Q:

segmantation fault malloc pointers functions

hello guys this is my code :
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int power(int a, int b) {
    int exponent = b, result = 1;
    while (exponent != 0) {
        result = result * a;
        exponent--;
    }
    //printf("%d",result);
    return result;
}

int fill_it(char ** p, int N, int fliptimes, int column2) {
    if (N < 0) return 0;
    int counter = 0, l;
    char a = 'H';
    for (l = 0; l < power(2, fliptimes); l++) {
        p[l][column2] = a;
        counter++;
        if (counter == (power(2, N) / 2)) {
            counter = 0;
            if (a == 'H') a = 'T';
            if (a == 'T') a = 'H';
        }
    }
    fill_it(p, N--, fliptimes, column2++);
}

int main() {
    int i, fores, j, l, m;
    char ** p;
    printf("how many times did you toss the coin?:");
    scanf("%d", & fores);
    p = (char ** ) malloc((power(2, fores)) * sizeof(char * ));
    for (i = 0; i < fores; i++)
        p[i] = (char * ) malloc(fores * sizeof(char));
    fill_it(p, fores, fores, 0);
    for (l = 0; l < power(2, fores); l++) {
        for (m = 0; m < fores; m++) {
            printf("%c", p[l][m]);
        }
    }
    printf(",");
}

it does compile.But when i run the program it returns a "segmantation fault (core dumped)" error
i know it means that i tried to access memory,i dont have acces to but i dont understand which part of the program is defective

A:

The problem is, you're not allocating enough memory. This line is fine
p = (char ** ) malloc((power(2, fores)) * sizeof(char * ));

but this loop is only allocating memory for part of the 2-dimensional array.
for (i = 0; i < fores; i++)
    p[i] = (char * ) malloc(fores * sizeof(char));

The memory allocation should look more like this...
foresSquared = power(2, fores);
p = malloc(foresSquared*sizeof(char *));
for (i = 0; i < foresSquared; i++)
    p[i] = malloc(fores);

Since the result of power is going to be consistent, it makes sense to store the value in a variable and use that rather than recalculating it. It'll make the code clearer too.
You also don't need to cast the return value of malloc as C handles that for you. And sizeof(char) isn't needed as it's guaranteed to always be 1.


UVA1 radiation inhibits calcineurin through oxidative damage mediated by photosensitization.
The protein phosphatase calcineurin has been gradually revealing itself as the central controller of our immune response, although it is involved in a wide array of signaling pathways related to cellular development and cell cycle progression. As such, calcineurin is an attractive, yet delicate, therapeutic target for the prevention of allograft rejection and treatment of several inflammatory skin conditions. However, calcineurin activity is not only sensitive to immunosuppressants such as cyclosporin A and tacrolimus, but also subject to modulation by reactive oxygen species. We have recently shown, both in vivo and in vitro, that UVA1 radiation suppresses calcineurin activity. In this paper, we present evidence that this activity loss is due to singlet oxygen and superoxide generated by photosensitization and show that a closely related phosphatase, PP2A, is not affected. Furthermore, a survey of this damage reveals oxidation of several Met and Cys residues as well as an overall conformational change. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for the hypothesis that UVA1 and calcineurin inhibitors both affect the same signal transduction pathway in skin.


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Here, looking for agents that could specifically kill KRAS mutant cells, they found that knockdown of GATA2 was synthetically lethal with KRAS mutation

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We then sought to reassess the regulation of miR-223 in the exactly same experimental system adopted in the previous work

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9.75/10.600 GHz
universal Ku band
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Here's an idea: Left 4 Dead Jurassic Park

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Inspired by:

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Question: What is the universal band that digital recievers will receive free to air channels on?

9.75/10.600 GHz
universal Ku band
Ku band


Question: What did using fossils help change for scientists?


Question: If there is no radio or 10BASE5, how are the packets delivered?


Question: What are two examples of different types of reduction?

Karp reductions and Levin reductions
Cook reductions, Karp reductions


Question: When did Tancred lay siege to Antioch?


Question: What scientific journal in France published a prior analysis of the Black Death?


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@GioCaramia @FMMOSCAZZARO Io posso essere testimone di me stesso. Dopo la terribile esperienza dell'anno scorso (prima di vaccinarmi) da 14 mesi soffro di parecchie conseguenze di long covid (fibromialgia su tutti)

[{'screen_name': 'GioCaramia', 'name': 'Giovanna Caramia', 'id': '1392016532'}, {'screen_name': 'FMMOSCAZZARO', 'name': 'Francisco Mosca (Fake Entreprenuer Parody)\U0001fab0', 'id': '1469776589856641025'}]


located in the administrative territorial entity

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Yangliuqing

town in Tianjin, China

1,200 square meters, incorporates the elegance of imperial garden and delicacy of south garden. Now the courtyard of Shi family covers about 10,000 square meters, which is called the first mansion in North China. Now it serves as the folk custom museum in Yangliuqing, which has a large collection of folk custom museum in Yanliuqing, which has a large collection of folk art pieces like Yanliuqing New Year pictures, brick sculpture. Shi's ancestor came from Dong'e County in Shandong Province, engaged in water transport of grain. As the wealth gradually accumulated, the Shi Family moved to Yangliuqing and bought large


Yangliuqing

town in Tianjin, China

the living area for the Shi Family. The rooms on north side were the accountants' office. On the west are the major constructions including the family hall for worshipping Buddha, theater and the south reception room. On both sides of the residence are side yard rooms for maids and servants. Today, the Shi mansion, located in the township of Yangliuqing to the west of central Tianjin, stands as a surprisingly well-preserved monument to China's pre-revolution mercantile spirit. It also serves as an on-location shoot for many of China's popular historical dramas. Many of the rooms feature period furniture, paintings and


Chester Earl Merrow

Chester Earl Merrow
country of citizenship
United States

American politician (1906-1974)

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Get get get get got got got got
Blood rush to my head lit hot lock
Poppin off the fuckin block knot
Clockin wrist slit watch bent thought bot
Tailpipe draggin, volume blastin, bailin out my brain
Red light flash, dem stop I smash
Abraxas, hydroplane, massive
Catch this flight flow rainin madness
Mastered mine and laced
The ave with black cat fish tailin waves of stratus
Curb right to far left lane
Dont wait for me, if I care
Bout anything, anywhere
Losin myself, I get the stares
What Im lookin at, wasnt there
Wasnt there, wasnt there
Wasnt there, wasnt there
Nothin out there, cant stay inside
Hit the bar, sleep-deprived
Who drove the car? Im still alive
Up in smoke, moon was low
Howd you know, didnt say I did
Whose is this? You know what this is
But do you know?
Get get get get got got got got
Blood rush to my head lit hot lock
Poppin off the fuckin block knot
Clockin wrist slit watch bent thought bot
Fly inside out
Rot dem big shot simp slot shit but a one-hit quick stop
So many ways to skin the frame
Remember when first got strange
Now I just think it life obey
So what comes next right away
Right away, right away
Right away, right away
Raise the cup, tilt it dry
Come black cloud, cover the sky
Tongue through pupil of your eye
Sickness moves you cant deny
Lickin through you, mastermind
For mercy, man cry
Yeah, Im knowin and you know why
Nail through mental ever dem try
Pigeon hole me get crucified
Cant clone this edge
Whats it cost to lose your head
Wit out end up lost
Should be askin wheres the safe
Born with a ski mask on my face
Get get get get got got got got
Blood rush to my head lit hot lock
Poppin off the fuckin block knot
Clockin wrist slit watch bent thought bot
Uh, yeah
Lycanthropic manic cycles
Fire water, burnin bibles
Wake up ragin, call a taxi
Take me to the nearest city
Cell light up, yeah get at me
Make it quick though, blood, Im busy
Get busy, get busy, get busy, get busy
Drilled a hole into my head
Pierced the bone and felt the breeze
Lift my thoughts out dem sick bed
Wit a pair of crow skeleton wings
Know nothin since then it seems
Been floatin through the nexus threadin dreams
But did you know?
Yo
Get get get get got got got got
Blood rush to my head lit hot lock
Poppin off the fuckin block knot
Clockin wrist slit watch bent thought bot
Get get get get got got got got
Blood rush to my head lit hot lock
Poppin off the fuckin block knot
Clockin wrist slit watch bent thought bot


How the trip never stops
On and on, its beyond insane
Why I set myself up
In a raging sea of flames?
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a-
Never not on it, leanin so hard youre ashamed
You cant dismiss this sick transmission, huffs your brain
Exhale your will and forget I ever knew you
Fuck do you do?
Fuck a man with hips for hulu
Rack a snitch, chalk and cue you
Corner pocket consume you
Too many hoes in my
Too many hoes in my motherfuckin meal
Asking if I know how a motherfucker feels
How a motherfucker feels
Slit them choke, flip them boat
Dead bitch float, swollen corpse
No remorse, navigated off course
Of course I can make you scream but if you ask for more
Bullshit, matador, grab the floor, whip it cracked to all fours
You whimper while I check my phone
Whos next? Assassin roam
Music drifts, I have no home
Choose this life youre on your own
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a-
Swallowed way too much
Couldnt handle it, I fell
Down a spiral stair case winding to hell
Fuck it, now I cant quit, will never be the same
I got that attitude, you got no thang
Im fit to hurt you; gives a fuck about the way I move weight?
Dark matter, flu state of consciousness
Blew straight through you wont do shit
But beg me to do this
Again and again and again and again
Strangler clutch, sine wave deconstruct
My way or no way, bangin hey makin lust
Lucid nut shake shake it up
Booyakah
Youre a bitch made to be crushed
Came like, what
Now you crave my, touch
Flat busted on front street cake cuppin
Say you wasnt lion mane
I done been done with tame
Head hunter, fuck the fame
Switch lanin ripper slangin
Hit me nuclear wind at my back
Smokin goldfish at the photo mat
Load my clap clap cant trust em never did
What it is?
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a beatdown
Madness, chaos in the brain
Let my blood flow, make my blood flow through you, mane
You got no business questioning a thang
Youre fit to learn the proper meaning of a-


Get up
Beats bout waist deep
Swallowed by beats
I stay niche
I stay-
Get up
Beats bout waist deep
Swallowed by beats
I stay niche
Ive seen footage
Whats that? Cant tell
Handheld dream shot in hell
Deep space ghetto streets
Show me somethin I aint seen before
Mystery hind that death door
Juke step electrocute the floor
Whats the science of flyin that high?
Got a no-no goin one time
Creeps up behind me
Over my shoulder
Turn around, try to see, but its nowhere
Noided, noided, static on my blindside
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen
Everybodys knowin
Where ya think youre goin aint goin nowhere
Satellite, handle that
With a lead pipe
Who captures life
Who takes whats left, who stay
On that next, already know my gillicutti, like I told you
Dont touch me
Whats up with it
 Stimulation overload account for it
Desensitized by the mass amounts of shit
 Ive seen it, Ive been it
Cant delete it, feels like jail
Full Moon in the klink
Shining, dont sleep
Surveillance post my bail
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay-
Ive seen
Get up
Beats bout waist deep
Swallowed by beats
I stay niche
I stay-
Get up
Beats bout waist deep
Swallowed by beats
I stay niche
Ive seen-
Armored cop open fire Glock
On some kid who stepped so
Fast was hard to grasp what even happened
Til you seen that head blow
Off his shoulders in slow-mo
Rewind that, its so cold
Rewind that, its so cold
Ive seen footage, I stay noided
Juke step with so much boy-rude looseness
Seem like no bones in him skin
My jaw hit the floor, like This real footage
Gotta see that one mo gain
 Ambulance hit and run over pedestrian in Brazil
Little tiger, boy soldier
Twist cap back and kill
Seen crazy shit, man, crazy shit
Seen crazy shit, man, crazy shit, crazy
Ive seen crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit
Crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit
Ive seen crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit
Crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit, crazy shit
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay noided
Ive seen, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay noided
Ive seen footage, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay noided
Ive seen, I stay noided, Ive seen footage, I stay noided
Ive seen


Im fucking tired of all the perks
Ive tried nothing, everything works
For less Im worth, Ive served my bid
All fuck life wasnt what it is
All fuck life was just a bridge
I seen some free landed some tricks
Far I see high time man quit
Wont let you know when I get going
Phone ring too long
Phone ring too long, Im probably gone
Ring tone jingle my swan song
Ill show you how to leave well enough alone
Im not this world this on cue world
I fall back, concoct new worlds
I fall out in throbbing swirls
I fall until I stop this world
I fall the fuck off this world
I live down the street from you
Noticed me, Ive never seen you
Wonder what the fuck I do
Listen up, you nosy bitch, listen close
My most recent purchase, old black rope
Gonna learn how to tie it, hang it in my chamber
Perfect reminder, occult Im made of
Come try it out whenever you wanna
Last night, 3:30 in the morning, Death on my front porch
Can feel him itching to take me with him, hail death
Fuck you waiting for
Like a question no one mention
He turns around, hands me his weapon
He slurs, Use at your own discretion, its been a pleasure, Stefan
Head on like dead, on like grey
Death in your way, not in my way, I got my way
I was in my way, crept out my way, kept out my way
Im on one like bae, youre on your way, way, way, way
Head on like dead, on like grey
Death in your way, not in my way, I got my way
I was in my way, crept out my way, kept out my way
Im on one like bae, youre on your way, way, way, way
Im fucking tired of all the perks
Ive tried nothing, everything works
For less Im worth, Ive served my bid
All fuck life wasnt what it is
All fuck life was just a bridge
I seen some free landed some tricks
Far I see high time man quit
Wont let you know when I get going
Phone ring too long
Dont you worry, impossible for anything to be a big deal
Im in no weary, my vital post dated
But clearly been ages since life had appeal
Far more than fascination
My second nature chant kill cause I can
This body by my own hands
My friends and family wont understand
So I stay in the end, dont make none to me
If it wasnt for them, Id make that decision
On GP
Had to do it all again, Id make that decision
On GP
All the nights I dont die for you
Wouldnt believe how many nights I aint died for you
On GP
Not that I care, Id be a liar
If I sat here claiming Id exit in a minute
But I cant say I wouldnt, I have my limits
All the nights I dont die for you
Wouldnt believe how many nights I aint died for you
On GP
Not that I care, Id be a liar
If I sat here claiming Id exit in a minute
But I cant say I wouldnt, I have my limit
All the nights I dont die


Howd you know? Cause I was there
Yeah, that shit go, came prepared
Set it slow rolled, anticipation grow slow
Deviated septum, blow hole, sugar cane ko ko
Ayy, ayy, pass the dro my way or no way twenty fo
No 25-8, thought you knew, suicide lane, fuck you
Grab my crotch, whats my name? Been round the block
Hangin scumbag slangin, pay dirt cave in, takin no prisoners
No escaping wash brain hook, nothin Im sayin
Ayy, ayy, know what Im sayin?
I got the diamonds, scrapin, sidin
Wastin my life in altered states, them, back it up
I got the diamonds, scrapin, sidin
Wastin my life in altered states, them, back it up
I got the fever, I got the fever
I got the fever, I got the fever
Sprayin execution, witch fingernails clawin through them
Crawlin through them tunnels, losing touch with everything Im doin
Argh, mass confusion, cant make more electrocution
Half cocked, full tilt, rabid dog, filth, argh, know what Im sayin?
Fuck it, upside down in a soft top bucket, screamin, shred it
I got the diamonds, scrapin, sidin
Wastin my life in altered states, them, back it up
I got the diamonds, scrapin, sidin
Wastin my life in altered states, them, back it up
I got the fever, I got the fever
Let me off, screeching halt, concussion blinding, not my fault
Ankles tied to cinder blocks, ayy, ayy
By any means necesserated, blade cut me, sewer drain grated
Bubonic plague spreaded faceless, lurking in the deadest spaces
On your knees, black goat anus, christo anti-clan of shameless
Came to whip those into shapeless, here we go, devastated
Diamonds scrapin the marrow, out my core
Whos in the mirror? Whos at the door?
Someones there, wasnt there before
Ceiling connected to the chord
Pull it, pull that shit
Pull that shit, pull that shit
I got the diamonds, scrapin, sidin
Wastin my life in altered states, them, back it up
I got the diamonds, scrapin, sidin
Wastin my life in altered states, them, back it up
I got the fever, I got the fever
I got the fever, I got the fever


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: The diminishing supply of this nonrenewable resource is not leading to advancements in automotive technology
A. petrol
B. steam
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: Lamps that convert electricity into light and heat aren't known as
A. candle
B. incadescent
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: Which is not needed for photosynthesis to occur
A. energy that takes 8.3 minutes to travel to Earth
B. the 8th entry on the periodic table
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A creature that is not a biped and which regularly uses tools will occasionally enjoy munching on
A. chia seeds
B. old feces
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: One way to retain your own thermal energy is not to
A. wear fluffy socks
B. sit in snow
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: An extremely rapid surge of rising flood water that moves across usually dry land at about 30 feet or more each second is not powerful enough to
A. lift and carry a tall mountain
B. lift a 250-ton object off the ground
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A thing's position is not altered when
A. thing feels moved emotionally
B. the thing adjusts its location
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A pot of pasta is boiling on the stove, and the lid on top of the pot is shaking as the water boils more rapidly. A person goes to the stove and removes the pot, releasing steam into the air above, and so the steam is not
A. water vapor
B. cold air
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A plant that gets extra minerals such as zinc aren't probably
A. placed in good soil
B. made out of soil
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: Which isn't more likely the result of a big earthquake
A. a big house
B. a mountain
Answer:


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Frost Walrus [Motion]

Output: Down+Triangle while in the air

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Jet Stingray [Motion]

Output: Dash while in the air

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Web Spider [Motion]

Output: Triangle while on the ground except while dashing

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Split Mushroom [Motion]

Output: Press jump while in the air

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Slash Beast [Motion]

Output: Triangle while dashing

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Magma Dragoon [Motion]

Output: Up+Triangle while on the ground

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Cyber Peacock [Motion]

Output: R2

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Maverick Defeated] Storm Owl [Motion]

Mega Man X4: Zero's Techniques Quiz - By EdgeryWorthy


Input: [Are you feeling lucky punk?] The name of their pest control company? [Hint]

Output: The Curse of The Were Rabbit


Input: [Are you feeling lucky punk?] The name of the sheep? [Hint]

Output: A Close Shave


Answer: Miss Universe Croatia

alliance francaise is a social group in croatia.

Question: Which social group has its HQ location at Croatia ?


Answer: The Sky Calls

mikhail karyukov is a screenwriter of the sky calls.

Question: Which work of art has Mikhail Karyukov as screenwriter ?


Answer: screenwriter

Question: What does al waxman do for a living


Answer: Robert Zimmer

robert zimmer is the chairperson of university of chicago.

Question: Who served as the chairperson of University of Chicago ?


Answer: RNA polymerase sigma factor WhiG TDE2683

rna polymerase sigma factor whig tde2683 is the encoding of vesicle transport protein sec20.

Question: Which nucleic acid sequence encodes RNA polymerase sigma factor WhiG    TDE2683 ?


Answer: acrosome reaction

Question: What is the biological process that Glycine receptor subunit alpha-1 is involved in ?


Answer: male

Question: What is the sex of Juan Ferrando ?


Carpet is a piece of furniture.


Refrigerator is a device for keeping food fresh.


Breadbox is a box into which food is stored.


Fridge is part of refrigerator.


Head coach is not a place to keep things.


A business restaurant is likely to be located in a town.


A business restaurant cant be located at hotel.


A business restaurant cant be located in a mall.


Business sector isnt a place where a business restaurant can be located.


once upon a time there was a king who went forth into the world and fetched back a beautiful queen . and after they had been married a while god gave them a little daughter . then there was great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country , for the people wished their king all that was good , since he was kind and just . while the child lay in its cradle , a strange - looking old woman entered the room , and no one knew who she was nor whence she came . the old woman spoke a verse over the child , and said that she must not be allowed out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age , since otherwise the mountain troll would fetch her . when the king heard this he took her words to heart , and posted guards to watch over the little princess so that she would not get out under the open sky .

Answer: the people wished their king all that was good .

Question: why was there great rejoicing in the city and throughout the country ?


Answer: kind and just .

Question: what type of ruler was the king ?


Answer: a strange - looking old woman .

Question: who entered the room while the child lay in its cradle ?


Answer: be allowed out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age .

Question: what did the old woman say the child must not be allowed the do ?


Answer: the mountain troll would fetch her .

Question: what would happen if the child went under the open sky before she was full fifteen years of age ?


Answer: posted guards to watch over the little princess so that she would not get out under the open sky .

Question: what did the king do because of the old woman's words ?


some time afterward god gave the royal pair another little daughter , and again the whole kingdom rejoiced . but the wise old woman once more put in an appearance , and warned the king not to let the princess out under the open sky until she were full fifteen years of age . and then , after a time , god gave the royal pair a third daughter . this time , too , the old woman appeared , and repeated what she had already twice said . then the king was much grieved ; for he loved his children above everything in the world . therefore he gave strict orders that the three princesses were always to be kept beneath the roof of the castle , and that none were to dare transgress against this command .

Answer: he loved his children above everything else in the world .

Question: why did the king grieve ?


Answer: three times .

Question: how many princesses did the king and queen have ?


Answer: beneath the roof of the castle .

Question: where were the princesses to be kept ?


now a long time passed , and the king 's daughters grew up and became the most beautiful maidens of whom one has ever heard tell . then war broke out and the king , their father , had to leave them . one day , while he was away at war , the three princesses were sitting in the window and looking out , watching the sun shine on the little flowers in the garden . and they felt a great desire to play with the lovely flowers , and begged their guards to let them go into the garden for a little while . but this their guards would not allow , for they feared the king 's anger . yet the king 's daughters pleaded so very sweetly that they could not deny their pleas and they let them have their way . but the princesses did not have long to walk about , for no sooner were they beneath the open sky , than a cloud came suddenly down , and bore them off , and all attempts to regain possession of them were fruitless ; though search was made in every direction .

Answer: looked out and watched the sun shine on the little flowers in the garden .

Question: what did the three princesses do while sitting in the window ?


(The)ecology of transportation:managing mobility for the environment

edited by John Davenport,Julia L. Davenport


Ecosystems


Epidermal growth factor:methods and protocols

edited by Tarun B. Patel,Paul J. Bertics


Evolutionary biology


Fluorescent energy transfer nucleic acid probes:designs and protocols


Foundations of restoration ecology

edited by Donald A. Falk;foreword by Richard J. Hobbs


Gene mapping, discovery, and expression:methods and protocols


(The)green tiger:the costs of ecological decline in the Philippines


Holistic Darwinism:synergy, cybernetics, and the bioeconomics of evolution


Thus , over the past few years , along with advances in the use of learning and statistical methods for acquisition of full parsers ( Collins , 1997 ; Charniak , 1997a ; Charniak , 1997b ; Ratnaparkhi , 1997 ) , significant progress has been made on the use of statistical learning methods to recognize shallow parsing patterns syntactic phrases or words that participate in a syntactic relationship ( Church , 1988 ; Ramshaw and Marcus , 1995 ; Argamon et al. , 1998 ; Cardie and Pierce , 1998 ; Munoz et al. , 1999 ; Punyakanok and Roth , 2001 ; Buchholz et al. , 1999 ; Tjong Kim Sang and Buchholz , 2000 ) .


This was done by MERT optimization ( Och , 2003 ) towards post-edits under the TER target metric .


She evaluates 3,000 German verbs with a token frequency between 10 and 2,000 against the Duden ( Dudenredaktion 2001 ) .


The following four components have been identified as the key elements of a question related to patient care ( Richardson et al. 1995 ) :


Briscoe and Carroll ( 1997 ) report on manually analyzing an open-class vocabulary of 35,000 head words for predicate subcategorization information and comparing the results against the subcategorization details in COMLEX .


This is roughly an 11 % relative reduction in error rate over Charniak ( 2000 ) and Bods PCFG-reduction reported in Table 1 .


Finally , feedback expressions ( head nods and shakes ) are successfully predicted from speech , prosody and eye gaze in interaction with Embodied Communication Agents as well as human communication ( Fujie et al. , 2004 ; Morency et al. , 2005 ; Morency et al. , 2007 ; Morency et al. , 2009 ) .


We use the agreement checker code developed by Alkuhlani and Habash ( 2011 ) and evaluate our baseline ( MaltParser using only CORE12 ) , best performing model ( Easy-First Parser using CORE12 + DET+LMM+PERSON+FN * NGR g + p ) , and the gold reference .


The diagnoser , based on Dzikovska et al. ( 2008b ) , outputs a diagnosis which consists of lists of correct , contradictory and non-mentioned objects and relations from the student 's answer .


The formalization of DLRs provided by Meurers ( 1995 ) defines a formal lexical rule specification language and provides a semantics for that language in two steps : A rewrite system enriches the lexical rule specification into a fully explicit description of the kind shown in Figure 1 .


Question: What type of water formation is formed by clouds?

Choices:
A. pearls
B. streams
C. shells
D. diamonds
E. rain
F. beads
G. cooled
H. liquid

Answer: F

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

What type of water formation is formed by clouds? (A) pearls (B) streams (C) shells (D) diamonds (E) rain (F) beads (G) cooled (H) liquid


Question: Where do beads of water come from?

Choices:
A. Too much water
B. underground systems
C. When the water is too cold
D. Water spills
E. Vapor turning into a liquid
F. Warm air moving into cold air
G. At the peak of a mountain
H. To another location like underground

Answer: E

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

Condensation is the change of water vapor to a liquid.

Vapor turning into a liquid leaves behind beads of water

Where do beads of water come from? (A) Too much water (B) underground systems (C) When the water is too cold (D) Water spills (E) Vapor turning into a liquid (F) Warm air moving into cold air (G) At the peak of a mountain (H) To another location like underground


Question: What forms beads of water?

Choices:
A. Necklaces.
B. Steam.
C. Glass beads .
D. a wave
E. tiny
F. a solute
G. rain
H. Bracelets.

Answer: B

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

What forms beads of water?  (A) Necklaces. (B) Steam. (C) Glass beads . (D) a wave (E) tiny (F) a solute (G) rain (H) Bracelets.


Question: what kind of beads are formed from vapor condensing?

Choices:
A. tiny
B. H20
C. h2o
D. carbon
E. hydrogen
F. rain
G. oxygen
H. Dew

Answer: C

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

h2o beads are formed by h2o vapor condensing

what kind of beads are formed from vapor condensing? (A) tiny (B) H20 (C) h2o (D) carbon (E) hydrogen (F) rain (G) oxygen (H) Dew


Question: what kind of beads are formed by their vapor condensing?

Choices:
A. h2o
B. rain
C. tiny
D. H20
E. CO 2
F. blue
G. Aves
H. Dew

Answer: A

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

beads of h2o are formed by h2o vapor condensing

what kind of beads are formed by their vapor condensing? (A) h2o (B) rain (C) tiny (D) H20 (E) CO 2 (F) blue (G) Aves (H) Dew


Question: What happens to the heat energy during condensation.

Choices:
A. It goes to the remaining air molecules
B. Temperature changing
C. they travel great distances
D. raising their temperature
E. liquid precipitation
F. changing phenomenon
G. Movement of an air mass
H. electrons in motion

Answer: A

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

When water vapor condenses, energy in the form of heat is given to the remaining air molecules.

When water vapor condenses heat energy goes to the remaining air molecules

What happens to the heat energy during condensation. (A) It goes to the remaining air molecules (B) Temperature changing (C) they travel great distances (D) raising their temperature (E) liquid precipitation (F) changing phenomenon (G) Movement of an air mass (H) electrons in motion


Question: Vapor doing what forms beads of liquid?

Choices:
A. energy barrier
B. condensing
C. a solute
D. boiling
E. unidirectional
F. motion
G. kinetic energy
H. evaporation

Answer: B

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

beads of liquid are formed by vapor condensing

Vapor doing what forms beads of liquid? (A) energy barrier (B) condensing (C) a solute (D) boiling (E) unidirectional (F) motion (G) kinetic energy (H) evaporation


Question: Beads of water are formed when?

Choices:
A. heat is produced
B. Temperature changing
C. forest is destroyed
D. refract or absorb.
E. body temperature reduces
F. precipitation
G. Movement of an air mass
H. during the chilling season

Answer: H

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

Condensation of water vapor occurs during the chilling season.

Beads of water are formed during the chilling season

Beads of water are formed when? (A) heat is produced (B) Temperature changing (C) forest is destroyed (D) refract or absorb. (E) body temperature reduces (F) precipitation (G) Movement of an air mass (H) during the chilling season


Question: Where is water likely to form beads?

Choices:
A. aqueous solution
B. on cold surfaces
C. jungles of the sea
D. colder weather
E. Evaporation
F. colder and wetter
G. Wet weather
H. streams.

Answer: B

beads of water are formed by water vapor condensing

Moisture builds up in the air and condenses wherever the surfaces are cold.

Where is water likely to form beads? (A) aqueous solution (B) on cold surfaces (C) jungles of the sea (D) colder weather (E) Evaporation (F) colder and wetter (G) Wet weather (H) streams.


Question: Removing what from food will preserve it?

Choices:
A. flavor
B. body water
C. heat energy
D. color
E. Water
F. Bodily water
G. moisture
H. ingredients

Answer: G

dehydrating food is used for preserving food

Dehydration preserves foods by removing moisture.

removing moisture from food preserves it.

Removing what from food will preserve it? (A) flavor (B) body water (C) heat energy (D) color (E) Water (F) Bodily water (G) moisture (H) ingredients


As mentioned above, through Honor MagicWatch 2 we can also talking on the phone.

Come detto in precedenza, tramite Honor MagicWatch 2 potremo anche parlare al telefono.


Premise: Pluto rotates once on its axis every 6.39 Earth days;

Hypothesis: Earth rotates on its axis once times in one day.


Premise: ---Glenn ========================================================= Once per day, the earth rotates about its axis.


Premise: geysers - periodic gush of hot water at the surface of the Earth.

Hypothesis: The surface of the sun is much hotter than almost anything on earth.


Premise: Facts: Liquid water droplets can be changed into invisible water vapor through a process called evaporation .

Hypothesis: Evaporation is responsible for changing liquid water into water vapor.


Premise: By comparison, the earth rotates on its axis once per day and revolves around the sun once per year.


Premise: Pluto is about 39 times more distant from the Sun than is the Earth, and it takes about 250 Earth years for Pluto to make one complete revolution around the Sun.

Hypothesis: Earth makes a complete revolution around the sun about once every year.


Premise: It takes Pluto 247.7 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun.


Premise: Multicellular organisms that have a eukaryotic cell type, mitochondria and a complex nervous system.

Hypothesis: Single-celled organisms and multicellular organisms have this in common: both have a way to get rid of waste materials.


Premise: Distribution Water on earth is located primarily in the oceans (97.2%), polar caps (2.14%), ground water(0.61%), and surface water(0.009%).

Hypothesis: Most of earth's water is located in oceans


Premise: migratory birds which fly from South America to winter in Arctic Circle, where they

Hypothesis: Many species of birds in new england fly south for the winter months to find an environment with more food.


A little background first. Like most engineers I'm taking differential equations and also solid mechanics. For solid mechanics we have to do a lab in addition to taking the class. Pretty standard stuff.

Anyway, the class had us sign up for labs in groups by providing sign up sheets where we could sign up for which lab we wanted by providing our name and student ID numbers. The lab assignments were posted online today with a column for our names and student ID numbers (which had been blacked out). Somehow, my name wasn't on the list and in frustration I began dragging the scroll bar up and down frantically hoping that I'd magically see my name; that's when I saw it.

When dragging the scroll bar fast enough, I found that the blacked out student ID numbers would temporarily become visible. At first I thought, "No big deal, what could someone do with a person's ID number." Then it hit me. My university uses a web based homework website (WebWork) that initially allows students to access their account by inputting their user ID number as their user name and password. What's worse is that this site NEVER PROMPTS THE STUDENT TO CREATE A NEW PASSWORD. As such, most students never change their password from their student ID number.

Realizing that someone who happened upon this discovery could in turn use it to access other student's homework assignments and tamper with them, I contacted the administrator in charge of assigning lab schedules. In doing so, I not only signed up for a lab group but had them completely remove the ID numbers from the list.

Best part is that nobody in my class will know. That's why I wanted to tell you reddit.

Averted a shit storm in my math class today and nobody will know (except you)

My name wasn't on the list for a lab. As such someone found out and is using it to access other students' homework assignments. Nobody in class will know.

OP's lab account password is being used by someone else.

A math class had us sign up for a lab group by providing our name and student ID numbers. Someone discovered how easy it was to steal homework assignments and nobody will know.


I accidentally discovered that my university uses a web based homework system that NEVER PROMPT YOU TO CREATE A NEW PASSWORD AND NOBODY WILL KNOW. Nobody in my class will know.

ominous usage of caps.
minor grammatical errors.

otherwise ok.


Unbeknownst to me, my self assigned homework lab assignment was manipulated by my university web based homework site. Nobody will know and I'll have total control over their assignments.

"my self assigned homework lab assignment was manipulated by my university web based homework site" -- confusing wording

concluding sentence provides context: "Nobody will know and I'll have total control over their assignments."

OP's self-assigned homework and university network issues result with OP having access to assignment files of the entire class.


Well, to be honest the Fuck up didn't Starter today, it begun about one year ago, when I quit my studies and decided to go see the World. (Please excuse my bad english :( )

I'm heavy into LotR so i quickly chose New Zealand as my Destination.
After i gathered enough money to start my journey, I booked my flight and looked forward to a lots of fun.

Now the Fuck up begins. I thought I wouldn't need to book a hostel, I'll just do it, when I'm there. Turns out nearly every Hostel in Auckland is booked out the next few days and it seems like I either need to spend a lot more Money in actual Hotels vor sleep at the airport. Since I'm on a budget and like my sleep i'd like to avoid both options. At least I got a bed for tonight but I still don't know where to sleep without spending lots of Money.

TIFU by traveling to a country 18.000km from home without a proper planing

Traveled 18.000km from home without planning, hostel is booked out and I need alternatives to sleep at the airport, need advice/suggestions!

"alternatives to sleep at the airport" = unclear
---
"need advice/suggestions!" = unattested

Traveled 18.000km from home without a proper planing, hostels are nearly full and don't know where to stay, don't know where to sleep now. Fuckup :(

Ok...planning*
---
" nearly full" = inaccurate


Traveled 18.000km from home without a proper planing, booked hostel at the airport, ended up sleeping a lot less then expected, need advice on where to sleep without spending lots of money.

18 km? planning*, than*
---
"booked hostel at the airport" = inaccurate
"ended up sleeping a lot less then expected," = unattested
"need advice" = unattested


TIFU by traveling to New Zealand 18.000km away from home without a proper planing. Tired of waiting to get a room vor sleep.


Instructions for activating card


Where can I go to get my PIN unblocked?


My credit card was just denied for top up! Can you tell me why this happened and what's going on?


It looks like my top up didn't work.  Why?


I'm not sure what is going on here. I've received payment back into my account  for an item I've already received, from about 2 weeks ago.


Why did you cancel my card payment?


I need to urgently transfer something from China. How long will it approximately take?


I was charged the wing amount for an item.


Where do I go to activate my card?


The exchange rate for my withdrawal was wrong.


which law states that radiation is proportional to radiation?

which radiation is produced during a solar radiation experiment?

the hot glowing surfaces of stars emit energy in the form of

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where is the tallest building in the world

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how much did the burj khalifa tower cost

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where is the tallest building in the united arab

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what was the name of the building that the dubai president named?

why did the burj khalifa become a landmark

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what building is dubai's burj khalifa in

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what is the name of the tower surrounding the burj khalifa

which office tower is close to the burj ghraib

where is the bayswater office building dubai located

why is dubai building called omniyat bayswater

how many owners in the omniyat bayswater

how many landlords are there in the bayswater office tower in dubai

what was the strata title of the bayswater tower?

what type of leasing is at omniyat bayswater

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does the construction of the burj khalifa hurt the business

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where is the burj khalifa tower located in dubai

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does the burj khalifa occupy part of the building

what is the vacancy rate for a burj khalifa?

why the tallest building in the world is dubai

which president is the tower dubai called

what is the emirate for the tallest tower in the world

who is the beneficiary of the loan from abu dhabi?

which emirate was the first to open a tower

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where is la grange in ca
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what kind of dog breed does the argentino

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what kind of nets do they use to make golf nets?

where is a custom safety net manufactured

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what type of protection for a net for golf course


how to kill weeds without killing plants

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which president led the allies during wwii

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which president helped us win the cold war?

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Prompt: Make question answer generation system using TableReader and QuestionGenerator

<SOS>{
    "version": "1.6.0",
    "components": [
        {
            "name": "question_generator",
            "type": "QuestionGenerator",
            "params": {}
        },
        {
            "name": "table_reader",
            "type": "TableReader",
            "params": {}
        }
    ],
    "pipelines": [
        {
            "name": "my_question_answering_pipeline",
            "nodes": [
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "Query"
                    ],
                    "name": "question_generator"
                },
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "question_generator"
                    ],
                    "name": "table_reader"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}<EOS>


Prompt: Generate question answer generation system with table reader and QuestionGenerator

<SOS>{
    "version": "1.6.0",
    "components": [
        {
            "name": "question_generator",
            "type": "QuestionGenerator",
            "params": {}
        },
        {
            "name": "table_reader",
            "type": "TableReader",
            "params": {}
        }
    ],
    "pipelines": [
        {
            "name": "my_question_answering_pipeline",
            "nodes": [
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "Query"
                    ],
                    "name": "question_generator"
                },
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "question_generator"
                    ],
                    "name": "table_reader"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}<EOS>


Prompt: Create Haystack faq search pipeline consisting of TableTextRetriever and InMemoryDocumentStore

<SOS>{
    "version": "1.6.0",
    "components": [
        {
            "name": "in_memory_document_store",
            "type": "InMemoryDocumentStore",
            "params": {}
        },
        {
            "name": "table_text_retriever",
            "type": "TableTextRetriever",
            "params": {}
        }
    ],
    "pipelines": [
        {
            "name": "my_doc_search_pipeline",
            "nodes": [
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "Query"
                    ],
                    "name": "table_text_retriever"
                },
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "table_text_retriever"
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}<EOS>


Prompt: Generate extractive qa pipeline with transformers reader, elasticsearch filter only retriever and DeepsetCloudDocumentStore

<SOS>{
    "version": "1.6.0",
    "components": [
        {
            "name": "deepset_cloud_document_store",
            "type": "DeepsetCloudDocumentStore",
            "params": {}
        },
        {
            "name": "elasticsearch_filter_only_retriever",
            "type": "ElasticsearchFilterOnlyRetriever",
            "params": {}
        },
        {
            "name": "transformers_reader",
            "type": "TransformersReader",
            "params": {}
        }
    ],
    "pipelines": [
        {
            "name": "my_query_pipeline",
            "nodes": [
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "Query"
                    ],
                    "name": "elasticsearch_filter_only_retriever"
                },
                {
                    "inputs": [
                        "elasticsearch_filter_only_retriever"
                    ],
                    "name": "transformers_reader"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}<EOS>


President Bush on Tuesday nominated two individuals to replace retiring jurists on federal courts in the Washington area .


Bush nominated Jennifer M. Anderson for a 15 - year term as associate judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia , replacing Steffen W. Graae .


Bush also nominated A. Noel Anketell Kramer for a 15 - year term as associate judge of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals , replacing John Montague Steadman .


The sheikh in wheel - chair has been attacked with a F - 16 - launched bomb .


He could be killed years ago and the israelians have all the reasons , since he founded and he is the spiritual leader of Hamas , but they did n't .


Today 's incident proves that Sharon has lost his patience and his hope in peace .


Nervous people make mistakes , so I suppose there will be a wave of succesfull arab attacks .


Context: In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan. During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; in addition, students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year, having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses.

Question: When were Shimer College students allowed to transfer to the University of Chicago?

after their second year
after their second year
early 1950s
after their second year


Context: The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea.

Question: What does the Nederrijn change it's name to?


Context: A constitutional change was considered that would eliminate the position of Prime Minister and simultaneously reduce the powers of the President. A referendum to vote on the proposed constitution was held on 4 August 2010, and the new constitution passed by a wide margin. Among other things, the new constitution delegates more power to local governments and gives Kenyans a bill of rights. It was promulgated on 27 August 2010 at a euphoric ceremony in Nairobi's Uhuru Park, accompanied by a 21-gun salute. The event was attended by various African leaders and praised by the international community. As of that day, the new constitution heralding the Second Republic came into force.

Question: What else did the new consitution change?


Context: Closely related fields in theoretical computer science are analysis of algorithms and computability theory. A key distinction between analysis of algorithms and computational complexity theory is that the former is devoted to analyzing the amount of resources needed by a particular algorithm to solve a problem, whereas the latter asks a more general question about all possible algorithms that could be used to solve the same problem. More precisely, it tries to classify problems that can or cannot be solved with appropriately restricted resources. In turn, imposing restrictions on the available resources is what distinguishes computational complexity from computability theory: the latter theory asks what kind of problems can, in principle, be solved algorithmically.

Question: What two fields of theoretical computer science closely mirror computational complexity theory?


Context: Kenya is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President is both the head of state and head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly and the Senate. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. There was growing concern especially during former president Daniel arap Moi's tenure that the executive was increasingly meddling with the affairs of the judiciary.[citation needed]

Question: Who is in control of legislative power?


Context: A new arrangement of the theme, once again by Gold, was introduced in the 2007 Christmas special episode, "Voyage of the Damned"; Gold returned as composer for the 2010 series. He was responsible for a new version of the theme which was reported to have had a hostile reception from some viewers. In 2011, the theme tune charted at number 228 of radio station Classic FM's Hall of Fame, a survey of classical music tastes. A revised version of Gold's 2010 arrangement had its debut over the opening titles of the 2012 Christmas special "The Snowmen", and a further revision of the arrangement was made for the 50th Anniversary special "The Day of the Doctor" in November 2013.[citation needed]

Question: Which series version had a negative reception from some Doctor Who viewers?


Context: Women remained segregated at Radcliffe, though more and more took Harvard classes. Nonetheless, Harvard's undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard's graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-World War II period.

Question: In what year did Harvard and Radcliffe admissions merge?


Context: Islamism is a controversial concept not just because it posits a political role for Islam but also because its supporters believe their views merely reflect Islam, while the contrary idea that Islam is, or can be, apolitical is an error. Scholars and observers who do not believe that Islam is merely a political ideology include Fred Halliday, John Esposito and Muslim intellectuals like Javed Ahmad Ghamidi. Hayri Abaza argues the failure to distinguish between Islam and Islamism leads many in the West to support illiberal Islamic regimes, to the detriment of progressive moderates who seek to separate religion from politics.

Question: What does the inability to separate Islam from Islamism lead many in the West to support?

illiberal Islamic regimes
illiberal Islamic regimes
illiberal Islamic regimes


There is also anatomical and physiological evidence of fronto-striatal (Abell et al., 1999; Carper & Courchesne, 2005; Courchesne et al., 2001; McAlonan et al., 2005; Silk et al., 2006; Voelbel, Bates, Buckman, Pandina, & Hendren, 2006) and fronto-parietal dysfunction in autism (Just, Cherkassky, Keller, Kana, & Minshew, in press; Schmitz et al., 2006). Anatomical research suggests that children with autism have abnormally large frontal lobe volumes (Carper & Courchesne, 2000, 2005; Courchesne et al., 2001; Schmitz et al., 2006) that might reflect a lack of synaptogenesis early in life (Belmonte et al., 2004). There appears to be diminished grey matter in fronto-striatal and parietal networks (Courchesne et al., 2001) although there is some debate as to whether anatomical abnormalities exist in the parietal lobes (Abell et al., 1999; Courchesne, Press, & Yeung-Courchesne, 1993; Koshino et al., 2005; McAlonan et al., 2002; Schmitz et al., 2006). Functionally, people with autism show a decrease in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in left prefrontal cortices (Ohnishi et al., 2000). During response inhibition tasks, adults with autism show increased activation of the frontal and parietal cortices, compared with controls, despite showing normal behavioural performance on these tasks (Schmitz et al., 2006). Greater left hemisphere activity in the inferior and orbitofrontal cortices may indicate an alternative, compensatory mechanism in adult autism (Schmitz et al., 2006). The recruitment of additional areas of the brain to aid in task performance and to off-set the negative effects of a deficient network has been illustrated in recent studies, including those investigating aged individuals (Nielson, Langenecker, & Garavan, 2002) and first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (Yeap et al., 2006). Executive dysfunction in ADHD and autism may be related to the compromised workings of the fronto-striatal and fronto-parietal circuits.


Equivocal evidence exists for sustained attention deficits in both ADHD and autism, although a greater amount of research has been directed at elucidating sustained attention deficits in ADHD, when compared with autism (e.g. Bellgrove, Hawi, Gill, & Robertson, 2006; Manly et al., 2001). Some researchers have argued that in order to show a deficit in sustained attention, a time-on-task effect for the number of errors must be shown (van den Bergh et al., 2006). In ADHD research, a number of studies have failed to show time-on-task effects with children with ADHD (Stins et al., 2005; van der Meere, Wekking, & Sergeant, 1991), although other studies have demonstrated significant deficits in performance over the duration of the task (Epstein et al., 2003; Heinrich et al., 2001; Johnson et al., 2007). Only a few studies have investigated sustained attention in children with autism. Most studies have used the continuous performance task (CPT) and reported intact sustained attention in autism. Unfortunately, RT was not recorded in three studies (Buchsbaum et al., 1992; Garretson, Fein, & Waterhouse, 1990; Siegel, Nuechterlein, Abel, Wu, & Buchsbaum, 1995), only median RT was analysed in one study (Noterdaeme, Amorosa, Mildenberger, Sitter, & Minow, 2001) and two studies used food or money as obvious (and thus attention-attracting) rewards every time a correct hit was made by the child (Garretson et al., 1990; Pascualvaca, Fantie, Papageorgiou, & Mirsky, 1998). One recent study has directly compared the performance of children with ADHD and HFA on the Integrated Visual and Auditory (IVA) Continuous Performance Test (IVA), a test that combines inattention and impulsivity in the visual and auditory domains (Corbett & Constantine, 2006). Unfortunately, the dependent variables for this task are a combination of re-weighted dependent variables (Corbett & Constantine, 2006). Nevertheless, this study found little difference in performance of the ADHD and HFA groups except on a measure containing elements of impulsivity, consistency of RT and sustained attention (VRCQ) (Corbett & Constantine, 2006). It is difficult to determine which element of the VRCQ was driving this difference in performance between the two groups. Thus, the nature of sustained attention deficits in autism remains to be fully determined. Error rates and RT performance both have the capability of furthering our understanding of sustained attention deficits in children with ADHD, with autism and in control children.


Recently we described a new procedure to analyse RT data to dissociate variability in RT into temporal components of fast (moment-to-moment) and slow variability using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) (Johnson et al., 2007), based on the work of Castellanos et al. (2005). The task employed was the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), which requires participants to withhold a response to an infrequent target and respond to all other stimuli (Robertson et al., 1997). This task differs substantially from the traditional CPTs, in which participants monitor a stream of stimuli for the occurrence of an infrequent target, which by its very nature has an attention-arousing quality. Instead, the SART tests the ability of the participant to inhibit the automatised act of button pressing when the target appears. Withholding to a rare target, as opposed to responding to a rare target in CPT tasks, shifts the automatic response set to the non-targets. Successful withholding of the primed response places greater demand on the sustained attention system in order to interrupt the ongoing action (Bellgrove, Hawi, Kirley, Gill, & Robertson, 2005; Robertson et al., 1997). In addition, the SART provides an ample amount of time-series RT data for analysis using the FFT. Different forms of variance can be measured from the FFT spectrum, distinguishing distinct components of RT variability: (1) gradual variability, which has a slow temporal characteristic and (2) trial-to-trial variability, which has a fast temporal characteristic. In contrast, variability measured simply as standard deviation over a task run represents the combined influence of these components but provides no indication of relative contributions. Slow variability is thought to reflect declining arousal over the course of the task, whereas fast variability may reflect fluctuations in top-down attentional control (Johnson et al., 2007).