vietnam War. His deputy commander was Army General Norman Schwarzkopf, who commanded the Desert Storm operation in 1990-91. Supplemented by about 300 troops from several Caribbean countries, US forces took control of the 133-square-mile island nation within three days and captured the leader of the rebellion, Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard, who remains in prison. In the sporadic fighting, 19 Americans and at least 45 Grenadans were killed. All the American medical students were unharmed. The anniversary of the invasion he led, Oct.",
"25, is now celebrated as Grenada's Thanksgiving Day. At first, little could be learned about the invasion because Admiral Metcalf enforced a strict media blackout, which ignited a battle over the freedom of the press. Several reporters in a chartered fishing boat were turned back by the threatening maneuvers of US military jets. Admiral Metcalf said the orders to restrict the media came from above him. But in 2002, Margaret Belknap, an Army lieutenant colonel and faculty member at the US Military Academy, wrote in Parameters, the US Army War College Quarterly, that \"President [Ronald] Reagan left the decision for media access to the military, and ultimately it rested with . . . Metcalf.\" According to Belknap, \"Admiral Metcalf personally ordered shots fired across the bow of the media's vessel, forcing them to return to Barbados.\" Considered a successful military engagement on the whole, the Grenada operation did expose communication and coordination problems among the military branches, prompting the Pentagon to streamline its planning of multiforce operations.",
"In 1985, Admiral Metcalf landed in more hot water when it was discovered that he and his staff attempted to bring back 24 AK-47 automatic rifles from Grenada as souvenirs. US Customs agents seized the weapons as a violation of federal gun laws and Admiral Metcalf received an official \"caution.\" At the same time, seven Marines and soldiers were court-martialed and sentenced to jail for smuggling weapons from Grenada, prompting criticism of what some saw as lenient treatment of Admiral Metcalf. The House and Senate launched inquiries, but it was later revealed that 300 other service members in the Grenada action had been granted amnesty for turning in weapons seized as spoils of war. \"Admiral Metcalf didn't try to hide or smuggle any weapons -- he requisitioned them,\" said Navy Secretary John F. Lehman Jr. in 1985. \"The enlisted people who did what Metcalf did were given amnesty. I've never seen so much bounce from so little substance.\" Admiral Metcalf joined the Navy in 1946 as an enlisted man.",
"A year later, he enrolled in the US Naval Academy, graduating in 1951. He commanded one of the Navy's first ships equipped with cruise missiles and in 1966 commanded a ship in the first amphibious landing of the Vietnam War. As the United States withdrew from Vietnam in 1975, Admiral Metcalf was in charge of evacuating all surface ships. After Grenada, he became deputy chief of staff of Naval Operations for Surface Warfare. Not long before his retirement in 1987, he devised the concept of \"revolution at sea,\" in which he recommended that Navy ships be made of composite materials and designed to conceal communications equipment and weapons. Admiral Metcalf's decorations included four awards of the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, three awards of the Legion of Merit, and two Bronze Stars. He leaves his wife of 56 years, Ruth; three children; a brother; and 11 grandchildren. © Copyright 2007 Globe Newspaper Company.",
"More: United States PSYOP in Grenada - Operation Urgent Fury UNITED STATES PSYOP IN GRENADA This article on Grenada was selected by Military Colleges Online as one of the 99 Crucial Sites on 20th Century American Military History. The invasion of the island-nation of Grenada is important because it was an early extension of American power that showed several weaknesses within the American military establishment. The problems and the confusion that occurred during the occupation of this tiny island led to changes in command and communication that was to benefit the United States Military in future campaigns. Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard Maurice Bishop with Fidel Castro The Grenada story began on 13 March 1979 when Maurice Bishop overthrew the legitimate government and established a communist society. The New Joint Endeavor for Welfare, Education, and Liberation (New Jewel Movement) ousted Sir Eric Gairy, Grenada's first Prime Minister, and established a people's revolutionary government. Grenada began construction of a 10,000 foot international airport with the help of Cuba. There was speculation that this airfield could be used to land military fighters and transports, threatening South America and the southern United States.",
"President Ronald Reagan accused Grenada of constructing facilities to aid a Soviet and Cuban military build-up in the Caribbean. There was also worry about the large number of weapons flowing into Grenada. One shipment in 1979 contained 3400 rifles and 3 million rounds of ammunition. In addition, there were about 600 American medical students studying in Grenada and another 400 foreign citizens. The safety of these Americans became a factor when Maurice Bishop and several members of his cabinet were murdered by elements of the people's revolutionary army on 13 October 1983. The even more reactionary and violent Deputy Prime Minister Bernard Coard who led a Marxist-influenced group within the Grenadian Army replaced Bishop. President Reagan called the leaders of the new government \"a brutal group of leftist thugs.\" SGT Barton of the 82nd Airborne Division stacks his C-rations near a pile of captured Cuban weapons. The United States reacted to the bloody coup in Grenada within two weeks. On 25 October 1983 American troops landed on the beaches of Grenada.",
"They were assisted in part by members of the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), specifically Barbados, Jamaica, Antigua, Dominica, St Lucia and St Vincent. They were opposed by Grenadian and Cuban military units and military advisors from the Soviet Union, North Korea, East Germany, Bulgaria, and Libya. Almost everything that could go wrong did go wrong during this operation. A Navy SEAL reconnaissance mission floundered in heavy seas and four of the SEALs drowned after a night combat equipment water jump in the ocean about 40 kilometers off the north-northwest tip of Port Salinas, Grenada. They were dropped into the teeth of a squall along with a Boston Whaler from an Air Force C-130 and immediately went under. Navy SEALs John Butcher, Kevin Lundbergh, Stephen Morris and Robert Schamberger drowned during the drop. Later investigation found that the SEALs had never attempted the night drop of a team and a boat before. There were navigation problems with the lead C-130 and the pilot could not guarantee finding the targeted drop zones. Ranger units could not communicate with each other directly and had to be transmitted through Air Force communications.",
"The intelligence was faulty and the location of the medical students and enemy anti-aircraft weapons was incorrect. The mission got off late and the UH-60 helicopters that were supposed to reach Grenada in darkness arrived after dawn, eliminating all hope of surprise. When the helicopters attempted to test fire their machine guns they discovered that the ammunition was regular link instead of mini-gun ammunition, which caused the weapons to jam. When the 82nd Airborne was asked for an artillery barrage their shells fell short because the cannoneers had left their aiming circles behind and were unable to communicate with the supported force to adjust fire. Army helicopters flying wounded to the Navy ship Guam could not find it at first and did not have the frequencies to talk to the Navy and determine where the ship was located. Worse, as the Army helicopters ran out of fuel and were forced to land on the decks of Navy ships, they were refused fuel because a Navy Controller in Washington found that no payment arrangements had been worked out between the sister services. This order was of course, countermanded by the Navy Admiral in charge.",
"A 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment Death Card We dont know if the Rangers actually brought this card to Grenada but it was prepared for the invasion and copies were found in the headquarters of the Ranger Regiment. It tells the government troops that the Rangers are in their rear area and cannot be stopped. The Rangers originally expected to land at Salines airfield. When it was discovered that the enemy had set up runway obstacles, a decision was made to have them parachute (in some cases with double loads) from 500 feet altitude. Since the men had removed their gear, they had to refit in the aircraft. The aircraft were out of assigned order and the runway clearing team would not be the first on the field. The Air Force refused to conduct a mass parachute drop requested by the Rangers. There was an alleged problem with the prompt evacuation of the wounded because Army helicopter pilots were not qualified to land on Navy ships. This requirement was quickly waived.",
"As an example of further interservice rivalry, Norman Schwarzkopf adds in It Doesnt take a Hero, Bantam Books, 1992, that he had to give a Marine Colonel a direct order and threat of court-martial to fly Army Rangers in Marine helicopters. The 82nd Airborne had serious dehydration problems and this led directly to the introduction of light-weight BDUs shortly after the operation. The Grenada Radio Fiasco Perhaps the most famous of the fiascoes was depicted in the Clint Eastwood movie Heartbreak Ridge. Enemy machine-guns pinned down navy SEALs assaulting the Governor-Generals mansion. Two American gunships flew overhead but the men on the ground were unable to communicate directly with them. There were major problems with the radios of the various services and communication was curtailed. As a result, one pinned-down American actually used his personal credit card to send a collect call from the mansion to Fort Bragg N.C to request a fire mission. The message was forwarded from North Carolina to the naval ships off shore and the fire order was carried out. Despite all this, the casualty rate for United States forces were only 19 dead and 116 wounded.",
"The Grenada military suffered 49 dead and 358 wounded. The Cuban count was 29 dead and over a hundred wounded. Colonel John T. Carney Jr. talks about the problems in No Room for Error: The Covert Operations of Americas Special Tactics Units from Iran to Afghanistan, Ballantine, N.Y., 2002: We achieved our mission, but took heavy casualties. Nineteen men were killed in action and 123 wounded. The enemy was a hastily organized force of about 50 Cuban military advisers, over 700 Cuban construction workers, and one thousand two hundred members of Grenada s Peoples Revolutionary Army. Many of the casualties were from friendly fire. To this day, I doubt that any one person knows how ineptly Urgent Fury was planned and executed Operation Urgent Fury became the military equivalent of a Japanese Kabuki dance created by three or four choreographers speaking different languages, all working independently of each other. In the long run, however, the operation proved a defining moment for special operations, for it led directly to the creation, by Congressional mandate, three years later, of the U.S.",
"Special Operations Command British Major Mark Adkin, Commanding Officer of the Caribbean Peace-keeping Force (CPF), mentions the problems in Urgent Fury: The Battle for Grenada (Issues in Low Intensity Conflict), Lexington Books, 1989. He says that the U.S. armed forces came extremely close to a major political defeat due to poor planning on the part of senior officers. The Americans did not have topographical maps of the island and used old British touring maps. The location and strength of the enemy forces were almost completely unknown. This led directly to the loss of several helicopters and caused Delta Force to abort two missions. There was no fully integrated communications system. The Americans lacked precise data on the location of the medical students they were to rescue. More than a thousand American medical students were spread out over three locations instead of only at the True Blue campus in the southern tip of the island. Major General H.",
"Norman Schwarzkopf, the task force's deputy commander, and never one to pull a punch commented on the operation: Even though higher headquarters screws it up every way you can possibly screw it up, it is the initiative and valor of the small units, the small-unit leadership, and the Soldiers on the ground that will win for you every time. During the entire operation from 25 October through 15 December 1983, 7,355 troops took part in Operation Urgent Fury. The Americans overcame poor planning and overwhelmed the defenders with mass, speed and firepower. In all, this campaign went almost as badly as the ill-fated 1980 hostage rescue in Iran (Operation Eagleclaw). However, like that operation, the United States military studied the problems, published the lessons learned, and came away with a leaner and more efficient Special Operations force. The doctrine of the Special Operations groups for Low Intensity conflict was written to deal with military incursions such as Grenada and Panama. The confusion and inability to communicate that was Urgent Fury led directly to the improvements that would guarantee victory in future American military operations. On the positive side, the cameras were rolling as the medical students were rescued.",
"The entire world saw young men and women hugging and kissing U. S. troops. It was a genuine act of emotion and gratitude that could not be faked. One soldier who took part in the operation told me: The best American PSYOP of Grenada was inadvertent. When the rescued students kissed U. S. Soil on national news, the political impact was enormous. The battle for Grenada was the first combined-service campaign of the U.S. military in years. Afterwards, such operations would be practiced constantly resulting in the near flawless invasion of Panama in 1989, and perhaps the greatest military victory in American history, Operation Desert Storm, a year later. Some aspects of the PSYOP campaign were carried out by the Army, Navy, Air Force, Reserve and National Guard. For instance, according to Retired Colonel Alfred H.",
"Paddock, writing in an article entitled PSYOP: A Historical Perspective, for Perspectives, Volume 22, Number 5 & 6, 2012: Working with the 4th Group, the Navys Reserve Audiovisual Unit (NARU 186) produced a cassette tape of PSYOP messages and music which the Pennsylvania Air National Guards 193d Special Operations Group (then Coronet Solo) broadcast over radio to the Grenadian people concurrent with the landing of U.S. Marines and Army Rangers. The Navy deployed its mobile 10 kilowatt radio station (AN/ULT-3) which, together with Coronet Solo, provided coverage of the island until the Armys 50 kilowatt set could be installed The Joint Psychological Operations Task Force electronically transmitted its initial leaflet with directions for its production and dissemination to the aircraft carrier USS Guam. After printing on the Guam, Marine helicopters distributed 50,000 leaflets as Marine forces landed in Grenada.",
"Permanent presses at the 4th Groups headquarters at Fort Bragg, NC, printed and packaged leaflets targeting both the Grenadian population and Cubans on the island. Air force MC-130 aircraft dropped 300,000 of these in the St. Georges area and along the western coast on the second day of hostilities. Between 25 October and 8 December the PSYOP task force produced and disseminated more than 900,000 leaflets, handbills, and posters. In regard to PSYOP in Grenada, Stanley Sandler says in Cease Resistance: It's Good for You: A history of U.S. Army Combat Psychological Operations, 1999: 4th PSYOP Group loudspeaker teams attached to the 82nd Airborne Division, in addition to persuading significant numbers of frightened Peoples Revolutionary Army (PRA) troops to turn themselves in, confirmed the enemy's low morale as well as the desire of even some of the Cuban \"Construction Battalions\" to remain on the island with their Grenadian wives and families.",
"Regarding leaflets, Sandler says: But other, more specialized leaflets, emphasized that this was a combined operation with other Caribbean nations as well as the United States acting against a foreign threat. Something new was added when U.S. PSYOP troops photographed captured Grenadian Communist leaders in captivity, thus reassuring citizens that they could now go about their business unmolested by a cabal whom most genuinely feared. One such leaflet, headlined \"These hoodlums are now in custody,\" displayed most unflattering photos of the subjects while another showed the two chiefs of the Marxist clique, Bernard Coard and Hudson Austin, in safe custody on a U.S. Navy ship with the message \"Former PRA members: Your corrupt leaders have surrendered. Knowing resistance is useless...Join your countrymen now in rebuilding a truly democratic Grenada. Sandler says in an article printed in Mindbenders, Vol. 9, No.3, 1995: The 4th PSYOP Group distributed leaflets giving the Grenadian population guidance and information, and a newly-deployed 50-kilowatt transmitter, \"Spice Island Radio,\" broadcast news and entertainment throughout the island.",
"The Grenada Radio Station antenna with wires cut by the U. S. Navy Seals. Radio Free Grenada was one of the first targets of American bombs. To replace Radio Free Grenada, the U.S. set up Spice Island Radio, under the overall control of the Psychological Operations Section of the Army. A twelve-man team of Navy journalists immediately flew in from Norfolk, recruited some local announcers, and Spice Island Radio was on the air. Their first broadcast called on Grenadians to lay down their arms. The head of the Navy team, Lt. Richard Ezzel, told Reuters, \"We wanted to save lives. The Cuban-Built Air Strip Still under Construction An expert on radio PSYOP added: One of the first objectives was the islands commercial AM transmitter. The Soviet Union had provided it. The control panel of the transmitter gave control functions in Russian. The locals had put labels in English below those controls. The US Navy sent in a Seal Team to quiet the transmitter just prior to the invasion. While the building exterior received a lot of light weapons damage, the transmitter was reasonably unscathed. The Navy cut the feed lines to the antenna to disable the transmitter.",
"The US Navys PSYOP 10KW broadcast transmitter aboard ship off the coast of Grenada began broadcasting using a tethered balloon antenna. The 4th PSYOP Group brought in the TRT-22 and after several days of being bounced around from site to site, finally set up near the new airport at Port Salines. It was there several months. Donald R Wooldridge told me about putting up the antenna. He was part of a 9-man team from Fort Huachuca, Arizona that installed the 250 foot TRT-22 antenna for the 4th PSYOP Group. He said: Everything turned out well because of our leadership. We had a lot of problems with the supported unit and ended up sleeping outside of the building and got rained on every single day. We installed it in four days with a team that had seven members who just graduated from school. FM 33-1-1, Psychological Operations Techniques and Procedures mentions the antenna in Appendix K: The PSYOP Dissemination Battalion Operational Procedures. It says in part: The AN/TRT-22 system is a radio production and broadcast system.",
"The 50-kw AM transmitter can broadcast on any frequency from 535 KHz to 1620 KHz to a range of approximately 120 to 150 kilometers. The system is manned by one 8-man broadcast team from the radio platoon. The 256-foot antenna tower requires a special team to erect with an installation time of 5 to 7 days. This antenna erection team, which consists of one NCOIC and five enlisted personnel from the signal/communications support element at Fort Huachuca, AZ, must be deployed from other units; the PSYOP Dissemination Battalion does not have organic capability to erect this antenna. The complete AN/TRT-22 system consists of nine S-280 shelters with dolly sets, two 200-kw generators, a large heliax cable spool, and a prime mover (M35A2). The system requires one C-5 for air transport. The AN/TRT-22 has limited mobility in that it is designed to be deployed to one location.",
"The 50,000-watt transmitter requires two 200-kw generators working alternately for 24 hours of broadcast power consuming 568 to 605 liters of fuel per 24 hours. Department of the Army FM 33-1, Psychological Operations, July 1987, mentions the Grenada PSYOP campaign. The 1983 Grenada operation included PSYOP elements from all the services. These elements provided the commander with the primary means of mass communication with both the enemy and local populace. The communication capability was especially important during the initial phases of the operation. Leaflets directing the populace to remain indoors and tune their radios to a specific frequency were designed by the Army and printed aboard Navy ships. Other leaflets, produced both at Ft. Bragg and on the island, were effectively used during the consolidation operations to encourage Grenadian civilians to report information concerning Peoples Revolutionary Army (PRA) and Cuban soldiers. An Air Force airborne transmitter station was used by PSYOP elements to broadcast information after the Grenada radio station was rendered inoperative during the first day of operation. By the third day, a small land-based PSYOP station commenced operations.",
"Later, Army PSYOP elements deployed a large 50KW transmitter capable of broadcasting to the entire island. Eventually, PSYOP personnel were broadcasting 11 hours per day. PSYOP Loudspeaker Team Vehicle-mounted loudspeakers were also used for psychological consolidation activities. 8th Special Operations Squadron The 8th Special Operations Squadron is the second longest continuously operational active duty squadron in the U.S. Air Force. Since its inception in 1917, the 8th SOS has flown 17 different types of aircraft. This list includes DH-4s, B-26s, B-57s, A-37s, MC-130Hs and the MC-130E Combat Talon I currently flown by the 8th. The squadron was called on again in October 1983 to lead the way in the rescue of American students endangered on the island of Grenada. After long hours of flight, the aircrew members faced intense ground fire to airdrop U.S. Army Rangers to Point Salinas Airfield in the opening moments of Operation Urgent Fury.",
"They subsequently followed up with three psychological operations leaflet drops designed to encourage the Cubans to discontinue the conflict. Navy Sea King Helicopters The Navy also took part in the PSYOP campaign. SH-3H Sea King helicopters from Squadron HS-15 based on the Aircraft Carrier Independence dropped leaflets over Central Grenada. EC-130 Commando Solo The website of the 193d Special Operations Wing of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard adds: The EC-130 was also used over Grenada, originally modified using the mission electronic equipment from the EC-121, known at the time as the Coronet Solo. Soon after the 193rd SOW received its EC-130s, the unit participated in the rescue of US citizens in Operation Urgent Fury, acting as an airborne radio station informing those people on Grenada of the US military action. The Commando Solo's airborne radio station played an initial pre-invasion \"warning\" broadcast tape to the people of Grenada on 25 October, the first day of the American invasion.",
"The tape was produced two days earlier on 23 October at the request of Army Lieutenant Colonel George Coburn, the PSYOP Plans officer of the Atlantic Command (LANTCOM) J58. A Naval Reserve PSYOP element, Naval Reserve Atlantic Fleet (LANTFLT) PSYOPS AVU 0286, drilling at Naval Air Reserve Norfolk assisted with the project. The tape was produced by Television Production Specialist W. B. Church, also the reserve unit's Program Manager. A number of the citizens of Grenada were interviewed some years later who vividly recalled that broadcast. To a man, each credited it with reducing initial hostilities and resistance. The revised Radio Free Grenada began broadcasts within days of the invasion. Major General George Crist selected a group of local radio announcers to operate the station even before the new pro-American interim government was formed. Resistance was moderate and security was ensured on the island, opening the doors for a multilateral peacekeeping force with American and Caribbean troops to rebuild peace and stability on Grenada. U. S.",
"Army Blackhawk helicopters on Grenada Sergeant Jim Peterson, who served with A Company, 2nd Battalion of the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division, vividly remembers returning to Salinas Airport with his unit when a UH-60 Blackhawk slowly flew overhead playing Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from what appeared to be a loudspeaker above the wheels. This was one aircraft loudspeaker broadcast that, contrary to what some may have thought, was not a sanctioned psyop broadcast, but rather the actions of an individual UH-60 Blackhawk pilot. The unknown pilot was apparently motivated by the classic scene from the Vietnam War movie Apocalypse Now where Air Cavalry Troop Commander Lieutenant Colonel Kilgore says: We'll come in low, out of the rising sun, and about a mile out, we'll put on the music... Yeah, I use Wagner -- scares the hell out of the slopes! My boys love it ! Put on psych-war operations, make it loud.",
"I can't say what effect, if any, that selection of music had on the Cuban soldiers, but according to Jim Peterson the musical display was well received by the US Army and Air Force personnel in the area, and boosted their spirits. There were very few PSYOP leaflets disseminated over Grenada during the few days of armed struggle. At first we only knew of three. They are all plain text and none contain pictures or photographs. The first is found in both a light and dark green text and border. The text is: People of Grenada. Your Caribbean neighbors with U.S. support have come to Grenada to restore democracy and insure your safety. Text on the back is: Remain indoors, avoid conflicts and no harm will come to you. Further emergency information will follow. The second has purple text and border. The text on the front is: CITIZENS OF GRENADA Take every precaution to insure your safety. Help us avoid accidentally injuring you or members of your families by taking the steps on the reverse side. Please remain calm and no harm will come to you. Text on back explains: CITIZENS OF RENADA. Take every precaution to insure your safety.",
"Help us avoid accidentally injuring you or your families by taking the following steps: Do not leave your home. Avoid confrontations and do not interfere with U.S./Caribbean Forces. If fighting starts in your area, stay in your homes and on the floor. Stay off roads and highways. Further emergency information will follow. PLEASE REMAIN CALM AND NO HARM WILL COME TO YOU. The third leaflet comes in two slightly different varieties (dark blue and light blue text and border) and is written in English and Spanish. It has the same message on both sides. The English message is: CUBAN NATIONALS. Your Caribbean neighbors and U.S. Forces have come to Grenada to restore Democracy and evacuate U.S. Citizens. Stay out of the conflict. Remain in your compound or home. Avoid confrontations and do not interfere with on going operations. If you remain out of the way you will not be harmed. (Spanish translation on the other side). The fourth leaflet showed up a bit later.",
"I never heard of it being dropped during the invasion, but it was depicted in the book Grenada - Revolution, Invasion and Aftermath, Hugh O'Shaughnessy, Sphere Books, London, 1984. He describes it as: Safe conduct pass in the form of a Cuban 5 peso banknote bearing the picture of Antonio Maceo, black hero of Cuban independence (Authors note: Antonio Maceo y Grajales, 1845-1896). Distributed by U.S. troops for use by Cubans during the October invasion. By some coincidence I was at Ft. Bragg shortly after the war and while visiting one of the librarians at the Special Forces Library noticed the banknote leaflet under a piece of glass on his desk. I did some fast talking and was able to trade one of my articles on PSYOP for the leaflet. Genuine Cuban 5 Peso banknote I later wrote this leaflet up in the International Banknote Society Journal, Volume 30, No. 4, 1991. The banknote leaflet parodied the Cuban 5 peso note of 1961-1965.",
"The genuine Cuban note is green, but the propaganda note is crudely drawn in bright pink-violet. The text on the front in both English and Spanish is: SAFE CONDUCT PASS. To those who are resisting the Caribbean Peace Force. You will be taken to a safe place where your needs will be met. Food, clothing, shelter and medical treatment is available. The back of the banknote leaflet has \"SAFE CONDUCT\" at the top and bottom of the note in English and Spanish. Sandler points out that: The use of a Cuban rather than a Grenadian note showed that planners were understandably more concerned with resistance from the Cuban construction battalions than any from the rag-tag Grenadian local defense forces. Esto O Esto Other leaflets are known but it is unclear if they were dropped during the invasion or afterwards as part of the consolidation campaign. O'Shaughnessy says: A more gruesome poster carried a drawing of a bleeding corpse and a relieved group of soldiers surrendering with the caption \"Esto - o esto\" (\"This - or this\"). The text on the back is: Your defeat is inevitable. You are facing thousands of troops from six different countries. Cease resistance and return to Cuba with honor where your family await you.",
"I have also seen a leaflet with text: Stop Communistic Designs on Grenada NOW. Expose former PRA & Cuban renegades and their arms caches. Support a Democratic Grenada. Another leaflet shows the four horsemen of the apocalypse. Three of them are leaders of the communist government, the fourth is death. The text is: What did the PRA produce? Death and Destruction. Support a New Beginning. Brightness out of Darkness. Colonel Paddock adds: There was a very successful PSYOP amnesty program. It used radio, loudspeaker, and face-to-face media to announce the governor generals three-day amnesty program. During this period, more than 1,000 members of the Peoples Revolutionary Army over half of the main force turned themselves in. Safe Conduct Pass This pass says on back: Present this pass to any member of the Caribbean peace keeping force. You will be taken to a safe place where your needs will be met. Food, Medical treatment, shelter, clothing is available. Weapons Rewards Poster The U.S. also prepared reward posters for weapons. One shows an AK-47 in the center covered by a red \"prohibited\" symbol.",
"The text is: WANTED By Authorities. Functional Rifles SEC 264.00. Functional Pistols SEC 264.00. Cubans Still Hiding Out SEC 1320.00. Caches will be determined by amount of weapons, ammo, and/or explosives. REWARDS are being offered for helping authorities find functional weapons, ammunition and Cubans still hiding out. INFORMATION WILL BE KEPT SECRET and rewards will be given for providing the location of the weapons, ammunition or Cubans. Contact the Caribbean Peacekeeping Force, U.S. Forces, or the Army Claims Office in St. George's. You can also call on the newly established telephone HOTLINE 3206. In regard to rewards Paddock points out: This successful program offered rewards for weapons, ammunition, or information leading to the capture of Cubans. Conducted over an eight-week period, this campaign employed face-to-face communication, radio, loudspeakers, posters, handbills and leaflets dropped by helicopters.",
"By mid-January 1984 more than 196 weapons, 400 grenades, 13,500 rounds of ammo, and a Soviet BTR-60 armored personnel carrier were turned in. Unexploded Ordnance Warning U.S. leaflet-poster depicts skulls at the upper left and right. The text is: DANGER! Unexploded ammunition, booby trapped weapons, and equipment in area. DO NOT TOUCH! Large quantities of weapons and equipment were left behind or unexploded. Do not touch anything, it may be booby trapped. Do not risk severe injury or death. Report this equipment to: Caribbean Security Forces. Danger! There are certainly dozens of such consolidation leaflets that were prepared during the occupation and before the installation of a new government in Grenada. Dignity Card The last item we will mention and illustrate is what might be called a \"dignity card.\" One of the most handsome paper products produced by the 4th PSYOP Group was a card produced for the American troops. The text and illustrations are in a dark blue on bright white cardboard.",
"The title at the top front of the card is \"REPRESENT YOUR NATION AND UNIT WITH DIGNITY AND HONOR.\" The three symbols are military patches, all topped with an \"Airborne\" tab. The patch at the far left is of the 82nd Airborne Division, the one in the center is the 18th Airborne Corps, and the one at the far right represents Special Forces. Text on the back of the card is: PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR FELLOW SOLDIERS BY KEEPING THE CIVILIAN POPULATION FRIENDLY TO YOU. FOLLOW THESE DO'S AND DON'TS. DO 1. Do avoid any unnecessary bloodshed. 2. Do avoid making any cultural, racial, and ethnic insults or comments. Be polite and respectful to local population. 3. Do avoid the destruction of monuments, archives, health and religious facilities or other institutions which might directly aggravate the Grenadian or world population. Treat religious centers with respect. 4. Do permit the peaceful operations of farms and businesses operated by the indigenous population. Treat religious centers with respect. 5. Do provide humanitarian assistance when required. 6. Do avoid confusion with the local civil population and minimize damage to their personal property.",
"7. Do treat refugees or civilian detainees as you would want your own family treated in a similar situation. 8. Do always maintain proper military bearing as you are the direct representative of the President of the U.S. and will be looked upon as such by all who come in contact with you. DON'T 1. Don't fraternize with local women or make flirtatious or degrading comments toward them. 2. Don't make derogatory remarks about local customs or the daily activities of the people. 3. Don't display arrogance or intimidate the civilian population. 4. Don't enter into discussions involving politics, religion or economics. 5. Don't take any unauthorized transfer of equipment or goods brought to Grenada. 6. Don't treat the Grenadian as inferior. Many of the people you meet will think and feel differently about things than you do. 7. Don't talk to the press. Refer all media personnel to your commander or authorized spokesman.\" Authors note: The dignity card asks that the American troops keep the civilian population friendly. No one is friendlier toward children than the American soldier. In the above photograph Grenadian children climb all over an American jeep. Hopefully that M-60 machinegun is not primed and ready to fire.",
"The Best PSYOP Headquarters and Headquarters Company, 2 Battalion, 508th Infantry Regiment of the 82nd Airborne Division members Specialist 4 Ricky Brown,Timothy Gibson and David North make friends with Grenadian students from a local Catholic school SP4 Rick Brown said that all the locals he encountered were very glad that the Americans had landed, and said that the Cubans had forced them to attend meetings on the glory of Communism twice a day. They would sound sirens across the island to tell the people that it was time for political instruction. Rick recalls the dislike of the Grenadian for the Cubans. He told me: A couple of us were tasked to walk some Cuban prisoners up a jungle trail to the tactical operations center and we were accosted by a rather large Grenadian man with a big knife in his hand. He was crying and said the Cubans had raped both his daughters. We had to protect the Cubans and push him back with our weapons at port arms position. He said he had been in prison and prayed every night for the Americans to come. Many of the Grenadian troops took off their uniforms and ran away while others assisted us by telling us where the Cubans were hiding.",
"PSYOP Mistakes What may be a minor PSYOP mistake is mentioned in Review of Psychological Operations Lessons Learned from Recent Operational Experience, Christopher J. Lamb, National Defense University Press, Washington, D.C., September 2005. The author mentions a US poster that the enemy used to attack the American government: PSYOP often lacks an organized red-teaming effort to improve product quality and assist with damage limitation when effects go awry. PSYOP products can produce untoward effects among the target audiences but also may produce unintended blowback from domestic or international audiences. Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada provides a classic example of a product that was effective in a local target audience but had unintended blowback elsewhere. In this operation, a photograph of a black New Jewel leader seated naked on a chair with only a towel draped across his lap and a white PSYOP soldier standing over him was disseminated as a poster across Grenada to demonstrate to the populace that they should no longer fear their former leaders. Although the photograph generated little negative reaction from the Grenada RESCUED FROM RAPE AND TORTURE There is a rumor of an American black operation during the invasion of Grenada .",
"According to the rumor, the Central Intelligence Agency prepared and airdropped a pro-American anti-Communist comic book over the Island in an attempt to explain why the Americans had come. The following is what has been implied about this operation. A private comic book entrepreneur named Malcolm Ater founded Malcolm Ater Productions in New York City in July 1946. By 1950, Malcolm Ater Productions was called Commercial Comics Inc., now based in Washington . Ater seems to have specialized in political comics, producing them for Senator Scott Lucas, Connecticut Governor Chester Bowles, Senator Brien McMahon, Congressman Al Loveland and Arkansas Governor Sid McMath. Perhaps because of his independent stature and his location in the nations capitol, the CIA is alleged to have used him to produce a 14-page comic book for Grenada . Because this was a black operation, neither the CIA nor Commercial Comics appears anywhere in the book. It is alleged that Ater was paid $35,000 by the CIA for his work on the project. The cover of the comic depicts Grenadians being murdered by communists, and then freed by Americans, and finally the joyous celebration of the Grenadian people for the American troops.",
"The inside front cover states that the comic is a product of the Victims of International Communist Emissaries (V.O.I.C.E.) and the introduction is signed by A. C. Langdon, 1984. The story tells of Grenadian citizens held hostage in their own homes and later freed by the Americans, and features Antonio Langdon who was held a prisoner in a communist prison for four and one-half years. Langdon tells American reporters how the communists took over power in Grenada . The book ends with the American rescue and gives an address where Langdon can be reached. The problem with this being a black CIA operation is that the invasion was in 1983 and the book clearly is dated 1984. In addition, it depicts the end of the invasion when that could not be known if the book was dropped during the invasion. It appears that this is clearly a privately produced post-invasion booklet. There seems no way this could be a black operation, but if anyone found these comic books on Grenada during or shortly after the invasion I would like to hear from them. A West Indian bibliography says: A Grenada ; claims to have been shot and tortured by the communist forces.",
"So, perhaps the comic book was partially paid for by the CIA a year after the attack to explain the U.S. invasion to Grenadians after the fact. Enemy Propaganda Anti-American Poster PSYOP was not only an American prerogative. The Soviets broadcast and published anti-American propaganda during the Grenada invasion. They wished to protect and defend their Cuban allies, busy building and protecting the big air field on Grenada. Colonel Frank L. Goldstein says in Psychological Operations, Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, AL, 1996: In late 1983, the Soviet newspaper Izvestiya not only attacked the United states for invading Grenada but also accused US forces of using chemical weapons to poison some 2000 Grenadians, including women and children, and of recording their suffering and deaths on film. The gruesome fabrication, which was read by millions of Soviet citizens, further stated that the bodies were shipped back to the United States for additional study. The author of that article was A. Kuvshinnikov. For a long time I tried to discover who A. Kuvshinnikov was or is, or whether it was a pseudonym. Then another article by A.",
"Kuvshinnikov appeared in Izuestiya on 21 August 1987. This article was said to be from the US campuses. They awoke to the sounds of airplanes flying overhead. When they went outside to see what was causing the commotion they noticed soldiers dug into the hills around their house. They heard gunfire and assumed that the American military was invading. Radio Free Grenada was broadcasting and telling the Grenadian people to fight to the death and protect their shores from the invaders. As the American troops were landing the Grenadian soldiers surrounded the student's house and an anti-aircraft gun was placed in the front yard. After some hours together, and the liberal sharing of a few bottles of Clarke's Court Rum and friendly conversation, the medical students convinced the soldiers to let them go to a neighbor's house in the dead of night. Dr. Siegel found the young Grenadian soldiers to be very courteous and kind and believes that they were as terrified as the students were. The students heard some Spanish spoken, but do not know if there were Cubans among the soldiers. Upon returning to their house a day later they found discarded military uniforms and AK-47 rifles on the living room floor.",
"Their luggage had been looted and it was clear that the deserting soldiers had decided that it was safer to be in civilian clothing. Medical Students with their Lockheed C-141 Starlifter Rescue Aircraft On the third day of the invasion the medical students located a patrol of American Airborne Rangers and were immediately escorted on foot to the St. George's"
] |
Which famous daughter was made chief designer at Chloe in 1997?
|
Stella McCartney
|
[
"Stella Nina McCartney",
"Alasdhair Willis",
"Stella Mc Cartney",
"Stella McCartney for Chloe",
"Alistair Willis",
"Stella mccarteny",
"Stella McCartney",
"Stella mccartney"
] | 9,056
|
[
"Stella McCartney - Biography - IMDb Stella McCartney Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (1) | Trivia (31) | Personal Quotes (3) Overview (4) 5' 5\" (1.65 m) Mini Bio (1) Stella Nina McCartney was born in London, England in 1971 to ex-Beatle Paul McCartney and famed rocker photographer, Linda McCartney . Stella's birth almost ended in disaster where both mother and child almost died - the traumatic event led her father to pray she be born \"on the wings of an angel\", thus inspiring the name of her parent's band \"Wings\". McCartney admits she had a \"normal\" childhood, despite her famous parents - though she did travel the globe with them and their group, the whole family lived in a two-bedroom while she was growing up.",
"Stella was on her own and independent by the time she was in college, making her own money (and sometimes having to clean dishes at a near-by restaurant to do so.) At age 15 she had the opportunity to work with Christian Lacroix on his first couture collection and in 1995, she graduated from London's Central St Martins College of Art & Design, showcasing at her collection of clothes modeled by good celebrity friends Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss . In 1997, with two collections under her belt, McCartney was appointed chief designer at Paris fashion house Chloé, but resigned four years later to enter in a joint venture with the Gucci Group. The line opened three stores and later Stella expanded her brand to include perfume. In 2000, she was presented VH1/Vogue Designer of the Year award by her father. Most recently, McCartney designed a line of clothing and accessories for H&M, helping sales to skyrocket with her designer name and in August of 2003, married publisher Alasdhair Willis.",
"- IMDb Mini Biography By: ratisfatter@yahoo,com Spouse (1) ( 30 August 2003 - present) (4 children) Trivia (31) Designed Madonna 's wedding dress. [2000] For her graduation fashion from St. Martin's, Stella featured a song by her father, \"Stella May Day\", and her clothes were modeled by friends Kate Moss , Yasmin Le Bon and Naomi Campbell . Is an active member of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals [PETA]. She is the daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney and the late Linda McCartney . Was the head designer for Chloé. Studied at Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design. Her traumatic birth compelled her famous father to pray that she be born \"on the wings of an angel\". This quote inspired Paul to name his upcoming band - \"Wings\". Married publisher boyfriend Alasdhair Willis in Scotland on August 30, 2003. Younger half-sister of pottery designer Heather McCartney Designs for her own label, under the umbrella of Gucci Group. Older half-sister of Beatrice Milly McCartney Former stepdaughter of Heather Mills .",
"Is a vegetarian, like her parents. Has four children with her husband Alasdhair Willis. son, Miller Alasdhair James Willis, born on February 25, 2005, weighing 7lbs 7ozs, daughter, Bailey Linda Olwyn, born on December 8, 2006, weighing, 7lbs 14oz, son, Beckett Robert Lee, born on January 8, 2009 and daughter Reily Dilys Stella, born on November 23, 2010, weighing 8 lbs. Launched a range of affordable clothing with H&M in 2005, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld - for the second time, as he was head designer of Chloe before she took the title. Chloe - Fashion Brand | Brands | The FMD Chloe A word from the EIC Partnerships / Cooperations Become a fashion editor on FMD Content / Usage Questions Why am I listed on FMD? How can I submit content?",
"Credifair (credit for your work) DMCA + Content MGMT the pure fashion news agency December 28th Lara Stone presents winter looks for Net-a-Porters 'The Edit' Supermodels pay tribute to George Michael Twin Models Ruth and May Bell star in Dior's Newest Campaign Stella Maxwell Fronts Roberto Cavalli Spring 2017 Campaign 54 Rue Du Faubourg St Honore Paris, 75008 +33 01 44 94 33 33 Fax +33 01 47 42 60 50 Website Jacques Lenoir and Gaby Aghion belongs to Richemont Group about 2002 will mark the fiftieth anniversary of the house of Chloe. In the half-century since it was founded, the prestigious French label has stayed true to the concept of romantic, feminine fashion. Today, the houses newest Creative Director, Phoebe Philo, will bring her unique vision to this label at a moment when Chloe is enjoying unprecedented success. After fifty years, Chloe continues to connect with a new generation of stylish women.",
"The house of Chloe was founded in 1952 by two Parisians, Jacques Lenoir and Gaby Aghion. In a rapidly modernising post-war world, old traditions were giving way to new ideas, and their proposition was a radical one: they would make luxury pret--porter, delivering the kind of exceptional fashion off the rack that, until then, had only been available as couture. The romantic, fluid clothes that they created marked a bold departure from the stiff formality of womens fashion in the early fifties. Chic, sensual, and unmistakably French, Chloe immediately established itself as a house that celebrated a softer aesthetic. In 1963, the houses founders appointed Karl Lagerfeld as head designer. Under Lagerfelds direction, the Chloe label produced iconic fashion: the gauzy floral prints and fluid, floating shapes that he created defined the bohemian spirit of the seventies and made Chloe one of the most popular labels of the period. This era also saw the launch of the Chloe fragrance. Chloe, introduced in 1974, was an immediate commercial success, and continues to be one of the worlds best selling fragrances today.",
"In 1985, the Swiss-based luxury group Richemont Group bought the house from Aghion and Lenoir, and setting the company up for expansion on the international market. In the late eighties, Martine Sitbon helmed the house, bringing her uniquely modern vision of womens fashion to the label. Lagerfeld returned to the house in 1992, and for the next five years he consistently reinvented the Chloe woman, dressing her in delicately torn neo-classical dresses, and bright hippie-inspired lace. In the last five years, the house has undergone a dramatic period of growth. In 1997, the then twenty-six year old Stella McCartney took over as Creative Director. In a period that saw a new generation of customers embracing luxury fashion, McCartneys youthful, spirited sensibility re-energized Chloe and made it highly desirable once again. Infusing Chloes classic soft, romantic spirit with the pulse of the street, McCartney effortlessly mixed delicately feminine pieces with structured tailoring, putting flirtatious camisoles under skinny, tailored suits and pairing revealing blouses with low-riding jeans and stiletto heels.",
"This vision of the new Chloe woman hit a chord with young women around the world, and proved hugely successful. McCartney announced her departure from Chlo� in early 2001, naming 27-year-old Phoebe Philo as her successor. The move left most in the fashion industry baffled, as Philo was a relative unknown. She had attended Central St. Martins a year behind McCartney and worked under her for only four years, but did not have the credentials typical of designers at any other major house. Planted firmly at the intersection of casual street chic and whimsical femininity, Philo�s first collection forged an image that the company calls \"luxurious, romantic and quinessentially French.\" Philo also created several \"it bags\" during her time at Chlo�, including the Paddington bag, which became a smash hit in 2004 and spawned many knockoffs. On January 6, 2006, Philo announced that she was stepping down as creative director for the fashion house in order to spend more time with her young daughter.",
"Having played a pivotal role in the reinvention of Chloe, the young British designer will continue to grow the brand, launching new categories of merchandise such as accessories and swimwear, and developing the secondary line, See by Chloe. Chlo� announced in October 2006 that Paulo Melim Andersson, a Swede who worked for Marni for seven years, would take over as creative director. �His mission is to find the new direction for the Chlo� brand,� Chlo� chairman and chief executive Ralph Toledano told WWD. �He will be given, like his predecessors, a lot of freedom to find his own way.� Andersson has shown three collections for Chloe each exemplifying an edgier, abstract quirkiness to a line which has long been associated with romantic, girly Parisian notions. Andersson latest fall 2008 collection fulfilled elements of Chloe's charm like tea dresses and ruffled edges, however, the collection was met with mixed reviews.",
"Paula Melim Andersson is an example of a designer with a tremendous amount of talent, however, not the right fit for Chloe despite a 9% increase in Chloe sales during his 2006-2007 year. Hannah MacGibbon who worked under Phoebe Philo for 5 years prior to Andersson has been neamed the new creative director. Alas, Chloe is back in a woman's hands. The Look Style, modernity, and a strong sense of femininity have been the key elements of Chlo� since its inception. Maintaining a quiet confidence among the Parisian ready-to-wear houses, Chlo� has relyied on the abilities of various already-established designers to produce fresh and vibrant clothing which reflected and, in the high points of its history under Martine Sitbon, Karl Lagerfeld, and upstart Stella McCartney defined the zeitgeist of Chlo� �lan.",
"Who Wears It Halle Barry, Carmen Electra, Kate Bosworth, Mary Kate Olsen, Claudia Schiffer, Kylie Minogue, Megan Fox, Jessica Alba, Rossellini Wiedemann, Alicia Silverstone, Sarah Michelle Gellar, Blake Lively, Maria Sharapova, Maria Sharapova, Emily Mortimer, Michelle Williams, Heidi Montag, Mischa Barton, Kristen Dunst, Paris Hilto, Olivia Chantecaille, Mischa Barton, Perfumes Best Fashion Designers, Luxury Fashion Designers, Couture Fashion Designers Best Fashion Designers Zac Posen As a high school sophomore, Posen interned with Nicole Miller, at 18 was accepted to London's prestigious Central Saint Martin's College of Art and Design, and debuted his first runway show by 21. Growing up in Manhattan's trendy Soho neighborhood, Posen was a fashion fiend from a young age and parlayed his passion into a successful career, producing couture gowns along with the more afforable Z Spoke line for Saks Fifth Avenue and a collection for Target.",
"Best Fashion Designers Tom Ford American designer Tom Ford graduated from Parsons The New School for Design with a degree in architecture, but soon realized his love for fashion while interning at Chloe's press office. He has gone on to work for Perry Ellis, completely transform the Gucci brand, and become Creative Director for Yves Saint Laurent. In 2005 he announced the creation of the TOM FORD brand and its first flagship store opened two years later on Madison Avenue in NYC. Best Fashion Designers Karl Lagerfeld Chloe, Fendi, and Chanel have all notably been touched by the hands and soul of the notorious Karl Lagerfeld. He was born in Germany in the 30s (he remains very secretive about the actual year of his birth), moved to Paris at 14 to work as a draftsman, by 17 was working for Pierre Balmain, and Valentino soon to follow. Vogue has called Lagerfeld the \"unparalleled interpreter of the mood of the moment,\" and today his many ventures include designing everything from shoes to wedding dresses to crystal art collections.",
"Best Fashion Designers Phoebe Philo Born in Paris and educated in London, fashion designer Phoebe Philo has been adding clean and chic silhouettes to the French luxury brand, Celine for years now. Creating her minimalist mark at the fashion house, Philo's collections for Celine are modern, sophisticated, and most importantly wearable. Designing signature and instantly recognizable color-blocked coats and bags have won Philo an incredibly dedicated fan following. In June 2011, Philo was awarded the title of \"International Designer of the Year\" by the CFDA and her loyal fans have even been dubbed the \"Philophiles\" by the fashion press. Best Fashion Designers Marc Jacobs With a number of prestigious awards under his belt from the Parsons School of Design, Jacobs moved onto working for Perry Ellis, but was let go from the label after infamously designing a \"grunge\" collection. By 1994 he had produced his first full collection of menswear and in 1997 was made Creative Director of Louis Vuitton, where he remains today as well as Head Designer for his own label.",
"Best Fashion Designers Stella McCartney Confidence, sexy femininity and precise tailoring encompassed McCartney's first runway collection and soon became her signature style. After producing only two collections, she was named the Creative Director of Chloe in Paris in 1997. In 2001, she launched her own fashion house with the Gucci Group (now PPR Luxury Group). Growing up in the English countryside and being a lifelong vegetarian, you will never find fur or leather used in her clothing, accessories or lingerie. Best Fashion Designers Coco Chanel Gabriell \"Coco\" Chanel was born in 1883 in France and spent her childhood in an orphanage where she was taught to sew by nuns. At 20 she opened her first shop in Paris and sold hats, was soon after making clothing, and by the 1920s launched Chanel No. 5 - the first perfume to feature a designer's name. In 1925, she introduced the now legendary collarless suit jacket and fitted skirt. She remained Chief Designer of her line until her death in 1971.",
"Best Fashion Designers Giorgio Armani Few brands can quite pull off the distinctive yet subdued, sensual yet European kind of simplicity?except, of course, Giorgio Armani. Born in Piacenza, Italy in 1936 Giorgio Armani had a variety of different careers growing up, from photography to medicine. After working for the fashion house Nino Cerruti, Giorgio decided it was high time he branched out, debuting his first women's wear collection in 1974. Said to be always influenced by menswear, Giorgio brought immaculate tailoring and clean cuts to his ladies ensembles. Elegant and fresh, he is famous for his sophisticated pieces that are not only wearable but altogether timeless. Today, owning an Armani suit and separates is a status symbol for both men and women. Best Fashion Designers Olivier Rousteing Olivier Rousteing is a French fashion designer. At age 24 as a relatively unknown designer, Rousteing took over as creative director of Balmain. Since his induction in 2011, the label has skyrocketed to stardom due to its association with Kardashian clan.",
"Best Fashion Designers Alexander Wang Alexander Wang has shifted the conversation regarding the American urban wear space. His near-perfect tailoring, penchant for black, and signature style has influenced up and comers like Hood by Air's Shayne Oliver. After establishing his own label, as well as the diffusion line \"T by Alexander Wang\", Wang took on the role of creative director at famed fashion house Balenciaga. Best Fashion Designers Diane von F�rstenberg Diane von F�rstenberg began designing women's clothing in 1970 and three years later introduced her iconic knit jersey wrap dress, for which she is most widely known today. Due to its influence on women's fashion, one of her wrap dresses sits proudly in a collection at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 2005, she was given a lifetime achievement award by the Council of Fashion Designers of America and named their president. Best Fashion Designers Stefano and Domenico When inspiration for your first collection comes from Sophia Loren, you know you have something special. Not afraid to celebrate the curvaceous female form, the masterminds behind Dolce & Gabbana.",
"Stefano and Domenico have created signature styles including corset dresses, gangster pinstripes and sexy black suits. The company was started by Italian designers Domenico Dolce (born 13 August 1958 in Polizzi Generosa, Sicily) and Stefano Gabbana (born 14 November 1962 in Milan). By 2005 their turnover was ?597 million.[2] The two met in Milan in 1980 and worked for the same fashion house. In 1982 they established a designer consulting studio; in time it grew to become ?Dolce & Gabbana?. While they have produced menswear collections, they will always be known for their desire to make a woman look and feel \"fantastically sexy,\" and stand out as Hollywood's number one choice of designer. Best Fashion Designers Valentino Like Cher or Madonna, Valentino Garavani is better known simply as Valentino. Born in northern Italy in 1932, Valentino was infatuated with fashion at an early age, gaining apprenticeships and training with many local designers.",
"After a stint in Paris working under notable fashion designers Valentino started moved to Rome where his signature scarlet dresses that have since became his trademark was born. Then in the sixties, Valentino took a risk that ultimately catapulted him into stardom: he sent Jacqueline Kennedy a series of his pieces. The First Lady was enamored by the designs and even chose to wear one of his dresses when she married her second husband. While currently retired and residing in Rome, he remains a significant figure in the fashion world for his timeless designs and truly inspired taste. Best Fashion Designers Riccardo Tisci Relatively new in the fashion world, Italian-born Riccardo Tisci is already making quite the impact. Having graduated from London's Central Saint Martins Academy in 1999, he was soon picked up as Creative Director for Givenchy womenswear and haute couture. After success in this position, he was also named as menswear and accessories designer of the Givenchy men's division in 2008. Adding street style (and a touch of Goth) to luxury garments has drawn new attention and fans to the Givenchy Brand.",
"With youthful energy that is at times melancholic, Riccardo Tisci has made this respected French fashion house his own, and there is certainly more to come. Best Fashion Designers Donatella Versace Donatella Versace, younger sister of Gianni Versace, is the current Vice-President and chief designer of the Versace Group. In the 70s she followed Gianni to Florence on his pursuit of knitwear design. Instead of doing public relations for him, she ended up serving better as his \"muse and critic.\" After Gianni's death in 1997, Donatella went on to spread the Versace name throughout Europe and the U.S., making her A-list celebrity friends the image and persona of the brand. Best Fashion Designers Oscar de la Renta Born in 1932 and trained by the famous Cristobal Balenciaga and Antonio Castillo, Oscar de la Renta (or Oscar Aristides de la Renta Fiallo) first gained international acclaim after he become one of the couturiers to dress First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy in the 1960's.",
"Combining his Latin American passion and adoration for bright and festive colors and an exquisite eye for luxury fabrics and embellishments, Oscar de la Renta has a truly innate ability to design beautifully feminine garments. Perhaps most well-known for his red-carpet gowns, Oscar's eponymous fashion house continues to dress some of the most notable celebrities and leading women of our time Stella McCartney - Fashion Designer | Designers | The FMD Stella McCartney A word from the EIC Partnerships / Cooperations Become a fashion editor on FMD Content / Usage Questions Why am I listed on FMD? How can I submit content? Credifair (credit for your work) DMCA + Content MGMT the pure fashion news agency January 19th Are Gigi Hadid and Zayn Malik engaged? Ralph Lauren and Karl Lagerfeld to dress Melania Trump? ASAP Rocky and Boy George Star in Dior Homme's New Campaign Irina Shayk Lands Two Vogue Brazil Covers About the designers Stella McCartney was born on September 13, 1971, the daughter of Paul McCartney, member of the Beatles singing group. She is a British fashion designer. Stella has always been fascinated by fashion.",
"As a teenager, she was always mixing up bits and pieces for antique clothing markets with Cerruti or Lacoste, or whatever she could find in her mother's cupboards. At the age of 13, Stella constructed her first jacket. At 15, she was apprenticing at Christian Lacroix and soon after was awarded a place at St. Martins. She was almost instantly successful, with her graduation collection being sported at the graduation show by supermodels Kate Moss and Naomi Campbell. The show made front-page news, and the entire collecton was sold to Tokio, a London boutique. After graduating from Central St. Martins, London, she did a short, unofficial, apprenticeship with Edward Sexton, a Savile Row tailor. In 1997 McCartney was appointed chief designer at Paris fashion house Chloe, following in the footsteps of Karl Lagerfeld. She started with the Autumn/Winter 1997 collection, and has been an astounding success. A Chloe boutique has opened in London, though it is hoped that Stella can have more control on the London end than she does on the Paris end.",
"The rather elderly staff at Paris Chloe are pretty rigid about underclothes on the models, and see-through dresses (they are against them). Stella McCartney is a strict vegetarian and PETA supporter like her mother Linda, who died in 2000. She had a contract with Chloe that she need never work with fur or leather. All the shoes are made of vinyl or plastics, all the bags and belts of fabric or raffia. Her soft romantic clothes have been very successful at Chloe. For the Spring 2000 collection, she has created several designs with cut-work rhinestone necklines and bodices. In the year 2000, Stella McCartney was approached by Tom Ford of Gucci, with an offer of financial support so that she could set up her own label. She agreed to this, and left Chloe. Her assistant at Chloe, Phoebe Philo, took over the designing at Chloe. Stella was looking for an artist to illustrate her new venture. She saw a 1972 sketch made by British artist David Remfry, and after seeing his work, decided that he was the one.",
"In 2002 Remfry prepared the McCartnery adverts which appeared in all the leading fashion magazines. The sketches were so eye-catching and sexy that they blew the whole industry away. In August 2003, Stella married her long-time love publisher Alasdhair Willis. The setting was a castle on the island of Bute, in the river Clyde, in Scotland, loaned to them by the Marquis of Bute (racing driver Johnny Dumfries). Stella's father, former Beatle Paul McCartney paid around 2 million pounds, as father of the bride. Stella designed her own wedding gown, using as inspiration the one worn by her mother when she married in 1969. In February 2005, the couple had a baby boy just before Stella will be presenting her Fall/Winter 2005 collection in Paris. They have called him Miller Alisdhair James Willis. Stella took time out from preparations for her Spring/Summer 2004 collection in Paris, to fly over to the United States for the opening of her new Los Angeles store.",
"In September 2004, it was announced that Stella has formed a collaboration with Adidas to design a new collection of stylish, high-tech gym wear after working with experts for ideas for runners, swimmers and athletes. High Street fashion giant H&M announced in May 2005 that Stella McCartney would design a 40 piece collection for them in the Autumn. They find her designs modern, cool, classic and wearable. In September H & M started selling the McCartney range, with great success. She has selected one or two things from her own label collections, but of course the cost is much lower in the High Street. This should lead to Stella's clothes finding a much wider market. Margareta van den Bosch, head of design at H & M said that the company was thrilled to collaborate with Stella. the label Stella launched her new house with the Spring 2002 collection, presenting clothes emblazoned with rhyming Cockney slang, that had the punchy tang of a hit from the word go. She got her label off to a snappy start in front of Domenico de Sole, the boss of the Gucci group, and McCartney's partner.",
"Her brand new 4000 sq ft store in Manhattan opened in September 2002, housing her ready-to-wear, shoe and accessories collections. It has an inlaid pool running the length of the store and walls of hand-painted fabric. There was a fabulous party to celebrate the opening. The financial results for Stella's new company for the first year of operation, were not very good. It suffered losses of 2.7 million pounds. However GUCCI, who own her label, have absolute faith in her and said that they have high hopes for her future. In late November, Stella's owners GUCCI appointed a new CEO for Stella McCartney. He is Marco Bizzari (born 1962) a well-experienced financial and managerial man. He is expected to push the profits up even higher.",
"Who Wears It Annie Lennox, Gwyneth Paltrow, Pamela Anderson Perfumes 2006 Stella In Two (W) Profile Stella McCartney facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Stella McCartney September 13, 1971 • London, England Fashion designer While some may think that being the daughter of one of the world's most famous, respected, and wealthy rock stars would lead to plentiful advantages when building a career, British designer Stella McCartney might not completely agree. McCartney, daughter of Sir Paul—who happens to be a former member of the Beatles, perhaps the most popular and influential rock band ever—has talent and ambition to spare, but her fame-by-association has caused many to speculate that it is her family connections rather than her design collections that have propelled her career. Being a McCartney has its advantages—through family acquaintances, a teenaged Stella made important connections in the design world—but had she been lacking in talent and business sense, such connections would have been meaningless. Instead, McCartney proved that her combination of creativity, sense of style, and understanding of the fashion industry could make her a powerful force in fashion regardless of her parentage.",
"In 1997, less than two years after graduating from college, McCartney made headlines when she was hired as the creative director for Chloe, a respected design house in Paris , France . She spent four years at Chloe, helping to redefine the company's image and increasing the company's sales by appealing to young, hip consumers. In 2001 McCartney left Chloe to start her own company in partnership with the celebrated Gucci Group. She spent the following years issuing new collections, opening boutiques in New York , London, and Los Angeles , and, in 2003, launching a new fragrance line called Stella. \"I have a vision for the way I want a woman to dress, perhaps because I'm a woman and know what I like to wear.... It's not about what it looks like in the studio or on the runway. It's what it looks like on a real person that matters.\" Down on the farm McCartney was born in London in 1971, not long after the breakup of the Beatles. Her father, a musician of exceptional talent, went on to form the band Wings, in which her mother, Linda, played keyboards and sang backup.",
"Linda McCartney also became known for her skilled photographic portraits of musicians and other subjects, and was an outspoken advocate for animal rights as well as an accomplished vegetarian cook and cookbook writer. While the McCartneys led an unconventional life, traveling around the world on tour with the band with their children in tow, they were determined that their home base would be a tranquil refuge from the rock-and-roll lifestyle. The family, including Stella, her half-sister Heather (from Linda McCartney's first marriage), sister Mary, and brother James, moved to a farm by the time Stella was ten years old. Living in a modest farmhouse, the family raised sheep, rode horses, and grew organic produce. Stella was heavily influenced by the family's back-to-nature lifestyle and her parents' values, becoming a vegetarian herself as well as a committed animal rights activist. Next-Generation Jagger Jade Jagger, jewelry designer and famous offspring, has encountered much of the same skepticism that Stella McCartney has faced. As the daughter of Mick Jagger (1943–), lead singer of the Rolling Stones, and Bianca Jagger, a symbol of high fashion, Jade has struggled to establish an identity separate from that of her world-famous parents.",
"Even as she has forged a successful design career, she still has critics suggesting that her professional accomplishments are due to her fame as a Jagger rather than her own talent. Born in 1972, Jagger certainly had an unconventional upbringing as the daughter of one of rock music's most notorious bad boys. Her father has provided material for tabloid newspapers for most of his adult life, with one high-profile and stormy relationship after another (Mick and Bianca divorced around 1980). As a teenager Jade acquired a reputation for being a bit wild herself. She made headlines in 1988 when she was expelled from a prestigious private school in England for sneaking out to meet her boyfriend. And she was known for throwing, and attending, great parties. Jagger's lifestyle mellowed a bit when she became a mother in the early 1990s; she now has two daughters, Assisi and Amba. Jagger has done some modeling and has long been a part of the fashion scene, but her vocation is designing jewelry. Jagger started her own company, Jade Inc., in 1998, creating and selling fine jewelry with a modern twist.",
"In 2002 Jagger was hired as the creative director for the upscale British jewelry company Garrard. Once the Crown Jewelers—those responsible for crowns, tiaras, and other decorative items worn by British royalty—Garrard is a long-established traditional company that was formerly known as Asprey & Garrard. When those controlling the company split the brands into two separate firms, it was decided that Garrard, while remaining a provider of expensive luxury items, would also try to reach out to a younger and more informal crowd. Jagger was seen as the right person to navigate the company through this new territory. In a 2002 article in WWD, Samantha Conti wrote that Jagger's goal at Garrard was to \"blend the classic and the avant-garde, which means that blue diamond tiaras sell alongside funky gold dog tags, the rocks on some rings roll—literally—in a see-saw motion, and pendants are inspired by hip-hop and heraldry.\" Jagger designed a line of jewelry that playfully incorporated royal symbols such as crowns and family crests.",
"While Jagger will never completely escape associations with her famous dad, she has forged a successful career independent of her family connections, earning praise for her funky and fashionable creations. McCartney had known ever since her early teen years that she wanted to be a fashion designer; she was designing and making clothes by age thirteen. At age fifteen she had a brief internship in Paris with acclaimed designer Christian LaCroix. Later, during her university years, McCartney became an apprentice to tailor Edward Sexton, learning the finer points of tailoring on London's famed Savile Row, home to numerous traditional and highly respected custom clothing companies. She briefly worked at the French company Patou, makers of expensive custom-made clothes, but left the company in objection to their use of fur in some of their products. McCartney attended Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London. Along with her fellow design students, McCartney designed a line of clothing to be displayed in a student fashion show as part of a graduation project. Like many of the other students, McCartney enlisted some friends to model her clothing during the show. Unlike her peers, however, McCartney's friends were supermodels Naomi Campbell and Kate Moss.",
"Her models' fame, as well as her own celebrity stemming from her family ties (and the presence of her famous parents in the audience), attracted hordes of reporters and photographers from all over the world to the student show. Many of the other students resented the circus atmosphere and the fact that the press left the show immediately after McCartney's clothes had been shown. Some in the media and the fashion industry speculated that the extraordinary attention the young designer received had everything to do with her last name and little to do with her talent as a designer. But buyers for a number of upscale department stores, including Bergdorf Goodman and Neiman Marcus, disagreed, buying McCartney's line for sale in their stores. A rapid rise After her 1995 college graduation, McCartney opened her own boutique in London to sell her designs. Her designs featured a mix of crisp tailoring with lacy, romantic pieces, a combination that conveyed a sense of strong femininity. Her specialties were slip dresses and luxurious swishy silk skirts. \"My mom always collected thrift-shop stuff—especially Italian slips,\" McCartney related to Time magazine's Ginia Bellafante.",
"\"I've always loved underwear and antique fabrics and lace for all their soft texture.\" Her designs were snapped up by fashion-conscious shoppers, including models, actresses, and musicians. In December of 1996, a man came into McCartney's boutique describing himself as the owner of a clothing store in Rome , Italy. He asked extensive questions about her collection and her ideas on how to sell fashions to women of all ages, and was impressed by McCartney's thorough understanding of quality clothing as well as the marketing of such items. He later introduced himself as Mounir Moufarrige, president of the long-admired Parisian design firm Chloe. Moufarrige, eager to revive his struggling company by appealing to consumers younger and hipper than Chloe's traditional customers, had traveled to McCartney's shop to meet the woman who had been generating so much buzz. Weeks later, Moufarrige offered the twenty-five-year-old designer a job as creative director of Chloe. Many in the fashion industry, including esteemed designer Karl Lagerfeld, who had previously held McCartney's position at Chloe, felt outraged that Moufarrige had hired a young and untested designer for such a significant position.",
"McCartney soon silenced her critics, however, by bringing tremendous visibility and success to Chloe. Beginning with her first successful show with Chloe, in the fall of 1997, McCartney displayed her signature style of clean lines combined with delicate and sexy pieces. Critics acknowledged that her designs were not terribly bold or innovative, but they held tremendous appeal for consumers. McCartney not only improved the fortunes of Chloe, she also helped usher in a new trend in women's clothing that favored romantic, flirtatious styles over the plainer, nofrills look popular in the early 1990s. Just two years after she joined Chloe, Robin Givhan wrote in the Washington Post that under McCartney's direction, \"Chloe has not just gotten substantially better. It has been transformed.\" McCartney's professional success, however, was tempered by personal tragedy during this period. In 1998 her mother died after a three-year battle with breast cancer. In 2000 McCartney won the VH1/Vogue Fashion and Music Designer of the Year Award.",
"During that same year, she designed a bridal gown for one of the most high-profile weddings in the celebrity world—that of pop superstar (and McCartney pal) Madonna to filmmaker Guy Ritchie. During 2001 McCartney led Chloe in a new direction, overseeing the introduction of a more casual, less expensive clothing line called See. Her success at Chloe and increasing name recognition as a designer to watch generated numerous rumors that McCartney would not stay at the Paris company much longer. Her rapid rise through the ranks of the fashion industry led many to believe that she would soon strike out on her own and, after four years with the Paris firm, McCartney did in fact leave. She had struck a deal with the renowned Gucci Group to start her own design house. The ups and downs of independence McCartney wasted no time creating the first line for her new company, which bears her name and is half owned by Gucci. Just a few months after striking out on her own in the fall of 2001, she showed her first collection. The reception was not exactly favorable.",
"McCartney deviated from her signature style, as reported by Lisa Armstrong at New York Metro.com: \"McCartney, who'd become a reliable source of lovely, easy-on-the-eye garments, chose this moment to replace her stock-in-trade flirtiness with something more hard-core.\" Armstrong pointed out that the timing of the show did not help matters; it took place one month after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, in New York City and Washington, D.C., a time when people sought comfort, not confrontation. Fashion journalists wrote harsh reviews of the show, with McCartney's critics reiterating their opinion that the designer was famous simply because of her name. With her next few collections, however, McCartney once again proved her critics wrong. She returned to her roots, focusing on designing clothes that made women feel and look good. In the fall of 2002 McCartney opened her first store, in New York City, to feature her new company's designs. Her second store opened the following spring in London, with a third opening in the Los Angeles area in the fall of 2003.",
"In the stores, which are called simply \"Stella McCartney,\" she sells her clothing as well as shoes, bags, and other accessories, including her own perfume, a scent called Stella. All of her products reflect McCartney's dedication to animal rights and other causes. In her clothing designs she emphasizes cottons and silks. Not one of her products, including shoes and bags, is made out of leather or fur. The company manufacturing her fragrance is prohibited from using genetically modified materials—that is, plants that have been altered by humans—and will not accept plants that were harvested by children or that are on any endangered species list. McCartney attributes her socially conscious attitude to the earthy styles of her parents, particularly her mother. She has also credited her mother with informing her fashion sensibility: the confidence to wear clothes she loves rather than following trends, a combination of vintage and modern looks, and the choice of a natural look over a highly polished one. Describing her mother's naturalness to Shane Watson of Harper's Bazaar, McCartney noted: \"You look at people in her position now, and they're all manicured and their hair's straightened, and she was so not that, ever.",
"She never waxed her legs, never dyed her hair, and that is so rare.... I mean, my mum really was the coolest chick in the world.\" While the loss of her mother was devastating, McCartney has also experienced much personal and professional happiness in recent years. In August of 2003 she wed magazine publisher Alasdhair Willis in a small but elaborate ceremony. Taking place on a three-hundred-acre estate on the Scottish island of Bute, the wedding featured truck-loads of white roses imported from the Netherlands , a bagpipe band, and a fireworks display. Guests—including such celebrity pals as Gwyneth Paltrow, Liv Tyler, and Madonna—were transported in carriages pulled by Clydesdale horses. A large team of security guards kept the press at bay, ensuring a calm and private affair. On the professional front, McCartney has achieved increasing success with each new collection. Tom Ford, the former creative director of Gucci, told Armstrong why he has so much confidence in McCartney: \"She has everything it takes to be successful—the drive, the will, and the intelligence.",
"She has great style, great taste.\" For More Information Periodicals \"And I Love Her.\" People (September 15, 2003): p. 66. Bellafante, Ginia. \"Tired of Chic Simple? Welcome to the New Romance.\" Time (April 6, 1998): p. 66. Conti, Samantha. \"Jagger's New Jewels.\" WWD (September 16, 2002): p. 17. Diamond, Kerry. \"Stella's Sexy New Scent.\" Harper's Bazaar (September 2003): p. 248. Fallon, James. \"Life with Gucci.\" WWD (July 3, 2001): p. 1. Givhan, Robin. Washington Post (January 29, 1999): p. C1. Watson, Shane. \"Twenty-four Hours with Stella McCartney.\" Harper's Bazaar (September 2002): p. 426. Web Sites Armstrong, Lisa. \"Stella Nova.\" New York Metro.com. (accessed on July 14, 2004). Stella McCartney.",
"(accessed on July 14, 2004). \"Who's Who: Stella McCartney.\" Vogue.com. # (accessed on July 14, 2004). Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. MLA"
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Which supermodel was married to Rod Stewart?
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Rachel Hunter
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"Rachel Hunter"
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"Rod Stewart - Biography - IMDb Rod Stewart Biography Showing all 82 items Jump to: Overview (4) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (3) | Trade Mark (2) | Trivia (38) | Personal Quotes (34) Overview (4) 5' 10\" (1.78 m) Mini Bio (1) Rod Stewart was born on January 10, 1945 in Highgate, London, England as Roderick David Stewart. He has been married to Penny Lancaster since June 16, 2007. They have two children. He was previously married to Rachel Hunter and Alana Stewart . Spouse (3) ( 6 April 1979 - 1984) (divorced) (2 children) Trade Mark (2) Fifth child of Robert and Elsie Stewart. His brothers and sisters are Mary, Peggy, Don and Bob.",
"Has eight children: Sarah Thubron Streeter (born 1964) born to art student Susannah Boffey; Kimberly Stewart (born 21 August 1979) and Sean Stewart (born 1 September 1980) born to Alana Stewart (ex-wife of actor George Hamilton ; Ruby Stewart (born 17 June 1987), born to Kelly Emberg , his girlfriend at the time; Renee Stewart (born 1 June 1992), Liam McAlister Stewart (born 4 September 1994), born to ex-wife Rachel Hunter , a model, Alistair Wallace Stewart (born 27 November 2005) and Aiden Stewart (born 16 February 2011), born to wife Penny Lancaster . Contrary to popular belief, he was never a professional soccer player with Brentford Football Club before becoming a musician, this was one of many stories invented by his publicist when Rod was starting to hit the big time. Rod was successfully sued by Brazilian singer Jorge Ben Jor who claimed the tune to Rod's \"Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?\" was too similar to his song \"Taj Mahal\".",
"Ben won the lawsuit and asked Rod to donate all his profits from the song to UNICEF. His daughter, Kimberly Stewart , designs shoes. Lead singer for the 1970s rock group The Faces . Inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994. Gave his friend Elton John the nickname \"Sharon\". Covered Elton John 's hit song \"Your Song\". Although he was born in England and has English blood on his mother's side, he has Scottish blood on his father's side and prefers to be considered a Scotsman. In 1998, he bought the Victorian mansion Stargroves in Hampshire, which had previously belonged to Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones . He put on the first concert at SkyDome in Toronto, Canada in 1989. Voted the sexiest male spectacles wearer in a 2004 poll by Specsavers opticians. (March 9, 2005) Proposed to girlfriend Penny Lancaster at the top of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, France.",
"They married according to their plan, on board his yacht \"Lady Anne MaGee\" in the Portofino harbor, Italy, after his divorce from Rachel Hunter was finalized. Contray to rumor, he did not play the harmonica on Millie Small 's 1964 #2 hit \"My Boy Lollipop\", her credited as Millie. Underwent successful surgery for thyroid cancer in July 2000, and announced he was completely recovered in January 2001. In an early stage of The Kinks , before future frontman Ray Davies was willing to be the lead singer, they recruited Stewart (who grew up in the same neighborhood as the Davies brothers) as a singer. After a couple of weeks of trying to be a band, Stewart and the future Kinks found that they did not get along that well, with their musical tastes being too different, and parted ways. First artist to record the Burt Bacharach / Carole Bayer Sager song \"That's What Friends Are For\" (for the movie Night Shift (1982)), four years before it became a number one hit for Dionne Warwick , Elton John , Gladys Knight and Stevie Wonder .",
"Was the original lead singer of the Jeff Beck Group. However, when the band was scheduled to appear at Woodstock he quit on the eve of the show due to the fact that his best friend Ronnie Wood , who was playing bass at the time, was kicked out. Is a supporter of Glasgow Celtic Football Club. Winner of the 1993 Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution. He was awarded the CBE (Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2007 Queen's New Years Honours List for his services to music. The story that Rod once worked as a gravedigger was another myth which he created with his publicist. (November 14, 2006) Inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame for his outstanding contribution to British music and integral part of British music culture. Ranked #94 on VH1's 100 Sexiest Artists. Ranked #71 on VH1's 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll. Lives in Los Angeles, California.",
"Had relationships with Dee Harrington (1971-1975), Kelly Emberg (1983-1990), Bebe Buell and Britt Ekland . He was awarded a Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for Recording at 6801 Hollywood Boulevard in Hollywood, California on October 11, 2005. Recorded several of his multi-platinum selling albums at Cherokee Recording Studios, including \"A Night on the Town\", \"Footloose and Fancy Free\" and \"Blondes Have More Fun\". The 2009 Sunday Times List estimated his net worth at $164 million. Discovered busking in a train station in the early 1960s by British blues pioneer Long John Baldry . Baldry was so impressed with Stewart's vocal prowess, he invited him to join his band, The Hoochie Coochie Men. Stewart has often admitted in interviews that he owes his great success to that chance meeting with Baldry.",
"When then-girlfriend Britt Ekland discovered that Rod was seeing other women, she filed a $12.5 million palimony suit, claiming that, as she had given up much of her career for him, she deserved a large portion of his income. The lawsuit was dismissed. When asked what he had like to have as his epitaph on Piers Morgan Tonight: Episode dated 30 March 2011 (2011), Stewart quipped, \"I'm a celebrity, get me out of here.\". During a period when first touring in the United States where rowdy Rod and his band were prohibited from staying in some hotels, the boys used to masquerade as Fleetwood Mac in order acquire accommodation. A lifelong collector of model trains, Stewart maintains an elaborate outlay in an upstairs room of his Los Angeles home that stretches the length of his house. Bases his layout scale on the 1940s New York Central and Pennsylvania line. (July 2, 2007) Performed at the \"Concert for Diana\" at the new Wembley Stadium in London, England.",
"He was awarded the Knight Bachelor of the Order of the British Empire in the 2016 Queen's Birthday Honours List for his services to Music and Charity. He is a singer and songwriter in Essex, England. Personal Quotes (34) Instead of getting married again, I'm going to find a woman I don't like and just give her a house. [on looking young] The secret is to moisturise the face. I've been doing that since I was 17 years old. [on Brigitte Bardot ] She's the only woman I've ever had a sexual fantasy about. With me, looks come first, and she's everything a woman should be. She's blonde and beautiful, she's got the most incredible legs--et cetera, et cetera. And she's French as well. [on his former wife, Rachel Hunter , shortly after their break-up] She was the first woman who left me. [on being awarded the CBE] It's a marvellous occasion. We're the only country in the world to honour the common man. Elvis was the king. No doubt about it. People like myself, Mick Jagger and all the others only followed in his footsteps.",
"[on his move to Los Angeles, California] The British taxation in 1975 was absolutely crippling. I think about 84% of my income was going in income tax. And I wasn't inspired by the music scene in '73, '74, '75 either. I don't believe you should flaunt your wealth like Liberace or something. I don't know anybody that doesn't like being famous and anybody that doesn't like it shouldn't have thought about being famous in the first place. I think it's absolutely marvelous being famous. I love it. I like walking down the street and being recognised. I don't go out of my way to be recognised. I mean I don't go walking down the street in a pink satin suit. I don't think people expect Bruce Springsteen to come out in a pink satin jacket, but Rod Stewart they do. And I like doing it, I don't wear it just because I think I have to. I'm a very flamboyant person. I don't mind buying one round of drinks, but I am bloody well not going to buy another. I don't miss a penny. I get a daily statement about where every penny is going and every investment.",
"I wouldn't say I worry about money, but you never know what's around the corner. I worry more about my children's views on money sometimes. They've grown up privileged and it's an ongoing battle. They know the price of everything and the value of nothing. I've been lucky. I couldn't deal with it if I'd run out of barnet. Imagine me with a Bobby Charlton comb-over. My age group and our age group, the Stones [ The Rolling Stones ] and Elton [ Elton John ], it's hard to get on the radio. And it's hard to buy records now 'cos you can't buy 'em anywhere. My audience like to go in and buy records. [on Mick Jagger ] I've got utmost respect for Mick and the boys. I love 'em to death. He's a great singer, he's one of the greatest. He's not quite as good as me. I've always looked on myself as one of a band and never sought a solo career. It's always been a spiritual home, but as I don't live there I shouldn't comment on Scottish independence. If it's good for the Scots I'm happy.",
"I hope it's not a lot of kids thinking ' Braveheart (1995)'. I'd hate to see the union broken after all these years. And I don't think it will happen. I'm a romantic and like a one-on-one situation, candlelight and foreplay, all the old-fashioned things. There's never been much rivalry between any of our generation - well, maybe me and Elton [ Elton John ] but that's friendly. [on Mick Jagger ] Mick's a fine blues singer, but technically not as good as me. He's made the best of what he's got, but I don't think he could do standards and he may not want to. Every three years, Model Railroader puts me on their cover, which is better than Rolling Stone. [on Elton John ] The second-best rock singer ever. [on Tom Waits ] He's one of my favorite all-time songwriters. [on \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\"] It certainly wasn't one of the best songs I've written.",
"It transformed me overnight into a sex symbol I suppose, for want of a better word, and everything that goes with that, and for a long time I believed everything I read about myself in the papers. People, when we do live shows, they love that song, everywhere around the world. I believe I'm a romantic. I can cry at sad films and I like candle-lit dinners. All depends what you describe as being a romantic. [on love songs] I've always written songs like that. I think it comes as the years go on, you mature a little bit and you want to write songs that are more loving songs. I've got a lot of English blood in me, not too much English blood, but I consider myself to be a fairly good lover, I've had no complaints. I've had no compliments either. When Scotland play England, I don't care if it's schoolboys or what it is, it's very serious.",
"[on the World Cup in 1986] If that had been an English goal when Maradona [ Diego Maradona ] handballed it, everyone would have said it was OK, it's just that it was on the other team, but I've got a feeling that none of the British teams could have won it, maybe it's about time we had a Great Britain team. It's only an idea. [on the World Cup in 1986] We played three, we weren't too good in the last one, but I was real proud of them. I was really proud of the British teams all round, not just Scotland. Being a football fan and playing Wembley, it's not like Wham! - I don't think are real football fans - but it means a hell of a lot to me. [on the suggestion his tax exile status could have prevented a knighthood] Mick [ Mick Jagger ] doesn't pay taxes here, and Tom [ Tom Jones ] lives in America. If my time comes, it will. And if it doesn't, I'm not bothered. Are you kidding? I never expected a CBE.",
"People said I went astray with Da Ya Think I'm Sexy? and they're absolutely right. I jumped on a bandwagon, but everyone loves it. It's my novelty song. I try to give the audience what they want, and sod the critics. Former Supermodel Rachel Hunter looking less than super - NY Daily News Former Supermodel Rachel Hunter looking less than super... but much better than ex-Rod Stewart! Former Supermodel Rachel Hunter looking less than super NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Wednesday, August 22, 2012, 5:00 PM Rachel Hunter looks like she’s heading to the beach — let’s hope she doesn’t run into former flame Rod Stewart . The one-time supermodel was recently snapped in a skimpy bandeau top and flowy trousers — a far cry from the string bikinis she once wore in the pages of Sports Illustrated magazine — but a modest choice. Hunter, 42, appeared less than polished in the photos, as she clutched a canvas tote to her chest and ran a hand through her hair, but at least she was dressed — which is more than one can say for Stewart.",
"RAF/ZOJ/Mandatory Credit: WENN.com Paparazzi recently caught the 67-year-old British rocker letting it all hang out in a tiny blue Speedo, on vacation with his family in Miami. Hunter and Stewart married in 1990. While they announced their split in 1999, they weren’t officially divorced until 2006. [email protected] MiamiPIXX/FAMEFLYNET PICTURES/MiamiPIXX/FAMEFLYNET PICTURES Singer Rod Stewart enjoys the beach of Miami, Florida with his current wife Penny Lancaster and son Alastair on Aug. 7. Rod bares all about losing 'beautiful' Rachel - Entertainment - NZ Herald News Rachel Glucina looks at the top events and newsmakers of the day. Rod bares all about losing 'beautiful' Rachel 5:30 AM Wednesday Oct 10, 2012 SHARE: The Diary Rod Stewart has revealed he shed 5kg and threw himself into yoga, psychotherapy and self-help books after his wife Rachel Hunter dumped him. He was blindsided and begged her to stay - but she wouldn't.",
"In an extract from his book, Rod: The Autobiography of Rod Stewart, released this week and serialised in Britain's Daily Mail, the 67-year-old divulges the lengths he went to to mend his broken heart - including lying on the couch for four months clutching a hot water bottle. But don't accept the invite to the pity party just yet. Stewart had planned to propose to Kelly Emberg (the mother of his daughter Ruby) and hired a small plane to trail a banner popping the question. But the night before the big romantic gesture, he met Hunter - a supermodel with a TV fitness video - at LA nightclub the Roxbury and, well, swiftly changed his mind. \"There was a connection straight away. She was extremely beautiful, but there was something no-nonsense about her as well. It was there in her New Zealand accent, but also in her face, which was open and smart,\" Stewart writes. Of course, it helped that she had her own bank account. \"Not only was she as far removed as could be from the stereotype of the flaky model, but she already had money and fame. That was a relief.",
"In my position, that suspicion was always there: does this woman really like me, or just the stuff that surrounds me?\" Stewart has been married three times: to model Alana Hamilton, Rachel Hunter and model Penny Lancaster, and his long-term girlfriends have included model Dee Harrington and model Kelly Emberg. There's a theme. But he fell for Hunter, hard. He sent her roses and flew to New York, where she was working, on a dedicated wooing mission. She played hard to get and went to bed with him wearing a modern day chastity belt: a floor-length T-shirt. Continued below. Rod Stewart ashamed over past breakups \"She wore a T-shirt that came down to her ankles - a T-shirt that said 'Not tonight, thank you' as efficiently as if she had come clanking out of the bathroom in a deep-sea diving outfit,\" he writes. They consummated their relationship on a romantic fling to the Bahamas. There was a rented Learjet, a chartered boat and whispers of a wedding. Three months later they married in a Beverley Hills church. Rod was 45; Rachel was 20. Football mates played the role of ushers wearing sunglasses and white canes.",
"\"They performed an impression of the blind leading the blind,\" he says. Evidently the jokes kept coming. Rachel arrived at the altar and pinched Rod on the bum. But Rod's sister, Mary, wasn't laughing. She said, prophetically, \"That girl will break his heart one day.\" They had two children - Liam and Renee - and travelled together as a family when Stewart toured. They dressed, too, for dinner like lord and lady of the manor, meeting on the landing to appreciate each other's outfits and descending the stairs together. \"I had no idea how oppressive Rachel found this, how much she wished she could have been in her jeans, eating poached eggs on toast,\" the rock'n'roll veteran says. Hunter wanted out of the marriage. She was unhappy and couldn't conceal it any longer. The couple split in 1999 but Rod says he was loyal. \"In the eight years we were together, I was entirely faithful ... Rachel was everything I wanted; I became a devoted husband overnight.\" Hunter declined to comment. Her rep, Andy Haden, said she was interviewed for her ex-husband's book but \"she hasn't read it yet\".",
"She had to delay her own book plans until next year \"because Rod's book was coming out\". GREEN CARPET FOR AL GORE Former Vice-President Al Gore can expect the full green carpet trappings at Friday night's gala dinner in Manukau where he will be guest of honour. The climate change environmentalist jets into the country on Friday morning by commercial airliner, but the carbon footprint miles will not overshadow the sustainable business message he's come to preach. Organisers say guests - including convicted greenie activist Lucy Lawless and NZ First leader Winston Peters - will drink wine from an environmentally sustainable Marlborough winery and Gore will be driven to the venue in a hybrid BMW. Westpac - winners of the 2012 Sustainable Bank of the Year Award - have spent big bucks to sponsor the event which will be MC'd by champagne socialist-in-chief John Campbell. CARLY'S TURN IN LIMELIGHT As ratings for the two-women reality TV show, The Ridges, continues to slide, another Ridge woman is stepping into the spotlight. Matthew Ridge's partner Carly Binding, the mother of their 2-year-old son London, is performing in an Andrew Lloyd Webber production next month.",
"Binding will star in the one-woman show, Tell Me on a Sunday, which will run at Q Theatre from November 14-24. The former pop star tells The Diary the Broadway musical is a big challenge. \"I'm a classically trained singer, but I had to learn how to use my voice like that again and unlearn everything I did in pop.\" Former True Bliss band mate Joe Cotton is expected to attend the opening night performance - but don't expect the other members. Nor Sally and Jaime and their trailing TV cameras. There's no love lost there. Boh Runga and her sister Bic will, however, show their support in the front row. So too, Binding's beloved. Rachel Hunter - IMDb IMDb Rachel Hunter was born on September 9, 1969 in Auckland, New Zealand. She is an actress and producer, known for Ford Supermodel of the World (1995), The Benchwarmers (2006) and Jordon Saffron: Taste This! (2009). She was previously married to Rod Stewart .",
"See full bio » Born: Famous Directors: From Sundance to Prominence From Christopher Nolan to Quentin Tarantino and every Coen brother in between, many of today's most popular directors got their start at the Sundance Film Festival . Here's a list of some of the biggest names to go from Sundance to Hollywood prominence. Not-So-Hot Rod Not-So-Hot Rod Email Not long before Christmas, Rod Stewart was in his usual corner in the Theydon Oak, a pub near his home in Epping, outside of London. But the normally easygoing British rocker, who’s not averse to enjoying a pint with the lads, seemed lonely enough to sing the blues. “He looked pretty unhappy,” says James Lange, 23, a local resident who frequents the pub. Says another patron: “I got the impression he was on his own in the mansion. That must have been pretty depressing.” By last week, Stewart was hunkered down in a second estate, this one in Beverly Hills, but his winter remained bleak. On Jan. 7 the 54-year-old rock star and his second wife, New Zealand-born model Rachel Hunter, 29, announced that they were separating after eight years.",
"Stewart, denying to the British press that the marriage had unraveled because of any infidelity, said it was Hunter’s decision to move out and “find herself” as a person. “I was so sure she was the woman I was going to spend the rest of my life with,” he added. “I hope and pray with all my heart that she will eventually come back.” He may have reason to believe she will. Hunter and their two children—Renee, 6, and Liam, 4—are staying near Stewart in L.A., and the couple meet daily to discuss their differences, which surfaced before the holidays. Celebrating their eighth wedding anniversary Dec. 15 in a London restaurant, says one witness, the two seemed “very cheerful.” But by the time they left, to the scrutiny of waiting paparazzi, they were publicly rowing. And the next evening, Hunter caught Stewart flirting with her friend Andrea Trevor at the Dorchester Hotel, where the couple were staying. Stewart’s brother Don, 68, a retired accountant, had noticed Hunter’s absence from Rod’s recent U.K. concerts. “I only saw her once out of 12 shows,” he says.",
"Stewart’s ex-fiancée Dee Harrington is not surprised. “Rachel,” says Harrington, who was engaged to Stewart between 1971 and ’75, “got bored with Rod,” whom Harrington characterizes as a perennial “lad” with a penchant for drinking with his mates and pursuing women. These have included Swedish actress Britt Ekland, now 56, who ended up suing him for $15 million in palimony in 1978 (her case was dismissed); first wife Alana Stewart, 53, with whom he had Kimberly, 19, and Sean, 18, before their ’84 divorce; and Kelly Emberg, 39, who gave birth to their daughter, Ruby, now 11, before they split in 1990 after seven years. “He’s always liked ladies,” says model-turned-music executive Harrington, “and they always liked him.” Then there are Stewart’s other hobbies.",
"Recalling their relationship, Harrington says he loved to “hang out with his football mates and watch football and play with his train set.” Even now, Stewart keeps a professional-quality soccer field on his Epping property and amuses himself in L.A. with an extravagant 100-foot-track train set comprising computer-programmed locomotives. Of course his tastes have often been more refined than that. Stewart, worth an estimated $100 million, can easily plunk down $7 million for an oceanfront mansion in Palm Beach, Fla., as the couple did in 1995. There they were regarded as “a nice contribution to the community,” says real estate broker Rusty Gulden. “Not like the Rolling Stones.” But apparently too much like the Stones to suit Hunter, at least in terms of Stewart’s advancing years and the couple’s 25-year age difference. “No matter how rich or generous he is, his references are still all her parents’ references,” says rock expert Ray Connolly. “Now she’s grown-up and looking around, and he’s this middle-aged man who’s had his fun.",
"And she thinks, ‘Maybe I’ve missed out.’ ” Hunter, in fact, has been playing career catchup, taking acting classes, signing with a talent agent and even landing a leading film role. “Rod was supportive,” says David Glasser, who produced Two Shades of Blue, an as-yet-unreleased thriller the novice actress shot last summer with Eric Roberts. “He seemed proud.” And Hunter seems optimistic—maybe. “We’re just working things through,” she told London’s Daily Mail last week.",
"“These things can be dreadful.” Tom Gliatto Joanna Blonska, Matthew Chapman and Liz Corcoran in London, Tom Cunneff and Paula Yoo in Los Angeles and Don Sider in Palm Beach Show Full Article Rod Stewart Biography - life, family, children, story, wife, young, son, old, born, marriage - Newsmakers Cumulation Rod Stewart Biography Singer Rod Stewart Born January 10, 1945, in London, England; married Alana Hamilton (a model), 1979 (divorced, 1984); married Rachel Hunter (a model), 1991 (divorced, 2006); children: Kimberly, Sean (from first marriage), Ruby (with Kelly Emberg), Renee, Liam (from second marriage), Alastair (with Penny Lancaster). Addresses: Record company —J-Records, 745 Fifth Ave., 6th Flr., New York, NY 10151.",
"Website — Career Worked as apprentice for Brentford Football Club, early 1960s; toured with folk singer Wizz Jones; sang in Jimmy Powell & the Five Dimensions, the Hoochie Coochie Men (later Steampacket), and Shotgun Express, mid-1960s; lead singer of the Jeff Beck Group, 1968–69; released first solo album, The Rod Stewart Album , 1969; joined the Small Faces (later the Faces), 1969; performed on MTV Unplugged , performance released on CD as Unplugged … And Seated , 1993; released Human , 2001; released Great American Songbook series, 2002–05; released Still the Same … Great Rock Classics of Our Time , 2006. Awards: Grammy Award for best traditional pop vocal album, Recording Academy, for Stardust … The Great American Songbook Volume III , 2004.",
"Sidelights Rod Stewart, perhaps the most popular British rocker of the 1970s, has enjoyed platinum record sales, seemingly permanent celebrity, an equally permanent place on classic rock radio, wealth, and the company of countless beautiful young women. Yet he has also suffered a 30-year assault on his reputation from the music press, eternally disappointed that he forsook his early '70s blend of rowdy rock-and-roll with rough, poignant folk music for a slick pop sound, heartstring-snapping ballads, and lyrics that celebrate his own playboy decadence.",
"At his best, wrote critic Jon Pareles in the New York Times , Stewart is \"one of rock's more appealing personas—a rueful working-class rake, well aware of love's pratfalls but sincere when he pledges his devotion.\" Also key to his appeal is his distinctive raspy voice, which John Rockwell, another New York Times critic, described as a \"whisky tenor\" that combines \"manly toughness with aching emotional pain and the sexuality that high voices have always symbolized.\" Born in a working-class part of London to a Scottish family, Stewart took up music as a young man in the early 1960s after working as an apprentice for the Brentford Football Club. He toured Europe with Wizz Jones, a folk singer. Over the next few years, he sang in several short-lived British R&B and blues-rock bands, including Jimmy Powell & the Five Dimensions, the Hoochie Coochie Men (which, after renaming itself Steampacket, toured with the Rolling Stones), and Shotgun Express. Stewart's first moment of rock stardom came as lead singer of the Jeff Beck Group, named after the band's guitarist, formerly of the mid-'60s British blues-rock band the Yardbirds.",
"Stewart's wildly emotional vocals fit well with Beck's heavy, dramatic guitar work. Together, on the albums Truth and Beck-Ola —\"exercises in brilliant bombast,\" as Rolling Stone 's biography of Stewart puts it—they helped establish the heavy, pre-metal, blues-based rock sound that Jimi Hendrix and Cream were also exploring and that would soon make Led Zeppelin famous. In 1969, as Beck recovered from a car accident, Stewart and Beck's bass player, Ron Wood, left the band. Together, they recorded Stewart's acclaimed solo debut, The Rod Stewart Album . (That was its American title; it was named An Old Raincoat Won't Let You Down in Great Britain.) The album combined R&B and rock sounds with Stewart's folk roots to create a semi-acoustic rock and roll sound. Covers ranged from \"Street Fighting Man,\" a then-recent Rolling Stones hit, to \"Dirty Old Town,\" a classic folk song by Scottish songwriter Ewan MacColl. The songs Stewart wrote himself were poignant character sketches of misfits and people down on their luck. The combination of Wood's slide guitar and Stewart's gravelly voice was even more successful than Beck and Stewart's collaboration.",
"Stewart and Wood soon joined the band the Small Faces, whose lead singer had just left. After putting out their first album, First Step , in the spring of 1970, which established them as a sloppy but fun band with a heavy Rolling Stones influence, the group renamed itself the Faces. For the next four years, Stewart and Wood worked together on roughly two albums a year, both Stewart albums and Faces albums. On his second solo album, Gasoline Alley , released in the fall of 1970, Stewart began to establish a reputation as an excellent interpreter of Bob Dylan songs by covering Dylan's folk song \"Only A Hobo.\" The Stewart-Wood collaboration peaked in the year 1971, with Stewart's third solo album, Every Picture Tells A Story , which hit number one in America and Britain and made Stewart famous. It included Stewart's best-known song, still played relentlessly on classic rock stations: \"Maggie May.\" The song tells the story of a young man trying to tear himself away from a consuming romance with a more mature woman. Stewart has said it was based on an actual affair he had with an older woman when he was 15 or 16.",
"Also in 1971, the Faces released perhaps their best two albums, Long Player and A Nod Is as Good as a Wink … To a Blind Horse , which reached the top ten in America and Britain and included their only American hit, \"Stay With Me.\" The success of Stewart's solo career began to create tension in the Faces as they toured in early 1972. His new solo album, Never A Dull Moment , lived up to its title by ranging from a cover of soul singer Sam Cooke's euphoric \"Twistin' the Night Away\" to the lustful \"Italian Girls.\" The Faces recorded one more studio album, Ooh La La , in 1973 and quarreled during a difficult tour of the United States, documented on the live album Coast to Coast: Overture and Beginners . The band, estranged by early 1974, officially broke up in 1975, and Wood went on to join the Rolling Stones. Rock critics began to turn against Stewart with the release of his next solo album, Smiler , in 1974. Though recorded in the same style as his previous efforts, it showed he was in something of a rut.",
"It included a strong cover of Dylan's \"Girl from the North Country,\" but also an ill-advised cover of Aretha Franklin's song \"(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman,\" which Stewart changed to \"Natural Man.\" Still, the album was a hit. In 1975, Stewart began a romance with Britt Ekland, a Swedish actress. He also decided to move to the United States because of a dispute with the British government over his taxes. His next album, Atlantic Crossing , commemorated his move and marked his transition from rock toward pop music. A Night on the Town from 1976, had a similar slick pop sound, but also featured ambitious songwriting. Stewart tipped his hat to his gay fans with \"The Killing of Georgie (Part I and II),\" a narrative about the murder of a gay friend of his, and covered folk singer Cat Stevens' \"The First Cut is the Deepest.\" As Stewart became famous for his wild lifestyle and many actress and model girlfriends, his album titles turned cheeky, playing up his playboy image.",
"Albums such as Foot Loose & Fancy Free and Blondes Have More Fun , released in 1977 and 1978, sold millions of copies. On the latter, Stewart embraced disco. Critics reacted badly, especially hating the single \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?\"—but it became one of Stewart's biggest pop hits, hitting number one in 1979. Around this time, he married model Alana Hamilton; they went on to have two children, Kimberly and Sean. In 1981, on Tonight I'm Yours , Stewart updated his sound with then-popular new wave and synth pop styles. But his career took a downturn soon after, both in record sales and musical quality. He released a few singles during the 1980s, such as \"Lost in You\" and a cover of Dylan's \"Forever Young,\" that were well-crafted enough to hit the pop charts but soft enough to disappoint old fans. A 1984 profile in People found him going through a bitter divorce from his first wife, Alana, after five years of marriage, and becoming more frugal after years of outrageous spending.",
"\"Gone are the fleet of nine sports cars, the troop of retainers,\" reported Todd Gold of People . Not gone were Stewart's playboy antics; at 39, he was dating a 25-year-old model, Kelly Emberg, and several other women. (He eventually had a daughter, Ruby, with Emberg.) He briefly reunited with Beck for what was to be a full tour, but Beck soon dropped out after—in the opinion of Stewart and his band—dragging down the show with extremely long guitar solos. Stewart was 39 when Gold profiled him for People . He was about to bring his 80-year-old father along on tour with him for two weeks, which made him think about what it would be like to be that old. \"I suppose it'd be hard to sing rock 'n' roll at 80,\" he told Gold with a laugh. \"But you've got no idea what it's like to be up there in front of 20,000 screaming fans. It's a hard thing to give up.",
"It's really like a drug.\" A comeback began in 1989 when Stewart, embracing the advent of CDs and the trend of career-spanning box sets, released the four-disc set Storyteller . It included a cover of the Tom Waits song \"Downtown Train,\" which became a major hit. He showed a partial return to rock form with 1991's Vagabond Heart , which included a duet with soul star Tina Turner and contributions from Robbie Robertson, former leader of The Band (Dylan's mid-'60s backup group, which had become popular in its own right in the 1970s). He reunited with Wood for his appearance on the television show MTV Unplugged , which spawned the album Unplugged … and Seated . The well-received performance included many of his best songs from the early '70s. Meanwhile, his love life was on the upswing too; in 1991, he married another model, Rachel Hunter, who was in her early 20s, half his age. The couple had a daughter, Renee, and a son, Liam.",
"With the 1998 album When We Were the New Boys , whose title clearly points back to his rock roots, Stewart pleased rock and roll fans for the first time in years. The album included a strong cover of \"Cigarettes and Alcohol\" by Oasis, one of the top British rock bands of the 1990s. But he quickly hit another rough patch in his career and romantic life. In 1999, he and his wife separated. Stewart, then 54, cheered himself up by dating another model, Tracy Tweed, 34, followed by 29-year-old underwater photographer Robbie Lauren, followed by Penny Lancaster, also 29 and both a photographer and a lingerie model. Thyroid surgery in 2000 lowered his voice slightly, and his 2001 album Human , an attempt to cross over to urban and contemporary pop, bombed commercially and was savaged by critics. To revive his career, Stewart tapped the songwriting of a much earlier generation.",
"Starting with It Had to Be You and continuing through three more albums, Stewart recorded versions of classics from the Great American Songbook, a term for the best American pop music of the first half of the 20th century, including the work of such acclaimed songwriters as George Gershwin and Cole Porter. The albums, released between 2002 and 2005 and collected into a box set, became hits on adult contemporary charts. Stewart had not expected their commercial success. \"It was meant to be a labor of love, something I was doing for a laugh,\" he told Rebecca Winters of Time , \"and here we are going double platinum.\" Some critics recoiled, though, saying Stewart lacked the vocal talent to interpret the nuanced old standards. Chuck Arnold of People proclaimed the first two albums \"lame.\" Ty Burr of Entertainment Weekly called the whole series \"sacrilegious.\" Stewart seemed unfazed. In March of 2005, at age 60, he proposed to Lancaster, now 34, while they were in at the top of Paris' Eiffel Tower. That December, Lancaster gave birth to Stewart's sixth child, Alastair.",
"In March of 2006, Stewart and Hunter finalized their divorce after a seven-year legal battle. In 2006, Stewart's career took another new turn. He encouraged celebrity Paris Hilton to record his song \"Da Ya Think I'm Sexy\" for her first album, and she did. It was released on her first album in August of 2006. Meanwhile, Stewart announced the October of 2006 release of his new album, Still the Same … Great Rock Classics of Our Time , which includes rock ballads such as Dylan's \"If Not For You,\" Creedence Clearwater Revival's \"Have You Ever Seen the Rain,\" and the title track, Bob Seger's \"Still the Same.\" The album was predicted to be a return to form that would please both consumers and hard-to-please critics. Selected discography The Rod Stewart Album , Mercury, 1969. Gasoline Alley , Mercury, 1970. Every Picture Tells A Story , Mercury, 1971. Never A Dull Moment , Mercury, 1972. Smiler , Mercury, 1974. Atlantic Crossing , Warner Bros., 1975.",
"A Night on the Town , Warner Bros., 1976. Foot Loose & Fancy Free , Warner Bros., 1977. Blondes Have More Fun , Warner Bros., 1978. Foolish Behaviour , Warner Bros., 1980. Tonight I'm Yours , Warner Bros., 1981. Absolutely Live , Warner Bros., 1982. Body Wishes , Warner Bros., 1983. Camouflage , Warner Bros., 1984. Every Beat of My Heart , Wea International, 1986. Rod Stewart , Warner Bros., 1986. Out of Order , Warner Bros., 1988. Storyteller (box set), Warner Bros., 1989. Vagabond Heart , Warner Bros., 1991. Unplugged … And Seated , Warner Bros., 1993. Spanner in the Works , Warner Bros., 1995. When We Were the New Boys , Warner Bros., 1998. Human , Atlantic, 2001.",
"It Had to Be You … The Great American Songbook , J-Records, 2002. As Time Goes By … The Great American Songbook, Vol. 2 , J-Records, 2003. Stardust … The Great American Songbook, Vol. 3 , J-Records, 2004. Thanks for the Memory … The Great American Songbook, Vol. 4 , J-Records, 2005. The Great American Songbook Box Set , J-Records, 2005. Still the Same … Great Rock Classics of Our Time , J-Records, 2006. The Faces First Step (as the Small Faces), Mercury, 1970. Long Player , Mercury, 1971. A Nod Is as Good as a Wink … To a Blind Horse , Mercury, 1971. Ooh La La , Mercury, 1973. Coast to Coast: Overture and Beginners , Mercury, 1974.",
"Jeff Beck Group 'Why I had to leave Rod,' by Rachel | Daily Mail Online Next 'Why I had to leave Rod,' by Rachel Rod Stewart's ex-wife Rachel Hunter has told of the agony behind her decision to leave her rock star husband because she felt stifled by their eight-year marriage. The New Zealand-born model said she'd become so cosseted by her lavish lifestyle that she didn't have the confidence to do things on her own and felt like she had 'lost her identity'. 'By the time I was 29 I'd spent eight years with someone else's group of friends. I had no idea what it was like to be a woman with mates of her own to socialise with,' Hunter tells The Mirror. 'I'd become so cosseted I was too scared to do anything for myself. Like lots of women who marry young and find themselves mothers by the time they're 25, I felt I no longer had an identity. I was just nothing.' The couple met in a Los Angeles nightclub in 1991. Within three weeks Stewart had proposed to Hunter and three months later they were married. Eighteen months after the ceremony their daughter Renee was born followed by son Liam two years later.",
"But Hunter began to feel increasingly stifled by her situation, where everything, even visits to friends, had to be planned by staff and organised in advance. After communication between the couple had broken down, in December 1998, Hunter eventually plucked up the courage to leave Stewart. 'He was distraught,' she says. ' I'll take to the grave the pain I caused Rod. I hurt the one person I loved and cared about and that's a hard thing to live with on a daily basis.' Two years on, Hunter says she has no regrets and says she remains good friends with Stewart, whom she describes as 'a good man'. 'We speak to each other all the time, and he'll pop round for a cup of tea,' she says. Rod Stewart admits that his ex-wife Rachel Hunter broke his heart | Celebrity News | Showbiz & TV | Daily Express CELEBRITY NEWS Rod Stewart admits that his ex-wife Rachel Hunter broke his heart FAMOUS for romancing many a blonde beauty Rod Stewart now believes second wife Rachel Hunter leaving him in 2006 was his “comeuppance” after being a womaniser for so many years.",
"00:00, Thu, May 29, 2014 Rachel was 21 when she met Rod[GETTY] The father of eight, who has been married three times, tells Woman’s Weekly: “Rachel Hunter broke my heart. \"It was painful but it was a learning lesson. \"I knew it was my comeuppance. \"I’d broken all those hearts in the past – now it was my turn.” Rod, who married the New Zealand born model in 1990, adds: “She was 21 when we met. \"I like formal dinners, getting dressed up and meeting on the staircase. \"She wanted – I discovered later – to be like a normal kid, dressing in her jeans. It was painful but it was a learning lesson Rod Stewart \"But we get on great now and [third wife] Penny gets on great with Rachel. \"In fact all the exes get on so I think I must have done something right.” The 69-year-old, who has been married to Penny Lancaster, 43, since 2007, insists he can’t imagine life without female company. “I’ve always had a woman in my life,” he points out.",
"“I’m not good at being on my own. \"I enjoy women’s company. “I’ve taken a lot of risks but I’ve never gambled or smoked – women don’t like that. \"I’ve always loved women; won some, lost some but it’s not about a magic touch, it’s about being a better person and a good listener. \"My relationship rule is never argue over a glass of wine; leave debating until the morning.” Most read in TV & Radio"
] |
Who was America's first world chess champion?
|
Bobby Fischer
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[
"The World Chess Champion American - Business Insider Bobby Fischer, the last US World Chess Champion. Da Nes via flickr It's been a very long drought for Americans when it comes to the World Chess Championship. The last American to win was, famously, Bobby Fischer in 1972. Fischer defeated Boris Spassky in Iceland, but never defended his title. It was of course a long drought before 1972: in the modern era, post-1900, there had never been a World Chess Champion from the United States, prior to Fischer, and the only players who even had a shot after him were Robert Byrne and Gata Kamsky. Norways's Magnus Carlsen, the current WCC, is actually the first player from the West since Fischer to claim the title. On Friday in Moscow, the next World Championship cycle began, with the 2016 Candidates Tournament. Eight Grandmasters will compete to face Carlsen in New York in November . And for the first time ever, two Americans are in the field, both with excellent chances to win. Fabiano Caruana, 23, is the number three player in the world by ranking.",
"Hikaru Nakamura, 28, is number six. As it turns out, the players faced each other in Round 1 of the Candidates; Naka had the white pieces, Fabby had the black, and they played to a draw, splitting a point. The remainder of the field consists of only three other players in the current world top ten, as ranked by FIDE, chess's governing body: Anish Giri of the Netherlands, Levon Aronian of Armenia, and Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria. The Candidates lineup isn't selected based on ratings, but rather on competitive criteria derived from a variety of different tournaments and tournament cycles. Viswanathan Anand, for example, is in because he won the last Candidates and met Carlsen for the WCC match, ultimately losing for the second straight time. That said, Anand, the world number 12, seems to save his best for the Candidates: he notched a win in the first round with white against Topalov (who was the World Champ in 2005). World 13 Sergey Karjakin and wildcard Peter Svidler, world number 16, both from Russia, round out the field.",
"GM Hikaru Nakamura. US Chess Championship But all eyes will be on the Americans, for obvious reasons: Carlsen is the most captivating World Champion since Fischer, a global celebrity; the WCC is coming to New York; and while Anand was a great World Champion, five times, and spurred a chess boom in India, a Carlsen vs. Nakamura or Caruana would be a spectacle and boost chess to a level of excitement it hasn't seen since the Fischer boom. Of the two, Nakamura has on paper the better chances, given that his form has been solid for several years . He won a big tournament in Zurich recently. But he a dismal record against Carlsen, no wins and 12 losses (18 draws). He has had Carlsen on the ropes a few times and still lost in demoralizing fashion. GM Fabiano Caruana. Alina L'Ami Caruana's recent play, after an astonishing 2014, has been iffy. However, he is ranked higher than Nakamura (although his rating, 2794, is only slightly better than Naka's 2790).",
"And he switched his affiliation from Italy to the US only last year . That said, he's beaten Carlsen more than he's lost to the World Champion, 5 wins against 8 losses and 10 draws. Carlsen himself said that he thinks Caruana has the best chance of the two Americans to win the Candidates — but that could just be Carlsen trying to get in Nakamura's head. The Candidates is pretty grueling: 14 rounds played over the next two weeks. I'll try to highlight the more interesting games and keep track of the American challengers. World Champion Magnus Carlsen. FIDE For what it's worth, an interesting media dustup has developed as the Candidates is kicking of. For the first time since the internet has become a major factor in chess fandom, both the Candidates and the World Chess Championship will only be viewable on WorldChess.com . This includes the game moves. Before, a lot of real-time coverage and analysis was generated across the internet by sites freely distributing the information. But now everyone will be obliged to register at WordChess.com (it's free, by the way).",
"\"This is a substantial change from the way chess has been broadcasted,\" World Chess and its organizing parent, Agon Ltd., said in a statement. \"Previously it was common practice that all websites were able to receive moves without broadcast limitations, resulting in a diffusion of major tournaments’ audiences and sponsorship values,\" the organization added. \"The move is designed to enhance and safeguard the viewing experience for chess fans and to protect the commercial future of World Championship events.\" Other sites can recap the games, but Agon and World Chess are stipulating a two-hour delay. Chess.com wrote a lengthy post analyzing the legal ramification of this. It's worth a read if you've been following major chess events at a variety of sites. Other outlets have taken strong exception to World Chess' decision. Chessdom.com, for example, claimed that the move was an offense against journalism and the growth of the game and complained that it had already put its coverage plan in place long before World Chess and Agon limited coverage. Bobby Fischer - Author, Chess Player - Biography.com Bobby Fischer Bobby Fischer was a record-setting chess master who became the youngest player to win the U.S. Chess Championship at 14, and the first American-born player to win the World Chess Championship.",
"IN THESE GROUPS Bobby Fischer Synopsis Bobby Fischer was born on March 9, 1943, in Chicago, Illinois. Fischer first learned the game of chess at age 6 and eventually became the youngest international grand master at the age of 15. In 1972, he became the first American-born world chess champion after defeating Boris Spassky . An eccentric genius, who was believed to have an I.Q. of 181, Fischer became known for his controversial public remarks in his later years. He was granted Icelandic citizenship in 2005, following legal trouble with the United States. He died on January 17, 2008. Early Life Robert James Fischer was born in Chicago, Illinois, on March 9, 1943. Fischer's parents divorced when he was a toddler, and he began learning chess at the age of 6 after his older sister Joan bought him a chess set. He continued to hone his skills as a youngster at the Brooklyn Chess Club and Manhattan Chess Club. Fischer had a strained relationship with his mother, who supported his chess endeavors, but preferred that he pursue other areas of interest.",
"A brilliant, highly competitive player who lost himself in the game, Fischer earned a place in the record books at age 14 when he became the youngest player to win the U.S. Chess Championship. Then in 1958, at 15, he became the youngest international grand master in history by winning the related tournament in Portoroz, Yugoslavia (now Slovenia). Match of the Century During the early 1960s, Fischer continued to be involved in U.S. and world championship matches, but was also making a name for himself with his erratic, paranoid commentary. After having a 20-game winning streak in the early 1970s, Fischer once again made chess history in 1972 with his defeat of the Soviet Union's Boris Spassky at the Reykjavik, Iceland world championships, thus marking the first time an American chess player had won the title. Fischer's defeat of a Soviet opponent, which became known as the \"Match of the Century,\" took on iconic proportions in the midst of the Cold War and was seen as a symbolic victory of democracy over Communism. Fischer's historic win also made chess a popular game in the United States.",
"Controversial Figure Despite his global popularity, Fischer's controversial behavior continued to make headlines. In the mid-1970s he refused to play Anatoly Karpov, the challenger to his title, and was thus stripped of his championship by the International Chess Federation. Fischer was reportedly homeless for a time in the Los Angeles area, becoming involved with a fringe church. He also became known for making anti-Semitic remarks despite the fact that his mother was Jewish. On the 20th anniversary of the famed Fischer/Spassky game, the two met again in 1992 to play a $5 million rematch in Yugoslavia, although travel to the country by American citizens was illegal at the time. Fischer continued to live abroad for several years to avoid facing criminal charges in the U.S., during which time he continued his anti-Semitic diatribes, and on a radio broadcast he celebrated the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. In July 2004, Fischer was detained at a Japanese airport for trying to leave the country with an invalid passport and he was jailed for several months. He was eventually granted citizenship by Iceland and moved there in 2005.",
"Bobby Fischer died of kidney failure on January 17, 2008, in Reykjavík, Iceland. Miyoko Watai, a Japanese women's chess champion and general secretary of the Japanese Chess Federation, claimed that she had married Fischer in 2004, although the validity of their marriage was questioned. Another woman claimed that she had a daughter with Fischer. His body was exhumed to be DNA tested, and the claim of paternity was found to be false. In 2011, an Icelandic court ruled that Watai was Fischer's widow and the sole heir to his estate. Books and Films on Fischer's Life Several books and films have been made about Fischer's life and career. Fischer himself published works like Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess (1966) and My 60 Memorable Games (1969), while biographies on the icon include Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall... by Frank Brady (2011), Fischer's childhood friend. The documentary Bobby Fischer Against the World, directed by Liz Garbus, was released in 2011.",
"Pawn Sacrifice, a film that focuses on Fischer's chess matches and the psychology of his troubled genius, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2014 and was released in U.S. theaters a year later. Directed by Edward Zwick, actor Tobey Maguire played the role of Fischer, with Liev Schreiber portraying Spassky. Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information The Fields | HOME OF U.S. CHAMPIONSHIP CHESS & THE COUNTRY’S TOP PLAYERS The Fields Accepted Bio: The 2015 U.S. Chess Championship is Grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura’s first return to the U.S. Championship since winning the title in 2012. Ranked in the world's top-10 players for nearly five years, Nakamura has been the longtime U.S. No. 1 Grandmaster and the leading hopeful to bring America its first World Champion since Bobby Fischer.",
"The chance for that world title creeps ever closer this year, as Nakamura currently sits second place at the halfway point of FIDE's 2014-15 Grand Prix and may earn his first seat in a Candidate's Tournament. A child prodigy in every sense of the word, Nakamura made a fast impact on U.S. chess by knocking down nearly every age record on his way to the top. He was at one time the youngest-ever American master in history (10 years, 79 days), the youngest American international master (13 years, 2 months) and eventually the youngest American Grandmaster (15 years, 79 days) – breaking Fischer’s record by three months. Nakamura has collected numerous titles and championships since the age of 13, when he first arrived onto the national scene by becoming the 2001 U.S. Junior Champion. He quickly confirmed his place as one of chess’ great elites, shocking the world with a sweet sixteen appearance in the 2004 FIDE World Cup, and then grabbing his first of three U.S. Championships the following year.",
"He is a recipient of the prestigious Samford Chess Fellowship (2005), the 2007 National Open champion and a three-time North American Open champion. He was an individual bronze medalist in the 2006 and 2008 World Olympiad, as well as the gold medalist on the first board of the 2010 World Team Championship, where the United States placed second. This chess player only gets better as he gets faster, gracing the top of the world in Blitz chess when FIDE began publishing its list earlier this year and demonstrating his skill. Nakamura finished with bronze at the FIDE World Blitz Championship in June 2014, and currently sits second on FIDE’s Blitz rating. Tag: Accepted Bio: The 2015 U.S. Championship will see the first participation from Grandmaster Wesley So, who recently transferred to the U.S. Chess Federation from his home Philippines. His arrival to the USCF was synonymous with his arrival as one of the World’s top-10 players, and So has already begun pushing the envelope to become the nation’s highest-rated GM -- a title Hikaru Nakamura has owned for years.",
"So learned chess from his father at age 6 and was competing in junior tournaments by 9 years old. By earning his Grandmaster title at the age of 14 years, 1 month, and 28 days, So completed the trifecta as the Philippines’ youngest-ever National Champion, International Master and Grandmaster. Considered a chess prodigy, he is the eighth-youngest GM in the world. So came to the U.S. in August 2012, enrolling at Webster University in St. Louis to be guided by Susan Polgar and her SPICE Program. There, he made the jump from top-100 to top-10 in the world, entrenching Webster as a powerhouse collegiate program and leading the school to back-to-back national titles along the way. Last October, So won the inaugural Millionaire Open in Las Vegas along with its $100,000 prize, then returned to St. Louis to lead the Arch Bishops to their first-ever U.S. Chess League championship.",
"So participated in his first world-elite tournament with a fourth-place effort in 2014 at the 77th Tata Steel Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Holland, though returned this past January and tied for second place, just a half-point behind winner World Champion Magnus Carlsen. Tag: Accepted Bio: After Wesley’s So’s departure as a professional, the Webster University program has been left in the extremely capable hands of Grandmaster Ray Robson, who leads the school to its third-consecutive appearance in the President’s Cup in the weekend before the 2015 U.S. Championship begins. Born in Guam, Robson soon after moved with his family to Florida, where his father taught him chess when he was just three years old. From 2004 to 2007, Robson finished in the top 10 at the World Youth Championship and then won SuperNationals in 2005. He defeated his first grandmaster in 2006, the same year he earned the USCF National Master title. Other impressive performances include first place in the 2005 and 2006 Pan-American Youth Championships; the 2009 U.S.",
"Junior Championship; the 2009 World Team Championship; and the 2012 Dallas Invitational. In 2008, Robson won his first major tournament at the Miami Open, and later that year became the youngest American to win the Grandmaster title, at the age of 14 years, 11 months and 16 days. The mark bested the record held by Hikaru Nakamura and once by the great Bobby Fischer, making Robson one of America’s brightest hopes to another world-elite GM. Though the University of Texas offered him a chess scholarship, in 2012 Robson decided instead on the SPICE program at Webster University where, just a few months after enrolling, he won the 2012 Webster University SPICE Cup Open and eventually helped the program to back-to-back national titles. Robson also participated in the inaugural Millionaire Open in Las Vegas last October, where he took second place behind his good friend and former Webster roommate, Wesley So. Tag: Accepted Bio: Grandmaster Gata Kamsky is the two-time defending U.S. Champion, a title he has earned five times over an illustrious career - including four of the last five years.",
"Born in Siberia, Russia, Kamsky learned chess at the age of seven, won the country’s U15 Championship at the age of nine, then became back-to-back Junior Champion of the Soviet Union at 13. Kamsky began his dominance of American chess shortly after emigrating to the U.S. in 1989 and spent nearly 20 years as the highest-rated American - losing that title to Nakamura in 2009. In 1990 he earned his GM, and soon after became the youngest player ever rated in the World’s top-ten. Kamsky won his first U.S. Championships in 1991, and the following year helped the USCF secure its first-ever gold medal in the World Team Chess Olympiad. Kamsky also became the youngest-ever to challenge for the FIDE world title and the first American since Bobby Fischer, as the Candidate for the 1996 World Chess Championship. Afterwards, Kamsky began an eight-year hiatus away from chess to focus on studies, first graduating in pre-med chemistry and then returning to find his law degree.",
"His return to chess in 2004 began an extraordinary second chapter in his playing career. Within three years Kamsky had regained his elite form, qualifying for the 2007 Candidates Tournament and later winning the 2007 Chess World Cup, where he knocked off Magnus Carlsen in the semifinals. In 2010, Kamsky won his second U.S. Championship – 19 years removed from his first title. Since then he's earn three more. Tag: Accepted Bio: Grandmaster Alexander Onischuk began playing chess when he was six years old and has ranked as one of the top 100 players in the world for the past two decades. Onischuk earned his GM title as a Ukranian 18-year-old in 1994, then later won the 2000 Ukranian Championship before emigrating to the U.S. the following year. For five years, he played collegiate chess for the University of Maryland, Baltimore Country (UMBC), leading the program to multiple national titles before graduating in 2006 with a degree in linguistics.",
"He has been invited to every FIDE World Cup since 2005, winning more than 20 major tournaments along the way, including the 2006 U.S. Championship -- which he called the happiest moment of his career, having his name on a trophy alongside players such as Bobby Fischer and Paul Morphy. Onischuk was key to America’s bronze medal finishes at the 2006 and 2008 Olympiads, and delivered a gold-medal performance on board two at the 2009 World Team Championship in Bursa, Turkey. In 2012, Alexander Onischuk was named the head coach of Texas Tech University’s chess program, helping the squad return to the President’s Cup in 2014, finishing in a close second behind Webster University. He leads the TTU program back to the Final Four of Collegiate Chess in 2015, just before the start of the U.S. Championship. Last year’s season led to national recognition, with Texas Tech named “Chess College of the Year” and Onischuk awarded “2014 Grandmaster of the Year” by the U.S. Chess Federation.",
"He has finished among the top three in the U.S. Championship seven times. Tag: Accepted Bio: Grandmaster Daniel Naroditsky first learned the rules of chess at six years old, and it was not long before he was paving his professional future -- eventually becoming a three-time U.S. Scholastic champion, earning a gold medal at the World U12 championship in 2007 and winning the U.S. Junior championship in 2013. Naroditsky has remained the U.S. No. 1 in his age category for the past eight years and is also the youngest published chess author in history -- now with two titles to his name. Naroditsky is an active ambassador for scholastic chess in the United States; giving simuls in schools, activity centers and chess clubs around the country. Aside from chess, Naroditsky maintains many other interests, including history, music, foreign languages, art and mathematics. He graduated from Crystal Springs Uplands School in Hillsboro, CA in 2014 and plans to attend Stanford University for fall 2015. In the year between, however, Naroditsky received the prestigious Frank P. Samford Jr.",
"Chess Fellowship, which provides access to top level coaching, study material and competition. Through 2014, Naroditsky traveled and competed in several elite tournaments around the world, including the London Chess Classic and the Qatar Masters, and last February turned in an impressive performance at the 2015 Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival. Tag: Accepted Bio: When Sam Shankland was just 18, he announced he would be retiring from the game of chess. Before leaving, however, he agreed to honor his previous commitments and compete in the 2010 U.S. Junior Closed Championship - the rest is history. He won the Junior championship after back-to-back playoff matches against Parker Zhano and tournament favorite Ray Robson, earning Shankland a spot in the 2011 U.S. Championship and another commitment that became too good to refuse. The youngster performed admirably in the 2011 national title fight, edging veteran GM Alexander Onischuk in a playoff to reach the four-player quad finals. There, Shankland ran into eventual champion GM Gata Kamsky, who topped him 1.5-.5 - though after his defeat, Shankland remained upbeat.",
"He finished third place, and described his performance as his “dream tournament for the year.\" Sam enters the 2015 U.S. Championship at the ever-climbing peak of his career. A strong showing at the 2014 Qatar Masters Open was topped by an undefeated run at the 2014 Tromso Chess Olympiad, where he entered as the fifth-board reserve but went on to win an Olympic gold medal. He made his first break into the world’s top 100 players at the end of 2014, then opened up 2015 with another undefeated performance in the Tata Steel Challengers section for third place. He has now remained unbeaten in over 65 games. Due to his incredible recent performances, spectators should keep a close eye on this young player who may just ride his wave of confidence to a victory in the 2015 U.S. Chess Championship. Tag: Accepted Bio: The weather was so harsh in the years that youngster Varuzhan Akobian spent in Mongolia, his father forbade \"Var\" and his sister from playing outside. Instead, he taught them chess -- a perfect indoor distraction.",
"\"From the very beginning, I was different from other chess kids,” Akobian recalls. “It was never just a game for me. I always wanted to be a Grandmaster, and I knew that I would do what it takes.\" Later as a teenager in Yerevan, Armenia, Akobian spent many of his days playing chess and soccer -- all with his teachers’ permission. \"This is one way in which Armenia is very different from the United States. If I went to high school here, I never could have spent so much energy on chess.\" Akobian immigrated from Armenia to the U.S. in 2001, and it didn’t take him long to make an impact on the American chess community. Within his first three years, Akobian had been awarded the prestigious Samford Chess Fellowship, tied for first in the 2002 World Open, won the Irme Koenig GM Invitational, and dominated the 2003 U.S. Junior Closed Championship after winning his first seven games. He was officially awarded the GM title in June 2004, after which he won the World Open again, clinching it with a sparkling win against Alexander Shabalov.",
"Akobian is a popular rotation in the Resident Grandmaster position at the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, and he continues to be a force in U.S. chess tournaments. This past year, Akobian narrowly lost an armageddon playoff in the 2014 U.S. Championship to Gata Kamsky, though he dusted himself off nicely by helping the Saint Louis Arch Bishops to their first-ever U.S. Chess League championship. Tag: Accepted Bio: Blindfold exhibitionist Grandmaster Timur Gareev, originally from Uzbekistan, is a formidable opponent with unlimited potential and the proven ability to make a serious run at the U.S. Championship title. A veteran of the game, Timur’s standard rating has remained active and comfortably above 2500 for more than a decade. \"My grandfather taught me how to play chess at the age of four,\" Gareev said. \"I practiced the game regularly challenging my father, friends and schoolmates. At the age of eight, I played my first rated competition.",
"I started succeeding in my improvement very fast, winning most of the national events.\" At 10, Gareev was playing expert level strength and dedicating 4-6 hours every day, working with his coach Georgi Borisenko and mastering the game on his own. By 2004, at 16, he earned the distinction as the youngest-ever Grandmaster from Asia, then traveled to the U.S. in 2005 to help the University of Texas at Brownsville win its first national championship. After receiving his B.A. degree in 2011, Gareev was awarded the Samford Fellowship in 2012, which awarded him a monetary stipend to assist his chess development. Timur has conducted 19-board, 27-board, and 33-board blindfold simultaneous exhibitions - the last of which he served up a score of 29-0-4 against members of the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, days before the start of the 2013. U.S. Championship. His exceptional memory allows for top-tier preparation and study, and he has good chances of catching an unsuspecting opponent in deeply analyzed lines.",
"He believes that blindfold training has helped him improve his focus. Tag: Accepted Bio: Last year proved to be highlight in the career of young Kayden Troff, earning his Grandmaster title at the Saint Louis Invitational in May, and then returning to the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis the following month to win the 2014 U.S. Junior Closed Championship with a convincing 7/9 score. The victory earned him a seat in this year’s U.S. Championship, his second appearance in the national title event. Troff first demonstrated chess ability at the age of three, learning to play by watching his father teach his older brothers. By the time he was six, his father had him tutored by Grandmaster Igor Ivanov, who was impressed with how well the youngster played. Troff was among the first selected into the Young Stars-Team USA program, a joint partnership between the Kasparov Chess Foundation and the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis, which sought to train the country’s top emerging players to compete with those around the world. Through the program, Troff has participated in several training sessions with Garry Kasparov, as well as frequent sessions with GM Alex Chernin.",
"Troff’s accomplishments include several Utah scholastic and adult championships, as well as a gold medal at the U14 World Youth Chess Championship title earned in Maribor, Slovenia in 2012 -- an upgrade from the silver medal earned in the U12 World Youth Chess Championship in Greece in 2010. Tag: Accepted Bio: Samuel Sevian is the 2015 U.S. Chess Championship Wildcard and an American chess prodigy. He set previous records as the youngest American Expert and the youngest American National Master in history, and currently stands as the youngest American International Master in history. Last November, he continued his record-setting climb by becoming the youngest American Grandmaster in history, earning the coveted title at 13 years, 10 months and 27 days -- and also the sixth-youngest GM in world history. Sevian has maintained his status as one of the most-promising Juniors in the country, fully realized since he became a U12 World Champion in Maribor Slovenia in November 2012.",
"He is a product of the Young Stars - Team USA program, a joint partnership between the Kasparov Chess Federation (KCF) and the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis to find and train the country's top emerging chess players. Sam received intensive training with legendary World Champion GM Garry Kasparov, which he said was a big contributing factor to his recent success. \"The KCF helped me enormously,\" Sam said. \"First, it was Garry's camps held in Saint Louis and New York where we got to train with the Champion himself, and of course long and frequent training sessions with GM Alexander Chernin, who helped me grow.\" Tag: Accepted Bio: It is no wonder how Grandmaster Conrad Holt came to be known as the “Thunder” Holt: His recent electrifying play—a first place finish at the 2014 U.S. Open, an appearance in the 2014 U.S. Chess League Finals as part of the Dallas Destiny, and another fine showing at the Pan-American Intercollegiate Championships—has established him as a player to watch in the upcoming 2015 U.S. Championship.",
"A native of Wichita, Kansas, Holt made an early name for himself by winning the 2008 U.S. Cadet Championship and appearing in the 2010 World Open, and then earning his GM title at only 19 years old in 2012. Now 21, Holt currently attends the University of Texas-Dallas and is finishing up his undergraduate degree in Physics, also a member of the prestigious UT-Dallas Chess Team. Holt has helped lead the UTD squad to several President’s Cups, including a trip to the 2015 Final Four of collegiate chess held just before this year’s U.S. Championships. Tag: Bobby Fischer - Biography - IMDb Bobby Fischer Biography Showing all 27 items Jump to: Overview (5) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trade Mark (1) | Trivia (16) | Personal Quotes (2) Overview (5) The Bad Boy of Chess Height 6' 1\" (1.85 m) Mini Bio (1) Bobby Fischer was the greatest American chess player in history and might have been the most talented chess player ever to play the game.",
"His career and legacy were marred by eccentricities that developed into what likely was full-blown mental illness that made him an exile from his country of birth that he represented in the greatest proxy battle of the Cold War and from the game he loved. The chess legend was born Robert James Fischer on March 9, 1943 in Chicago to Regina Wender Fischer. His mother was a Jew who had been born in Switzerland but raised in St. Louis who became a naturalized U.S. citizen. The actual identity of his father is unknown. Regina listed German biophysicist Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, her first husband, as the father on Bobby's birth certificate, but they had been separated since 1939. Bobby's actual father likely was Hungarian physicist Paul Newmenyi, who like his mother, was Jewish. As his mental stability broke down late in life, Bobby became a vicious anti-Semite, insisting he wasn't Jewish. The young Bobby grew up without a father with his mother and older sister. It was his sister who whet his appetite for chess when she bought a chess set when Bobby was six year old. Reportedly possessed of a super genius I.Q.",
"of 180, Bobby had a remarkably retentive memory. A monomaniac when it came to chess, his memory combined with an uncanny knack for the game and a determination to win transformed him into the greatest chess player in the world. Bobby became a National Master at the age of 12 and won America's Junior Chess Championship at the age of 13, making him the youngest Junior Champ in history. The 13 year-old Bobby defeated 26-year-old Donald Byrne, winner of America's chess championship, in a 1956 game heralded as \"The Game of the Century.\" By this age, Fischer was showing gifts for improvisation and innovation that marked him as a chess genius. As a 14 year-old on the cusp of his 15th birthday, he won the U.S. Chess Championship in 1958, giving him the title of International Master. Later that same year, he broke future opponent Boris Spassky 's record to become the youngest World Chess Federation Grand Master; Bobby was 15, and Boris was 18 when he set the distinction. The two names would become linked forever in chess history.",
"(When the two first played each other in 1960, Fischer lost during an Argentine tournament, though the two tied and were co-winners of the tourney. He would not beat Spassky until their famous world title match in Iceland in 1972.) Bobby quit high school at the age of 16 to earn his daily bread by the sweat of his brow as a chess player. In a 1961 match against American champ Samuel Reshevsky, Bobby dropped out of the match claiming a scheduling dispute with the match organizer after tying Reshevsky in 11 games. Such eccentric behavior heralded his future. By '62, Fischer was considered the best non-Soviet chess player in the world. Bobby came to hate the Soviet players, who he claimed colluded with each other to him at a disadvantage. In 1966, Bobby placed second behind Boris Spassky in a super-tournament held in California. A year later, he withdrew from the tournament cycle that culminated in the World Championship, again over a scheduling dispute. The cycle ended in 1969 with Spassky crowned as the World Chess Champion.",
"In 1968, Fischer began an 18-month-long sabbatical from the game, which included sitting out the '69 American Championship tournament as he was dissatisfied with the prize money and the tourney format. Failing to compete should have disqualified him from the 1969-72 Championship cycle, but he was able to compete for the world title when an American Grand Master surrendered his own spot for Fischer. Starting with the 1970 USSR v. Rest of the World tournament in which he beat former World Champion Tigran Petrosian, the master who had been defeated by Spassky in '69, Bobby began his march to the world championship. Through 1971, he had won 20 straight games in international tournament play, the second-longest win streak in the history of the game. Petrosian broke the streak but was in turn defeated by Fischer to win the right to challenge Spassky, a player he had never beaten, for the world title. Though he hated Soviet players for what he considered collusion (drawing matches between themselves so they could concentrate on beating non-Soviet players like Fischer), he liked and respected Boris Spassky.",
"Spassky returned the affection and esteem. By 1972, he was in the position to make good his boast that he was the greatest chess player in the world. His difficult nature when it came to setting match and tournament conditions flared up again, and though he wanted to play in Yugoslavia, he accepted Spassky's suggestion of Iceland for the world title match. Negotiations were so prickly, President Richard Nixon 's national security adviser, Henry Kissinger intervened, personally contacting Bobby to ensure that he did not drop out of the match, which was seen as a proxy battle in the ongoing Cold War between America and the Soviet Union. Though he later denounced the United States, at the time, Bobby embraced the Cold War rhetoric, declaring the match was \"the free world against the lying, cheating hypocritical Russians.\" Held in Reykjavik, Iceland from July through September 1972, the drama of the world championship boosted the image and popularity of chess to new heights. Bobby lost the first two games, the first on a bad end move and the second by forfeit when he refused to participate.",
"Because of his eccentric demands, he came close to forfeiting the match, but Spassky agreed to his demand to play in a new room with no TV cameras, the presence of which had upset Fischer. Fischer won the third game of the match, the first time he had beaten Boris Spassky in 12 years. For the rest of their play in 1972 and their 1992 rematch, Fischer never fell behind Spassky in terms of play or points. Spassky was baffled by Fischer's innovative moves, as he played new lines and combinations that Boris had never encountered before. Fischer won the match and became World Chess Champion by a score of 12.5 points to 8.5 on seven wins, one loss and 11 draws in 19 games. His championship was heralded by the U.S. media as a victory for the individualistic America over the collectivist U.S.S.R., whose players had dominated chess since the end of the Second World War. It was front page news, and it made Bobby Fischer a celebrity. He reportedly turned down a $1-million offer to endorse a chess set brand as he faded from the public spotlight.",
"Fischer did not play competitively for the next three years, and in 1975, he forfeited his title by refusing to defend it when the World Chess Federation did not meet one or two of his many demands (estimated at between 64 and a hundred). The world title went to Anatoli Karpov by default, though Fischer continued to insisted he was the world chess champion. Fischer did not play competitively until 1992 when he met Boris Spassky for a rematch on the resort island of Sveti Stefan in in Montenegro, which was part of all that remained of Yugoslavia along with Serbia. The match was held in defiance of United Nations sanctions against Slobodan Miloseviæ's Serbia for war crimes. Bobby beat Boris, winning $3.35 million in prize money (approximately $5.65 million in 2012 dollar, when factored for inflation), but because the United States intended to enforce the U.N. sanctions, he had violated American law and could have served up to 10 years in jail upon returning to America. A defiant Fischer went into exile instead, living in Hungary before moving to the Philippines and then Japan.",
"It was while living in the Philippines during the opening days of the new millennium that Bobby Fischer established himself as a world-class crank. After the 9/11 attacks on the United States, he praised the attacks and spewed forth anti-Semitic drivel on radio broadcasts. The Soviet hater of the Cold War era had become a rabid America hater and Jew-basher at the start of the global war on terror. His anti-Semitism became so extreme, he renamed himself \"Robert James\" and insisted he wasn't Jewish. During a stop-over in Japan, Fischer was arrested for traveling with an invalid U.S. passport. He promptly renounced his American citizenship. The arrest meant he could not leave Japan as he was a stateless person wanted by the United States. Facing a potential extradition to the country of his birth, Iceland came through and granted him citizenship, which allowed him to leave Japan. The country was still grateful for the publicity he had brought to its then-unknown capital of Reykjavik. Thus, Fischer moved to Iceland, the place where he had became part of not only chess lore, but of world history Bobby Fischer died on January 17, 2008 in Reykjavik after having been gravely ill.",
"He made it to his 64th year, which was symbolic, as a chessboard has 64 squares. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (2) Only American to win the FIDE World Chess Championship (1 September 1972). Awarded the title of Chess Grandmaster in 1958. In 1953, he played his first chess tournament at the age of ten at the Brooklyn Chess Club Championship. He came in fifth place. Fischer was wanted in the United States for violating economic sanctions against the former Yugoslavia by playing a chess match there in 1992. He fled to Japan and was arrested in July 2004 for trying to leave Japan on a revoked U.S. passport. Thus, he was detained in Japan awaiting deportation to the United States. He renounced his U.S. citizenship and tried to become a German citizen, but was denied. Finally, in March 2005, Iceland's parliament voted to grant him Icelandic citizenship. He remained a fugitive in the U.S. until his death. Due to his anti-American and anti-Semitic statements, he became a controversial figure in the final decades of his life.",
"He, for example, asked the editors of Encyclopedia Judaica to remove his name from the publication because he was, and has never been, Jewish (1984) and denied the Holocaust in several interviews. On a radio show shortly after the 9/11 attacks, he proclaimed them \"a wonderful news\" (2001). The episode Law & Order: Criminal Intent: Gone (2005) was inspired by his biography (2004). Attended Erasmus Hall High School together with Barbra Streisand . Has an older sister, Joan. Born to Regina Wender, a naturalized American citizen of German Jewish descent, he was considered the son of her first husband, Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, a German biophysicist. They were married from 1933 to 1945, but some sources claim that his biological father was Hungarian physicist Paul Nemenyi. Died at the age of 64, ironically the number of fields on a chessboard. Inducted into the World Chess Hall of Fame in 2001 (one of five charter inductees). Inducted into the U.S.",
"Chess Hall of Fame in 1985 (one of two charter inductees). The last movie Fischer saw before his death was Ridley Scott's American Gangster (2007). Became a citizen of Iceland. [March 2005] Being deported to U.S. for violating U.N. sanctions. [July 2004] Even though he had a very high IQ, it is reported that he was a very poor student in high school and dropped out at fifteen. Personal Quotes (2) All that matters on the chessboard is good moves. Chess is life."
] |
Who was credited with popularizing the term rock 'n' roll?
|
Alan Freed
|
[
"Alan Freed and payola",
"Allan freed",
"Alan Freed and the Payola Scandal",
"Alan Freed",
"Freed, Alan"
] | 8,594
|
[
"Commentary: Pittsburgh Rock Hall of Fame has to dig deeper for its inductees | Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Commentary: Pittsburgh Rock Hall of Fame has to dig deeper for its inductees January 18, 2014 9:05 PM Scott Mervis/Post-Gazette Jimmy Beaumont, left, and Porky Chedwick in September 2012. Concert promoter Pat DiCesare, who was in competition with Dick Clark's Caravan of Stars, brought The Beatles to Pittsburgh in 1964. By Scott Mervis / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Rich Engler is a great guy and one of the true legends of Pittsburgh rock 'n' roll. Our music scene, our music life, our memories would not be the same without the concert promoter, who took a lot of chances and brought thousands of great shows to our city over the span of 30 years. There is absolutely no question that he should go into the Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Hall of Fame. Just not first. On Thursday, he will be the initial inductee into this symbolic hall created by the Hard Rock Cafe and the Cancer Caring Center.",
"Inductees will be honored each year with a plaque mounted at the Hard Rock. Mr. Engler, who in addition to being a promoter was the drummer for '60s band the Grains of Sand, will be celebrated with an all-star show featuring Donnie Iris, B.E. Taylor, Joe Grushecky, Scott Blasey and more. On hand will be the actual president and CEO of the national Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Joel Peresman. It's a testament to DiCesare-Engler Productions that Mt. Lebanon native Mr. Peresman got his start there as an go-fer. The chairs of the Pittsburgh rock hall are Mary Ann Miller and Theresa Kaufman, who both work in the public relations business. They conceived of the hall as a way to honor Pittsburgh music legends while raising money for the Cancer Caring Center, clearly a noble cause. They are working on \"a blue ribbon committee\" to make decisions for the hall in the future. Ms. Miller says that for now Mr. Engler was chosen because he is \"where music came from in our lives -- his name was on everybody's list.\" As longtime Pittsburghers know, it didn't start here with Rich Engler.",
"A legit Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Hall of Fame should begin with Porky Chedwick, who started playing \"race\" records here in 1948, even before Alan Freed, who is credited with popularizing the phrase \"rock 'n' roll.\" It was the Daddio of the Raddio who launched rock 'n' roll in Pittsburgh, played the forbidden black artists, broke records nationally and literally drove our teenagers wild in the streets (Stanley Theatre 1953). He's still very much alive at 95, God bless him. From there, you have to go to Jimmy Beaumont. And Joe Rock. Mr. Beaumont was and is the golden-voiced lead singer of the Skyliners, who went to No. 12 on the charts in 1959 with \"Since I Don't Have You.\" It was the first major Pittsburgh hit of the rock era. (You have heard the Guns 'N Roses version). It was written by late Skyliners manager and producer Joe Rock, who also managed the Jaggerz (No. 2 in 1970 with \"The Rapper\") and the Granati Brothers.",
"He would have been the logical co-inductee with Mr. Beaumont. There were other brilliant choices from the doo-wop era, including the Marcels (\"Blue Moon\"), Del-Vikings (\"Come and Go With Me\") and Lou Christie (\"The Gypsy Cried\"). Business-wise, the first inductee candidate is a no-brainer. It was, after all, called DiCesare-Engler, Pat DiCesare being the man who brought The Beatles to Pittsburgh in 1964. I would say that Mr. DiCesare was the Bill Graham of Pittsburgh, but he predated Bill Graham. A songwriter for doo-wop acts, he started booking concerts in 1962, mentored by his friend Tim Tormey, who was more of a Sinatra guy. Mr. DiCesare became the dominant promoter in town during the '60s and when Mr. Engler came along as the new kid on the block in 1969, Mr. DiCesare didn't try to squash him -- he made him a partner!",
"So, your first class of Pittsburgh Rock 'N Roll Hall of Famers: Porky Chedwick, Joe Rock, Jimmy Beaumont and Pat DiCesare. You can't blame Mr. Engler for graciously accepting this honor. You can bet, though, that he will have a hand in making sense of this operation in the future. Scott Mervis: [email protected] or 412-263-2576. Alan Freed Alan Freed One of the most important popularizers of rock and roll during the '50s, Alan Freed was the first disc jockey and concert producer of rock and roll. Often credited with coining the term rock and roll in 1951, ostensibly to avoid the stigma attached to R&B and so called race music, Freed opened the door to white acceptance of black music, eschewing white cover versions in favor of the R&B originals.",
"Senior year at Salem (Ohio) High - 1939-1940 Freed family - 1956 R to L: father Charles, Alan, sister Jackie Seated: mother Maude Albert James Freed was born December 15, 1922 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania of a Welsh mother and Lithuanian born father. He was one of three sons of Maude and Charles Freed, a clothing store salesman.In 1933 when Freed was twelve his family moved to Salem, Ohio. He attended Salem High School during which time he formed a band known as the Sultans of Swing, in which he played trombone. His ambition was to on day to become a bandleader, but an ear infection ended that possibility. After he graduated from high school in 1940, he enrolled at Ohio State University where he studied engineering for a year. It was during this time that he developed an interest in radio After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, Freed joined the US Army where he was assigned to the Ski Patrol. It was at this time he developed a serious ear infection causing him to receive his discharge. Returning to Salem he went work as a government inspector in military plants.",
"It was here he met his first wife Betty Lou Bean. They were married in 1942. While at his government job, Freed enrolled in a night broadcasting class in Youngstown, Ohio. After finishing he landed a jobs at number of small stations. His first at WKST (1942) in New Castle, Pennsylvania where he played classical music for $45 a week. Next was sportscasting at WKBN (1942) and WAKR (1945) where he became a local favorite, playing hot jazz and pop recordings. Both of these stations were in Akron, Ohio. In 1949 Freed landed a job and moved to WXEL-TV in Cleveland. In 1950, Freed went to the management of WAKR requesting more money. When he didn't get it he quit went to another Akron station WADC. Except Freed still was under contract to WAKR. A law resulted that banned him from braodcasting within 75 miles of akron for one year suit. He then left Akron for Cleveland. It was at this time that Freed took his Request Review to WXEL-TV where the show bombed.",
"However he stayed hosting a midday movie before he went to WJW where he did a classical radio show and late night movie on their television station. WAKR - 1949-1950 WXEL - 1950-1951 Courtesy John Cavello, National Television Archive Leo Mintz who owned the Record Rendezvous a local record store saw an increasing number of white teenagers buying rhythm and blues records at his store. Based on these observations Mintz suggested to Freed he would sponsor his show if he whould begin playing these records. On July 11, 1951, at 11 PM signed off on his clasical program. Putting the needle down on Todd Rhodes's Blues For A Moondog calling himself \"Moondog,\" Freed went on the air and became among the first to program rhythm and blues for a white teenage audience. Other small stations followed eventually forcing the larger stations to join in. Due to the prejudices of the times Freed began calling the rhythm and blues records he played Rock \"n\" Roll. What is ironic that term Freed was using to make rhythm and blues more acceptable to a white audience, was slang for sex in the black community.",
"In 1951 a black vocal group The Dominoes recorded \"Sixty Minute Man\" which was a (#1 R&B and #17 pop) hit. The lyrics were highly suggestive and used rock and roll in the lyrics. Freed began using the term a month later and most likely was inspired by this song. Moondog Coronation Ball - 3/21/52 Courtesy John Cavello, National Television Archive Freed would name his show Moondog's Rock 'n' Roll Party. The shows success led to Freed's March 1952 Moondog Coronation Ball in Cleveland. Top black acts were booked for the show. Six thousand fans crashed gates in addition to the thousands already in 10,000 seat hall. Two thirds of the audience was white WINS-1955 Courtesy John Cavello, National Television Archive In 1954 Freed moved his show to WINS radio in NY. Within months the show was #1. Freed began staging revues at Brooklyn Paramount where he often could be found on stage gyrating.",
"Freed appeared in a number of rock and roll movies such as Don't Knock The Rock, Rock Around The Clock, and Rock, Rock, Rock. It was no surprise that these movies broadened the acceptance of rock and roll. The real surprise was Alan Freed in the flesh. In his mid-thirties Freed looked at least ten years older. Klutzy with little stage presence Freed looked completely out of place. To many teens Freed looked like the ultimate adult. In 1957 ABC-TV gave Freed his own nationally-televised rock & roll show, but an episode on which Frankie Lymon danced with a white girl enraged ABC's Southern affiliates and the show was cancelled. Freed's first real problems began when he put on a show at the Boston Arena (1958) that resulted in his being charged with incitement to riot. Though the charges were later dismissed, but WINS failed to renew Freed's contract. This incident forced him into into bankruptcy and would just be the beginning of Freed's legal problems. Freed moved to WABC radio, and also hosted a locally televised dance show. In 1959 the U.S.",
"House Oversight Committee, at the urging of ASCAP, began to look into deejays who took gifts from record companies in return for playing their records on their shows. Though a number of deejays and program directors were caught in the scandal, the committee decide to focus on Freed. Freed's broadcasts alliances quickly deserted him. In 1959, WABC in New York asked him to sign a statement confirming that he had never accepted payola. Freed refused \"on principle\" to sign and was fired. On Feb 8, 1960 a New York Grand Jury began looking into commercial information in the recording industry and on May 19, 1960 eight men were charged with receiving $116,580 in illegal gratuities. This probe would lead to Freed being charged with income tax evasion by the IRS. (Left to right Mel Leeds, program director WINS, Peter Tripp, WMGM disc jockey and Alan Freed being booked at a New York police station in May, 1960) Freed was the only deejay subpoenaed by the Oversight Committee and refused to testify despite being given immunity.",
"Trial began December, 1962 and ended with Freed pleading guilty to 29 counts of commercial bribery. Though he only received a $300 fine and 6 months suspended sentence his career would be over. Forced to leave New York Freed work briefly at KDAY (owned by the same company that owned WINS) in 1960, in Los Angeles, but when management refused to let him promote live rock & roll shows Freed left the station and returned to Manhattan to emcee a live twist revue. When the twist craze cooled he hooked on as a disc jockey at WQAM (Miami, FL). Realizing that his dream of returning to New York radio was just that, Freed's drinking increased. The Miami job lasted only two months. Alan Freed's Gravestone Ferncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York, USA March 15, 1964 Freed was indicted by a federal grand jury for tax evasion. The IRS claimed that Freed owed $37,920 tax on unreported of $56,652 for the years 1957-59.",
"Living in Palm Springs, California at the time, Freed was poor, unemployed and unemployable. Before he could answer the charges he entered a hospital suffering from uremia. Alan Freed died Jan 20, 1965 a penniless, broken man. He was 43. Freed truly loved rock and roll, claimed to have never have played a record he didn't like and never forgot where the music came from. However, he was a flawed man who claimed songwriting credits that weren't his, paid performers on his tours very little and associated with questionable individuals. Alan Freed was inducted in to The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986. alan-freeds-ashes-removed-from-the-rock-hall-will-stay-in-cleveland Trey Barrineau, USA TODAY 3:59 p.m. ET Aug. 17, 2014 1 Shares The ashes of Alan Freed, the disc jockey credited with popularizing the term \"rock 'n' roll,\" are no longer in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, but their final resting place won't be too far away.",
"Freed's remains, which until earlier this month had been displayed under a spotlight at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, will be interred in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, the Associated Press reports. On Aug. 4, the urn was removed from the hall and given to Freed's family. Rock Hall officials say it was because they wanted the exhibit to focus more on Freed's story and not his remains. Freed launched the \"Moondog Show\" on Cleveland's WJW-AM in 1951 as a showcase for rhythm & blues records by black artists. The program became wildly popular. Freed started using the term \"rock and roll\" -- slang for sex -- to describe the new sound that was starting to spread to the mainstream, and it stuck. He moved to New York's WINS in 1954, which gave him and the music a national platform. The rest is history. Later, Freed was caught up in the \"payola\" scandal , in which DJs illegally took secret payments to play records. He died in 1965 at the age of 43. Freed's story came to the big screen in 1978's American Hot Wax.",
"It's notable for giving Jay Leno and Fran Drescher some of their earliest work. The film was also notable for performances by rock pioneers Jerry Lee Lewis and Chuck Berry. Read or Share this story: Most Popular The Straight Dope: Who invented the term \"rock 'n' roll\"? A Straight Dope Classic from Cecil's Storehouse of Human Knowledge Who invented the term \"rock 'n' roll\"? February 28, 1986 Dear Cecil: With all the recent furor over the location of the Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame, we all need to know: when, where, and by whom was the term \"rock 'n' roll music\" invented? — DMc, Alexandria, Virginia Cecil replies: Depends what you mean by \"invent.\" The term was first used to describe a particular kind of music by Alan Freed, the legendary Cleveland disc jockey who was among the first to introduce black rhythm-and-blues music to a white audience. But the roots of the term go back much earlier. In the 1920s the words \"rock\" and \"roll,\" used separately or together, were employed by black people to mean partying, carrying on, and/or having sex.",
"According to rock historian Nick Tosches, blues singer Trixie Smith recorded a tune in 1922 called \"My Daddy Rocks Me (With One Steady Roll)\" for Black Swan Records. \"Daddy,\" suffice it to say, wasn't trying to rock little Trixie to sleep. This song inspired such variations as \"Rock That Thing\" by Lil Johnson and \"Rock Me Mama\" by Ikey Robinson. By the 1930s the term had begun to be associated with the idea of music with a good beat to it. In 1931 Duke Ellington did \"Rockin' in Rhythm\" for Victor. The Boswell Sisters did a song called \"Rock and Roll\" in the 1934 United Artists flick Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round. In 1939 Buddy Jones recorded \"Rockin' Rollin' Mama\" (String), in which he soulfully shouted, \"I love the way you rock and roll!\" But rockin' and rollin' didn't really catch on until 1948, when Wynonie Harris released \"Good Rockin' Tonight\" (King).",
"An earlier version by Roy Brown (Deluxe, 1947) had bombed, but Wynonie's cover became a number one hit. That was the beginning of a flood of tunes that worked \"rock\" into the title, such as Bill Haley's \"Rock-a-Beatin' Boogie\" (1952), which contained the deathless words \"Rock, rock, rock, everybody/Roll, roll, roll, everybody.\" In 1952 Alan Freed visited a Cleveland record store and learned that R&B records were being snapped up by white teenagers. Sensing the makings of something big, he changed the name of his popular music show on radio station WJW from \"Record Rendezvous\" to \"Moon Dog's Rock 'n' Roll House Party\" and began playing R&B tunes. Freed apparently used the term \"rock 'n' roll\" to describe the music because he thought the racial connotation of \"rhythm and blues\" might turn off the white audience. In any case, the term stuck. Freed was the original high-energy, shout-along-with-the-record AM screamer, and his show, along with rock 'n' roll music, attracted a huge following.",
"A rock 'n' roll show Freed promoted at Cleveland Stadium had to be canceled when the place was mobbed by thousands of fans. By 1954 Freed had moved to a late-night show on WINS in New York City, where he duplicated his earlier success. On April 12, 1954, Bill Haley and the Comets recorded \"Rock Around the Clock,\" a teen anthem generally credited with making rock 'n' roll a worldwide phenomenon. Initially the tune did poorly, but when it was chosen as the theme for the film Blackboard Jungle, it became a monster smash in just about every country where the movie played, selling 22 million copies in all. Meanwhile, down in Memphis, a redneck by the name of Elvis Aron Presley … but the rest you know. A correction Dear Cecil: Bill Haley did not record \"Rock-a-Beatin' Boogie\" in 1952. \"Rock-Around-the-Clock\" was the first song he recorded for Decca Records (now MCA) in 1954. (I was there.) He also recorded the other song for Decca, but a year later.",
"According to Alan Freed, the first time he used the term \"rock 'n' roll\" was when he first played RATC on his radio show at NYC station WINS. Haley's recording of RATC is still selling over a million copies a year worldwide, and has sold more than 40 million copies to date. It has been recorded over 500 times by other artists such as Chubby Checker, Mae West, Pat Boone, and several of the Beatles. Total sales have passed the one hundred million mark, making it the best-selling song of all time. Anyhoo, thanks for the plug on my song. — James E. Myers, AKA Jimmy DeKnight, composer (with Max Freedman) of \"Rock-Around-the-Clock.\" Cecil replies: I stand corrected — \"Rock-a-Beatin' Boogie\" was recorded in 1955.",
"Possibly I was thinking of \"Rock the Joint,\" a 1952 Bill Haley release with the line, \"We're gonna rock this joint tonight.\" — Cecil Adams Rock 'n' Roll History For July 10 Rock 'n' Roll History for July 10 1950 - ClassicBands.com July 10 The US music show Your Hit Parade premiered on NBC-TV. The program, which featured vocalists covering the top hits of the week, had been on radio since 1935. It moved to CBS in 1958 but was canceled the following year, unable to cope with the rising popularity of Rock 'n' Roll. 1954 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Producer Sam Phillips took an acetate of Elvis Presley singing \"That's All Right\" to DJ Dewey Phillips at Memphis radio station WHBQ. After Dewey played the song on the air around 9:30 that evening, listeners flooded the phone lines requesting to hear the song again. July 10 New York radio station WINS announced the hiring of pioneer Rock disc jockey Alan Freed to be the host of their Rock 'n' Roll Party.",
"As he did on his earlier Moondog's Rock 'n' Roll House Party Show on WJW in Cleveland, Freed programmed records by Black R&B artists that many White teenagers had never heard before. Freed is often credited with popularizing the term \"Rock and Roll\", although the phrase was first used in 1942 by Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker to describe upbeat recordings. 1961 - ClassicBands.com July 10 \"Tossin' and Turnin'\" by 28 year old Bobby Lewis reaches the top of the Billboard chart for the first of a seven week run, one of the longest of the year. A few months later he'll have another Top Ten song, \"One Track Mind\", his only other major hit record. 1963 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Martha And The Vandellas release \"Heatwave\", which will reach #4 on the Billboard Pop chart and #1 on the R&B chart by mid-August. The song became their first million-seller and eventually won the group their only Grammy nomination for Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group.",
"1965 - ClassicBands.com July 10 The Rolling Stones classic rocker \"Satisfaction\" was number one in the US on both the Cashbox and Billboard charts. In 2004 Rolling Stone magazine placed \"Satisfaction\" in the number two spot on its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, and in 2006 it was added to the Library of Congress National Recording Registry, despite its sexually suggestive lyrics. July 10 Wilson Pickett 's \"In The Midnight Hour\" is released, as is Sonny And Cher 's \"I Got You Babe\". July 10 The Strangeloves , a New York-based American songwriting team who pretended to be a band from Australia, cracked the Billboard Top 40 for the first time with \"I Want Candy\". They had already had success by writing \"My Boyfriend's Back\" for The Angles and would place two more of their own recordings on the chart with \"Cara-Lin\" (#39) and \"Night Time\" (#30).",
"1966 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Cat Stevens cuts his first record, \"I Love My Dog\" at Decca Records' studio in London. It would peak at #28 in the UK the following November. 1967 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Kenny Rogers and several other members of the New Christy Minstrels quit to form the First Edition. The new group received their first national exposure on the Smothers Brothers TV show and went on to have such hits as \"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\" in 1968, \"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\" in 1969 and 1971's \"Something's Burning\" as well as hosting their own weekly TV show. July 10 Bobbie Gentry records \"Ode to Billie Joe\", which will top the Billboard chart next August. Originally intended as the B-side of her first single, the song has now sold over 3 million copies world-wide. 1968 - ClassicBands.com July 10 The Nice was banned from Royal Albert Hall in London after stomping on and burning an American flag during a concert.",
"Two years later, Keith Emerson, leader of the Nice, joined Greg Lake and Carl Palmer in Emerson, Lake and Palmer . 1969 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Former Rolling Stones' guitarist Brian Jones is laid to rest at the Priory Road Cemetery in Prestbury, England. The other members of the band, except Mick Jagger, were in attendance. 1971 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Three Dog Night 's \"Liar\" is released. It would become their sixth Billboard Top Ten song, topping out at #7. 1972 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Harry Nilsson 's album, \"Son of Schmilsson\" is released. It featured George Harrison under the name George Harrysong and Ringo Starr, listed as Richie Snare, on some of the tracks. 1975 - ClassicBands.com July 10 After being married for only ten days, Cher petitioned for divorce from Greg Allman . She would change her mind a few days later, but the pair eventually split for good in 1979. July 10 Gladys Knight 's NBC-TV Summer variety series begins, as does The Mac Davis Show.",
"1976 - ClassicBands.com July 10 The Starland Vocal Band, the first act to be signed to John Denver's new Windsong label, had the top tune on the Billboard chart with \"Afternoon Delight\". The song reached #18 in the UK. July 10 After years of trying to find hit material, England Dan and John Ford Coley reach the Billboard Hot 100 with, \"I'd Really Love To See You Tonight\". The single will rise to number two in North America and sell over two million copies. 1979 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Chuck Berry is sentenced to four months in prison for income-tax evasion. In 1973, he short-changed Uncle Sam $200,000. 1986 - ClassicBands.com July 10 The Grateful Dead 's Jerry Garcia goes into a diabetic coma. He recovered and was released from hospital three weeks later on his 44th birthday. 2000 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Promoters cancel the remainder of a Supremes reunion tour due to poor ticket sales.",
"The tour featured Diana Ross without Mary Wilson or Cindy Birdsong, who refused to join due to the little money they were offered. 2007 - ClassicBands.com July 10 Arista Records announced a September release date for Barry Manilow 's next album, \"The Greatest Songs of the Seventies\". This was his third volume of decade-driven, covers albums, the first two of which sold nearly 1.7 million copies in the United States combined. 2008 - ClassicBands.com July 10 59-year-old Olivia Newton-John married 49-year old Australian entrepreneur, John Easterling, in a small wedding at her Malibu, California home. 2010 - ClassicBands.com July 10 A US judge drastically reduced a $675,000 US verdict against a Boston University graduate student charged with illegally downloading and sharing 30 songs. The student admitted in court to downloading songs between 1999 and 2007 and a jury assessed the damage award last July.",
"The US District Court judge in Boston cut the damage award to $67,500, stating the original fine was \"unconstitutionally excessive\" and \"wholly out-of-proportion.\" 2011 - ClassicBands.com July 10 A pub in Dundee, Scotland called Lennon's Bar was forced to change the name of the venue and remove all Beatles memorabilia after Yoko Ono threatened legal action for copyright infringement. 2015 - ClassicBands.com July 10 John Fogerty filed a breach of contract lawsuit against two of his former Creedence Clearwater Revival band mates, Stu Cook and Doug Clifford, alleging that the pair were not honoring their earlier agreement that the name could only be used when the pair appeared on stage together. Alan Freed or Beyonce? False debate rages around Rock Hall - LA Times Alan Freed or Beyonce? False debate rages around Rock Hall Beyonce Lawrence K. Ho / Los Angeles Times Beyoncé at her \"On the Run\" tour stop with hubby Jay Z at the Rose Bowl on Sunday. Beyoncé at her \"On the Run\" tour stop with hubby Jay Z at the Rose Bowl on Sunday. (Lawrence K.",
"Ho / Los Angeles Times) Lorraine Ali Contact Reporter A change of exhibits at the Rock Hall sets up a seeming clash of past vs. present, but it's not that simple An exhibit featuring an urn filled with the late DJ Alan Freed ’s ashes was recently removed from the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland, just a week or so after Beyoncé’s wardrobe moved in. The overlapping events birthed the idea that revered rock history has been tossed out of the museum to make room for Bey’s Givenchy purple feather mermaid gown. “Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ousts DJ Alan Freed's ashes, adds Beyoncé’s leotards” read CNN’s headline. “Rock music is constantly reinventing itself,” stated a piece in Billboard, “such that even the style's initial promoter, Alan Freed, must eventually step aside to make room for Beyoncé.” Freed had a radio show in 1950s Cleveland on which he’s credited with popularizing the term rock 'n' roll. But more important, he was an avid R&B fan who played a major role in exposing the work of black artists to white audiences, essentially desegregating the airwaves.",
"Freed died in 1965 at age 43. There’s no clear indication from the museum or Freed’s family that his ashes were removed as a direct result of Ms. Carter’s stage costumes moving in. That narrative -- Pop Diva Tramples Rock History! – is a product of interpretation, and that dynamic in itself tells you a lot about where attitudes still lie when it comes to choosing who’s worthy of R-E-S-P-E-C-T. (Lorraine Ali) The museum, which features other nods to Freed, including representation in its Architects of Rock and Roll exhibit, said the decision was a matter of changing standards. “The museum world is moving away from exhibiting remains\" Executive Director Greg Harris told CNN. \"Museum community colleagues across the country agree.\" “I’m more than disappointed,” Lance Freed told the Cleveland Plain Dealer in reference to the museum’s decision. “After 12 years, we thought this was going to be his final resting place.” Lance Freed’s disappointment is understandable. He wants his father's memory and contributions honored in a meaningful -- and permanent -- way. On the Run tour lands at Rose Bowl (Lawrence K.",
"Ho/Los Angeles Times) But the consensus that Beyoncé somehow sullied sacred ground is as predictable as it is puzzling. After all, her crossover fame is at least partly due to groundwork laid by Freed. She rules the pop world – black and white – because (a) she's good and (b) barriers were broken decades before the 32-year-old singer was born. In another era, she likely would have been relegated to Billboard’s “Race Records” charts, music by African American artists for African American listeners, or the segregated world of “black music.” Freed – along with plenty of other pioneers including Ruth Brown, Little Richard and Berry Gordy -- were instrumental in moving those boundaries. The fact that Beyoncé is now being honored by an institution that’s been criticized for not representing enough female or R&B and hip-hop artists is a good thing, and there’s no evidence her inclusion came at the expense of Freed’s place in its halls. Beyoncé's inclusion simply happened to overlap with Freed’s exit. In a sense, what better way to honor the man who helped make moments like this one happen?",
"Rock Hall of Fame boots DJ Alan Freed’s ashes - NY Daily News Rock and Roll Hall of Fame boots out DJ Alan Freed’s ashes Rock Hall of Fame boots DJ Alan Freed’s ashes The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in Cleveland reportedly asked the family of legendary DJ Alan Freed to collect the late radio personality’s ashes, which were on display. (George Rose/Getty Images) NEW YORK DAILY NEWS Monday, August 4, 2014, 4:50 PM The family of pioneering rock 'n' roll deejay Alan Freed has been told to haul his ashes out of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Freed, who died in 1965 and is widely credited with popularizing the term \"rock 'n' roll,\" started his radio career in Cleveland, where the Hall of Fame is located. But the Cleveland Plain Dealer reported that the Hall has told Freed's family having his ashes on display there was just a little too creepy.",
"Lance Freed, Alan's son, told the Plain Dealer that Hall Executive Director Greg Harris said to him, \"There's something strange, people walk past the exhibit and your dad's ashes and they scratch their heads and can't figure out what this thing is, and we'd like you to come pick up the ashes.\" Alan Freed was a WABC disc jockey in New York in April 1957. (Anonymous/ASSOCIATED PRESS) Harris told the paper that the Hall still \"loves\" Alan Freed and will keep all his artifacts except the ashes. He said that when the Freed family moved the ashes from Hartsdale, N.Y., to the Hall in 2002, the plan all along was that they would be returned. Lance Freed said that his father's other artifacts are being moved to a different part of the Hall — \"pushed aside,\" as he phrased it. A selection of Alan Freed posters are stored at the library and archives of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. (Tony Dejak/ASSOCIATED PRESS) Freed started his rock 'n' roll career in Cleveland in the early 1950s.",
"He called himself Moondog and hosted what is often called the first rock 'n' roll concert with his 1952 Moondog Coronation Ball. He came to New York in 1954 and was one of the leading DJs, along with others like Dr. Jive and Hal Jackson, in the early explosion of rock 'n' roll. He left New York after being ensnared in the payola scandal of 1959. He worked briefly in Miami before he died in 1965 at the age of 43. Tags: Cleveland readies for rock 'n' roll party - The Boston Globe Music Cleveland readies for rock 'n' roll party Metallica (James Hetfield, left, and Kirk Hammett) will be among the inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. (JUSTINE HUNT/GLOBE STAFF/FILE) | Text size – + CLEVELAND - The city that bills itself as the birthplace of rock 'n' roll is going through some rocky times of its own. Cleveland's foreclosure rates are alarmingly high, unemployment is skyrocketing, its steel mills are going idle and federal officials are investigating alleged government corruption.",
"A high-flying rock party might be just the distraction this troubled city needs. Tomorrow, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame will hold its induction ceremonies in the city where it is based for the first time in more than a decade. A week's worth of events are leading up to the induction of heavy metal band Metallica, rap pioneers Run-DMC, soul singer Bobby Womack, guitarist and former Yardbirds member Jeff Beck, and rhythm & blues doo-wop group Little Anthony and the Imperials. \"These are difficult times and Cleveland has a chip on its shoulder,\" Rock Hall Director Terry Stewart said. \"The idea is to do a great job this time and everybody will say let's do it again.\" Although the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland, the induction ceremony usually is held at the Waldorf Astoria in New York, the city where the hall's foundation is based. The foundation tentatively has agreed to let Cleveland host the event every three years, if this year's ceremony is successful and funding is available. The last time Cleveland hosted the ceremony was in 1997.",
"The tab for this year's ceremony is an estimated $5 million, with most of the money coming from Cleveland, civic organizations, and sponsors. The city is putting on the glitz to make sure it will be ready when the spotlight hits it this weekend. Already, $500,000 has been spent to spruce up downtown's 87-year-old Public Hall, the site of the ceremony. Cleveland is also making a greater effort to clean downtown streets of litter and debris. The induction ceremony will give the city a chance to temporarily set aside its troubles and remind the music world of Cleveland's key role in the creation of rock 'n' roll. Cleveland disc jockey Alan Freed in the 1950s is widely credited with popularizing the music and the term rock 'n' roll. Legendary bands in their early years, including the Beatles and Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, made sure to sample that fan base with Cleveland appearances. British rock star Ian Hunter even paid homage to the city with the song \"Cleveland Rocks,\" which later became the theme for \"The Drew Carey Show,\" which had some scenes and its storyline set in Cleveland.",
"Cleveland's importance to rock music became a reason why the hall's New York foundation erected the steel and glass triangular shrine here in 1995. Stewart regularly hears criticism of an out-of-town induction ceremony, most often when he's trying to raise money in Cleveland. Concerns increased last year, when a Rock Hall Annex opened in New York. Stewart said the Annex was designed to display some exhibits and to make the hall generally more well known and isn't a test to see if New York might be a better location. Henry LoConti, 79, who in 1966 opened one of Cleveland's more well known rock music performance nightclubs, the Agora, is among those relieved that the ceremony has returned to the city. \"It adds legitimacy to the fact that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame is here,\" he said. © Copyright 2009 Globe Newspaper Company. LOG IN TO COMMENT OR TO SEE OUR NEW FEATURES YOU MUST LOG IN to see all of the features available on our new Personal Pages. Want to automatically create your own Personal Page? Just add a comment and click on your screen name. Sorry, we could not find your e-mail or password.",
"Please try again, or click here to retrieve your password. Existing users"
] |
In which country was Ivana Trump born and brought up?
|
Czechoslovakia
|
[
"Česko Slovensko",
"Czechoslovakian",
"Chechoslovakia",
"Czecheslovakia",
"Cesko Slovensko",
"Cesko-Slovensko",
"Czech -",
"Czechaslavakia",
"Czechoslovakia",
"Tschechoslowakei",
"Czechoslovakia (disambiguation)",
"Czechoslavakian",
"Czeckeslovakia",
"Checkeslovakia",
"Czecho Slovakia",
"CzechoSlovakia",
"ČSFR",
"Czechoslowakia",
"Czecho-Slovak",
"Ceskoslovensko",
"Czechoslavakia",
"Czech ~",
"Tsjekkoslovakia",
"Chekhoslovakia",
"Česko-Slovensko",
"Czecho-Slovakia",
"Czechoslovaka",
"Chekoslovakia",
"ŘČS",
"Federation of Czechoslovakia",
"Czech —",
"Czechoslovak",
"Czecholslovakia",
"Československo",
"People's Republic of Czechoslovakia",
"Czechosloavkia",
"Czechslovakia",
"Checkoslovakia",
"Czechsolvakia",
"Czeckoslovakia"
] | 8,932
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"Ivana Trump Biography | Fandango Ivana Trump Biography Filmography Biography Socialite Ivana Trump initially gained national recognition as the first wife of billionaire Donald Trump , to whom she was wed from 1977 to 1992. Born Ivana Marie Zelnickova in 1949, she grew up in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia, just south of Prague, and established herself as a champion skier at an early age. After earning her masters in the dual arenas of physical education and languages, Ivana spent a number of years professionally coaching ski racers with then-paramour George Syrovatka in Montréal, Canada, then shifted gears and moved into modeling for the Audrey Morris agency during the 1970s -- a line of work that inadvertently brought her to New York City and introduced her to Donald Trump in 1976. The two married within a year and had three children: Ivanka Trump , Donald Trump Jr., and Eric Trump. As Mrs. Trump, Ivana worked for many years as vice president of interior design for the Trump Organization.",
"Following their much-publicized and ballyhooed divorce (an event that occupied an inordinate number of tabloid pages and headlines), she established two of her own companies, Ivana, Inc. and Ivana Haute Couture; graced numerous print advertisements for a plethora of brands; and significantly (like her ex-husband) moved into work as on-camera talent, as the subject of her own Lifetime network biography special, Intimate Portrait: Ivana Trump (2001) and the host of her own reality television special, Ivana Young Man on the Oxygen Channel. The program traveled behind the scenes to witness Trump guiding an affluent young socialite into marriage with the proper suitor. — Nathan Southern, Rovi Ivana Trump. Biography, news, photos and videos Horoscope : Capricorn \"Women relate to Ivana because she suffered,\" says New York gossip columnist Cindy Adams. \"If she is over the top with her wardrobe, or the things she says, it is forgiven because she has been beaten down and she has risen to the top.",
"America loves an underdog.\" Born on February 20, 1949, in the Czech factory town of Zlin, Ivana Zelnicek spent the first few months of her life in an incubator. Her father Milos, believing it would toughen up the sickly toddler, taught Ivana to ski and swim when she was just two years old. It was a tactic which evidently paid off Ivana later became a member of the country\"s youth ski team, although Olympic selectors passed her over for the 1972 squad. Ivana seemed to have it all. Former classmates describe her as clever, pretty, tall and skinny and, even as a teenager, her drive had already begun to manifest itself. This she put down to a lesson learnt at the age of 13. \"When I was doing poorly at school, my father yanked me out and got me a job in a shoe factory,\" she told an interviewer. \"After three weeks I begged him to give me another chance at doing well in school. I learned that discipline is necessary to accomplish anything in life.\" After obtaining a Masters degree in physical education at Charles University in Prague, Ivana emigrated to Canada.",
"She had married an Austrian skier, Alfred Winklmayr, in 1971, meaning she was able to leave Communist-controlled Czechoslovakia. After learning English in Toronto, she moved to Montreal where she got a job as a model and spent two successful years on the catwalks. While she was sharing a drink with some fellow models in a New York singles bar called Maxwell's Plum in 1976, Ivana's destiny walked in. His name was Donald Trump (or The Donald, as Ivana later dubbed him), an entrepreneur who had inherited his father's $20-million real estate and development business. Nine months later they were married, and in the course of time had three children, Donald Jr, Ivanka, and Eric. In the New York of the Eighties, the Trumps were a force to be reckoned with. The Donald's knack of generating greenbacks, combined with Ivana's talent for publicity, hastened their rise to the top of Big Apple society. When the businessman bought New York's Plaza Hotel, he installed his wife as president on a $1-a-year salary, plus all the couture frocks she wanted estimated at costing around half a million a year.",
"The couple acquired more property than they had kids including a triplex penthouse in Trump Tower with 50-odd rooms, not to mention their own Boeing 727. Storm clouds were threatening in the golden couple's relationship, however, and Ivana confronted her husband after blonde aspiring actress Marla Maples told her, on the ski slopes of Aspen, that she was in love with Ivana's husband. Two months later, the Trumps separated. A 13-month legal battle over financial settlement ensued, with Ivana, who was granted a divorce on the grounds of \"cruel and inhumane treatment\", eventually getting a $25-million payout, $10 million of which was in cash. Suddenly Ivana was on her own, and loving it. She decided to build her own empire, dubbing it Ivana Inc, and by 1997 just one arm of her business, the clothes range House Of Ivana, was worth $50 million a year. She has also written, with the help of a ghost writer, two novels and a guide to divorce entitled The Best Is Yet To Come, as well as establishing a magazine, Ivana's Living In Style.",
"Just months after her divorce, Ivana met Riccardo Mazzucchelli. The Italian businessman was immediately smitten and proposed. Ms Trump held off, however, until the end of 1995 when she and the man she described as a \"typical Italian macho\", said \"I do\" in a New York hotel. Twenty-two months later, they both said, \"We don't\". Almost immediately Ivana took up with another beau Ferrari dealer Roffredo Gaetani di Laurenzana dell'Aquila d'Aragona Lovatelli - to give him his full name - who she met at the Red Cross Ball in Monaco. When that relationship ended she found a new escort in Rossano Rubicondi, a handsome male model 24 years her junior. After six years together, they married at Donald's Mar-A-Lago estate in lavish style on April 12, 2008. But by the following December Ivana was admitting the union was over and a legal separation was in the works. Yet whether she is in a high-profile relationship or dynamically single, Ivana is a trooper and she knows it. \"A woman is like a tea bag,\" she once told HELLO!.",
"\"You never know how strong she is until she gets into hot water.\" © 2000-2017, HELLO! Ivana Trump on how she advises Donald — and those hands | New York Post Ivana Trump on how she advises Donald — and those hands Modal Trigger It’s Ivana Trump’s fault that Donald didn’t run for president sooner. “Probably five years before our divorce, Reagan or somebody brought him a letter and said, ‘You should run for president,’ ” Donald’s first wife tells The Post at her opulent seven-floor Upper East Side town house, which she purchased for $2.8 million in 1998. “So he was thinking about it. But then . . . there was the divorce, there was the scandal, and American women loved me and hated him,” she says, referencing Donald’s much-publicized infidelity with Marla Maples that led to the power couple’s 1991 split. “So there was no way that he would go into [politics] at that point,” Ivana says. “But he was always tooling around with the idea.” No tooling now — now, Donald’s the GOP front-runner.",
"And Ivana, a self-proclaimed conservative who has mended fences with her ex, is along for the ride — acting as Donald’s cheerleader and, at times, adviser. “I suggest a few things,” says Ivana, lounging next to her framed 1996 “Got Milk?” ad in the Louis XVI-inspired living room — the fireplace blazing on a 70-degree spring day. The 67-year-old former model is sporting a mini Roberto Cavalli dress with sheer lace panels, an Ivana Trump necklace from her defunct QVC jewelry line (“Now I just prefer to take it easy,” she says of getting out of the accessories business) and her signature blond bouffant. “We speak before and after the appearances and he asks me what I thought,” says Ivana, who tells him to “be more calm” and adds that she gave Donald the motto: “You think it, I say it.” “But Donald cannot be calm,” she admits. “He’s very outspoken. He just says it as it is.” That’s exactly why she thinks The Donald — as she famously referred to him in a 1989 Spy magazine interview — would make a great president. “He’s no politician. He’s a businessman.",
"He knows how to talk. He can give an hour speech without notes . . . He’s blunt.” She adds that Donald would surround himself with “fantastic advisers, like Carl Icahn. Really brilliant minds. And he’d make a decision! Obama cannot make a decision if his life depends on it. It’s ridiculous.” Donald and Ivana Trump at their Connecticut home in 1987.Getty Images While Ivana says she’s not political — “I was born in a Communist country [Czechoslovakia] and I don’t like politics” — she frets that America has lost its prestige. “We have to get it back.” The first step? Adopting Donald’s immigration policies. “And I’m an immigrant,” Ivana says. “I have nothing against Mexicans, but if they [come] here — like this 19-year-old, she’s pregnant, she crossed over a wall that’s this high” — Ivana lowers her hand to 4 inches above her wall-to-wall carpeting. “She gives the birth in American hospital, which is for free. The child becomes American automatically.",
"She brings the whole family, she doesn’t pay the taxes, she doesn’t have a job, she gets the housing, she gets the food stamps. Who’s paying? You and me. “As long as you come here legally and get a proper job . . . we need immigrants. Who’s going to vacuum our living rooms and clean up after us? Americans don’t like to do that.” Ivana TrumpGetty Images Well, Trumps certainly don’t. Ivana wasn’t always a Trump, though. Born Ivana Zelnícková, she grew up in what was then Czechoslovakia, and began skiing competitively at age 6. She says she was an alternate for the 1972 Czechoslovak Olympic ski team (there are disputes as to the validity of this claim). She was married from 1971 to 1973 to an Austrian skier, Alfred Winklmayr, and lived in Montreal, where she modeled and worked as a ski instructor. In 1976, Ivana was in NYC for a fashion show and went with friends to Maxwell’s Plum, an Upper East Side pickup spot for real-life Mr. Bigs and the women who loved them.",
"While waiting for a table, she felt a tap on her shoulder. “[There’s] this tall blond guy with blue eyes. He said, ‘I’m Donald Trump and I see you’re looking for a table. I can help you.’ I look at my friends and said, ‘The good news is, we’re going to get a table real fast. The bad news is, this guy is going to be sitting with us.’ ” After the meal, Donald paid the bill on the sly and disappeared. “I said, ‘There’s something strange because I’ve never met a man who didn’t want anything from a woman and paid for it,’ ” Ivana says with a laugh. When she walked outside, there was Donald, in the driver’s seat of his own limousine. “He drove us home and then we started to date,” she says. ‘As long as you come here legally … We need immigrants. Who’s going to vacuum our living rooms and clean up after us?’ - Ivana Trump Donald took Ivana to Aspen, Colo., not knowing her Olympian status. She feigned altitude sickness while Donald, a ski novice, took a lesson.",
"“Sure enough, 10 minutes later I was on the mountains and looking at him doing full turns, and it was not fun,” says Ivana. “The second day, he was getting good. So he said, ‘Ivana, let’s go ski.’ I asked the instructor to put the ski boots on me like a beginner. Donald was like, ‘OK, darling, you can do it!’ I took off and he got so angry. He said, ‘I will never [ski] again for anybody! Even Ivana!’ So I play for his ego.” After less than a year, the two married, in 1977, and went on to have three children together: Donald Jr., now 38, Ivanka, 34, and Eric, 32. Donald hired his wife to work within his Trump Organization. She was crowned vice president of interior design, eventually becoming president of the Trump’s Castle casino resort, in Atlantic City, and later of the Plaza hotel. “I’d get up at 6 and read newspapers, and then I went to 63rd Street to the helicopter pad and flew to Atlantic City. I could come back 5 or 6 . . .",
"Then we’d watch ‘Dallas’ and ‘Dynasty.’ ” Ivana says Donald’s faith in her business acumen is proof of his respect for women. “When people ask, I say that behind every successful woman is a man in shock. And it’s true, so I think Donald knew that I could achieve. “He gave me the chance. I came [to America] and I was a poor person. I had a sense of style so he put me in charge of interior design of the Grand Hyatt Hotel. I was seven months pregnant and going up the steps, making sure everything was on the schedule.” “Speaking of America, Donald’s on the phone,” interrupts Dorothy, Ivana’s longtime assistant and her kids’ former nanny. Ivana excuses herself. Donald and Ivana TrumpGetty Images (l); WireImage (2) “I don’t think he’s feminist,” Ivana says upon her return when asked of Donald’s stance. “He loves women. But not a feminist.” (Ivana’s reps called The Post two days after the interview to clarify that Donald was a feminist. Then they called to say he wasn’t. An hour later, they said he was.) It was that love of women that led to the couple’s divorce.",
"Ivana discovered that her husband was cheating on her with former beauty queen Marla Maples. As Ivana told Barbara Walters in a 1991 “20/20” interview, Maples stopped her at a restaurant in Aspen and told her, “I’m Marla and I love your husband. Do you?” Ivana filed for divorce, claiming in her deposition that Donald raped her after he used her plastic surgeon for a scalp-reduction surgery to remove a bald spot. “Your f – – king doctor has ruined me!” Trump cried, according to the 1993 book “Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump,” before forcing himself on her sexually. Once the book was out, Ivana softened her remarks in a statement: “As a woman, I felt violated, as the love and tenderness, which he normally exhibited toward me, was absent. I referred to this as a ‘rape,’ but I do not want my words to be interpreted in a literal or criminal sense.” (From left) Donald Trump Jr., Ivana Trump, Ivanka Trump and Eric TrumpGetty Images Now, she tells The Post, “It was all the lawyers. The negotiations and stuff like that.",
"I was never abused.” After battling it out in court — and in the tabloids — Ivana walked away with a $14 million cash settlement, the family’s 45-room Greenwich, Conn., mansion, an apartment at Trump Plaza, and use of Donald’s Palm Beach mansion, Mar-a-Lago, every March. “Donald took the divorce as a businessman. And he had to negotiate and he had to win,” says Ivana. “Once the financial part was settled, we’re friendly.” She had custody of the children, but he saw them often. “Once [the children] were the age of 21 and out of the university, I said, ‘Donald, this is the final product, now you deal with it.’ ” She still oversaw the kids’ monthly allowance, though. “Sometimes they’d say, ‘But I have this Arab friend who drives a Ferrari! And is in Armani suits and gets $20,000! And I get $1,500 a month!’ And I said, ‘You know what, the money doesn’t fall from the trees,’ ” says Ivana, who foresees her children running the family business if Donald is in the White House.",
"As for Donald’s current wife, Ivana thinks Melania will “be OK” as first lady. “She’s going to adapt just fine,” says Ivana, who is friendly with Melania. “She never did anything wrong to me. I wish them all the best.” She can’t say the same for Maples. “[Maples] asked to apologize to me in the Daily Mail in London. They asked if I accepted the apology and I said no. Why should I? She broke my marriage!” Not that Ivana’s too concerned. She’s plenty busy juggling her properties in Saint-Tropez, London, Miami and New York, as well as her three boyfriends. “If you are a married woman, you usually follow what the man wants to do. I can do whatever what I want,” she says. “I’m not getting married again. But I like companions. The most important for me is honesty, good humor — not necessarily a millionaire. I don’t need [money]. I prefer to be a baby sitter than a nursemaid.",
"I don’t want to worry about bad knees and bad back.” Donald and Ivana TrumpWireImage Plus there’s her bundle of grandchildren — now up to eight, with last week’s addition of Theodore, son of Ivanka and her husband, Jared Kushner. The grandchildren call her “Ivana-ma or Glam-ma,” says Ivana, who plans to attend Theodore’s bris today but says she doesn’t know whether Donald will make it. While her ex’s campaign has thrust the family into the solar core of the public spotlight, she says the kids and she — and certainly Donald — are used to the heat. Plus, there are surprise benefits, like Donald’s recent weight loss, aided by his germophobia. “He loves to eat. I told him, ‘Donald, you lost weight!’ because I can tell if he’s 225 or 215,” says Ivana. “And he said, ‘I don’t have time to eat! I shake so many hands!’ ” Speaking of hands — and other body parts — Ivana says Donald does just fine in that department.",
"“If there was a problem there, Donald would not have five kids.” Share this: From Ivana, More Trump Immigration Foolishness | The Huffington Post From Ivana, More Trump Immigration Foolishness 04/04/2016 10:58 pm ET | Updated Apr 04, 2016 190 Raul A. Reyes Attorney; NBCNews.com Contributor, CNN Opinion columnist Astrid Stawiarz via Getty Images But what does Ivana think? In response to that question, likely asked by no one, the former wife of Donald Trump has weighed in on her ex-husband, why he will be good for the country, and how she advises him on his 2016 campaign. In an interview with the New York Post on Sunday, Ivana Trump revealed that she has mended fences with Trump and that she is on board with his candidacy -- including his proposed immigration policies. Ivana Trump, who was born in Czechoslovakia, has a fairly narrow view of her fellow immigrants. \"As long as you come here legally and get a proper job... we need immigrants,\" she said. \"Who's going to vacuum our living rooms and clean up after us?",
"Americans don't like to do that.\" Allowing that the idea of vacuuming her own living room or cleaning up after herself does not seem to have entered into her mind, Ms. Trump's comments reveal a fundamental ignorance about the lives of immigrants as well as American workers. In most states, housekeeper is not actually the most common profession for immigrants. According to an analysis of U.S. Census data by Business Insider, a majority of housekeepers and maids are American-born. The most common job held by immigrants in Donald Trump's home state of New York, for example, is home health care aide. How sad that a woman who describes herself as the \"perfect example of professionalism, motherhood, and ambition\" can only see immigrants as low-wage, menial workers. Immigrants, both legal and undocumented, perform critical tasks throughout society, from nurturing our children to starting small businesses to caring for our seniors. Forty percent of Fortune 500 countries were started by immigrants or their children. So not all immigrants are consigned to vacuuming Mrs. Trump's living room. Ivana Trump is also wrong to assume that American workers do not want to work as housekeepers or in domestic positions.",
"For proof, she need look no further than Donald Trump's Mar-a-Lago resort in Palm Beach, Florida, where her former husband has repeatedly hired foreign workers over hundred of Americans. Since 2010, nearly 300 United States residents have applied or been referred for jobs as waiters, waitresses, cooks and housekeepers at Mar-a-Lago, reported the New York Times. But federal records show that only 17 have been hired; the rest of the jobs went to workers from Romania and other countries. Ms. Trump seems to believe that undocumented immigrants are a drag on the economy. \"I have nothing against Mexicans,\" she stated, before unloading a trove of inaccurate information about an imaginary pregnant, undocumented immigrant. \"She gives the birth in American hospital, which is for free. The child becomes American automatically,\" Trump said. \"She brings the whole family, she doesn't pay the taxes, she doesn't have a job, she gets the housing, she gets the food stamps. Who's paying? You and me.\" Not exactly. Having a child in the U.S. is no protection from deportation for an undocumented immigrant.",
"In 2013, Immigration and Customs Enforcement deported over 72,000 undocumented parents of U.S.-born children. Contrary to what Ms. Trump believes, undocumented immigrants are not eligible for food stamps, \"Obamacare,\" or other social service programs. Undocumented workers, in fact, do pay taxes at the federal, state, and local level. Undocumented workers pay an estimated net $12 billion annually into the Social Security Fund (money they will not benefit from later in life). According to the nonpartisan Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy, undocumented workers have collectively paid $11.64 billion annually in state and local taxes. Ivana Trump's website states that she is the \"ultimate symbol of strength, glamour, and worldliness.\" Though these claims may be debatable, it is safe to say that Ms. Trump is no immigration expert. She is a private person who is thankfully not running for office. Yet if she expects to avoid public criticism, then she should not be giving \"exclusive\" interviews to newspaper tabloids on issues whose nuances clearly escape her.",
"If she truly cares about our illegal immigration problem, she might consider that Trump Tower -- where she once lived -- was allegedly built in part by undocumented Polish workers. Or that the Washington Post has reported that undocumented workers are currently building a Trump hotel in D.C. These would be more productive endeavors than scapegoating immigrants and promoting offensive, xenophobic falsehoods. Ivana Trump's demeaning comments about immigrants reflect only her shallow and uninformed views. The last thing this country needs is another Trump advising us on immigration. Follow Raul A. Reyes on Twitter: Ivana Trump Biography | Movies.com <img src= class=\"spriteIcons arrowGreen\" /> <a href= at Home</a> Ivana Trump Biography Awards Socialite Ivana Trump initially gained national recognition as the first wife of billionaire [[Performer~P71941~Donald Trump~donaldtrump]], to whom she was wed from 1977 to 1992. Born Ivana Marie Zelnickova in 1949, she grew up in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia, just south of Prague, and established herself as a champion skier at an early age.",
"After earning her masters in the dual arenas of physical education and languages, Ivana spent a number of years professionally coaching ski racers with then-paramour George Syrovatka in Montréal, Canada, then shifted gears and moved into modeling for the Audrey Morris agency during the 1970s -- a line of work that inadvertently brought her to New York City and introduced her to [[Performer~P71941~Donald Trump~donaldtrump]] in 1976. The two married within a year and had three children: [[Performer~P355841~Ivanka Trump~ivankatrump]], Donald Trump Jr., and Eric Trump. As Mrs. Trump, Ivana worked for many years as vice president of interior design for the Trump Organization. Following their much-publicized and ballyhooed divorce (an event that occupied an inordinate number of tabloid pages and headlines), she established two of her own companies, Ivana, Inc.",
"and Ivana Haute Couture; graced numerous print advertisements for a plethora of brands; and significantly (like her ex-husband) moved into work as on-camera talent, as the subject of her own Lifetime network biography special, [[Feature~V336448~Intimate Portrait: Ivana Trump~intimateportrait:ivanatrump]] (2001) and the host of her own reality television special, [[Feature~V350864~Ivana Young Man~ivanayoungman]] on the Oxygen Channel. The program traveled behind the scenes to witness Trump guiding an affluent young socialite into marriage with the proper suitor. ~ Nathan Southern, Rovi Advertisement Donald Trump's immigrant wives - CNNPolitics.com Donald Trump's immigrant wives By Chris Frates , CNN Updated 9:50 PM ET, Mon August 24, 2015 Chat with us in Facebook Messenger. Find out what's happening in the world as it unfolds.",
"JUST WATCHED Donald Trump's wife, Melania, is Slovenian born His first wife, Ivana, was born in Czechoslovakia Washington (CNN) It's more than a little ironic that a guy as hardline on immigration as Donald Trump has been surrounded by immigrants his entire life, starting from the very beginning. \"My mother was born in Scotland, in the Hebrides, in Stornoway, so that's serious Scotland. And she was a great woman,\" Trump said in a 2010 documentary. \"Whenever anything was on about, ceremonial about the Queen she could sit at the television and just watch it. She had great respect for the Queen and for everything (she) represents\" In 1930, an 18-year-old Mary MacLeod sailed for America from Glasgow on the S.S. Transylvania, according to a copy of the ship's passenger list on Ancestry.com. MacLeod arrived in New York and married Fred Trump, the son of German immigrants himself. \"My grandfather Frederick Trump came to the United States in 1885. He joined the great gold rush and instead of gold he decided to open up some hotels in Alaska. He did fantastically well.",
"He loved this country, likewise my father and now me,\" Trump said in a taped message for a German-American pride parade a few years ago. RELATED: Trump to Bush: Illegal immigration not about 'love' Read More But on the campaign trail, Trump sounds more like a nativist than the son and grandson of immigrants. Trump told a meeting of conservative activists last year that the nation's 11 million undocumented immigrants would never vote Republican. \"You'd better be smart and you'd better be tough,\" Trump said. \"They're taking your jobs, and you'd better be careful.\" It's tough rhetoric that comes with a twist. Trump's current wife is an immigrant herself. Melania Trump moved to New York about 20 years ago. The Slovenian born model now has her own jewelry and caviar-cream skincare lines. She married Trump in 2005 in a fairytale wedding that included a wedding gown reported to cost $100,000. And the next year, she became a citizen -- a decade after arriving in America. \"She went through a long process to become a citizen. It was very tough,\" Trump told CNN recently, adding that Melania agrees with his immigration position.",
"\"When she got it, she was very proud of it. She came from Europe, and she was very, very proud of it. And she thinks it's a beautiful process when it works.\" And of course, Trump's first wife, Ivana, was an immigrant too. Born in Czechoslovakia, she married an Austrian ski instructor in order to get a foreign passport to leave the communist country, her divorce lawyer has said. A few years later, she \"went to my aunt and uncle in Canada,\" she has said. She and Trump married in 1977, but she didn't become an American citizen for another 11 years. Photos: Donald Trump's rise President-elect Donald Trump has been in the spotlight for years. From developing real estate and producing and starring in TV shows, he became a celebrity long before winning the White House. Hide Caption 1 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump at age 4. He was born in 1946 to Fred and Mary Trump in New York City. His father was a real estate developer. Hide Caption Trump, left, in a family photo. He was the second-youngest of five children.",
"Hide Caption 3 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump, center, stands at attention during his senior year at the New York Military Academy in 1964. Hide Caption 4 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump, center, wears a baseball uniform at the New York Military Academy in 1964. After he graduated from the boarding school, he went to college. He started at Fordham University before transferring and later graduating from the Wharton School, the University of Pennsylvania's business school. Hide Caption 5 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump stands with Alfred Eisenpreis, New York's economic development administrator, in 1976 while they look at a sketch of a new 1,400-room renovation project of the Commodore Hotel. After graduating college in 1968, Trump worked with his father on developments in Queens and Brooklyn before purchasing or building multiple properties in New York and Atlantic City, New Jersey. Those properties included Trump Tower in New York and Trump Plaza and multiple casinos in Atlantic City.",
"Hide Caption 6 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends an event to mark the start of construction of the New York Convention Center in 1979. Hide Caption Trump attends the opening of his new Atlantic City casino, the Taj Mahal, in 1989. Hide Caption 13 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump signs his second book, \"Trump: Surviving at the Top,\" in 1990. Trump has published at least 16 other books, including \"The Art of the Deal\" and \"The America We Deserve.\" Hide Caption 14 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump and singer Michael Jackson pose for a photo before traveling to visit Ryan White, a young child with AIDS, in 1990. Hide Caption 15 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump dips his second wife, Marla Maples, after the couple married in a private ceremony in New York in December 1993. The couple divorced in 1999 and had one daughter together, Tiffany. Hide Caption Trump putts a golf ball in his New York office in 1998.",
"Hide Caption 17 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise An advertisement for the television show \"The Apprentice\" hangs at Trump Tower in 2004. The show launched in January of that year. In January 2008, the show returned as \"Celebrity Apprentice.\" Hide Caption 18 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise A 12-inch talking Trump doll is on display at a toy store in New York in September 2004. Hide Caption 19 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends a news conference in 2005 that announced the establishment of Trump University. From 2005 until it closed in 2010, Trump University had about 10,000 people sign up for a program that promised success in real estate. Three separate lawsuits -- two class-action suits filed in California and one filed by New York's attorney general -- argued that the program was mired in fraud and deception. Trump's camp rejected the suits' claims as \"baseless.\" And Trump has charged that the New York case against him is politically motivated.",
"Hide Caption 20 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump attends the U.S. Open tennis tournament with his third wife, Melania Knauss-Trump, and their son, Barron, in 2006. Trump and Knauss married in 2005. Hide Caption 21 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump wrestles with \"Stone Cold\" Steve Austin at WrestleMania in 2007. Trump has close ties with the WWE and its CEO, Vince McMahon. Hide Caption 22 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise For \"The Apprentice,\" Trump was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in January 2007. Hide Caption 23 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump appears on the set of \"The Celebrity Apprentice\" with two of his children -- Donald Jr. and Ivanka -- in 2009. Hide Caption 24 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump poses with Miss Universe contestants in 2011. Trump had been executive producer of the Miss Universe, Miss USA and Miss Teen USA pageants since 1996.",
"Hide Caption The Trump family poses for a photo in New York in April. Hide Caption 31 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump speaks during a campaign event in Evansville, Indiana, on April 28. After Trump won the Indiana primary, his last two competitors dropped out of the GOP race. Hide Caption 32 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump delivers a speech at the Republican National Convention in July, accepting the party's nomination for President. \"I have had a truly great life in business,\" he said. \"But now, my sole and exclusive mission is to go to work for our country -- to go to work for you. It's time to deliver a victory for the American people.\" Hide Caption 33 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump faces Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the first presidential debate, which took place in Hempstead, New York, in September. Hide Caption 34 of 36 Photos: Donald Trump's rise Trump apologizes in a video, posted to his Twitter account in October, for vulgar and sexually aggressive remarks he made a decade ago regarding women.",
"\"I said it, I was wrong and I apologize,\" Trump said, referring to lewd comments he made during a previously unaired taping of \"Access Hollywood.\" Multiple Republican leaders rescinded their endorsements of Trump after the footage was released. Hide Caption Ivana Trump Speaks Out About Donald in New Interview Pinterest Cliff Lipson/Retna Ltd USA Ivana Trump is speaking out about her ex-husband Donald Trump ‘s campaign for the White House in a revealing new interview with the New York Post . Ivana, who was married to the 69-year-old from 1977 to 1992, and shares three of his five children , publicly – and privately – supports the GOP frontrunner, and helps advise him on policy, she claims. “We speak before and after the appearances and he asks me what I thought,” Ivana, 67, sais. Likely, her support comes from past experience: she said that Trump considered a presidential run decades ago. “Probably five years before our divorce, Reagan or somebody brought him a letter and said, ‘You should run for president,’ ” Ivana told the Post. “So he was thinking about it.",
"But then… there was the divorce, there was the scandal, and American women loved me and hated him. So there was no way that he would go into [politics] at that point. But he was always tooling around with the idea.” Trump and Ivana split after his affair with eventual second wife Marla Maples , with whom he fathered daughter Tiffany Trump . Donald and Ivana Trump Ron Galella/WireImage And that large brood should be proof that the Donald has no issues down there , Ivana said in reference to the billionaire businessman’s previous remarks about his manhood during a debate. “If there was a problem there, Donald would not have five kids,” Ivana said. Getting serious, Ivana also issued her take on the potential world leader’s policies, specifically, immigration. Ivana, a Czech Republic native, said that Americans have to embrace Donald’s plan to build a wall between the U.S. and Mexico. “I have nothing against Mexicans, but if they [come] here – like this 19-year-old, she’s pregnant, she crossed over a wall that’s this high,” Ivana said, displaying what looked like four-inches. “She gives the birth in American hospital, which is for free.",
"The child becomes American automatically. She brings the whole family, she doesn’t pay the taxes, she doesn’t have a job, she gets the housing, she gets the food stamps. Who’s paying? You and me.” Donald and Ivana Trump Ron Galella/WireImage She continued, “As long as you come here legally and get a proper job… we need immigrants. Who’s going to vacuum our living rooms and clean up after us? Americans don’t like to do that.” VIDEO: Clint Black Has an Idea of What Should Happen Every Week If Donald Trump Makes It into the Oval Office Ivana also touched on Trump’s controversial attitude toward women , noting that she doesn’t think “he’s a feminist.” “He loves women. But not a feminist,” she said. The Post noted that Ivana’s rep changed their stance on Donald’s feminism several times, ultimately saying that he is a feminist. Finally, the one-time accessories designer issued her opinion on Donald’s current wife Melania ‘s capability to be the First Lady, noting that the former model will “do OK.” “She’s going to adapt just fine,” Ivana said. “She never did anything wrong to me.",
"I wish them all the best.” (Melania and Donald met after he had divorced Maples and he told PEOPLE in September that she initially refused to give him her number.) When asked about potentially being a First Lady, the Slovenian-born model previously said she would “be different” from previous first ladies. The fact that Ivana and Donald have apparently remained friendly following a contentious divorce battle might speak to what the presidential hopeful told PEOPLE in our current cover story. “I’m a much nicer person than people would think, to see me from the outside,” he said. Show Full Article Ivana Trump - Microsoft Store Ivana Trump Ivana Trump Actor Socialite Ivana Trump initially gained national recognition as the first wife of billionaire Donald Trump, to whom she was wed from 1977 to 1992. Born Ivana Marie Zelnickova in 1949, she grew up in Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia, just south of Prague, and established herself as a champion skier at an early age.",
"After earning her masters in the dual arenas of physical education and languages, Ivana spent a number of years professionally coaching ski racers with then-paramour George Syrovatka in Montréal, Canada, then shifted gears and moved into modeling for the Audrey Morris agency during the 1970s -- a line of work that inadvertently brought her to New York City and introduced her to Donald Trump in 1976. The two married within a year and had three children: Ivanka Trump, Donald Trump Jr., and Eric Trump. As Mrs. Trump, Ivana worked for many years as vice president of interior design for the Trump Organization. Following their much-publicized and ballyhooed divorce (an event that occupied an inordinate number of tabloid pages and headlines), she established two of her own companies, Ivana, Inc. and Ivana Haute Couture; graced numerous print advertisements for a plethora of brands; and significantly (like her ex-husband) moved into work as on-camera talent, as the subject of her own Lifetime network biography special, Intimate Portrait: Ivana Trump (2001) and the host of her own reality television special, Ivana Young Man on the Oxygen Channel.",
"The program traveled behind the scenes to witness Trump guiding an affluent young socialite into marriage with the proper suitor."
] |
Which golfer became only the fifth in history to win both the British and US Open championships in the same year, in 1982?
|
Tom Watson
|
[
"Tommy Watson",
"Tom Watson (politician)",
"Tom Watson MP",
"Tommy Watson (footballer)",
"Thomas Watson",
"Thomas Watson (disambiguation)",
"Thomas Watson (MP)",
"Tom Watson",
"Watson, Thomas"
] | 9,168
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[
"History of The Game Of Golf Including it's origins 'Francis Ouimet and the 1913 U.S. Open:' 'The 1913 U.S. Open Championship was played at The Country Club in Brookline, Massachusetts, one of the earliest American golf courses. Harry Vardon had come back to the U.S. again and entered the Open, expected by many to win. His primary competition was expected to come from friend and fellow Brit Ted Ray. No one saw Francis Ouimet coming.' 'Ouimet was a 20-year-old amateur and former caddy from Brookline when he entered the U.S. Open in 1913. Tied with the two British stars after the first three rounds of the tournament, Ouimet managed two birdies in his final six holes to finish tied for the lead at the end of the four rounds. A playoff was required, and Ouimet, much to the shock and delight of the crowd, ended the playoff round with a one-over-par 72, beating out Vardon and Ray. Ouimet's victory became national news, catapulting golf into even greater popularity. Ouimet would go on to win two Amateur Championships and a French Amateur Championship.",
"He would also appear on the American team in the newly-created Walker Cup in 1922, a tournament between American and British teams played every other year. Ouimet would play on every Walker Cup team from 1922 to 1949, captaining the squad between 1936 and 1949. In 1951, he was named captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrews in Scotland, the first non-British person awarded that high honor.' 'The Amateur Game:' 'Both in Britain and the U.S., amateur golf was as highly regarded and popular in the 1800s and into the 1900s as professional golf. The Amateur Championships of Britain and America were extremely well attended and well thought-of events. In Britain, early amateur domination came in the form of John Ball, who won the British Amateur Championship eight times, three more than any other player has ever won. Interestingly, Ball never won twice in a row - all his victories came at least a year apart from each other. Ball also became the first to win both an Amateur and Open Championship, one of only three in history who have done so.",
"Harold Hilton, another top amateur of the time, was the first to win both championships, winning two Opens and four Amateurs. He also became the first British player to win both the British and U.S. Amateur Championships.' 'In the U.S., the first amateur star was Walter Travis. The Australian who had moved to the U.S. as a child first won the U.S. Amateur Championship in 1900 and would collect two more titles. Only three other players have ever won three or more U.S. Amateur Championships. He also became the first American player to win the British Amateur Open, capturing the 1904 title. Following Travis's success was Jerome Travers, who between 1907 and 1913 won four titles. Travers would also become one of the first Amateur winners to also win a U.S. Open.' 'The greatest amateur of the first half of the 1900s, however (and one of the greatest of all-time) was Bobby Jones. Of the seven U.S. Amateur Championships between 1924 and 1930, Jones won five of them; those five victories are also the most all-time in Amateur Championship history.",
"His greatest feat, another unmatched in history, came in 1930. In that single year, Bobby Jones won the U.S. Open, the British Open, the U.S. Amateur Championship and the British Amateur Championship. That accomplishment was dubbed the \"Grand Slam.\" No other player has ever completed a single-season Grand Slam, though five others have completed a career Grand Slam, winning all four majors in their career.' 'The Professional Game:' 'In 1916, as professional golf gained more ground in the U.S., players wanted an organizational body to govern the game: U.S. amateurs had the USGA and British players had the R&A (taking its name from the Royal and Ancient Club), so they wanted one of their own. That January , the Professional Golfer's Association of America was born. Seven months later, they established the first PGA Championship, played at a course in Bronxville, New York, with $2,500 awarded to the winner (equal to $50,000 today). ' 'The earliest PGA star was undoubtedly Walter Hagen. While Bobby Jones dominated the amateur game in America, Hagen controlled the pro game.",
"In his career, Hagen won 11 professional titles: the U.S. Open twice, the British Open four times and the PGA Championship five times. His five PGA Championship titles are the most all-time, along with Jack Nicklaus' five wins. Four of those victories came in a row, from 1924-27. No other golfer has ever won more than two in a row. Over his career, Hagen earned about $1 million in prize money, by far the most at the time (and equal to about $12.5 million today).' 'The Game Changes:' 'Bobby Jones' retirement in 1930 marked the beginning of a new era in golf. Steel-shafted golf clubs became the standard, and with the improved equipment, scores began lowering: shooting par generally wasn't good enough anymore. Crossover between the amateur and pro games began to end as well. After Jones' 1930 Open victory, only one other player (Johnny Goodman in 1933) won the U.S. Open as an amateur.",
"Amateur success in pro tournaments (or lack thereof) was attributed to the much higher amounts of money coming into the game after 1930; as soon as an amateur player could compete on the pro level, they made the jump to professional. ' 'The PGA Tour, which had been established in 1916 along with the PGA, began recognizing the money winner of each year's tour in 1934. That first season, Paul Runyan was the highest money winner, tallying seven wins and just over $6700 (equal to $107,000 today). That same season, the pro tour earned a profit of $135,000 ($2.16 million today). By 1949, under the leadership of Boston promoter Fred Corcoran, the tour earned a profit of $600 thousand, and raised that total to over $2 million in the '60s (today, those totals are equal to $5.4 million and $14.5 million, respectively).' 'The 1930s also saw the creation of a new tournament, the Masters (originally named the Augusta National Invitation Tournament).",
"The first tourney was held in 1934, with Horton Smith its winner, and quickly became one of the premier golf events on the PGA Tour schedule. The creation of the Masters Tournament also ushered in the era of the modern majors. Originally, the majors (the four major golf tournaments of the year) were the British and U.S. Opens and Amateur Championships. With the rise of professional golf, the majors eventually became the U.S. and British Opens, the PGA Championship and the Masters.' 'The 1930s in golf, however, failed to produce a single dominant figure. While there were certainly star players, no one controlled the game like the figures before. From 1934 to 1939, no player won the money leader title more than once. It wasn't until 1940 and Ben Hogan that golf once again had a titan. Hogan, a Texan, won the money title five times in his career. He tallied four U.S. Open titles, won the Masters twice, the PGA Championship twice and won a single British Open, becoming only the second player (after Gene Sarazen) to win the career Grand Slam in the Masters era.",
"He also won the Masters, U.S. Open and British Open in the same year, 1953, considered one of the greatest achievements in golf history.' 'Following World War II, another golfer hit the scene, challenging Hogan's dominance: Byron Nelson. Nelson became the first golfer on the PGA Tour to win more than 10 events in a single year, winning an astonishing 18 events in 1945 (an unmatched feat in history). He also became the first player to top $50,000 in winnings in a single year, earning over $63,000 in '45 (worth $751 thousand today). ' 'One golfer of the era not remembered for singular dominance by rather for consistency was Sam Snead. Playing across four decades on the PGA Tour, Snead won three money titles, three PGA Championships, three Masters and a British Open, never able to capture a U.S. Open titles (though he was a runner-up five times, including losing a playoff in 1947). Snead's claim to fame, however, is his PGA Tour win total.",
"Between his first victory on the Tour in 1936 and his last in 1965, Sam Snead won 82 Tour events, the most all-time. ' 'Women's Golf:' 'Evidence from the history of golf says that women have been involved and interested in the game almost since its inception. The Royal and Ancient Club was founded in 1754 - within 60 years, women were on record as being active on the course. Within another sixty years, they had formed a club as well, the Ladies Golf Club of St. Andrews in 1867. In 1893, the Ladies Golf Union was formed, the governing body for women's golf in the U.K. and Ireland. In the U.S., women came to golf just about as early as men; just one year after John Reid set up the first golf course, he and his wife played another couple in mixed doubles, the first recorded mixed doubles match in the U.S. ' 'As in men's golf, early domination of the sport belonged to Great Britain. However, by about the 1920s, American women had developed a greater affinity for the game.",
"In 1932, The USGA and the Ladies Golf Union established the Curtis Cup Match, a competition between American and British teams held every two years. The first was held in England, with the Americans winning. Much like its male counterpart, the Walker Cup, early domination in the Curtis Cup belonged to the U.S.' 'Babe:' 'Though women's golf has never achieved the same level of popularity as men's golf, it certainly has had its stars. Its first (and perhaps biggest) was Mildred Didrikson Zaharias, better known as Babe. Zaharias, widely considered perhaps the greatest female athlete of all time, did not excel solely in golf. As an 18-year-old, she entered a national track and field event in Illinois and won the team title - as the only member of her team. She entered eight of the 10 events, winning six of them (and placing 2nd and 4th in the other two) and set three world records. She went on to win two gold medals at the 1932 Olympics, and was disqualified from winning a third for diving over the bar in the high jump (something that had never been done before, and was later legalized).",
"With her popularity skyrocketing, she went on a tour of the country, first as a vaudeville performer, later playing baseball, football, basketball, trying out skiing, boxing and fly-casting.' 'Though she started playing golf shortly after the Olympics, she decided to get serious about the game a few years later. It was during this period that she was paired with a professional wrestler at a tournament in 1938, George Zaharias. The two made an immediate connection and were married shortly afterward. However, as much as Babe's private life was enjoying success, her professional life was not - women's pro golf was not yet established, and the only two major tournaments were for amateurs (the National Women's Amateur Championship and the British Ladies' Championship). As a result, Zaharias applied for amateur status and, in 1944, the USGA approved it. As soon as World War II ended and those tournaments got started up again, Zaharias won them, winning the Women's Amateur Championship once, in '46 and the British Ladies' Championship once, in '47.",
"By this time, women's pro golf was finally starting to come together.' 'There have been a number of major championships in women's golf throughout the years. The earliest is the Women's Western Open, which began play in 1930. The second was the Titleholder's Championship in 1937, the third the U.S. Women's Open in 1946. All three of these were retroactively named majors by the LPGA. The Ladies Professional Golfer's Association was formed in 1950 by a group of 13 golfers, one of whom was Babe Zaharias. Of the three majors formed during her career, Zaharias won all three, winning the Western Open four times, the Titleholders three times and the U.S. Open three times.' 'Sadly, she was stricken with cancer and died in 1956 at 42. ' 'Arnie's Army Storms Golf:' 'The 1950s were another period without a clear dominating figure in men's golf.",
"In the decade, no player (other than Sam Snead) captured the events winner title (awarded to the player who won the most events in the season) and no one won the money leader title more than once. Players like Hogan and Snead were nearing the end of their careers, no longer ruling the scene. Nelson had retired in the '40s. Golf's popularity was still on the rise; it was now entering television for the first time, as major tournaments appeared on TV on Saturdays and Sundays. The sport, however, needed a national figure, and at the end of the decade, one finally appeared.' 'Arnold Palmer, born in Pennsylvania in 1929, turned pro in 1954 after winning the U.S. Amateur Championship, and within three years captured the events winner title. A year later, in 1958, he won the money title. He would win three money titles in his career, as well as a U.S. Open title, a British Open title and four Masters titles, at the time the most in history.",
"Palmer became the game's first superstar, attracting a horde of followers at each tournament nicknamed \"Arnie's Army.\" He totaled 62 PGA Tour wins in his career, ranking 5th all-time.' 'The Golden Bear and the Black Knight:' 'Palmer's fame was helped along by the presence of two significant rivals, Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus. Player was a South African who turned professional in 1953. He joined the PGA Tour in '57. Within two years, he already began to win. His first major championship victory came in 1959 at the Open Championship, the first of three British Open titles he would win. He won the PGA Championship twice and the Masters three times. He finally completed the career Grand Slam in 1965 when he won the U.S. Open (his only victory there). He is one of only eight golfers to have won the Masters three times or more. His last major victory came in 1978, at the Masters, when he stormed back from a 7-hole deficit after three rounds to win by a stroke. He was nicknamed \"the Black Knight\" because he famously wore all black while playing.",
"Player, though considered a rival of Palmer, was considered more a rival of his contemporary, Jack Nicklaus.' 'Nicklaus, nicknamed \"the Golden Bear\" because of his build and hair color, would retire from professional golf considered by many to be the greatest golfer of all time. During his career, he would eclipse all golfers that came before him by winning a total of 18 majors, a record that still stands today. His 73 PGA Tour wins rank him second on the all-time list. He turned pro in 1961, winning his first major (the U.S. Open) within a year. He won each major at least three times, becoming history's first three-time career Grand Slam holder. He won the U.S. Open four times, the British Open three times and the PGA Championship five times. His greatest success, however, came at the Masters. The six-time winner of the tournament (by far a tournament record) last won a major title at Augusta in 1986. The win came as a shock to the golf world, as Nicklaus had last won a major six years previous.",
"However, the Golden Bear had enough magic left to capture the Green Jacket, an honorarium bestowed on each winner of the Masters, one last time.' 'Changing and Adding:' 'In 1968, the PGA Tour, which had, since its inception in 1916 been governed by the PGA of America, broke off, becoming its own organization. Initially, tournament players had formed their own group, the Association of Professional Golfers. They quickly abandoned this, forming the PGA Tournament Players Division, later simply named the PGA Tour. All the records of the PGA Tour prior to the split were carried over. In '72, Europe finally had its own official tour, the PGA European Tour, which comprised 15 different countries.",
"Its all time leader in wins is Spaniard Seve Ballesteros (who also had success on the PGA Tour).' 'In 1974, a local board of directors in Pinehurst, North Carolina established the World Golf Hall of Fame, inaugurating their first class that year, comprised of Patty Berg, Walter Hagen, Ben Hogan, Bobby Jones, Byron Nelson, Jack Nicklaus, Francis Ouimet, Arnold Palmer, Gary Player, Gene Sarazen, Sam Snead, Harry Vardon and Babe Zaharias. While the Hall of Fame was initially a local venture, it eventually came under the purview of the PGA, moving to St. Augustine, Florida in 1998 and continuing as world golf's official Hall of Fame.' 'That same year, 1974, a new tournament was established, one that would go on to be considered alongside the four majors. The Tournament Players Championship, later renamed simply The Players Championship, is played in Florida every year, dubbed by many \"the Fifth Major\" though it has never officially received that distinction.",
"The Players Championship awards the highest prize money of any golf tournament; its first winner, Jack Nicklaus, received $50,000 out of a total purse of $250,000 ($217,000 and $1.09 million today). Nicklaus also holds the distinction of winning the tourney three times, the most in history.' 'The World's Number One:' 'With the official addition of the European Tour, and its subsequent legitimization among the world's top golfers, more and more golfers began splitting their time between the European and PGA Tours. Many golfers (non-Americans) would primarily play on the European Tour, then play in the major tournaments in the U.S. This led to a problem for the Royal and Ancient Club: their system of invitation to the British Open was now leaving out many top golfers because they split time between the tours. This led to the development of the World Golf Rankings. This system, endorsed by the four majors and the six top international golf tours, ranks the world's golfers on a points system, derived from their finishes in tournaments.",
"The rankings were first released prior to the 1986 Masters Tournament - the top six were Bernhard Langer, Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, Tom Watson, Mark O'Meara and Greg Norman. Interestingly, the top three were all European players - none of them ever finished as the money or wins leader on the PGA Tour. However, that first year, Greg Norman ended the year ranked number one, which he would do six more times in his career, a record when he retired. Only one other golfer would tally more year-end number ones than Norman�but we'll get to him later.' 'Between 1986 and 1997, Norman's last year at number one, there were only five players who finished the year at number one: Norman, Ballesteros, Ian Woosnam, Nick Price and Nick Faldo. Of those five, only Faldo achieved that feat more than once. Norman dominated the world rankings, yet only won the money title on the PGA Tour three times in his career and only ever won titles in one major championship, winning the British Open twice.",
"Other golfers of the era were big winners in the majors: Tom Watson won five British Opens, a U.S. Open, and two Masters, failing to capture the career Grand Slam by never winning the PGA Championship. Faldo won two Masters and three British Opens while Ballesteros accomplished the same feat, and Curtis Strange became the first player since Ben Hogan in the 1950's to win back-to-back U.S. Opens, winning in '88 and '89 (and no player has done so since). But on the horizon as the calendar turned to the late '90s was a player that would capture golf's attention and awards like almost no one else before.' 'Tiger:' 'Eldrick Woods was born in 1975 in California, and his father Earl had him playing golf from an incredibly early age - even appearing on a TV talk show to showcase his talents at the age of two. After attending Stanford University for two years and winning the U.S. Amateur Championship three times (including as the youngest ever, a record which stood until 2008), he turned pro in 1996.",
"The man nicknamed \"Tiger\" immediately became a sensation, winning the 1997 Masters with a still-record low of -18. The son of an African-American man and a Thai woman, he also became the first non-white player ever to win at Augusta. He wouldn't stop there - Woods, at present, has captured a total of 14 major victories, second all-time to Nicklaus. With four Masters titles, three U.S. Open titles, three British Open titles and four PGA Championship titles, he is also the only person besides Nicklaus to have completed three career Grand Slams. In 2000-01, he also became the only person in history to hold all four majors titles simultaneously, winning the 2000 U.S. and British Opens and PGA Championship, followed by the 2001 Masters title. However, since he did not win them in the same year, it did not count as a single season Grand Slam. Still, he managed to best Bobby Jones in 2008 when he won his 14th major, eclipsing Jones' 13.",
"He also has 71 PGA Tour wins, 3rd all time, only two behind Nicklaus and 11 behind Snead. At only 34, many believe he will someday beat Snead's record. Tiger also holds the record for most number one year-end rankings (with 11 as of 2009) and the record for most weeks at number one (with 615 straight weeks - 284 more than Greg Norman, who is second). Woods has also won more money than any other golfer in history, with his prize money as of 2010 totaling over $93 million.' 'Golf Today:' 'Tiger still dominates the fans' attention in golf, though due to injury and personal problems he has failed to win a major since 2008. TV ratings when Tiger is playing for a championship as opposed to when Tiger isn't are considerably higher.",
"Still, the sport of golf in general is strong, attracting strong TV revenues and awarding higher and higher purses every year - for example, the Players Championship, the highest purse in golf, awarded the equivalent of $217,000 to the winner out of $1.09 million in its first year. The 2010 Players Championship gave its winner $1.71 million out of a $9.5 million purse. Golf is going strong. What remains to be seen is what will happen when Tiger finally retires, and whether a new figure can arise to capture the world's attention in the sport.' U.S. Senior Open Championship Facts Twitter: @usopengolf ; Facebook.com/USOPEN ; Instagram: @USGA ; #USSeniorOpen PAR AND YARDAGE Del Paso Country Club will be set up at 6,994 yards and will play to a par of 36-34–70.",
"DEL PASO COUNTRY CLUB HOLE BY HOLE Hole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Par 5 3 4 5 3 4 4 4 4 36 Yards 544 178 490 580 228 395 440 450 318 3,623 Hole 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total Par 4 4 3 4 3 5 4 3 4 34 Yards 317 393 165 487 215 636 473 225 460 3,371 ARCHITECT Del Paso County Club was designed by Scotsman John L. Black. It was redesigned and renovated by architect Kyle Phillips in 2006.",
"The club was founded in 1916 on property that was part of the original Rancho Del Paso, a historic 44,000-acre area used by 19th-century settlers as a pathway through the Sierra Nevada Mountains. COURSE RATING Based on the course setup for the championship, the USGA Course Rating is 74.9. Its Slope Rating is 147. WHO CAN ENTER The championship is open to any professional and amateur golfer who is 50 years of age as of June 22. An amateur is eligible with a Handicap Index® not exceeding 3.4. The deadline for entries is May 6. ENTRIES The USGA accepted 2,445 entries for the 2015 U.S. Senior Open. The record number of entries is 3,101 in 2002. SECTIONAL QUALIFYING Sectional qualifying, played over 18 holes, was conducted at 34 sites around the country between May 11 and June 4. The sectional qualifying sites are located in 26 states, including five in California and three in Florida.",
"CHAMPIONSHIP FIELD The starting field of 156 golfers will be cut after 36 holes to the low 60 scorers and ties. SCHEDULE OF PLAY Eighteen holes of stroke play are scheduled each day from Thursday, June 25, through Sunday, June 28. In the case of a tie after 72 holes, a three-hole aggregate playoff will commence immediately after the conclusion of the fourth round on June 28. 2014 CHAMPION Colin Montgomerie defeated Gene Sauers in a three-hole aggregate playoff to win the 2014 U.S. Senior Open Championship at Oak Tree National, in Edmond, Okla. Montgomerie and Sauers advanced to the playoff with 72-hole scores of 5-under 279. Montgomerie held a one-shot lead through two holes and sank a 16-foot par putt to claim his first USGA championship. Montgomerie, who opened with a first-round 65, led at the end of the first and second rounds but trailed Sauers by four strokes entering Sunday’s action.",
"He rallied with a final-round 69, while Sauers narrowly missed a birdie putt on the 72nd hole that led to the first U.S. Senior Open playoff since 2002. Sauers, who tied for 35th the previous year in his first U.S. Senior Open, had shot three consecutive rounds in the 60s to build his lead. Montgomerie, who won his first professional playoff in nine attempts, which included a loss to Ernie Els in the 1994 U.S. Open at Oakmont (Pa.) Country Club, became the fifth player to win both the U.S. Senior Open and Senior PGA Championship in the same year. PURSE The 2014 purse was $3.35 million; the winner earned $630,000. TELEVISION SCHEDULE The U.S. Senior Open will receive at least 20 hours of live network coverage. Fox will air at least 10 hours of coverage throughout the championship. Fox Sports 1 will air at least 10 hours over the first two days of play.",
"Date Network Broadcast Hours (EDT) June 23 Fox Sports 1 Preview, 3:30 p.m.-4 p.m. June 24 Fox Sports 1 Preview, 7 p.m.-8 p.m. June 25 Fox Sports 1 2 p.m.-7 p.m. June 26 Fox Sports 1 2 p.m.-7 p.m. June 27 Fox 2 p.m.-7 p.m. June 28 Fox 2 p.m.-7 p.m. TICKETS Tickets for the 2015 U.S. Senior Open Championship are available for purchase at 2015ussenioropen.com. Weekly tickets are $125 (good Thursday-Sunday with parking). Trophy Club tickets are $250. HISTORY This is the 36th U.S. Senior Open Championship. The first U.S. Senior Open, played in 1980, was conducted for golfers 55 and older. The next year, the USGA lowered the minimum age to 50. Miller Barber captured the first of his three U.S.",
"Senior Open titles in 1982 – he also won in 1984 and 1985. The U.S. Senior Open has four two-time winners: Gary Player (1987, 1988), Jack Nicklaus (1991, 1993), Hale Irwin (1998, 2000), and Allen Doyle (2005, 2006). Doyle became the championship’s oldest winner in 2006 at the age of 58 years, 13 days. The youngest champion is Dale Douglass, who won in 1986 at the age of 50 years, 3 months, 24 days. USGA CHAMPIONSHIPS AT DEL PASO COUNTRY CLUB This is the first U.S. Senior Open Championship and the fifth USGA championship to be conducted at Del Paso Country Club. In the 1982 U.S. Women’s Open, Janet Alex posted a 72-hole score of 5-under 283 to win by six strokes and record her first professional victory.",
"Four players tied for second at 1-over 289: eight-time USGA champion JoAnne Gunderson Carner, 1975 U.S. Women’s Open champion Sandra Haynie and U.S. Women’s Amateur champions Donna White and Beth Daniel. Carner won the first of her five U.S. Women’s Amateur titles at Del Paso in 1957. She defeated Ann Casey Johnstone, 8 and 6, in the final. Carner, the 1971 and 1976 U.S. Women’s Open winner, holds the record for women with eight USGA championships and is tied for third among all competitors behind Robert T. Jones Jr. and Tiger Woods, who have nine each. USGA CHAMPIONSHIPS AT DEL PASO COUNTRY CLUB 1957 U.S. Women’s Amateur: JoAnne Gunderson Carner def. Ann Casey Johnstone, 8 and 6 1964 U.S. Senior Women’s Amateur: Loma Smith won by one stroke over Mrs. William Kirkland 1976 U.S. Women’s Amateur: Donna Horton def.",
"Marianne Bretton, 2 and 1 1982 U.S. Women’s Open: Janet Alex won by six strokes over Sandra Haynie, Donna White, JoAnne Gunderson Carner and Beth Daniel USGA CHAMPIONSHIPS IN CALIFORNIA This will be the 75th USGA championship played in California and the second U.S. Senior Open contested in the state. Hale Irwin edged Vicente Fernandez by one stroke to win the 1998 U.S. Senior Open at Riviera Country Club, in Pacific Palisades. He became the seventh player to win the U.S. Open and U.S. Senior Open. USGA OPENS IN CALIFORNIA 1948 U.S. Open: Riviera Country Club, Pacific Palisades (Ben Hogan) 1955 U.S. Open: The Olympic Club (Lake Course), San Francisco (Jack Fleck) 1964 U.S. Women’s Open: San Diego Country Club (Mickey Wright) 1966 U.S. Open: The Olympic Club (Lake Course), San Francisco (Billy Casper) 1972 U.S.",
"Open: Pebble Beach Golf Links (Jack Nicklaus) 1982 U.S. Open: Pebble Beach Golf Links (Tom Watson) 1982 U.S. Women’s Open: Del Paso Country Club, Sacramento (Janet Alex) 1987 U.S. Open: The Olympic Club (Lake Course), San Francisco (Scott Simpson) 1992 U.S. Open: Pebble Beach Golf Links (Tom Kite) 1998 U.S. Open: The Olympic Club (Lake Course), San Francisco (Lee Janzen) 1998 U.S. Senior Open: Riviera Country Club, Pacific Palisades (Hale Irwin) 2000 U.S. Open: Pebble Beach Golf Links (Tiger Woods) 2008 U.S. Open; Torrey Pines Golf Course (South Course), San Diego (Tiger Woods) 2010 U.S. Open: Pebble Beach Golf Links (Graeme McDowell) 2012 U.S. Open: The Olympic Club (Lake Course), San Francisco (Webb Simpson) U.S.",
"SENIOR OPENS IN CALIFORNIA 1998 U.S. Senior Open: Riviera Country Club, Pacific Palisades, Calif. (Hale Irwin) U.S. SENIOR OPEN – PAR-70 COURSES (10) Oakland Hills Country Club, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. (1981, 1991) Oak Hill Country Club, Rochester, N.Y. (1984) Olympia Fields (Ill.) Country Club (1997) Salem Country Club, Peabody, Mass. (2001) Prairie Dunes Country Club, Hutchinson, Kan. (2006) The Broadmoor (East Course), Colorado Springs, Colo. (2008) Sahalee Country Club, Sammamish, Wash. (2010) Indianwood Golf & Country Club (Old Course), Lake Orion, Mich. (2012) Omaha (Neb.) Country Club (2013) Del Paso Country Club, Sacramento, Calif. (2015) LONGEST PAR 3s in U.S.",
"SENIOR OPEN HISTORY 240 yards – 12th at The Broadmoor (East Course), Colorado Springs, Colo., 2008 230 yards – 3rd at Omaha (Neb.) Country Club, 2013 230 yards – 4th at Riviera Country Club, Pacific Palisades, Calif., 1998 228 yards – 6th at Inverness Club, Toledo, Ohio, 2003 228 yards – 15th at Inverness Club, Toledo, Ohio, 2011 228 yards – 5th at Del Paso Country Club, Sacramento, Calif., 2015 LONGEST PAR 4s in U.S.",
"SENIOR OPEN HISTORY 545 yards – 17th at The Broadmoor (East Course), Colorado Springs, Colo., 2008 501 yards – 10th at The Broadmoor (East Course), Colorado Springs, Colo., 2008 494 yards – 10th at Omaha (Neb.) Country Club, 2013 493 yards – 13th at The Broadmoor (East Course), Colorado Springs, Colo., 2008 490 yards – 3rd at Del Paso Country Club, Sacramento, Calif., 2015 489 yards – 12th at Indianwood Golf & Country Club (Old Course), Lake Orion, Mich., 2012 LONGEST PAR 5s IN U.S.",
"SENIOR OPEN HISTORY 636 yards – 15th at Del Paso Country Club, Sacramento, Calif., 2015 608 yards – 7th at Brooklawn Country Club, Fairfield, Conn., 1987 608 yards – 6th at Canterbury Golf Club, Beachwood, Ohio, 1996 601 yards – 3rd at The Broadmoor (East Course), Colorado Springs, Colo., 2008 600 yards – 5th at Crooked Stick Golf Club, Carmel, Ind., 2009 599 yards – 14th at Oak Tree National, Edmond, Okla., 2014 WINNERS OF U.S. OPEN AND U.S. SENIOR OPEN Billy Casper (1959, 1966 U.S. Open; 1983 U.S. Senior Open) Hale Irwin (1974, 1979, 1990 U.S. Open; 1998, 2000 U.S.",
"Senior Open) Orville Moody (1969 U.S. Open; 1989 U.S. Senior Open) Jack Nicklaus (1962, 1967, 1972, 1980 U.S. Open; 1991, 1993 U.S. Senior Open) Arnold Palmer (1960 U.S. Open; 1981 U.S. Senior Open) Gary Player (1965 U.S. Open; 1987, 1988 U.S. Senior Open) Lee Trevino (1968, 1971 U.S. Open: 1990 U.S.",
"Senior Open) THE LAST TIME IT HAPPENED AT THE SENIOR OPEN Colin Montgomerie – the last international winner (2014) Allen Doyle – the last to defend title successfully (2006) Roger Chapman – the last to win in his first appearance (2012) Colin Montgomerie – the last to win on his second attempt (2014) Olin Browne – the last start-to-finish winner with no ties (2011) Hale Irwin – the last winner to birdie the 72nd hole to win by one stroke (1998) Gary Player – the last winner without a round in the 60s (1988) Roger Chapman – the last winner with all rounds in the 60s (2012) Roger Chapman – the last defending champion to miss the cut (2013) Don Pooley – the last winner to come through sectional qualifying (2002) FUTURE SITES Aug.",
"11-14, 2016: Scioto Country Club, Columbus, Ohio June 29-July 2, 2017: Salem Country Club, Peabody, Mass. CHAMPIONSHIP TROPHY The U.S. Senior Open, first contested in 1980, is a relatively new national championship when compared with others conducted by the USGA. Yet the U.S. Senior Open Trophy is actually the oldest among the USGA’s championship trophies. On Sept. 24, 1894, the Tuxedo Club of Tuxedo Park, N.Y., invited three other clubs to compete in the first American interclub tournament. Shinnecock Hills Golf Club, Saint Andrew’s Golf Club, and The Country Club of Brookline, Mass., agreed to the challenge. While there is still some dispute as to which team won, The Country Club team, consisting of H.C. Leeds, Laurence Curtis, Robert Bacon and W.B. Thomas, returned home with the trophy. The sterling silver, hourglass-shaped cup remained in the club’s possession until the mid-1950s, when it was given to the USGA for exhibition.",
"In June 1980, with the USGA preparing for the first U.S. Senior Open, The Country Club suggested that the trophy be used as the formal award for the championship. The cup was presented “by the Country Club and Golfers of Massachusetts,” and formally dedicated as the Francis D. Ouimet Memorial Trophy. Roberto De Vicenzo received it at Winged Foot Golf Club as the inaugural champion. A replica of the trophy, complete with engraving of the 1894 Brookline team, was produced by the USGA in 1997 and awarded to Graham Marsh at Olympia Fields Country Club in Illinois. The original was then given its second and final retirement. The original U.S. Senior Open Trophy is on display at the USGA Museum in Far Hills, N.J. PHOTO MEDIA SERVICE The USGA will offer daily complimentary high-resolution photographs during the U.S. Senior Open (Monday-Sunday) for news use only. For more information and to register, contact [email protected]. IMPORTANT PHONE NUMBERS MEDIA OPERATIONS/SERVICE Please contact Brian DePasquale, Pete Kowalski or Stephanie DiPilla for more information regarding your U.S. Senior Open coverage.",
"Their contact information is: Brian DePasquale: [email protected]"
] |
How many times did tennis legend Jimmy Connors win the US Open in the 1970s?
|
Three
|
[
"3",
"Three",
"three"
] | 11,097
|
[
"Tennis legend Jimmy Connors reveals all - Video on NBCNews.com Rock Center | May 10, 2013 Tennis legend Jimmy Connors reveals all From his engagement to Chris Evert, to the role his mother played in his tennis career, to his gambling addiction when his life on the court faded, legend Jimmy Connors reveals all to Rock Center’s Harry Smith. Share This: Did Camp Lejeune water cause man’s breast cancer? Rock Center Game Gone Wrong: Bryan Stow and his recovery Rock Center Boston bombing amputee rises to her feet Rock Center Activists say Goodwill exploits workers with penny wages Rock Center Stella!",
"Inside the empire of Stella McCartney Rock Center Brian Williams signs off Rock Center with a look back Rock Center Boston bombing amputee walks with new legs Rock Center Some workers at Goodwill paid as little as 22 cents an hour Rock Center Paul McCartney: Being Stella’s dad, ‘pretty cool’ Rock Center In the Newsroom: Happy 'Trololo' birthday to you Rock Center 19-year-old hopes to revolutionize nuclear power Rock Center Aesha, three years later: ‘I’m a very lucky girl’ Rock Center June 14, 2013 This content comes from Closed Captioning that was broadcast along with this program. >>> for mother 's day, our next report focuses on one of the most intense mother /son relationships you will ever come across. jimmy connors became a tennis legend famous for his grit also his volcanic temper, but it's the portions of his new memoir that deal with his life off the tennis court that are deservedly getting the most attention. tonight for the first time he talks about all of it with harry smith . >> reporter: at a municipal tennis court off highway 101 a man repeats a ritual he's been performing since his mother put a racket in his hand.",
"yes, that's jimmy coners. grinding away at a public tennis court . maybe we shouldn't be surprised because in the 1970s , connors was the guy who dragged tennis kicking and screaming from the country clubs to the streets. you come on the scene, you're brash. you yell at umpires. you flip off people in the crowd. you use your tennis racket in obscene ways sometimes. we'll find the pictures. >> i'm not denying anything. >> reporter: love him or loathe him, fans wanted to see him. >> this is what they pay for. this is what they want. >> reporter: they're amazed by you. they're transfixed on you. but they don't necessarily like you. >> well, not at the beginning, no. i mean i'm going to get hammered for this, but i don't really care. tennis needed a face-lift. we needed people who were loving baseball, basketball. >> reporter: the average sports fan. >> the real sports fan. not the average sports fan.",
"the real sports fan who wanted to come see two guys going at it willing to give everything they had, break their back for them, leave their blood on the court and have fun doing it. >> reporter: you were the torch that lit that fire. >> burn. let it burn . i needed something to do. >> reporter: and now connors is likely to burn a few bridges after a long self-imposed exile. he's emerged with a raw and revealing memoir called \"the outsider.\" >> you know, i look back, it was painful writing this book. going back. i had amnesia for so long. it resurrected a lot of things that kind of made me look at myself. >> reporter: here are the headlines. how his engagement to chris evert ended. how he brazenly humiliated his wife with a very public affair . how he tortured him family with a high stakes gambling addiction and how he never said no to his mother who taught him the game but also tried to wall jimmy off from the world. east st. louis, illinois, north 68th street, the house where tennis lessons from mom began on a backyard practice wall. when the family moved, the new house had a full-sized court.",
"people said there's something wrong with this relationship. why is it? what's this deal with connors ? your opponents would call you a mama's boy. what was that like for you? >> but never to my face. it's interesting because i've said many, many times that it's okay for joe montana 's dad to hit him with the football, wayne gretzky 's dad to give him a hockey stick but a relationship with your mother especially who had the guts to step up just wasn't acceptable. >> reporter: jimmy and his mother . their relationship was the source of his success and the reason for his rage. >> i think a lot went back to the incident with my mother . >> reporter: you're at a tennis court -- >> right. when she got smacked. >> reporter: jones park in east st. louis. jimmy and his mom were playing here one day when gloria asked two men playing nearby to turn down their radio. in response one man hit her so hard he knocked her teeth out. how old were you? >> 8. about 7, 8 years old. >> reporter: to hear you talk about it, it sounds like it happened yesterday.",
">> it did. in my mind, it did. >> reporter: because she was hurt pretty badly. >> i don't know if she ever got over it or not, but she never said a word about it after that day. >> reporter: really? >> not a word. nope. >> reporter: gloria connors would mold jimmy 's tennis career, no matter where it would take them, no matter the cost. your mother had the right idea on that. in 1968 , gloria took jimmy to beverly hills . he was 16. there gloria surrendered the rest of jimmy 's tennis education to tennis legend pancho sigura. >> she had taken me as far as she could. and she realized that. that was more her genius, not only did she give me the game, very compact, easy playing game, but she knew when to turn me loose. >> reporter: take me back to 1974 . you won 99 matches, 15 tournaments, all of the grand slams except the french open . that's a pretty good year. >> that's a career. >> reporter: cover of \"time\" magazine.",
">> that's one of the coolest right there. being on the cover of \"time\". >> reporter: and to top it all off, the bad boy of tennis was dating the princess of the court, chris evert . when 19-year-old evert and 21-year-old connors both won wimbledon in 1974 , the british press dubbed it the love double. the two were engaged with a november wedding date. why didn't you and chris get married? >> bad timing at the time for both of us. even though we had something very special during the time that we were together, it was -- you know, the pressure on us was unbelievable. >> reporter: last week word spread of connors ' shocking revelation. from what i'm reading, it looks to me like she had an abortion. did you and chris have a conversation about this? about making a decision like that? >> well, that was certainly a decision that needed to be made, and you know to have faced that together and to go through that together was a necessarily, sure. >> reporter: in reaction, chris evert released this statement.",
"jimmy connors has written about a time in our relationship that was very personal and emotionally painful. i am extremely disappointed that he used the book to misrepresent a private matter that took place 40 years ago and made it public without my knowledge. in 1978 , connors married the former patti mcguire . she was the new playmate of the year. by this time, gloria connors had developed a reputation as an iron lady who controlled all aspects of her son's life. how did you get along with jimmy 's mom? >> not well. not well. i mean, i loved her, but she was a tough cookie. all 5'2\". >> reporter: what was that about? because you write in your book that your mother basically froze patti out. >> well, you know, my mom, as like patti said, she hunched her shoulders and did what she did, which was, you know, almost, you know, push patti aside. >> reporter: jimmy , here's your point to say, i should have stood up to my mother and -- >> listen, you're leaning in to me. that's a bad sign.",
">> reporter: in the book, connors writes how in 1983 he openly cheated on patti . let me just ask you why did you stay? >> bottom line is i loved him. and you know, no one's infallible. we all make mistakes. >> i think that, you know, it's been written many times that patti connors was a saint to put up with jimmy connors . and i've said that's the only thing the press really got right about my whole career. they don't know how right they are about that. >> reporter: but most tennis fans remember about jimmy connors and what some of us will never forget took place in september of 1991 , the u.s. open . we were riveted that labor day . his 39th birthday. watching an epic nearly five-hour match, connors beat aaron cricksteen, a top ten player 15 years his junior. >> i've never felt anything like that before ever. and for me, that's what i waited 20 years to hear.",
">> reporter: when connors finally left the game in the late '90s and the cheering stopped, his landing in real life wasn't pretty. patti was busy at home with son brett and daughter aubrey. without the adrenaline rush of tennis , jimmy turned to compulsive big money gambling, an expensive substitute. what did you tell him? >> either that goes or i go. >> reporter: really? >> yeah, i'm not going to put up with that. >> reporter: so you still gamble? >> no. >> reporter: done? >> finished. >> reporter: now on new artificial hips connors is at the muni court regularly breaking a sweat with good friends cindy nally and pete moran na. as ever, he's generous with hackers. >> no, impossible! >> reporter: i've always wanted to do it. >> what? >> reporter: and is accommodating to autograph seekers. >> pleasure to meet you.",
"Roger Federer: Swiss Legend Will Not Challenge Jimmy Connors' Title Record | Bleacher Report Roger Federer: Swiss Legend Will Not Challenge Jimmy Connors' Title Record By Ian Hanford , Featured Columnist May 29, 2012 Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Clive Brunskill/Getty Images 4 Comments Roger Federer 's 74 career tournament titles will never amount to Jimmy Connors' 109 tourney championships. Federer has been a professional tennis player for roughly 14 years. That means he has won around 5.3 tournament titles per year of competition. With his current pace, Federer would need to play on his championship level for seven more years. That just isn't realistic. This is why. Age Federer will be 37 by the time he breaks Connors' record, if he were to stay on his current pace. His age is already discouraging, given his small setback in success, but it will be worse in a year or two. Can Federer challenge Connors' record? A. Yes Submit Vote vote to see results Can Federer challenge Connors' record? A.",
"Yes 55.5% Total votes: 274 It is tough to believe that Federer will win five titles a year, for seven more years. If he were in his prime, maybe his early 20s, he could possibly do it. However, being 30 years old now greatly diminishes that possibility. Federer is certainly a contender in this year's French Open, but his longevity should be questioned. Other players have caught up to his skill level, and are able to use his age to their advantage. Which brings up to the other players in today's tennis world. Stiff Competition Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal will give Federer enough obstacles to overcome in the next few years. That doesn't even include any other solid players now, or anyone who may emerge. Djokovic and Nadal are already on Federer's level. Give them—Djokovic especially—a few more years of seasoning and they will only become a tougher challenge. Matthew Stockman/Getty Images Federer will need to traverse a tightrope of tough competitors and increasingly difficult odds in order to chase down Connors' record. Despite Federer's superior talent, the situation just isn't in his favor.",
"He still has a few more solid touring years ahead of him, but not up to the caliber of his prime playing years. The idea of Federer breaking Connors' record is nice for Federer fans and fans of modern tennis, but it isn't a realistic goal. Instead, tennis fans will have to settle for Federer's already-elite career resume. Jimmy Connors: still angry after all these years - Telegraph Celebrity news Jimmy Connors: still angry after all these years Tennis legend Jimmy Connors on his new memoir and the shocking revelation about an abortion that has so upset his former girlfriend Chris Evert Jimmy Connors says rage has been a motivating emotion in his life Photo: Getty Images Comments 'Get those tiger juices flowing,” Gloria Connors would urge her young son before a game. The shaggy-haired, working-class boy from Illinois would do as he was told, harnessing the rage built up during a tough childhood and unleashing it on his unsuspecting opponent. It was that rage, he says now, that won him his first major tennis title in the men’s doubles with Ilie Nastase at Wimbledon in 1973.",
"That rage went on to win him eight Grand Slam singles titles, including Wimbledon in 1982, beating John McEnroe in an epic final. That rage, he claims in his new autobiography, The Outsider, won him a record 109 tournaments over the course of his career, propelled him to world Number One for 268 weeks, and allowed him to play at the highest level well into his forties. “What was I angry about?” he muses today, a solid, California-tanned figure in a baby-blue golfing sweater and jeans, the unruly hair now tamed into a salt and pepper slick. “Sometimes I was just angry about the morning. It was all there inside.” Connors had plenty to feel cross about. As an eight-year-old playing on the public courts in East St Louis, he witnessed his mother, grandfather and grandmother being savagely beaten by two local punks. His mother had more than 100 stitches to her mouth and struggled with her injuries until the day she died. Connors was also scarred for life. “When I needed something to push me to another level during matches, I would remember that day. I needed something extra a lot of the time.",
"Looking back, I can see why I played with so much rage.” Related Articles The Promise of Endless Summer 03 May 2013 Still now, over a decade after Connors gave up professional tennis, the 60-year-old is a tightly wound, uncompromising figure, his controlled speech belying the fraught character beneath. He may be remembered as one of the “Brat Pack” of tennis – a foul-mouthed tennis genius who was mentored on and off the court by his pal, “Nasty” Nastase and took the game from the back pages to the front with his off-court antics – but to him, the title of his autobiography was obvious. “I always felt like an outsider. Then, as I got older, I deliberately kept myself in that same mode because it gave me an edge. I might have dipped a toe on the inside, but really I was always better on my own.” Much has been made of his feud with McEnroe – a relationship that allegedly remains strained to this day – but Connors insists that it was never personal. “I liked a lot of the guys.",
"Maybe they didn’t like me and the way I played, but that was what it took for me to be what I became.” When, in the 1970s, television turned tennis from a game of country-club gentility into what Connors calls “a Wild West show” – with characters like Nastase, Bjorn Borg and McEnroe doing for the sport what the Stones had done for music a few years earlier – he was in his element. “My job was to make the crowd go crazy,” he writes in the book. “Anything else they got was a bonus,” he maintains. “But the tennis was always the show that drew people in.” Connors claims he was prone to shyness off-court, but that did not manifest itself when he gave the finger to a linesman who disagreed with a call or belted out profanities at adversaries. “We gave them glamour, excitement and controversy and they didn’t want it,” he shrugged. “Now, they’re longing for it and they can’t have it. Tennis is big business these days and the conscious entertainment has gone, but back then we all walked a fine line. Did we overstep it sometimes?",
"Sure, but that’s what drew in the crowds.” Connors admits that if he watched any of his past tournaments now (he never does), his behaviour “would probably make me blush”. Yet both in the book and in person, he seems reluctant to elaborate on just how far he overstepped the line off-court. Despite being nicknamed “the George Best of tennis” – a comparison he feels “is actually a pretty big compliment” – Connors insists he was never much of a party boy. “I could go out but it would catch up with me two or three days later,” he frowns. “I kept all that under control, and sometimes that was hard, but I always knew that it shouldn’t interfere with the tennis. And I wasn’t a ladies’ man. I was the shy, laid-back one but I happened to hang around guys who were pretty good with women.” Despite highly publicised relationships with fellow tennis star Chris Evert – to whom he became engaged when he was 21 and she was 19 – former Miss World Marjorie Wallace and Playboy model Patti McGuire, now his wife, and mother of their two adult children, Connors makes it clear in the book that he found it hard to remain faithful.",
"After he’d cheated on McGuire early in their marriage, she began divorce proceedings, but she later forgave Connors and has been with him ever since. “I consider myself lucky to have ended up with just the one woman,” he smiles. “Tennis gave me everything I became but I needed a woman who could handle all that. I’ve been married to Patti for 35 years, and she’s stayed with me through the ups and the downs. “I was great at confrontation on the court but not so much off it. Rather than confront issues, I would let things slide and go into the dark place in my head. Now I’m so grateful that my family stuck by me throughout all that.” There are touching passages in The Outsider about his mother – a former professional tennis player who honed Connors’ skills from a young age, taking him to California as a teenager for tutelage by the Ecuadorian player, Pancho Segura – his grandmother and his wife. But they are largely overshadowed by his unchivalrous portrayal of his former fiancée, Evert, as a controlling, promiscuous young woman who bore little resemblance to the softly spoken all-American girl with whom the world fell in love.",
"In a passage that made global headlines when the book was published in the US earlier this month, Connors strongly hints – without stating it – that Evert had an abortion, against his wishes, shortly before they were due to be married. Evert responded with the statement: “I am extremely disappointed that he used the book to misrepresent a private matter that took place 40 years ago, and made it public without my knowledge.” Does he regret the revelation now? “No,” Connors says, his mouth tightening. “It was a part of my life. At the time, a very important part of my life.” And he didn’t feel stung by the subsequent criticism? “I didn’t read any of it,” he shrugs. Has he been in touch with Evert since? “Yes – we spoke.” Did he apologise? “No. We spoke. But it’s a book about my life and it was very subtle. There are 400 other pages in the book, but everyone focuses on that one.” While it’s tempting to think that Connors became hardened by celebrity and his sporting ambition, it seems more likely that the iron will at the core of him was forged years before, on that bloodied tennis court in East St Louis.",
"His regrets (“there’s always a price to pay: tennis was my mother and my grandmother, but it wasn’t my dad, so I distanced myself from him”) and the pain that the end of his career caused him have done nothing to soften his character. “There’s no doubt that you go through a depression when it ends,” he says sadly. “I fought it until I was 40 and then did the senior tour until I was 49, just to keep my hand in. It wasn’t the big stage, but it was still a stage…” He goes on: “There’s no replacing the feeling, no replacing the applause and everything that goes along with that.” And boy did he try, he laughs. “I kept trying to find something that could create a little more excitement – even if it was just three seconds’ worth, but there was nothing. When you can’t sell out places any more, you can’t win Wimbledon or the US Open any more…” He looks down at the hands folded in his lap.",
"“What do you do?” He plays golf, swims and tries to play a little tennis every day, but after three hip operations “it’s more standing than playing; titanium doesn’t move so well.” I ask whether he feels that he’s mellowed – and he doesn’t like it. “I prefer 'matured’.” Has he still got the rage? “I do,” he smiles. “I control it a little better now, but it’s still there.” 'The Outsider: A Memoir’ by Jimmy Connors (Bantam Press, £14.99), is available from Telegraph Books at £12.99, plus £1.35 p&p. Call 0844 871 1514 or visit books.telegraph.co.uk BBC SPORT | Tennis | US Open | Golden memories for Connors Tuesday, 11 February, 2003, 23:33 GMT Golden memories for Connors Connors thrived under New York's bright lights By Sophie Brown BBC Sport Online It seems apt that tennis legend Jimmy Connors should celebrate the milestone of turning 50 during the US Open.",
"For the last Grand Slam of the season was the most successful of the four Majors for Connors during his 20-year career. He took the title five times and is the only player to have won it on three different surfaces - grass, clay and hardcourt. Jimmy Connors factfile Born: 2 Sept, 1952 in Bellville, Illinois Titles won: 109 US Op 74, 76, 78, 82, 83 Career earnings: $8.6m In 1991, it was the scene of his inspired run to the semi-finals at the age of 39. Furthermore, if you had to pick the Grand Slam event that most personifies Connors, it would have to be the US Open. You would equate him neither with the laidback charm of the Australian Open nor the proud sophistication of Roland Garros. You would certainly not think of him in terms of the quaint gentility of Wimbledon. No, it would have to be the brash, electric and gladiatorial atmosphere of Flushing Meadows.",
"The noise of overhead aircraft and the heckling, restless crowds of the biggest tennis stadium in the world have daunted many players - but not Connors. He was the master at playing the crowd, whipping up a frenzied atmosphere and then feeding off it to blow his opponent off court. Connors was the ultimate scrapper, the man who never gave up, the player whose game involved a no-holds-barred onslaught on his opponent. His desire to win - and hatred of losing - drove him on to claim a record 109 titles. Connors always gave his all on court Like John McEnroe, another great left-hander of his era, Connors was a rebel who had little on-court respect for officialdom. But McEnroe's delicate touch and sublime shot-making won him admirers among purists. There was little beauty about Connors' game, which involved outslugging his opponent, his double-fisted backhand being a particular trademark. Yet it was effective and made him one of the most consistent players on the tour and as reliable as the pudding-bowl haircut, another \"Jimbo\" trait. Two more of his trademarks were also abhorrent to tennis purists.",
"The first was his non-wooden racket, the second his grunt - both were almost his exclusive property when he joined the circuit but had been adopted by many rivals by the time he quit the game. While most of his contemporaries came from privileged backgrounds, Connors was taught to play tennis by his mother on public courts near his home in Illinois. Just as he began as an outsider, so he remained one throughout his career and beyond. Some admired him for his refusal to court favour and his insistence on being his own man but sometimes his churlish stubbornness did him no favours. He refused to take part in the parade of champions to celebrate 100 years of Wimbledon in 1977, instead practising on an outside court, and spurned a similar celebration in the Millennium year. When he was elected to tennis' Hall of Fame, he sent his manager along to accept the award. From metal racquets to metal clubs While many of his contemporaries have made new careers for themselves in the commentary box, Connors - some fleeting appearances on the senior circuit aside - has turned his back on the sport. These days he is more likely to be found playing golf near his home in California.",
"But although he is just a memory on the tennis circuit, 2001 US Open champion Lleyton Hewitt appears to be from the same mould. The Australian baseliner relishes a scrap and has intense mental focus and an overwhelming fist-pumping desire to win - all straight from Connors' locker. Like Connors, Hewitt is open about the fact that he is on court to win, not to make friends. And just as Hewitt is dating top women's player Kim Clijsters, so Connors once delighted the tabloids with his engagement to Chris Evert. The match of the street fighter with the girl next door was never going to last, unlike Connors' career, which spanned a 20-year period. And it was two decades of giving it everything he had, win or lose. Connors celebrated his 40th birthday by winning a first round match at the 1992 US Open. He may not be doing that on his 50th but he is unlikely ever to be forgotten by the New York crowd.",
"Review the action Genie Bouchard hoping Jimmy Connors can revive her career – Metro Tennis fans and reporters were abuzz on the Internet last week when pictures surfaced of the 62-year-old Connnors working with the 21-year-old Bouchard at both the West Side Tennis Club and the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. \"We're just friends,\" Connors told The New York Times. Connors, of course, won the Open on all three surfaces -- hardcourts, clay and grass -- and made a memorable run to the semifinals in 1991 at 39. He captured eight Grand Slam titles and is regarded as one of the fiercest competitors of all time. Still, his coaching track record isn't exactly stellar. Connors previously coached Andy Roddick for almost two years and then had an ill-fated partnership with Maria Sharapova that lasted just one match in 2013. RELATED LINK: US Open worth checking out, whether you're a tennis fan or not “Working this week with Jimmy has really given me a different side of things, like a different point of view,” Bouchard said. “He’s very energetic.",
"He’s kind of lifted my spirits a little bit. He believes in me. He helped me kind of believe in myself more and regain that confidence.” It made sense for Bouchard to seek him out, even if it's not a full-fledged coaching commitment as of yet. After reaching the Wimbledon final and two other Grand Slam semifinals in 2014, the blonde bombshell was hailed as the next big thing in tennis and drew comparisons to the iconic Sharapova. RELATED LINK: Roger Federer says he still has what it takes to win Yet her success was short-lived. The Canadian is just 4-15 since the fourth round of the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, California, in March. Last week in New Haven she was blown out by Roberta Vinci, 6-1, 6-0. Yet Bouchard earned a much-needed victory on Monday at the Open when she knocked out American Alison Riske, 6-4, 6-3, before a pro-Genie capacity crowd on the intimate Court 17. At least one fan yelled, \"I love you, Genie,\" while others repeatedly snapped her picture.",
"During her struggles, she felt the press turned on her and she was given a crash course in the realities of life on the pro tennis tour. \"I've learned the media, they always want to write a story,\" she said. \"They always need a headline. I try not to take it personally. You know, I don't think I deserved all the stuff I got. You know, at the same time it's their job, it's your jobs, and I respect that.\" Bouchard said it's important to focus on herself and remain positive. RELATED: Jeremy Sisto plays a tempermental tennis player in 'Break Point' \"I'm a good tennis player,\" she said. \"I have the skill. I have everything I need. Just no matter what keep working, keep my head up, keep my spirits up, keep that belief no matter what people say. It can be hard at times when you hear so many negative things. \"If I think that about myself, my inner team truly believes in me as well. That helps. That is what is helping me get through.\" If she can get through to the Round of 16, Connors will be back at the Open, the site of his previous glories.",
"In the meantime, Bouchard checks in with him on the phone to get pointers and inspiration. \"He is [coming back] but only next Sunday,\" Bouchard said with a smile. \"So I have to do well to see him again.\" Follow Adam Zagoria on Twitter @AdamZagoria for updates throughout the U.S. Open. Related Links ESPN.com: Connors conquered with intensity Connors conquered with intensity By Larry Schwartz Special to ESPN.com He was raised by women to conquer men, and that's exactly what Jimmy Connors did. He conquered them, as he had been taught by his mother and grandmother, on the tennis courts. Connors won five United States Open titles, and he is the only player to win this Grand Slam event on three different surfaces. He won two Wimbledons and one Australian Open. For five consecutive years in the 1970s, the left-handed dynamo was ranked No. 1 at the end of the year. He is the all-time leader in pro singles titles with 109 and matches won at the U.S. Open (98) and Wimbledon (84).",
"When Jimmy Connors got on a roll, such as the one he rode at the 1991 U.S. Open, he let the crowd know and then fed off of its emotional response. How's that for conquering? His biggest weapons were an indomitable spirit, a two-handed backhand and the best service return in the game. It is difficult to say which was more instrumental in Connors becoming a champion. He was born Sept. 2, 1952 in Belleville, Ill., just across the Mississippi River from St. Louis. He was raised to be a tennis player by his mother, a teaching pro named Gloria Thompson Connors, and \"Two Mom,\" grandmother Bertha Thompson. He started playing as a toddler. \"My mother rolled balls to me, and I swung at them,\" Connors said. \"I held the racquet with both hands because that was the only way I could lift it.\" Though smaller than most of his competitors, Connors didn't let it bother him, making up for a lack of size with determination. He played in his first U.S. Championship, the boys 11-and under division, when he was just 8 years old.",
"After winning the NCAA singles title as a UCLA freshman in 1971, he turned pro the next year and won six tournaments on tour. He won 11 more in 1973, a year that ended with him ranked third in the world. Then in 1974, the 5-foot-10, 155-pounder really began dominating, winning 15 tournaments. More significantly, he won three quarters of the Grand Slam: He won the Australian Open in his first crack down under (he would play this tournament only once more) and then captured Wimbledon and the U.S. Open. In the latter two tournaments, he beat Ken Rosewall in the finals, limiting the aging Australian legend to an astounding six game victories in six sets. Connors was denied a shot at the Grand Slam because he was banned from the French Open that year after signing to play in World Team Tennis. Because the Association of Tennis Pros (which Connors refused to join) and the French officials opposed WTT, entries of WTT players were refused. During the year, the world's No. 1 male player was involved in a storybook romance with the No. 1 female player, Chris Evert.",
"The relationship between the Wimbledon champions was hot and heavy before eventually cooling. Each later married someone else. ZONE POLL Previous poll results While tennis fans enjoyed Connors' gritty style and his never-say-die attitude, they often were shocked by his antics. His sometimes vulgar on-court behavior -- like giving the finger to a linesman after disagreeing with a call -- did not help his approval rating. During the early part of his career, Connors frequently argued with umpires, linesmen, the players union, Davis Cup officials and other players. He was even booed at Wimbledon -- a rare show of disapproval there -- for snubbing the Parade of Champions on the first day of the Centenary in 1977. Though No. 1 for 263 weeks in the '70s, he didn't win another Wimbledon that decade. Three times he lost in the finals, to Arthur Ashe in 1975 and to Bjorn Borg in 1977 and 1978. The 1977 defeat to Borg was an exceptional match, with Connors rallying from 0-4 in the fifth set to tie before the Swede won the final two games.",
"It wasn't until 1982 that Connors would win his second title on the Wimbledon grass. Three points from losing to John McEnroe in a fourth-set tiebreaker, Connors came back to win the tie-breaker and then took the fifth set 6-4. Overall, though, Connors had a losing record (13-20) against McEnroe, who rose to prominence after Connors peaked. But just as Connors had shining moments against McEnroe, so did he have important triumphs against Borg and Ivan Lendl, two other No. 1 players he had losing records against. Though 7-10 against Borg and 13-22 against Lendl, he beat each twice in the finals of his favorite tournament, the U.S. Open. He whipped Borg in four sets, including a breath-taking 11-9 third-set tiebreaker, in the final on the clay of Forest Hills in 1976, and routed the Swede in straight sets on the hard court to take the first tournament at Flushing Meadow in 1978.",
"These victories enabled Connors to become the only player to win the Open on three different surfaces (the 1974 victory came on grass). In 1982 and 1983, Connors won four-set finals against Lendl at Flushing Meadow. But perhaps Connors' finest performance at the U.S. Open was in 1991, when he celebrated his 39th birthday. It certainly was his most popular. By now, an older Connors had toned down his vulgarity, though not his competitive spirit. And the fans were enthralled by the way he gutted out one victory after another against much younger opponents. In 1990, he had played only three matches (0-3) because of a wrist injury and surgery. By the end of the year, his ranking had fallen from 14th to a tie for 936th. By the 1991 Open, he was No. 174 and needed a wild card to get into the tournament. In the first round, he faced McEnroe . but younger brother Patrick this time, not John.",
"Connors trailed two sets and 3-0 in the third set in the evening encounter. But then began the stuff of legends. At 1:35 in the morning, after 4 hours and 18 minutes of play, Connors walked off the court a winner, having taken the fifth set 6-4. Next came straight-set victories over Michiel Schapers and 10th-seeded Karel Novacek. On Sept. 2, Connors gave himself a wonderful 39th birthday present. He lost two of the first three sets to Aaron Krickstein before tying the match. Krickstein went ahead 5-2 in the fifth. But with the crowd cheering wildly and Connors pumping his arms after winning shots, he roared back and won in a tiebreaker. The place went crazy. Reports said some fans paid scalpers as much as $500 to see his quarterfinal match against Paul Haarhuis. They weren't cheated. From a set and a break down, Connors rallied to win the final three sets as again the crowd shrieked its delight on his winning points. At 39, he was, incredibly, in the final four.",
"Unfortunately, the magic was gone in the semifinals, as Jim Courier won in straight sets. Still, although Stefan Edberg won the tournament, it was Connors' Open in the public's view. Connors, who won $8,641,040 in official earnings, wound down his playing on tour in 1993. That year, he started his own tour for players 35 and over, and with his will as strong as ever, he has dominated play there as well. On July 11, 1998, he was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame. Connors has no apologies, for his career or book FacebookEmail Twitter Google+ LinkedIn Pinterest Connors has no apologies, for his career or book During his playing days Jimmy Connors was never one for pulling punches, and even though the American tennis icon is now in the business of writing books, his pugilistic side is still front and center.",
"Post to Facebook Connors has no apologies, for his career or book During his playing days Jimmy Connors was never one for pulling punches, and even though the American tennis icon is now in the business of writing books, his pugilistic side is still front and center. Check out this story on USATODAY.com: CancelSend A link has been sent to your friend's email address. Posted! A link has been posted to your Facebook feed. 10 To find out more about Facebook commenting please read the Conversation Guidelines and FAQs Connors has no apologies, for his career or book Chris Oddo, Special for USA TODAY Sports Published 8:03 a.m. ET May 13, 2013 | Updated 6:08 p.m. ET May 13, 2013 Jimmy Connors, shown here at the U.S. Open in 2012, speaks his mind in a controversial book that arrives in bookstores this week.",
"(Photo: Dan Istitene, Getty Images) Story Highlights Jimmy Connors shows the same in-your-face personality in his new book that he showed as a player \"I've got scars on the outside and scars on the inside\" Connors' book 'The Outsider' arrives in stores this week During his playing days Jimmy Connors was never one for pulling punches, and even though the American tennis icon is now in the business of writing books, his pugilistic side is still front and center. Connors' controversial memoir The Outsider, which will be released this week, is written with the same tough-as-nails edginess that defined the eight-time Grand Slam winner during 2½ decades of hair-raising, in-your-face tennis. As it turns out, the man who won more titles (109) and compiled more wins (1,237) than any other male player in tennis history can also spin an entertaining tale.",
"The 401-page romp takes readers on a roller-coaster ride from Connors' formative years through an era of professional tennis in the 1970s that was part circus, part wild west and part gladiator pit, but always it reinforces the notion that Connors was a man who loved tennis and wanted desperately to win at all costs. Now 60, Connors freely admits that he misses the big stage. \"There's no doubt,\" he told USA TODAY Sports in a phone interview last week. \"To have been able to play at the level that I was able to play at and to go through all of that for such a long period of time, to all of the sudden wake up one day and not have that is a bit of shock.\" Always eager to leave the tennis court awash in his own blood, sweat and tears, Connors has approached his first book with the same vitality, choosing to unearth personal demons, lurid infidelities and old secrets for all the world to read. He writes of his own struggles with a gambling addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder.",
"He airs out intimate details of his romance with Chris Evert, which ended with a terminated pregnancy, and vilifies legends Arthur Ashe and Andre Agassi, all the while being unafraid to take a self-deprecating tone. And, true to form, he makes no apologies. \"Tennis gave Agassi everything — his fame, his money, his reputation, even his current wife — and he went on to knock it in his book,\" writes Connors. Connors and Ashe had a strained relationship, which Connors attributed to Ashe's resentment of all the money he was making on non-sanctioned challenge matches at the time. These matches diminished the prestige of the ATP tour in Ashe's view, and Ashe also had a beef with Connors' lack of enthusiasm for Davis Cup competition. \"All he had to do was come up and talk to me face to face, man to man, but he chose not to,\" Connors writes of the time that Ashe left a note in his locker at Wimbledon outlining his views. \"It annoyed me, but not so much as when he walked out on Centre Court wearing his Davis Cup jacket, with U.S.A.",
"emblazoned across his chest.\" But these quips and quarrels pale in comparison to the startling revelation that Chris Evert had become pregnant during her much publicized relationship with Connors in 1974. The fallout ended up breaking up their engagement. \"That was a part of my life, and a very big part of my life at the time,\" he said of his relationship with Evert. \"It was not labored on and it was said as a matter of fact.\" (Photo: File) \"All these questions come up,\" says Tennis Channel commentator Justin Gimelstob, on what might have spurred Connors to dredge up some sensitive issues from his past. \"What's his motivation? Why? Nobody could truly know those, it's just people speculating. At the end of the day he knows why he did what he did, and why he does what he does.\" Connors believes he owed it to his readers to give them everything he had. \"People, when they watched me play tennis, saw what I was able to give them, and that's what I tried to do with the book,\" he said.",
"\"I guess it would have been very easy to sit down and just write only the good things, right?\" If Connors had chosen to write only the good things, there would have been no shortage of material to draw from. Trained by his mother Gloria and his grandmother, affectionately called \"Two-Mom,\" the Belleville, Ill., native embarked on a wild ride that eventually landed him in southern California where his mother would deliver him to the venerable touring pro Pancho Segura, one of the top male pros in the 1950's, for further priming. When asked what he saw in him, Segura told Connors, \"I loved your pride. You were born to be a champion.\" Connors, 5-9 and 155 pounds, didn't cut an intimidating figure, but his tenacity more than made up for anything that he might have lacked in size. \"The guy personified leaving it all on the court,\" says Gimelstob, who credits Connors with inspiring his love for tennis when he was a youth. \"He symbolized maximizing effort and getting every ounce of talent out of your body.",
"He was the ultimate competitor.\" \"You felt like he gave you such a gigantic effort every time he stepped on the court,\" says Steve Flink, a notable tennis historian and author. \"He was a singularly compelling player.\" He was ornery, too. Defiant, anti-establishment and obstinate, Connors clashed with tennis' powers that be, turning fans and fellow players against him at the beginning of his career. \"That was more or less my upbringing,\" Connors told USA TODAY Sports. \"It was well documented that it was me and my mom and my family against the world.\" It didn't help that he was aligned with a salty promoter by the name of Bill Riordan who brought lawsuits against ATP bigwigs and created an air of contempt around Connors even as he took his place at the pinnacle of the sport in 1974. \"I was simply in the middle of a nasty power struggle and being cast as the villain,\" Connors writes in his memoir. \"Well, screw you, I'll use the aggravation to motivate myself.\" It would take a while, but eventually Connors would shed some of his defiance and let the crowds join him in his no-holds-barred quest for glory.",
"\"What he learned to do over time was to enjoy himself more and he didn't have to stop being who he was but he could find a way to win the fans over,\" Flink says. \"He found a way to embrace them.\" But Connors never dropped the ferocity that made him such a terror to play against. Nor did he ever let go of his belief that tennis was meant to be a form of entertainment as much as it was meant to be a competition. \"The fans that came to watch us play, they weren't there just to see the tennis,\" he says. \"We had to be the fight on the hockey arena, we had to be the walk-off home run in the seventh game of the World Series, we had to be the 100-yard kickoff return on the gridiron. We had to do that to get those sports fans to come in and be a part of us.\" Bad behavior was what the fans craved in those days, and the marquee players of that era — Ile Nastase, John McEnroe and Connors, to name a few — gave them what they wanted. Crotch-grabbing, bird-flipping, name-calling, in a time before political correctness and smartphones, anything went.",
"\"What we were able to do and get by with, I don't know if that would be acceptable today,\" Connors says. \"It was a wild west show back when we were playing, and shooting from the hip and the lip wasn't a bad thing.\" It may not have been a bad thing for Connors and other greats at the top of the tennis food chain, but for players looking to make their mark, it could be tricky. \"Sometimes they were above the game,\" says ESPN commentator Brad Gilbert, a former pro. \"Jimmy could bring the crowd into it. It took a lot to beat him tennis-wise, let alone he could get away with a lot more than any of the players can today.\" Connors would whip the crowd into a frenzy one last time when he reached the U.S. Open semifinals in 1991 at the age of 39, an age when all of his contemporaries had been long retired. Connors remembers those two weeks as the best of his career. \"Being able to play that kind of tennis at 39 was pretty spectacular,\" he says. \"I'd spent my whole career trying to get the fans involved like that and to get that kind of a reaction.",
"We always had the tennis fan. But the real sports fan coming in and being a part of what we were doing, that was the best ever.\" In the stands for every one of Connors' matches that year in New York, Gimelstob remembers it well. \"You felt his will,\" he said. \"Tennis is a blood sport, and he personified that.\" \"Connors was regarded differently and his image changed,\" Flink says. \"He had learned to enjoy the public arena more than he ever had and he found a way to not have to play against the crowds but to play for them. That was the key, now he played for them, and now he didn't see them as enemies any more either. He realized that he could win them over and that they could help him.\" More than 20 years later, Connors has elected to share the inside stories of a life spent in the tennis trenches with those fans who helped him take his tennis to the highest level.",
"From first-hand accounts of his intense rivalry with John McEnroe (\"Mac is the one player I can watch limping around the court and feel good about saying 'F--- that guy.' \") to placing big wagers on himself to win Wimbledon at a London betting house, it's all there in black and white. Connors has turned back the clock and come out swinging, using words on the printed page like weapons, deploying them in the same fashion that he used to deploy his legendary two-handed backhand. With Connors, there is only one endgame. He plays to win, and he knows we want to see him lay it on the line. \"Playing in front of 25,000 people and millions more on television, and performing and doing what I worked so hard to try to accomplish was, in my opinion, the ultimate,\" Connors says. \"Do I miss it? Of course I do. I've got scars on the outside and scars on the inside, but it's been 60 years of good living.\" Follow Chris Oddo on Twitter, @TheFanChild ."
] |
Which pop star did model Iman marry in 1992?
|
David Bowie
|
[
"Hermione Farthingale",
"Ziggy Stardust (persona)",
"The Berlin Trilogy",
"Berlin Trilogy",
"Bowiesque",
"David Bowie",
"David bowie filmography",
"Davie Jones and the King Bees",
"Bowiean",
"David bowie",
"Tao Jones Index",
"Bowie, David",
"The Konrads",
"Davie Jones with the King Bees",
"David Bowie's",
"David Bowi",
"Davis bowie",
"The Manish Boys",
"David Robert Hayward-Jones",
"Ziggy stardust (persona)",
"The King of Glitter Rock",
"David Hayward-Jones",
"The Lower Third",
"Davy Jones and the Lower Third"
] | 11,985
|
[
"Articles about Iman - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel Slash caught his mom naked with David Bowie when he was 8 NewsFix and KIAH, August 31, 2012 David Bowie has been into a lot of things during his long career, from Ziggy Stardust, to Mick Jagger , to a 20-year marriage to model Iman . And now, we find out that Bowie was into, quite literally, the mother of Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash . This little bit of rock'n'roll trivia came out when slash was in Australia talking to Triple M , the big rock station down under. He said his mother Ola Hudson was a popular costume designer back in the day, doing the likes of John Lennon , Ringo Starr , Diana Ross and David Bowie.",
"Advertisement Bowie, Iman Exchange Vows In Church Ceremony June 7, 1992 British rock star David Bowie and Somali-born model Iman exchanged religious vows Saturday in a church in Florence, Italy.Guests at the service in San Giacomo Church included Yoko Ono, Bianca Jagger and society hair stylist Thierry Mugler.Bowie, 45, and his bride, 36, went through a civil ceremony in Lausanne, Switzerland, in April.Bowie was divorced from his first wife in 1980. Iman, one of the world's highest-paid models, was married for eight years to basketball star Spencer Haywood.She and multimillionaire Bowie each have a child from previous marriages. LOCAL Romance of an era By Jean Patteson, Sentinel Staff Writer, February 2, 2007 Inspired by the success of her pinup pictures, Iman Woods went looking for other styles of vintage photography to imitate. She hit on the moody, black-and-white photographs of couples from Hollywood's Golden Age -- Greta Garbo and Robert Taylor, Jean Harlow and Clark Gable.",
"\"I thought, `Wouldn't it be romantic to take pictures of modern couples posed like that?' \" says Woods. \"I could call them `Love Story' photos.\" She researched dozens of classic silver-screen photographs, studying the stylized poses, the high-contrast lighting and the glamorous hairstyles, makeup and outfits. LOCAL Supermodel Iman Begs For Political Conference December 10, 1992 Iman, the Somali-born supermodel, has emerged as the most visible and vocal advocate of humanitarian aid for the starving multitudes in her homeland. She is trying to bolster support for Operation Restore Hope and to call for a political dialogue between warring factions in Somalia. Iman, 37, has asked the U.S. to take a major role in the creation of a national peace conference in Somalia. ''If the U.S. troops come out with no political settlement achieved or no environment where the elders of warring factions can have a dialogue, then we will be back to square one,'' she said.",
"LOCAL Iman Weeps After Seeing Her Native People Starve October 2, 1992 Iman, the Somali-born top model, wept Thursday when she saw hundreds of starving children in the part of her native country worst hit by famine.Iman was visiting the southern town of Baidoa, where 250 people are dying from starvation every day, witnesses said.Tens of thousands already have died and 2 million are at risk of starving because of drought and a civil war. LOCAL Iman Says She Tried - Ex Calls Her Lousy, Abusive March 21, 1993 Iman, pasted in a recent tabloid as a lousy wife and abusive mother by her ex, Spencer Haywood, issued a statement denying nothing but stressing she had done her best.In his just-out autobio, Haywood, a former pro basketball star, said his sex life with the model disappeared after he found her smooching with Grace Jones, that she emotionally abused their daughter, Zulekha (now 14 and living with Haywood), that she never got ''dinner on the table or food in the fridge'' and introduced him to drugs.",
"LOCAL Bowie, Iman Tie The Knot In Secret Swiss Ceremony May 4, 1992 British rock star David Bowie and his girlfriend, Somali-born supermodel Iman, were married at a secret ceremony in Switzerland, London newspapers said today.They said Bowie, 46, whose first marriage ended in divorce in 1980, and the 36-year-old model tied the knot April 24 in Lausanne, where Bowie has a home.The bride wore sunglasses, a white pants suit and a black top and carried a bouquet of white flowers. The groom wore a black suit and tie with a white rose in his lapel.Iman, who can command thousands of dollars for a day's work, was married for eight years to American basketball star Spencer Haywood. LOCAL Jackson Video To Feature Magic, Eddie And Iman January 21, 1992 Magic Johnson, Eddie Murphy and model Iman will appear in the second music video released from Michael Jackson's new album Dangerous.The video for the single ''Remember the Time'' is being filmed around Los Angeles, a spokesman for the pop star said Monday. It will premiere Feb.",
"2 on the Fox Broadcasting Network, after In Living Color, and on cable's MTV and Black Entertainment Television.John Singleton, director of Boyz N The Hood, is directing the video. LIFESTYLE Ex-supermodel Iman Fashions New Career - Cosmetics By Mary Gottschalk, San Jose Mercury News, August 17, 1994 Iman.Her name immediately conjures up multiple images:- The Somalian ''shepherdess'' discovered by photographer Peter Beard in Africa two decades ago who went on to become the supermodel to end all supermodels, dominating the runways of Paris, Milan and New York for 14 years.- The exotic beauty who married rock icon David Bowie twice - first in a civil ceremony, later in a religious one.- The actress whose roles have included a cross-dressing killer on Miami Vice and a silent servant in Out of Africa. LOCAL Ooh-la-la! Penchant for pinups pays off By Jean Patteson, Sentinel Staff Writer, February 2, 2007 When the photo session begins, Iman Woods has a warning for her model: \"The poses are going to feel weird, but the pictures will look great.",
"Trust me.\" So, trustingly, Shannon Greathouse reclines on the two fat sofa cushions lined up on the floor of Woods' living-room-turned-studio. Trustingly, she hangs her head over the end of the makeshift bed, gazing upside-down at the photographer. With one hand, she clutches her oversized cardigan sweater to her breast. With the other, she fans out her wavy blond hair. LOCAL Looking for Islam's Luthers By Nicholas D. Kristof, New York Times, October 17, 2006 Islam sometimes comes across the airwaves in the West as the faith of medieval fanatics wielding swords and wearing explosive vests. Western doubts are bolstered when the pope accuses Islam of violence and fundamentalists protest by killing a nun. But the public images of Islam we sometimes see -- the violence in the name of God, the intolerance, the obsession with the past -- represent only some stones in a complex mosaic. And those images can't explain why Islam appears to be, in percentage terms, the fastest-growing major religion in the world today. LOCAL Living, learning together October 9, 2006 Thank you, Orlando Sentinel, for your coverage of the local Muslim reaction to the pope's words.",
"All the propaganda stretching globally that may strongly influence younger generations is melted locally by the extensive educational efforts of Iman Muhammad Musri, leader of the Islamic Society of Central Florida. About 70 \"Women For Peace\" -- Hebrew, Christian and Muslim, all daughters of Abraham -- gathered to learn about one another's religion. We're fortunate to live, communicate and learn in Central Florida. LIFESTYLE Iman Strikes Many Poses In Book About Life By Valli Herman-Cohen, National Correspondent, December 27, 2001 Like great actresses of the silent screen, models are often at their most powerful when they remain mute objects of fantasy. The person below the surface is rarely as interesting. But iconic Iman, who left modeling 12 years ago, upsets that common notion.",
"Known today as a savvy cosmetics entrepreneur, wife of David Bowie, relatively new mother (she and Bowie had a daughter in August 2000) and a Muslim, Iman shows the potential for storytelling from a model's perspective in her first book, I Am Iman (Universe Publishing, 2001, $45) ENTERTAINMENT I-man Becomes Nowhere Man When 2 Stations Bounce Him By Jim Abbott of The Sentinel Staff, February 13, 1998 Amid the incessant radio talk about the alleged sex scandal in the Clinton White House, one voice is notably missing in action on the Central Florida airwaves.Imus in the Morning is no longer airing in the market, much to the dismay of Don Imus fans who have called, written and e-mailed your Radio Waves correspondent.The show was yanked by news/talk station 1060 AM (WAMT) in mid-January. The reason for the I-man's demise? It's the bottom line.The 10,000-watt WAMT just didn't have deep enough pockets to afford Imus, which cost the Brevard County station $3,000 a month.",
"LOCAL - Orange County Tax Collector Earl K. Wood is 80.- Actress... July 25, 1996 - Orange County Tax Collector Earl K. Wood is 80.- Actress Estelle Getty is 73.- Singer Donna Theodore is 51.- Rock musician Verdine White (of Earth, Wind & Fire) is 45.- Model-actress Iman is 41.- Rock musician Thurston Moore (of Sonic Youth) is 38.- Actor Matt LeBlanc is 29. LIFESTYLE Iman Strikes Many Poses In Book About Life By Valli Herman-Cohen, National Correspondent, December 27, 2001 Like great actresses of the silent screen, models are often at their most powerful when they remain mute objects of fantasy. The person below the surface is rarely as interesting. But iconic Iman, who left modeling 12 years ago, upsets that common notion.",
"Known today as a savvy cosmetics entrepreneur, wife of David Bowie, relatively new mother (she and Bowie had a daughter in August 2000) and a Muslim, Iman shows the potential for storytelling from a model's perspective in her first book, I Am Iman (Universe Publishing, 2001, $45) LOCAL Ooh-la-la! Penchant for pinups pays off By Jean Patteson, Sentinel Staff Writer, February 2, 2007 When the photo session begins, Iman Woods has a warning for her model: \"The poses are going to feel weird, but the pictures will look great. Trust me.\" So, trustingly, Shannon Greathouse reclines on the two fat sofa cushions lined up on the floor of Woods' living-room-turned-studio. Trustingly, she hangs her head over the end of the makeshift bed, gazing upside-down at the photographer. With one hand, she clutches her oversized cardigan sweater to her breast. With the other, she fans out her wavy blond hair.",
"Ex-supermodel Iman Fashions New Career - Cosmetics By Mary Gottschalk, San Jose Mercury News, August 17, 1994 Iman.Her name immediately conjures up multiple images:- The Somalian ''shepherdess'' discovered by photographer Peter Beard in Africa two decades ago who went on to become the supermodel to end all supermodels, dominating the runways of Paris, Milan and New York for 14 years.- The exotic beauty who married rock icon David Bowie twice - first in a civil ceremony, later in a religious one.- The actress whose roles have included a cross-dressing killer on Miami Vice and a silent servant in Out of Africa. LOCAL Nomad Ave., Orlando, died... April 7, 1994 BERTHA A. RAPPE , 77, 5930 Nomad Ave., Orlando, died Wednesday, April 6. Mrs. Rappe was a homemaker. Born in Pennsylvania, she moved to Central Florida in 1979. She was a member of Resurrection Lutheran Church.",
"Survivors: husband, Elmer; sons, Kenny, Evans City, Pa., Gary, Salisbury, N.C., Larry, Pensacola; daughters, Marilyn Scott, Shirley Sculley, both of Orlando, Donna Hinds, Killeen, Texas, Darla Minnick, Ashtabula, Ohio; sisters, Ethel Stubbs, Ashtabula, Venus Protzman, Butler, Pa., Myrtle Mazzanti, Valrico, Wilda Iman, Summerville, S.C.; 22 grandchildren; 24 great-greatgrandchildren; one great-great-grandchild. Iman - Model - Biography.com Model Iman is a retired supermodel from the country of Somalia. She was married to late rocker David Bowie. IN THESE GROUPS Famous People Born in Mogadishu Synopsis Iman was born on July 25, 1955, in Mogadishu, Somalia. A student at the University of Nairobi, she was discovered by photographer Peter Beard. Through the 1970s and 1980s, Iman was a favorite model in Vogue and Harper's Bazaar.",
"Fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent devoted the \"African Queen\" collection to her. Since retiring from modeling, Iman has done charity work in Somalia, started a cosmetics line and married rocker David Bowie. Early Life in Somalia Retired model and business executive Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid was born on July 25, 1955, in Mogadishu, Somalia. Iman is sometimes described as her native land's most famous export. One of the most sought-after fashion models of the 1970s and 1980s, Iman became a successful business executive in the 1990s with her own line of cosmetics. Married to rock star David Bowie since 1992, she became a mother for the second time at the age of 44 in the summer of 2000, but it was just one of many boundaries the enigmatic entrepreneur and social activist has broken in her lifetime. \"She broadened the definition of beauty,\" declared Washington Post writer Robin Givhan of Iman's stunning, exotic looks. \"She made earthiness sensual.",
"She helped to transform fashion into entertainment and models into personalities.\" Iman's mother, a gynecologist, gave her daughter the name Iman (which translates from Arabic as \"faith') when she arrived into the world with the hope that this would better prepare her for the challenges she would face as a female in Muslim East Africa. Her parents were decidedly progressive: Iman's father was a diplomat stationed in Tanzania, and under the law he could have had multiple wives, but chose to keep just one. The parents agreed that their daughter should be sent to a private Catholic school for girls, which was considered more progressive than the standard Islamic education available to young females in the 1960s. There, Iman thrived. \"I was a very nerdy child,\" she told husband David Bowie when he interviewed her for Interview in 1994. \"I never fit in, so I became laboriously studious.\" Discovery By 1973, Iman was 18 and a student of political science at the University of Nairobi. She also worked as a translator to help pay her tuition costs.",
"Photographer Peter Beard, a well-known figure in the fashion world, saw her one day on a street in Nairobi and was captivated by her long neck, high forehead and gamine grace. He began following her, and finally approached her to ask if she had ever been photographed. \"The first thing I thought was he wanted me for prostitution of naked pictures,\" Iman recalled laughingly about that day in an interview with Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service writer Roy H. Campbell. \"I had never seen Vogue. I didn't read fashion magazines, I read Time and Newsweek. \" But when Beard offered to pay her, she reconsidered, and asked for the amount due to the college for her tuition, $8,000; Beard agreed. Beard shot rolls of film of Iman that day, and took them back to New York with him. He then spent four months trying to convince his \"discovery\" to move to New York and begin modeling professionally. He even leaked items to the press about her fantastical beauty, and exaggeratedly claimed that she was descended from African royalty and that he had \"found\" her in the jungle. Another story alleged that she was a goat herder in the desert.",
"When Iman finally capitulated and flew to New York, dozens of photographers greeted her at the airport. A press conference that day initiated her into the vagaries of celebrity and fame. \"I was very surprised and offended that they could be so gullible to believe that all Africans come out of the jungle,\" Iman told Campbell. \"Somalia is a desert. I had never even seen a jungle. And I was even more insulted when they started asking the questions and talking only to Peter because they thought I did not speak English and I could speak English and five [other] languages.\" Signed to the modeling agency Wilhelmina, Iman began a career on haute-couture runways and in the pages of fashion magazines such as Vogue and Harper's Bazaar. She was instantly a favorite with designers and editors alike, and was one of first models in her day to be successful in both print and on the runway. French couturier Yves Saint Laurent even devoted a collection to her, \"The African Queen,\" and one of the most famous images of her career was a shot of her striding down a Paris runway in a Thierry Mugler design with a leashed leopard at her side.",
"She led an admittedly jet-set life, as she told the Washington Post, and often squandered her earnings. \"You earn an extraordinary amount of money almost for nothing at a very young age,\" she told fashion writer Givhan. \"I'd spend all this money to take the Concorde to Paris for a party and then come back. And I didn't do it just once. [Modeling] doesn't prepare a young girl for the future.\" More than a Model In 1978, Iman married basketball star Spencer Haywood, with whom she had a daughter. She continued to model, but was sidelined for a time in 1983 after a taxi wreck. In 1987, she and Haywood divorced, but a custody battle over their daughter Zulekha, who lived with her father in Detroit, endured for six more years. In 1989, Iman quit modeling altogether. She was adamant about leaving the business permanently and not staging a comeback, as she told Bowie in 1994, \"because then there is no grace in it,\" she said in Interview.",
"\"So, when I decided to leave, I made sure that there was no cushion for me to go back to in New York. I sold my apartment; I severed contacts there, except with my friends, so that I would never have the excuse that, when something went wrong, I could go back to that as a cushion. I think I made one of the best decisions I've ever made for myself.\" Iman moved to Los Angeles, where friends introduced her to the English rock legend in 1990. They were wed in Lausanne, Switzerland, on April 24, 1992, and were remarried in an Italian church two months later. Initially, their relationship seemed improbable to many, and it was even suspected to be some sort of publicity stunt, but Iman and her husband have proved one of the more enduring rock/fashion couplings of the modern age. Over the years, Iman made several film appearances, but the big screen failed to fully capture her grace and energy.",
"She found a far more worthy outlet for her talents, however, in 1992, when she convinced the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) to let her take a documentary film crew to Somalia, which had been ravaged by war, drought, and famine. Iman decided that her status as Somalia's most famous expatriate could be leveraged to help raise awareness of the tragedy and bring in more international aid. As she explained to People writer Ron Arias, she set out determined to \"let the Somali people speak for themselves. People get numbed when they see picture after picture, year in and year out, of people starving. I wanted to show that they are not a nation of beggars — that culture, religion, music and hope are still there.\" Iman and the BBC crew arrived to film Somalia Diary just weeks after her honeymoon. It was her first visit in 20 years, and she barely recognized places like Baidoa, where she and her family had vacationed when she was a child. Instead of a thriving market town, she found emaciated people clothed in rags, and adolescents toting automatic weapons. \"It reminded me of the movie Mad Max, \" she told People.",
"The making of Somalia Diary proved a dangerous and difficult time, but Iman was also able to visit family and even her former childhood home in Mogadishu, in which three refugee families were by then living. On one day of filming, she and the crew followed the bus that went through the town collecting the day's fatalities. \"[T]hat was the worst part,\" she said in the People interview with Arias. \"I stopped because I couldn't go through the whole thing. The count was 70 dead that day, and most of the bodies I saw in the sacks were children under 10.\" Launched Cosmetics Line In 1994, Iman launched her own line of cosmetics for women of color. She had long been frustrated by the paucity of products for black skin. \"I would go to cosmetics counters and buy two or three foundations and powders, and then go home and mix them before I came up with something suitable for my undertones,\" she said in an interview with Black Enterprise writer Lloyd Gite.",
"Teaming with Byron Barnes, a onetime makeup artist who had helped create a previous line of cosmetics for women of color, Iman came up with an innovative product line, and packaged it with her own name and very recognizable visage. The Iman Collection was aimed at all women of color — Hispanic, Asian, Native American, as well as black — and was sold at J.C. Penney stores across the United States. Like her modeling career, Iman's newest venture was an immediate success, but she soon realized that a company as small as hers did not have the capability to expand. The Iman Collection had neither an advertising budget nor a sales staff, and when its products sold out quickly, it took weeks to restock. Poor planning also hampered the business in the first year — for instance, there were not enough products for Asian skin types in West Coast stores, while too many languished on store shelves in the Midwest. \"In the first year, I have found everything that could go wrong in this business,\" she told Knight-Ridder/Tribune News Service writer Campbell in a 1996 article.",
"Perhaps even more ominously, Iman's first year as a cosmetics mogul coincided with an aggressive move by Revlon and other major cosmetic companies to capture that segment of the market as well. Many of these giants launched their own lines aimed at women of color, or expanded their existing product range. Still, the Iman Collection sold an impressive $12 million worth of products the first year, and in 1995 she agreed to a deal with Ivax, a Miami-based drug and cosmetic company. She retained control of the company still, but her line was given a sales staff and distribution network. The following year, it grossed $30 million. Personal and Professional Triumphs After her experience with Somali relief efforts, Iman continued to serve as an activist on several fronts. She became a successful fund-raiser for Marion Wright Edelman's Children's Defense Fund, and in 1999 created a lipstick with rapper Missy Elliott called \"Misdemeanor\"; a portion of the proceeds were donated to Break the Cycle, an organization committed to ending domestic violence. But Iman's cosmetic venture was so successful that in 2000 she launched a prestige line, \"I-Iman,\" with a much more daring palette.",
"Sold in Sephora stores, the brand was aimed at women of all colors. On August 15, 2000, Iman and her husband David Bowie became parents to a daughter they named Alexandria Zahra, who was born in a New York City hospital. Parenthood was something they had discussed publicly since the time of their marriage, and in the 1994 Interview piece, Bowie had even asked his wife what kind of grandmother she would prove to be in her old age. He wondered will \"the future Granny Iman sit with needlepoint and canvas in her rocking chair, within the confines of an Italianate atrium, or is she an outgoing Chanel-type figure?\" Iman laughed and replied, \"It's definitely needlepoint and rocking chair. Probably with two dogs and little kids by my side. Definitely! ... And the husband, of course.\" Recent Projects Iman reached a licensing and distribution agreement with Proctor & Gamble for her cosmetics brand. The deal allowed for her products to be sold through such major retail chains as Target and Wal-Mart. In addition to her successful cosmetics line, Iman has written two books: I Am Iman (2001) and The Beauty of Color (2005).",
"Expanding her business empire, Iman branched out in fashion accessories and home decor. She has one of the top-selling jewelry lines offered on HSN. In 2010, Iman received the Fashion Icon Award from the Council of Fashion Designers. Tragic Loss In January 2016, Iman lost her husband after a long battle with cancer. The couple had been married for more than two decades at the time of Bowie's passing. Around the time of Bowie's death, Iman posted a quote: \"The struggle is real, but so is God.\" Fact Check We strive for accuracy and fairness. If you see something that doesn't look right, contact us ! Citation Information David Bowie, the man who fell to earth, dies at 69 | PBS NewsHour David Bowie, the man who fell to earth, dies at 69 BY Joshua Barajas January 11, 2016 at 4:04 AM EST | Updated: Jan 11, 2016 at 5:41 AM Musician David Bowie performs onstage during his “Ziggy Stardust” era in 1973 in Los Angeles.",
"The legendary music man died after an 18-month battle with cancer. He was 69. Photo by Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images David Bowie, legendary pop singer-songwriter, died at the age of 69, following a months-long battle with cancer, a rep confirmed Monday to The Hollywood Reporter. “David Bowie died peacefully today surrounded by his family after a courageous 18-month battle with cancer,” read a statement posted to the Bowie’s official Facebook page . “While many of you will share in this loss, we ask that you respect the family’s privacy during their time of grief.” Bowie’s son from his first marriage, Duncan Jones, also confirmed the news on Twitter . Very sorry and sad to say it's true. I'll be offline for a while. Love to all. pic.twitter.com/Kh2fq3tf9m — Duncan Jones (@ManMadeMoon) January 11, 2016 Tributes to the British rocker have been rolling in worldwide and from Berlin to the International Space Station . Floral tributes are left beneath a mural of David Bowie, painted by Australian street artist James Cochran, aka Jimmy C, following the announcement of the singer’s death at age 69.",
"Photo by Chris Ratcliffe/AFP/Getty Images The British star’s career spanned more than five decades, including the 25th studio album “Blackstar” that was released on his birthday Friday. MORE: Listen to KEXP’s David Bowie Day broadcast Born David Robert Jones in London in 1947, the young musician’s career began as a singer and saxophonist in several unsuccessful folk bands . By the time he went solo in 1967 with a self-titled debut album, the musician dropped his birth name Davy Jones to avoid confusion with another Jones of the Monkees. Although the newly established David Bowie persona still played folk songs, the work started to turn to extraterrestrial heights, beginning with 1969 single “Space Oddity.” When asked by his mother what he wanted to be when he grew up, Bowie was quoted as saying : “Mum, I want to be an Artist, even a Star.” Bowie’s pop star aspirations meant shedding old characters for new ones. There’s the androgyne on the covers of “The Man Who Sold the World” and “Hunky Dory.” The pop alien Ziggy Stardust and his Spiders from Mars.",
"The Thin White Duke’s coke-fueled paranoia and balladeering . The art rocker who still made time for soaring love songs like “Heroes.” A full-bodied embrace of pop music in the 1980s. And, like any pop star, he had some questionable detours, like fronting hard rock band Tin Machine . The hits included “Rebel, Rebel,” “Young Americans,” “Changes,” and No. 1’s “Let’s Dance” and “Fame.” But focusing on Bowie’s chart-toppers ignores his other measures of influence, such as his electronic experimentation while in Berlin. Bowie also had a late period resurgence that had a fitting denouement for a lifetime of role play. “I’m dying to push their backs against the grain and fool them all again and again,” Bowie sang on “Dollar Days,” a ballad off “Blackstar,” his last album. Longtime producer Tony Visconti said the album was Bowie’s “parting gift.” “He always did what he wanted to do. And he wanted to do it his way and he wanted to do it the best way,” Visconti said in a statement posted on Facebook .",
"“His death was no different from his life — a work of Art.” In 1992, Bowie married Somali-born model Iman, with whom he had a daughter, Alexandria Jones. David Bowie was married to international model Iman, seen here Annual CFDA Awards at New York Public Library in 2002, for more than 20 years. and during 21st Annual CFDA Awards at NY Public Library in New York City, New York, United States. Photo by Ron Galella/WireImage The pop icon also acted in several movies, including 1986’s “Labyrinth,” where he donned skintight leggings and a teased-out wig as the Goblin King and played futurist Nikola Tesla in 2006’s “The Prestige.” Most famously, Bowie played an alienated alien in Nicolas Roeg’s “The Man Who Fell to Earth” in 1976. In a 1975 interview with Creem , Bowie downplayed a direct interest in science fiction or that his character in Roeg’s film was a literal space invader. “My character is … essential man, man in his pure form who’s corrupted or brought down by the corruption around him.",
"But it’s never definitely said where he comes from, and it really doesn’t matter. I mean, he could come from under the sea, or another dimension, or anywhere,” he said. “The important thing is what happens between the people. It’s a very sad, tender love story that evolves over a long period of time.” Bowie’s discography had a fascination with space that led one to believe he was Major Tom floating among the stars. Turned out, he was Ground Control. Iman spills simple secret to Bowie marriage - UPI.com 1 of 3 | License Photo WASHINGTON, April 22 (UPI) -- Former supermodel Iman and widow of late musician David Bowie revealed a secret to their lasting marriage in an interview conducted before his death. Speaking in an interview on OWN's Where Are They Now?, Iman said \"timing\" was everything in their relationship. \"We both understand the difference between the person and the persona,\" the 60-year-old model said. \"When we are home we are just Iman and David. We're not anybody else.\" \"You have to be at the right time in your life that you're ready for an everlasting relationship, that it becomes first and a priority in your life,\" she added.",
"The interview was conducted before Bowie's death in January. She advised young women looking to \"have it all\" to prioritize instead. \"If your career is important to you, don't get married and have children, because something will give,\" she said. \"I know we as women, we want to be able to have it all, but we can't have it all at the same time. So make your priority of what you want at that time.\" Iman and David Bowie married in 1992 after knowing each other for two years. The pop star died of cancer on Jan. 10 in New York. He was 62 years old. The model's mother, Maryan Baadi Abdulmajid, died shortly after her husband. She announced the news on Twitter in early April. \"She instilled ... the fact that nobody can take your self-worth unless you give your consent,\" she said of her mother in a 2014 interview.",
"\"She always said to me that there is nothing that the boys can do -- because I had two brothers -- that you can't do, if not better.\" David Bowie 'Starman' Biography: 9 Juiciest Bits - The Daily Beast 07.12.11 1:20 PM ET 1. Eye for an Eye In Bowie’s later years, around the time when his behavior was most outrageous, the pop star had a favorite saying: “Everyone finds empathy in a nutty family.” Bowie painted his mother as a repressed, eccentric woman who caused him to rebel as a kid. But, according to David Bowie: Starman , Bowie was described by his teachers as a bright, charming young thing with good manners—the kind of boy every mother would be proud of. There was one indelible incident during Bowie’s adolescence that would forever change his clean-cut image. When his closest friend and bandmate, George Underwood, was about to go out with a girl Bowie secretly fancied, he sabotaged the rendezvous, planning to move in on her himself. The boys got into a heated fight, and Underwood threw an impulsive punch, accidentally scratching Bowie’s eyeball.",
"The injury left his pupil permanently dilated, making that eye appear to be a different color than the other. 2. The London Boy In the mid-‘60s when Bowie was only in his late teens, he waltzed into London’s mod music scene as if he had been a part of it for years. It was during this period that Bowie wrote “The London Boys,” a “vignette of pill-popping boys dressed in their finery” that came to define Bowie’s gender-bending, man-child persona and set the precedent for later hits like “Lady Stardust” and “All the Young Dudes.” The mod scene was inextricably linked to the gay scene, and Bowie blended in seamlessly with both. But he was more admired for his unique image and charm than he was for his music. 3. First 'Trip' to Space Though “The London Boys” defined Bowie’s early years, “Space Oddity” proved his clout as a musician. Bowie said the song came to him easily and was inspired by Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey.",
"“I went stoned out of my mind to see the movie and it really freaked me out, especially the trip passage.” Indeed, the song had an eerie numbness to it that many believed was fueled by a heroin trip, and Bowie indulged the rumors in the mid-'70s when trying to build up his druggie image. But people close to him at the time say he couldn’t even smoke a joint without coughing. Regardless of whether Bowie was on drugs when he wrote the song, record producers liked its “otherworldly” sound, and the single’s timely release with the 1969 Apollo mission made it all the more marketable. Its trendy, sci-fi theme would later become synonymous with Bowie’s Ziggy Stardust alter ego. 4. The Prettiest Starman As his music career progressed, Bowie’s public persona became more enigmatic, particularly when it came to his sexuality. Angela Barnett, whom Bowie eventually married and then divorced, was oddly instrumental in shaping the flamboyant image that everyone associated with Bowie in the ‘70s. The rock star puffed it up by bragging about his bisexuality.",
"In 1975, Bowie told writer Cameron Crowe that he met Barnett “because we were both fucking the same guy.” They had an open relationship from the start, and would invite both men and women into their conjugal bed. Bob Grace, a music manager who worked with Bowie, said part of his obsession with the bisexual scene was tied to Mick Jagger. “Jagger was a role model … and David was convinced he was bisexual.” 5. Fascist Fascination When Bowie was collaborating with Iggy Pop on The Idiot sessions in the late ‘70s—the beginning of what became known as Bowie’s Berlin period—the two lived together in Schöneberg, a southwest district in the city. Though the region was riddled with Nazi history, Berlin’s gay community embraced the cabaret culture it embodied at the time. Bowie was as fascinated with Schöneberg’s famous Nazi bunker as he was drawn to the gay communities wiped out by Hitler. His Nazi obsession resounded in the “gothic soundscapes” and “vampiric” music he and Iggy produced during the Berlin years.",
"Bowie even went around repeating the catchphrase “Hitler was the first pop star”—allegedly coined by one of Iggy’s bandmates. It wasn’t until 1980 that he admitted his experimental fixation with fascism was “ghastly stuff.” 6. Next Stage in Life When Bowie was living in New York and wrapping up Scary Monsters—the 1980 album that is still considered one of his best—the director of The Elephant Man scouted Bowie to be the lead in his play. Suddenly it made sense why he had branded himself “the actor” on his Hunky Dory album sleeve. Bowie was a natural. Even his theater-buff costars thought he was “right on the money” and “absolutely not a show-off,” despite his celebrity status. He went from the stage to the big screen with Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence, which flopped at the U.S. box office but was well received in Europe and nominated for the Grand Prix Spécial du Jury at the 1983 Cannes Film Festival. Bowie officially became a multimedia sensation with the release of his “Let’s Dance” music video that year, his first single to simultaneously top the charts in both the U.S.",
"and the U.K. For Bowie, 1983 was a year of firsts, including his first—and far most successful—world tour. The Serious Moonlight tour sold more than 2.5 million tickets and spanned 16 countries. 7. Back Down to Earth Bowie’s mentally ill half brother Terry had been a constant source of fear and anxiety throughout his life. But Bowie rarely spoke about the black sheep in his family, who spent most of his adult life in a mental institution. When Terry committed suicide in 1985, laying his head down on a train track, the family tragedy sparked a tabloid frenzy portraying Bowie as “an uncaring, manipulative monster.” (Bowie wrote the song \"Jump They Say\" about his half brother's suicide.) Get The Beast In Your Inbox! Daily DigestStart and finish your day with the top stories from The Daily Beast. Cheat SheetA speedy, smart summary of all the news you need to know (and nothing you don't).",
"Iman shares Rune Lazuli quote on Instagram a month after David Bowie's death - TheCelebrityauction.co 10Feb 2016 Iman shares Rune Lazuli quote on Instagram a month after David Bowie’s death Iman Abdulmajid has shared a meaningful Instagram quote as she continues to mourn her husband David Bowie one month on from his death. The supermodel posted a quote from writer Rune Lazuli on Wednesday which read: ‘Each tear is a poet, a healer, a teacher.’ Iman’s husband lost his 18-month fight with cancer on January 10, after hiding his illness from everyone but his close friends and family. Mourning: Iman Abdulmajid has shared a meaningful Instagram quote on Wednesday as she continues to mourn her husband David Bowie one month on from his death Iman, who married Bowie in 1992 and shares a daughter Lexie with the late star, has kept out of the spotlight since David’s death but has recently returned to her social media, sharing a number of Instagram quotes. The model was seen in public for the first time since David’s death a week ago as she stepped out in New York to walk her dog Max.",
"In Bowie’s last days, the model posted a series of emotional updates on her account, including one post which read: ‘The struggle is real, but so is God.’ Alongside her poignant quotes, Iman also led tributes to another late star this week – stylist and hairdresser Teddy Antolin , who has died aged 68. Loss: The model was seen in public a week ago for the first time since Bowie died as she stepped out in New York to walk her dog Max The sad news, which emerged on Tuesday, will have particular resonance for the model given he personally introduced her to the Starman singer more than 25 years ago. Details of the loss were announced on Bowie’s Facebook page, via a heartfelt message which read: ‘It is with sadness that we report the news that Teddy Antolin has passed away. Teddy was a former hairdresser for David on several tours, video shoots and photo sessions.’ He had previously accompanied Bowie on several world tours and remained close friends with the happy couple. Previously, in an interview with the Sunday People, Teddy spoke of his motivation for matching Bowie with Iman. ‘David was very lonely.",
"It was so sad – all this hard work David did each day and then he was alone. Soul mates: Iman married Bowie in 1992 and shares a daughter Lexie with the late star ‘I didn’t want to speak to Iman at first. I thought it would be so cliché if I say ‘How beautiful you are’ but you end up doing that and we started talking and a light bulb went on.’ He then added that he begged David to attend a birthday party in NYC, where he knew Iman would be attending. ‘The minute she walked in all the attention went to her, she just claimed the room. She had a big smile and her and David looked at each other and it was love at first sight, you could feel the electricity, something went off. ‘They spent the night talking to each other like they had known each other forever. They were looking at each other like, ‘Now what, shall we skip dessert and go home?’’.",
"Saddened: Iman has also been leading tributes to David’s stylist and hairdresser Teddy Antolin, who has died aged 68 this week Iman on David Bowie: ‘I didn't want to get into a relationship with somebody like him’ | The Independent People Iman on David Bowie: ‘I didn't want to get into a relationship with somebody like him’ The former model and charity campaigner gives a rare insight into her marriage with the most famous man in music Monday 30 June 2014 09:45 BST Click to follow The Independent Online While it may have been love at first sight for David Bowie when he met his now wife, the philanthropist and former model Iman wasn’t convinced. The musician has previously said he “was naming the children the first night we met”. “For him [it was overwhelming],” said Iman. “I was not ready for a relationship. Definitely, I didn't want to get into a relationship with somebody like him. “But as I always said: I fell in love with David Jones. I did not fall in love with David Bowie. Bowie is just a persona. He's a singer, an entertainer.",
"David Jones is a man I met.” The couple have been married for 22 years and have a daughter together, 13-year-old Alexandria Zahra Jones. Iman has a daughter from her previous marriage to basketball player, Spencer Haywood, and she is also stepmother to Bowie’s son, Duncan Jones.",
"David Bowie: Life in pictures David Bowie: Life in pictures 1/30 Davy Jones; life before David Bowie 3/30 David Bowie 'In Mime' at the Middle Earth Club, London, 1968 5/30 David Bowie performing his final concert as Ziggy Stardust at the Hammersmith Odeon, London, 1973 7/30 David Bowie in 1973 8/30 David Bowie, with his wife Angela (Angie) and his son Zowie, after receiving an award for his latest record \"Ziggy stardust\" in Amsterdam, 1974 9/30 David Bowie in the 1970s 10/30 David Bowie's son, Duncan Jones, confirmed his death on Twitter 11/30 David Bowie in the 1980s 12/30 David Bowie gives a press conference presenting the Japanese movie 'Merry Christmas Mr.",
"Lawrence' directed by Nagisa Oshima, during the 36th International Film Festival in Cannes, 1983 13/30 David Bowie performs on stage during a concert in La Courneuve, 1987 14/30 David Bowie during his concert in West Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany, 1987 15/30 David Bowie shakes hands with Princess Diana, 1993 16/30 David Bowie autographs copies of his newest album 'Outside' at the grand opening of a Herald Square music store 26 September 1995 in New York 17/30 David Bowie performs at the Panathinaikos stadium in Athens during a rock festival, 1996 18/30 David Bowie and his wife, supermodel Iman smile as they pose for photos after Bowie received a star on the world famous Walk of Fame 12 February in Hollywood, 1997 19/30 David Bowie getting ready to perform 'Earthling' at the Phoenix Music Festival in 1997 20/30 David Bowie on stage performing during the Tibet House Benefit Concert in",
" New York City, 2001 21/30 David Bowie Meltdown concert at the Royal Festival Hall, London, June 2002 22/30 David Bowie performing during his concert at the Stravinski hall stage of the Montreux Jazz Festival, in Montreux, Switzerland, 2002 EPA David Bowie in 'Last Call with Carson Daly' TV programme taping in New York, 2003 24/30 David Bowie walks with his with wife Iman and daughter Alexandria (2) in New York, 2003 25/30 David Bowie performs on stage on the third and final day of 'The Nokia Isle of Wight Festival 2004' at Seaclose Park, in Newport, UK 26/30 David Bowie poses with a pig, 2004 27/30 David Bowie and Kate Moss at the 2005 CFDA Awards dinner party at the New York Public Library in New York City, 2005 28/30 David Bowie and model Iman arrive to the Metropolitan Museum of Art Costume Institute Gala, Superheroes: Fashion and Fantasy,",
" held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, 2008 29/30 In Pics: Remembering Legendary Artist David Bowie - The Quint The Quint In Pics: Remembering Legendary Artist David Bowie The Quint January 11, 2016, 9:26 am David Bowie has died at the age of 69 after an 18-month battle with cancer.",
"The death of the iconic British singer was confirmed in a statement released on his Facebook and Twitter pages, two days after he released his latest album. The singer-songwriter and producer excelled at the glam rock, art rock, soul, hard rock, dance pop, punk and electronica genres during an eclectic career spanning over 40 years. Bowie released his 29th album, called Blackstar, on Friday January 8, to coincide with his 69th birthday. The album contains seven songs, including one called thwhich, perhaps prophetically, contains the lyrics: “Look up here, I’m in heaven.” Here’s a look at his life through pics... In this September 1980 file photo, David Bowie listens during a news conference after a rehearsal at the Booth Theater in New York. (Photo: AP) Born David Robert Jones, he released his self-titled debut album in 1967 but didn’t make a big impact on the music world until 1969, when his single Space Oddity became a worldwide hit. In this 1997 file photo, David Bowie performs during a concert celebrating his 50th birthday at Madison Square Garden in New York.",
"(Photo: AP) A string of albums followed, before 1972’s The Rise And Fall Of Ziggy Stardust and The Spiders From Mars made him an international star. The 1980s saw him combine his pop career with appearances in films including Labyrinth, Merry Christmas, Mr Lawrence and Absolute Beginners. David Bowie performs his North American debut of “A Reality Tour” in Montreal in December 2003. (Photo: Reuters) Bowie was awarded a Grammy lifetime achievement award in February 2006 and his final performance on stage was later that year when he sang alongside Alicia Keys at the Black Ball in New York. In this November 1974 file photo, David Bowie performs at Radio City Music Hall in New York. (Photo: AP) Bowie married Somali-American model Iman in 1992 and the couple had one daughter, Alexandria “Lexi” Zahra Jones, who was born in 2000. Pop star David Bowie and his super model wife Iman pose for photographies during a visit to Cape Town in February 1995. (Photo: Reuters) Bowie had an incalculable impact on pop culture throughout his shape-shifting career.",
"But perhaps more than any other musician, he also had a tremendous impact on science fiction. He changed the way we thought about the alien, the uncanny and the familiar. In this September 1995 file photo, David Bowie performs during a concert in Hartford, Conn. (Photo: AP) Bowie also starred in the film The Man Who Fell to Earth, playing one of the most stark, disturbing and psychologically complex representations of an alien ever captured on screen. Rock star David Bowie headlines at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2000. (Photo: Reuters) Bowie was relatively quiet between the years of 2004 and 2012, re-emerging in 2013 with the album The Next Day. Its arrival was met with a social media firestorm which catapulted the album to No. 2 on the Billboard 200, his highest charting album ever. Pop singer David Bowie performs at the music festival “Out In The Green” in Frauenfeld, July 1997. (Photo: Reuters) In this June 2010 file photo, David Bowie attends the 2010 CFDA Fashion Awards in New York.",
"(Photo: AP) RIP David Bowie...you shall be missed! Download TheQuint App David Bowie makes a rare public appearance with wife Iman at event to honour video co-star Tilda Swinton | Daily Mail Online David Bowie makes a rare public appearance with wife Iman at event to honour video co-star Tilda Swinton comments Reclusive music legend David Bowie made a rare public appearance at an event to honour actress Tilda Swinton in New York on Wednesday evening. Bowie, 66, looked typically dapper in a grey suit as he arrived holding hands with his supermodel wife of 21 years, Iman, 58. The couple attended the Museum Of Modern Art's annual benefit, which celebrated the Oscar-winning actress's contribution to film. And Bowie happily broke his low profile to pose for photos alongside Moonrise Kingdom star Swinton, 53, and chart-topping Royals singer Lorde at the party.",
"Scroll down for videos Dapper: David Bowie and wife of 21 years Iman broke cover to attend an event in New York honouring Tilda Swinton at the Museum Of Modern Art Coming out: Bowie made a rare appearance in the spotlight to honour his friend and video collaborator Tilda Swinton Next to Tilda, Bowie was clearly the guest of honour, as he sat next to the star at the event and looked on as she was presented with a birthday cake. RELATED ARTICLES Share this article Share Tilda and David were famously seen earlier this year as ageing spouses in the first video from his critically acclaimed The Next Day album. The pair starred together in music video for The Stars (Are Coming Out Tonight), and Tilda spoke fondly of the experience at the opening of his exhibition at the Victoria & Albert museum earlier this year. For me?",
"Tilda looks surprised at the appearance of a birthday cake with just one candle as she celebrates turning 53 at the event For she's a jolly good fellow: David leads the crowd in singing Happy Birthday to Tilda She revealed working with the iconic star on video The Stars (Are Coming Out Tonight) was like being with a member of her family, telling Mail Online: 'I've been a Bowie fan since the age of 12. 'So to work with him was well.... He's my cousin.' Bowie's appearance comes as the singer can today be seen starring in Louis Vuitton's highly anticipated glossy ad campaign. For Louis Vuitton's end-of-year campaign the singer appears in the short film titled L'Invitation au Voyage, in which he serenades model Arizona Muse with a unique version of song I’d Rather Be High while playing the harpsichord. The troubadour: For Louis Vuitton's end-of-year campaign the singer appears in the short film titled L'Invitation au Voyage Captivated: Bowie serenades model Arizona Muse with a unique version of song I’d Rather Be High while playing the harpsichord Directed by Romain Gavras, who is best known for his M.I.A.",
"music videos, also sees Miss Muse at a fantastical ball playing Bowie's tune, before she opens her eyes to an empty room and departs on an ancient Chinese boat. Bowie apparently, didn't take much convincing to get involved. A spokesman for Louise Vuitton said: 'He liked the character, the role he was asked to play.' Bowie recently lost out on the top prize at the Barclaycard Mercury Music Prize ceremony. However, despite the disappointment - attendees were treated to a viewing of his new video which he shot on his own camera. The video clip was produced to correspond with the release of the new single Love Is Lost. Bowie re-purposed a few puppets from his legendary archive - including a famous face from Ashes To Ashes - and wrote, shot and edited the entire video over a weekend. Date night: Bowie and wife Iman seen leaving the Museum of Modern Art Tribute to Tilda Swinton on Tuesday night"
] |
Who bought CBS in 1929 and remained on the board until 1983?
|
William S. Paley
|
[
"William S. Paley",
"Bill Paley",
"Paley, William S."
] | 8,822
|
[
"William S. Paley | American executive | Britannica.com American executive David Sarnoff William S. Paley, (born Sept. 28, 1901, Chicago , Ill., U.S.—died Oct. 26, 1990, New York , N.Y.), American broadcaster who served as the Columbia Broadcasting System ’s president (1928–46), chairman of the board (1946–83), founder chairman (1983–86), acting chairman (1986–87), and chairman (1987–90). For more than half a century he personified the power and influence of CBS. William S. Paley, c. 1979. Carl Mydans—Time Life Pictures/Getty Images Paley was the son of immigrant Ukrainian Jews who conducted a thriving cigar business in Chicago. (At age 12 he added a middle initial to his name, the S.) The family moved to Philadelphia when Paley was ready for college, and he attended the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania (B.S., 1922).",
"After entering the family’s new cigar business, he became vice president and eventually signed an early radio advertising contract for the firm’s products. The commercials boosted business, making Paley aware of the power of radio as an advertising medium, and in 1927 he invested in a relative’s small radio network, the Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System; Paley became president of Columbia on Sept. 26, 1928, moved to New York City , and quickly signed up 49 radio stations. (CBS dropped the word Phonographic from its name in 1929.) In the subsequent decades Paley built CBS into one of the world’s leading radio and television networks, hiring such entertainment stars as Bing Crosby , Kate Smith , George Burns and Gracie Allen , the Mills Brothers, Will Rogers , Eddie Cantor , Bob Hope , and Jack Benny , luring some of them from rival networks. During World War II Paley served the U.S. government as supervisor of the Office of War Information (OWI) in the Mediterranean, and later as chief of radio in the OWI’s Psychological Warfare Division (1944–45), finally becoming deputy chief of the Psychological Warfare Division.",
"During and after the war Paley supported and encouraged Edward R. Murrow in building an outstanding news staff for CBS. Also in the postwar era Paley built CBS studios on both the east and west coasts and produced several successful television game shows, comedies, and westerns, including I Love Lucy, Gunsmoke, and Arthur Godfrey’s and Ed Sullivan’s variety shows. Paley exercised firm control over major programming and, in 1966, waived the CBS mandatory retirement rule so that he could remain active as chairman of the board. He remained chairman until 1983 and, after some CBS infighting, returned in 1987.",
"Britannica Stories John Hay Whitney - Biography - IMDb John Hay Whitney Jump to: Overview (2) | Mini Bio (1) | Spouse (2) | Trivia (12) | Personal Quotes (2) Overview (2) 8 February 1982 , Manhasset, Long Island, New York, USA Mini Bio (1) John Hay \"Jock\" Whitney, the multi-millionaire sportsman, pioneering color-movie producer, soldier, financier, philanthropist, art-collector, diplomat, and newspaper publisher was born in Elsworth, Maine on August 27, 1904. He was a descendant of John Whitney, a Puritan who settled in Massachusetts in 1635, as well as of William Bradford, who came over on the Mayflower, and his two grandfathers, one a Republican and one a Democrat, were presidential cabinet members. So socially secure he was never listed in the Social Register, Whitney denounced it as a form of social arbitration that was undemocratic. John Hay Whitney was a Scion of Society; he needed no one or nothing to tell him that.",
"A stalwart of moderate Republicanism, Whitney was one of the ultimate symbols of the Eastern Establishment that Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan later repudiated with their neo-conservative populism. Jock's father, William Payne Whitney, a capitalist and philanthropist born in New York City on March 20, 1876, was the son of William Collins Whitney and Flora Payne Whitney. Flora Payne Whitney was the daughter of prominent Democratic politician Henry B. Payne, who represented his Cleveland, Ohio district in the United States House of Representatives for one term from 1875 to 1877, and served one term as United States Senator from Ohio from 1885 to 1891. Henry Payne was descended, through this grandfather, from William Bradford, the Puritan governor of the Plymouth Colony. Payne Whitney matriculated at Yale College (Class of 1898) and then studied at Harvard Law School, graduating with a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1901. Building on his several million dollars worth of inherited real estate assets, Payne Whitney soon became a leading player in New York's financial community.",
"He eventually was appointed director or executive officer of many large corporations, including the First National Bank of New York, the Great Northern Paper Co., the Northern Finance Corp., and the Whitney Realty Co. He married Helen Hay, the daughter of the serving U.S. Secretary of State, in 1902. Jock Whitney's mother Helen Hay Whitney was the daughter of John Hay, Jock's name-sake, who served as Lincoln's assistant private secretary, Ambassador to the United Kingdom under President McKinley, and as Secretary of State under both McKinley and Teddy Roosevelt, acquitting himself quite well during the Spanish-American War. Jock's paternal grandfather William Collins Whitney, the man who helped rid New York City of the deleterious influence of Boss Tweed's gang, was President Cleveland's Secretary of the Navy and was touted as the possible Democratic candidate for president in 1892 before Cleveland himself stood once again for re-election. The family's New York City residence, located at 972 Fifth Avenue, was designed by Stanford White and is considered one of that great architect's finest mature works.",
"Now the home of the French Embassy's Cultural Services department, White designed and oversaw the construction of the exterior and interiors of the house, which had been commissioned in 1902 by Payne Whitney's uncle Colonel Oliver Hazard Payne as a wedding gift for his nephew and his bride. The Colonel had put up $625,000 to build the five-story mansion, the construction of which was still under White's supervision when he was murdered in 1906. Jock's mother, Helen Hay Whitney, continued to live in the house until her death in 1944. (Jock eventually had her favorite space in the mansion, the Venetian Room, removed and preserved before the house was sold in 1949. In 1997, the room was donated to the French-American Foundation by his widow, who provided funding for its restoration.) The 1920 census lists the Payne Whitneys as living at 972 Fifth Ave. with their two children and 13 servants. At the time, they lived around the corner from James D. Duke, the cigarette baron, and his wife Natalie and daughter Doris.",
"Payne Whitney's uncle Oliver Hazard Payne had arranged the financial buyout of Duke's competitors to create the American Tobacco Co., though Payne Whitney and James Duke did not do business together. Fifth Avenue along the streets numbered in the 60s and 70s was the place to live for the very rich in the first half of the 20th Century, and many multimillionaires hung their bowler hats in the neighborhood. By the 1930 census, Helen Hay Whitney was listed as living with her son John Hay Whitney and 21 servants at the family's fabulous 438-acre estate Greentree in Manhasset, situated on Long Island's Gold Coast. Jock was related to the railroad Harriman family through his sister Joan's husband Charles Payson, and to the Vanderbilts through his aunt Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, the eldest daughter of Cornelius Vanderbilt II. (She was also related to the Harrimans.) He was also related by marriage to Columbia Broadcasting System founder William Paley, who was married to his wife's sister, the former Barbara Cushing.",
"Jock's cousins included his aunt Gertrude's son Cornelius Vanderbilt (\"Sonny\") Whitney, the chairman of Pan American Airways (Prescott Bush, father of the 41st President of the United States and Grandfather of the 43rd, was a Pan Am director), and his wife's brother-in-law was Vincent Astor, the son of slumlord John Jacob Astor IV, who went down with the Titanic, perishing in the North Atlantic. Jock Whitney attended Yale College, where his major pursuits were drama and rowing. His father, grandfather and great-uncle had all been oarsmen at Yale, and his father Payne had been captain of the crew in 1898. Payne Whitney followed the Yale rowing team all his life and helped finance the team, including donating financing to build a dormitory for the crew. While at Yale, John Hay Whitney allegedly coined the term \"crew cut\" for the haircut that now bears the name. Yale lore holds that young Jock went to a local tonsorial palace and asked for a short \"Hindenburg\" military cut. It was not long after the First World War, and anything German was still unpopular.",
"(sauerkraut had been renamed \"liberty salad\" during World War I.) The barber suggested to Jock that the hair-style should have a new name. They called it the \"crew cut\" in honor of Yale oarsmen. After graduating in 1926 (the Yale Yearbook listed Jock's ambition as being the U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom), Whitney went on to Oxford, but the death of his father at the family's Greentree estate on May 25, 1927 necessitated his returning home. He inherited a trust fund of $20 million from his father (approximately $210 million in 2005 dollars, when factored for inflation), and would later inherit an estimated four times that amount from his mother. The money came from his paternal grandfather, William Collins Whitney, a traction magnate who consolidated New York City's street and railway lines, and his uncle, Colonel Oliver Hazard Payne, a business partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.",
"Jock Whitney also inherited his mother and father's love of horses, a predilection he shared with his sister, Joan Whitney Payson, who went on to be the first owner of the New York Metropolitan Baseball Club from the Mets' founding in 1961 until her death in 1975. Payne Whitney had been interested in horse racing, and he had established a racing stable of his own to raise thoroughbred horses. After Payne's death, Jock's mother Helen owned the famous Kentucky horse-breeding farm Greentree Stables, which Jock and his sister ran for her. In 1928, Jock became the youngest member ever elected to the Jockey Club. A master horseman, he almost won Britain's Grand National steeplechase in 1929. Jock was enjoying a commanding and apparently safe lead when Easter Hero, his horse, twisted a plate and was beaten by a nose at the finish by a 100-to-1 long shot. Though Whitney entered the Grand National annually after his heartbreaking loss, he never again came so close to winning.",
"He entered four horses in the Kentucky Derby in the 1930s, Stepenfetchit, which finished 3rd in 1932, Overtime, which finished 5th in 1933, Singing Wood, which finished 8th in 1934, and Heather Broom, which finished 3rd in 1939. Jock was an outstanding polo player, with a four-goal handicap, and it was as a sportsman that John Hay Whitney made the cover of the March 27, 1933 issue of `Time' magazine. Other horse races he was involved in were the 1952 and '56 presidential elections, where he was the major financial backer of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. As president, Ike appointed Jock ambassador to the Court of St. James, following in the footsteps of his grandfather and realizing the ambition he had mentioned in the Yale yearbook. Whitney played a major role in improving Anglo-American relations, which had been severely strained during the 1956 Suez Crisis, when Eisenhower demanded that the British, French and Israelis terminate their invasion of Egypt. But that lay in the future.",
"First, Hollywood beckoned. In 1929, Jock was hired as a clerk at the princely sum of $65 per month at the firm of Lee, Higginson, where he met Langbourne Meade Williams, Jr., the son of the founder of Freeport Texas Co., the sulfur mining company that was responsible for one-third of domestic output. Williams enlisted Jock's aid in ousting the chairman of his family's company, and the two and some of their friends began buying shares of the company. Jock soon was Freeport' biggest shareholder, and with his support, Williams sacked the chairman and his senior management team in 1930. Three years later, Williams became Freeport's president and Whitney was appointed Chairman of the Board, at the age of 29. Jock remained involved with Freeport for the rest of his business days. The straight business world didn't prove fulfilling to the young multi-millionaire, whose personal fortune was estimated at $100 million.",
"Seeking somewhere to park those tens of millions of dollars, Jock Whitney invested in several Broadway shows, including Peter Arno's 1931 revue \"Here Goes the Bride,\" a failure that cost him $100,000. Although Jock indulged his interests, he did not do so with the idea of losing money. Eventually, he'd achieve spectacular success as one of the angels of \"Life with Father,\" one of the all-time longest running Broadway shows. According to a October 1934 `Fortune' magazine article on the Technicolor Co., which he had invested in, Jock had been interested in the movie industry for quite some time: \"John Hay (Jock) Whitney, long nursing an itch to get into pictures, but needing some special advantage to make up for his late arrival, decided that color was the `edge' he was looking for.\" Whitney had met Technicolor head honcho Dr. Herbert Kalmus, a racing aficionado like himself, at the Saratoga Springs race track. In 1932, Technicolor had achieved a breakthrough with its three-strip process that recreated the entire visible spectrum of color. When R.K.O. producer Merriam C.",
"Cooper, a color movie enthusiast, broached the idea of investing in Technicolor to Jock, he, too, was enthusiastic. Kalmus, had been dedicated to developing true color photography in motion pictures since soon after his firm was founded in 1914. Since it first marketed its early two-color process to the movie industry in the early `20s, Technicolor had been expected to assume much of the financial risk of color movie production, as the technology and its audience appeal was unproven. The first feature to be entirely filmed in two-color Technicolor, \"Toll of the Sea,\" (1922), an adaptation of Puccini's opera \"Madame Butterfly\" written by future Oscar-winning screenwriter Frances Marion and starring Anna May Wong, was produced by the Technicolor Co. and released by by Metro Pictures.",
"At that time, studios had been quite content to release \"color\" films that consisted of scenes shot on tinted Kodak stock, including blue for night (the other colors available from Eastman Kodak were green, red, pink, lavender, yellow, orange, light amber, and dark amber), or using hand-stenciling, in which colors were painted onto the individual frames of motion pictures. Other movie studios, such as the newly conglomerated Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with \"Ben-Hur\" (1925) and \"The Big Parade\" (1925), and Paramount with Cecil B. DeMille's \"The Ten Commandments\" (1925), added two-color Technicolor sequences to films shot primarily in black and white, but the process was imperfect. Aside from not producing the full color spectrum (the process only registered red and green, so blues were impossible to recreate on-screen), two-color Technicolor was based on the use of two film stocks of a half-thickness each on which the red and green colors were printed, then cemented together.",
"Prints would buckle as the strip of celluloid nearest the light would contract from the heat, and a LOT of light was needed to project an early Technicolor film. Technicolor had to print up replacement reels that were constantly being shipped between its Boston, Massachusetts plant and exhibitors, with the buckled prints being ironed out by Technicolor employees before being shipped back on the exhibition circuit. It was a highly impractical state of affairs, but Kalmus was always improving the process. Technicolor did not become popular with producers until 1928, when it introduced in an improved two-color subtractive system that allowed a single print to be struck, thus eliminating the problem with film buckling. Technicolor produced the first feature film shot in the process, \"The Vikings,\" that year. Warner Bros., which had vaulted from an extremely minor exhibitor to a major studio by its introduction of the talkies, latched onto Technicolor as the next big thing. Other producers followed the Warner Bros. example by making features in color, with either Technicolor or one of its competitors such as the inferior bipack Cinecolor system, but audiences grew bored with the limited palette of colors two-color processes could produce.",
"They were content with talkies for the moment. That, and the Depression that severely strained movie studios' finances, spelled the end of the first Technicolor boom. The production of color films had virtually ceased when Technicolor introduced its first three-color process in 1932. Shot on three strips of black and white negative film simultaneously through cyan, magenta and green filters, prints that accurately reproduced the full color spectrum were optically printed using a dye-transfer process. Kalmus had convinced Walt Disney to shoot one of his Silly Symphony cartoons, \"Flowers and Trees,\" in the new \"three-strip\" process, and it was a big hit with audiences and critics alike. One of the next Silly Symphonies to be shot with the process, \"The Three Little Pigs,\" engendered such a positive audience response, it overwhelmed the features it played with. Hollywood was buzzing about color film again. According to `Fortune' magazine, \"Merian Caldwell Cooper, producer for RKO-Radio Pictures, saw one of the Silly Symphonies and said he never wanted to make a black and white picture again.\" The studios were willing to adopt three-color Technicolor for live-action feature production, if it could be proved viable.",
"Shooting three-strip Technicolor required vast quantities of light, as the film had an extremely slow speed of ASA 5. That, and the bulk of the cameras and a lack of experience with three-color cinematography, equated to skepticism in the studio board rooms. Again, the financial risk devolved unto Technicolor, but in the new, more expensive motion picture industry of the 1930s, it could not afford to finance a feature. A financial \"angel\" was needed, similar to a Broadway investor. `Fortune' magazine's October 1934 article stressed that Technicolor, as a corporation, was rather remarkable in that it kept its investors quite happy despite the fact that it had only been in profit twice in all of the years of its existence, during the early boom at the turn of the decade. A well-managed company, half of whose stock was controlled by a clique loyal to Kalmus, Technicolor never had to cede any control to its bankers or unfriendly stockholders. In the mid-`30s, all the studios with the exception of M.G.M.",
"were in the financial doldrums, and a color process that truly reproduced the visual spectrum was seen as a possible shot-in-the-arm for the ailing industry. As the Warner Bros. had shown with their talkie revolution declared by \"The Jazz Singer\" (1927), a great deal of money could be made in a very short time in the film industry. Jock's future business partner, David O. Selznick, would soon produce the most popular and most profitable motion picture in history, in Glorious Technicolor. Seeing his chance, Jock Whitney joined forces with Merian C. Cooper and founded Pioneer Pictures in the spring of 1933, with a distribution deal with R.K.O. John Hay Whitney was Pioneer's president. Jock had importuned his cousin, Cornelius Vanderbilt \"Sonny\" Whitney, into sharing the financial risk, and the two bought a 15% stake in Technicolor as well. While there was no official corporate connection between Pioneer and Technicolor, the idea was that any initial financial losses generated by Pioneer would be made up by the appreciation of the Whitneys' stake in Technicolor, whose product they would showcase.",
"Jock was determined to turn out quality pictures in order to avoid the fate of the two-color process at the height of the 1929-30 Technicolor boom, when color movies got a bad name due to inferior motion pictures. Warner Bros. had gone from $30,000 in revenues in 1927 to $17,271,000 in 1929, all due to talking pictures. Hot for another innovation, Jack Warner had decided in 1929 to add two-color Technicolor sequences to his picture \"Desert Song.\" He then made the first all-color talkie, \" On With the Show,\" and followed that up with \"Gold Diggers of Broadway\" (1929), which was a huge hit, grossing $3.5 million, an amount that ranked it #6 all-time at the box-office. It seemed like Warner Bros. had another technical marvel on its hands, and other producers jumped on the bandwagon. Technicolor received over $1.5 million in down payments for future deliveries of color film. In 1929, Technicolor did $5 million in business.",
"The sudden vogue for color, and the resulting demand, doomed two-strip Technicolor as the firm's labs were not equipped to handle such a volume. In 1929 and `30, Technicolor produced 76.7 million feet of two-color film, ten times their labs' capacity. The sensitive development process was compromised when the lab space had to be quickly expanded, hurting the quality of the finished product. At first used in prestigious, carefully made, high-quality pictures, the boom soon led to the release of mediocre and even bad color movies. Lacking experience with color production, movie-makers continued to use B+W production techniques, using sets, makeup and lighting that were woefully inappropriate for color. Few filmmakers had the sense to correctly match color to the mood of the scenes they were shooting. In addition, two-color red-green process could not replicate all the colors of the visible spectrum, which yielded some questionable color effects. Most blues could not be shot, meaning that the sky typically could not be part of the mise-en-scène. If a bold filmmaker did include a shot of the sky, the results were ghastly. The studios and movie producers quickly turned on Technicolor and canceled their contracts.",
"Now reduced to supplying film primarily for short subjects, revenues plummeted to $500,000 in 1932, generating a $235,000 loss, followed the next year by a $250,000 loss on revenues of $630,000. Worse of all, due to the sins of the producers during the brief Technicolor boom, color movies, unlike talkies, were considered passé and a busted gamble. The success of Pioneer Pictures' early product was necessary to spark a color renaissance in Hollywood, which would boost demand for Technicolor's new three-strip, three-color film, with the result that the value of Jock and Sonny's 100,000 Technicolor shares would appreciate handsomely. `Fortune' magazine observed, \"[A]lthough Mr. Whitney does many things for fun he also does them for money and has never been interested in putting portions of the Whitney fortune down any sewers. But with two horses in the color-picture stakes, he can afford to use one as a pacemaker for the other.",
"Jock Whitney proceeded cautiously, determined to not make any mistakes that would besmirch his new baby. Pioneer produced the first short film shot in Technicolor's three-strip process, \"La Cucaracha\" (1934), a two-reel musical comedy that cost $65,000, approximately four times what an equivalent B+W two-reeler cost. Released by R.K.O., the short was a success in introducing the new Technicolor as a viable medium for live-action films. The three-strip process also was used in some short sequences filmed for several movies made during 1934, including the final sequence of \"The House of Rothschild\" (1934) over at 20th Century-Fox. The industry was impressed. Three-color Technicolor did work and yielded spectacular, glorious results. But the studios and producers were atypically twice-shy, having been burned during the two-color Technicolor boom. Then, audiences had quickly become bored with color films, and the producers reasoned that it was color itself, not the poor films they had foisted onto the public in hopes of turning a quick buck that had been the culprit.",
"Sound had added something fundamental to motion pictures, and had been enthusiastically, even wildly accepted by the movie-going public, essentially allowing the studios to distribute talkies of questionable quality in the marketplace and still turn a profit. Color was not seen to be in the same league as sound. But the real question for the studios came down to one consideration: Was it worth it? The problem with Hollywood adopting Technicolor's three-strip process for feature film making, and the reason it took 30 years for color to completely chase B+W out of the movie industry versus the less-than-three for the Philistines of silence to be slain by the jawbone wielded by Al Jolson's Jazz Singer, was that the three-strip Technicolor process was expensive. The Depression had financially sapped every studio, with the exception of M.G.M. `Fortune' magazine estimated that shooting a film in three-strip Technicolor would add $135,000 to a film's production costs, $85,000 in added photographic expenses and another $50,000 in lost time due to the laborious task of learning how to make films properly in the new process.",
"According to `Fortune', the average cost of a picture in 1934 was in the $200,000-$250,000 range. with an additional distribution cost of $200,000. \"Many companies would prefer to spend the extra $135,000, if necessary, in order to get big names in the cast. For they know that names have a box-office draw and they are not at all sure about color.\" In late 1934, Pioneer produced the first feature film shot in three-strip Technicolor, \"Becky Sharp\" (1935), which was based on the novel \"Vanity Fair\" by William Makepeace Thackeray. Also released by R.K.O., where David O. Selznick had been chief of production in the early `30s, it was not a large box office success, but it did show that Technicolor was now a viable medium. Pioneer also produced \"The Dancing Pirate\" (1936), the first musical shot in three-strip Technicolor. Selznick's own independent Selznick International Pictures, which he formed after leaving M.G.M.",
"in 1935, used Technicolor for its `event' films such as the 1936 feature film \"The Garden of Allah\" (which won a special Academy Award for its color cinematography), and \"A Star I Born Sacred\" (1937), starring Frederic March and Janet Gaynor (which was also similarly honored with a special color cinematography Academy Award). Jock Whitney was the major investor in Selznick International Inc., putting up $870,000 and serving as Chairman of the Board. Jock also put up half the money for the $50,000 option on Margaret Mitchell's novel \"Gone With the Wind,\" then invested more money for the production of both \"Gone With the Wind\" and \"Rebecca,\" Selznick's back-to-back Oscar winners for Best Picture of 1939 and '40. After an unprecedented run of success for an independent, Selznick International was dissolved in 1940 in order to liquidate the profits from the two pictures.",
"In his early years, Jock was renowned as a playboy, and though he was married to Mary Elizabeth Altemus Whitney, he was romantically linked to actress Tallulah Bankhead in New York, and to Paulette Goddard and Joan Crawford in Hollywood. It was at a lavish costume party he held in Hollywood that Clark Gable got together with Carole Lombard, the love of his life. Jock divorced his wife in 1940 after 10 years of marriage, and in 1942, he married Betsey Cushing Roosevelt, the ex-wife of James Roosevelt, the eldest son of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Betsey Maria Cushing was born on May 18, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland to the famous neurosurgeon Dr. Harvey Cushing and his wife Katherine Crowell Cushing, who hailed from a socially prominent Cleveland family. Dr. Cushing served as professor of surgery at Johns Hopkins, Harvard and Yale Universities, and the family established itself in Boston. Betsey had two brothers, but it was her two sisters and herself who became well-known, heralded for their charm and beauty from their debutante days onward.",
"Mary (Minnie) Cushing, her older sister, married first husband Vincent Astor, the inheritor of $200 million in 1912 (approximately $4 billion in 2005 dollars), then divorced him and married artist James Whitney Fosburgh. Her younger sister Barbara (Babe) Cushing was first married to Standard Oil heir Stanley Mortimer, Jr., before divorcing him and marrying CBS founder William S. Paley. Babe Paley was often short-listed as one of the world's best-dressed women and became a doyenne of New York society, heralded by the likes of Truman Capote. (Both of Betsey's sisters died within several months of each other in 1978.) Betsey Cushing Roosevelt was rumored to be FDR's favorite daughter-in-law, but she and her mother-in-law Eleanor did not care for one another. Her husband served his father as an aide at the White House, and Betsey often stood-in as hostess at the White House when Eleanor was absent.",
"When FDR entertained King George VI and Queen Elizabeth at a picnic at the Roosevelt estate in Hyde Park, New York in 1939, Betsey was prominent at the affair. FDR asked her to accompany him as he drove the King and Queen along the Hudson River. However, Betsey was a private person, and she shielded her two children by James, Sara and Kate, from publicity. James Roosevelt left his father's side to take a job as an aide to movie producer Samuel Goldwyn in 1938, and moved his family to Hollywood. Betsey and James Roosevelt eventually separated, and they divorced in March 1940, Betsey obtaining a decree on the grounds of desertion and cruelty. Betsey Cushing Roosevelt was granted custody of their two daughters, child support, a settlement, and alimony until her eventual remarriage. That remarriage was two years off. Having divorced his first wife the same year Betsey obtained hers, Jock eventually wooed Betsey, marrying her on March 1, 1942. They would remain husband and wife until Jock's death in 1982, and he would adopt her two daughters in 1949.",
"Jock Whitney served in the Army Air Force as an intelligence officer during World War II, assigned to the Office of Strategic Services. He was taken prisoner by the Germans in southern France, but he escaped within a fortnight when the train transporting him to a POW camp came under Allied fire. A patriot, he was shocked when his interactions with soldiers revealed that they had little patriotic feeling, but were serving in the war because it was something they had to do. This revelation, that other Americans did not have as bountiful a view of their country as he did, profoundly changed him. The Whitney family had a long history of both public service and philanthropy. Payne Whitney had been a benefactor of educational and charitable institutions, making substantial gifts to Yale, to the New York Hospital, and to the New York Public Library, to which he made a $12,000,000 gift in 1923. After his death in 1927, the family financed the construction of the Payne Whitney athletic complex at Yale in his honor. The family also financed the establishment of the Payne Whitney Psychiatric Clinic at New York Presbyterian Hospital in 1932.",
"Jock Whitney became a noted philanthropist, creating the John Hay Whitney Foundation for educational projects in 1946. The Foundation provided fellowships to the racially and culturally deprived and had a large impact on the evolution of higher education in post-war America. He continued the family tradition by becoming a major contributor to Yale University, where he served as a trustee. An art collector specializing in French and American works, he generously gifted the Museum of Modern Art in New York and Washington's National Gallery of Art. (A Rose Period Picasso he had bought for $30,000 in 1950, \"Boy With a Pipe,\" would be auctioned off in 2004 for a record $104.2 million, the proceeds left over from the $93 million bid price to fund the charitable Greentree Foundation established by his wife after his death). After the war, Jock he forsook Hollywood for Wall Street, founding J.H. Whitney & Co., a highly successful investment company that is the oldest venture capital firm in the U.S. In 1958, while he was still ambassador to the United Kingdom, his company Whitney Communications Corp.",
"bought the `New York Herald Tribune,' a bastion of liberal Republicanism and the-then paper of record of the United States. After returning to the U.S. in 1961, he became its publisher until it folded in 1966. Whitney Communications also owned and operated other newspapers, plus magazines and broadcasting stations. John Hay Whitney survived two severe heart attacks in his life due to his great strength, but after a long illness, he died on February 8, 1982. He was survived by his wife Betsey Cushing Roosevelt Whitney, and their two children, Sara and Kate Roosevelt Whitney. Betsey Whitney, who died in 1998, had an estimated personal fortune of $700 million in 1990 (approximately $1 billion in 2005 dollars), according to `Forbes' magazine.",
"After her death on March 25, 1998, she bequeathed eight major paintings to the National Gallery of Art, including \"Self-Portrait\" (1889) by Vincent van Gogh, \"Marcelle Lender Dancing the Bolero in `Chilperic'\" (1895-1896) by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, \"Open Window, Collioure\" (1905) by Henri Matisse, \"The Harbor of La Ciotat \"(1907) by Georges Braque, and \"The Beach at Sainte-Adresse\" (1906) by Raoul Dufy. After Jock's death in 1982, the National Gallery similarly had been gifted with eight paintings from his collection, including works by Edward Hopper and James McNeill Whistler. His friend, ABC News Vice President Richard Wald, said upon his death that Jock's major interest in life was the proper organization of society and how to provide for the disadvantaged in a fiscally responsible way. Wald said his friend went to sleep at night a Democrat and would wake up a Republican.",
"Wald also said that Jock Whitney had a marvelous time and lived a marvelous life, happy and rich in a time when Americans liked the rich. And, it might be added, in a time when the rich knew in their souls that they owed an obligation to society at large, and to the disadvantaged in particular, and tried to fulfill that obligation for the betterment of the society that had given them so much. - IMDb Mini Biography By: Jon C. Hopwood Spouse (2) (1930 - 1940) (divorced) Trivia (12) In 1949, he adopted the two daughters his second wife, Betsey, had with James Roosevelt , eldest son of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Eleanor Roosevelt . Betsey sometimes played the hostess at the White House on those occasions when her mother-in-law was away. An art collector, specializing in French and American paintings, he gave generously to the Museum of Modern Art in New York and Washington's National Gallery of Art. He bought Pablo Picasso 's \"Boy With a Pipe\" for $30,000 in 1950.",
"When it was auctioned off in 2004, it fetched a record $104.2 million. Funds from the sale went to the Greentree Foundation, which was set up in 1983 by Betsey Whitney after Jock's death. Chairman of the Board of David O. Selznick 's Selznick International Inc., in which he was a major investor. He and his cousin C.V. Whitney (a great-great grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt ), helped finance \"Gone With the Wind\" (1939) and \"Rebecca\" (1940), Selznick's back-to-back Best Picture Oscar winners. His paternal grandfather William Collins Whitney helped rid New York City of Boss Tweed's gang and helped Buffalo, New York mayor Grover Cleveland to the presidency in 1884. He served as Cleveland's Secretary of the Navy, and after Cleveland was defeated for reelection in 1888, Whitney was a favorite for the 1892 Democratic presidential nomination, until Cleveland stood for re-election.",
"Named after his maternal grandfather John Hay, 'Abraham Lincoln' (I)'s assistant secretary, and the 37th Secretary of State from 1898-1905. Hay was also ambassador to the Court of St. James, a position Whitney held from 1956 to 1961. Made the cover of Time Magazine's March 27, 1933 issue, as a champion polo player. Was the president of Pioneer Pictures, which was created to advance the use of Technicolor, a company he was invested in. Pioneer made the first three-strip Technicolor short, \"La Cucaracha\" (1934) and the first three-stripe Technicolor feature, \"Becky Sharp\" (1935). Reportedly put up half of the money for the $50,000 option for Margaret Mitchell 's novel \"Gone With the Wind.\" Katherine (Kay) Brown, SIP's literary agent, had come across Mitchell's novel before it was published, and sensed a winner. The publishers, Macmillian, had already turned down a $25,000 option offer.",
"The negotiations dragged on from May 21, 1936, when Brown first notified David O. Selznick and Whitney about the book, through the publication of the book, until July 7th, when Brown closed the deal for $50,000, the price she had predicted it would go for back in May. According to the 2005 Louis B. Mayer biography, \"The Last Lion,\" Mayer's son-in-law David O. Selznick sold off his interest in \"Gone With the Wind\" (1939) to John Hay Whitney for $200,000, which was the stupidest thing Selznick ever did as the classic movie continued to make massive amounts of money in re-release through the 1970s. His sister, Joan Whitney Payson became the co-founder and majority owner of the New York Mets baseball team. Was good friends with producer, screenwriter, and U.S. Naval Officer, Gene Markey ."
] |
Which English actress and star of Primary Colors appeared as a guest in Cheers?
|
Emma Thompson
|
[
"Emma Wise",
"The Secret Evidence",
"Emma thompson",
"Ms. Emma Thompson",
"Settle Down (film)",
"Emma Branagh",
"Emma Thompson",
"The Secret Evidence (film)"
] | 10,398
|
[
"Emma Thompson - TV.com Emma Thompson EDIT Emma is the daughter of English actress Phyllida Law and of stage director Eric Thompson . Actress Sophie Thompson is her sister. Emma attended the Camden School for Girls, a comprehensive girls' secondary school in North London.",
"She first came into the limelight at Cambridge, where she studied English… more Credits S 1: Ep 2 Part 2 Perestroika 12/14/03 S 1: Ep 1 Part 1 Millennium Approaches 12/7/03 S 1: Ep 6 Josette Simon, Harry Butterworth, Jim Carter, Sue Race 12/15/88 S 1: Ep 3 Robbie Coltrane, Mark Kingston 11/24/88 S 1: Ep 7 January 1943 11/22/87 S 1: Ep 6 Autumn 1942 11/15/87 S 1: Ep 5 April 1941 11/8/87 S 1: Ep 4 October 1940 11/1/87 S 1: Ep 3 June 1940 10/25/87 S 1: Ep 5 Love Hurts 3/31/87 S 1: Ep 4 Don't You Rock Me Daddy-O 3/2",
"4/87 S 1: Ep 2 On the Road Again 3/10/87 S 67: Ep 1 67th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards 9/20/15 S 27: Ep 41 2014/10/27 10/27/14 S 26: Ep 72 December 11, 2013 12/11/13 S 22: Ep 229 August 17, 2010 8/17/10 S 18: Ep 92 January 25, 2006 1/25/06 S 16: Ep 48 November 5, 2003 11/5/03 S 1: Ep 138 2014/10/03 10/3/14 S 2014: Ep 20141002 2014/10/02 10/2/14 S 39: Ep",
" 73 GMA 12/11 12/11/13 S 1: Ep 3 Wed, Feb 19, 2014 2/19/14 S 5: Ep 20131212 Thu, Dec 12, 2013 12/12/13 S 33: Ep 65 December 6, 2013 12/6/13 S 2: Ep 2 14 January 2012 1/14/12 S 6: Ep 25 6th March, 2011 3/6/11 S 5: Ep 28 28th March, 2010 3/28/10 S 3: Ep 296 Episode #3.296 8/17/10 S 6: Ep 210 Emma Thompson/Carlos Alazraqui 8/12/10 S 3: Ep 38 Emma Thompson/Eamon Walker/Joseph Arthur 11/9/",
"06 S 2: Ep 83 Emma Thompson/Steve Byrne 2/2/06 S 22: Ep 143 Thursday 25/3/10 3/25/10 S 1: Ep 130 Wednesday 24/3/10 3/24/10 S 9: Ep 58 Tuesday 23rd March 3/23/10 S 2: Ep 47 Monday 30th January 1/30/06 S 51: Ep 49 Episode 4523 3/23/10 S 6: Ep 11 Films & Fame 3/6/09 S 6: Ep 47 Emma Thompson/Dido 11/12/08 S 3: Ep 95 Emma Thompson/Blair Underwood/Heather Headley 1/27/06 S 1: Ep 48 Emma Thompson/George Lopez 11/12/03 S 30: Ep 3 Robbie Coltrane 9/24/06 S 2: Ep",
" 95 Episode 270 2/3/06 S 7: Ep 21 Monday 30th January 1/30/06 S 6: Ep 207 Tuesday 18th October 10/18/05 S 13: Ep 87 Show #2500 1/24/06 S 5: Ep 112 Show #0974 3/16/98 S 2: Ep 53 Show #0272 11/17/94 S 1: Ep 44 Show #0044 10/28/93 S 14: Ep 131 Show #3075 1/12/06 S 2: Ep 65 Show #307 12/16/97 S 5: Ep 8 Emma 11/19/97 S 68: Ep 1 The 68th Annual Academy Awards 3/25/96 S 66: Ep 1 The 66th Annual Academy Awards",
" 3/21/94 S 1: Ep 4 Emma Thompson 2/3/94 S 65: Ep 1 The 65th Annual Academy Awards 3/29/93 S 30: Ep 100 Show #4511 4/8/92 S 29: Ep 167 Show #4397 8/29/91 S 10: Ep 16 One Hugs, the Other Doesn't 1/30/92 S 1: Ep 7 Ben Elton 3/8/86 S 2: Ep 1 Bambi 5/8/84 S 2: Ep 7 Slags 2/11/84 Become a contributor Important: You must only upload images which you have created yourself or that you are expressly authorised or licensed to upload.",
"By clicking \"Publish\", you are confirming that the image fully complies with TV.com’s Terms of Use and that you own all rights to the image or have authorization to upload it. Please read the following before uploading Do not upload anything which you do not own or are fully licensed to upload. The images should not contain any sexually explicit content, race hatred material or other offensive symbols or images. Remember: Abuse of the TV.com image system may result in you being banned from uploading images or from the entire site – so, play nice and respect the rules! Choose background: Best Actresses of the 90s: Page 2 - Top Ten List - TheTopTens® Best Actresses of the 90s Alexandr The Contenders: Page 2 21 Robin Tunney Perry Mason: The Case of the Reckless Romeo (1992), Encino Man (1992), J. F. K.",
": Reckless Youth (1993), Empire Records (1995), Riders of the Purple Sage (1996), The Craft (1996), Niagara, Niagara (1997), Julian Po (1997), Montana (1998), Rescuers: Stories of Courage: Two Families (1998), Naked City: Justice with a Bullet (1998), End of Days (1999). - Alexandr 22 Kim Basinger The Marrying Man (1991), Final Analysis (1992), Cool World (1992), The Real McCoy (1993), Wayne's World 2 (1993), The Getaway (1994), Prêt-à-Porter (1994), L. A. Confidential (1997). - Alexandr V 1 Comment 23 Sigourney Weaver Susan Alexandra \"Sigourney\" Weaver is an American actress and film producer. Following her film debut as a minor character in Annie Hall, she quickly came to prominence in 1979 with her first lead role as Ellen Ripley in Alien.",
"Alien 3 (1992), 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992), Dave (1993), Death and the Maiden (1994), Jeffrey (1995), Copycat (1995), The Ice Storm (1997), Snow White: A Tale of Terror (1997), Alien: Resurrection (1997), A Map of the World (1999), Galaxy Quest (1999). - Alexandr Very good actor and good in aliens - cazar7 V 2 Comments 24 Madeleine Stowe Madeleine Marie Stowe is an American actress. She appeared mostly on television before her breakthrough role in the 1987 crime-comedy film Stakeout. 25 Jodie Foster Alicia Christian \"Jodie\" Foster is an American actress, director and producer who has worked in films and on television. She has often been cited as one of the best actresses of her generation.",
"Catchfire (1990), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Little Man Tate (1991), Shadows and Fog (1992), Sommersby (1993), Maverick (1994), Nell (1994), Contact (1997), Anna and the King (1999). - Alexandr We are voting on best actress, right? Not hot-chickness, not cars-blowing up and boobs or cute-ability? Talent, right? Of this list she is probably the one. V 2 Comments 26 Helen Hunt Trancers II (1991), Murder in New Hampshire: The Pamela Wojas Smart Story (1991), The Waterdance (1992), Only You (1992), Bob Roberts (1992), Mr.",
"Saturday Night (1992), Trancers III (1992), Sexual Healing (1993), In the Company of Darkness (1993), Kiss of Death (1995), Twister (1996), As Good as It Gets (1997), Twelfth Night, or What You Will (1998). - Alexandr 27 Emma Thompson Emma Thompson is a British actress, activist, author, comedian and screenwriter. Born in London to English actor, Eric Thompson, and Scottish actress, Phyllida Law, Thompson was educated at Newnham College, University of Cambridge, where she became a member of the Footlights troupe.",
"The Winslow Boy (1990), Impromptu (1991), Dead Again (1991), Howards End (1992), Peter's Friends (1992), Much Ado About Nothing (1993), The Remains of the Day (1993), In the Name of the Father (1993), The Blue Boy (1994), Junior (1994), Carrington (1995), Sense and Sensibility (1995), Hospital! (1997), The Winter Guest (1997), Primary Colors (1998), Judas Kiss (1998).",
"- Alexandr 28 Cameron Diaz The Mask (1994), The Last Supper (1995), She's the One (1996), Feeling Minnesota (1996), Head Above Water (1996), My Best Friend's Wedding (1997), A Life Less Ordinary (1997), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), There's Something About Mary (1998), Very Bad Things (1998), Being John Malkovich (1999), Any Given Sunday (1999).",
"- Alexandr 29 Andie MacDowell Green Card (1990), The Object of Beauty (1991), Hudson Hawk (1991), Groundhog Day (1993), Ruby Cairo (1993), Short Cuts (1993), Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Bad Girls (1994), Unstrung Heroes (1995), Multiplicity (1996), Michael (1996), The End of Violence (1997), Shadrach (1998), Just the Ticket (1999), Muppets from Space (1999), The Muse (1999). - Alexandr Often did a short lived television series which is Jane by Design alongside Erica Dasher (Jane by Design is a television show similar to Friday Night Lights, Gossip Girl, Goosebumps, Full House, So Little Time, SheZow and MTV's Girl Code). Jane by Design didn't get a 2nd season as much as SheZow. Jane by Design - belonging to Disney.",
"- playstationfan66 30 Liv Tyler Liv Rundgren Tyler is an American actress and former child model. She is the daughter of Aerosmith's lead singer, Steven Tyler, and model Bebe Buell. Silent Fall (1994), Heavy (1995), Empire Records (1995), Stealing Beauty (1996), That Thing You Do! (1996), Inventing the Abbotts (1997), Armageddon (1998), Plunkett & Macleane (1999), Cookie's Fortune (1999), Onegin (1999). - Alexandr V 1 Comment 31 Neve Campbell Neve Adrianne Campbell is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her role as Sidney Prescott in the horror film series Scream.",
"Paint Cans (1994), I Know My Son Is Alive (1994), The Forget-Me-Not Murders (1994), The Dark (1994), Love Child (1995), The Canterville Ghost (1996), The Craft (1996), Scream (1996), Scream 2 (1997), Wild Things (1998), 54 (1998), Hairshirt (1998), Three to Tango (1999). - Alexandr 32 Jennifer Connelly The Hot Spot (1990), Career Opportunities (1991), The Rocketeer (1991), The Heart of Justice (1992), Of Love and Shadows (1994), Higher Learning (1995), Mulholland Falls (1996), Far Harbor (1996), Inventing the Abbotts (1997), Dark City (1998). - Alexandr 33 Linda Hamilton Mr.",
"Destiny (1990), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), Silent Fall (1994), The Way to Dusty Death (1995), A Mother's Prayer (1995), Separate Lives (1995), Shadow Conspiracy (1997), Dante's Peak (1997), On the Line (1997), Point Last Seen (1998), The Color of Courage (1999), The Secret Life of Girls (1999). - Alexandr Very underrated and versatile actress along with being a beauty. Given any type of acting job, she gives her all to the point that you believe she is the person she portrays. Always a favorite -- wish she had made more films but raising her children was her first priority.",
"34 Tia Carrere Fatal Mission (1990), Intimate Stranger (1991), Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man (1991), Showdown in Little Tokyo (1991), Little Sister (1992), Wayne's World (1992), Rising Sun (1993), Quick (1993), Treacherous (1993), Wayne's World 2 (1993), Hostile Intentions (1994), True Lies (1994), My Teacher's Wife (1995), Jury Duty (1995), Nothing But the Truth (1995), The Immortals (1995), Hollow Point (1996), High School High (1996), Top of the World (1997), Natural Enemy (1997), Kull the Conqueror (1997), Dogboys (1998), Scar City (1998), Meet Prince Charming (1999), Five Aces (1999). - Alexandr She was an eye catcher since Relic Hunter. Nice memorable good looking lady.",
"Did her own voice of Nani in Lilo & Stitch (2002). - playstationfan66 35 Erika Eleniak Daughter of the Streets (1990), Under Siege (1992), The Beverly Hillbillies (1993), Chasers (1994), Girl in the Cadillac (1995), A Pyromaniac's Love Story (1995), Bordello of Blood (1996), Ed McBain's 87th Precinct: Heatwave (1997), Captive (1998), One Hot Summer Night (1998), The Pandora Project (1998), Charades (1998), Stealth Fighter (1999), Final Voyage (1999), Aftershock: Earthquake in New York (1999). - Alexandr 36 Kirsten Dunst Kirsten Caroline Dunst is an American actress, singer and model. She made her film debut in Woody Allen's short film Oedipus Wrecks for the anthology film New York Stories.",
"The Bonfire of the Vanities (1990), High Strung (1991), Greedy (1994), Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles (1994), Little Women (1994), Jumanji (1995), The Siege at Ruby Ridge (1996), Mother Night (1996), True Heart (1997), Tower of Terror (1997), Wag the Dog (1997), Fifteen and Pregnant (1998), Small Soldiers (1998), Strike! (1998), The Devil's Arithmetic (1999), The Virgin Suicides (1999), Drop Dead Gorgeous (1999), Dick (1999). - Alexandr Did her own appearances in Spider-Man (2002-2007), Anastasia (1997) and Crazy/Beautiful (2001).",
"- playstationfan66 37 Milla Jovovich Return to the Blue Lagoon (1991), Kuffs (1992), Chaplin (1992), Dazed and Confused (1993), The Fifth Element (1997), He Got Game (1998), The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (1999). - Alexandr 38 Alicia Silverstone The Crush (1993), Torch Song (1993), Scattered Dreams (1993), Cool and the Crazy (1994), New World (1995), Hideaway (1995), Clueless (1995), The Babysitter (1995), True Crime (1996), Batman & Robin (1997), Excess Baggage (1997), Blast from the Past (1999). - Alexandr V 1 Comment 39 Courteney Cox Courteney Bass Cox is an American actress, producer and director.",
"She is best identified for her roles as Monica Geller on the NBC sitcom Friends, Gale Weathers in the horror series Scream, and as Jules Cobb in the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town, for which she earned her first Golden Globe nomination. Curiosity Kills (1990), Mr. Destiny (1990), Shaking the Tree (1990), Blue Desert (1991), Battling for Baby (1992), The Opposite Sex and How to Live with Them (1992), Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), Sketch Artist II: Hands That See (1995), Scream (1996), Commandments (1997), Scream 2 (1997), The Runner (1999). - Alexandr V 1 Comment 40 Whoopi Goldberg Caryn Elaine Johnson, known professionally by her stage name Whoopi Goldberg, is an American actress, comedian, and television host. Ghost (1990), The Long Walk Home (1990), Soapdish (1991), The Player (1992), Sister Act (1992), Sarafina!",
"(1992), Made in America (1993), Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993), The Little Rascals (1994), Corrina, Corrina (1994), Boys on the Side (1995), Moonlight and Valentino (1995), Theodore Rex (1995), Eddie (1996), Bogus (1996), The Associate (1996), Ghosts of Mississippi (1996), In the Gloaming (1997), Destination Anywhere (1997), Cinderella (1997), How Stella Got Her Groove Back (1998), A Knight in Camelot (1998), Alice in Wonderland (1999), The Deep End of the Ocean (1999), Girl, Interrupted (1999). - Alexandr whoopi is better than sandra she should be no. 1 - theferbinator Often appeared in The Color Purple and Doogal.",
"- playstationfan66 PSearch List Emma Thompson - IMDb IMDb Actress | Writer | Soundtrack Emma Thompson was born in London on April 15, 1959, into a family of actors - her father was Eric Thompson , who has passed away, and her mother, Phyllida Law , has co-starred with Thompson in several films (her sister, Sophie Thompson , is an actor as well). Her father was English-born and her mother is Scottish-born. Thompson's wit was cultivated ... See full bio » Born: a list of 35 people created 19 Apr 2012 a list of 31 people created 18 May 2013 a list of 38 people created 28 Jul 2015 a list of 24 people created 11 months ago a list of 25 people created 9 months ago Do you have a demo reel? Add it to your IMDbPage How much of Emma Thompson's work have you seen? User Polls Won 2 Oscars. Another 56 wins & 96 nominations.",
"See more awards » Known For 2016 High Road (TV Series short) Emma Thompson 2014 Live from Lincoln Center (TV Series) Mrs. Lovett 2012 Playhouse Presents (TV Series) The Queen 1994 The Blue Boy (TV Movie) Marie Bonnar 1985 Assaulted Nuts (TV Series) Various 1983 The Crystal Cube (TV Movie) Jackie Meld / Various roles - Episode #1.3 (1982) ... Sue / Receptionist / Sister Resistor / ... - Episode #1.2 (1982) ... Mrs. Wally / Singer / NurseNHS Mother / ... - Episode #1.1 (1982) ... Mrs. Wally / Helen / Rouble Singer / ... 1982 Cambridge Footlights Revue (TV Movie) Various Characters 2005 Pride & Prejudice (additional dialogue - uncredited) 2001 Wit (TV Movie) (teleplay) 1982 Cambridge Footlights Revue (TV Movie) Hide 2013 Saving Mr.",
"Banks (performer: \"Let's Go Fly a Kite\") 2012 Brave (performer: \"Noble Maiden Fair\") 1992 Peter's Friends (performer: \"The Way You Look Tonight\", \"Orpheus In the Underworld\") 1992 Cheers (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - One Hugs, the Other Doesn't (1992) ... (performer: \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\", \"Tickle Your Tummy and Laugh a Lot\", \"I Wanna Shake Your Hand\", \"Who Is Turning Two Today?\", \"555-6792\" - uncredited) 1988 Thompson (TV Series) (performer - 1 episode) - Episode #1.1 (1988) ... (performer: \"Have a Little Faith in Me\" - uncredited) 1983 Alfresco (TV Series) (performer - 2 episodes) - Episode #1.6 (1983) ... (performer: \"Hey Diddle Diddle\") - Episode #1.3 (1983) ...",
"(performer: \"Yesterday\", \"Hey Jude\", \"Let It Be\", \"When I'm 64\") Hide Emma Thompson | Biography and Filmography | 1959 Co-starred with Robert Redford and Nick Nolte in \"A Walk in the Woods\" 2014 Wrote and co-starred in period drama \"Effie Gray\" 2013 Starred with Pierce Brosnan in the comedy \"The Love Punch\" 2013 Cast in dual role as Mrs. Lincoln and Sarafine in feature adaptation of young adult fantasy novel \"Beautiful Creatures\" 2013 Starred as \"Mary Poppins\" author P.L. Travers opposite Tom Hanks as Walt Disney in \"Saving Mr.",
"Banks\" 2012 Voiced Queen Elinor in Disney Pixar animated feature \"Brave\" 2012 Cast in \"Men in Black III\" opposite Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones 2011 Reprised role of Professor Sybill Trelawney for seventh and final installment \"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2,\" directed by David Yates 2010 Earned a Grammy nomination for narrating Nanny McPhee Returns 2010 Reprised title role and wrote screenplay for family comedy sequel \"Nanny McPhee Returns\"; also executive produced 2008 Co-starred with Dustin Hoffman in romantic comedy \"Last Chance Harvey\" 2007 Reprised role of Professor Sybill Trelawney in \"Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix\" 2006 Played a governess who uses magic to rein in the behavior of seven ne'er-do-well children in \"Nanny McPhee\"; also wrote screenplay 2006 Voiced the narrator dictating Will Ferrell's life in Marc Forster comedy \"Stranger Than Fiction\" 2004 Cast as Sibyl Trelawney, the",
" ethereal and quirky professor of divination in \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" 2003 Starred in Richard Curtis' directorial debut \"Love Actually\" 2003 Re-teamed with Nichols to play the Angel in HBO miniseries adaption of \"Angels in America\"; earned SAG and Emmy nominations 2001 Returned to acting in Mike Nichols' TV adaptation of Pulitzer Prize-winning play \"Wit\" (HBO), playing a professor who develops ovarian cancer; also co-wrote screenplay with Nichols; earned Emmy nominations for writing and acting 1998 Cast as the wife of a presidential candidate (John Travolta) in Mike Nichols-directed \"Primary Colors\" 1997 Appeared on ABC sitcom \"Ellen\" as a British actress named 'Emma Thompson' who reveals she is a lesbian from Ohio 1997 Played on-screen mother and daughter opposite her real-life mother in \"The Winter Guest,\" directed by Alan Rickman 1995 Made screenwriting debut with adaptation of Jane Austen's \"Sense and Sensibility,\" directed by Ang Lee; also co-starred 1994 Played a rare comic lead in \"Junior\" opposite Arnold Schwarzen",
"egger 1994 Starred in British TV drama \"The Blue Boy\"; first collaboration with mother Phyllida Law, who played her on-screen mother 1993 Earned an Oscar nomination for her performance as a housekeeper in Merchant-Ivory's \"The Remains of the Day\"; again co-starred with Hopkins 1993 Received an Oscar nomination for her role as the lawyer for the Guildford Four in Jim Sheridan's \"In the Name of the Father\" 1992 Made memorable guest role on NBC sitcom \"Cheers\" as Nanny Gee, a woman from Dr.",
"Frasier Crane's past 1992 Breakthrough screen role, co-starring with Anthony Hopkins in Merchant-Ivory production \"Howards End\" 1989 Cast opposite Kenneth Branagh in stage revival of \"Look Back in Anger\"; directed by Judi Dench 1989 Made film debut in \"The Tall Guy\" 1989 Acted role of Katherine in \"Henry V\"; again directed by Branagh, who also co-starred 1988 Hosted and wrote own BBC-TV comedy-variety series \"Thompson\" 1987 Starred with Robbie Coltrane in six-hour BBC miniseries \"Tutti Frutti\" 1987 Played Harriet Pringle opposite Kenneth Branagh in BBC miniseries \"Fortunes of War\" 1985 Co-starred opposite Robert Lindsay in hit West End musical \"Me and My Girl\" 1984 Wrote and performed one-woman show \"Short Vehicle\" at the Edinburgh Fringe 1983 Worked with Hugh Laurie and Stephen Fry in sketch comedy series \"Alfresco\" 1981 Co-wrote, co-produced, co-directed and performed with",
" Cambridge's first all-female revue \"Woman's Hour\" 1979 Primary Colors - About The Cast Buy The Soundtrack.",
"JOHN TRAVOLTA stars as Jack Stanton, the governor of a small southern state who wants to be President. Travolta has been honored twice with Academy Award� nominations, most recently for his riveting portrayal of a philosophical hit man in Quentin Tarantino's Pulp Fiction. He has also received a Golden Globe nomination for the highly acclaimed role and was named Best Actor by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association, among other distinguished awards. He was equally praised as a Mafioso-turned-movie-producer in the comedy sensation Get Shorty, singled out by many critics as one of the best performances of the year and garnering a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture, Musical or Comedy. He previously starred in some of the most momentous films of our generation. He earned his first Oscar� and Golden Globe nominations for his role in the blockbuster Saturday Night Fever, which launched the disco phenomenon of the late 1970s. He went on to star in the mega-hit screen version of the long-running musical Grease and the wildly successful Urban Cowboy. Additional film credits include the Brian DePalma thriller Carrie and Blow Out, as well as Amy Heckerling's hit comedy Look Who's Talking.",
"Travolta has starred in Michael and Phenomenon and took an equally diverse turn as an action star in John Woo's top boxoffice thriller Broken Arrow. He has also starred in Face/Off, co-starring Nicolas Cage and in She's So Lovely with Sean Penn and Robin Wright as well as in Mad City, co-starring Dustin Hoffman. Travolta is currently in production on A Civil Action with director Steve Zaillian. As Susan Stanton, Jack Stanton's wife and partner, EMMA THOMPSON stars as a woman who longs to become a part of history. Thompson made Academy Award� history as the first Oscar� -winning actor (for her role in Merchant Ivory's Howard's End) to also win an Academy Award� for Best Screenplay Adaptation (for Sense and Sensibility). The script also won Thompson the Golden Globe Award, the USC Scripter Award and Best Screenplay awards from the Writers Guild, the Boston Society of Film Critics, the Broadcast Film Critics, the Chicago Film Critics, the Los Angeles Film Critics, the New York Film Critics and National Board of Review. Additionally, her performance in Sense and Sensibility earned her a BAFTA award and Oscar� , Golden Globe and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations as Best Actress.",
"In addition to the Academy Award� , Thompson's performance in Howard's End won her Golden Globe, BAFTA, the New York Film Critics, the Los Angeles Film Critics and the National Society of Film Critics awards. Before graduating from Cambridge University with a degree in English literature, Emma Thompson performed for three years with Cambridge Footlights. She appeared in twelve revues, one of which, The Cellar Tapes won the Perrier Pick of the Fringe at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. Thompson made her West End debut in 1985 in Me and My Girl, starring opposite Robert Lindsay. In 1988, she was directed by Dame Judi Dench in John Osborne's Look Back in Anger, co-starring Kenneth Branagh. Following her own comedy series, Thompson, she appeared alongside Robbie Coltrane in John Byrne's BAFTA award-winning comedy drama series Tutti Frutti. Thompson won a BAFTA award for Best Actress for her roles in Tutti Frutti and in the 1986 seven-hour BBC series Fortunes of War.",
"In her second collaboration with Merchant Ivory Productions, Thompson starred with Anthony Hopkins in The Remains of the Day, for which she earned an Academy Award� nomination for Best Actress. That same year, Thompson was nominated for an Academy Award� and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role opposite Daniel Day-Lewis in Jim Sheridan's In the Name of the Father. In 1994, she co-starred with Arnold Schwarzenegger and Danny DeVito in the comedy Junior, and then switched gears to star opposite Jonathan Pryce in Christopher Hampton's biographical drama Carrington. Thompson most recently co-starred with her mother, Phyllida Law, in Alan Rickman's The Winter Guest, a cinematic adaptation of Sharman Macdonald's original play. Her numerous additional feature film credits include Henry V, The Tall Guy, Impromptu, Dead Again, Peter's Friends, and Much Ado About Nothing. BILLY BOB THORNTON stars as Stanton's political advisor Richard Jemmons. Academy Award� -winning writer, actor and director, Thornton has an extensive and impressive career in motion pictures, television and theatre.",
"Charismatic and uniquely talented, Thornton has established himself as one of the most sought-after filmmakers of his generation. The 1996 release of the critically acclaimed and phenomenally popular feature film Sling Blade, which he starred in and directed from a script he wrote, firmly secured Thornton's status as a preeminent filmmaker. For his efforts, he was honored with both an Academy Award� nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay and an Academy Award� nomination for Best Actor. The film was produced by The Shooting Gallery, was released by Miramax and in addition to Thornton, starred Robert Duvall, J.T. Walsh, Dwight Yokam and John Ritter. Prior to Sling Blade, Thornton had an already extensive motion picture credit list. He wrote and starred in the thrilling character drama, One False Move, which brought him immediate critical praise. Thornton's powerful script (co-written with Tom Epperson), was enhanced by his intense performance as a hunted criminal. The film, directed by Carl Franklin, was an unheralded sleeper success.",
"In addition, he has been featured in such films as The Winner for director Alex Cox, Paramount Pictures' Indecent Proposal, directed by Adrian Lyne, Deadman for director Jim Jarmusch for Miramax and Tombstone, directed by George Cosmatos for Buena Vista Pictures. Thornton has also appeared in the Warner Bros. Picture On Deadly Ground, directed by Steven Seagal, Bound By Honor for director Taylor Hackford, For The Boys, directed by Mark Rydell for 20th Century Fox and The Stars Fell on Henrietta, directed by James Keach for Warner Bros. As a writer, Thornton has worked on numerous projects for United Artists, Miramax, Universal Studios, Warner Bros., Touchstone, Island Pictures, David Geffen Productions and HBO. He also scripted A Family Thing, a highly regarded feature film that starred Robert Duvall and James Earl Jones for United Artists. Thornton has also appeared on television, including a role as a regular on the CBS comedy series Hearts Afire and the Fox series The Outsiders. Thornton's stage work has included performances in such productions as Lone Star and A Streetcar Named Desire.",
"Thornton was most recently seen opposite Sean Penn in U-Turn, directed by Oliver Stone for Columbia TriStar Pictures and in Homegrown, directed by Stephen Gyllenhaal for Lakeshore Entertainment. ADRIAN LESTER stars as Henry Burton, a young, idealistic African American who joins the campaign as Jack Stanton's deputy campaign manager. Lester marks his American feature film debut with Primary Colors. Trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London, Lester received the 1996 Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his turn as \"Bobby\" in Company. For his performance in As You Like It at the Albery Theatre in London, he garnered nominations for the Olivier, Time Out, TMA and Ian Charleson awards for Best Actor. Lester was also nominated for the London Critics Circle Award for Most Promising Newcomer in the Royal Court Theatre production of Six Degrees of Separation opposite Stockard Channing. For his performance in that production, he was awarded the Time Out Award.",
"His stage credits also include Sweeny Todd (Olivier nomination for Best Supporting Actor), Antigone, Caste, Kiss of the Spider Woman, Fences, Winter's Tale, Hanging the President and A Midsummer Night's Dream. Lester has appeared in the films Les Souers Solier and Up On the Roof. For British television, he has appeared in Silent Witness, Soldier Soldier, Ball & Chain, Teaching Matthew, In the Dark and The Bill. MAURA TIERNEY stars as Daisy, Jack Stanton's media advisor. Tierney will next be seen in the upcoming film, Instinct, starring opposite Anthony Hopkins and Cuba Gooding, Jr. for director John Turtletaub. Tierney previously starred opposite Jim Carrey in Liar, Liar. Her filmography also includes Primal Fear and White Sands. Tierney currently stars as \"Lisa Miller\" on NBC's critically acclaimed NewsRadio. She attended New York University's Circle in the Square Theatre School. KATHY BATES stars as campaign trouble-shooter Libby Holden, Stanton's private confidante and personal dust buster.",
"Bates earned an Academy Award� for her performance in Rob Reiner's film adaptation of Stephen King's best-seller Misery (1990), for which she also won a Golden Globe Award and Chicago Film Critics Award. She followed this tremendous performance with critically acclaimed performances in Fried Green Tomatoes (1991), for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress, and Used People (1992). Her other extensive feature film credits include Diabolique, Dolores Claiborne, The War at Home, Men Don't Leave, White Palace, At Play in the Fields of the Lord, Dick Tracy, Prelude to a Kiss, The Road to Mecca, Shadows and Fog, A Home of Our Own, North and Angus. Bates most recently portrayed \"Molly Brown\" in James Cameron's critically-acclaimed boxoffice hit Titanic and will next be seen in the upcoming Swept From the Sea. A Tennessee native, she made her feature film debut with 1971's Taking Off and her off-Broadway debut several years later in Vanities. In 1978, she had her first big hit as the fantasizing sister in Crimes of the Heart.",
"She then went on to create the roles of the loudmouthed Stella May in Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean (1982) for film and stage; garnered a Tony Award nomination as well as the Outer Critics Circle Award and a Dramalogue Award for her performance as the suicidal daughter in Marsha Norman's Pulitzer Prize-winning drama, 'night, Mother (1983); and played the weary waitress in Frankie and Johnny at the Clair de Lune (1987-88) for which she won an Obie Award as well as the Los Angeles Drama Critics Award for Best Actress. For television, Bates recently won a Golden Globe Award for her starring performance in HBO's The Late Shift. She also appeared in HBO's Hostages (1993), as \"Peggy Say\" whose brother was held captive in Beirut, recreated her stage role in The Curse of the Starving Class for Showtime (1995) and The West Side Waltz (1995), starring as a homeless woman who crosses paths with Shirley MacLaine and Liza Minnelli, among many others.",
"LARRY HAGMAN co-stars as Freddy Picker, a no-nonsense former governor of Florida. Hagman starred for 13 seasons as millionaire \"J.R. Ewing,\" the man you love to hate, on the hit series Dallas. In 1980, over 350 million fans in 57 countries were glued to their television sets to find out \"who shot J.R.\" The episode remains the second highest rated hour in the history of television. Hagman first emerged as a television star with the popular series I Dream of Jeannie in 1965. His television credits also include Orleans, Dallas: JR Returns, Staying Afloat, Deadly Encounter, Battered, Last of the Good Guys, The President's Mistress, The Good Life, Here We Go Again and the adaptation of the hit Broadway musical Applause, with Lauren Bacall. Hagman also hosted Lone Star for PBS, an eight-part documentary that traces the history of Texas.",
"On screen, Hagman has appeared in Oliver Stone's Nixon, S.O.B., Superman, The Eagle Has Landed, Mother, Jugs and Speed, Stardust, Harry and Tonto, Three in the Cellar, The Group, In Harm's Way, The Cavern, Ensign Pulver and Fail Safe. Dallas: War of the Ewings will air this spring on CBS. PAUL GUILFOYLE co-stars as Stanton campaign manager Howard Ferguson. Guilfoyle, a renowned character actor, most recently appeared in L.A. Confidential and Air Force One. His filmography also includes Steven Spielberg's Amistad, Extreme Measures, Path to Paradise, Striptease, Celtic Pride, Night Falls on Manhattan, Searching for Richard, Manny & Lo, A Couch in New York, Quiz Show, Little Odessa, Hoffa, Final Analysis, Cadillac Man, True Colors, Mothers' Boys, Dealers, Three Men and a Baby, Beverly Hills Cop II, Wall Street, The Night We Never Met and Heaven's Prisoners. Guilfoyle can also be seen in the soon to be released Neil Jordan film, In Dream opposite Annette Bening.",
"Guilfoyle recently starred off-Broadway in Death Defying Acts, written by David Mamet, Woody Allen and Elaine May. He also starred in David Rabe's Those the River Keeps, collaborated with Martha Clarke on Endangered Species at the Brooklyn Academy of Music's Next Wave Festival, and co-starred with Al Pacino in the film version of the play The Local Stigmatic. On Broadway, Guilfoyle appeared in The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel, Richard III, Glengarry Glen Ross and Search and Destroy. A member of the Actors' Studio, Guilfoyle's credits also include the Irish television series September and, for the BBC, Unnatural Pursuits, written by Simon Grey. CAROLINE AARON co-stars as Lucille Kaufman, Susan Stanton's old friend and law school classmate who assumes herself part of the inner circle. Aaron was most recently seen as Woody Allen's sister, for the third time, in Deconstructing Harry. She previously worked with Mike Nichols on the films Working Girl and Heartburn, as well as on Broadway in Social Security.",
"Her filmography also includes Big Night, House Arrest, Nick of Time, White Lies, Sleepless in Seattle, The Pickle, This Is My Life, Edward Scissorhands, Alice, Crimes and Misdemeanors, Brother From Another Planet, O.C. & Stiggs, Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and Baby It's You. Her Broadway credits also include I Hate Hamlet, The Iceman Cometh with Jason Robards, and Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean. On television, Aaron has appeared on Law & Order, Mad About You, Wings, The Cube and Urban Anxiety. REBECCA WALKER portrays Henry Burton's lover March Cunnigham, a writer for Black Advocate Publications. Walker, discovered by Mike Nichols at a dinner party 10 years ago, makes her feature film debut in Primary Colors. Considered one of the most audible voices of the young women's movement and recently named one of the future leaders of America by Time, Walker was born in 1969 in Jackson, Mississippi. She grew up in San Francisco and New York and graduated cum laude from Yale University in 1992.",
"Following graduation, Walker founded Third Wave Direct Action Corporation, a national non-profit organization devoted to cultivating young women's leadership and activism. In their first summer, Third Wave initiated a historic emergency youth drive which registered over 20,000 new voters in inner cities throughout the United States. Walker is also a writer and has been a contributing editor to Ms. since 1989. Her writing, which engages such issues as reproductive freedom, domestic violence and sexuality, has been published in Essence, Mademoiselle, Spin, Harper's Bazaar, The Black Scholar, Sassy, New York Daily News and various women's and black studies anthologies including Listen Up and Testimony. Most recently, she has edited an anthology exploring young women's struggles to reclaim and redefine feminism entitled, To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism. Walker is currently at work on a book of autobiographical non-fiction entitled Morphology: Memoir of a Shifting Self, which Riverhead Books will publish in 1999.",
"She has hosted a television forum on inner city teen violence, pregnancy and drug abuse for WGBH, Boston, and has produced segments for young adult programming which focus on youth activism among homeless teens, and the youth response to nuclear weaponry for KRON, San Francisco. A recipient of the Feminist of the Year Award from the Fund for the Feminist Majority, the Paz Y Justica Award from the Vanguard Foundation and the Champion of Choice Award from the California Abortion Rights Action League, Walker currently speaks about Third Wave feminism and the many forms of activism at colleges and conferences across the United States and Canada."
] |
Who first funded Sesame Street?
|
Children's Television Workshop
|
[
"Children’s Television Workshop",
"The Children's Television Workshop",
"Sesame Workshop",
"Sesame Street Merchandise",
"Sesame Workshop funding sources",
"Children's Television Workshop",
"Children's Computer Workshop"
] | 8,955
|
[
"Big Bird has suddenly taken center stage in the presidential campaign Courtesy of TM and ©2009 Sesame Workshop. Big Bird has emerged as the surprise star of the 2012 campaign. Mitt Romney says he likes Big Bird but wants to cut federal funding to PBS, while the big yellow bird has appeared in an ad made by President Obama’s campaign. Why is Sesame Street on public television, anyway? Because the networks turned it down. In 1967, a couple of years before the first episode of Sesame Street aired on PBS, one of the co-founders of the Children’s Television Workshop pitched the concept to executives at NBC and CBS. They both passed on the opportunity, as did Time-Life Broadcasting and Westinghouse. The problem wasn’t that the show was for children: Captain Kangaroo had already been a modest success on CBS for 12 years, and the networks had offered periodic programming for preschoolers. But Children’s Television Workshop was a somewhat revolutionary idea in 1967. It had a strongly academic bent, drawing together child psychiatrists and child-development researchers from the ivory tower in a way that suggested profit wasn’t their motivation.",
"Its executives also refused to allow commercials to interrupt the program, although they were open to ads at the beginning and end. The Children’s Television Workshop leadership also insisted that the show focus on disadvantaged urban kids, rejecting calls from television producers that they broaden the target demographic to all preschool children. PBS desperately needed a winner in the late 1960s and was willing to take a chance. Some PBS programming was so poor that the New York Times television critic noted, “congressmen could scarcely be blamed for wondering if a huge permanent investment in noncommercial video is warranted.” Sesame Street was exactly the kind of innovative show that could change the narrative about public broadcasting. Advertisement It’s an odd quirk of history that Bert and Ernie’s first-ever television appearance came not on PBS, but in a preview on NBC. And commercialism was the first thing viewers saw: A Muppet noted that Xerox had sponsored the preview, in a move that infuriated some Sesame Street executives. Sesame Street has always had an uncomfortable relationship with money. After the show became a smash success, producers worried that the foundations that paid to get the show off the ground would expect it to sustain itself. Some executives adamantly opposed any attempt at merchandising.",
"Even Jim Henson, who was already making money merchandising his comedic Muppets, opposed doing the same with more the educational Sesame Street characters. Eventually, however, the prospect of become a self-financing model convinced most of the creators that Oscar the Grouch dolls wouldn’t tarnish the program. Got a question about today’s news? Ask the Explainer . Brian Palmer covers science and medicine for Slate. Sesame Street | Muppet Wiki | Fandom powered by Wikia Elmo's World: Friends from Season 37 The main cast from Season 40 Sesame Street is an educational television program designed for preschoolers, and is recognized as a pioneer of the contemporary standard which combines education and entertainment in children's television shows. Sesame Street also provided the first daily, national television showcase for Jim Henson's Muppets. In 2009, the series celebrated its 40th anniversary , making it one of the longest-running shows in television history. The series has now produced over 4,400 episodes . Sesame Street is produced in the United States by Sesame Workshop , formerly known as the Children's Television Workshop (CTW).",
"It premiered on November 10, 1969 on the National Educational Television network, and later that year it was moved to NET's successor, the Public Broadcasting Service. In 2015, Sesame Workshop struck a deal with HBO to air first-run Sesame Street episodes for the next five seasons, beginning with season 46 airing in January 2016. Re-runs will continue to air on PBS, though with a nine-month window between their debut on HBO. [1] Because of its widespread influence, Sesame Street has earned the distinction of being one of the world's foremost and most highly regarded educators of young people. Few television series can match its level of recognition and success on the international stage. The original series has been televised in 120 countries, and more than 20 international versions have been produced. In its long history, Sesame Street has received more Emmy Awards than any other program, and has captured the allegiance, esteem, and affections of millions of viewers worldwide.",
"Contents [ show ] Overview Sesame Street uses a combination of puppets, animation, and live actors to teach young children the fundamentals of reading (letter and word recognition) and arithmetic (numbers, addition and subtraction), as well as geometric forms, cognitive processes, and classification. Since the show's inception, other instructional goals have focused on basic life skills, such as how to cross the road safely and the importance of proper hygiene and healthy eating habits. There is also a subtle sense of humor on the show that has appealed to older viewers since it first premiered, and was devised as a means to encourage parents and older siblings to watch the series with younger children, and thus become more involved in the learning process rather than letting Sesame Street act as a babysitter. A number of parodies of popular culture appear, even ones aimed at the Public Broadcasting Service , the network that broadcasts the show. For example, the recurring segment Monsterpiece Theater once ran a sketch called \"Me Claudius.\" Children viewing the show might enjoy watching Cookie Monster and the Muppets, while adults watching the same sequence may enjoy the spoof of the Masterpiece Theater production of I, Claudius on PBS.",
"Several of the character names used on the program are puns or cultural references aimed at a slightly older audience, including Flo Bear (Flaubert), Sherlock Hemlock (a Sherlock Holmes parody), and H. Ross Parrot (a parody of Reform Party founder H. Ross Perot ). Over 200 notable personalities have made guest appearances on the show, beginning with James Earl Jones , and ranging from performers like Stevie Wonder to political figures such as Kofi Annan . By making a show that not only educates and entertains kids, but also keeps parents entertained and involved in the educational process, the producers hope to inspire discussion about the concepts on the show. History of the show See Sesame Street milestones Joan Ganz Cooney sharing a laugh with Ernie and Bert. Following an initial proposal by Joan Ganz Cooney in 1966, titled \"Television for Preschool Children,\" an eighteen month planning period was set aside, and with a grant of 8 million dollars from multiple government agencies and foundations, the proposed series would test the usefulness of the television medium in providing early education for young children.",
"Apart from Cooney and the original planning crew included several veterans of Captain Kangaroo, such as executive producer David Connell , producer Samuel Y. Gibbon, Jr. , and writer/songwriter Jeff Moss , as well as head writer Jon Stone , and producer/writer Matt Robinson (who later originated the role of Gordon ). At Cooney's suggestion, Jim Henson and the Muppets were brought in, and composer Joe Raposo followed. The CTW research crew included Harvard professor Gerald S. Lesser as head of the board of advisers and Edward L. Palmer as director of research, tracking and observing how child audiences responded to the programming. Though the earliest pilot episodes involved dramatizing the inner thoughts of child actors in a studio set , Jon Stone suggested a more urban setting, \" a real inner city street ,\" with an integrated cast of neighbors. The original human inhabitants were Bob , Mr. Hooper , Gordon, and Susan , and they dominated the street storylines which made up roughly 25 percent of the hour-long show. To maintain the realism of the street, the Muppets were kept separate; thus, Ernie and Bert , while they lived on the street, resided in a basement apartment.",
"These framing scenes would surround segments of animation, live-action shorts, and Muppets. These sketches, in particular the short animated segments stressing letters and numbers , were intended to function on a similar level to advertising commercials (and indeed, the bits were often labeled as such, i.e. \"the J commercial\", and during the earliest seasons it was common for letter or number films and cartoons to be shown multiple times in the same episode). They were quick, catchy and memorable, so as to convey information and maintain the interest of preschool children within their limited attention spans. CTW aired the program for test groups to determine if the new format was likely to succeed. Results showed that the elements which best held audience attention included cartoon segments, the Muppets, filmed footage of animals in motion, or musical skits with Susan or other human cast members. When the action stopped in the street scenes, and the adults engaged in lengthy dialogue, children stopped watching. Based on these results, and despite concerns from advising psychologists, that the inner-city street overlooked the real problems of the ghetto and needed firmer roots, the mixture of reality and fantasy was deepened, as Oscar the Grouch and Big Bird became permanent street residents, interacting with the human adults.",
"Sesame Street is all filmed in New York City (as was another CTW show, The Electric Company ). Originally they were taped at Teletape Studios in Manhattan, but since Sesame's twenty-fifth season (when the street expanded around the corner and needed more space), the show has been filmed at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in neighboring Queens. Broadcast history The show is broadcast worldwide; in addition to the U.S. version, many countries have locally-produced versions adapted to local needs, some with their own characters, and in a variety of different languages. One hundred and twenty countries have aired the show, many of which partnered with Sesame Workshop to create local versions. In the late 1990s, versions popped up in China and Russia as these countries shifted away from communism. There is also a joint Israeli-Palestinian-Jordanian project, called Sesame Stories, which was created with the goal of promoting greater cultural understanding. The show has also spawned the spin-off series Play with Me Sesame , and the classic episodes show Sesame Street Unpaved , both seen on the Noggin cable network; as well as the segment-only series Open Sesame .",
"Elmo's World and Global Grover , both segments on Sesame Street, have been distributed internationally as individual series. Ratings As a result of its success in revolutionizing the standards of children's television, Sesame Street paved the ground for the development of similar competitors and thus inadvertently diminished its own audience share. According to PBS Research, the show has gone from a 2.0 average on Nielsen Media Research's \"people meters\" in 1995-96 to a 1.3 average in 2000-01. Even with this decrease, Sesame Street's viewership in an average week comes from roughly 5.6 million households with 7.5 million viewers. This placed Sesame at 8th place in the overall kids' charts in 2002. It was the second most-watched children's television series for mothers aged 18-49 who have children under the age of 3. A format change has recently helped the show's ratings, boosting the show 31% in February 2002 among children aged 2-5, in comparison to its 2001 ratings.",
"As of 2005, the show is in the top 10 shows for kids 2-5, with 3 other PBS shows. [2] Characters See Sesame Street Characters . Sesame Street is known for its multicultural elements and is inclusive in its casting, incorporating roles for disabled people, young people, senior citizens, Hispanic actors, black actors, and others. As recalled by CTW advisor Gerald S. Lesser in his book Children and Television: Lessons from Sesame Street , this integration initially led the Mississippi State Commission for Educational Television to ban the series, as did other states, though it was eventually reinstated. Mutual tolerance and cross-cultural friendship is also conveyed through the Muppet characters, who come in a variety of sizes, shapes and colors and range from the humanoid Anything Muppets to various animals to Monsters , Birds , Grouches , Dingers and Honkers all of whom, especially the Grouches, have their own unique perspectives and ways of communicating with their neighbors. Yet they all manage to live in relative peace and harmony, setting an example for child viewers not to prejudge others.",
"Tying in with its multiculturalist perspective, the show pioneered the idea of occasionally inserting very basic Spanish words and phrases to acquaint young children to the concept of knowing more than one language. This was expressed as early as the show's second season, with Susan and Gordon speaking a second language or learning phrases from newer Hispanic characters such as Antonio, Rafael, Luis, and Maria. One 1973 storyline involved the opening of a bilingual library, while other segments taught French or sign language. The recently revamped format gives Rosita , the bilingual Muppet who joined the cast in 1991 , more time in front of viewers, and also introduced the more formalized Spanish Word of the Day segment in every episode. French phrases were used very occasionally during the 1970s, and sign language has played a major role throughout the years, through Linda and visits from the National Theatre of the Deaf . Many of the Muppet characters have been designed to represent a specific stage or element of early childhood, and the scripts are written so that the character reflects the development level of children of that age. This helps the show address not only the learning objectives of various age groups, but also the concerns, fears, and interests of children of different age levels.",
"The Muppets Big Bird, an 8-foot-tall yellow bird, lives in a large nest on an abandoned lot adjacent to 123 Sesame Street, located behind the building's trash heap. A regular visitor to Big Bird is his best friend Mr. Snuffleupagus , or Snuffy as everyone calls him. Oscar the Grouch, Sesame Street's local Grouch and his pet worm Slimey live in a trash can in the heap. Oscar's most-seen regular visitor is his girlfriend Grundgetta . Best friends Ernie and Bert room together in the basement apartment of 123 Sesame Street where they regularly engage in comedic banter. Ernie's window box, though seen less often in recent years, is the home of the Twiddlebugs a colorful family of insects. The bear family from Goldilocks and the Three Bears resides on Sesame Street. The family, headed by Papa Bear and Mama Bear welcomed their second child Curly Bear in 2003. Their son Baby Bear is a good friend of monsters Telly , Zoe , Mexican-born Rosita and Elmo .",
"Beginning in 1998, Elmo was given his own segment, Elmo's World , occupying most of the show's second half as viewers explore topics in a crayon-drawn, imaginary version of Elmo's apartment. In 2012, Elmo's World was replaced by a new segment, Elmo the Musical . Grover 's segment, \"Global Grover,\" followed the self-described \"lovable, furry pal\" around the world exploring local cultures and traditions. Grover also has a super hero persona, Super Grover , and starting in 2010, he received an upgrade and appears in sketches as Super Grover 2.0 . Cookie Monster fought with his conscience daily during the Letter of the Day segment, as he tried to control his urges to eat the letters, drawn in icing on cookies. Prairie Dawn often attempted to help Cookie refrain from eating the letters, but would always leave frazzled. Count von Count had fewer problems during the Number of the Day segment where he indulged in counting until the mystery number was revealed by his Pipe Organ .",
"From 1993 to 1998, Sesame Street's set expanded to Around the Corner locations, which introduced several new Muppets, such as Humphrey and Ingrid , they worked at Sherry Netherland 's hotel, The Furry Arms , with their baby Natasha in tow, while bellhop Benny Rabbit begrudgingly helped out. In 2006, fairy-in-training Abby Cadabby moved to the street, and in starting 2009, she received her own CGI animated segment, Abby's Flying Fairy School , which includes new characters; her fellow students Gonnigan and Blögg , teacher Mrs. Sparklenose , and class pet Niblet . Kermit the Frog hosted the segment \" Sesame Street News Flash \". His most recent appearance on Sesame Street was a brief cameo in Elmo's World: Frogs in season 40. The Two-Headed Monster sounded out words coming together, and the the Martians discovered telephones and typewriters. For two seasons, Googel , Narf , Mel and Phoebe hung out in the Monster's Clubhouse .",
"Other characters over the years have included game show host Guy Smiley , construction workers Biff and Sully , the large Herry Monster (who does not know his own strength), and The Big Bad Wolf , who is not a terror to the Street. Forgetful Jones , a cowboy with a short-term memory disorder, rode trusty Buster the Horse with his girlfriend Clementine , and Rodeo Rosie was an early cowgirl character. The humans A slate of human regulars pull the zaniness of the Muppets back to reality, and serve different pedagogical functions, showing literal integration and tolerance rather than metaphorically through colorful Muppets, and representing different personalities and adult \"roles\" and occupations. Music teacher Bob has been on Sesame Street since its inception. For several years, he had a close friendship with Linda , the local librarian who was the first regular deaf character on television. The Robinsons are an African-American family that includes schoolteacher Gordon , nurse Susan , and adopted son Miles . Maria and Luis Rodriguez are a Hispanic couple who run the Fix-It Shop . Maria gave birth to daughter Gabi in 1989, and her pregnancy was covered on the show.",
"In 2011, Maria became the superintendent of 123 Sesame Street. Candy store operator Mr. Hooper was a mainstay at Hooper's Store during the show's first decade. Actor Will Lee died in 1982 and when the producers opted to help their young viewers deal with the death of someone they loved rather than cast a new actor in the role, the character's death was discussed in a landmark 1983 episode . Afterwards, Mr. Hooper's apprentice, David , inherited the store and was assisted by Gina . Next came Mr. Handford , who ran the store for several seasons before turning it over to Alan , the current proprietor of Hooper's, in 1998. Gina stopped working at the store in the 1990s to earn a degree, and is currently a veterinarian. The show's most recent humans are Gordon and Susan's nephew, Chris , who works at Hooper's Store, Leela , who runs the laundromat, Armando , a Puerto Rican resident and writer, and Nina , a babysitter who works at the bike shop. Mr.",
"Noodle and his brother and sister , who appeared only in Elmo's World were meant to provide a vaudevillian perspective on subjects, contrary to most of the show's current human characters. Inserts In addition to the street scenes and the Muppet segments which would eventually dominate the show, Sesame Street has made considerable use of film inserts subcontracted to a variety of filmmakers and artists. These inserts have used a variety of techniques, from filmed skits and documentary footage to cel animation, stop-motion, CG, and pixillation. Some of the innumerable contributors have included William Wegman (with Fay Ray and his other dogs), Bud Luckey , Jeff Hale and his Imagination Inc. studio, Sally Cruikshank , Bruce Cayard , and Pixar , as well as staffers such as Mo Willems , David Rudman , Frank Oz, and Jim Henson. Notable recurring inserts, which became as much a part of the show's fabric as the Muppets and human cast, include the Mad Painter , \" Pinball Number Count ,\" the Number Song Series with its falling baker, and Teeny Little Superguy , to name a few.",
"Regional variations of the show See International Sesame Street Research Sesame Street has maintained a rigorous research standard since its foundation, to ensure that the programming is addressing the needs of its viewers. The Education and Research (E&R) department of Sesame Workshop is currently headed by Rosemarie T. Truglio, Ph.D. and Jeanette Betancourt . Truglio states that the level of interaction between E&R, Content, and Production is \"intimately hand-in-hand. They are not creating anything without our knowledge, our guidance and our review. We are involved in content development across all media platforms.\" This close-knit organizational structure has been an integral part of Sesame Workshop since it began. Writers create plots for Sesame Street scenes and segments, and the content is reviewed by the E&R team. They have authority to reject a script and force rewrites if the content is not acceptable. When a script is factually correct, but includes gray areas that may not be comprehensible to children, the writers and E&R work together to tweak everything. \"A balance between content and humor\" is always maintained, according to Truglio.",
"[3] Since 1998, Sesame Workshop has provided extensive content on its website and others such as Random House [1] . Content ranges from birth to school-age, and includes information on dozens of topics, such as appropriate parenting techniques, dealing with children's fears, development of literacy, and maintenance a good health. Research is funded by government grants, corporate and private donations (including, recently, The Prudential Foundation for the Sesame Beginnings program), and the profits gained from the sale of Sesame Workshop merchandise. Healthy Habits for Life In 2005, Sesame Street launched its Healthy Habits for Life programming, to encourage young viewers to lead more active and nutritious lifestyles. A major catalyst for this was data published by the US Centers for Disease Control regarding obesity in children. Health content has existed on Sesame Street for years, but to a limited extent. In one instance press kits for a project were made available, news wires latched onto the story, and literally hundreds of newspapers touted that Cookie Monster was \"going on a diet\". In actuality there was no change to Cookie's character.",
"The new season featured a new segment with rapper Wyclef Jean singing the praises of fruits and vegetables, similar to the 1990s segment \" Healthy Food \", with a rapping Cookie Monster backed by a healthy food chorus . According to people from Sesame Workshop, \"Health has always been a part of our Sesame Street curriculum, therefore we will always be committed to ensuring kids are given information and messages that will help them become healthy and happy in their development. For season 36, we have turned up the dial in health, but it will always be part of our curriculum.\" The Workshop formed an Advisory Board consisting of experts like Woodie Kessel, M.D., M.P.H., the Assistant Surgeon General of the United States. This board examines the research of other organizations, and also conducts pilot studies to determine which areas of research should be expanded, based on social, ethnic and socio-economic sections of the population. Merchandising Sesame Street is known for its extensive merchandising, which includes many books, magazines, video/audio media, toys, and the \" Tickle Me Elmo \" craze.",
"Its fiction books, published primarily by Random House , always display a notice stating that money received from the sale of the publications is used to fund Sesame Workshop, and often mention that children do not have to watch the show to benefit from its publications. Today there is a live touring show, Sesame Street Live , which has traveled across North America since 1980. There is also the Sesame Place theme park in Langhorne, Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, and a Plaza Sésamo theme park in Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. In addition, there is a three-dimensional movie based on the show, at Universal Studios Japan. Current licencors include Nakajima USA, Build-A-Bear Workshop (Build-An-Elmo), Hasbro ( Sesame Street Monopoly ), Wooly Willy, and Children’s Apparel Network. For Sesamstaat, Rubotoys has been a licensor since February 2005. In recent years, adults have been encouraged to remember their childhood through retro-targeted products, like action figures from Palisades Toys , though only one, a special con edition of Super Grover , was released.",
"The Sesame Beginnings line, launched in mid-2005, consists of apparel, health and body, home, and seasonal products. The line is targeted towards infants and their parents, and products are designed to increase interactivity. Most of the line is exclusive to a family of Canadian retailers. Creative Wonders (a partnership between ABC and Electronic Arts) produced Sesame Street software for the PC. Internationally Alam Simsim, Plaza Sésamo, Rechov Sumsum, Sesame, Sesamstraße, Sesamstraat, Barrio Sésamo, 1 Rue Sésamo, 5, Rue Sésame, Zhima Jie, Sesam Stasjon, Sesame Street Japan, Sisimpur, Takalani Sesame, Ulitsa Sezam, and Vila Sésamo have all had merchandise of their local characters. Shalom Sesame videos and books have also been released. In 2004, Copyright Promotions Licensing Group (CPLG) became Sesame Workshop's licensing representative for the Benelux.",
"Movies and specials See Sesame Street Specials Criticism Some educators criticized the show when it debuted, claiming that its format would contribute to shortening children's attention spans. This concern still exists today, although there is no conclusive proof of this being the case, even after more than 40 years of televised shows. In a letter to the Boston Globe, Boston University professor of education Frank Garfunkel commented, \"If what people want is for their children to memorize numbers and letters without regard to their meaning or use -- without regard to the differences between children, then Sesame Street is truly responsive. To give a child thirty seconds of one thing and then to switch it and give him thirty seconds of another is to nurture irrelevance.\" In the magazine Childhood Education, Minnie P. Berson of State University College at Fredonia asked \"Why debase the art form of teaching with phony pedagogy, vulgar sideshows, bad acting, and layers of smoke and fog to clog the eager minds of small children?\" These \"vulgar sideshows\" have since won a record 101 Emmys , suggesting a measure of disagreement from the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences.",
"For an animated segment on the letter \"J\", the writers included \"a day in jail\", justifying it by stating that words beginning with \"J\" were sparse. This drew criticism from San Francisco Chronicle columnist Terrence O'Flaherty, despite executive producer David Connell's assertion that kids would be familiar with the word through shows like Batman and Superman . Even with its attempts to help the underprivileged, the series received criticism. Educator Sister Mary Mel O'Dowd worried that the show might start to replace \"personalized experiences\". \"If Sesame Street is the only thing ghetto kids have, I don't think it's going to do much good. It never hurts a child to be able to count to ten or recognize the letters of the alphabet.",
"But without the guidance of a teacher, he'll be like one of our preschoolers who was able to write \"CAUTION\" on the blackboard after seeing it on the back of so many buses, and told me 'That says STOP.'\" Trivia Some notable rumors about Sesame Street over the decades include Bert and Ernie's relationship , the dubious claim that they were named for characters in It's a Wonderful Life , the death of Ernie by cancer , the introduction of a Muppet with AIDS , Cookie Monster becoming the Veggie Monster , and Elmo toys corrupting children . See also: Category:Rumors The Sesame Street theme song is \"(Can you tell me how to get, how to get to) Sesame Street.\" Harmonica legend Toots Thielemans plays the song as a solo in some versions of the sequence, and for years, his recording of the theme was used in extended sequences of the show's closing credits. Although rubber duckies existed before Sesame Street, their pop culture icon status was mostly spurred on by Ernie's Rubber Duckie song, and subsequent appearances of Ernie's bath toy.",
"Sesame Street made TV Guide's list of the 50 greatest all-time shows, ranking at number 27. Other shows that made the list was The Cosby Show , Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In , The Simpsons , Saturday Night Live , and Seinfeld ; the last of these ranked number one on the list. Sesame Street made Channel 4's list of the 100 greatest kids' all-time shows, ranking at number 30. [4] On the BBC 's The TV That Made Me, Alex Jones chose Sesame Street as her earliest TV memory. Historic Episodes Sesame Street | Preschool Games, Videos, & Coloring Pages Helping kids grow smarter, stronger, and kinder. © 2017 Sesame Workshop ‘Sesame Street’ goes to HBO and makes it clear why we should fund the arts - The Washington Post ‘Sesame Street’ goes to HBO and makes it clear why we should fund the arts The inside track on Washington politics. Be the first to know about new stories from PowerPost. Sign up to follow, and we’ll e-mail you free updates as they’re published. You’ll receive free e-mail news updates each time a new story is published.",
"You’re all set! By Alyssa Rosenberg By Alyssa Rosenberg August 13, 2015 Follow @AlyssaRosenberg First lady Michelle Obama participates in a “Let’s Move” and “Sesame Street” public service announcement taping with Big Bird in the White House Kitchen in 2013. (Official White House Photo by Lawrence Jackson) The news that the beloved children’s television program “Sesame Street” will begin airing on HBO, with new episodes coming to public broadcasting stations nine months after their initial run on premium cable , has prompted understandable dismay. The deal will allow “Sesame Street” to produce many more episodes per season than it did under its current revenue model, but as incoming New York Times television critic James Poniewozik pointed out on Twitter , the question is one of unpleasant perception: The show, he wrote, “is a landmark of free public service TV, so [the move] feels wrong.” But this move to HBO ought to prompt more questions for us than for “Sesame Street” and the people who run it.",
"The show is a perfect example of the kind of thing that many of us feel instinctively ought to be some sort of public trust, but that we’re not exactly lining up to pay for as if the show were public infrastructure. This has been true from the beginning. The organization that would become the Children’s Television Workshop, and that developed “Sesame Street,” was supported by a mix of private funding and government grants. When the show was announced, the New York Times reported that “‘Sesame Street’ is budgeted at $8-million for its first 26 weeks. Half of that fund will come from the Carnegie and Ford Foundations, the other half from Federal funds coordinated by the United States Office of Education. The total, of which $1.5-million is still uncollected, will pay also for a year of continuous research into the learning and TV habits of youngsters, and the success of commercial television techniques in reaching them.” Federal funding may have helped stand up “Sesame Street.” Writing in the Weekly Standard in 2012, Jonathan V.",
"Last noted that “In 1981, the federal government pulled its funding from the [Children’s Television Workshop] because it was pretty obvious that Big Bird was big enough that he no longer needed taxpayer dollars. (It crept back in the form of government grants and a small portion of funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.) The Children’s Television Workshop had created not just an immensely popular program, but a mountain of intellectual property that could be profitably mined for decades. Which is exactly what they did.” And the Times, in the story reporting “Sesame Street’s” move to HBO, noted that the show has gotten about 10 percent of its funding from PBS, which itself is supported by a mix of funding sources, including the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, corporate sponsorships and personal donations from viewers. It’s no mistake that the Weekly Standard was heralding the way “Sesame Street” relies on market forces, rather than public support. “Sesame Street” may feel like a public resource, but it’s also been used as evidence that such resources can thrive on their own, and to suggest that programs that rely on public funding do so only because they aren’t viable on their own.",
"This is perhaps the most common way to attack public funding for the arts, to suggest that taxpayer money is going to make things that no one wants, often because it’s sexual or abstract. But HBO’s contract with “Sesame Street” simultaneously demonstrates, once again, that the show is a valuable commodity, and makes one of the best, most underlooked arguments for public arts funding. It’s not, as I’ve written countless times before, about whether art exists or not. It’s about whether people who don’t live in areas with museums, or who can’t afford cable, much less premium cable subscriptions, have access to arts and culture. Private funding can build museums, but it may take public money to subsidize skyrocketing admission. Elmo products may keep “Sesame Street” alive and cranking out new episodes, but it was the PBS pipeline that made sure children of all economic backgrounds had access to new episodes at the same time. The move behind the HBO paywall won’t remove “Sesame Street” from the public airwaves entirely; everyone involved was smart enough to anticipate what a disaster that would be.",
"But it does sort children into tiers: those whose parents and schools will pony up for timely new episodes, and those who will have to wait. It’s not slamming the door shut entirely on poorer children and poorer school systems. But the whole affair does inject a note of difference and separation into a show that was always dedicated to the eradication of such distinctions. This may not be the outcome that we want. But it’s the outcome we were willing to pay for. Friendly neighbors may still meet on “Sesame Street.” Now, they’ll just be doing it nine months apart. opinions partners - Sesame Workshop partners partners Thanks to our funding partners We rely on our funders’ support to bring the Sesame Workshop mission to life. Their collective commitment enables us to harness the educational power of media to benefit children around the world. We gratefully acknowledge the generous support of our current sponsors and partners, without whom our work to educate and inspire children would not be possible.",
"divider UnitedHealthcare UnitedHealthcare, a proud sponsor of Sesame Street, partners with Sesame Workshop to provide families with tools and strategies for keeping children healthy through programs such as Food for Thought: Eating Well on a Budget, Lead Away!, A is for Asthma and We have the Moves. American Greetings Corporation, a Sesame Workshop partner, is now a proud sponsor of The Electric Company. divider Leadership Partners USAID Sesame Workshop’s initiatives in Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan, Kosovo, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania are made possible by generous support from the American people through USAID. Corporation for Public Broadcasting Generous funding from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting supports The Electric Company and the Talk, Listen, Connect initiative, including the broadcast special When Parents Are Deployed. CPB is a private corporation funded by the American people. National Center for Telehealth & Technology The National Center for Telehealth & Technology provides generous funding for the Sesame Street for Military Families program which helps military families cope with the challenges of deployments, homecomings, changes and death of a loved one. divider The U.S. Department of Education The U.S.",
"Department of Education’s generous support funds educational children’s programming such as Sesame Street, Dragon Tales, and The Electric Company. PNC PNC Grow Up Great is proud to sponsor the Happy, Healthy, Ready for School program, including Math Is Everywhere, and a recent initiative For Me, for You, for Later. PNC Grow Up Great is a $350 million, multi-year initiative that began in 2004 to help prepare children from birth to age five for success in school and life. The Gruss Lipper Family Foundation Sesame Workshop is delighted to partner with the Gruss Lipper Family Foundation on Rechov Sumsum, the Israeli version of Sesame Street, and Shalom Sesame, a new series teaching American children about Israel and Jewish life. divider UnitedHealthcare UnitedHealthcare has partnered with Sesame Workshop in their Healthy Habits for Life initiative, offering resources for keeping children healthy and strong and setting the foundation for lifelong healthy habits through programs such as Food for Thought: Eating Well on a Budget, Lead Away!, A is for Asthma and We have the Moves. American Greetings American Greetings provides generous funding for Talk, Listen, Connect II and Emergency Preparedness initiatives.",
"American Greetings also supports Sesame Workshop’s educational outreach efforts in Israel. Merck Company Foundation The Merck Company Foundation is proud to support Sesame Street Food for Thought: Eating Well on a Budget, as well as Sesame Street programming in China and Brazil. divider Michael & Susan Dell Foundation Galli Galli Sim Sim, Sesame Workshop’s locally produced Indian version of Sesame Street, is made possible in part by support from the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation. Sanlam Sanlam, a leading financial services company, has been a proud supporter of Takalani Sesame since 2000, helping millions of young South Africans prepare for success in school and in life. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services provides generous funding for our Healthy Habits for Life initiative. divider BAE Systems BAE Systems, a proud sponsor of Talk, Listen, Connect, supporting military families, is the premier global defense, security, and aerospace company and leverages its global capabilities to deliver the best for our men and women in uniform.",
"Mai Family Foundation The Mai Family Foundation proudly supports Takalani Sesame, the South African adaptation of Sesame Street that utilizes a range of media platforms and community initiatives to address the educational needs of South Africa’s children. Walmart Foundation Walmart provides generous funding to support military families through our Talk, Listen, Connect initiative as well as new programming to help our country’s most vulnerable children and families stay healthy and eat well on a limited budget. divider The Jim Joseph Foundation The Jim Joseph Foundation funds Shalom Sesame, a multimedia Jewish educational project for children, parents, and teachers in the U.S. The Foundation’s mission is to foster compelling, effective Jewish learning in the US. Funds of Jewish Education Sponsored by Gruss Life Monument Funds and UJA Federation of NY Funds of Jewish Education Sponsored by Gruss Life Monument Funds and UJA Federation of NY is proud to support the Shalom Sesame project, a multimedia Jewish educational project for children, parents, and teachers in the U.S. IDP Foundation, Inc.",
"The IDP Foundation’s generous partnership supports the funding and development of a teacher training program including a pilot series of video training modules and caregiver/teacher manuals for distribution in Ghana through a network of schools participating in the Foundation’s IDP Rising Schools Program as well as in Nigeria through the Workshop’s Sesame Square project. divider Fundación SHE The Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation through the Fundación SHE provides funding for the production of Barrio Sesamo, the Spanish adaptation of Sesame Street, with a focus on health, nutrition, the body, socio-economic well-being and social responsibility. Schwab Charitable Fund The Galli Galli Sim Sim Radiophone project, which addresses the educational needs of poor, disenfranchised children in India through an educational radio program with telephone and internet interfaces, is made possible in part by support from the Schwab Charitable Fund. MetLife Foundation MetLife Foundation proudly supports Dream, Save, Do, Sesame Workshop’s multimedia global financial empowerment initiative, which is intended to help children and the adults in their lives acquire healthy financial skills and behaviors.",
"The programming provides engaging content featuring the Sesame Street Muppets and language for discussion regarding setting goals, making plans, and taking small steps to achieve ones goals, as well as effective strategies for spending, saving, sharing, and donating. divider Mount Sinai Heart The Colombia Healthy Heart Initiative, under the auspices of Dr. Valentin Fuster and generously funded by the Santo Domingo family, is one of Mt. Sinai Medical Center’s global health projects and promotes healthy habits to Colombia’s children. Qualcomm Qualcomm is proud to partner with Sesame Workshop on innovative mobile education initiatives in the United States, India and China. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Sesame Street Water, a multi-media initiative promoting positive behaviors around sanitation and hygiene habits in children and their caregivers in Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria, is made possible by a generous grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. divider Tetra Pak Tetra Pak is a proud supporter of Plaza Sésamo in Mexico, where together we are reaching children with important health and environmental content through messaging on milk cartons distributed to children in schools. The Insurance Industry Charitable Foundation The Insurance Industry Charitable Foundation is proud to sponsor Every Day is a Reading and Writing Day.",
"The initiative supports early literacy development of children from birth to age five. CA Technologies CA Technologies is a generous sponsor of Little Discoverers: Big Fun with Science, Math and More. CA Technologies is proud to support the development of creative and interactive programs that engage children in early STEM learning. divider The Ted Arison Family Foundation (Israel) Bank of Jordan Joseph and Harvey Meyerhoff Family Charitable Funds Mississippi Public Broadcasting National Parks Foundation/National Parks Service National Science Foundation New York State Office of Mental Health Open Society Institute Howard and Geraldine Polinger Family Foundation Alan B. Slifka Foundation U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs U.S. Department of State Toys”R”Us Children’s Fund USO"
] |
"Which 60s song starts, ""You've got a lot of nerve?"""
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Positively 4th Street
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[
"Positively Fourth Street",
"Positively 4th Street"
] | 11,395
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[
"Bob Dylan — Positively 4th Street — Listen, watch, download and discover music for free at Last.fm 60s \"Positively 4th Street\" is a song written and performed by Bob Dylan, first recorded by Dylan in New York City on July 29, 1965. It was released as a single by Columbia Records on September 7, 1965, reaching #1 on Canada's RPM chart, #7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, and #8 on the UK Singles Chart. Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song as #206 in their 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list. The song was released between… read more Don't want to see ads? Subscribe now Similar Tracks Bob Dylan - Wikiquote Bob Dylan If your time to you is worth savin’ Then you better start swimmin’ or you’ll sink like a stone For the times they are a-changin’. a poem is a naked person . . . some people say that i am a poet I think of a hero as someone who understands the degree of responsibility that comes with his freedom. People today are still living off the table scraps of the sixties.",
"They are still being passed around — the music and the ideas. We may not be able to defeat these swine, but we don't have to join them. Morality has nothing in common with politics. I don't call myself a poet, because I don't like the word. Don't ask me nothin' about nothin'. I just might tell you the truth. Bob Dylan (born Robert Allen Zimmerman on May 24 , 1941 ) is an American folk and rock singer-songwriter, born in Duluth, Minnesota . In 2016 Dylan received the Nobel Prize in Literature, \"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition\". Contents Quotes[ edit ] Because Dickens and Dostoyevsky and Woody Guthrie were telling their stories much better than I ever could, I decided to stick to my own mind. \"Only Human Driftin' And Learnin'\" by Sidney Fields, New York Mirror (9 December 1963) There's no black and white, left and right to me anymore; there's only up and down and down is very close to the ground. And I'm trying to go up without thinking about anything trivial such as politics.",
"They has got nothing to do with it. I'm thinking about the general people and when they get hurt. Address to the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee (13 December 1963) a poem is a naked person . . . some people say that I am a poet Liner notes , Bringing It All Back Home (1965) He's a pinboy. He also wears suspenders. He's a real person. You know him, but not by that name... I saw him come into the room one night and he looked like a camel. He proceeded to put his eyes in his pocket. I asked this guy who he was and he said, \"That's Mr. Jones.\" Then I asked this cat, \"Doesn't he do anything but put his eyes in his pocket?\" And he told me, \"He puts his nose on the ground.\" It's all there, it's a true story. When asked about the meaning of the song \"Ballad of a Thin Man\" during a 1965 interview. I find it easy to write songs.",
"I been writing songs for a long time and the words to the songs aren't written out just for the paper; they're written as you can read it, you dig. If you take whatever there is to the song away—the beat, the melody—I could still recite it. I see nothing wrong with songs you can't do that with either—songs that, if you took the beat and the melody away, they wouldn't stand up because they're not supposed to do that, you know. Songs are songs. Interview with Paul Robbins (March, 1965) Reporter: How many people who labor in the same musical vineyard in which you toil - how many are protest singers? That is, people who use their music, and use the songs to protest the, uh, social state in which we live today: the matter of war, the matter of crime, or whatever it might be. Bob Dylan: Um...how many? Bob Dylan: Uh, I think there's about, uh...136. Reporter: You say about 136, or you mean exactly 136? Bob Dylan: Uh, it's either 136 or 142.",
"Press conference in Los Angeles, California (17 December 1965), as seen and heard in No Direction Home . Bob Dylan: I do know what my songs are about. Playboy: And what's that? Bob Dylan: Oh, some are about four minutes; some are about five, and some, believe it or not, are about eleven or twelve. Colleges are like old-age homes; except for the fact that more people die in colleges. Playboy Interview (February 1966) I don't believe you! You're a liar! … Play it fucking loud! Dylan's response to the shout of \"Judas\" by a heckler, followed by his instructions to his band over the count-in to \"Like A Rolling Stone.\" Heard on The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966 Keep a good head and always carry a light bulb. Heard in the D. A. Pennebaker documentary Dont Look Back (1967) God, I'm glad I'm not me. Said when reading a newspaper article about himself in Dont Look Back (1967) My songs always sound a lot better in person than they do on the record.",
"Ron Rosenbaum: Why are you doing what you're doing? Bob Dylan: [Pause] Because I don't know anything else to do. I'm good at it. Ron Rosenbaum: How would you describe \"it\"? Bob Dylan: I'm an artist. I try to create art. I consider myself a poet first and a musician second. I live like a poet and I'll die like a poet. Interview with Robert Shelton, Melody Maker (29 July 1978) Art is the perpetual motion of illusion. The highest purpose of art is to inspire. What else can you do? What else can you do for anyone but inspire them? Bob Dylan: The Rolling Stone Interview by Jonathan Cott (26 January 1978) I kinda live where I find myself. I think women rule the world, and that no man has ever done anything that a woman either hasn't allowed him to do or encouraged him to do. Rolling Stone interview (21 June 1984) I wanted just a song to sing, and there came a certain point where I couldn't sing anything. So I had to write what I wanted to sing 'cos nobody else was writing what I wanted to sing.",
"Interview with Bert Kleinman (30 July 1984) Chaos is a friend of mine. Newsweek (9 December 1985) I think of a hero as someone who understands the degree of responsibility that comes with his freedom. Interview published with the Biograph album set (1985) When I first heard Elvis's voice I just knew that I wasn't going to work for anybody and nobody was going to be my boss. He is the deity supreme of rock and roll religion as it exists in today's form. Hearing him for the first time was like busting out of jail. I think for a long time that freedom to me was Elvis singing 'Blue Moon of Kentucky.' I thank God for Elvis.",
"US magazine (24 August 1987); on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of Elvis Presley 's death, as reported in Bob Dylan: Performing Artist 1986–1990 and Beyond, Mind out of Time (2009) The first two lines, which rhymed 'kiddin' you' and 'didn't you,' just about knocked me out, and later on, when I got to the jugglers and the chrome horse and the princess on the steeple, it all just about got to be too much. Discussing the song \" Like a Rolling Stone \" in Rolling Stone magazine (1988) People today are still living off the table scraps of the sixties. They are still being passed around — the music and the ideas. The Guardian (13 February 1992) That ear - I mean, Jesus, he's got to will that to the Smithsonian. In reference to Brian Wilson , Newsweek (1997) Here's the thing with me and the religious thing. This is the flat-out truth: I find the religiosity and philosophy in the music. I don't find it anywhere else.",
"Dylan Revisited , Newsweek (1997) I'm inconsistent, even to myself. Quoted in \"POP/JAZZ; A Wiser Voice Blowin' In the Autumn Wind\" by Jon Pareles, The New York Times (28 September 1997) We may not be able to defeat these swine, but we don't have to join them. As quoted in Kingdom of Fear (2003) by Hunter S. Thompson I was heading for the fantastic lights. No doubt about it. Could it be that I was being deceived? Not likely. I don't think I had enough imagination to be deceived; had no false hope, either. I'd come from a long ways off and had started from a long ways down. But now destiny was about to manifest itself. I felt like it was looking right at me and nobody else. Chronicles: Vol. One (2004), p. 22 Morality has nothing in common with politics. Chronicles: Vol. One (2004), p.",
"45 I'm a '60s troubadour, a folk-rock relic, a wordsmith from bygone days, a fictitious head of state from a place nobody knows. I'm in the bottomless pit of cultural oblivion. Chronicles: Vol. One (2004), p. 147 Sometimes you say things in songs even if there's a small chance of them being true. And sometimes you say things that have nothing to do with the truth of what you want to say and sometimes you say things that everyone knows to be true. Then again, at the same time, you're thinking that the only truth on earth is that there is no truth on it. Whatever you are saying, you're saying in a ricky-tick way. There's never time to reflect. You stitched and pressed and packed and drove, is what you did. Chronicles: Vol. One (2004), p. 220 I put one on the turntable and when the needle dropped, I was stunned — didn't know if I was stoned or straight. Referring to the first Woody Guthrie record he ever heard, on Chronicles: Vol. One (2004), p.",
"243 The road out would be treacherous, and I didn’t know where it would lead but I followed it anyway. It was a strange world ahead that would unfold, a thunderhead of a world with jagged lightning edges. Many got it wrong and never did get it right. I went straight into it. It was wide open. One thing for sure, not only was it not run by God, but it wasn’t run by the devil either. Chronicles: Vol. One (2004), p. 293 I had ambitions to set out and find, like an odyssey or going home somewhere… set out to find… this home that I’d left a while back and couldn’t remember exactly where it was, but I was on my way there. And encountering what I encountered on the way was how I envisioned it all. I didn’t really have any ambition at all. I was born very far from where I’m supposed to be, and so, I’m on my way home, you know? Said at a press conference, as seen in the Martin Scorsese documentary No Direction Home I read On the Road in maybe 1959. It changed my life like it changed everyone else's.",
"On the influence of Jack Kerouac on him, as quoted Grasping for the Wind : The Search for Meaning in the 20th Century (2001) by John W. Whitehead Someone handed me Mexico City Blues in St. Paul [Minnesota] in 1959 and it blew my mind. It was the first poetry that spoke my own language. On the influence of Jack Kerouac , as quoted in Jack Kerouac (2007) by Alison Behnke, p. 100 I think it's the land. The streams, the forests, the vast emptiness. The land created me. I'm wild and lonesome. Even as I travel the cities, I'm more at home in the vacant lots. But I have a love for humankind, a love of truth, and a love of justice. I think I have a dualistic nature. I’m more of an adventurous type than a relationship type. London Times interview (2009) It’s not a character like in a book or a movie. He’s not a bus driver. He doesn’t drive a forklift. He’s not a serial killer.",
"It’s me who’s singing that, plain and simple. We shouldn’t confuse singers and performers with actors. Actors will say, “My character this, and my character that.” Like beating a dead horse. Who cares about the character? Just get up and act. You don’t have to explain it to me. . Bob Dylan, interview with Bill Flanagan . telegraph.co.uk (13 Apr 2009). It's peculiar and unnerving in a way to see so many young people walking around with cellphones and iPods in their ears and so wrapped up in media and video games. It robs them of their self-identity. It's a shame to see them so tuned out to real life. Of course they are free to do that, as if that's got anything to do with freedom. The cost of liberty is high, and young people should understand that before they start spending their life with all those gadgets. Rolling Stone #1078 (14 May 2009), p. 45 The people in my songs are all me.",
"Bob Dylan - Banquet Speech - Nobelprize.org If someone had ever told me that I had the slightest chance of winning the Nobel Prize, I would have to think that I'd have about the same odds as standing on the moon. I began to think about William Shakespeare , the great literary figure. I would reckon he thought of himself as a dramatist. The thought that he was writing literature couldn't have entered his head. His words were written for the stage. Meant to be spoken not read. When he was writing Hamlet , I'm sure he was thinking about a lot of different things: \"Who're the right actors for these roles?\" \"How should this be staged?\" \"Do I really want to set this in Denmark?\" His creative vision and ambitions were no doubt at the forefront of his mind, but there were also more mundane matters to consider and deal with.",
"\"Is the financing in place?\" \"Are there enough good seats for my patrons?\" \"Where am I going to get a human skull?\" I would bet that the farthest thing from Shakespeare's mind was the question \"Is this literature?\" As a performer I've played for 50,000 people and I've played for 50 people and I can tell you that it is harder to play for 50 people. 50,000 people have a singular persona, not so with 50. Each person has an individual, separate identity, a world unto themselves. They can perceive things more clearly. Your honesty and how it relates to the depth of your talent is tried. Like Shakespeare, I too am often occupied with the pursuit of my creative endeavors and dealing with all aspects of life's mundane matters. \"Who are the best musicians for these songs?\" \"Am I recording in the right studio?\" \"Is this song in the right key?\" Some things never change, even in 400 years.",
"Not once have I ever had the time to ask myself, \"Are my songs literature?\" So, I do thank the Swedish Academy, both for taking the time to consider that very question, and, ultimately, for providing such a wonderful answer. You sound like a hillbilly; We want folk singers here.",
"A lot of people don't have much food on their table But they got a lot of forks and knives And they gotta cut something I’m out here a thousand miles from my home Walkin' a road other men have gone down I'm seein' your world of people and things Your paupers and peasants and princes and kings Hey, hey, Woody Guthrie , I wrote you a song, 'Bout a funny ol' world that's a-comin' along Seems sick an' it's hungry, it's tired an' it's torn It looks like it's a-dyin' an' it's hardly been born Here's to Cisco an' Sonny an' Lead Belly too An' to all the good people that traveled with you Here's to the hearts and the hands of the men That come with the dust and are gone with the wind Compare: \"We come with the dust and we go with the wind.\" Woody Guthrie , Pastures of Plenty . How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man? How many seas must a white dove sail before she sleeps in the sand? How many roads must a man walk down before you call him a man?",
"How many seas must a white dove sail before she sleeps in the sand? Yes, and how many years can a mountain exist before it is washed to the sea? How many times can a man turn his head pretending he just doesn't see? How many times must a man look up before he can see the sky? Yes, and how many deaths will it take till he knows that too many people have died? The answer, my friend, is blowin' in the wind. So if you're travelin' in the north country fair, Where the winds hit heavy on the borderline, Remember me to one who lives there. She once was a true love of mine. But I see through your eyes All the money you made will never buy back your soul. You ain't worth the blood that runs in your veins. There is one thing I know though I'm younger than you Even Jesus would not forgive what you do And I hope that you die And your death'll come soon I will follow your casket In the pale afternoon And I'll watch while you're lowered Down to your deathbed And I'll stand o'er your grave 'Til I'm sure that you're dead Oh, where have you been, my blue-eyed son?",
"And where have you been, my darling young one? Compare: \"O where ha' you been, Lord Randal, my son? And where ha' you been, my handsome young man?\" Lord Randall , no. 12 . I saw a newborn baby with wild wolves all around it. I saw ten thousand talkers whose tongues were all broken. I heard the roar of a wave that could drown the whole world. I heard one hundred drummers whose hands were a-blazin'. I met a white man who walked a black dog. And I'll tell it and speak it and think it and breathe it. But I’ll know my song well before I start singin’. It’s a hard rain’s a-gonna fall. It ain't no use to sit and wonder why, babe If you don't know by now Compare: \"It ain't no use to sit and sigh now, darlin.\" Paul Clayton , Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons (When I'm Gone). I once loved a woman, a child I am told I gave her my heart but she wanted my soul.",
"I'm walkin' down that long, lonesome road, babe Where I'm bound, I can't tell But goodbye's too good a word, babe So I'll just say fare thee well Compare: \"So I'm walkin' down that long, lonesome road...\" Paul Clayton , Who's Gonna Buy You Ribbons (When I'm Gone). I ain't saying you treated me unkind You could have done better but I don't mind You just kinda wasted my precious time But don't think twice, it's all right. I got into the driver's seat and drove down 42nd Street in my Cadillac . Good car to drive after a war. Half of the people can be part right all of the time, Some of the people can be all right part of the time, But all the people can't be all right all the time. I think Abraham Lincoln said that. I'll let you be in my dreams if I can be in yours. I said that. And admit that the waters Around you have grown. And accept it that soon You’ll be drenched to the bone.",
"If your time to you is worth savin’ Then you better start swimmin’ or you’ll sink like a stone For the times they are a-changin’. Come writers and critics Who prophesize with your pen And keep your eyes wide The chance won’t come again And don’t speak too soon For the wheel’s still in spin And there’s no tellin’ who that it’s naming.’ For the loser now will be later to win Come mothers and fathers What you can’t understand Your sons and your daughters Are beyond your command Your old road is rapidly agin'. Come Congressmen, Senators, please heed the call Don't stand in the doorway, don't block up the hall For he who gets hurt will be he who has stalled There’s a battle outside and it's ragin’. You prayed to the Lord above Oh please send you a friend Your empty pockets tell yuh That you ain’t a-got no friend There’s seven people dead On a South Dakota farm Somewhere in the distance There's seven new people born If there's anyone who knows, is there anyone who cares?",
"You never ask questions When God's on your side You don't count the dead When God's on your side But I can’t think for you You’ll have to decide Whether Judas Iscariot Had God on his side The words fill my head, and fall to the floor, that if God's on our side, he'll stop the next war. Oh all the money that in my whole life I did spend Be it mine right or wrongfully I let it slip gladly past the hands of my friends To tie up the time most forcefully Compare: \"Of all the money e'er I had, I spent it in good company. And all the harm e'er I've done, Alas! it was to none but me.\" The Parting Glass . But if the arrow is straight And the point is slick It can pierce through dust no matter how thick Oh, but if I had the stars from the darkest night And the diamonds from the deepest ocean I'd forsake them all for your sweet kiss For that's all I'm wishin' to be ownin'. Well, if you, my love, must think that-a-way, I'm sure your mind is roamin'.",
"I'm sure your heart is not with me, But with the country to where you're goin'. All I really want to do is, baby, be friends with you. I ain't looking for you to feel like me, see like me, or be like me. Far between sundown’s finish an’ midnight’s broken toll, We ducked inside the doorway, thunder crashing. As majestic bells of bolts struck shadows in the sounds, Seeming to be the chimes of freedom flashing. Flashing for the warriors whose strength is not to fight, Flashing for the refugees on the unarmed road of flight, An’ for each an’ ev’ry underdog soldier in the night, An’ we gazed upon the chimes of freedom flashing. Through the mad mystic hammering of the wild ripping hail, The sky cracked its poems in naked wonder, That the clinging of the church bells blew far into the breeze Leaving only bells of lightning and its thunder Striking for the gentle, striking for the kind, Striking for the guardians and protectors of the mind, An’ the poet and the painter far behind his rightful time An’ we gazed upon the chimes of freedom flashing.",
"Ah, but I was so much older then, I'm younger than that now. In a soldier's stance, I aimed my hand at the mongrel dogs who teach Fearing not that I'd become my enemy in the instance that I preached My existence led by confusion boats, mutiny from stern to bow. All is gone, all is gone, admit it, take flight. I gagged twice, doubled, tears blinding my sight. My mind it was mangled, I ran into the night Leaving all of love's ashes behind me. The wind knocks my window, the room it is wet. The words to say I'm sorry, I haven't found yet. I think of her often and hope whoever she's met Will be fully aware of how precious she is. Ah, my friends from the prison, they ask unto me, \"How good, how good does it feel to be free?\" And I answer them most mysteriously, \"Are birds free from the chains of the skyway?\" Go away from my window, Leave at your own chosen speed, I'm not the one you want, babe, I'm not the one you need.",
"You say you're looking for someone, Who's never weak but always strong, To protect you and defend you, Whether you are right or wrong, Someone to open each and every door, But it ain't me, babe, No, no, no, it ain't me, babe, It ain't me you're looking for, babe. She's got everything she needs, she's an artist, she don't look back. She could take the dark out the nighttime and paint the daytime black. You will start out standing, proud to steal her anything she sees, but you will wind up peeking through her keyhole down upon your knees. Well, I try my best To be just like I am But everybody wants you To be just like them I ain't gonna work on Maggie's farm no more. There's no success like failure, and failure's no success at all. She knows too much to argue or to judge. In the dime stores and bus stations, People talk of situations, I said, \"You know they refused Jesus, too\" He said, \"You're not Him\" The ancient empty street's too dead for dreaming. Oh, to dance beneath the diamond sky with one hand waving free.",
"It's not aimed at anyone, it's just escapin' on the run And if you hear vague traces of skipping reels of rhyme... Take me disappearing, through the smoke rings of my mind, down the foggy ruins of time... With all memory and fate driven deep beneath the waves, let me forget about today until tomorrow. Hey, Mr. Tambourine Man, play a song for me. I'm not sleepy and there is no place I'm going to. Hey, Mr. Tambourine Man, play a song for me. In the jingle-jangle morning, I'll come following you. All and all can only fall with a crushing but meaningless blow. And there are no truths outside the Gates of Eden. Of war and peace the truth just twist, its curfew gull it glides. He not busy being born is busy dying. Money doesn't talk, it swears. Obscenity, who really cares? Propaganda all is phony. Pointed threats, they bluff with scorn Suicide remarks are torn From the fool’s gold mouthpiece the hollow horn Plays wasted words, proves to warn That he not busy being born is busy dying.",
"An' though the rules of the road have been lodged It's only people's games that you got to dodge Even the president of the United States sometimes must have to stand naked. It is not he or she or them or it that you belong to. Disillusioned words like bullets bark As human gods aim for their marks. Make everything from toy guns that spark To flesh-colored Christs that glow in the dark. It's easy to see without looking too far that not much is really sacred. While others say don't hate nothing at all except hatred Advertising signs that con you into thinking you are the one That can do what's never been done, That can win what's never been won Meanwhile, life outside goes on all around you And if my thought-dreams could be seen, they'd probably put my head in a guillotine . But it's alright, Ma, it's life, and life only. Although the masters make the rules for the wise men and the fools, I got nothing, Ma, to live up to. You lose yourself, you reappear You suddenly find you got nothin' to fear Alone you stand with nobody near When a trembling distant voice unclear Startles your sleeping ear to hear That somebody thinks they really found you.",
"Darkness at the break of noon Shadows even the silver spoon The hand made blade, the child's balloon, Eclipses both the sun and moon To understand you know too soon There is no sense in trying. While one who sings with his tongue on fire Gargles in the rat race choir Bent out of shape from society's pliers Cares not to come up any higher But rather get you down in the hole That he’s in But I mean no harm nor put fault On anyone that lives in a vault But it’s alright, Ma, if I can’t please him It's life and life only. Yonder stands your orphan with his gun, crying like a fire in the sun. Your lover who just walked out the door, has taken all his blankets from your floor. Leave your stepping stones behind, something calls for you. Forget the dead you've left, they will not follow you. The vagabond who's rapping at your door, Is standing in the clothes that you once wore, Strike another match, go start anew! And it's all over now, Baby Blue. Positively 4th Street [ edit ] You got a lotta nerve to say you are my friend.",
"When I was down, you just stood there grinning. Do you take me for such a fool to think I'd make contact with one that tries to hide what he don't know to begin with. I wish that for just one time you could stand inside my shoes. You'd know what a drag it is to see you. Like a Rolling Stone [ edit ] When you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose. You're invisible now. You've got no secrets to conceal. How does it feel? To be on your own, with no direction home, like a complete unknown, like a rolling stone? Once upon a time you dressed so fine, threw the bums a dime in your prime, didn't you. People call, say beware doll, you're bound to fall, you thought they were all, kiddin you. You used to laugh about Everybody that was hangin’ out Now you don’t talk so loud Now you don’t seem so proud About having to be scrounging for your next meal You never turned around to see the frowns, on the jugglers and the clowns when they all did, tricks for you.",
"Princess on the steeple and all the pretty people, they're drinkin', thinkin' that they got it made Go to him now, he calls you, you can't refuse. When you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose. You're invisible now. You've got no secrets to conceal. The sun's not yellow, it's chicken. Stop all this weeping, swallow your pride You will not die, it’s not poison The geometry of innocence flesh on the bone Causes Galileo’s math book to get thrown At Delilah who sits worthlessly alone But the tears on her cheeks are from laughter And the National Bank at a profit sells road maps for the soul To the old folks home and the college And if I don't make it, you know my baby will. Well, I wanna be your lover, baby, I don't wanna be your boss. Ballad of a Thin Man [ edit ] And you say, Oh my God, am I here all alone? You've been with the professors and they've all liked your looks. With great lawyers you've discussed lepers and crooks.",
"You go watch the geek, who immediately walks up to you when he hears you speak, and says, how does it feel to be such a freak?, and you say, impossible as he hands you a bone. And something is happening here, but you don't know what it is, do you Mr. Jones? Here's your throat back, thanks for the loan. You put your eyes in your pockets and your nose on the ground. They already expect you to just give a check to tax-deductible charity organization. Oh God said to Abraham, Kill me a son. Abe says, Man, you must be puttin' me on. God say, No. Abe say, What? God say, You can do what you want Abe, but the next time you see me comin' you better run. Well Abe says, Where do you want this killin' done? They're selling postcards of the hanging Yes, I received your letter yesterday (About the time the door knob broke) When you asked how I was doing Was that some kind of joke?",
"All these people that you mention Yes, I know them, they're quite lame I had to rearrange their faces And give them all another name Right now I can't read too good Don't send me no more letters no Not unless you mail them From Desolation Row Now at midnight all the agents And the superhuman crew Come out and round up everyone That knows more than they do The Titanic sails at dawn Fighting in the captain's tower While calypso singers laugh at them And fishermen hold flowers... Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again [ edit ] Your debutante knows what you need, but I know what you want. Oh Mama, can this really be the end? To be stuck inside of Mobile with the Memphis blues again? And here I sit so patiently waiting to find out what price you have to pay to get out of going through all these things twice. The one was Texas medicine. the other was just railroad gin. And, like a fool, I mixed them and it strangled up my mind and now people just get uglier and I have no sense of time. Your debutante knows what you need, but I know what you want. You see, you're just like me. I hope you're satisfied.",
"Ain't it just like the night to play tricks when you're trying to be so quiet. We sit here stranded, though we're all doin' our best to deny it. And Louise holds a handful of rain, tempting you to defy it. He’s sure got a lotta gall to be so useless and all Inside the museums, infinity goes up on trial. Voices echo this is what salvation must be like after a while But, Mona Lisa must have had the highway blues you can tell by the way she smiles The ghost of 'lectricity howls in the bones of her face. Name me someone that's not a parasite and I'll go out and say a prayer for him. Louise she's all right she's just near' She's delicate and seems like veneer' But she just makes it all too concise and too clear' That Johanna's not here I couldn’t see what you could show me Your scarf had kept your mouth well hid I couldn’t see when it started snowin’ Your voice was all that I heard She is good to me There's nothing she doesn't see She knows where I’d like to be But it doesn’t matter...",
"I want you Well, I see you got your brand new leopard-skin pill-box hat Yes, I see you got your brand new leopard-skin pill-box hat Well, you must tell me, baby How your head feels under somethin' like that Under your brand new leopard-skin pill-box hat Compare: \"I saw you riding 'round in your brand new automobile/ Yes I saw you ridin' around, babe, in your brand new automobile/ Yes you was sitting there happy with your handsome driver at the wheel/ In your brand new automobile.\" Lightnin' Hopkins , Automobile Blues. I once held her in my arms, She said she would always stay, But I was cruel, I treated her like a fool, I threw it all away. Love is all there is, it makes the world go 'round Love and only love, it can’t be denied No matter what you think about it You just won’t be able to do without it Take a tip from one who's tried Lay, lady, lay. Lay across my big, brass bed. Whatever colors you have in your mind. I'll show them to you and you'll see them shine.",
"His clothes are dirty, but his hands are clean, and you're the best thing that he's ever seen. You can have your cake and eat it, too. Stay, lady, stay. Stay while the night is still ahead. Throw my ticket out the window, Throw my suitcase out there too, Throw my troubles out the door, I don't need them anymore, 'Cause tonight I'll be staying here with you. People disagreeing everywhere you look Makes you wanna stop and read a book Forever Young [ edit ] May you build a ladder to the stars and climb on every rung. May your song always be sung, May you stay forever young. May you build a ladder to the stars and climb on every rung. May your song always be sung, May you stay forever young. May your hands always be busy. May your feet always be swift. May you have a strong foundation when the winds of changes shift. May your heart always be joyful. May your song always be sung. May you stay forever young. I paid the price of solitude but at least I'm out of debt. I hate myself for loving you.",
"Early one mornin' the sun was shinin', I was layin' in bed Wond'rin'if she'd changed at all If her hair was still red. Tangled up in blue... Lord knows I've paid some dues gettin' through... I helped her out of a jam, I guess, but I used a little too much force... And every one of them words rang true and glowed like burnin' coal. Pourin' off of every page, like it was written in my soul from me to you... The only thing I knew how to do was to keep on keepin' on like a bird that flew... All the people we used to know, they're an illusion to me now... Don't know how it all got started, I don't know what they do with their lives... We always did feel the same, we just saw it from a different point of view... But all the while I was alone The past was close behind, I seen a lot of women But she never escaped my mind, I lived with them on Montague Street In a basement down the stairs There was music in the cafes at night And revolution in the air. You're an idiot, babe.",
"It's a wonder that you still know how to breathe. I can't help it if I'm lucky. Visions of your chestnut mare shoot through my head and are makin' me see stars. I waited for you on the running boards, near the cypress trees, while the springtime turned slowly into autumn. Idiot wind, blowing through the buttons of our coats, blowing through the letters that we wrote. Idiot wind, blowing through the dust upon our shelves, We're idiots, babe. It's a wonder we can even feed ourselves. It was gravity which pulled us in and destiny which broke us apart You tamed the lion in my cage but it just wasn't enough to change my heart Down the highway, down the tracks, down the road to ecstacy, I followed you beneath the stars, hounded by your memory and all your ragin' glory You'll never know the hurt I suffer, nor the pain I rise above, and I'll never know the same about you... I kiss good-bye the howling beast on the borderline which separated you from me. You're a Big Girl Now [ edit ] Time is a jetplane — it moves too fast.",
"Oh but what a shame that all we've shared can't last... I’m going out of my mind, oh, oh; with a pain that stops and starts; like a corkscrew to my heart; Ever since we’ve been apart A change in the weather is known to be extreme; but what's the sense in changing horses in mid-stream? Time is a jetplane — it moves too fast. Oh but what a shame that all we've shared can't last... Love is so simple, to quote a phrase; you've known it all the time, I'm learnin' it these days. I know where I can find you — in somebody's room. It's the price I have to pay, you're a big girl all the way. Backstage the girls were playin' five-card stud by the stairs, Lily had two queens, she was hopin' for a third to match her pair. Outside the streets were fillin' up, the window was open wide, A gentle breeze was blowin', you could feel it from inside. Lily called another bet and drew up the Jack of Hearts. Beauty walks a razor's edge, someday I'll make it mine. Try imagining a place where it's always safe and warm...",
"\"Come in\", she said, \"I'll give you shelter from the storm.\" I always have respected her for doin' what she did and gettin' free Say for me that I'm all right though things get kind of slow She might think that I've forgotten her don't tell her it isn't so. Sundown yellow moon I replay the past I know every scene by heart they all went by so fast If she's passing back this way I'm not that hard to find Tell her she can look me up if she's got the time. This Wheel's on Fire (recorded in 1967)[ edit ] If your mem'ry serves you well, we were gonna meet again and wait, so I think I'll just unpack my bags and sit before it gets too late. No man alive will come to you with another tale to tell, but you know that we shall meet again, if your mem'ry serves you well. If your memory serves you well, I was gonna confiscate your lace and wrap it up in a sailor's knot and hide it in your case.",
"And if I knew for sure that it was yours, it was oh so hard to tell, and you know that we shall meet again, if your memory serves you well. If your memory serves you well, I remember you're the one who called out me to call out them to get your business done. And after every plan has failed, and there was nothing left to tell, well you knew that we shall meet again if your memory serves you well. Wheels on fire, rolling down the road, best notify my next of kin, this wheel shall explode! [Recounting a scene in The Gunfighter ] Turn him loose, let him go, let him say he outdrew me fair and square — I want him to feel what it's like to every moment face his death. I can't believe we've lived so long and are still so far apart. I know she ain't you, but she's here, and she's got that dark rhythm in her soul.",
"She said, \"Welcome to the land of the living dead,\" but you could tell she was so brokenhearted — she said, \"Even the swap meets around here are getting pretty corrupt.\" We're going all the way, till the wheels fall off and burn, till the sun peels the paint and the seat covers fade and the water moccasins die. I didn't know whether to duck or to run, so I ran. When I saw you break down in front of the judge and cry real tears, it was the best damn thing I saw anybody do. I've always been the kind of person who doesn't like to trespass, but sometimes you just find yourself over the line. I feel pretty good, but that ain't saying much — I could feel a whole lot better, if you were just here by my side to show me how. The only thing we knew for sure about Henry Porter was that his name wasn't Henry Porter. Strange how people who suffer together have stronger connections than those who are most content. You always said people don't do what they believe in; they just do what's most convenient, then they repent. Feel like falling in love with the first woman I meet...",
"Putting her in a wheel barrow and wheeling her down the street. People are crazy and times are strange I'm locked in tight, I'm out of range, I used to care, but things have changed. I've been trying to get as far away from myself as I can I hurt easy, I just don't show it, you can hurt someone and not even know it All the truth in the world adds up to one big lie You can't win with a losing hand If the Bible is right the world will explode I'm sittin' on my watch so I can be on time. The future to me is already a thing of the past. My clothes are wet, tight on my skin/but not as tight as the corner I painted myself in. You can always come back, but you can't come back all the way. I was walking through the leaves Falling from the trees. Feelin' like a stranger nobody sees. So many things that we never will undo I know you're sorry, I'm sorry too. Drownin' in the poison, got not future got no past. But my heart is not weary; it's light and it's free I've got nothing but affection for those who've sailed with me.",
"David Bowie , \" Song for Bob Dylan \" (1971) Dylan is to me the perfect symbol of the anti-artist in our society. He is against everything—the last resort of someone who doesn't really want to change the world. ... I think his poetry is punk. It's derivative and terribly old hat. ... Dylan songs accept the world as it is. Ewan MacColl , interview with Karl Dallas, \"Focus on MacColl\", Melody Maker (18 September 1965), p. 23. Quoted in No Direction Home: The Life and Music of Bob Dylan (1986) by Robert Shelton, p. 296. Bob Dylan took a lot of air out of the room when it came to songwriters. Everybody had a tough row to hoe distinguishing themselves once Bob invented our job. Steve Earle , quoted at \"Homage to Townes\" at Austin360.com (18 May 2009) What I wanted to do with Bobby was just to get him to sound in the studio as natural, just as he was in person, and have that extraordinary personality come thru.",
"… After all, he's not a great harmonica player, and he's not a great guitar player, and he's not a great singer. He just happens to be an original. And I just wanted to have that originality come thru. John Hammond (Dylan's first producer), Pop Chronicles , [ Show 31 - Ballad in Plain D: An introduction to the Bob Dylan era. Part 1 , interview recorded 10.4.1968 . The minute you try to grab hold of Dylan, he's no longer where he was. He's like a flame: If you try to hold him in your hand you'll surely get burned. Dylan's life of change and constant disappearances and constant transformations makes you yearn to hold him, and to nail him down. And that's why his fan base is so obsessive, so desirous of finding the truth and the absolutes and the answers to him — things that Dylan will never provide and will only frustrate. … Dylan is difficult and mysterious and evasive and frustrating, and it only makes you identify with him all the more as he skirts identity.",
"Todd Haynes , about his choice of 6 people to portray Dylan in his film I'm Not There , in \"Footnote fetishism & \"I'm Not There\" by Jim Emerson\" at The Sun-Times (9 October 2007) He had a lovely voice, but he was also, I think, a great poet. And he was the background music to a lot of people of my age. I don't take a lot of stock in generational thought, as you know. I think generational solidarity is the lowest form of solidarity there is. But I think that for every decade or so, every generational set, there is a special voice. And certainly for my lot, it was him. Christopher Hitchens , interview on The Hugh Hewitt Show (13 July 2010) I defy you to say what he'll be doing six months from now. He's just driven by pure art. You know, his son said to me...\"There is no doubt that if my dad had never made it, if he was sitting on the side of the sidewalk with his guitar and a hat out in front of him, he would be doing precisely doing the same songs.",
"His whole career would be exactly the same.\" Now, there is certainly hyperbole in that, but it's kind of, sort of true... If we have anybody who's Shakespeare in our time, it's Dylan, and he just speaks to me more and more, and he once said in an interview that the purpose of art was to inspire, and when you see a Dylan show...You would think he's so good, you know—if you go see a jazz cat who's so good playing bass, you can leave that show going, \"Why even pick up a bass again?\" But for some reason—and I'm not the only one that feels this—at the end of the Dylan show, art just seems so good. I want to go write a play, or write a novel. I'll stay up all night and write a song. And you don't care that it's not as good. The other thing that I love about Dylan is he is a freak, not a cheerleader... Dylan just stands there and says, \"I am speaking for me. Maybe some of this is true for you to. I don't know.",
"But I'm digging so deep.\" All of his mining, you know, is going towards his heart and deeper into his brain. He makes no attempt, that I can tell, to say, \"Oh yeah, this is gonna kill 'em. This is what they'll like.\" And that's where universality has to live. You can't be universal if you're trying to please other people. You can only be universal if you have so clearly who you are, and Dylan has no idea who he is, but he's still searching and he's sharing that process with us. Penn Jillette , ReasonTV interview (2 August 2016) \"The stage is the only place where I'm happy.\" But this has its own sadnesses, like so much love. He is the one person who has to be at a Dylan concert and the one person who can't go to a Dylan concert. Christopher Ricks , Dylan's Visions of Sin (2003), concluding words, p. 490 A day doesn't go by when I don't listen to Dylan or at least think about him and his art. I just think we're terrifically lucky to be alive at a time when he is.",
"Christopher Ricks , as quoted in \"Dylan, Master Poet? Don't Think Twice, It's All Right\" by Charles McGrath, The New York Times (9 June 2004) Dylan creates a mythic atmosphere out of the land around us. The land we walk on every day and never see until someone shows it to us. Sam Shepard , The Rolling Thunder Logbook (1977), p. 63 Dylan has invented himself. He's made himself up from scratch. That is, from the things he had around him and inside him. Dylan is an invention of his own mind. The point isn't to figure him out but to take him in. He gets into you anyway, so why not just take him in? He's not the first one to have invented himself, but he's the first one to have invented Dylan... Sam Shepard , The Rolling Thunder Logbook (1977), p. 100 Dylan is free now to work on his own terms. It would be foolish to predict what he will do next. But hopefully he will remain a mediator, using the language of pop to transcend it. If the gap between past and present continues to widen, such mediation may be crucial.",
"In a communications crisis, the true prophets are the translators. Ellen Willis , in \"Dylan\" in Representative Men : Cult Heroes of Our Time (1970) edited by Theodore L. Gross I'll never be Bob Dylan. He's the master. If I'd like to be anyone, it's him. And he's a great writer, true to his music and done what he feels is the right thing to do for years and years and years. He's great. He's the one I look to. I'm always interested in what he's doing now, or did last, or did a long time ago that I didn't find out about. The guy has written some of the greatest poetry and put it to music in a way that it touched me, and other people have done that, but not so consistently or as intensely. Like me, he waits around and keeps going, and he knows that he doesn't have the muse all the time, but he knows that it'll come back and it'll visit him and he'll have his moment."
] |
What was the day job that Boris Yeltsin started out with?
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Builder
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[
"Builder",
"Builders",
"Builder (disambiguation)"
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"Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s First Post-Soviet Leader, Is Dead - The New York Times The New York Times Europe |Boris Yeltsin, Russia’s First Post-Soviet Leader, Is Dead Search Continue reading the main story Boris N. Yeltsin, the burly provincial politician who became the first freely elected leader of Russia and a towering figure of his time when he presided over the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the demise of the Communist Party, has died at the age of 76, the Russian government said today. A Kremlin spokesman confirmed Mr. Yeltsin’s death but gave no details about the circumstances or cause. The Interfax news agency quoted an unidentified medical source as saying the former president had died of heart failure. In office less than nine years and plagued by severe health problems, Mr. Yeltsin added a final chapter to his historical record when, in a stunning coup at the close of the 20th century, he announced his resignation, and became the first Russian leader to relinquish power on his own in accordance with constitutional processes. He then turned over the reins of office to his handpicked successor, Vladimir V. Putin. Mr. Yeltsin left a giant, if flawed, legacy.",
"He started to establish a democratic state and then pulled back, lurching from one prime minister to another in an effort to control the levers of power. But where his predecessor, Mikhail S. Gorbachev sought to perpetuate the Communist Party even as he tried to reform the Soviet Union, Mr. Yeltsin helped break the party and the state’s hold over the Russian people. Continue reading the main story Although his commitment to reform wavered, he eliminated government censorship of the press, tolerated public criticism, and steered Russia toward a free-market economy. Not least, Mr. Yeltsin was instrumental in dismembering the Soviet Union and allowing its former republics to make their way as independent states. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The rapid privatization of Russian industry led to a form of buccaneer capitalism, and a new class of oligarchs usurped political power as they plundered the country’s resources. But Mr. Yeltsin’s actions assured that there would be no turning back to the centralized Soviet command economy that had strangled growth and reduced a country populated by talented and cultured people and rich in natural resources to a beggar among nations.",
"His leadership was erratic and often crude, and the democrat often ruled in the manner of a czar. He showed no reluctance to use the power of the presidency to face down his opponents, as he did in a showdown in 1993 when he ordered tanks to fire on the parliament, dominated by openly seditious Communists, and in 1994 when he embarked upon a harsh military operation to subdue the breakaway republic of Chechnya. That costly and ruinous war almost became his undoing, and it flared ferociously back to life in 1999, continuing to rage long after his resignation. The Yeltsin era effectively began in August, 1991, when Mr. Yeltsin clambered atop a tank to rally Muscovites to put down a right-wing coup against Mr. Gorbachev, a heroic moment etched in the minds of the Russian people and television viewers all over the world. It ended with his electrifying resignation speech on New Years Eve, 1999. Those were Mr.",
"Yeltsin’s finest hours, in an era marked by extraordinary political change, as well as painful economic dislocation for many of his countrymen and stupendous wealth for a privileged few. Expressing condolences today to Mr. Yeltsin’s family, Mr. Gorbachev described him as a man “on whose shoulders rest major events for the good of the country, and serious mistakes,” and said he suffered “a tragic fate.” President Bush said today that he and his wife were “deeply saddened” by Mr. Yeltsin’s death, calling him “an historic figure who served his country during a time of momentous change” who “helped lay the foundations of freedom in Russia.” “I appreciate the efforts that President Yeltsin made to build a strong relationship between Russia and the United States,” Mr. Bush said. To turn around the battleship that was the Soviet Union, with its bloated military-industrial establishment, its ravaged economy, its devastated environment and its antiquated and inefficient health and social services system, would have been a Herculean task for any leader in the prime of life and the best of health.",
"But in Russia, the job of building a new state from the ashes of the old was taken on by Mr. Yeltsin, a man in precarious health whose frequent, mysterious disappearances from public life were attributed to heart and respiratory problems, excessive drinking and bouts of depression. These personal weaknesses left a sense of lost opportunity. A former U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, Jack F. Matlock, cited the difficulty of managing a transition where there was no prototype and no road map. Advertisement Continue reading the main story “The change is so profound that probably no one leader could have sorted it out,” he said in an interview. “I suspect it will take more than one generation of politicians to do it.” But he said that Mr. Yeltsin, along with his predecessor, Mr. Gorbachev, deserve full credit for what he called a “tremendous achievement.” Together, he said, “they destroyed the most monstrous political system in the history of the world, a regime with extensive resources to keep itself in power.” Mr. Yeltsin was the most populist of politicians, and rejected the notion of forming a political party of his own, insisting instead that he was elected by “all” of the people.",
"This rendered him weak at the task of building coalitions to support efforts to initiate necessary reforms. He sometimes played with the truth, surrounded himself with cronies, and appointed and dismissed one Prime Minister after another. Then, in failing health and under suspicion of enriching himself and his inner circle at the expense of the state, he surprised the world with his resignation, asking forgiveness for his mistakes. He turned the government over to Mr. Putin, a loyal aide and former officer of the K.G.B. In return, Mr. Yeltsin, and it was rumored, his family, received a grant of immunity from criminal prosecution and credit for leaving the Kremlin voluntarily. Mr. Yeltsin left with his fondest wish for the Russian people only partly fulfilled. “I want their lives to improve before my own eyes,” he once said, remembering the hardship of growing up in a single room in a cold communal hut, “that is the most important thing.” In fact, in the dislocation and chaos that accompanied the transition from the centralized economy he had inherited from the old Soviet Union, most people saw their circumstances deteriorate.",
"Inflation became rampant, the poor became poorer, profiteers grew rich, the military and many state employees went unpaid and flagrant criminality flourished. Much of Russia’s inheritance from the Soviet Union stubbornly endures. Mr. Gorbachev had sought to preserve the Soviet Union and, with his programs of glasnost and perestroika, to give Communism a more human dimension. Mr. Yeltsin, on the other hand, believed that democracy, the rule of law and the market were the answers to Russia’s problems. Advertisement Continue reading the main story A big man with a ruddy face and white hair, he was full of peasant bluster — what the Russians call a real muzhik — and came to Moscow with a genuine warmth and concern for his countrymen. During a visit to the United States in 1989 he became more convinced than ever that Russia had been ruinously damaged by its centralized, state-run economic system, where people stood in long lines to buy the most basic needs of life and more often than not found the shelves bare. He was overwhelmed by what he saw at a Houston supermarket, by the kaleidoscopic variety of meats and vegetables available to ordinary Americans.",
"Leon Aron, quoting a Yeltsin associate, wrote in his biography, “Yeltsin, A Revolutionary Life” (St. Martin’s Press, 2000): “For a long time, on the plane to Miami, he sat motionless, his head in his hands. ‘What have they done to our poor people?’ he said after a long silence.” He added, “On his return to Moscow, Yeltsin would confess the pain he had felt after the Houston excursion: the ‘pain for all of us, for our country so rich, so talented and so exhausted by incessant experiments.’ ” Photo Boris Yeltsin at a rally to celebrate a failed military coup in Moscow in 1991. Credit Boris Yurchenko/Associated Press He wrote that Mr. Yeltsin added, “I think we have committed a crime against our people by making their standard of living so incomparably lower than that of the Americans.” An aide, Lev Sukhanov was reported to have said that it was at that moment that “the last vestige of Bolshevism collapsed” inside his boss. Mr.",
"Yeltsin became etched in the minds of the Russian people and, indeed, became a world figure, with one act of extraordinary bravery on the day in August 1991 when he clambered atop a Red Army tank and faced down the right-wing forces who were threatening to overthrow Mr. Gorbachev, the last Soviet leader. Long a thorn in Mr. Gorbachev’s side and soon to become his most powerful rival, Mr. Yeltsin on that day was Mr. Gorbachev’s most powerful and effective ally. “Citizens of Russia,” he declared. “We are dealing with a right-wing, reactionary, anti-constitutional coup d’etat We appeal to citizens of Russia to give an appropriate rebuff to the putschists.” Thousands of Muscovites came out in the street to support him, he defeated the coup and saved Mr. Gorbachev. But not long after, he became the instrument of Mr. Gorbachev’s political downfall and with it the dissolution of the Soviet state. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Mr. Yeltsin’s accomplishments are all the more remarkable given the odds against him.",
"Bill Keller, who covered the Soviet Union for The New York Times from 1986 to 1991 and is now the newspaper’s executive editor, observed that when “Yeltsin emerged in the mid-1980s as the Communist Party boss of Moscow, a rambunctious, crowd- pleasing reformer, Western officials viewed him as an uninvited guest at the Gorbachev honeymoon. Mr. Keller wrote, “To scholars on the left, he was an irksome distraction from the attempt to humanize socialism; to scholars on the right, his origins as a Communist functionary in the hinterlands made him deeply suspect — ‘a typical provincial apparatchik’ was the dismissive judgment of Dmitri K. Simes,” a leading Russian scholar. Mr. Yeltsin survived expulsion from the Communist Party Politburo in 1987; the Communist coup attempt in 1993; the failed effort to subdue Chechnya in 1994; a new challenge from the Communists in 1996; Russia’s economic collapse in 1998; and a Communist-led drive to impeach him in 1999.",
"He also survived frequent bouts of influenza, bronchitis and pneumonia, quintuple bypass surgery in 1996 with continuing heart problems, a bleeding ulcer, a bizarre near-drowning before he ever achieved high office, uncounted missed appointments and even the spectacle of toppling over at official ceremonies, due, it was widely believed, to overindulgence in vodka and bourbon. As Celestine Bohlen reported from Moscow for The New York Times, Mr. Yeltsin was a master of drama and of the political moment, who “dominated the Russian political stage like an erratic, lumbering bear, emerging from periodic bouts of poor health with surprise moves calculated to confound his opponents and dazzle his political allies.” Mr. Yeltsin often seemed overwhelmed by the long road Russia had yet to travel, and he may well be remembered less as a builder of institutions than as a destroyer of them. He broke up the Soviet Union. He laid the Communist Party low, removing the bottom brick from the one-party Soviet system. He upended the centralized Soviet economy that had impoverished his country, and he crushed the putsch that threatened to return the country to the old system. But Mr.",
"Yeltsin could only begin the transition to a democratic, capitalist Russia based on the rule of law. The system he put in place survived legislative and military challenges but remained personal, incoherent and fragile, prone to corruption and easily bent away from its ideals. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Even so, he brought about fundamental economic change in Russia, instituting a market economy, however distorted, fostering an emerging younger class of business executives, and in the last years of his presidency, achieving a gradual reduction in crime. Politically, too, his reforms had impact. The legislature began to shape politics, the news media largely kept their newly acquired freedoms, and political rivals competed openly in elections. Though Mr. Putin has since reinforced the Kremlin’s sway over some of these areas, from hemming in the news media to toppling some of the new “oligarchs” of business who were not his political allies, the worst that many in Russia and the West had feared — a Communist revival or a new fascism built on chaos — has not materialized. Mr.",
"Yeltsin failed, though, in the undramatic work of hammering together a political and economic framework that could consolidate and stabilize the new Russian state, not least by refusing to establish his own political party, leaving him with no structure to see through many of his reforms. “Yeltsin’s understanding is a tabula rasa,” said Vitaly T. Tretyakov, editor of Nezavisimaya Gazeta, one of Moscow’s most respected newspapers. “In economics, his knowledge is nil — nil. In how to construct a state, zero. It’s really the same in all fields. It’s not his fault, of course. To come to power, he had to contest everything. But leading is a different matter.” Mr. Yeltsin embodied both the best traits attributed to the Russian people — warmth, loyalty and shrewdness — and some of the greatest faults — an inability to plan, an affection for chaos and an excessive love of alcohol. And though he possessed a populist’s skill with symbolism and drama, he sometimes retreated to govern in isolation. Though Mr. Yeltsin had more natural aptitude as a politician than Mr. Gorbachev, he never received the respect and affection in the West that Mr.",
"Gorbachev did, perhaps because of his boisterous style, so unlike the cultivated Western manner of Mr. Gorbachev. Old habits from his years in the Communist Party apparatus led Mr. Yeltsin to surround himself with loyal acolytes who rarely told him what he did not want to hear, and led him into adventures like Chechnya. He was ultimately stymied by the fierce opposition that developed to his reforms, and to the war in Chechnya, which he was unable to win but unwilling to end. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The campaign to subdue secessionists in Chechnya left as many as 80,000 people dead and undermined Mr. Yeltsin’s moral authority. It exposed the breakdown of Russia’s once-vaunted military machine, and raised concern about the stability of a country still in possession of a huge nuclear arsenal. The killing of civilians and widespread human rights abuses tainted the image of a democratic Russia in the West. As President, Mr. Yeltsin showed that he could shift his domestic political alliances with great skill, moving to the right of center after the surprisingly strong showing of the ultranationalist Vladimir V.",
"Zhirinovsky in parliamentary elections in December 1993, and then turning in 1995 to assemble a centrist block with leaders like Viktor Chernomyrdin and Ivan Rybkin after the Chechnya war cost him the support of many liberal democrats. Such changes in political direction could unnerve his supporters in the West, but they succeeded in extending Mr. Yeltsin’s hold on power. Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin first came to widespread public attention in 1985, when Mr. Gorbachev called him to Moscow from the provincial city of Sverdlovsk (now once again known by its pre-Communist name, Yekaterinburg), where Mr. Yeltsin was chief of the local party organization. Photo Mr. Yeltsin with the Russian writer Viktor Astafyev, right, in 1996. Although his commitment to reform wavered, Mr. Yeltsin eliminated government censorship of the press, tolerated public criticism and steered Russia toward a free market. Credit Associated Press Mr.",
"Yeltsin was soon jumping on to trolley buses in the capital and demanding to know why they were not running on time, and charging into stores to harangue managers over their empty shelves while the back rooms were filled with meat and vegetables and soap. He was a breath of fresh air from the steppes, and people loved it. When Mr. Gorbachev appointed him to be head of the Moscow City Party Committee, Mr. Yeltsin wrote that he felt he had a mandate to clear away old debris, including party hacks who opposed Mr. Gorbachev. Mr. Yeltsin declared war on the bribery and corruption that was endemic in the capital, fought against the privileges claimed as entitlements by the party elite and worked to get food — particularly fresh vegetables — into the city’s state-run stores and private markets. He sought to make the city more attractive and livable, with street cafes and fruit stalls. He met with citizen’s groups to answer questions. He encouraged a freer press and welcomed new television programs. It was when he brought his brusque manner and open criticism to the inner workings of the Communist Party that he fell afoul of his mentor, Mr.",
"Gorbachev, creating a rupture that was never healed. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Mr. Yeltsin took the unusual step at a closed party plenum in 1987 of mounting a scathing personal attack on a conservative rival, Yegor K. Ligachev, and denouncing the lethargic pace of reform. His speech was not published, but his words percolated out through the Moscow rumor mill, destroying the image of party unanimity. Mr. Yelstin’s break with the party had begun, and it was that moment that Mr. Gorbachev chose to humiliate him. He called Mr. Yeltsin away from his sickbed, where he was recovering from heart trouble and a “nervous collapse,” to face criticism from the Moscow Party organization, which then dismissed Mr. Yeltsin as the city’s party leader and forced him to resign from the Politburo. Mr. Gorbachev then appointed him to a relatively unimportant job in the construction bureaucracy. A year later, Mr. Yeltsin had his nerves back under control when he reappeared at the 19th Party Congress and made a televised appeal for political rehabilitation “in my lifetime.” Mr.",
"Yeltsin never was formally rehabilitated by the party. But Mr. Gorbachev and the party unwittingly provided the vehicle for his resurrection by establishing an elected parliament, the Congress of People’s Deputies. Mr. Yeltsin saw his chance and ran for a seat as a political underdog and victim. Skillfully campaigning on television, he denounced the special privileges of the party elite, and in 1989 won a Moscow citywide seat in the congress with a stunning 90 percent of the vote. Once in the parliament, Mr. Yeltsin showed his political savvy, winning the admiration of pro-democracy intellectuals, building alliances with nationalist leaders and establishing himself as the vital voice of Russia’s future, while casting Mr. Gorbachev as the ghost of the Soviet past. Then in the spring of 1990, in another landslide, Mr. Yeltsin was elected to the legislature of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, by far the largest of the Soviet Union’s constituent republics. The legislature named him president of the republic. But that was not enough for Boris Yeltsin: he wanted a popular mandate, and called for elections.",
"He stunned his fellow delegates when he resigned from the Communist Party and still won the popular vote for the presidency on June 12, 1991, getting more than 50 percent of the vote in the first round. Advertisement Continue reading the main story That made him the first legitimately elected leader in a thousand years of Russian government, and provided him with an extraordinary forum for attacking Mr. Gorbachev’s policies. It was two months later, in August 1991, that Mr. Yeltsin strode from his office in the Russian republic’s headquarters, an office building known as the White House, to thwart the right-wing coup, an act of heroism that saved Mr. Gorbachev from overthrow but also sealed the Soviet Union’s doom. Standing on the tank, Mr. Yeltsin declared: “The legally elected president of the country has been removed from power. We proclaim all decisions and decrees of this committee to be illegal.” With his bold stand, Mr. Yeltsin came to embody the last hope of his people. His ability to rally Muscovites that night suggested that a democratic spirit was taking hold in a land that had known little but czars and commissars.",
"His ability to attract support from segments of the Soviet armed forces demonstrated the breakdown of centralized control. Five days later, Mr. Gorbachev effectively closed the Bolshevik era when he resigned as general secretary of the Communist Party and dissolved its Central Committee. In an interview with Reuters in September 1991, Mr. Yeltsin described his feelings at the moment of the coup attempt: “At that time I had only one thought on my mind, and that was to save Russia, to save this country, to save democracy and the whole world, because otherwise it would have led to chaos, to another cold war — or a hot war, for that matter. And that would have been disastrous for the whole world. “And this is again something that we should always remember: The roots are still there, the roots of the old totalitarian system are still there. We need to pull them out, and we should continue along the road of a rule-of-law state, so that the people live better.” He saw himself as a man with a mission. “The system gave birth to me, and the system changed me,” he once said.",
"“Now it is time for me to change the system.” Advertisement Continue reading the main story Toward that end, days after he thwarted the coup, Mr. Yeltsin signed a decree suspending the activities of the Communist Party. And he created a constitutional court as a guarantee against the arbitrariness of the Soviet system, though the court later proved a pliable reed and revived the party. But even as Mr. Yeltsin had taken for Russia the mantle of Soviet power, he entered uncharted territory, and his country was already in shambles. “This is a bear, a giant bear,” he said. “And this wheel needs to be put in motion. And this is what I want to do, to set it in motion.” Photo Mr. Yeltsin, seen in a 1995 news conference, left a giant, if flawed, legacy. He started to establish a democratic state and then pulled back, lurching from one prime minister to another in an effort to control the levers of power. Credit Michael Evastafiev/AFP -- Getty Images He had to build a state in a country where all the people with experience had been loyal to the system he had just destroyed.",
"“I can’t say that we had to start from scratch,” he wrote, “but almost.” Mr. Yeltsin set about almost immediately to negotiate the dismantling of the Soviet Union and the independence of its constituent republics. Mr. Yeltsin started by ending Mr. Gorbachev’s increasingly violent efforts to keep the three Baltic republics, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, tied to the Soviet empire. By the end of the year, working with the leaders of Belarus and Ukraine, he had scrapped the Soviet Union in favor of a much looser confederation, which became the Commonwealth of Independent States. Even that grouping, dominated by Russia and plagued by ineffectiveness and lingering suspicions, was eventually all but abandoned. Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box. Invalid email address. Please re-enter. You must select a newsletter to subscribe to. Sign Up Privacy Policy Faced with an embittered and potentially explosive Russian nationalism at home, Mr. Yeltsin reasserted Russian economic prerogatives and tried to defend the rights of ethnic Russians left stranded and unhappy in the new republics.",
"Under his command, Russia organized an independent (if demoralized) army, and took control of most of the Soviet nuclear inheritance, as well as the Soviet Union’s seat on the United Nations Security Council. Russia also assumed responsibility for the Soviet Union’s debt. Mr. Yelstin continued Mr. Gorbachev’s policy of cooperation with the West, not least because economic aid could come only from that direction. He reaffirmed Russia’s adherence to arms control treaties and to extensive arms reductions. In his second term, despite persistent protests from nationalists, he acquiesced in an expansion of NATO toward Russia’s western border, trying at the same time to maintain an independent foreign policy. But Mr. Yeltsin’s critics complained that he deferred too often to the West, and that he had been outmaneuvered by Ukraine over control of the former Soviet Black Sea fleet and the Soviet nuclear weapons based in Ukraine. If Mr. Yeltsin and Mr. Gorbachev had not hated one another, the critics charged, the union itself need never have collapsed.",
"Advertisement Continue reading the main story David Remnick, in his book “Lenin’s Tomb,” (Random House, 1993) wrote that “Gorbachev began accusing Yeltsin of running a government not dissimilar to ‘an insane asylum,’ and Yeltsin’s aides began chipping away at Gorbachev’s (generous) retirement deal, first taking away his limousine and replacing it with a more modest sedan, then threatening worse. ‘Soon,’ one newspaper cracked, ‘Mikhail Sergeyevich will be going to work on a bicycle.’ “ In time, the Boris Yeltsin who was admired for his ability to grow with each new responsibility seemed to become less flexible as president: more impulsive, less democratic, ever more reliant on cronies. It was said, for example, that he frequently took the advice of his longtime bodyguard, Aleksandr A. Korzhakov, a former K.G.B. officer with a sinister reputation who monitored everything that went in and out of Mr. Yeltsin’s office.",
"In 1995 Natalya Ivanova, editor of Znamya, a highly regarded journal of literature and comment, said in an interview: “Some people learn all their lives, and some people stop learning. Sadly, Yeltsin stopped learning in 1991.” Mr. Yeltsin said in his autobiography that he initially felt uncomfortable in the lush surroundings of the Kremlin office suite that came with his leadership, and that while security concerns dictated that he work there, the luxurious trappings contradicted his populist election platform. Furthermore, the abandon with which his subordinates parceled out the traditional perquisites of power — the cars, the country houses, the resort vacations — suggested that for all the talk of change, things were looking very much the same. The bureaucratic elite that ran the Soviet Union had gotten over its shock and had begun to reestablish new ties to Mr. Yeltsin and the government. With that, the intellectuals whose support Mr. Yeltsin had won became alienated. Ordinary Russians chafed under the steep price increases he ordered in the initial phase of his bold economic gamble, and many questioned the competence of the people he chose to carry out his reforms. In December 1991, Mr.",
"Yeltsin backed a young economist, Yegor T. Gaidar, and eliminated price controls entirely in early January 1992. This was brutal economic shock therapy, Mr. Yeltsin acknowledged in his autobiography. “They expected paradise on earth,” he wrote, “but instead they got inflation, unemployment, economic shock and political crisis.” To say nothing of crime and corruption. Advertisement Continue reading the main story But the hard medicine was applied for only a few months, leaving Russia to fall into a period of stop-and-go economic reform that was meant to ease the pain of transition but only prolonged it. When Mr. Yeltsin decided that Russia could take no more social strain, and in the face of severe criticism from the holdover Soviet parliament, he removed Mr. Gaidar as Prime Minister in December 1992, replacing him with Mr. Chernomyrdin, a more reassuring, older-style figure who was head of the state natural-gas monopoly. Mr. Yeltsin again put himself and his policies to the people in a referendum in April 1993, and again won a big vote of confidence.",
"But by the autumn, he was forced to defend himself and his reforms in a bloody confrontation with more conservative nationalist legislators, whose own views of reform Mr. Yeltsin generally ignored. The struggle became a serious fight for power and ended with the indelible image of tanks firing at the parliament building itself. Mr. Yeltsin dissolved the Russian legislature in September 1993, declaring that the “irreconcilable opposition” of its large number of Communist holdovers had paralyzed his reforms and his ability to govern. He acted after a member of the opposition, in a gesture with clear meaning to Russians, indicated with a flick of the index finger that Mr. Yeltsin was drunk. But there was also strong evidence that the parliament’s leaders intended to remove him under the old Soviet constitution and empower Aleksandr V. Rutskoi, whom Mr. Yeltsin had chosen as vice president but had later summarily dismissed. Mr. Yeltsin announced elections to a new parliament. The Supreme Soviet, the parliament’s day-to-day policy making arm, responded by voting overwhelmingly to depose him. Mr.",
"Yeltsin then ordered the police to surround the parliament and cut off the electricity to the building, setting the stage for a violent confrontation. It came two weeks later, in October, after parliamentary supporters, urged on by Mr. Rutskoi, broke through police lines and rampaged through Moscow, taking over the main television tower in what became a street battle. With Mr. Yeltsin at his dacha and his government inattentive, the demonstrators could probably have taken the Kremlin if they had tried. Mr. Yeltsin moved to win over the reluctant backing of his top generals to oppose the coup, but only after an all-night session at the Defense Ministry. Elite troops were summoned to the White House building, the same location where Mr. Yeltsin had stood on a tank to oppose the coup against Mr. Gorbachev in 1991. This time, a 10-hour barrage of fire by tanks and armored personnel carriers routed the rebellious opposition, leaving dozens of people dead and the vast White House building windowless and burning. It was the worst civil strife in Moscow since the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. A different Yeltsin emerged from the affair.",
"He imposed an overnight curfew on the capital, banned extremist opposition parties and closed down Pravda and a number of other newspapers that had supported the rebels. But censorship was soon ignored and the papers and parties reopened, sometimes under different names. Mr. Rutskoi and other leaders were jailed, but were soon pardoned by the new parliament. Advertisement Continue reading the main story The Yeltsin optimism was gone. “Do not say that someone has won and someone has lost,” the shaken leader warned his people. “These are inappropriate, blasphemous words. We have all been scorched by the deadly breath of fratricide.” By 1996, the threat of a Communist resurgence behind his chief rival for the presidency, Gennadi A. Zyuganov, energized Mr. Yeltsin again. He threw himself into the campaign like a much younger man, flying all over the country, shaking thousands of hands and performing everything from peasant dances to a widely televised version of the twist. Photo Boris Yeltsin celebrating the collapse of a coup attempt against Mikhail S. Gorbachev with a tank crewman in front of the parliament in Moscow on August 22, 1991.",
"Credit Andre Durand/AFP -- Getty Images To ensure his victory, Mr. Yeltsin made a pact with Aleksandr I. Lebed, a gruff former general whom he had fired for insubordination. Mr. Yeltsin identified Mr. Lebed as a likely successor and made him chairman of the powerful National Security Council. But to insure that Mr. Lebed would not become a rival, he then saddled him with trying to find an honorable end to the Chechnya fiasco. Just before the final round of voting, Mr. Yeltsin had a relapse — what his doctors later acknowledged to be a heart attack — and he nearly disappeared from sight, unable to receive any visitors other than close relatives. But the latest setback to his health was hidden from voters by compliant Russian news media, which feared what a Communist victory might mean. Mr. Yeltsin later admitted that he had reached a point where he was prepared to scuttle democracy completely and outlaw the Communist Party. In his “Midnight Diaries,” (Public Affairs, 2000), published in the year after he stepped down from the presidency, Mr. Yeltsin wrote that he had gone so far as to have the necessary decrees drawn up.",
"He said he knew he would “pay a heavy price in credibility” but that it would resolve the main problem of his entire presidency, by assuring that the Communist Party would be “finished forever in Russia.” But he said his daughter and the former prime minister, Anatoly B. Chubais, persuaded him that the step would backfire. In his frail state, he revived sufficiently to beat back the Communist challenge of Mr. Zyuganov and win the election by a substantial majority. Afterward, an aide described him as “colossally weary,” and Mr. Yeltsin’s poor health rendered him unable to start off his second term with the quick and energetic recommitment to reform sought by Russia’s Western supporters, especially President Clinton. Then Mr. Yeltsin underwent quintuple bypass surgery, and as his health worsened, politicians maneuvered to succeed him. Advertisement Continue reading the main story He responded with his own maneuvers, appointing and firing four prime ministers in two years as he sought to deal with one of the worst financial crises since the demise of the Soviet Union. In August, 1998, the value of the ruble collapsed in international currency markets, taking the Russian stock market down with it.",
"The government postponed paying some foreign debt and started printing money, contributing further to inflation. Chechen bandits invaded the neighboring province of Dagestan in 1999, and a series of bombings of Moscow apartment houses were attributed, rightly or wrongly, to Chechen terrorists, reigniting the war in the Caucasus. When Mr. Clinton criticized Russia’s large-scale bombardment of civilian areas in Chechnya, Mr. Yeltsin, in his last month in office, intemperately brandished his nuclear arsenal. It seemed, he said, that Mr. Clinton “had for a minute forgotten that Russia has a full arsenal of nuclear weapons.” Mr. Yeltsin’s health continued to decline. On a visit to Tashkent in Central Asia, he appeared nearly to fall over as he stood listening to a band performance. At an official dinner, he gave a confused version of a speech, reading from the beginning, then the end, and apparently realizing he had finished too quickly, reverted to the middle section. In 1999, the remaining Communists in Russia’s Parliament led a drive to impeach and remove Mr.",
"Yeltsin on a host of charges including treason (dismantling the Soviet Union, assailing the Communists in 1993, waging illegal war in Chechnya) and genocide (allowing Russian living standards to plummet, causing millions of early deaths). The impeachment effort failed when 100 members of the legislature boycotted the vote and some ballots were thrown out because they were defaced or contained no names. During his last month in office, Mr. Yeltsin, with the help of the popularity of his chosen successor, Mr. Putin, was able to win enough votes in the parliament to pursue his agenda of economic reform and break the Communists’ hold on legislation. But Mr. Putin was soon making alliances with the same Communists who had gone down to defeat. Mr.",
"Yeltsin was a moody man, subject to occasional glooms and lassitudes, and wrote in his autobiography of being plagued with worry, of bending under the burdens he carried: “The debilitating bouts of depression, the grave second thoughts, the insomnia and headaches in the middle of the night, the tears and despair, the sadness at the appearance of Moscow and other Russian cities, the flood of criticism from the newspapers and television every day, the harassment campaign at the Congress sessions, the entire burden of the decisions made, the hurt from people close to me who did not support me at the last minute, who didn’t hold up, who deceived me - I have had to bear all of this.” Mr. Yeltsin knew first-hand the misery of the Russian people under Communism. He was born on Feb. 1, 1931, to a peasant family in Butko, a village in the Sverdlovsk district of the Urals, the oldest of six children. Advertisement Continue reading the main story When his father moved to the town of Berezniki to work as a laborer, during what Mr.",
"Yeltsin remembered as “Stalin’s so-called period of industrialization,” the family was allocated a single room in a communal hut. He recalled in the first volume of his autobiography, “Against the Grain” (Summit Books, 1990), that they lived in that hut for 10 years. “Winter was worst of all,” he wrote. “There was nowhere to hide from the cold. Since we had no warm clothes, we would huddle up to the nanny goat to keep warm. We children survived on her milk. She was also our salvation throughout the war.” Even as a boy, Mr. Yeltsin challenged authority, and tales of his early brashness were woven into the carefully burnished lore surrounding him. Acknowledging that he was something of a “hooligan,” he recalled standing up at his graduation from elementary school to denounce a teacher who, he declared, “had no right to teach children because she crippled them mentally and psychologically.” He then fought the bureaucrats to get the diploma that was withheld from him as punishment. He was still only a boy during World War II when he lost the thumb and forefinger of his left hand when he tried to dismantle a grenade that he and some friends had stolen.",
"At the Urals Polytechnic Institute he studied civil engineering and played volleyball. Competing in one long tournament despite a headcold, he said, he first strained his heart. He refused to go to a hospital and went home instead, and forever after remembered his heart pounding violently in his chest. Still, he took hikes in the mountains and forests, and spent one summer traveling around Russia by catching rides on the top of railway cars. One day, he wrote, he met up with a group of former prisoners who got him into a poker game and took him for everything but his underpants. Upon graduation, Mr. Yeltsin returned to Sverdlovsk, where he was offered the job of foreman at an industrial building site. He refused, insisting instead that he work in each trade first, so that when he was in a position to give orders, he would know what he was talking about. He did not join the Communist Party until 1961, when he was 30 years old, an age at which Mr. Gorbachev was already well on his way up the party hierarchy. For Mr.",
"Yeltsin, membership was a move to further his career in the Sverdlovsk construction agency, not an expression of his fervent belief in Communism. Advertisement Continue reading the main story He vented his disdain for the party in his autobiography when he described the oral examination he had to pass for membership. A member of the local committee, he wrote, “asked me on what page of which volume of ‘Das Kapital’ Marx refers to commodity-money relationships. Assuming that he had never read Marx closely and had, of course, no idea of either the volume or page number in question, and that he didn’t even know what commodity-money relationships were, I immediately answered, half jokingly, ‘Volume Two, page 387.’ What’s more, I said it quickly, without pausing for thought. To which he replied, with a sage expression, ‘Well done, you know your Marx well.’ After it all, I was accepted as a Party member.” Fifteen years later, after serving as a secretary of the Sverdlovsk provincial committee, Mr.",
"Yeltsin became party chief for the region, and stood out in the stagnation of the Brezhnev era as an activist, less interested in the perquisites of office than in rooting out bureaucratic corruption and improving the lot of the people. Photo Boris Yeltsin at the Virchow Hospital Center in Berlin in February 2006. Credit Miguel Villagran/European Pressphoto Agency When Mr. Gorbachev became general secretary in 1985, he sought out regional leaders like Mr. Yeltsin who were not mired in Moscow’s ways. But he may have gotten more than he bargained for in Mr. Yeltsin, who wrote in his autobiography that he turned down the offer of a government dacha that Mr. Gorbachev had formerly used. “We were shattered by the senselessness of it all,” he wrote of the enormous fireplaces, marble paneling, parquet floors, sumptuous carpets, chandeliers, crystal and luxurious furniture in the house. “I lost count of the number of bathrooms and lavatories.” He asked: “What was the point of the whole thing?",
"No one, not even the most outstanding public figures of the contemporary world, could possibly find a use for so many rooms, lavatories and television sets all at the same time.” He concluded that the K.G.B. had paid for it all, and added, “It would be interesting to know how all this expenditure is accounted for and under what heading of the K.G.B.’s budget. Combating spies?” Mr. Yeltsin had found a subject he could ride, and he later used it — often — as a blunt club. Tartly enumerating all of Mr. Gorbachev’s houses and dachas, he suggested that “perestroika would not have ground to a halt ... if only Gorbachev had been able to get rid of his reluctance to deal with the question of the leadership’s privileges, if he himself had renounced all those completely useless, though pleasant, customary perquisites.” Mr. Yeltsin could not resist a final shot. “Why has Gorbachev been unable to change this? I believe the fault lies in his basic cast of character. He likes to live well, in comfort and luxury.",
"In this he is helped by his wife.” To this he contrasted the simple tastes of his own wife, Naina, and his daughters, Lena and Tanya, who, along with several grandchildren, survive him. Mr. Yeltsin once said, “As long as no one can build his own dacha, as long as we continue to live in such relative poverty, I refuse to eat caviar followed by sturgeon.” But as Russia’s new rich started dotting the countryside with fine brick houses, Mr. Yeltsin too was soon enveloping himself in comfort and relative luxury, enjoying life at a state dacha, playing tennis, wearing trendy Western fashion, using more limousines than Mr. Gorbachev ever had, and allowing those officials around him to live equally well, if not better. At a time when state employees, army officials and pensioners often went unpaid, a reported $823 million was spent to restore Kremlin palaces, churches, administrative offices and Mr. Yeltsin’s Kremlin residence to their czarist splendor. By 1999, Mr.",
"Yeltsin, and his family whose frugality and moderation he had so praised, were being accused of accepting kickbacks, with evidence emerging that he and his daughters had used credit cards supplied by a Swiss construction firm that had received Kremlin contracts. It was Mr. Yeltsin’s personal excesses that made him particularly vulnerable. In his 1989 visit to the United States he acted like a vigorous American politician in the middle of a campaign. But reporters also noted the mercurial leader’s great thirst for bourbon. In his autobiography, Mr. Yeltsin attributed his slurred speech during that visit to the effects of a sleeping pill and exhaustion from jet-lag, and he insisted that a videotape was doctored to make him look drunk. In a still puzzling incident before he became President, he turned up soaking wet at a police station near Moscow. According to one version, a jealous husband pushed him off a bridge. Mr. Yeltsin intimated that the K.G.B. was trying to kill him. In an interview with Barbara Walters during a visit to the United States in January 1992, Mr.",
"Yeltsin regularly denied reports that he drank too much, although he acknowledged that he turned to alcohol to relieve stress. “I am not an ascetic,” he told Barbara Walters in a televised interview in 1992, “but I am categorically denying all those rumors.” “Athletic activity and alcohol are two things that are incompatible with each other,” he continued, speaking through an interpreter. “I’m very actively engaged in sports, an hour and a half every Tuesday and Saturday, athletic exercise morning and night, a cold shower, and very intensive work for 19 to 20 hours a day.” In the same interview he implicitly aimed an arrow at Mr. Gorbachev when he said he did not consult his wife about political decisions. “In my family, I’m the boss,” he said pointedly. Some attributed his occasionally aberrant actions and his puffy face to the pain medication he took for a severe back problem stemming from a 1990 airplane accident, and the way such medication might interact with alcohol. There was no such explanation for his erratic behavior some years later, when a visibly embarrassed Helmut Kohl, the chancellor of Germany, had to help Mr.",
"Yeltsin down a flight of steps after he played the buffoon, boisterously picking up a baton to conduct the Berlin police orchestra during a visit in 1994. Jet lag, sleeping pills and a cold were the excuse a month later when Mr. Yeltsin failed to make it off his plane at a stopover in Ireland, where the Irish prime minister himself stood waiting on the tarmac to greet him. Then in January 1995, at a summit meeting in Kazakhstan when he mumbled and stumbled and had to lean on aides to stand up straight, the excuse was again the inevitable effect of a long plane trip on a 64-year-old man. But Mr. Yeltsin was stung by criticism of his drinking, and tried to clean up his act for a while. He put in long work days and managed to make his voice boom when he delivered speeches. But he soon stumbling again, slurring his words and disappearing from the scene again and again for long holidays. There were also increasing signs of worsening heart disease, including a sudden hospitalization in July 1995, when Mr. Yeltsin complained of chest pain.",
"For the first time, the Kremlin admitted there was a diagnosis for his ailment — myocardial ischemia, a shortage of oxygen to the heart muscle because of narrowed arteries — and Mr. Yeltsin was out of the Kremlin for four weeks. He then took a month-long vacation. He had another attack of ischemia in October 1995, after a five-day visit to France and the United States, and was hospitalized again. Aides issued implausible assurances that the president was fine, and in time, Mr. Yeltsin returned to his desk. “A man must live like a great bright flame and burn as brightly as he can,” Mr. Yeltsin said in March 1990. “In the end he burns out. But this is better than a mean little flame.” He came to recognize how far short of his goals he fell. In his resignation speech, he told the Russian people: “I want to ask for your forgiveness. For the fact that many of the dreams we shared did not come true. And for the fact that what seemed simple to us turned out to be tormentingly difficult.",
"I ask forgiveness for not justifying some hopes of those people who believed that at one stroke, in one spurt, we could leap from the gray, stagnant, totalitarian past into the light, rich, civilized future. I myself believed in this, that we could overcome everything in one spurt. I turned out to be too naïve.” After leaving office, Mr. Yeltsin worked on his memoir, based on a diary he kept during bouts of insomnia in his years as president. At the end, he was a man worn down: “I feel like a runner who has just completed a supermarathon of 40,000 kilometers,” he wrote. “I gave it my all. I put my whole heart and soul into running my presidential marathon. I honestly went the distance. If I have to justify anything, here is what I will say: If you think you can do it better, just try. Run those 40,000 kilometers. Try to do it faster, better, more elegantly, or more easily. Because I did it.”"
] |
How old was Harry Stevens when he married at the Caravilla Retirement Home, Wisconsin in 1984?
|
104
|
[
"one hundred and four",
"104"
] | 9,240
|
[
"Love Lane » Love and marriage Love and marriage Tarmak Films ltd Love and marriage ♥ Older men are far more likely to be married than older women. Seventy per cent of men aged 65 and over live as part of a couple (according to the last census), whereas only 40 per cent of women do so. This reflects the tendency for women to outlive their husbands. ♥ The age-group most likely to find love abroad are the over-sixties. Almost 10 per cent of holiday romances lead to wedding bells. ♥ Minnie Munro became the world’s oldest bride when she married Dudley Reid at the age of 102 on May 31, 1991. Reid, the groom, was 83 years old. ♥ Harry Stevens became the world’s oldest groom at 103 when he married 84 year old Thelma Lucas at the Caravilla Retirement Home in Wisconsin on December 3, 1984. ♥ The longest engagement was Sixty-seven years, according to the Guinness Book of World Records. The happy couple finally wed at age 82!",
"♥ Most recent research indicates just about 9,000 romantic couples each year take out marriage licenses, then fail to use them. ♥ The most popular song for the first dance at weddings has been found to be Bryan Adams hit ‘Everything I Do’. ♥ A survey revealed that more than 10,000 marriages a year can be directly traced back to romances that begin during coffee breaks. ♥ Ever wondered why people refer to getting married as “tying the knot”? Well the expression dates back to Roman times, when the bride wore a girdle that was tied in knots and the groom then had the fun of untying on their wedding night. ♥ It’s commonly believed a man picks out a wife who reminds him of his mother while a woman picks out a husband who reminds her of her father. But that’s not right. Recent research indicates both the man and the woman are most influenced in their selection of matrimonial mates by their mothers. If a woman regards her mother as stern, she’s likely to go for a stern husband. If she thinks of her mother as gentle, she looks for a gentle husband. The father of the bride or groom just doesn’t have all that much to do with it, poor fellow.",
"♥ There’s a curious difference in the ways that single girls and bachelors pick their romantic partners. The girl might have a dozen boyfriends, none of whom seems to be like another or anything like the sort of fellow she eventually winds up marrying. But the young bachelor is inclined to select all his ladyfriends, including finally his wife, for their similar qualities. ♥ According to Anita Diamant, author of The New Jewish Wedding, there are no Jewish laws regarding where a wedding may or may not take place. During the Middle Ages, some weddings were even held in cemeteries, since it was believed the life-affirming act of marriage could halt plagues. ♥ London Times, February 1840. Queen Victoria’s wedding cake was more than nine feet in circumference. A second tier rose from this “plateau,” supported by two pedestals. On the second tier was a sculpture of the mythical heroine Britannia gazing upon the royal pair frozen at the moment of their exchanging vows. At their feet were two turtle doves (symbolizing purity and innocence) and a dog (representing faithful attachment).",
"Completing the scene were various sculpted Cupids, one of them writing the date of the wedding with a stylus on a tablet. ♥ Eighty-five percent of all Canadian brides receive a diamond engagement ring, giving Canada the highest diamond engagement ring acquisition rate in the world. ♥ The most married man in history, in the monogamous category, was Glynn Wolfe, a former Baptist minister from Blythe, California. He was married twenty-eight times. ♥ The most married woman in history, in the monogamous category, was Linda Lou Essex from Anderson, Indiana, who was married twenty-two times. ♥ The most notorious bigamist on record is Giovanni Vigliotto, who married one hundred and four women. He was convicted for fraud and bigamy and sentenced to twenty-five years in prison, plus a fine of $336,000. ♥ The youngest couple ever to marry was an eleven month old boy and a three month old girl who were married in Bangladesh in 1986. The marriage was arranged in order to settle a twenty year feud over a disputed piece of farmland. ♥ Two couples share the record for the longest marriage in history.",
"Sir Temulji Bhicaji Nnman and Lady Nariman were married from 1853 until 1940, when he died. Lazarus Rowe and Molly Weber were married in Greenland, New Hampshire in 1743 and remained married until 1829, when she dies after their having been married for 86 years. ♥ The largest mass wedding was held in The Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea where 35,000 people were married in a ceremony officiated by Sun Myung Moon. Another 325,000 couples around the world participated in the August 25, 1995 event via satellite link. ♥ Richard and Carol Roble are the most re-married couple. They wed each other 56 times, beginning in 1969. ♥ The most fantastic gift of love is the Taj Mahal in India. It was built by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan as a memorial to his wife, who died in childbirth. Work on the Taj began in 1634 and continued for almost 22 years. required the labor of 20,000 workers from all over India and Central Asia.",
"♥ The worst place for love and romance to survive is the United States. They hold the record for the highest divorce rate in the world (4.6 per thousand) . . . . so Good Luck! ♥ The number of marriages in England and Wales that were the first marriage for both partners peaked in 1940 at 426,100 when 91 per cent of all marriages were the first for both partners. This number has since fallen to 144,120 in 2006, accounting for 61 per cent of all marriages. ♥ The number of marriages in England and Wales that were the first marriage for both partners peaked in 1940 at 426,100 when 91 per cent of all marriages were the first for both partners. This number has since fallen to 144,120 in 2006, accounting for 61 per cent of all marriages. ♥ On average, couples get engaged two years, 11 months and eight days into their relationship. However, women feel ready for marriage even earlier two years, seven months and 24 days to be precise.",
"One in ten of the 3,000 engaged or married participants in the study that produced these figures had set a time limit on their engagement; 75 per cent of them would have shown their partner the door if it hadn’t been kept to. ♥ The average wedding in the UK now costs £20,273, according to a study by You and Your Wedding Magazine. This includes £7,724 for the reception, £3,220 for the honeymoon, £1,412 for the engagement ring and £1,242 on drinks. Doing the dishes together is one of the keys to a happy marriage, according to a survey by the Pew Research Centre of 2,000 Americans. Sharing the housework came third behind faithfulness and sex in the most popular factors for a happy union, even beating money, children and a nice home. ♥ The Himba people of Namibia kidnap a bride before the ceremony and dress her in a leather marriage headdress. After the ceremony she is brought into the house where the family tells her what her responsibilities will be as the wife and then anoint her with butterfat from cows. This shows that she has been accepted into the family.",
"♥ The notion of marriage as sacrament can be traced to St Paul, who, in his Epistle to the Ephesians, compared the relationship of a husband and wife to that of Christ and his church. ♥ The Marriage Act 1836 and the Registration Act 1836 came into force in 1837 in England and Wales. There were 118,000 marriages in the first full year of civil registration in 1838 in England and Wales. ♥ One single woman in five is thought to be stashing away money for her wedding even without having found a groom. ♥ Scientists believe they have found the gene needed for a happy marriage after studying rodents’ mating habits. Men carrying a common variation of a gene involved in brain signalling were more likely to be in unhappy marriages than men with the other version, the team at the Karolinska Institute found. ♥ At a Hindu wedding, the bride’s hands are painted with henna with a design which often includes the initials of her betrothed. The couple then search for the initials on the wedding night. This game is played to make the bride and groom more relaxed and at ease with each other.",
"♥ Polyandry is a practice where a woman is married to more than one man at the same time. Fraternal polyandry was traditionally practised among nomadic Tibetans in Nepal and parts of China, in which two or more brothers shared the same wife. Polyandry is believed to be more likely in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival. Rings: ♥ Diamonds are a girl’s best friend. Until the 15th century, only kings wore diamonds, as a symbol of strength, courage, and invincibility. In India, where the diamond was first discovered , it was valued more for its magic than its beauty and was believed to protect the wearer from fire, snakes, illnesses, thieves, and great evil. ♥ The most expensive wedding on record was a seven-day celebration of the marriage of Mohammed, son pf Sheik Rashid Ben Saeed Al Maktoum, to Princess Salama. The wedding took place in Dubai and the bill came to $44 million. ♥ Do you know why we wear our engagement and wedding rings on the fourth finger of the left hand?",
"The tradition dates back to ancient Egypt as they believed the vein of love runs from this finger directly to the heart. ♥ The tradition of the diamond engagement ring comes from Archduke Maximillian of Austria who, in the 15th century, gave a diamond ring to his fiancée, Mary of Burgundy. ♥ The custom of giving a ring can be dated back to the ancient Romans. It is believed that the roundness of the ring represents eternity. Therefore, the wearing of wedding rings symbolizes a union that is to last forever. It was once thought that a vein or nerve ran directly from the “ring” finger of the left hand to the heart. Be Sociable, Share! Guinness Book of Records 1999: Part One - Amazing people; THE LOOK PRESENTS A FASCINATING THREE-PART SERIES TO PULL-OUT AND KEEP. - Free Online Library Guinness Book of Records 1999: Part One - Amazing people; THE LOOK PRESENTS A FASCINATING THREE-PART SERIES TO PULL-OUT AND KEEP.",
"Page URL: HTML link: <a href=\" Citations: MLA style: \"Guinness Book of Records 1999: Part One - Amazing people; THE LOOK PRESENTS A FASCINATING THREE-PART SERIES TO PULL-OUT AND KEEP..\" The Free Library. 1998 MGN LTD 05 Jan. 2017 Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Guinness Book of Records 1999: Part One - Amazing people; THE LOOK PRESENTS A FASCINATING THREE-PART SERIES TO PULL-OUT AND KEEP..\" Retrieved Jan 05 2017 from APA style: Guinness Book of Records 1999: Part One - Amazing people; THE LOOK PRESENTS A FASCINATING THREE-PART SERIES TO PULL-OUT AND KEEP.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 05 2017 from The Guinness Book Of Records is one of the world's biggest-selling books. It's the ultimate authority on the most extra-ordinary facts and figures of life on our planet.",
"For the next three weeks, you can collect fascinating extracts from the 1999 edition free in The Look. That's hundreds of facts and figures - from the most amazing people and animals to the marvels of the modern world. In this, our first part, we reveal everything you ever wanted to know about human life - who are the oldest, fastest, heaviest, tallest and shortest people ever? What's the length of the longest hair? The size of the biggest feet? And who has the most toes? To find out, read on... Tallest people The tallest ever person was an American called Robert Wadlow who was 8ft 11in in his socks. He would probably have exceeded 9ft in height had he survived for another year. The tallest living British man is Christopher Greener, who is 7ft 61/4in tall. The tallest woman ever was Zeng Jinlian of Hunan Province in China, who was 8ft 11/4in when she died in 1982. The tallest living woman is American Sandy Allen, who is currently 7ft 71/4in in height and weighs 33st.",
"Shortest twins At 2ft 10in John and Greg Rice are the world's smallest twins. Being short has not stopped them becoming hugely successful, though. They made their fortunes as real estate speculators in Florida, USA, in the '70s, and now own and run a multi-million dollar motivational speaking company called Think Big which organises seminars on creative problem solving. Most children born to one mother The greatest number of children officially recorded to one woman is 69. Mrs Feodor Vassilyev (born 1707 in Shuya, Russia) gave birth to 16 pairs of twins, seven sets of triplets and four sets of quads (the greatest number of multiple births in one family). Only two of the children - all born between 1725 and 1765 - failed to survive its infancy. In the UK, Elizabeth Greenhille of Abbots Langley, Herts, who died in 1681, is said to have given birth to 39 children (seven sons and 32 daughters).",
"The British record for the current century is 22 children to both Margaret McNaught (born 1923) of Balsall Heath, Warwicks (12 boys, 10 girls), and Mabel Constable (born 1920) of Long Itchington, Warwicks. Her births included one set of triplets and two sets of twins. Most children in a single birth A record ten children (two boys and eight girls) are reported to have been born in Brazil on April 22, 1946. Reports of ten children in one birth were also received from Spain in 1924 and in China in 1936. The record for the greatest fully-authenticated number of children ever produced in one birth is nine to Geraldine Bradrick at the Royal Hospital for Women, Sydney, Australia, on June 13, 1971. None of the five boys and four girls lived for more than six days. The birth of nine children was also reported in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1971 and in Bangladesh in 1977. No children survived in either case.",
"Longest interval between the birth of two children The record for one mother is 41 years by Elizabeth Buttle of Carmarthenshire. She gave birth to a daughter, Belinda, in 1956, and a son, Joseph, on November 20, 1997, when she was 60. Shortest interval between two births The record between two births at separate confinements is 209 days to Margaret Blake of Luton, Beds, who gave birth to a boy on March 27, 1995 and a girl on October 23, 1995. Oldest mother Rosanna Dalla Corta of Viterbo, Italy is reported to have given birth to a baby boy at the age of 63 in 1994. Arceli Keh is also said to have been 63 when she gave birth at the University of Southern California in 1996. Both women received fertility treatment. Heaviest single birth Anna Bates of Canada gave birth to a 23lb 12oz boy in Seville, Ohio, USA, in 1879.",
"Lightest single birth Marian Taggart holds the record for the lowest birthweight ever for a surviving infant, at 10oz. She was born six weeks premature in Tyne and Wear in 1938. The 12in child was fed hourly for her first 30 hours with brandy, glucose and water through a fountain pen filler. Most premature baby James Gill was born 128 days premature to Brenda and James Gill in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada on May 20, 1987. He weighed 1lb 6oz - about the same size as a dozen eggs. Most living ascendants Megan Austin from Bar Harbour, Maine, USA had a complete set of grandparents, great-grandparents and five great-great-grandparents (a total of 19 direct ascendants) when she was born in 1982. SHORTEST PERSON EVER The shortest ever fully-grown human was Gul Mohammed of New Delhi in India. In 1990, aged 29, he was 1ft 10in in height and weighed 2st 9lb. He died aged 36 of a heart attack after a long struggle against asthma and bronchitis.",
"Mohammed had a lifelong dislike of children, who sometimes bullied and robbed him. Not surprisingly, he also had a great fear of dogs and cats. LONGEST FINGER NAILS The world's longest fingernails are those of Shridhar Chillal of India who last cut his nails in 1952. At the end of March 1997 the nails of his left hand, from the thumb to the little finger, were 4ft 7in, 3ft 7in, 3ft 10in, 4ft 1in and 4ft long. Frances Redmond (left) has the longest fingernails in America. They have grown to 19in in 12 years. OLDEST LIVING PERSON At 119, Sarah Knauss is the oldest person alive. Born on September 24, 1880 in Hollywood, a small mining village in Pennsylvania, USA, she now lives in a nursing home. Six generations of her family celebrated her last birthday with her.",
"Longest beards Hans Langseth had a record breaking 17ft 6in beard at the time of his death in Iowa, USA in 1927. The beard was presented to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington in 1967. Janice Devere from Bracken County in Kentucky had a 14in beard in 1884, the longest of any \"bearded\" lady. Longest moustache Kalyan Ramji Sain of India began growing a moustache in 1976. In July 1993 it had a total span of 11ft 11in. Most artificial joints US woman Norma Wickwire, who had rheumatoid arthritis, had eight of her 10 major joints replaced from 1976 to 1989. Most fingers and toes A baby boy was found to have 14 fingers and 25 toes at an inquest held in London in September 1921. Least toes Some members of the Wadoma tribe of Zimbabwe and the Kalanga tribe of Botswana have only two toes.",
"Biggest feet The person with the largest feet is Matthew McGrory from Westchester, Pennsylvania, USA, who wears (UK) size 28 shoes. McGrory is 25 years old and stands 7ft 6in tall in his huge socks which are knitted by his mother Maureen. He has to have his shoes specially made for him by trendy sports manufacturer Converse. Biggest chest Isaac Nesser of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, has a record chest measurement of 6ft 21/16in. He has been lifting weights since he was eight and has worked out every day for the past 20 years. Biggest biceps The right bicep of Denis Sester of Bloomington, Minnesota, measures 305/8in when cold. He started building his biceps when he began wrestling pigs on his parents' farm as a teenager. Longest human tail In 1889 Scientific American described a 12-year-old boy who had a soft tail measuring 1ft in length. In ancient literature there are several mentions of adults having tails of 6-7in. Today they are removed at birth.",
"Longest ears The men and women of the Suya tribe in Africa wear large discs of wood in their ears in order to elongate them. When they take them out they wrap their dangling earlobes around their ears. Longest-living two-headed person The two-headed boy of Bengal was born in 1783 and died of a cobra bite at the age of four. His two heads, each of which had its own brain, were the same size and were covered in black hair at their junction. Hairiest woman Julia Pastano, who was born in an Indian tribe in Mexico in 1834, was covered in hair, apart from her eyes. She was exhibited to the public in the US, Canada and Europe and was mummified after her death. Most breasts The greatest number of distinct breasts is ten. Between 1878 and 1898 a total of 930 cases of multiple breasts were reported. Heaviest brain The world's heaviest brain weighed 5lb 11/10oz and belonged to a 30-year- old man in Ohio.",
"It was reported by Dr Mandybur of the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, USA in December 1992. The lightest \"normal\" or non-atrophied brain on record weighed 1lb 8oz. It belonged to Daniel Lyon, who died in New York in 1907. He was just over 5ft tall and weighed 10st 5 lb. Smallest waists The smallest waist of a person of normal height was 1ft 1in for Ethel Granger of Peterborough in 1939. The 19th-century French actress Emile Marie Bouchand also claimed a waist measurement of 1ft 1in. Most pierced man Alex Lambrecht has acquired a total of 137 piercings with a combined weight of 1lb 2oz over a period of 40 years making him the world's most pierced man. The estimated cost of all his piercings would have been pounds 6,850 - but he did them all himself.",
"Oldest person ever The greatest fully authenticated age to which a human being has ever lived is 122 years, 164 days by Jeanne Calment of France. She died on August 4, 1997. Most dissimilar couple When 3ft 1in Natalie Lucius married 6ft 2in Fabien Pretou at Seyssinet- Pariset, France, in 1990, there was a record height difference of 3ft 1in between bride and groom. Longest engagement Octavio Guillen and Adriana Martinez from Mexico finally got married in June 1969, after a 67-year engagement. Both were 82 years old when they wed. Youngest married couple In 1986 it was reported that an 11-month-old boy had been married to a three-month-old girl at Aminpur, Bangladesh to settle a 20-year family feud. Oldest groom Harry Stevens was 103 years old when he married 84-year-old Thelma Lucas at the Caravilla Retirement Home, Wisconsin, USA, in December 1984.",
"Oldest bride Minnie Munroe became the world's oldest known bride when she married Dudley Reid at the age of 102 at Point Clare, NSW, Australia, on May 31, 1991. The groom was a mere 83. Longest married couple Paul Onesi, 101, and his wife Mary, 93, were married in Clymer, Pennsylvania, USA in 1917. In January 1998 they celebrated their 80th anniversary, becoming the longest married couple in America. For the past 51 years the couple, who never celebrate Valentine's Day, have lived in Niagara Falls, North America's so-called honeymoon capital. Longest period survived without bread and water Andreas Mihavecz of Bregenz, Austria, lived for a record-breaking 18 days without food and water after being put in a holding cell in a local government building in Hochst by the police on April 1, 1979, and then being totally forgotten about. The 18-year-old, who had been a passenger in a crashed car, was discovered close to death on April 18.",
"Most pills taken The record for the greatest number of pills known to have been taken by one patient is 565,939 by CHA Kilner of Zimbabwe between June 9, 1967 and June 19, 1988. This works out at an average of 73 tablets per day. It is estimated that if all the pills he had taken were laid out end to end they would form an unbroken line two miles 186 yards long. Longest hiccoughing fit Charles Osbourne from Anthon, Iowa, USA began hiccoughing in 1922 while he was trying to weigh a pig for slaughter. He continued until February 1990 - 68 years. He was unable to find a cure, but led a normal life, marrying twice and fathering eight children. Longest sneezing fit Donna Griffiths from Pershore, Hereford and Worcester, UK, started sneezing at the age of 12 on January 13, 1981 and sneezed an estimated one million times the following year.",
"She did not have a sneeze-free day until September 16, 1983. Loudest snorer Kare Walkert of Kumala, Sweden, who suffers from the breathing disorder apnea, recorded peak noise levels of 93dBA while he was asleep at a hospital in May 1993. Most injections received Samuel Davidson from Glasgow has had at least 78,900 insulin injections since he was aged 11 in 1923. Before the invention of insulin - first used on humans in 1922 - diabetes was usually fatal. Biggest blood transfusion Warren Jyrich, a 50-year-old haemophiliac, required a record 2,400 donor units of blood - the equivalent of more than 285 gallons - during open heart surgery at the Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, in December 1970. Largest tumour A tumour weighing 21st 61lb and 3ft in diameter was removed intact from a 34-year-old American woman's abdomen in October 1991.",
"It had been growing for eight years, according to Dr Kate O'Hanlon of Stanford University, California. Most extreme case of Munchausen's Syndrome British man William McIIroy had the most extreme known case of Munchausen's syndrome, an incurable condition characterised by a constant desire for medical treatment. In 50 years McIlroy had 400 operations and stayed at 100 hospitals under 22 aliases costing pounds 2.5 million. World's biggest gallbladder The world's biggestgallbladder weighed 23lb and was removed from a 69-year-old woman by Professor Birmal C Ghosh at the National Naval Medical Centre in Bethesda, Maryland, USA on March 15, 1998. The patient recovered and left the hospital ten days later. The oldest person to undergo an operation James Henry Brett Jnr underwent a hip operation at the age of 111 in Houston, Texas on November 7, 1960. Longest coma Elaine Esposita from Florida fell into a coma at the age of six after an appendectomy on August 6, 1941.",
"She died at the age of 43 on November 25, 1978 after being unconscious for 37 years 111 days. Longest dream The longest period of REM sleep (which characterises dream sleep) lasted three hours eight minutes. It was achieved by David Powell at the Paget Sound Sleep Disorder Centre in Seattle, Washington on April 29, 1994. Longest post-mortem birth On July 5, 1983 a baby girl was delivered from a woman who had been brain dead for 84 days in Virginia, USA. Longest period survived underwater In 1986 two-year-old Michelle Funk from Salt Lake City, Utah, USA survived one hour six minutes underwater. She had fallen into a creek. Most bizarre use for a body part King Charles I's fourth cervical vertebra was stolen by a surgeon during an autopsy and fashioned into a salt cellar. The novelist Sir Walter Scott used it at diner parties for 30 years until Queen Victoria found out and ordered that it be returned to St George's Chapel, Windsor.",
"Most extreme cases of compulsive swallowing In 1927 a 42-year-old woman complaining of \"slight abdominal pains\" was found by doctors at Ontario Hospital, Canada to have 2,533 objects, including 947 bent pins, in her stomach. The heaviest object ever to have been taken from a human stomach is a 5lb 3oz hairball, from a 20-year-old British woman on March 30, 1895. Lowest body temperature ever Two-year-old Karlee Kosolofski registered a record low body temperature of 57.5F on February 23, 1994. Karlee, of Saskatchewan, Canada had been accidentally locked out of her home for six hours in a temperature of -8F. She suffered frostbite and had to have part of her left leg amputated. Some people have died of hypothermia with a temperature of 95F.",
"Highest body temperature ever On July 10, 1980 - a day on which the temperature reached 90F - Willie Jones, 52, was admitted to Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, USA with heatstroke and a body temperature of 115.7F, the highest ever recorded. He was discharged after 24 days. Highest dry-air temperature borne In US Air Force experiments carried out in 1960, the highest dry-air temperatures endured by naked men was 400F, while heavily-clothed men could tolerate 500F. By comparison, the hottest bearable sauna is about 284F. Highest G Forces borne On July 13, 1977 at Silverstone race track, Northamptonshire, racing driver David Purley decelerated in a crash from 108mph to zero in a distance of 2ft 2in. He was subjected to 179.8G, suffering 29 fractures and three dislocations. Most lightning strikes survived The only person to have ever been struck by lightning seven times is Roy Sullivan, from Virginia, USA.",
"The strikes occurred between 1942 and 1977. In September 1983 he committed suicide, reportedly after being rejected in love. Longest fall survived without a parachute On January 26, 1972 Yugoslavian air hostess Vesna Vulovic fell a record six miles 551 yards from a DC-9 airliner in which she was travelling, and survived. MOST PIERCED WOMAN By January 31, 1998, just one year after getting her first piercing, Grace Martin from Edinburgh had 290 piercings over her entire body. OLDEST LIVING TWINS Kin and Gin Kanie became Japan's most famous twins in 1992 when they celebrated their 100th birthday, prompting the mayor of their home town, Nagoya, to call a press conference reminding people of the need to respect the elderly. Now 105 years old, they still appear on local television. WORLD'S BIGGEST BABY In September 1996, 17-month old Zack Strekert, the largest known baby in the world, appeared on American TV with parents Chris and Laurie from Goshen in New York.",
"He weighed in at an astonishing five stones - a weight not attained by some boys until they are 14. Zack's elder brother Andrew weighed 5st 9lb at the age of seven. LONGEST NECKS The women of the Padaung or Karenti tribes in Burma extend their necks by putting copper coils around them. The maximum recorded length is 15 3/4ins. Worn in an increasing number from the age of five or six, the coils can reach 20lb in total weight. LONGEST HAIR Hu Saeloo, an 85-year-old tribesman from Chiang Mai province in Thailand, is one of several people in the world claiming to have the world's longest hair. It is a tradition in this part of Thailand for men to have very long hair. Saeloo has not cut his locks for more than 70 years and it is now 16ft 10in long. GREATEST COVERAGE BY TATTOOS Tom Leppard, a retired soldier who lives alone on the Isle Of Skye, has had 99.9 per cent of his body tattooed with a leopard skin design.",
"The only parts of his body which remain free of tattoos are the insides of his ears and the skin between his toes. The heaviest woman ever American Rosalie Bradford is reported to have registered 85st in January 1987, before beginning a strict diet after developing congestive heart failure. The heaviest man ever The heaviest person in medical history was Jon Minnoch from Bainbridge Island, Washington, USA, who was 6ft 1in in height and weighed more than 100st when he was rushed to hospital suffering from heart and respiratory failure in 1978. The heaviest man alive Albert Jackson from Canton, Mississippi, USA, claims the title. He weighs 63st 9lb and measures 9ft 8in around the waist, 5ft 10in around the thighs and 2ft 5in around the neck. Most weight lost Jon Minnoch reduced his body weight from 100st to 34st in the 16 months to July 1979.",
"The greatest weight loss by a woman is 65st 7lb by Rosalie Bradford (USA), the heaviest-ever woman, when she reduced from 85st in January 1987 to 20st by February 1994. In 1984 Ron Allen sweated off 1st 71/2lb from his weight of 17st 1lb in 24 hours in Nashville, Tennessee. Most weight gained Doris James from San Francisco, California, is alleged to have gained 23st 3lb in the 12 months before her death in August 1965 aged 38. She then weighed 48st 3lb and was 5ft 2in tall. The greatest weight gained by a man was 14st in seven days by Jon Minnoch (see Most Weight Lost), the heaviest man in medical history, in 1981 World's greatest strongmen Iceland's Magnus Ver Magnusson won the world's strongest man contest four times in 1991, 1994, 1995, and 1996.",
"Born in 1963 he is 6ft 2in tall weighs 20st 7lb and has a chest measurement of 51in. Jon Pall Sigmarsson, also from Iceland, won the title four times in 1984, 1986, 1988 and 1990. As well as that, he won five World Muscle Power titles, but died while weightlifting in 1993. Best travelled person John D Clouse, a lawyer from Evansville, Indiana, USA, has visited all of the sovereign countries and all but three of the non-sovereign or other territories that existed in early 1998. John's son George began travelling at the age of 10 weeks and had been to 104 countries by his fifth birthday. Highest tightrope walk Mike Howard, a 32-year-old Briton, walked between two hot air balloons at a height of 18,800ft over Marshall, Michigan, USA.",
"Longest bungee jump A record 820ft bungee was used by Gregory Riffi during a jump from a helicopter above the Loire Valley, France, in February 1992. Riffi's cord stretched to a length of 2,000ft during the jump. Fastest woman In the women's final of the 100m at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, Florence Griffith-Joyner was timed at 0.91 sec for each 10m from 60 to 90m (a speed of 24.58mph). Youngest person to visit both poles British boy Robert Schumann went to the North Pole at the age of 10 on April 6, 1992 and the South Pole at the age of 11 on December 29, 1993. Oldest person to fly Charlotte Hughes of Redcar, North Yorkshire, was given a flight on Concorde from London to New York as a 110th birthday present in 1987. She flew again in 1992, aged 115.",
"Oldest parachutist Hildegarde Ferrera became the oldest ever parachutist when she made a tandem parachute jump at the age of 99 at Mokuleia, Hawaii, in 1996. Longest backwards run Arvind Pandya of India ran backwards 3,100 miles across the USA - from Los Angeles to New York in a time of 107 days between August 18 and December 3, 1984. He also ran backwards from John O'Groats to Land's End - a distance of 940 miles - in a time of 26 days 7 hours from April 6 to May 2, 1990. Longest walk Arthur Blessitt from North Fort Myers, Florida, USA has walked a total distance of 32,202 miles in more than 27 years since 1969. Carrying a 12-foot cross and preaching throughout his walk, he has been to all seven continents, including Antarctica. Fastest speed The record for the greatest speed at which a human being has ever travelled is 24,791 mph.",
"It was achieved by the command module of Apollo 10 - with Col T Stafford, Cdr E Cerman and Cdr J Young on board - at the 75-mile altitude interface on its trans-earth return flight in May 1969. Longest stilt walk The greatest distance ever covered on stilts is 3,008 miles by Joe Bowen from Los Angeles, California to Bowen, Kentucky from February 20 to July 26, 1980. Longest walk on water Remy Bricka from Paris walked across the Atlantic Ocean on 13ft 9in skis. He left Tenerife in the Canary Islands on April 2, 1988 and arrived in Trinidad in the Caribbean on May 31, 1988, after covering 3,502 miles. Longest kiss Mark and Roberta Griswold, of Michigan, USA, kissed each other for a record 29 hours. They remained standing and went without rest breaks, during a kissing contest in New York from March 24 to 25 in 1998.",
"LARGEST WAIST Walter Hudson from America had a 9ft 11in waist in 1987. On a typical day he would eat 12 doughnuts, 10 packets of crisps, two giant pizzas or eight portions of food from a Chinese takeaway, plus half a cake. WORLD'S FASTEST MAN Jamaican Donovan Bailey won an Olympic gold at the 1996 games in Atlanta, USA, setting a new 100m world record of 9.84 sec, reaching a top speed of more than 27mph. SAVE pounds 5 ON BUYING THE BOOK WITH THE LOOK Now you have had a taste of one of the world's best-selling books, you can buy the complete 1999 edition at a discount price of pounds 12.99 including postage and packaging (RRP pounds 18). To take advantage of this special Look offer, simply call the Guinness credit card hotline on 01256 302684 (weekends only) or 01256 302699 (weekdays only). Don't forget to have your card details ready.",
"Please allow up to 28 days for delivery. NEXT WEEK...Part two of our unique series AMAZING RECORD-BREAKING ANIMALS l The fish that produces 30 million eggs in one go l The bird that grows 9ft tall and can weigh 345lbs l The spider so strong it can resist a force 38 times its own weight l The moth larva which eats 86,000 times its birthweight in 56 days l The sharks that can smell blood diluted 100 million times COPYRIGHT 1998 MGN LTD No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder. Copyright 1998 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Article Details"
] |
What nationality were Mother Teresa's parents?
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Albanian
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[
"Albanian",
"Albanian (disambiguation)"
] | 11,415
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"Mother Teresa Biography - Childhood, Life Achievements & Timeline Leaders Mother Teresa Biography All through her life, Mother Teresa served people selflessly. Read the biography and learn about Mother Teresaâs childhood, life and timeline. 1971 Founder of Missionaries of Charity Nationality 1969 - Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding 1962 - Ramon Magsaysay Award 1971 - Pope John XXIII Peace Prize 1976 - Pacem in Terris Award 1978 - Balzan Prize 1979 - Nobel Peace Prize Image Credit Clad in a white, blue-bordered sari, she along with her sisters of the Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of love, care and compassion for the world. Blessed Teresa of Calcutta, known the world over as Mother Teresa, was an Albanian-born Indian citizen who abided by her religious faith of Roman Catholicism to serve the unwanted, unloved and uncared people of the world. One of the greatest humanitarians of the 20th century, she led all her life serving the poorest of the poor.",
"She was a ray of hope for many, including the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families. Blessed with profound empathy, unwavering commitment and unshakable faith since young, she turned her back to the worldly pleasures and focussed on serving the mankind ever since she was 18. After years of service as a teacher and mentor, Mother Teresa experienced a call within her religious call, which changed her course of life completely, making her what she is known as today. Founder of the Missionaries of Charity, with her fervent commitment and incredible organizational and managerial skills, she developed an international organization that aimed towards helping the impoverished. For her service to the humanity she was honoured with Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. She was canonised by Pope Francis on 4 September 2016. Childhood & Early Life Born to Nikolle and Dranafile Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Mother Teresa was the youngest child of the Albanian couple.",
"She was born on August 26, 1919 and was baptized the following day as Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu, a date she considered her âtrue birthdayâ. She received her First Communion when she was five and a half. Raised in a devoutly Catholic family, her father was an entrepreneur by profession. Her mother had a spiritual and religious bent of mind and was active participant in the local church activities. Sudden and tragic death of her father when she was eight years old left young Agnes disheartened. Despite facing financial crisis, Dranafile did not compromise on the upbringing of her children and raised them with utmost love, care and affection. Over the years, young Agnes grew extremely close to her mother. It was Dranafileâs firm belief and religious attitude that greatly influenced Agnes character and future vocation. A pious and compassionate woman, she instilled in Agnes a deep commitment to charity, which was further affirmed by her involvement in the Jesuit parish of the Sacred Heart.",
"Religious Calling As Agnes turned 18, she found her true calling as a nun and left home for good to enrol herself at the Institute of the Blessed Mary Virgin, also called Sisters of Loreto, in Ireland. It was there that she first received the name Sister Mary Teresa after St Therese of Lisieux. After a year of training, Sister Mary Teresa came to India in 1929 and initiated her novitiate in Darjeeling, West Bengal, as a teacher at St Teresaâs School. She learned the local language of the state, Bengali. Sister Teresa took her first religious vows in May 1931. Thereafter, she was assigned duty at the Loreto Entally community of Calcutta and taught at St Maryâs School. Six years later, on May 24, 1937, she took her Final Profession of Vows and with that acquired the name, which the world recognizes her with today, Mother Teresa. The next twenty years of her life, Mother Teresa dedicated to serving as a teacher at the St Maryâs School, graduating to the post of the principal in 1944.",
"Within the walls of the convent, Mother Teresa was known for her love, kindness, compassion and generosity. Her unflinching commitment to serving the society and mankind was greatly recognized by students and teachers. However, just as much Mother Teresa enjoyed teaching young girls, she was greatly disturbed by the poverty and misery that was prevalent in Calcutta. Call Within a Call Little did she know that the journey from Calcutta to Darjeeling made by Mother Teresa for her yearly retreat, on September 10, 1946 would transform her life completely. She experienced a call within a call - a call from the Almighty to fulfil His heartfelt desire of serving the âpoorest of the poorâ. Mother Teresa explained the experience as an order from Him, which she could not fail on any condition as it would mean breaking the faith. He asked Mother Teresa to establish a new religious community, Missionaries of Charity Sisters, which would be dedicated to serving the âpoorest of the poorâ. The community would work in the slums of Calcutta and help the poorest and sick people. Since Mother Teresa had taken a vow of obedience, leaving the convent without official permission was impossible.",
"For nearly two years, she lobbied for initiating the new religious community, which brought favourable result in the January of 1948 as she received a final approval from the local Archbishop Ferdinand Perier to pursue the new calling. On August 17, 1948, clad in a white blue-bordered saree, Mother Teresa walked past the gate of the convent, which had been her habitat for almost two decades, to enter the world of poor, a world that needed her, a world which He wanted her to serve, a world she knew of as her own! Gaining Indian citizenship, Mother Teresa travelled all the way to Patna, Bihar to gain medical training at the Medical Mission Sisters. After completing her short course, Mother Teresa returned to Calcutta and found her temporary lodging at Little Sisters of the Poor. Her first outing was on December 21, 1948 to help the people in the slums. Her main mission was to serve Him by helping the âunwanted, unloved, and uncaredâ. From then on, Mother Teresa reached out to the poor and needy each day, fulfilling His desire to radiate love, kindness and compassion.",
"Starting off all alone, Mother Teresa was soon joined by voluntary helpers, most of which were former students and teachers, who accompanied her in her mission to fulfil His vision. With time, financial help also came in. Mother Teresa then started an open air school and soon established a home for the dying and destitute in a dilapidated home, which she convinced the government to donate to her. October 7, 1950 was historic day in the life of Mother Teresa; she finally received permission by the Vatican to start the congregation that eventually came to be known as Missionaries of Charity. Starting off with merely 13 members, the Missionaries of Charity went on to become one of the most significant and recognized congregations in the world. As the ranks of congregation raised and financial aid came in easily, Mother Teresa expanded her scope for charitable activities exponentially. In 1952, she inaugurated the first Home for the Dying, where people brought to this home received medical help and accorded the opportunity to die with dignity. Adhering to the different faith that people came in from, all who died were given their last ceremonies according to the religion they followed, thus dying a death of dignity.",
"The next step was initiating a home for those suffering from Hansen's disease, commonly known as leprosy. The home was called Shanti Nagar. Additionally, several clinics were formed in the city of Calcutta which provided medication, bandage and food to those suffering from leprosy. In 1955, Mother Teresa opened a home for the orphans and homeless youths. She named it as Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, or the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart. What started as a small effort soon grew in size and number, attracting recruits and financial help. By 1960, Missionaries of Charity had opened several hospices, orphanages and leper houses all over India. Meanwhile, in 1963, Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded. The main aim behind the inauguration of Missionaries of Charity Brother was to better respond to the physical and spiritual needs of the poor. Furthermore, in 1976, a contemplative branch of the sisters was opened. Two years later, a contemplative brothersâ branch was inaugurated.",
"In 1981, she began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests and in 1984 the Missionaries of Charity Fathers was initiated. The initiation of the same was to combine the vocational aim of Missionaries of charity with the resource of ministerial priesthood. Mother Teresa, then, formed the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Her International Pursuits The congregation, which was limited to India, opened its first house outside India in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters. However, this was just the beginning, as many more houses came up in Rome, Tanzania and Austria. By 1970s, the order had reached several countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and United States. In 1982, Mother Teresa rescued almost 37 children who were trapped in a front line hospital in Beirut. With the help of a few Red Cross volunteers, she crossed the war zone to reach the devastated hospital and evacuate young patients. Missionaries of Charity which was rejected by the Communist countries earlier, found an acceptance in the 1980s. Ever since it attained permission, the congregation initiated a dozen of projects.",
"She helped the earthquake victims of Armenia, the famished folks of Ethiopia and the radiation-caused victims of Chernobyl. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx, New York. By 1984, it had 19 establishments all over the country. In 1991, Mother Teresa returned to her homeland for the first time since 1937 and opened a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana, Albania. By 1997, Missionaries of Charity had almost 4000 sisters working in 610 foundations, in 450 centres in 123 countries across the sIX continents. The congregation had several hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's and family counselling programs, personal helpers, orphanages, and schools functioning under it. Awards & Achievements For her unwavering commitment and unflinching love and compassion that she devoutly shared, the Government of India honoured her with Padma Shri, Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding and Bharat Ratna, Indiaâs highest civilian award.",
"In 1962, she was honoured with Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding, for her merciful cognizance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she led a new congregation. In 1971, she was awarded the first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize for her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace. In 1979, Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, \"for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace.\" Death & Legacy Mother Teresaâs health started declining in the 1980s. The first instance of the same was seen when she suffered a heart attack while visiting Pope John Paul II in Rome in 1983. For the next decade, Mother Teresa constantly faced health issues. Cardiac problems seemed to live by her, as she experienced no respite even after heart surgery. Her declining health led her to step down as the head of the order on March 13, 1997. Her last visit abroad was to Rome, when she visited Pope John Paul II for the second time.",
"Upon returning to Calcutta, Mother Teresa spent her last few days receiving visitors and instructing sisters. The greatly compassionate soul left for the heavenly abode on September 5, 1997. Her death was mourned by the world over. The world has commemorated this saintly soul through various ways. She has been memorialized and has been made patroness of various churches. There are also several roads and structures that have been named after Mother Teresa. She has also been seen in popular cultures. In 2003, Mother Teresa was beautified by Pope John Paul II at St Peterâs Basilica, in Vatican City. Since then, she has been known as Blessed Mother Teresa. Along with Blessed Pope John Paul II, the Church designated Blessed Teresa of Calcutta as the patron saint of the World Youth Day. She was canonised by Pope Francis on 4 September 2016 and is now known as Saint Teresa of Calcutta. Trivia Known the world over as Mother Teresa, she however was not baptized with the same name. Her christened name is different from what she is known as. She founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta with the objective of serving the poorest of the poor.",
"She aimed to make life beautiful for the unwanted, unloved and uncared lot. Top 10 Facts You Did Not Know About Mother Teresa Though incredibly close to her mother, she never saw her again after the day she left for Ireland. As Sister Teresa, she set aside her nunâs habit in 1948 and adopted instead the simple sari and sandals to fit in with the women she worked with. When she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, she refused the traditional Nobel honor banquet and requested that the $192,000 budget be allocated to help the poor in India. The only international airport in Albania, Tirana International Airport (Nënë Tereza) is named after Mother Teresa. As a teacher in Kolkata, she taught history and geography at St Maryâs School. Pope Paul VI came to meet her in 1965 but she informed him that she was too busy with her work among the poor to meet with him. The pope was much impressed with her sincerity. Mother Teresa was strictly pro-life and was against abortion and contraceptives. In spite of being deeply religious, she frequently questioned her own belief in God.",
"Upon her death, the Indian government gave her a state funeral honoring her work with the poor and needy. She was voted as one of the 10 most admirable women 18 times in Gallup's yearly poll. Translate this page to Spanish, French, Hindi, Portuguese Pictures of Mother Teresa Mother Teresa — Ethnicity of Celebs | What Nationality Ancestry Race by madman on November 9, 2015 Birth Name: Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu Date of Birth: 26 August, 1910 Place of Birth: Üsküp, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire (now Skopje, Macedonia) Date of Death: 5 September, 1997 Place of Death: Calcutta, West Bengal, India Ethnicity: Albanian Mother Teresa, or Teresa of Calcutta, was a Roman Catholic religious sister and missionary. She has been declared a saint by Pope Francis. During her lifetime, Mother Teresa lived in Ireland and India, and acquired citizenship in the latter. Mother Teresa had said : “By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun.",
"As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the heart of Jesus.” She was the daughter of Dranafile Bernai and Nichollë Bojaxhiu, who was involved in politics. Nichollë was born in Prizren, Kosovo Vilayet. Dranafile was possibly born somwhere near Gjakovë, Kosovo Vilayet. They were both of Albanian descent. Some have stated that Nichollë may have been Macedonian. Others have also stated that he was of Vlach descent. It is not clear if there is any evidence for these claims. Sources: Genealogy of Mother Teresa – Birthplaces of Mother Teresa’s parents – Mother Teresa - The Saint of the Gutters Mother Teresa A Biography About Mother Teresa, the Saint of the Gutters Keystone / Staff / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Updated February 17, 2016. Who Was Mother Teresa? Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Catholic order of nuns dedicated to helping the poor.",
"Begun in Calcutta, India, the Missionaries of Charity grew to help the poor, the dying, orphans, lepers, and AIDS sufferers in over 100 countries. Mother Teresa's selfless effort to help those in need has caused many to regard her as a model humanitarian. Dates: August 26, 1910 -- September 5, 1997 Mother Teresa Also Known As: Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu (birth name), \"the Saint of the Gutters\" Overview of Mother Teresa Mother Teresa's task was overwhelming. She started out as just one woman, with no money and no supplies, trying to help the millions of poor, starving, and dying that lived on the streets of India. Despite others' misgivings, Mother Teresa was confident that God would provide. Birth and Childhood Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, now known as Mother Teresa, was the third and final child born to her Albanian Catholic parents, Nikola and Dranafile Bojaxhiu, in the city of Skopje (a predominantly Muslim city in the Balkans).",
"continue reading below our video Test Your General Science Knowledge Nikola was a self-made, successful businessman and Dranafile stayed home to take care of the children. When Mother Teresa was about eight years old, her father died unexpectedly. The Bojaxhiu family was devastated. After a period of intense grief, Dranafile, suddenly a single mother of three children, sold textiles and hand-made embroidery to bring in some income. The Call Both before Nikola's death and especially after it, the Bojaxhiu family held tightly to their religious beliefs. The family prayed daily and went on pilgrimages annually. When Mother Teresa was 12 years old, she began to feel called to serve God as a nun. Deciding to become a nun was a very difficult decision. Becoming a nun not only meant giving up the chance to marry and have children, it also meant giving up all her worldly possessions and her family, perhaps forever. For five years, Mother Teresa thought hard about whether or not to become a nun. During this time, she sang in the church choir, helped her mother organize church events, and went on walks with her mother to hand out food and supplies to the poor.",
"When Mother Teresa was 17, she made the difficult decision to become a nun. Having read many articles about the work Catholic missionaries were doing in India, Mother Teresa was determined to go there. Mother Teresa applied to the Loreto order of nuns, based in Ireland but with missions in India. In September 1928, 18-year-old Mother Teresa said goodbye to her family to travel to Ireland and then on to India. She never saw her mother or sister again. Becoming a Nun It took more than two years to become a Loreto nun. After spending six weeks in Ireland learning the history of the Loreto order and to study English, Mother Teresa then traveled to India, where she arrived on January 6, 1929. After two years as a novice, Mother Teresa took her first vows as a Loreto nun on May 24, 1931. As a new Loreto nun, Mother Teresa (known then only as Sister Teresa, a name she chose after St. Teresa of Lisieux) settled in to the Loreto Entally convent in Kolkata (previously called Calcutta ) and began teaching history and geography at the convent schools.",
"Usually, Loreto nuns were not allowed to leave the convent; however, in 1935, 25-year-old Mother Teresa was given a special exemption to teach at a school outside of the convent, St. Teresa's. After two years at St. Teresa's, Mother Teresa took her final vows on May 24, 1937 and officially became \"Mother Teresa.\" Almost immediately after taking her final vows, Mother Teresa became the principal of St. Mary's, one of the convent schools and was once again restricted to live within the convent's walls. \"A Call Within a Call\" For nine years, Mother Teresa continued as the principal of St. Mary's. Then on September 10, 1946, a day now annually celebrated as \"Inspiration Day,\" Mother Teresa received what she described as a \"call within a call.\" She had been traveling on a train to Darjeeling when she received an \"inspiration,\" a message that told her to leave the convent and help the poor by living among them. For two years Mother Teresa patiently petitioned her superiors for permission to leave the convent in order to follow her call. It was a long and frustrating process.",
"To her superiors, it seemed dangerous and futile to send a single woman out into the slums of Kolkata. However, in the end, Mother Teresa was granted permission to leave the convent for one year to help the poorest of the poor. In preparation for leaving the convent, Mother Teresa purchased three cheap, white, cotton saris, each one lined with three blue stripes along its edge. (This later became the uniform for the nuns at Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity.) After 20 years with the Loreto order, Mother Teresa left the convent on August 16, 1948. Rather than going directly to the slums, Mother Teresa first spent several weeks in Patna with the Medical Mission Sisters to obtain some basic medical knowledge. Having learned the basics, 38-year-old Mother Teresa felt ready to venture out into the slums of Calcutta, India in December of 1948. Founding the Missionaries of Charity Mother Teresa started with what she knew. After walking around the slums for a while, she found some small children and began to teach them.",
"She had no classroom, no desks, no chalkboard, and no paper, so she picked up a stick and began drawing letters in the dirt. Class had begun. Soon after, Mother Teresa found a small hut that she rented and turned it into a classroom. Mother Teresa also visited the children's families and others in the area, offering a smile and limited medical help. As people began to hear about her work, they gave donations. In March 1949, Mother Teresa was joined by her first helper, a former pupil from Loreto. Soon she had ten former pupils helping her. At the end of Mother Teresa's provisionary year, she petitioned to form her own order of nuns, the Missionaries of Charity. Her request was granted by Pope Pius XII ; the Missionaries of Charity was established on October 7, 1950. Helping the Sick, the Dying, the Orphaned, and the Lepers There were literally millions of people in need in India. Droughts, the caste system , India's independence, and partition all contributed to the masses of people that lived on the streets. India's government was trying, but they could not handle the overwhelming multitudes that needed help.",
"While the hospitals were overflowing with patients that had a chance to survive, Mother Teresa opened a home for the dying, called Nirmal Hriday (\"Place of the Immaculate Heart\"), on August 22, 1952. Each day, nuns would walk through the streets and bring people who were dying to Nirmal Hriday, located in a building donated by the city of Kolkata. The nuns would bathe and feed these people and then place them in a cot. These people were given the opportunity to die with dignity, with the rituals of their faith. In 1955, the Missionaries of Charity opened their first children's home (Shishu Bhavan), which cared for orphans. These children were housed and fed and given medical aid. When possible, the children were adopted out. Those not adopted were given an education, learned a trade skill, and found marriages. In India's slums, huge numbers of people were infected with leprosy , a disease that can lead to major disfiguration. At the time, lepers (people infected with leprosy) were ostracized, often abandoned by their families.",
"Because of the widespread fear of lepers, Mother Teresa struggled to find a way to help these neglected people. Mother Teresa eventually created a Leprosy Fund and a Leprosy Day to help educate the public about the disease and established a number of mobile leper clinics (the first opened in September 1957) to provide lepers with medicine and bandages near their homes. By the mid-1960s, Mother Teresa had established a leper colony called Shanti Nagar (\"The Place of Peace\") where lepers could live and work. International Recognition Just before the Missionaries of Charity celebrated its 10th anniversary, they were given permission to establish houses outside of Calcutta, but still within India. Almost immediately, houses were established in Delhi, Ranchi, and Jhansi; more soon followed. For their 15th anniversary, the Missionaries of Charity was given permission to establish houses outside of India. The first house was established in Venezuela in 1965. Soon there were Missionaries of Charity houses all around the world. As Mother Teresa's Missionaries of Charity expanded at an amazing rate, so did international recognition for her work.",
"Although Mother Teresa was awarded numerous honors, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 , she never took personal credit for her accomplishments. She said it was God's work and that she was just the tool used to facilitate it. Controversy With international recognition also came critique. Some people complained that the houses for the sick and dying were not sanitary, that those treating the sick were not properly trained in medicine, that Mother Teresa was more interested in helping the dying go to God than in potentially helping cure them. Others claimed that she helped people just so she could convert them to Christianity. Mother Teresa also caused much controversy when she openly spoke against abortion and birth control. Others critiqued her because they believed that with her new celebrity status, she could have worked to end the poverty rather than soften its symptoms. Old and Frail Despite the controversy, Mother Teresa continued to be an advocate for those in need. In the 1980s, Mother Teresa, already in her 70s, opened Gift of Love homes in New York, San Francisco, Denver, and Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for AIDS sufferers.",
"Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, Mother Teresa's health deteriorated, but she still traveled the world, spreading her message. When Mother Teresa, age 87, died of heart failure on September 5, 1997 (just five days after Princess Diana ), the world mourned her passing. Hundreds of thousands of people lined the streets to see her body, while millions more watched her state funeral on television. After the funeral, Mother Teresa's body was laid to rest at the Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata. When Mother Teresa passed away, she left behind over 4,000 Missionary of Charity Sisters, in 610 centers in 123 countries. Mother Teresa Becomes a Saint After Mother Teresa's death, the Vatican began the lengthy process of canonization. After an Indian woman was cured of her tumor after praying to Mother Teresa, a miracle was declared and the third of the four steps to sainthood was completed on October 19, 2003 when the Pope approved Mother Teresa's beatification , awarding Mother Teresa the title \"Blessed.\" The final stage required to become a saint involves a second miracle.",
"On December 17, 2015, Pope Francis recognized the medically inexplicable waking (and healing) of an extremely ill Brazilian man from a coma on December 9, 2008 just minutes before he was to undergo emergency brain surgery as being caused by the intervention of Mother Teresa. It is expected that Mother Teresa will be canonized (pronounced a saint) in September 2016. Mother Teresa - Biographical Mother Teresa The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 Mother Teresa Questions and Answers on Mother Teresa Mother Teresa was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Skopje * , Macedonia, on August 26 ** , 1910. Her family was of Albanian descent. At the age of twelve, she felt strongly the call of God. She knew she had to be a missionary to spread the love of Christ. At the age of eighteen she left her parental home in Skopje and joined the Sisters of Loreto, an Irish community of nuns with missions in India. After a few months' training in Dublin she was sent to India, where on May 24, 1931, she took her initial vows as a nun.",
"From 1931 to 1948 Mother Teresa taught at St. Mary's High School in Calcutta, but the suffering and poverty she glimpsed outside the convent walls made such a deep impression on her that in 1948 she received permission from her superiors to leave the convent school and devote herself to working among the poorest of the poor in the slums of Calcutta. Although she had no funds, she depended on Divine Providence, and started an open-air school for slum children. Soon she was joined by voluntary helpers, and financial support was also forthcoming. This made it possible for her to extend the scope of her work. On October 7, 1950, Mother Teresa received permission from the Holy See to start her own order, \"The Missionaries of Charity\", whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after. In 1965 the Society became an International Religious Family by a decree of Pope Paul VI. Today the order comprises Active and Contemplative branches of Sisters and Brothers in many countries. In 1963 both the Contemplative branch of the Sisters and the Active branch of the Brothers was founded.",
"In 1979 the Contemplative branch of the Brothers was added, and in 1984 the Priest branch was established. The Society of Missionaries has spread all over the world, including the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. They provide effective help to the poorest of the poor in a number of countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and they undertake relief work in the wake of natural catastrophes such as floods, epidemics, and famine, and for refugees. The order also has houses in North America, Europe and Australia, where they take care of the shut-ins, alcoholics, homeless, and AIDS sufferers. The Missionaries of Charity throughout the world are aided and assisted by Co-Workers who became an official International Association on March 29, 1969. By the 1990s there were over one million Co-Workers in more than 40 countries. Along with the Co-Workers, the lay Missionaries of Charity try to follow Mother Teresa's spirit and charism in their families.",
"Mother Teresa's work has been recognised and acclaimed throughout the world and she has received a number of awards and distinctions, including the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize (1971) and the Nehru Prize for her promotion of international peace and understanding (1972). She also received the Balzan Prize (1979) and the Templeton and Magsaysay awards. From Nobel Lectures , Peace 1971-1980, Editor-in-Charge Tore Frängsmyr, Editor Irwin Abrams, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, 1997 This autobiography/biography was written at the time of the award and first published in the book series Les Prix Nobel . It was later edited and republished in Nobel Lectures . To cite this document, always state the source as shown above. * Former Uskup, a town in the Ottoman Empire.",
"** Mother Teresa's date of birth is disputed: \"So unconcerned was she about accuracy in relation to the chronicling of her own life, and so disinclined actually to read anything written about her, that for many years and in a succession of books her birthdate was erroneously recorded as 27 August 1910. It even appeared in the Indian Loreto Entrance Book as her date of birth. In fact, as she confided to her friend, co-worker and American author, Eileen Egan, that was the date on which she was christened Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. The date which marked the beginning of her Christian life was undoubtedly the more important to Mother Teresa, but she was none the less actually born in Skopje, Serbia, on the previous day.\" (Spink, Kathryn: Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography, HarperSanFrancisco, 1997. Mother Teresa died on September 5, 1997. Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910-1997), biography Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910-1997) �By blood, I am Albanian.",
"By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus. �Small of stature, rocklike in faith, Mother Teresa of Calcutta was entrusted with the mission of proclaiming God�s thirsting love for humanity, especially for the poorest of the poor. �God still loves the world and He sends you and me to be His love and His compassion to the poor.� She was a soul filled with the light of Christ, on fire with love for Him and burning with one desire: �to quench His thirst for love and for souls.� This luminous messenger of God�s love was born on 26 August 1910 in Skopje, a city situated at the crossroads of Balkan history. The youngest of the children born to Nikola and Drane Bojaxhiu, she was baptised Gonxha Agnes, received her First Communion at the age of five and a half and was confirmed in November 1916.",
"From the day of her First Holy Communion, a love for souls was within her. Her father�s sudden death when Gonxha was about eight years old left in the family in financial straits. Drane raised her children firmly and lovingly, greatly influencing her daughter�s character and vocation. Gonxha�s religious formation was further assisted by the vibrant Jesuit parish of the Sacred Heart in which she was much involved. At the age of eighteen, moved by a desire to become a missionary, Gonxha left her home in September 1928 to join the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary, known as the Sisters of Loreto, in Ireland. There she received the name Sister Mary Teresa after St. Th�r�se of Lisieux. In December, she departed for India, arriving in Calcutta on 6 January 1929. After making her First Profession of Vows in May 1931, Sister Teresa was assigned to the Loreto Entally community in Calcutta and taught at St. Mary�s School for girls.",
"On 24 May 1937, Sister Teresa made her Final Profession of Vows, becoming, as she said, the �spouse of Jesus� for �all eternity.� From that time on she was called Mother Teresa. She continued teaching at St. Mary�s and in 1944 became the school�s principal. A person of profound prayer and deep love for her religious sisters and her students, Mother Teresa�s twenty years in Loreto were filled with profound happiness. Noted for her charity, unselfishness and courage, her capacity for hard work and a natural talent for organization, she lived out her consecration to Jesus, in the midst of her companions, with fidelity and joy.",
"On 10 September 1946 during the train ride from Calcutta to Darjeeling for her annual retreat, Mother Teresa received her �inspiration,� her �call within a call.� On that day, in a way she would never explain, Jesus� thirst for love and for souls took hold of her heart and the desire to satiate His thirst became the driving force of her life. Over the course of the next weeks and months, by means of interior locutions and visions, Jesus revealed to her the desire of His heart for �victims of love� who would �radiate His love on souls.� �Come be My light,� He begged her. �I cannot go alone.� He revealed His pain at the neglect of the poor, His sorrow at their ignorance of Him and His longing for their love. He asked Mother Teresa to establish a religious community, Missionaries of Charity, dedicated to the service of the poorest of the poor. Nearly two years of testing and discernment passed before Mother Teresa received permission to begin.",
"On August 17, 1948, she dressed for the first time in a white, blue-bordered sari and passed through the gates of her beloved Loreto convent to enter the world of the poor. After a short course with the Medical Mission Sisters in Patna, Mother Teresa returned to Calcutta and found temporary lodging with the Little Sisters of the Poor. On 21 December she went for the first time to the slums. She visited families, washed the sores of some children, cared for an old man lying sick on the road and nursed a woman dying of hunger and TB. She started each day in communion with Jesus in the Eucharist and then went out, rosary in her hand, to find and serve Him in �the unwanted, the unloved, the uncared for.� After some months, she was joined, one by one, by her former students. On 7 October 1950 the new congregation of the Missionaries of Charity was officially established in the Archdiocese of Calcutta. By the early 1960s, Mother Teresa began to send her Sisters to other parts of India.",
"The Decree of Praise granted to the Congregation by Pope Paul VI in February 1965 encouraged her to open a house in Venezuela. It was soon followed by foundations in Rome and Tanzania and, eventually, on every continent. Starting in 1980 and continuing through the 1990s, Mother Teresa opened houses in almost all of the communist countries, including the former Soviet Union, Albania and Cuba. In order to respond better to both the physical and spiritual needs of the poor, Mother Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity Brothers in 1963, in 1976 the contemplative branch of the Sisters, in 1979 the Contemplative Brothers, and in 1984 the Missionaries of Charity Fathers. Yet her inspiration was not limited to those with religious vocations. She formed the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa and the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, people of many faiths and nationalities with whom she shared her spirit of prayer, simplicity, sacrifice and her apostolate of humble works of love. This spirit later inspired the Lay Missionaries of Charity.",
"In answer to the requests of many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa also began the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests as a �little way of holiness� for those who desire to share in her charism and spirit. During the years of rapid growth the world began to turn its eyes towards Mother Teresa and the work she had started. Numerous awards, beginning with the Indian Padmashri Award in 1962 and notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979, honoured her work, while an increasingly interested media began to follow her activities. She received both prizes and attention �for the glory of God and in the name of the poor.� The whole of Mother Teresa�s life and labour bore witness to the joy of loving, the greatness and dignity of every human person, the value of little things done faithfully and with love, and the surpassing worth of friendship with God. But there was another heroic side of this great woman that was revealed only after her death.",
"Hidden from all eyes, hidden even from those closest to her, was her interior life marked by an experience of a deep, painful and abiding feeling of being separated from God, even rejected by Him, along with an ever-increasing longing for His love. She called her inner experience, �the darkness.� The �painful night� of her soul, which began around the time she started her work for the poor and continued to the end of her life, led Mother Teresa to an ever more profound union with God. Through the darkness she mystically participated in the thirst of Jesus, in His painful and burning longing for love, and she shared in the interior desolation of the poor. During the last years of her life, despite increasingly severe health problems, Mother Teresa continued to govern her Society and respond to the needs of the poor and the Church. By 1997, Mother Teresa�s Sisters numbered nearly 4,000 members and were established in 610 foundations in 123 countries of the world. In March 1997 she blessed her newly-elected successor as Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity and then made one more trip abroad.",
"After meeting Pope John Paul II for the last time, she returned to Calcutta and spent her final weeks receiving visitors and instructing her Sisters. On 5 September Mother Teresa�s earthly life came to an end. She was given the honour of a state funeral by the Government of India and her body was buried in the Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity. Her tomb quickly became a place of pilgrimage and prayer for people of all faiths, rich and poor alike. Mother Teresa left a testament of unshakable faith, invincible hope and extraordinary charity. Her response to Jesus� plea, �Come be My light,� made her a Missionary of Charity, a �mother to the poor,� a symbol of compassion to the world, and a living witness to the thirsting love of God. Less than two years after her death, in view of Mother Teresa�s widespread reputation of holiness and the favours being reported, Pope John Paul II permitted the opening of her Cause of Canonization. On 20 December 2002 he approved the decrees of her heroic virtues and miracles.",
"Mother Teresa Mother Teresa Location of death: Calcutta, India Cause of death: Heart Failure Remains: Buried, Mother House Convent, Calcutta, India Gender: Female Nationality: India Executive summary: Missionaries of Charity Celebrity nun who managed the Missionaries of Charity, a chain of clinics in Calcutta and elsewhere, which Mother Teresa perhaps more honestly called \"Houses of the Dying.\" In these facilities medical care was abysmal, even by third-world standards, with limited access to medicine, no apparent interest in pain management, and the common re-use of needles to administer the minimal medicines that were provided. Despite ample funding that grew exponentially as Mother Teresa was idolized in the media, the budget for medicine and especially for painkillers was minuscule, and Teresa herself routinely reassured staff and patients that suffering is a gift from God, explaining that pain in life helps victims better appreciate the glorious afterlife that awaits.",
"In December of 1984, an accident at a Union Carbide factory in Bhopal released 40 tons of a toxic gas, methyl isocyanate, killing more than 15,000 people and leaving up to half a million people blinded and otherwise suffering permanent aftereffects from exposure and contamination of the land and water. Missionaries of Charity already operated a clinic in the area, but its funding for medical care was not increased in the aftermath of the disaster. Mother Teresa instead made an appearance in Bhopal after the gas had cleared, where she posed for photographs and urged Union Carbide's victims to pray and to forgive the company and its officials. She was an adamant opponent of abortion and contraception, endorsed a mid-1970s effort that forcibly sterilized poor women in India, and spoke out against the legalization of divorce in Ireland -- opinions presumably informed by her own vow of celibacy taken as a teenager. She accepted an award from Haitian dictator Jean-Claude \"Baby Doc\" Duvalier , and spoke warmly of Albanian dictator Enver Hoxha after his death.",
"She took a $1.25-million donation from noted embezzler Charles Keating , refused to return the funds when their stolen nature was pointed out to her, and even filed a deposition on Keating's behalf when he was later prosecuted. During her lifetime, Missionaries of Charity never complied with Indian law requiring charities to publicly release data on funding and spending. Even as the group's income was believed to have surpassed $100,000,000, it was estimated that only about 5-7% of the funds raised were actually spent providing services for the poor. Health care in clinics operated by the Missionaries of Charity remained substandard even in comparison to other non-profit clinics operating in the world's poorest regions, but for her own health care Mother Teresa routinely flew to the world's greatest hospitals. She died in 1997, and was beatified -- the first step to sainthood in the Catholic Church -- in 2003.",
"For beatification, a miracle performed after death is required, and Vatican officials announced that after a thorough investigation, they had determined that by praying to Mother Teresa, an Indian woman named Monica Besra had been cured of an incurable tumor a year after Teresa's death. Doctors who treated Besra, however, said that the \"tumor\" was actually a tubercular cyst, which faded after she received prescription medications. The next step for sainthood requires a second \"verified\" miracle, which was announced by the Vatican in 2015. In 2008, eleven years after Mother Teresa's death, a man in Brazil with multiple brain abscesses was reportedly cured, after his wife offered prayers asking for Teresa's intervention. Curiously, reports of this second miracle have not (yet?) mentioned the name of the man allegedly and miraculously cured, instead referring to him only as \"a Brazilian man with several brain tumors.\" And the march to Sainthood continues -- now with two certified miracles to her name, Teresa's promotion to Saint is expected in 2016. Father: Kolë (d.",
"1919) Mother Teresa Biography - life, family, children, story, school, old, information, born, time, year, sister Mother Teresa Biography Calcutta, India Albanian nun Mother Teresa's devotional work among the poor and dying of India won her the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979. She is also known as the founder of the only Catholic religious order still growing in membership. Early life Mother Teresa of Calcutta was born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Macedonia, on August 27, 1910. At the time of her birth Skopje was located within the Ottoman Empire, a vast empire controlled by the Turks in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Agnes was the last of three children born to Nikola and Dranafile Bojaxhiu, Albanian grocers. When Agnes was nine years old, her happy, comfortable, close-knit family life was upset when her father died. She attended public school in Skopje, and first showed religious interests as a member of a school society that focused on foreign missions (groups that travel to foreign countries to spread their religious beliefs).",
"By the age of twelve she felt she had a calling to help the poor. This calling took sharper focus through Mother Teresa's teenage years, when she was especially inspired by reports of work being done in India by Yugoslav Jesuit missionaries serving in Bengal, India. When she was eighteen, Mother Teresa left home to join a community of Irish nuns, the Sisters of Loretto, who had a mission in Calcutta, India. She received training in Dublin, Ireland, and in Darjeeling, India, taking her first religious vows in 1928 and her final religious vows in 1937. One of Mother Teresa's first assignments was to teach, and eventually to serve as principal, in a girls' high school in Calcutta. Although the school was close to the slums (terribly poor sections), the students were mainly wealthy. In 1946 Mother Teresa experienced what she called a second vocation or \"call within a call.\" She felt an inner urging to leave the convent life (life of a nun) and work directly with the poor.",
"In 1948 the Vatican (residence of the pope in Vatican City, Italy) gave her permission to leave the Sisters of Loretto and to start a new work under the guidance of the Archbishop of Calcutta. Founding the Missionaries of Charity To prepare to work with the poor, Mother Teresa took an intensive medical training with the American Medical Missionary Sisters in Patna, India. Her first venture in Calcutta was to gather unschooled children from the slums and start to teach them. She quickly attracted both financial support and volunteers. In 1950 her group, now called the Missionaries of Charity, received official status as a religious community within the Archdiocese of Calcutta. Members took the traditional vows of poverty, chastity (purity), and obedience, but they added a fourth vow—to give free service to the most poor. The Missionaries of Charity received considerable publicity, and Mother Teresa used it to benefit her work. In 1957 they began to work with lepers (those suffering from leprosy, a terrible infectious disease) and slowly expanded their educational work, at one point running nine elementary schools in Calcutta.",
"They also opened a home for orphans and abandoned children. Before long they had a presence in more than twenty-two Indian cities. Mother Teresa also visited other countries such as Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Australia, Tanzania, Venezuela, and Italy to begin new foundations. Dedication to the very poor Mother Teresa's group continued to expand throughout the 1970s, opening new missions in places such as Amman, Jordan; London, England; and New York, New York. She received both recognition and financial support through such awards as the Pope John XXIII Peace Prize and a grant from the Joseph Kennedy Jr. Foundation. Benefactors, or those donating money, regularly would arrive to support works in progress or to encourage the Sisters to open new ventures. By 1979 Mother Teresa's groups had more than two hundred different operations in over twenty-five countries around the world, with dozens more ventures on the horizon. The same year she was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace. In 1986 she persuaded President Fidel Castro (1926–) to allow a mission in Cuba.",
"The characteristics of all of Mother Teresa's works—shelters for the dying, orphanages, and homes for the mentally ill—continued to be of service to the very poor. In 1988 Mother Teresa sent her Missionaries of Charity into Russia and opened a home for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS; an incurable disease that weakens the immune system) patients in San Francisco, California. In 1991 she returned home to Albania and opened a home in Tirana, the capital. At this time there were 168 homes operating in India. Mother Teresa. Dr Comfort Omon-Irabor Aug 15, 2016 @ 11:23 pm Mother Teresa, you will for ever be remembered for your gemerousity and your concerns for the poor. I love her dogedness. Mother teresa was nor distracted with the challenge of loosing her father at that tender age. She was very hard working and prayerful person. She is considered to be brilliant and brave. She stands for what she believes in. She gave her entire life in ty service of humanity. What torched me most is her commitment even in her deteriorating state of health.",
"She was still able to play advisory role in expense to her health. She gave up her last breath with the challenges of the less privilege in her heart. I love her and would like to follow her footsteps. God give me the grace to follow her example. Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic: Name:"
] |
Which bridge is the subject of Hart Crane's The bridge?
|
Brooklyn Bridge
|
[
"I have a bridge to sell you",
"I've a bridge to sell you",
"Brooklyn bridge",
"Brooklyn Bridge",
"The Brooklyn Bridge",
"East River Bridge",
"I've got a bridge to sell you",
"Buy the brooklyn bridge",
"Brooklin bridge",
"I got a bridge to sell you",
"Bridge buying",
"Selling the Brooklyn Bridge"
] | 11,129
|
[
"\"Hart Crane. The Bridge\" / Frasconi, 59. | Library of Congress \"Hart Crane. The Bridge\" / Frasconi, 59. [ digital file from b&w film copy neg. ] Full online access to this resource is only available at the Library of Congress. About this Item \"Hart Crane. The Bridge\" / Frasconi, 59. Summary Print shows a view of the Brooklyn Bridge above an excerpt from the poem by Hart Crane. Contributor Names - Brooklyn Bridge (New York, N.Y.)--1950-1960 Format Headings - Title and other information from Beall. - Edition 4/15. - Signed and dated in pencil. - Not in Cleveland. - American prints in the Library of Congress : a catalog of the collection / compiled by Karen F. Beall... Baltimore : John Hopkins Press, 1970, p. 157. - Purchase; Pennell fund. 1 print : woodcut, color ; 69 x 39.5 cm. Call Number/Physical Location FP - XX - F837, no.",
"29 (D size) [P&P] Repository Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA Digital Id Library of Congress Control Number 2003664483 LC-USZ62-137279 (b&w film copy neg.) Rights Advisory Rights status not evaluated. For general information see \"Copyright and Other Restrictions...\" ( ) Online Format Rights & Access Rights assessment is your responsibility. The Library of Congress does not own rights to material in its collections. Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. Ultimately, it is the researcher's obligation to assess copyright or other use restrictions and obtain permission from third parties when necessary before publishing or otherwise distributing materials found in the Library's collections. For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Fine Print Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources . Rights Advisory: Rights status not evaluated.",
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"Reference staff can advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. Chicago citation style: Hart Crane: 'The Bridge' & Influence on Modernist Poetry - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com Hart Crane: 'The Bridge' & Influence on Modernist Poetry Watch short & fun videos Start Your Free Trial Today An error occurred trying to load this video. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. You must create an account to continue watching Register for a free trial Are you a student or a teacher? I am a student Start Your Free Trial To Continue Watching As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed.",
"Coming up next: Robert Frost Poetry Analysis: The Road Not Taken and Other Poems You're on a roll. Keep up the good work! Your next lesson will play in 10 seconds 0:06 Hart Crane 1:51 Style in 'The Bridge' 2:39 Content of 'The Bridge' 3:29 Response to 'The Waste Land' 5:01 Lesson Summary Add to Add to Add to Want to watch this again later? Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Custom Courses are courses that you create from Study.com lessons. Use them just like other courses to track progress, access quizzes and exams, and share content. Teachers Organize and share selected lessons with your class. Make planning easier by creating your own custom course. Students Create a new course from any lesson page or your dashboard. From any lesson page: Click \"Add to\" located below the video player and follow the prompts to name your course and save your lesson. From your dashboard: Click on the \"Custom Courses\" tab, then click \"Create course\". Next, go to any lesson page and begin adding lessons. Edit your Custom Course directly from your dashboard.",
"Personalize: Name your Custom Course and add an optional description or learning objective. Organize: Create chapters to group lesson within your course. Remove and reorder chapters and lessons at any time. Share your Custom Course or assign lessons and chapters. Teacher Edition: Share or assign lessons and chapters by clicking the \"Teacher\" tab on the lesson or chapter page you want to assign. Students' quiz scores and video views will be trackable in your \"Teacher\" tab. Premium Edition: You can share your Custom Course by copying and pasting the course URL. Only Study.com members will be able to access the entire course. Create an account to start this course today Try it free for 5 days! Lesson Transcript Instructor: Natalie Boyd Natalie is a teacher and holds an MA in English Education and is in progress on her PhD in psychology. Hart Crane's poem 'The Bridge' changed poetry by showing how modernist forms could be used to express uplifting ideas. In this lesson, you will learn about Crane's influence on modernist poetry as well as 'The Bridge,' and then you'll test your knowledge with a quiz. Hart Crane Hart Crane was an influential modernist poet. Modernist poets abandoned traditional forms and themes.",
"Instead, they often wrote without rhyme or meter; they used imagery related to cities instead of the country, and they took a more pessimistic view of life than the Romantic poets that came before them. Like many of his contemporaries, Hart Crane abandoned traditional forms of poetry and experimented with rhyme and meter. And like other Modernist poets, Crane focused on imagery that related to society and cities instead of nature. This Modernist focus on society that Crane and his friends were involved in made sense in the context of the time period. At the time, the Industrial Revolution meant that new technology was making life very different from the farmers' lives that were most common before the 20th century. In addition, cities were growing larger as more people moved from small towns to urban areas. So naturally, the poets writing at the time used imagery and ideas from these modern locations. Because of the problems that faced people who lived in cities, such as crime, pollution, and overcrowding, the Modernist poets took on a negative view of the world. To them, the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution meant that the world was becoming a bad place. But Hart Crane took a different view.",
"Though Crane himself suffered from depression as he struggled to make ends meet in New York City, he thought that the advances in society were good. He saw hope as an important part of literature, and his poems took on the more optimistic view of traditional poetry. So, he is often referred to as a Modernist Romantic; that is, his style was Modernist, but his optimistic view was Romantic. Style in The Bridge Crane's most famous work is a book-length series of poems called The Bridge. The Bridge consists of fifteen poems that together make up a long poem. When Crane wrote it, most poetry was either very long poetry, often called epic poetry , or it was shorter poetry that was often gathered together into collections. One type of shorter poetry is lyric poetry. What made The Bridge unique was that the fifteen lyric poems also banded together to make one long epic poem. Even today, over seventy years after it was first published, many critics argue over whether it should be categorized as epic or lyric! In general, though, it's best to think of it as a new, hybrid type of poetry that's both epic and lyric. Crane used the bridge to symbolize how advances in society could bring people together.",
"Content of The Bridge The Bridge is about modern society. The title refers to the Brooklyn Bridge in New York, where Crane wrote the poem. The Brooklyn Bridge is a symbol in the poem. It's a manmade structure, and at the time that Crane was writing, it was a relatively new structure. Other poets of the time saw manmade objects as representative of the downfall of society. To them, the technology of the day (bridges, telephones, cars, and other new breakthroughs) was breaking society apart and causing a rift between people. But Crane uses the Brooklyn Bridge as a symbol for what manmade things can do: bring together - or bridge - the fractured aspects of society. Even as other poets wrote about how society's advances were tearing people apart, Crane points out that the same innovations could bring people together. A Response to The Waste Land Though The Bridge was published in 1930, Hart Crane actually began writing it in 1923. A year earlier, the most famous Modernist poet, T.S. Eliot, published an epic poem called The Waste Land. The Waste Land is considered to be one of the most influential poems of the entire 20th century and for good reason.",
"In it, Eliot attacks modern society and shows the darkest parts of humankind: war, rape, barrenness, and death are all touched upon in the poem. Life in the 20th century is likened to life in a wasteland. × Dividing The Idiom: An Analysis of Hart-Crane’s The Bridge | Drafts and final drafts Drafts and final drafts Essays I've Written and Forgotten About Dividing The Idiom: An Analysis of Hart-Crane’s The Bridge by Donald Strickley Quickly skimming Harold Hart Crane’s ode To The Brooklyn Bridge will yield little, if any, information. The poem seems simultaneously choppy and meandering, a strange maze of misplaced words that changes subject and setting nearly every line. It doesn’t, when read out loud, sound particularly melodic, and the craftsmanship isn’t obvious. Once inspected, though, an endless amount of depth becomes evident. All but one of the lines, for instance, have exactly ten syllables (with some arguable dipthongs) and the one longer line—“Unfractioned idiom, immaculate sigh of stars” provides what I see as two of the most revealing and beautiful metaphors in the poem.",
"The rhythm itself doesn’t offer any particularly significant-seeming patterns. Hart Crane uses a typical-of-the-time Iambic pentameter that is full of irregularities which don’t seem to align with any particular pattern. It is interesting to note, however, that the feet ending most of the lines tend to reassume regular meter, though I can’t guess at the intent of this. Punctuated caesuras are spread throughout the poem, with nearly every type of punctuation being represented. They accomplish a variety of rhythmic and rhetorical purposes and add to the piece’s distinctiveness. Some of them are used to emphasize shifts in action, like the dash delineating the seagull’s hover and swoop between the first and second stanzas. Semicolons are used frequently and confusingly. Some separate ideas that are different but very much entwined, and still others separate stanzas.",
"Ellipses also make several appearances, usually separating ideas where the idea being led into is rather calming and periods tend to underline where a cap is being put on a summative idea: “all afternoon the cloud-flown derricks turn…/ Thy cables breathe the North Atlantic still.” Hart Crane occasionally doubles up on punctuation, which plays on distinctions so minute that their effect is far more evident than explainable. The rhyme scheme offers some interesting quirks, but it’s not very clear if these were considered significant or even intended by the author. Sounds do not repeat themselves often enough to be noticeable or do any work by themselves, and actual rhymes are infrequent. The first instance of rhyme appears in the second stanza, with line three’s “away” rhyming with the next’s “day.” This seems somewhat coincidental, but the others instances are almost definitely purposeful: the final two stanzas have end rhymes in their second and fourth lines, each perfectly masculine.",
"It’s almost as if Hart Crane began the writing (or feeling) the poem with the purpose of maximizing his intent with plain language instead of floweriness but became so swept up in the deep undercurrents of emotion that occur as the poem shifts away from third-person angles towards Hart Crane’s “own” thoughts instead, and he can’t help but drift towards the classicism of rhyme schemes. The contrast between “sod” and “God” is also nice. Enjambment occupies a peculiar role here. Hart Crane cuts off lines with great effect across the piece, creating confusion and insight in his wake. Where many poets use enjambment to draw attention to a particular idea or phrase, Hart Crane uses it to blend (or blur) his lines. This is perhaps most maddeningly exemplified by the second line of the second stanza: “Then, with inviolate curve, forsake our eyes/ As apparitional as sails that cross/ some page of figures to be filed away/ –Till elevators drop us from our day…” The stanza leading into this describes, in so many words, the flight of a seagull waking up from the bridge.",
"This ‘angle’ persists, while the third and fourth evoke images of office drones, but it is astoundingly unclear to which of these two settings the second line lends itself because of its abrupt enjambment, and it ends up belonging to neither, instead serving as a purely “neutral” transitional line that manages to connect the two vastly different ideas. The rhythm and sound of Hart Crane’s syllables and letters play distant fiddles to his words. Hart Crane is a controversial figure in poetry because he seems to dance the fine line between untouched depth of meaning and very fancy nonsense, although I’ll argue that, at least in this poem, his feet are firmly on the former side, however much he waves his arms on the other side. Brooklyn Bridge is teeming with strange wordplay, nearly each word asking to be looked at closely. The poem is a labyrinth of hyperbaton, ellange, and other grammatical tropes, keeping the reader constantly off balance as verbs trade subjects like one of those holographic pictures that changes depending upon which angle you look at it.",
"There are, of course, the obvious tropes, such as the metaphor he uses to so casually to connect the bridge with hugely constructive images, like “O harp and altar of the fury fused,” which also has a nice metalepsis in “fury” (fury to work to workers) and is followed by an equally notable parenthesis: “(How could mere toil align thy choiring strings!)” In just those twenty syllables Hart Crane evokes the church, music, metallurgy, and still manages to enclose yet another idea in punctuation that, more clearly than any other part of the poem let us know that he is not just chronicling this beauty; he too is overwhelmed. While there are these and many more examples of easily-identifiable tropes, much more often the power of the language is achieved not by any particular trope, as tropes require defined and repeatable parameters, but through some indescribable manipulation of our language centers [1] .",
"As Arthur Quinn puts it when describing the difference between periphresis and pleonasm, “we need more than a blue pencil to retrieve the literal meaning.”(Quinn 64) In the next stanza, Hart Crane distills this rhetorical mastery into a single word. “I think of cinemas, panoramic sleights.” “Sleights” can be categorized both as catechresis and pun, but this would greatly undervalue the work that it does. It is a pun in that it exploits the phonic similarity to both ‘heights’ and ‘sights,’ two words that would make sense in context and are meant to be evoked. It is not a perfect pun, however, as it does not so shed light on the connection between the chosen and implied word, instead monumentally shifting and confusing the line’s reading. Not all of Hart Crane’s catachreses are as cryptic, however.",
"Take, for instance, the cinematic journey of the fifth stanza’s suicidal “bedlamite.” After climbing to the “parapets” of the bridge, he pauses “momently” before “A jest falls from the speechless caravan.” Hart Crane springs “jest” as suddenly as “sleights,” but the poem has provided enough context so that we can fairly safely assume that he’s referring to the “bedlamite”. This is only catachresis, but again, so much work is done by it. A dark humor is evoked instantly, as the reader is forced to think of the man as, literally, a joke, but, just as instantly (though perhaps on a deeper level of consciousness) evokes, through apocope, “jester,” suggesting that flinging himself from the “speechless caravan” is a joke he is playing on the city, on us. This line also emphasizes another of Hart Crane’s ill-defined tools, the catachrestic metaphor. It helps that the positioning of “speechless caravan” means it is probably the bridge, but it’s why—a bridge is in a sense a collection of vehicles, and it never talks—that gives it untold depths of meaning.",
"The same goes for the bridge as an “unfractioned idiom” in the ninth paragraph. The impact of equating the bridge to something that you recognize and feel connected to without fully understanding, and that can’t be divided or simplified, is absolutely immense. Being able to convey such depths of connection begins not with rhetorical prowess but with a connection that is actually that deep, and this is what allows Hart Crane to make To Brooklyn Bridge so significant. It is an ode to the relationship between the bridge, the city, Hart Crane, and (through Hart Crane), the individual. There is a constant struggle with being an individual in any city, especially one that’s arguably the world capital of individuality.",
"The ability, however, to get lost in a sea of faces can be a welcome respite, and Hart Crane observes, in the seventh stanza, how the bridge’s uncaring objectivity in its job reflects this: “of anonymity time cannot raise: vibrant reprieve and pardon thou dost show.” As one of the anonymous faces, Hart Crane observes the Bridge from a constantly shifting time and viewpoint, starting from the top of both the bridge and the morning with the seagull, moving slowly down to street level by noon, and finally ending up underneath the bridge at night. His rhetorical focus shifts over time as well, moving from broad and all-encompassing to incisive and impossibly deep while retaining a constant horsepower. These similar yet vastly different perspectives show us the myriad of ways the city looks out over the city and, obviously, vice versa. The bridge occupies an ironclad place in both our physical and figurative realities, simultaneously connecting communities and cultures and places and people and ideas both in the individual and the whole. Hart Crane, though a man who by all accounts spent most of his time alive without strong or reliable connections, found a deeply meaningful entity in the Brooklyn Bridge.",
"If poetry is photography of ideas and a photo is worth a thousand words, Hart Crane’s work is comparable to Chuck Close, his creation an enormous collection of small yet intricate individual images that comprise, upon zooming out, a breathtaking, existentialism-inducing monument. [1] The only comparison that seems at all adequate is to a sentence containing words that have had the letters between the first and last jumbled. Our brain, through a trick developed by evolution for some unknown reason, can almost effortlessly read this sentence, despite it being literally gibberish. Hart Crane Biographical Sketch Hart Crane: Biographical Sketch Harold Hart Crane (\"Hart\" was his mothers maiden name) was born in Garrettsville, Ohio, near Cleveland in 1899 and committed suicide by leaping from the deck of the S. S. Orizaba somewhere off the Florida coast just before noon on April 26, 1932. His education was informal. He never completed his final year of high school, but at the age of 17 persuaded his recently-divorced parents to let him live in New York City to prepare for college.",
"From 1917 to 1924, he shifted back and forth between Cleveland and New York, briefly working in Cleveland as a cub reporter, but more often as a menial in his fathers candy factory, and in New York as a copywriter for mail order catalogues and advertising agencies. He lived an unsettled life, in and out of apartments and rooms in New York City, and in southern Connecticut sharing farmhouses with friends. Most of the poems in The Bridge many of them depicting New York City with a vibrancy that was rare in poetry were written on the Isle of Pines off the coast of Cuba where his family owned a vacation cottage. When he found himself unable to complete The Bridge, he sought inspiration by traveling to Europe, and when he was awarded a Guggenheim in 1931, he temporarily settled in Mexico. Crane was sensitive to the problem of uprootedness. This became a subject in his own poetry: the history in his American epic centers primarily on various technological breakthroughs clipper ship, train, subway, airplane that, he might have said, create an illusion of conquering space by speeding up the consumption of time.",
"But the issue was more personal; it stemmed from his position as a gay male in a culture that was largely homophobic. He understood that he was a homosexual after an affair in 1919 in Akron, Ohio, where he was employed as a clerk in one of his fathers candy stores. In the spring of 1924, he met Emil Opffer, a ships purser. With him, an emotional relationship developed in which Crane was intensely engaged. (The six poems entitled Voyages were fashioned as an extraordinary souvenir of their temporary union.) Crane never found a single partner with whom to share his life, and after Opffer, he may have felt such a partner could never be found. His affairs were temporary, mostly anonymous, and sometimes violent; he apparently never sought out sexual companionship among members of the New York artistic community. Late in his brief life, when living in Mexico in 1931 and 1932, he entered into a heterosexual liaison with Peggy Baird, the former wife of a close friend, Malcolm Cowley. With her, there had been discussion of marriage and a new beginning.",
"All in all, Crane lived a tumultuous life, a life reflected in what one critic disparagingly called his \"Rube Goldberg rhetoric.\" Maturing in a time when an astonishing range of poetic styles were competing with each other for ascendancy, Crane as an apprentice poet seems to have sampled one and all. The early poems that open his first collection, White Buildings (1926), are a veritable taxonomy of the options open to a young poet eager to learn to write in a modern style. There is the Eliotic ennui of \"Modern Craft,\" and the sumptuous imagism of \"October-November.\" Gusto of a Poundian sort breaks out from the solemn quatrains of \"Praise for an Urn\" and the children in \"Poster\" (the opening of \"Voyages I\") step out of a Wallace Stevens seascape. Unpublished poems from the same time expose imitations of E. E. Cummings and William Carlos Williams. Crane forged his own unbelievably idiosyncratic style out of an impossible melange of influences, making the very negotiation of potentially-divisive conflicting registers the astonishing tightrope-walk of the poem. According to Lincoln Kirstein, E. E.",
"Cummings claimed that \"Cranes mind was no bigger than a pin, but it didnt matter; he was a born poet.\" Cranes mature poetry was written over a meteorically-brief period, from the spring of 1924 until the fall of 1926, and it was intensely performative. If it was short on intellectual conception, it was long on linguistic feats that sought to duplicate an experience as it was unfolding. If Crane had attempted only to be celebratory, he would have endured, perhaps, as a minor poet, an American Swinburne. But Crane also came of age at a time when poets found themselves thinking as critics, extending the range of their own poetry to include \"unpoetic\" analytical meditations. Some of his closest friends were the young men who would go on to invent the new criticism Allen Tate, Yvor Winters, Kenneth Burke all of whom saw themselves, in those early years of their lives, first as poets.",
"Cranes letters are filled with remarkably astute observations about what might be possible in the future for poetry, and in an exchange with Harriet Monroe, he mounted a strong defense of one of his own works, \"At Melvilles Tomb,\" detailing what he called a \"logic of metaphor\" that was unfolding within and below the poems linguistic surface, as a product of the interplay of the connotations of words. Few other poets, in 1925, could have been so eloquent about what they hoped to achieve. In his mature style, in works such as Voyages, \"The Wine Menagerie,\" \"O Carib Isle!,\" and (from The Bridge) \"Proem: To Brooklyn Bridge,\" \"The Harbor Dawn,\" \"Cutty Sark,\" and \"The Tunnel,\" Crane masterfully uses variations in rhythm and syntax to establish a powerful, nearly invisible foundation that provides a dynamic forward movement to a poetic line that is bristling with significance, its diction drawn from virtually dozens of conflicting and overlapping registers.",
"Like other young poets, Crane admired what Eliot had achieved by broadening the scope of what could be treated within a poem, but he deplored what he saw as Eliots pessimism. Soon after \"The Waste Land\" appeared in 1922, Crane wrote his own response, the na�ve and jejune \"For the Marriage of Faustus and Helen\" (1923). Something more was needed, and Crane embarked on a plan to write an extended poem, a symphonic epic, that would be a \"mystic synthesis of America.\" Eliot took a stand against the present, it seemed to Crane. By contrast, Cranes poem would properly evaluate the machine, locating a place for it in the present, judging both its good and bad elements. But the poem stalled. Crane had written its final section, a celebration of the exalted feelings the poet was experiencing as he looked over the modern city and found it transformed by the sensational new descriptions that had emanated from his poems none of which, with the exception of this congratulatory finale, he had yet conceived how to write.",
"Meanwhile, as he pondered how to write the individual sections that would justify his optimistic finale, Crane worked through shorter pieces, occasioned by incidents in his life, each of which took him further toward creating a style that aimed to synthesize with accuracy unusually complex states of thought. In his 1947 preface to the second edition of Seven Types of Ambiguity, William Empson expressed regret at not focusing more attention on the last \"type,\" \"the poetry of straightforward mental conflict\": \"I had not read Hart Crane when I published the book, and I had had the chance to do so.\" As Empson suggests, Crane tracked with a completeness heretofore inconceivable even minute gradations in experience, both intellectual and emotional at once. In \"The Wine Menagerie,\" he is capable of registering a simultaneous pull toward and resistance to a particular event. Voyages ends in a bittersweet valedictory that both offers and resists closure, that understands that a love affair is over even as it affirms the affair will never be forgotten.",
"As Crane postponed work on his epic poem and composed these new lyrics, rather than resolving his problems with The Bridge he only exacerbated them: the new technical achievement he was developing outstripped his plans for what he thought to include in the subject-matter in his epic of America. When a loan from the financier Otto Kahn (whose own son, Roger Wolfe Kahn, had achieved his fame by leading one of the most successful dance bands of the 1920s) freed Crane to work entirely on his long poem, nothing in the rather conventional outline he had developed spurred him on to write. In his 1925 autobiographical poem \"Passage\" the speaker at one point returned to a territory (that may have represented an earlier point in his life) only to find the site almost unrecognizably overtaken with wildly proliferating growth. Something similar must have seemed to be happening to him when he turned back to The Bridge. To write the lyrics of emotional and intellectual intensity of 1924 and 1925, he had developed an approach that so completely outstripped his plans for the American epic that, in effect, he had superseded his work before he had been able to get it underway.",
"Crane set out to write a chronological exploration of America in which the poem opened with Columbus, proceeded to the crisis of the Civil War, and brought us to the present with the example of the subway. This was the burdensome plot that failed to ignite his interest in the winter and spring of 1926. That structure remains obscurely in place in the final work, but it is almost certainly the least important aspect of the poem. What allowed Crane to begin The Bridge was a complete change of scene, a shift to the Isle of Pines in the Caribbean. Left to himself, Crane at first lapsed into melancholy and despair. To cultural critic Waldo Frank, one of a number of father-surrogates to whom Crane looked for guidance and whom he used to construct points of stability in his life, he wrote an eloquent explanation of why The Bridge was no longer possible to write (see his June 20, 1926, letter). Few poets have exposed the prospects of the modern epic to so withering a critique.",
"But having thoroughly internalized all the reasons why a modern epic is impossible, Crane shortly thereafter began to write, with a fluency that was entirely new to him, the poems that would together make up more than two-thirds of The Bridge. Like his earlier lyrics, they rise out of a divided state of mind. By understanding the unlikelihood of his project, Crane (no doubt inadvertantly) constructed a basis upon which to begin it: the very point of the poem was that it was needed, that it did not yet exist, that it was to be sought for, an act of postulation. The Promenade over the Brooklyn Bridge, New York, opened 1883. John and Washington Roebling. Corbis-Bettmann, photo c. 1925. Geography further impinges on these poems. On the Isle of Pines, his thoughts turned longingly to New York, to the urban space in which it was possible to pursue emotional attachments that took unconventional turns, in which the homosexual life style was more or less sheltered.",
"As a result, many poems in The Bridge center on New York City: they convey the spaces of the modern city as few other poems have the droning menace of the abruptly-deserted subway (in \"The Tunnel\"), the harsh quality of mid-day light as it is reflected off the sides of skycrapers (\"Proem\"), or the vistas that unexpectedly open to disclose layers of the past (\"Cutty Sark\"). At the same time, the poems are also encoded with elements of the gay life-style. The love that is sought in the city is left unspecified, as if it were designed to be universalized, anyones love. While the poem asks to be read in this way, it also suggests that love may flourish in unexpected places. When Crane positions himself under the shadows of the bridge, he is, in one sense, simply the poet of the romantic tradition, the observer who stands aside the better to see; but he is, in another sense, the gay male cruising in an area notorious for its casual sex. Even the bridge itself, the Brooklyn Bridge that is the central object of the poem, was strongly identified in Cranes own mind with Emil Opffer, to whom Voyages was dedicated.",
"The appearance of the bridge secretly encrypts a highly personal memory and a specific presence in the text. Cranes \"epic of America\" gets underway as a personal quest, as a poem divided against itself, in devotion to an urban setting that encourages social diversity, with secret inscriptions that retain their meanings to which only a privileged few are accessible. Crane would never again write as compellingly as he did in the summer and fall of 1926. (From the same period comes the coruscating \"O Carib Isle!,\" a poem that conveys in concrete imagery the paralyzing effects of extreme self-consciousness.) His later contributions to The Bridge can be witty, smart, magisterial, but their primary task is to fill out a narrative, to introduce elements that turn the poem in a more conventional direction. \"The River\" and \"Cape Hatteras\" dutifully explore the role of the railroad and the airplane; they intelligently consider how each new technology dominates and effectively annihilates the environment into which it is introduced. They usefully expand the scope of the poem by moving us across a vast geography.",
"\"The River\" jumps from the Dakotas to California to North Carolina before settling on its journey down the Mississippi; \"Cape Hatteras\" leaps from Bombay to Kitty Hawk, from the battlefields of the Civil War in Virginia to the battlefields of the Great war in the Somme. It is perhaps not an accident that a homosexual presence remains furtively on hand in both poems, in the free-ranging tramps of \"the River,\" in the vagabond Whitman of \"Cape Hatteras.\" For the great problem that stymied Crane after 1926 had to do with the conflict between his identity as a gay male and his identity as a poet. Numerous unpublished lyrics, most written between 1927 and 1931, attest to the struggle Crane undertook to invent a discourse that would honestly translate aspects of his homosexual experience into poetry. Publication of The Bridge in 1930 brought Crane notoriety and fame. He had been a name to reckon with earlier. Stephen Rose Benet had parodied his work in his Saturday Review column in 1928, and Man Ray had taken his photo for Vanity Fair in 1929.",
"Now, in 1930, he was told by Eda Lou Walton, he was being included in her New York University course in contemporary poetry. He was awarded a Guggenheim in 1931 and settled in Mexico to work on a long poem about the Aztec civilization. Little on that project was ever accomplished. In the 1920s, Crane had begun to drink heavily. Speak-easies and taverns were logical places to seek out sexual companionship. He learned early on that he could return from states of ecstasy with snatches of poetic phrasing that he could not obtain any other way. In Europe in 1929, falling in among wealthy expatriates, Crane pursued his dissolution. By 1930, friends who had not seem him for several months were expressing astonishment at his premature aging: his facial features losing sharpness and tone, his hair rapidly greying. Though the causes for anyones suicide are almost certain to be multiple, in the case of Crane it seems an act unusually overdetermined. In April of 1932, he was returning to an America that was ravaged by a financial depression.",
"His father had died in 1931, in the process revealing just how completely his once-ample resources had been depleted. He was returning to New York City, his Guggenheim fellowship over, knowing that tales of his drunken exploits in Mexico would have preceded him. His project of an \"Aztec epic\" had resulted in less than a handful of poems. The one serious work he had recently written (in March), \"The Broken Tower,\" was essentially a love-poem, though it tellingly betrayed his longing for a time in the past that was intensely energetic and that now seemed unattainably remote. Friends were scattered. And Harry Crosby, who had encouraged Crane to finish The Bridge by offering to publish it in his Black Sun Press, had killed himself two years earlier. Years of drink had almost certainly ravaged his physical condition, undermining his ability to control his mental stability. His leap into the ocean must have seemed one of the few choices he had left. Critics acted rapidly to turn Cranes death into a lesson for other poets. They argued that his failure proved it was impossible to write a poem that was both socially engaged and aesthetically satisfying.",
"Tate maintained that his own \"Ode to the Confederate Dead\" (1926) was successful precisely because of the elegiac tone it adopted, mourning an ideal that was now utterly lost. A common theme among the critics reviewing Cranes work was that the epic was impossible because modern culture lacked the very center which the epic was supposed to portray. Cranes suicide was virtually preordained, Yvor Winters suggested, by the absence of adequate intellectual pre-commitment. What poets needed, these critics concluded, was to follow more carefully the advice of critics, and both Winters and Tate followed their own advice by more or less abandoning poetry for criticism. The cultural epic the socially-engaged sequence composed of aesthetically self-sufficient lyrics was pronounced obsolete. Long poems could still be written, but only by representatives of the first generation of modernism by Eliot, Pound, Williams, Stevens who were entitled to continue because of their claims as \"inventors\" of the form. But critics in the 1930s and 1940s warned young poets away from attempting such work. These warnings were recorded in textbooks and dutifully taught in universities.",
"But practicing poets were likely to be unaware of such pronouncements. A \"Crane tradition\" of the long poem continued after his death, though the critical discourse of the academy was designed not to recognize it. Rather than being bothered by the incompleteness of Cranes project, poets were attracted to the idea of fulfilling it. Traces of his powerful rhetoric flash through numerous poets of the 1930s, including Muriel Rukeyser, Kenneth Fearing, and Edwin Rolfe. Among the poets most powerfully influenced by Crane was Melvin B. Tolson, whose Libretto for the Republic of Liberia (1953) is, among many other things, a spectacular refutation of the claim that the political text cannot be an aesthetic triumph. The poets in the California Quarterly, the short-lived journal of the early 1950s that sought to present works that were both politically and aesthetically sophisticated, continually evoked Crane as an ideal. Lawrence Liptons Rainbow at Midnight (1955), a portion of which appeared in an early version in California Quarterly, pointedly invokes Crane as a figure whose absence is felt as debilitating.",
"(Had he lived, he would have been fifty-five in the year the poem was published.) The densely-rhetorical intellectual poetry that Harry Brown offered in 1949 in The Beast in His Hunger owes as much to Crane as Robert Lowells early work in Lord Wearys Castle (1947). By 1960, Lowell could describe Crane as \"less limited than any other poet of his generation.\" Serious re-evaluation of Crane in the university began in 1967 when R. W. B. Lewis proposed a resolution to the dilemma of Cranes \"obscurity\" by invoking a visionary tradition in which clarity was not necessarily a premium. The somewhat cavalier readings of Lewis provoked several close studies. The most ground-breaking of these was completed by Thomas E. Yingling a few years before his untimely death as a victim of the AIDS epidemic, Hart Crane and the Homosexual Text (1992).",
"In the 1970s and 1980s, the rehabilitation of Cranes reputation depended on revealing an artistry in passages that had been previously dismissed as incoherent; the newly-reconstructed Crane who emerged from such close attention was often a universalized figure. Yingling, following strong promptings in Lee Edelmans discussion of rhetorical tropes in Crane, saw that Cranes authority rested on his position as an outsider whose own writings were not only expressions of his own psychological division but also eloquent records of elaborate cultural and social divisions. Poets and Poems: Hart Crane, “The Bridge” and Me Poets and Poems: Hart Crane, “The Bridge” and Me Time’s rendings, time’s blendings they construe As final reckonings of fire and snow… (from “The River” in The Bridge) Hart Crane (1899-1932) was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of a well-to-do chocolate manufacturer who expected his son to follow his footsteps into the family business. That didn’t happen; Crane had no intention of that happening. Instead, he turned his attention to what he was most interested in: writing—especially poetry.",
"His most well-known work is The Bridge , a series of poems on the American experience. In a sense, he was trying to write the Great American Poem, much like his novelist peers were trying to write the Great American Novel, which might have already been written (Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn in 1885) (I realize that a parenthetical statement like that may cause controversy). Critics immediately found fault with The Bridge, for all kinds of reasons. They still do. I had never read the entire work until recently. In high school, our junior English class read a few excerpts from the volume, which includes short poems on Rip Van Winkle, the Brooklyn Bridge (a kind of homage to Walt Whitman ), Powhatan’s daughter, the Mississippi River, Cape Hatteras and a number of other subjects. As The Poetry Foundation’s entry on Crane points out, it was perhaps inevitable that the Great American Poem would fall short of its goals. He intended The Bridge to be a kind of response or alternative to T.S. Eliot’s The Waste Land ; 85 years later, we’re far more familiar with The Waste Land than The Bridge.",
"I saw the frontiers gleaming of his mind; Or are there frontiers—running sands sometimes Running sands—somewhere—sands running… Or they may start some white machine that sings. (from “Cutty Sark” in The Bridge) Crane had a number of influences—Whitman, William Blake , Ralph Waldo Emerson , the English Romantic poets , William Butler Yeats , and James Joyce , among them. He also had a number of “anti-influences,” including his parents, his antipathy to working in business, and Cleveland. His life wasn’t long; he killed himself by jumping from a ship in the Gulf of Mexico in 1932. And if they take your sleep away sometimes They give it back again. Soft sleeves of sound Attend the darkling harbor, the pillowed bay; Somewhere out there in blankness steam Spills into steam, and wanders, washed away… (from “The Harbor Dawn” in The Bridge) I find the poems of The Bridge to be of a piece with the period of American literature I connect most strongly with—the ages of Realism and Modernism, roughly from 1890 to 1960.",
"I can almost pinpoint the literary start of my connection—in eighth grade, reading Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea in my reading class. Three years later, I was reading The Great Gatsby by Hemingway’s antithesis, F. Scott Fitzgerald. That year, my junior year in high school, I wrote my term paper on the Realists, focusing on Willa Cather, Jack London, and Edith Wharton. And the poets: Edgar Lee Masters and Spoon River Anthology, which I still periodically reread; Edna St. Vincent Millay ; Edwin Arlington Robinson ; T.S. Eliot (we studied “ The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock ” and The Waste Land in senior high school English class); Dylan Thomas ; Wallace Stevens (I never knew how taken I would be by “ Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird “); the World War I poets . And Robert Frost . I came to William Faulkner in my 30s, when I read The Sound and the Fury for the first time. And then I read everything he wrote, some works twice and three times.",
"I’ve often asked myself why this literary period has had the most impact on me, and I keep coming back to two answers. First, I had outstanding English teachers in junior high and high school. They were a diverse and eclectic group, but what they shared was a love for literature. And they had been shaped in their literary education by the Realists and the Modernists; these were the novelists and poets they loved best. Looking back, I can see that their love, a love sometimes bordering on reverence (and occasional mania), was transmitted to me. Under the shadow by the piers I waited; Only in darkness is the shadow clear. The city’s fiery parcels all undone, Already snow submerges an iron year… (From “To Brooklyn Bridge” in The Bridge) Hart Crane and the Brooklyn Bridge Second, and equally important, this was the period my father came of age. He was born in 1916 in a small town in central Louisiana; a few years later the family moved to Shreveport, where my grandfather ran a small grocery store on the wrong side of the tracks. My father wanted to be a doctor, but the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression ended that dream.",
"Instead, he went to work as a roughneck in the East Texas oilfields. But he loved newspapers; he had delivered newspapers as a boy and he knew people at the Shreveport Journal. He landed in the circulation department and worked there until he joined the Navy in World War II. He kept a diary during his war years; as it turns out, he was also his ship’s newsletter editor. Somehow he parlayed all of that after the war into a job with a trade magazine publishing firm in New Orleans. This was the Promised Land, and still it is To the persuasive suburban land agent In bootleg roadhouses where the gin fizz Bubbles in time to Hollywood’s new love-nest pageant. (From “Quaker Hill” in The Bridge) I have young childhood memories of going to plays—community theater—with my parents. I can vaguely recall a staging of The Music Man. My father actually had a role in a local production of Bus Stop by William Inge ; he played the bus driver. I have a photograph of him and the rest of the cast. We were never close; he was that silent, World War II generation that didn’t believe in showing much emotion or feeling, especially for sons.",
"I was the middle of three boys, the one he and my mother didn’t have to worry about, the one who studied and didn’t cause trouble or get into fights. And so I know myself well enough to know that my love for the literary eras of the Realists and the Modernists was not simply because of my teachers and their love for the periods. Reading and studying the poetry and novels of the era is also a way, for me, to try to understand my father, the man I didn’t know very well but who had a powerful influence on my life, including my selection of study in college—journalism. To read Faulkner is to read not only small-town Mississippi but also small-town Louisiana. To read Spoon River Anthology is to walk in the old cemetery in Shreveport where my grandparents are buried. To read The Waste Land is to read how the world of the 1920s was torn asunder in the world of the 1930s, and the impact that sundering likely had on my father. It’s difficult of me to read The Bridge and see the failure that most of the critics have seen.",
"Instead, I read it, and I see a young man from the poor side of town, sitting in a high school Latin class with all of the rich kids, studying hard because he was still holding on to the dream of becoming a doctor. And one star, swinging, takes it place, alone, Cupped in the larches of the mountain pass— Until, immortally, it bled into the dawn. (From “Powhatan’s Daughter” in The Bridge) Browse more poets and poems ___________________________ How to Read a Poem uses images like the mouse, the hive, the switch (from the Billy Collins poem)—to guide readers into new ways of understanding poems. Anthology included. “I require all our incoming poetry students—in the MFA I direct—to buy and read this book.” —Jeanetta Calhoun Mish"
] |
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