TITLE
Fix translation no_trainer

COMMENTS
3

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# What does this PR do?

This PR fixes the reason translation has been failing, by adding in the same `num_beams` that were found to be used in the test.

Fixes # (issue)

## Before submitting
- [ ] This PR fixes a typo or improves the docs (you can dismiss the other checks if that's the case).
- [ ] Did you read the [contributor guideline](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md#start-contributing-pull-requests),
      Pull Request section?
- [ ] Was this discussed/approved via a Github issue or the [forum](https://discuss.huggingface.co/)? Please add a link
      to it if that's the case.
- [ ] Did you make sure to update the documentation with your changes? Here are the
      [documentation guidelines](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/docs), and
      [here are tips on formatting docstrings](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/tree/main/docs#writing-source-documentation).
- [ ] Did you write any new necessary tests?

## Who can review?

Anyone in the community is free to review the PR once the tests have passed. Feel free to tag
members/contributors who may be interested in your PR.

@sgugger, cc @ydshieh


TITLE
`push_to_hub` with `branch` or `revision` keyword argument

COMMENTS
2

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### Feature request

In `datasets`, you can upload a dataset to a `branch`. In the `transformers` package, it doesn't seem like `branch` or `revision` [are supported](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/v4.28.1/en/main_classes/model#transformers.PreTrainedModel.push_to_hub)

### Motivation

To push a model to the hub and with a revision seems a little harder. It seems like I would need to find the cache directory of the model and use `upload_folder` from `huggingface_hub` to upload to the correct revision.

I could very well be missing the right documentation but I can't seem to figure out how/where to do this

### Your contribution

Maybe a PR?


Context: The normal force is due to repulsive forces of interaction between atoms at close contact. When their electron clouds overlap, Pauli repulsion (due to fermionic nature of electrons) follows resulting in the force that acts in a direction normal to the surface interface between two objects.:93 The normal force, for example, is responsible for the structural integrity of tables and floors as well as being the force that responds whenever an external force pushes on a solid object. An example of the normal force in action is the impact force on an object crashing into an immobile surface.

Question: What is the repulsive force of close range atom interaction?

normal force
normal force
normal force
normal force


Context: Overactive immune responses comprise the other end of immune dysfunction, particularly the autoimmune disorders. Here, the immune system fails to properly distinguish between self and non-self, and attacks part of the body. Under normal circumstances, many T cells and antibodies react with "self" peptides. One of the functions of specialized cells (located in the thymus and bone marrow) is to present young lymphocytes with self antigens produced throughout the body and to eliminate those cells that recognize self-antigens, preventing autoimmunity.

Question: Where are the specialized cells that eliminate cells that recognize self-antigens located?

thymus and bone marrow
thymus and bone marrow
thymus and bone marrow


Context: French irregular forces (Canadian scouts and Indians) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757. In January they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga. In February they launched a daring raid against the position across the frozen Lake George, destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification. In early August, Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort, which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column, killing and capturing several hundred men, women, children, and slaves. The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations; as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward having been exposed to European carriers.

Question: During withdrawal from Fort William Henry, what did some Indian enemies of French do?


Context: Consultant pharmacy practice focuses more on medication regimen review (i.e. "cognitive services") than on actual dispensing of drugs. Consultant pharmacists most typically work in nursing homes, but are increasingly branching into other institutions and non-institutional settings. Traditionally consultant pharmacists were usually independent business owners, though in the United States many now work for several large pharmacy management companies (primarily Omnicare, Kindred Healthcare and PharMerica). This trend may be gradually reversing as consultant pharmacists begin to work directly with patients, primarily because many elderly people are now taking numerous medications but continue to live outside of institutional settings. Some community pharmacies employ consultant pharmacists and/or provide consulting services.

Question: What is consultant pharmacy not concerned with?


Context: Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator A. A. Michelson, elementary charge calculator Robert A. Millikan, discoverer of the Compton Effect Arthur H. Compton, the creator of the first nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi, "the father of the hydrogen bomb" Edward Teller, "one of the most brilliant and productive experimental physicists of the twentieth century" Luis Walter Alvarez, Murray Gell-Mann who introduced the quark, second female Nobel laureate Maria Goeppert-Mayer, the youngest American winner of the Nobel Prize Tsung-Dao Lee, and astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.

Question: Who is also known at the father of the hydrogen bomb?

Edward Teller
Edward Teller
Edward Teller


Context: News of the two battles reached England in August. After several months of negotiations, the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French. They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition. Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock's departure for North America. In response, King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755. The British, intending to blockade French ports, sent out their fleet in February 1755, but the French fleet had already sailed. Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept the French.

Question: What was the goal of Braddock's expedition?

dislodge the French
dislodge the French
dislodge the French
dislodge the French


Context: For a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space, a computational model such as the deterministic Turing machine is used. The time required by a deterministic Turing machine M on input x is the total number of state transitions, or steps, the machine makes before it halts and outputs the answer ("yes" or "no"). A Turing machine M is said to operate within time f(n), if the time required by M on each input of length n is at most f(n). A decision problem A can be solved in time f(n) if there exists a Turing machine operating in time f(n) that solves the problem. Since complexity theory is interested in classifying problems based on their difficulty, one defines sets of problems based on some criteria. For instance, the set of problems solvable within time f(n) on a deterministic Turing machine is then denoted by DTIME(f(n)).

Question: What is not used for a precise definition of what it means to solve a problem using a given amount of time and space?


Context: In the United Kingdom and several other Commonwealth countries including Australia and Canada, the use of the term is generally restricted to primary and secondary educational levels; it is almost never used of universities and other tertiary institutions. Private education in North America covers the whole gamut of educational activity, ranging from pre-school to tertiary level institutions. Annual tuition fees at K-12 schools range from nothing at so called 'tuition-free' schools to more than $45,000 at several New England preparatory schools.

Question: What term does the UK, Australia and Canada always use when referring to universities?


"It has no side effect, I take it in combination of Bystolic 5 Mg and Fish Oil"


"My son is halfway through his fourth week of Intuniv. We became concerned when he began this last week, when he started taking the highest dose he will be on. For two days, he could hardly get out of bed, was very cranky, and slept for nearly 8 hours on a drive home from school vacation (very unusual for him.) I called his doctor on Monday morning and she said to stick it out a few days. See how he did at school, and with getting up in the morning. The last two days have been problem free. He is MUCH more agreeable than ever. He is less emotional (a good thing), less cranky. He is remembering all the things he should. Overall his behavior is better.
We have tried many different medications and so far this is the most effective."


"I used to take another oral contraceptive, which had 21 pill cycle, and was very happy- very light periods, max 5 days, no other side effects. But it contained hormone gestodene, which is not available in US, so I switched to Lybrel, because the ingredients are similar. When my other pills ended, I started Lybrel immediately, on my first day of period, as the instructions said. And the period lasted for two weeks. When taking the second pack- same two weeks. And now, with third pack things got even worse- my third period lasted for two weeks and now it's the end of the third week- I still have daily brown discharge.
The positive side is that I didn't have any other side effects. The idea of being period free was so tempting... Alas."


"This is my first time using any form of birth control. I'm glad I went with the patch, I have been on it for 8 months. At first It decreased my libido but that subsided. The only downside is that it made my periods longer (5-6 days to be exact) I used to only have periods for 3-4 days max also made my cramps intense for the first two days of my period, I never had cramps before using birth control. Other than that in happy with the patch"


"Suboxone has completely turned my life around.  I feel healthier, I'm excelling at my job and I always have money in my pocket and my savings account.  I had none of those before Suboxone and spent years abusing oxycontin.  My paycheck was already spent by the time I got it and I started resorting to scheming and stealing to fund my addiction.  All that is history.  If you're ready to stop, there's a good chance that suboxone will put you on the path of great life again.  I have found the side-effects to be minimal compared to oxycontin.  I'm actually sleeping better.   Slight constipation is about it for me.  It truly is amazing. The cost pales in comparison to what I spent on oxycontin."


"2nd day on 5mg started to work with rock hard erections however experianced headache, lower bowel preassure. 3rd day erections would wake me up & hurt! Leg/ankles aches   severe lower bowel preassure like you need to go #2 but can't! Enjoyed the initial rockhard erections but not at these side effects or $230 for months supply! I'm 50 & work out 3Xs a week. Not worth side effects!"


"He pulled out, but he cummed a bit in me. I took the Plan B 26 hours later, and took a pregnancy test two weeks later - - I'm pregnant."


"Abilify changed my life. There is hope. I was on Zoloft and Clonidine when I first started Abilify at the age of 15.. Zoloft for depression and Clondine to manage my complete rage. My moods were out of control. I was depressed and hopeless one second and then mean, irrational, and full of rage the next. My Dr. prescribed me 2mg of Abilify and from that point on I feel like I have been cured though I know I'm not.. Bi-polar disorder is a constant battle. I know Abilify works for me because I have tried to get off it and lost complete control over my emotions. Went back on it and I was golden again.  I am on 5mg 2x daily. I am now 21 and better than I have ever been in the past. Only side effect is I like to eat a lot."


" I Ve had  nothing but problems with the Keppera : constant shaking in my arms & legs & pins & needles feeling in my arms & legs severe light headedness no appetite & etc."


"I had been on the pill for many years. When my doctor changed my RX to chateal, it was as effective. It really did help me by completely clearing my acne, this takes about 6 months though. I did not gain extra weight, or develop any emotional health issues. I stopped taking it bc I started using a more natural method of birth control, but started to take it bc I hate that my acne came back at age 28. I really hope symptoms like depression, or weight gain do not begin to affect me as I am older now. I'm also naturally moody, so this may worsen things. I was in a negative mental rut today. Also I hope this doesn't push me over the edge, as I believe I am depressed. Hopefully it'll be just like when I was younger."


The manager fired the cleaner because


The manager told the hairdresser that

she expected something better.
he expected something better.


The mover missed the call from the assistant because


The farmer offered apples to the housekeeper, because

he might like them.
she might like them.


The nurse examined the farmer for injuries because


The laborer was surprised that the auditor appeared because

he said everything was fine.
she said everything was fine.


The carpenter made a desk for the clerk because


The developer argued with the designer because

she did not like the design.
he did not like the design.


The mechanic looked down on the cashier because

he had a bad breath.
she had a bad breath.


The manager asked the accountant for the books because

she felt the work was wrong.
he felt the work was wrong.


good and interesting


This class is very helpful to me. Currently, Im still learning this class which makes up a lot of basic music knowledge.


like!Prof and TAs are helpful and the discussion among students are quite active. Very rewarding learning experience!


Easy to follow and includes a lot basic and important techniques to use sketchup.


Really nice teacher!I could got the point eazliy but the v


Great course - I recommend it for all, especially IT and Business Managers!


One of the most useful course on IT Management!


I was disappointed because the name is misleading. The course provides a good introduction & overview of the responsibilities of the CTO, but has very little specifically digital content. It deals with two-speed IT in a single short lecture, so of course the treatment is superficial. It is easy to find more in-depth material freely available, on the McKinsey website for example.


Super content. Ill definitely re-do the course


One of the excellent courses at Coursera for information technology bosses and managers.


olly huminto ng sampung segundo


oras upang matulog


oras na para matulog olly


To COMMUNICATE with one another, even if we know each other very well, is extremely difficult. I may use words that may have to you a significance different from mine. Understanding comes when we, you and I, meet on the same level at the same time. That happens only when there is real affection between people, between husband and wife, between intimate friends. That is real communion. Instantaneous understanding comes when we meet on the same level at the same time.


It is very difficult to commune with one another easily, effectively and with definitive action. I am using words which are simple, which are not technical, because I do not think that any technical type of expression is going to help us solve our difficult problems; so I am not going to use any technical terms, either of psychology or of science. I have not read any books on psychology or any religious books, fortunately. I would like to convey, by the very simple words which we use in our daily life, a deeper significance; but that is very difficult if you do not know how to listen.


There is an art of listening. To be able really to listen, one should abandon or put aside all prejudices, pre-formulations and daily activities. When you are in a receptive state of mind, things can be easily understood; you are listening when your real attention is given to something. But unfortunately most of us listen through a screen of resistance. We are screened with prejudices, whether religious or spiritual, psychological or scientific; or with our daily worries, desires and fears. And with these for a screen, we listen. Therefore, we listen really to our own noise, to our own sound, not to what is being said. It is extremely diffcult to put aside our training, our prejudices, our inclination, our resistance, and, reaching beyond the verbal expression, to listen so that we understand instantaneously. That is going to be one of our difficulties.


One is aware, I think, without too much discussion, too much verbal expression, that there is individual as well as collective chaos, confusion and misery. It is not only in India, but right throughout the world; in China, America, England, Germany, all over the world, there is confusion, mounting sorrow. It is not only national, it is not particularly here, it is all over the world. There is extraordinarily acute suffering, and it is not individual only but collective. So it is a world catastrophe, and to limit it merely to a geographical area, a coloured section of the map, is absurd ; because then we shall not understand the full significance of this worldwide as well as individual suffering. Being aware of this confusion, what is our response to-day? How do we react ?


There is suffering, political, social, religious; our whole psychological being is confused, and all the leaders, political and religious, have failed us; all the books have lost their significance. You may go to the Bhagavad Gita or the Bible or the latest treatise on politics or psychology, and you will find that they have lost that ring, that quality of truth; they have become mere words. You yourself, who are the repeater of those words, are confused and uncertain, and mere repetition of words conveys nothing. Therefore the words and the books have lost their value; that is, if you quote the Bible, or Marx, or the Bhagavad Gita, as you who quote it are yourself uncertain, confused, your repetition becomes a lie; because what is written there becomes mere propaganda, and propaganda is not truth. So when you repeat, you have ceased to understand your own state of being. You are merely covering with words of authority your own confusion. But what we are trying to do is to understand this confusion and not cover it up with quotations; so what is your response to it? How do you respond to this extraordinary chaos, this confusion, this uncertainty of existence? Be aware of it, as I discuss it: follow, not my words, but the thought which is active in you. Most of us are accustomed to be spectators and not to partake in the game. We read books but we never write books. It has become our tradition, our national and universal habit, to be the spectators, to look on at a football garne, to watch the public politicians and orators. We are merely the outsiders, looking on, and we have lost the creative capacity. Therefore we want to absorb and partake.


A letter S for squirrel stock illustration


Use these great kitchen activities to teach your toddler the letter k


The 2012 Ford E450 Cutaway Shuttle Shuttle BUS


UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland Lower Body Stretches, Lower Leg Muscles, Ankle Mobility Exercises, Pediatric Physical Therapy, Find A Doctor, Heel Pain, Tendon, Sports Medicine, Childrens Hospital


As a commitment to community supported agriculture (CSA), Flow Kana created a company benefit to offer employees of a monthly box of fruits and vegetables grown locally in Mendocino, Humboldt and Lake Counties, as continued support of small food farmers, decentralized food systems and the local communities. Additionally, to encourage farmers to adopt more regenerative practices, Flow Kana also funds the newly created Local Food Systems Development Program in partnership with the local food hub. The program is designed, in phase 1, to offer support to cannabis farmers who want to diversify their crop portfolios by providing a guaranteed purchaser.


Stock Photo: Military Bedford vehicles line the roads waiting for shipping from the Vauxhall Factory in Luton during World War II.


Destination Summer Beach Vacation and Deckchair. On the beach with the beach chair and umbrella to enjoy the holiday. A holiday paradise for the tourists stock illustration


Victorian dining room showcases hardwood flooring and glass paneled windows dressed in yellow valances. It has a warm chandelier and black dining set situated in between display cabinets.


A picture of cabins in June Lake and a quote that says, ``Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is progress; working together is success.''


Ocean Energy The ocean can produce two types of energy: thermal energy from the sun's heat, and mechanical energy from the tides and waves.


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what is the most famous part of the sistine chapel


View + as a random digit instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 63+18? A:


View + as a random digit instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 10+17? A:


View number as text. Do not perform computation. Q: What is the first digit of 73+14? A:


View + as the digit 2 instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 6+1? A:


View + as a random digit instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 60+10? A:


I think we should be able to play in a sport if we have a grade C. I think i would be not fear for student that have a good grade like c to play in a sport. If we had a D or an F i would understand that but a C i nothing. Not a lot of kid get A or Bs and if we do. Some of those kids don't like to play a sport they like to do all there homework not that i am saying that a bad C grade people do there homework to. If there is only 1 out of 4 percent of student that get A and B, They all don't like the same sports and some don't like to do sports so it wouldn't be a hole team in that sport. that means you would have to cancel all the sport teams in the school. That why you should let C student play an a sport.


Some schools require summer projects for students; these projects need to be student designed. When teachers plan a project some students don't enjoy completing the assigned task. For students to learn they have to be interested in what they are doing. There are many ways to assign a school project, it could be hands on, writing, individually, in groups etc. Each student has different skills, they should do a project that best fits that skill to succeed. Summer projects need to be student designed so that they are more motivated to complete the assignment, to have fun with the assignment and to have interest in the task. Summer projects need to be student designed to enhance motivation. When students are motivated this encodes the topic in their memory. When students are motivated they get better grades, the project is better quality and students do the project to their best ability. As a student when a project gets assigned and I am not interested in the assignment I try to get it done as quickly as possible and put no effort into it. I end up getting a lower grade. Students will also want to keep working on the project if they are motivated to complete it. With more time spent on the project this equals better quality and higher grades. Students won't procrastinate if the project interests them and will be motivated to start the project early. As a student in High School lots of students procrastinate when given a project. If projects were student designed this would motivate them to learn about the topic. Summer projects need to be student designed so that they have fun with it. If they had fun with the assignment then they would have a memory of their experience. If schools made learning fun they are more likely to remember the topic of the project. If students were in a group for the project this would enhance team work skills if they had fun. As a student I found out that if I had fun learning about a certain topic I remember it more clearly and can connect it to other things in life. Summer projects need to be student designed to have students have interest in the topic. This would help students explore their interests that they never knew they were interested in. This may help students what they want to do after graduation. Chances are if a student is really interested in what they learned in class then they might explore that topic outside of school. When I had a project assigned to me that I was interested in I enjoyed completing the project and continued to learn more about it outside of school. Summer projects that have students interested is a key to success in their academic career. In conclusion, summer projects need to be student designed so that they look forward to working on the assignment, enjoy completing the task and continue learning about the topic outside of school. Some people say that projects should be teacher designed they are wrong because students then dont get the freedom of doing what they enjoy most. It also isn't equal to all students. For example, a teacher assigns a research paper on a certain topic, some students have a love for writing and it is their strength and others don't like to write. This is why student designed projects are important.


Driverless cars have been argued and talked about for years. There are many aspects that make the driverless car seem irresistable. However, there are a few concerns about driverless cars that are completely understandable. Driverless cars are a positive asset for this country. These cars will shape our future and change our world for the better. There have been many bumps in the road for the developement of driverless cars. This will not deter the developers though and many people are still working on them today. Not only will they help form our future, they will help improve the present. Currently, only a few companies are working on driverless cars. Some of these companies include, General Motors, Google, and BMW. The birth of driverless cars started with special tracks that the cars could drive on. In the late 1950s, General Motors worked on a car that would run on a certain road. This road sent radio signals to the car itself and this is how the car would drive. This supported the idea that we didn't need a smarter car; we needed a smarted road. This system worked incredibly well; however, this idea was too expensive. After the reality of special tracks failed, engineers started working on smarter cars. This created a problem at first because the technology was not yet advanced enough to create driverless cars. In 2013, BMW had developed a car that could handle driving up to twenty-five miles per hour. The driver still had to pay attention to drive occasionally and the car wasn't perfect. Google had been working on a car that could drive itself since 2009. In the reading it talks about how the technology to create driverless cars was not there. Sebastian Thrun, founder of the Google Car project mentions, "There was no way, before 2000, to make something intersting." He is refering to the driverless cars. The cars made in 2009 were suprisingly successful. However, the cars were not one hundred percent driverless. The google cars still needed a driver that could take over in certain conditions. This brought up the arguemtn, would people want a driverless car that they had to drive. However, in a few years the technology should be able to make these cars almost completely driverless. The argument of allowing driverless cars is on-going. There are many facts that make using driverless car seem like a good idea One of the facts that support the driverless car is that by using driverless cars, we would use half the fuel of today's taxi system. This means we would save more money, and save the planet at the exact same time. The driverless car would have more flexibility than a bus as well. You would call the car to your house and then let it take you wherever you needed to go. A driverless car would allow for shorter travel times because the driver would be able to take breaks. This would result in the driver arriving places quicker. Driverless cars would decrease the amount of crashes as well. These cars would eliminate human error while driving. Stop lights would not be run, and police wouldn't have to chase after cars because they would have to go the speed limit. This would cause the crime rate to go down as well. The last thing needed to have driverless cars on the road is making in legal in more states. A passage from the reading states, "California, Nevada, Florida, and the District of Colimbia have led the country in allowing limited use of semi-autonomous car." The cars driven in these states have been relatively sucessful. The rest of the country should use this as an example and consider allowing driverless cars. Driverless cars are an idea of the future. However, that future is closer than many believe. These cars will limit gas, reduce crime rate, and decrese travel time. Driverless cars are an incredibly brilliant idea for America and soon the whole planet. The technology will soon allow for completely driverless cars. This will improve the world. Driverless cars are a positive asset for this country. Hopefully, driverless cars will be incorporated in daily life soon. In conclusion, instead of stressing out about driving, people will be able to sit back and let the car drive.


The author of "The Challenge of Exploring Venus", uses many scientific facts, data, and explanations to support their idea of exploring Venus. In the passage, many examples are given of why scientists would want to explore the possibilities of the contents of Venus despite all the dangers. The text gives some support like declaring it the most Earth-like planet, the possibility of supporting life forms, and multiple explorations to Venus that have been successful. Venus' relation to Earth is significant because it is the closest example of another planet like Earth. The author claims that Venus is even called Earth's twin and that not only is it like Earth in its density and size, but also in the distance between the two planets. Even though the planet is very similar to Earth there are challenges to get accurate data on the planet because of the many spacecrafts that were unable to withstand the harshness of the planet. As technology advanced, the author claims that more and more missions to Venus occured, and even around the time of World War II there was a spacecraft that survived in Venus conditions for about three weeks. Venus' conditions are very harmful to the life on Earth but there may have been a possibility that life could sustain on the planet. The author describes Venus as a planet mostly covered in large oceans that could have suppported life growing there. All of these examples that the author has given supports his idea of the need to explore Venus tremedously and gives very convincing evidence and data that supports his idea. Although Venus is a very harsh planet and there may not be any possibility of life, it would still be worth it to explore this planet and how it works. The author explains in detail what Venus is like and supports his ideas with scientific facts and data. There is a possibility that life could sustain on Venus but that is unknown unless the option is explored.


Wow, from the mar really look like humans face. It have eyes,nose, and mouth. It weird that on mar there is nothing and it shape like that is really weird. Most people think there is alien who live there do. They say it maybe it for living thing for alien. I think it just a natural land form because there is no alien monument. First, The face of the mar really is popular for other. It even appear on hollywood film, books,magazines, and radio. Maybe it just not close enough to see if it flat or it like mountian. It show a lot of stuff going on on mar. Mar is really history for people in may 24,2001. Next, I think it just natural land form because on the shadow it look like pyramid. If you look at the shadow and you can see it not it have to much pointing on the top. The eyes waht they call it might be the whole for some water. the mouth can be just a crack on it. Finally, if we can go look closer scientist NASA might catural n tell. They just look at the front they won't know how it shape like to look side to side. Scientist NASA will have to look closer so they can tell if there is alien or not. It depend on to look closer. It just landform because it did have no alien monument. Conclusion, this is all about face of mar well it truth, but if you look at the shadow it show only triangle. it will be better for scientist to look closer instead just making up stories about unmasking the face on mar. It just natural for land to have mountain, and there is no such an alien. according to ther text"There was no alien monument after all".


How would you feel if your child stopped going to school and started from home? Schools are offering distance learning for students to learn and attend classes from their house. This may seem like a brilliant idea for students to have classes over a online or video call, yet going a public or private school is more likely to help your child grow in becoming a more intelligent person. Also, you hear your child come home and they tell you something bad or how they dont like being at school, but your child tells you about something that they learned in school that they did know the other day. If your child went to school from their house, they could end up hate being at home so much and stop doing their work. Most students would not benefit from being able to attend classes at home or over a screen. Therefore, I strongly believe that students attending classes from home is not the best interest for their ability to learn. To start off, students need an environment where they can go to for 5 days of of the week, know what they are doing, and know who to talk to when they have an important question. Most of the time, students are always asking for help in some type of way, and if your child can not get in touch of the teacher who is helping her online, will you be able to help her or answer her questions? A computer is the same thing as a phone, and most parents don't want their child on his/her phone all the time. Giving your child the ability to do his/her class work over a computer would make them so excited for the first week, yet your child will be more interested with the fact of being able to be on a computer all day instead of sitting in a class room. The student will stop wanting to learn or end up wanting to go back to school because they can't understand anything. Furthermore, letting a student take their classes over a screen or call is not doing the best for them nor for yourself. On the other hand, others believe that having their child stay home to do his/her class work can keep them out of trouble. I do not disagree with the fact that it could keep them out of trouble, but students going to school is not the cause of them misbehaving. The main cause of children getting into trouble is them trying to get attention form someone, he/she could feel left out, be getting bullied, or are not in the right state of mind and are being rebellious because they are not being seen for the person they want to be. Making a child stay at home and do their school work over a video call is not going to stop them from getting into trouble. School a place to learn, while home is a place to be loved and with family. Being able to be thought something from face to face interactions are more precise than leaning the same way some from someone over a screen that might not even know that they are teaching. Therefore, wanting your child to have their classes over a computer because you think it can keep them out of trouble, is not look out for the best way for your child to grow into a smarter human being. Offering students to attend his/her classes at home by a video conferencing is not their best way to benefit them in education. As I stated before, students having the opportunity to stay at home and do their work online will most likely excite them at first, yet they will be more interested to the fact of being on a computer then their class work. Students are always getting their phones took in class and being able to stay home and be on their phone and a computer at the same time is like giving a four or five year old two cookies instead of one. Also, is will cause students to misbehave more if they don't have rules about the work. School has rules and if students dont follow the rules, they get punished for misbehaving. Are you able to control your child if he/she decides that they don't want to do their work or misbehave in any type of way that they do at school? Having the ability to give your child the opportunity to work from home is a wonderful gift, but it is not the most effective way of keeping your child on the right path of learning.


Driverless cars could be the step toward a new world and new gerneration. The driverless cars are not always a good thing though, because people feel the freedom of driving and love driving. People also could have driver less taxi cabs, because of that over thousands of people would loose there jobs as a taxi driver. There are people who agree with driverless cars, because if they are on a long trip and they have been driving all night and they fall asleep, and with the driverless car they are still safely on there way to there destiantion. driverless cars will change the world, but sometimes that is not a good thing. As I mentiond before there are tons of taxi and bus drivers across the United States and the world. Now imagion all of those people who are working to support there family, and now they get fired because the new driverless taxi or driverless bus came out and took them all out of the job. People would not get to experience the freedom of driving. Driverless cars are not the worst idea of all. Think of it like this you are handy capped or just at an old age where you should not be driving with the driverless car it helps them get to there destination saftly, or even if you were driving and you were playing with the radio and there was an accident in front of you and the car took over and started driving. Think of it as the back up plan incase something happens. My oppinion on the driverless cars are split I mentioned the good and bad of driverless cars, but if I had to choose I would say I do not want driverless cars. My reasoning is I love that feel of freedom, and the feel of the open road. People share a connection with there car weather it be they proposed to someone in it or they had there first kiss in it or it was the first time they went to an amusment park, no mater the case you share a connection with it. The invention of driverless cars take away that bond because you are not driving a computer is, so a person's bond with a car is as strong as a person's bond with his or here children or husband or wife. Nothing can beat the connection a person has with there car.


It is a proven fact that 80% of kids play a sport in school so that mean that if the school adds one more extracurricular it can lead to many thing. Have you ever played on a sports teams? There is baseball, basketball, football and others but if you have you know that there is practices Monday through Friday and sometimes even on the weekends. But yo know once you get int the season and start playing games it can be stressful and kids are already stressed about school and tests. Do you really think it would be a good idea to add another thing on a kids list that they have to do? Have you ever though of how much stress a kid has on them for just going to school for day much less activities after class? It is a scientific fact that 90% of students over think almost everything or come home so stressed they can't think straight where they cannot do there homework or projects. Just imagine what they would be like if they had one more thing to go to and worry about and even more work they would have to put in for one extra activity. As a kid did you enjoy going to school and getting homework and then going to your activities and your coaches or teachers give you drills or assignments that you have to complete to get a good grade on or do good in that sport did you every get so stressed from all the work you wanted to give up, how would you feel as a kid if you had one more thing to go to and even more work to add to the things you already how to do would you give up because of how stressed you was? However, if you was on a sports team and you had homework that you didn't to do because of your game that you had and you had a late night did your grades start to drop? If you said yes what do think it would be like if you had to work on yearbooks or you worked with conceals how much do you think grades would drop then? I see how it could be good to put kids in new programs but you also have to look and see what could happen like kids being late to class or kids coming to school late because of how late they home or kids falling asleep in class or kids grades dropping. There is so many defects to this where all the positive things don't really matter cause of all the negative things. Sometimes when kids play on sport teams and they have practices and it could be the same time or close to the same time as the other events and coaches don't like when kids miss the actives and neither do teacher so the kid would get stressed cause he would get in trouble by either one. If kids have practice and then go to a yearbook club or help the consular they would not be getting home in time to get the amount of sleep they need. In conclusion i disagree because there is so many more negative things than positive. It will cause more stress on students and parents and kids grades could drop and kids would not enjoy being a kid if there was one more extracurricular. So ask yourself how would you feel if you had to be in one more club and ask yourself would you get stressed and and would you wanna give up?


Many people believe that students should be given summer projects that are issued by their teachers. But others believe that students should be the ones to choose what they want to do for their summer projects, many reasons for this are because they will know what subjects they would need to work on over their summer brake. Having the assignment designed and given to them by their teacher would give the student a chance improve in subject areas that they are struggling in. Studies show that many students have a subject area or class where they are struggling to do the assignments and worksheets given to them. The suumer project assigned to them by their teacher would help with fixing this issue and may even cause the student to become better at the same subject the followin school year. This would also help prepare students for the next school year by giving students the opportunity to refresh their minds on the classes they took over the previous school year. Many times students come from summer break they completely forget what they have learnt the previos school year. This affects many teacher who have refresh their students memory on cetain topics they have been taught the previos school year. the time spent on refreshing students minds could be used to do smoething else like learning about a new topic in math, biologoy,health or chemistry class and giving more time to prepare for tests and SOLs. This would benifit both teachers and students in that more students would be understanding the topics they are being taught. Giving students a summer assignment will also show the teacher what the student can accomplish on his/her's own. This how much progress the student has made on their own since the first moment they stepped in the teacher's class. Teachers should be the ones whom design the summer projects to give students a chance to improve on certain subjects areas where they are struggling. Also giving them a refresher on the classes they took so that they can be ready for the next school year. Inturn this will also show what students can accomplish on their own.


We all know that driving makes life easier in terms of getting from point A to point B, but there are also many benefits that come from not driving or maybe not even owning a car. Not driving proves to affect the community in a positive way such as: less polluted air, happier people, and less congestion on the roads. A study in Paris showed that the less drivers there are on the roads, the less smog there is in the air. France uses diesel and they tend to have more smog than "other European capitals" (par.17) who use gasoline. So by cutting the amount of drivers on the road, it also cut the amount of smog in the air. People used the roads less due to the amount of smog in the air and when there were less poeple on the road, there was also less pollution in the air, making for clearer skies. Also, in the United states, the percentage of people getting their licenses and of those who own cars has gone down in recent years. "If the pattern persists... it will have beneficial implications for carbon emmisions and the enviornment" (par. 34). Just like in Paris, the fewer people driving, the better our enviornment gets as the years go on. Alternatives to driving could be walking, using "public transportation", or biking to get to the places we need to go. These alternatives can help us "save time, conserve resources, lower emissions and improve safety" (par. 43) which are not only beneficial to us, but to our enviornment as well. In Germany, there are certain places where you are not permitted to own a car and if you do, you have to pay $40,000 to be able to park it in a garage along with the payment of your house. Obviously, not many people are going to want to pay that much money, so they get rid of their cars in order to live in those parts of town. Not owning a car can even reduce the stress levels of some poeple and make them happier in the long run. A "mother of two" stated "when I had a car I was always tense. I'm much happier this way" (par. 3). So maybe this whole not owning a car thing is not only good for the enviornment around us, but also for our physical and mental well being. Sure, driving is nice, but it can be very stressful when having to deal with all the careless drivers around us and all the rules and responsibilities that driving entails. Not only will less driving improve our enviornment, it will also result in less congested roads. "Congestion was down 60 percent in the capital of France, after five-days of intensifying smog" (par. 14). No one likes having a polluted enviornment around them, and the more pollution there is, the less crowded roads will be. The clearer the roads are, the clearer the skies around us are. In conclusion, driving does have its benefits, but not driving has even more, such as: the ability to keep our enviornment healthy and clean, less congestion on the roads, and happier people all around.


Context: This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or engineer acts as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion. There are direct contractual links between the architect's client and the main contractor. Any subcontractor has a direct contractual relationship with the main contractor. The procedure continues until the building is ready to occupy.

Question: There are direct contractual links between who?


Context: After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.

Question: What area was Kublai trying to capture by defending Xiangyang?


Context: The neighborhood of Sunnyside is on Fresno's far southeast side, bounded by Chestnut Avenue to the West. Its major thoroughfares are Kings Canyon Avenue and Clovis Avenue. Although parts of Sunnyside are within the City of Fresno, much of the neighborhood is a "county island" within Fresno County. Largely developed in the 1950s through the 1970s, it has recently experienced a surge in new home construction. It is also the home of the Sunnyside Country Club, which maintains a golf course designed by William P. Bell.

Question: Where is the home of the Sunnyside Country Club?


Context: The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.

Question: What was the ideal duty of a concept engine?


Context: Imperialism and colonialism both dictate the political and economic advantage over a land and the indigenous populations they control, yet scholars sometimes find it difficult to illustrate the difference between the two. Although imperialism and colonialism focus on the suppression of an other, if colonialism refers to the process of a country taking physical control of another, imperialism refers to the political and monetary dominance, either formally or informally. Colonialism is seen to be the architect deciding how to start dominating areas and then imperialism can be seen as creating the idea behind conquest cooperating with colonialism. Colonialism is when the imperial nation begins a conquest over an area and then eventually is able to rule over the areas the previous nation had controlled. Colonialism's core meaning is the exploitation of the valuable assets and supplies of the nation that was conquered and the conquering nation then gaining the benefits from the spoils of the war. The meaning of imperialism is to create an empire, by conquering the other state's lands and therefore increasing its own dominance. Colonialism is the builder and preserver of the colonial possessions in an area by a population coming from a foreign region. Colonialism can completely change the existing social structure, physical structure and economics of an area; it is not unusual that the characteristics of the conquering peoples are inherited by the conquered indigenous populations.

Question: what do conquering people take away from native populations?


Context: Bills can be introduced to Parliament in a number of ways; the Scottish Government can introduce new laws or amendments to existing laws as a bill; a committee of the Parliament can present a bill in one of the areas under its remit; a member of the Scottish Parliament can introduce a bill as a private member; or a private bill can be submitted to Parliament by an outside proposer. Most draft laws are government bills introduced by ministers in the governing party. Bills pass through Parliament in a number of stages:

Question: Who may also submit private bills to Parliament?

an outside proposer
an outside proposer
an outside proposer


Orana Australia Ltd is a not-for-profit organisation that provides a diverse range of training and support services to over 650 people with disabilities and their families in South Australia.

History
The Mentally Retarded Childrens Society of SA Inc. was established in 1950 by a group of parents who wanted education, employment and accommodation opportunities for their children within the local community at a time when institutionalised care in Adelaide was their only alternative.

The societys aims were to seek education or training facilities for people with intellectual disabilities, to establish sheltered workshops, and to establish residential hostels.

A number of sheltered workshops were established, and in 1980, the name was changed to the Aboriginal word Orana, which means Welcome.

Today, Orana provides assisted employment, assisted accommodation and respite services to people with intellectual disabilities.

Orana's current and previous clients include Mitsubishi Motors, Clipsal, RAA, Elders Limited, and Billycart Kids.

Orana was one of the first disability service organisations to achieve Quality Accreditation.  The services and products they offer are:

 Packaging
 Assembly
 Sewing
 Collating & Mailing
 Furniture - Retail
 Furniture  Manufacture for Commercial Market
 Worm Farming
 Work Crews
 Pet & Grain  Retail

In 2018, after 65 years of bettering peoples lives, Orana identified a community need and expanded their operations into the aged care sector.

After the unveiling of the Australian Governments Commonwealth Home Support Programme CHSP and seeing it as a natural step of progression, Orana now provides quality tailored aged care at home.

The well-resourced organization delivers help across a range of areas, helping the elderly remain where they want to be - in the comfort of their own home during their later years.

Orana continues with its mission to support people remain independent, valued and productive members of the community.

References

External links

Category:Disability organisations based in Australia
Category:Organisations based in South Australia


Kalitta may refer to:

Connie Kalitta born 1938, a retired American drag racer and CEO of the eponymous Kallita Air.
Doug Kalitta born 1964, an American drag racer, nephew of Connie Kalitta and owner of Kalitta Charters.
Scott Kalitta 1962-2008, an American drag racer and son of Connie Kalitta.
Kalitta Air, a cargo airline flying Boeing 747 aircraft.
Kalitta Charters, a cargo airline flying medium-sized aircraft.


Latin liturgical rites, or Western liturgical rites, are Catholic liturgical rites employed by the Latin Church, the largest particular church sui iuris of the Catholic Church, that originated in Europe where the Latin language once dominated. Its language is now known as Ecclesiastical Latin. The most used rite is the Roman Rite.

The Latin rites were for many centuries no less numerous than the liturgical rites of the Eastern autonomous particular Churches. Their number is now much reduced. In the aftermath of the Council of Trent, in 1568 and 1570 Pope Pius V suppressed the Breviaries and Missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries see Tridentine Mass and Roman Missal. Many local rites that remained legitimate even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, especially in the 19th century. In the second half of the 20th century, most of the religious orders that had a distinct liturgical rite chose to adopt in its place the Roman Rite as revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council see Mass of Paul VI. A few such liturgical rites persist today for the celebration of Mass, since 19651970 in revised forms, but the distinct liturgical rites for celebrating the other sacraments have been almost completely abandoned.

Liturgical rites currently in use within the Latin Church

Roman Rite

The Roman Rite is by far the most widely used. Like other liturgical rites, it developed over time, with newer forms replacing the older. It underwent many changes in the first millennium and a half of its existence see Pre-Tridentine Mass. The forms that Pope Pius V, as requested by the Council of Trent, established in the 1560s and 1570s underwent repeated minor variations in the centuries immediately following. Each new typical edition the edition to which other printings are to conform of the Roman Missal see Tridentine Mass and of the other liturgical books superseded the previous one.

The 20th century saw more profound changes. Pope Pius X radically rearranged the Psalter of the Breviary and altered the rubrics of the Mass. Later popes continued to make such changes, beginning with Pope Pius XII, who significantly revised the Holy Week ceremonies and certain other aspects of the Roman Missal in 1955.

Ordinary Form

The Second Vatican Council 19621965 was followed by a general revision of the rites of all the Roman Rite sacraments, including the Eucharist. As before, each new typical edition of an official liturgical book supersedes the previous one. Thus, the 1970 Roman Missal, which superseded the 1962 edition, was superseded by the edition of 1975. The 2002 edition in turn supersedes the 1975 edition both in Latin and, as official translations into each language appear, also in the vernacular languages. Under the terms of Summorum Pontificum by Pope Benedict XVI, the Mass of Paul VI is known as the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite.

Extraordinary Form

The Tridentine Mass, as in the 1962 Roman Missal, is still authorized for use as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite under the conditions indicated in the document Summorum Pontificum.

Ordinariate Use

The Ordinariate Use is a form or variation of the Roman Rite, rather than a unique rite itself. During the Liturgy of the Eucharist, especially the Eucharistic Prayer, it is closest to other forms of the Roman Rite, while it differs more during the Liturgy of the Word and the Penitential Rite. The language used, which differs from that of the ICEL translation of the Roman Rite of Mass, is based upon the Book of Common Prayer, originally written in the 16th century. Prior to the establishment of the personal ordinariates, parishes in the United States were called Anglican Use and used the Book of Divine Worship, an adaptation of the Book of Common Prayer. The Book of Divine Worship has been replaced with the similar Divine Worship: The Missal for use in the ordinariates worldwide. Anglican liturgical rituals, whether those used in the ordinariates of the Catholic Church or in the various prayer books and missals of the Anglican Communion and other denominations trace their origin back to the Sarum Use, which was a variation of the Roman Rite used in England before introduction during the reign of Edward VI of the 1549 Book of Common Prayer, following the break from the Roman church under the previous monarch Henry VIII.

In the United States, under a Pastoral Provision in 1980, personal parishes were established that introduced adapted Anglican traditions to the Catholic Church from members' former Episcopal parishes. That provision also permitted, as an exception and on a case by case basis, the ordination of married former Episcopal ministers as Catholic priests. As personal parishes, these parishes were formerly part of the local Roman Catholic diocese, but accepted as members any former Anglican who wished to make use of the provision.

On 9 November 2009, Pope Benedict XVI established a worldwide provision for Anglicans who joined the church. This process set up personal ordinariates for former Anglicans and other persons entering the full communion of the Catholic Church. These ordinariates would be similar to dioceses, but encompassing entire regions or nations. Parishes belonging to an ordinariate would not be part of the local diocese. These ordinariates are charged with maintaining the Anglican liturgical, spiritual and pastoral traditions, and they have full faculties to celebrate the Eucharist and the other sacraments, the Liturgy of the Hours and other liturgical functions in accordance with the liturgical books proper to Anglican tradition, in revisions approved by the Holy See. This faculty does not exclude liturgical celebrations according to the Roman Rite.

The Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham was set up for England and Wales on 15 January 2011, and the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter for the United States and Canada on 1 January 2012, and the Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of the Southern Cross for Australia on 15 June 2012. As of 2017 it was decreed that all parishes in the United States established under the Pastoral Provision be transferred to the Ordinariate. Bishop Steven Lopes of the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter has requested that terms such as Anglican Use and Anglican Ordinariate be avoided, saying Our clergy and faithful do not like being called Anglican, both because this is insensitive to actual Anglicans, and because it is a subtle way of suggesting that their entrance into full communion is less that total. We are Catholic in every sense.

Algonquian and Iroquoian Uses

Also called Indian Masses, a number of variations on the Roman Rite developed in the Indian missions of Canada and the United States. These originated in the 17th century, and some remained in use until the Second Vatican Council. The priest's parts remained in Latin, while the ordinaries sung by the choir were translated into the vernacular e.g., Mohawk, Algonquin, Micmac, and Huron. They also generally featured a reduced cycle of native-language propers and hymns. At present they are rarely used.

Zaire Use

The Zaire Use is an inculturated variation of the Ordinary Form of the Roman Rite of the Roman Catholic Church. It has been used to a very limited extent in some African countries since the late 1970s.

Western Rites of Gallican type

Ambrosian Rite

The Ambrosian Rite is celebrated in most of the Archdiocese of Milan, Italy, and in parts of some neighbouring dioceses in Italy and Switzerland. The language used is now usually Italian, rather than Latin. With some variant texts and minor difference in the order of readings, it is similar in form to the Roman Rite. Its classification as Gallican-related is disputed.

Rite of Braga

The Rite of Braga is used, but since 18 November 1971 only on an optional basis, in the Archdiocese of Braga in northern Portugal.

Mozarabic Rite

The Mozarabic Rite, which was prevalent throughout Spain in Visigothic times, is now celebrated only in limited locations, principally the cathedral of Toledo.

Carthusian Rite
The Carthusian rite is in use in a version revised in 1981. Apart from the new elements in this revision, it is substantially the rite of Grenoble in the 12th century, with some admixture from other sources. Among other differences from the Roman Order of Mass, the deacon prepares the gifts while the Epistle is being sung, the celebrating priest washes his hands twice at the offertory and says the eucharistic prayer with arms extended in the form of a cross except when using his hands for some specific action, and there is no blessing at the end of Mass.

This is now the only extant Mass rite of a Catholic religious order; but by virtue of the Ecclesia Dei indult some individuals or small groups are authorized to use some now defunct rites.

Western Rite of sui generis type

Benedictine Rite

The Order of Saint Benedict has never had a rite of the Mass peculiar to it, but it keeps its very ancient Benedictine Rite of the Liturgy of the Hours.

Defunct Catholic Western liturgical rites

African Rite

In Africa Proconsulare, located in present-day Tunisia of which Carthage was the capital, the African Rite was used before the 7th-century Arab conquest. It was very close to the Roman Rite; so much so that Western liturgical traditions have been classified as belonging to two streams, the North African-Rome tradition, and the Gallican in the broad sense tradition encompassing the rest of the Western Roman Empire, including northern Italy.

Celtic Rite

The ancient Celtic Rite was a composite of non-Roman ritual structures possibly Antiochian and texts not exempt from Roman influence, that was similar to the Mozarabic Rite in many respects and would have been used at least in parts of Ireland, Scotland, the northern part of England and perhaps even Wales, Cornwall and Somerset, before being authoritatively replaced by the Roman Rite in the early Middle Ages. Celtic is possibly a misnomer and it may owe its origins to Augustine's re-evangelisation of the British Isles in the 6th century. Little is known of it, though several texts and liturgies survive.

Some Christianstypically groups not in communion with the Roman Catholic Church, especially some Western Orthodox Christian communities in communion with Eastern Orthodox Churches, e.g. Celtic Orthodoxyhave attempted to breathe life into a reconstruction of the Celtic Rite the historical accuracy of which is debated. Historical evidence of this rite is found in the remnants of the Stowe Lorrha Missal.

Gallican Rite

The Gallican Rite is a retrospective term applied to the sum of the local variants, on similar lines to that designated elsewhere as the Celtic Rite above and the Mozarabic Rite, which faded from use in France by the end of the first millennium. It should not be confused with the so-called Neo-Gallican liturgical books published in various French dioceses after the Council of Trent, which had little or nothing to do with it.

Regional Latin rites or uses
Several local rites more properly uses or variants of the Roman Rite most with Gallican elements some with Byzantine liturgical and tradition elements of limited scope existed, but are now defunct.
The Sarum Rite more properly Sarum Use, a defunct variant on the Roman rite originating in the Diocese of Salisbury, which had come to be widely practised in England and Scotland around the 1530s, while the Protestant Reformation swept across continental Europe; practised alongside limited other variants such as the Use of York, Lincoln Use, Bangor Use, and Hereford Use. It has a legacy in its influence on later Anglican liturgy.
The Cologne Use, used in the diocese of Cologne  prior to 1570.
The Metz Use, created by Arnulf of Metz and Amalarius of Metz in the ninth centuryused in Alsace-Lorraine, the Netherlands, and Flemish and Wallonian lands until the beginning of the twentieth century.
The Lyonese Rite of the Diocese of Lyon, France, which some consider to have been rather than Milan the centre of diffusion of the Gallican liturgy; it is maintained in a few parishes in Lyon.
The Nidaros Use, long defunct, based mainly on imported English liturgical books, used in pre-Reformation Norway.
The Uppsala Use, suppressed during the Reformation, formerly the dominant variant of the Roman Rite used in northern Sweden.
The  Aquileian Rite, a defunct rite originating in the former patriarchate of Aquileia in northern Italy.
The Benevento Rite, a defunct Latin rite originated in this city in Italy.
The Durham Rite defunct: Durham, England
The Esztergom Use defunct: Archdiocese of Esztergom, used between the 12th and 17th centuries primarily in the Archdiocese of Esztergom, and in its suffragan dioceses. Similar rites were also in Slovakia and in southern, central, and western Poland. These usages of Roman liturgy was the closest to Roman today Vatican rites with some small Byzantine-Slavic elements.

Rites of religious orders

Some religious orders celebrated Mass according to rites of their own, dating from more than 200 years before the papal bull Quo primum. These rites were based on local usages and combined elements of the Roman and Gallican Rites. Following the Second Vatican Council, they have mostly been abandoned, except for the Carthusian Rite see above. Religious orders of more recent origin have never had special rites.

The following previously existing rites of Mass, distinct from the Roman Rite, continue to be used on a limited basis by the permission of ecclesiastical superiors:
Carmelite Rite
Cistercian Rite
Dominican Rite
Premonstratensian or Norbertine Rite

The Catholic Encyclopedia applied the word rite also to the practices followed to some extent even now, a century later by certain Catholic religious orders, while at the same time stating that they in fact followed the Roman Rite:
Franciscan Rite
Friars Minor Capuchin Rite
Servite Rite

See also
Alexandrian Rite
Antiochene Rite
Armenian Rite
Byzantine Rite
Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites
East Syriac Rite
West Syriac Rite
General Roman Calendar

References

External links
Dom Fernand Cabrol's The Mass of the Western Rites
Non-Roman Latin or Western Rites
An African Interpretation of Liturgical Inculturation: The Rite Zairois

Category:Western Christianity


Chester Earl Merrow November 15, 1906  February 10, 1974 was a U.S. Representative from New Hampshire.

Born in Center Ossipee, New Hampshire, Merrow attended the public schools and Brewster Free Academy in Wolfeboro from 1921 to 1925. He was graduated from Colby College, Waterville, Maine, in 1929 and from Teachers College summers Columbia University, New York City, in 1937.

Merrow was an instructor of science at Kents Hill School in Maine in 1929 and 1930 and at Montpelier Seminary from 1930 to 1937. He served as assistant headmaster of Montpelier Seminary from 1935 to 1938.  He was an instructor of political science and history at Vermont Junior College in Montpelier in 1937 and 1938.

Merrow was a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives in 1939 and 1940.  He became a radio news commentator and lecturer, and served as delegate to an international conference on education and cultural relations of the United Nations, held in London in 1945.  He was a congressional adviser to the first conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNESCO held in Paris in 1946. He served as a member of the United States delegation to UNESCO 1946-1949.

Merrow was elected as a Republican to the Seventy-eighth and to the nine succeeding Congresses January 3, 1943  January 3, 1963. Merrow voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. He was not a candidate for reelection in 1962 to the Eighty-eighth Congress, but was unsuccessful for nomination to the United States Senate.  Subsequently, he was Special Adviser on Community Relations, Department of State, from 1963 to 1968. He was an unsuccessful candidate for election in 1970 to the Ninety-second Congress and in 1972 to the Ninety-third Congress. He resided in Center Ossipee until his death there, February 10, 1974.
He was interred in Chickville Cemetery.

References

Category:1906 births
Category:1974 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from New Hampshire
Category:Colby College alumni
Category:Teachers College, Columbia University alumni
Category:New Hampshire Republicans
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:Members of the New Hampshire House of Representatives
Category:20th-century American politicians
Category:People from Ossipee, New Hampshire


HIS Hightech Information System Limited; established 1987, is a Hong Kong-based graphics card manufacturer that produces AMD formerly known as ATI Radeon graphics cards. Its headquarters are in Hong Kong, with additional sales offices and distribution networks in Europe, the Middle East, North America and Asia Pacific Regions. The current distributor in Hong Kong is JunMax Technology.

Products
HIS manufactures and sells AMD Radeon series video cards. They are known for their IceQ cooling technology as well as producing the latest and fastest PCI cards like AMD Radeon RX 590, RX 5700 and RX 5700 XT.

In 2019, HIS launched new versions of the RX 5700 XT in pink and blue.

References

External links
 HIS Ltd.

Category:Computer companies of Hong Kong
Category:Graphics hardware companies
Category:Computer companies established in 1987
Category:Electronics companies established in 1987
Category:Hong Kong brands


__NOTOC__
AD 47 XLVII was a common year starting on Sunday link will display the full calendar of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Claudius and Vitellius or, less frequently, year 800 Ab urbe condita. The denomination AD 47 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Roman Empire
 Claudius revives the censorship and ludi saeculares, and organises the order of the Haruspices, with 60 members.
 Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.
 Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast; Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed.
 Publius Ostorius Scapula replaces Aulus Plautius as governor of Britain. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.
 Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani Voorburg.
 Romans build the Traiectum fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.
 Claudius founds the city Forum Claudii Vallensium modern Martigny in the Alpes Poeninae Switzerland.
 Musselburgh is founded in Roman Britain Scotland.

By topic

Religion
 Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea.
 Paul starts his evangelistic work.
</onlyinclude>

Births
 Taejodae, Korean ruler of Goguryeo d. 165

Deaths
 Decimus Valerius Asiaticus, Roman politician and consul
 Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus, Roman consul
 Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Roman nobleman
 Quintus Sanquinius Maximus, Roman politician
 Vardanes I, king of the Parthian Empire

References

0047

als:40er#47


What would be the reason there's an extra fee on my statement?


Is there a way I can get my ATM card back from the machine?


Why did my my transfer get declined?


Do you know why my card payment was reverted?


I'm concerned about a payment that has recently been made on my card.  I do not recognize the name that the transaction went to, can you help me?


As for limits are top ups included?


Can I top up with a cheque?


I found a charge for a direct debit that was not made by me.


The exchange rate on my purchase is wrong.


Can I resent my passcode?


i start to feel emotional


i believe feeling duality suffering soul growth tells of an ending or a decline or a change of direction often one associated with emotions and it offers one possible response to that decline or change moving on


i hostage negotiator on her case has her feeling hopeful about her future


im feeling a little dirty


i can cope with his presence without feeling distressed if i can force myself into a quiet and resigned friendship


i had the feeling that it might not have been taken as the truthful and sincere compliment it would have been


i asked some girls what it meant to them to be valued and for the most part the response was that they felt valued when the people around them made them feel valued and treated them in a loving and caring manner


i feel if i completely hated things i d exercise my democratic right speak my mind in what ever ways possible and try to enact a change


i could almost feel her gentle touch in the moonbeam she sent to shine over me he added touching his face dreamily


i woke up very early this morning feeling joyful


Oh yeah, yeah, yeah
Oh yeah, yeah, yeah
Yeah
Look...I dont know how to talk to you
I dont know how to ask you if youre okay
My friends always feel the need to tell me things
Seems like theyre just happier than us these days
Yeah
These days I dont know how to talk to you
I dont know how to be there when you need me
It feels like the only time you see me
Is when you turn your head to the side and look at me differently
Yeah
And last night I think I lost my patience
Last night, I got high as your expectations
Last night, I came to a realization
And I hope you can take it
I hope you can take it, oh
Im too good to you
Im way too good to you
You take my love for granted
I just dont understand it
No, Im too good to you
Im way too good to you
You take my love for granted
I just dont understand it
I dont know how to talk to you
I just know I found myself getting lost with you
Lately you just make me work too hard for you
Got me on flights overseas, and I still cant get across to you
And last night I think I lost my patience
Last night, I got high as your expectations
Last night, I came to a realization
And I hope you can take it
I hope you can take it, oh
Im too good to you
Im way too good to you
You take my love for granted
I just dont understand it
No, Im too good to you
Im way too good to you
You take my love for granted
I just dont understand it
Years go by too fast
I cant keep track
How long did we last?
I feel bad for asking
It cant end like this
We gotta take time with this
Cock up yuh bumper, sit down pon it
Let me see if this is something I can fix
You got somebody other than me
Dont play the victim when youre with me
Free time is costing me more than it seems
Sacrificing things
And I wanna tell you my intentions
I wanna do the things that I mention
I wanna benefit from the friendship
I wanna get the late night message from you, from you
I put my hands around you
Gotta get a handle on you
Gotta get a handle on the fact that I
Im too good to you
Im way too good to you
You take my love for granted
I just dont understand it
No, Im too good to you
Im way too good to you
You take my love for granted
I just dont understand it
Gyal a you mi waan
Pay fi yuh visa meck yo fly out regular
Baby, cock up yuh bumper, sit down pon it
Gyal yo pum pum good and yuh fit
Mi wi give you everything weh deh in my wallet
And in my pocket
Cock up yuh bumper, sit down pon it
Gyal yo pum pum good and yuh fit
Mi wi give you everything weh deh in my wallet
And in my pocket


Man, I can understand how it might be
Kinda hard to love a girl like me
I dont blame you much for wanting to be free
I just wanted you to know
Swizz told me let the beat rock
For all my Southside niggas that know me best
I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex
Why? I made that bitch famous
I made that bitch famous
For all the girls that got dick from Kanye West
If you see em in the streets give em Kanyes best
Why? They mad they aint famous
They mad they still nameless
Her man in the store tryna try his best
But he just cant seem to get Kanye fresh
But we still hood famous
Yeah, we still hood famous
I just wanted you to know
Ive loved you better than your own kin did
From the very start
I dont blame you much for wanting to be free
Wake up, Mr. West! Oh, hes up!
I just wanted you to know
I be Puerto Rican day parade floatin
That Benz Marina Del Rey coastin
She in school to be a real estate agent
Last month I helped her with the car payment
Young and we alive, whoo!
We never gonna die, whoo!
I just copped a jet to fly over personal debt
Put one up in the sky
The sun is in my eyes, whoo!
Woke up and felt the vibe, whoo!
No matter how hard they try, whoo!
We never gonna die
I just wanted you to know
Get em!
Bam, ey ey ey
Bam bam, bam, bam bam dilla
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam, bam, bam bam dilla
How you feeling right now? Let me see your lighters in the air
Bam bam ey ey ey ey ey
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam
Let me see your middle finger in the air
Bam ey ey ey
Bam bam, bam, bam bam dilla
Let me see you act up in this motherfucker
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam, bam, bam bam dilla
How you feelin, how you feelin, how you feelin in this mother fucker, god damn
Bam bam ey ey ey ey ey
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam
One thing you cant do is stop us now
Bam ey ey ey
Bam bam bam, bam bam dilla
Ayy, you cant stop the thing now
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam, bam, bam bam dilla
Man, its way too late, its way too late, its way too late, you cant fuck with us
Bam bam, ey ey ey ey ey
Bam bam, ey ey ey
What a bam
To the left, to the right
Bam ey ey ey
Bam bam bam, bam bam dilla
I wanna see everybody hands in the air like this
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam, bam, bam bam dilla
Bam bam ey ey ey ey ey
Bam bam ey ey ey
What a bam, bam
I just wanted you to know
I loved you better than your own kin did
From the very start
I dont blame you much for wanting to be free
I just wanted you to know


Mustard on the beat, ho!
I was good on my own, thats the way it was
Thats the way it was
You was good on the low for a faded fuck
On some faded love
Shit, what the fuck you complaining for?
Feeling jaded, huh?
Used to trip off that shit I was kickin to you
Had some fun on the run though Ill give it to you
But baby, dont get it twisted
You was just another nigga on the hit list
Tryna fix your inner issues with a bad bitch
Didnt they tell you that I was a savage?
Fuck ya white horse and ya carriage
Bet you never could imagine
Never told you you could have it
You needed me
Ooh, you needed me
To feel a little more, and give a little less
Know you hate to confess
But baby ooh, you needed me
You been rollin around, shit Im rollin up
Light and roll it up
Break it down, like a pound, shit was never us
Shit was never us
Thats the real, on the real, are you serious?
How you feel, how you feel?
Used to trip off that shit I was kickin to ya
Had some fun on the run though, Ill give it to ya
But baby, dont get it twisted
You was just another nigga on the hit list
Tryna fix your inner issues with a bad bitch
Didnt they tell you that I was a savage?
Fuck ya white horse and ya carriage
Bet you never could imagine
Never told you you could have it
You needed me
Ooh, you needed me
To feel a little more, and give a little less
Know you hate to confess
But baby ooh, you needed me


I know youve been hurt by someone else
I can tell by the way you carry yourself
If you let me, heres what Ill do
Ill take care of you
Ive loved and Ive lost
Ive asked about you and they told me things
But my mind didnt change and I still feel the same
Whats a life with no fun? Please dont be so ashamed
Ive had mine, youve had yours, we both know, we know
They wont get you like I will, my only wish is I die real
Cause that truth hurts and those lies heal
And you cant sleep thinking that he lies still
So you cry still, tears all in the pillowcase
Big girls all get a little taste, ah
Pushing me away so I give her space, ah
Dealing with a heart that I didnt break
Ill be there for you, I will care for you
I keep thinking you just dont know
Tryna run from that, say you done with that
On your face, girl, it just dont show
When youre ready, just say youre ready
When all the baggage just aint as heavy
And the partys over, just dont forget me
Well change the pace and well just go slow
You wont ever have to worry
You wont ever have to hide
And youve seen all my mistakes
So look me in my eyes
Cause if you let me
Heres what Ill do
Ill take care of you
Ive loved and Ive lost
Its my birthday, Ill get high if I want to
Cant deny that I want you, but Ill lie if I have to
Cause you dont say you love me
To your friends when they ask you
Even though we both know that you do, you do
One time, been in love one time
You and all your girls in the club one time
All so convinced that youre following your heart
Cause your mind dont control what it does sometimes
We all have our nights, though, dont be so ashamed
Ive had mine, youve had yours, we both know, we know
You hate being alone, well you aint the only one
You hate the fact that you bought the dream and they sold you one
You love your friends, but somebody shouldve told you some
To save you, instead, they say
Dont tell me, I dont care
If you hurt, I dont tell you
You dont care, if youre true
Dont tell me, I dont care
If you hurt, I dont tell you
You dont care, if youre true
I know youve been hurt by someone else
I can tell by the way you carry yourself
If you let me, heres what Ill do
Ill take care of you
Ive loved and Ive lost


#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
typedef double db;
typedef pair <int, int> pin;

const int N = 2e5 + 5;
const ll P = 998244353LL;
const int inf = 1 << 30;

int n, k, tot, cnt, head[N], f[N];

struct Edge {
    int to, nxt;
} e[N << 1];

inline void add(int from, int to) {
    e[++tot].to = to;
    e[tot].nxt = head[from];
    head[from] = tot;
}

template <typename T>
inline void read(T &X) {
    char ch = 0; T op = 1;
    for (X = 0; ch > '9' || ch < '0'; ch = getchar())
        if (ch == '-') op = -1;
    for (; ch >= '0' && ch <= '9'; ch = getchar())
        X = (X * 10) + ch - '0';
    X *= op;
}

void dfs(int x, int fat, int mid) {
    int mx = -inf, mn = inf;
    for (int i = head[x]; i; i = e[i].nxt) {
        int y = e[i].to;
        if (y == fat) continue;
        dfs(y, x, mid);
        mx = max(mx, f[y]);
        mn = min(mn, f[y]);
    }
    if (mx == -inf) mx = 0;
    ++mn;
    // if (mn <= 0) {
    //     if (mn + mx > 0) {
    //         ++cnt;
    //         f[x] = -mid;
    //     } else f[x] = mn;
    // } else {
    //     if (mx + 1 > mid) {
    //         ++cnt;
    //         f[x] = -mid;
    //     } else f[x] = mx + 1;
    // }
    if (mx + 1 > mid) {
        ++cnt;
        f[x] = -mid;
    } else if (mn + mx <= 0) f[x] = mn;
    else f[x] = mx + 1;
}

inline bool chk(int mid) {
    cnt = 0;
    for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) f[i] = 0;
    dfs(1, 0, mid);
    if (f[1] > 0) ++cnt;
    // printf("%d:\n", mid);
    // for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) printf("%d%c", f[i], " \n"[i == n]);
    return cnt <= k;
}

int main() {
// #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
//     freopen("sample.in", "r", stdin);
//     clock_t st_clock = clock();
// #endif

    read(n), read(k);
    for (int x, y, i = 1; i < n; i++) {
        read(x), read(y);
        add(x, y), add(y, x);
    }
    int l = 1, r = n, mid, res = n;
    for (; l <= r; ) {
        mid = (l + r) / 2;
        if (chk(mid)) res = mid, r = mid - 1;
        else l = mid + 1;
    }
    printf("%d\n", res);

// #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
//     clock_t ed_clock = clock();
//     printf("time = %f ms\n", (double)(ed_clock - st_clock) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC * 1000);
// #endif
    return 0;
}

#include<cstdio>//JZM YYDS!!!
#include<cstring>
#include<iostream>
#include<algorithm>
#include<cmath>
#include<vector>
#include<queue>
#include<stack>
#include<map>
#include<ctime>
#define ll long long
#define MAXN 100005
#define uns unsigned
#define MOD 1000000007ll
#define INF 1e18
using namespace std;
inline ll read(){
	ll x=0;bool f=1;char s=getchar();
	while((s<'0'||s>'9')&&s>0){if(s=='-')f^=1;s=getchar();}
	while(s>='0'&&s<='9')x=(x<<1)+(x<<3)+s-'0',s=getchar();
	return f?x:-x;
}
inline ll ksm(ll a,ll b,ll mo){
	ll res=1;
	for(;b;b>>=1,a=a*a%mo)if(b&1)res=res*a%mo;
	return res;
}
ll n;
ll dp[MAXN];
vector<int>f;
stack<int>pt;
signed main()
{
	n=read();
	ll x=1,y=0;
	dp[0]=1;
	int m=0;
	for(m=1;m<=130;m++){
		y+=x,x+=y;
		dp[m]=x;
		if(dp[m]>n)break;
	}
	ll l=0;
	for(int i=m;i>=0;i--){
		if(l+dp[i]<=n)l+=dp[i],f.push_back(i);
		if(l+dp[i]<=n)l+=dp[i],f.push_back(i);
	}
	while(l<n)l+=dp[0],f.push_back(0);
	int w=0;
	for(int i=f.size()-1;i>=0;i--){
		int x=f[i];
		while(w<x)w++,pt.push(3),pt.push(4);
		pt.push(1);
	}
	printf("%d\n",(int)pt.size());
	while(!pt.empty())printf("%d\n",pt.top()),pt.pop();
	return 0;
}


#include <bits/stdc++.h>

int main(){
    int n, l;
    std::cin >> n >> l;
    std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> vec(n + 2);
    vec[0] = std::make_pair(0, 0);
    vec[n + 1] = std::make_pair(l - n, l - n);
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) std::cin >> vec[i].first, vec[i].first -= i;
    for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++) std::cin >> vec[i].second, vec[i].second -= i;
    long long res = 0;

    for(int i = 1; i <= n;){
        if(vec[i].first < vec[i].second){
            int iter = std::lower_bound(vec.begin() + i, vec.end(), std::make_pair(vec[i].second, -1)) - vec.begin();

            if(vec[i].second == vec[iter].first){
                res += (long long)(iter - i);
                while(i < iter && vec[i].second == vec[iter].first){
                    vec[i].first = vec[i].second;
                    i++;
                }
            }
            else{
                std::cout << "-1\n";
                return 0;
            }
        }
        else i++;
    }

    for(int i = n; i >= 1;){
        if(vec[i].first > vec[i].second){
            int iter = std::upper_bound(vec.begin() + 1, vec.begin() + i + 1, std::make_pair(vec[i].second, 0x7f7f7f7f)) - vec.begin();
            iter--;

            if(vec[i].second == vec[iter].first){
                res += (long long)(i - iter);
                while(i > iter && vec[i].second == vec[iter].first){
                    vec[i].first = vec[i].second;
                    i--;
                }
            }
            else{
                std::cout << "-1\n";
                return 0;
            }
        }
        else i--;
    }

    std::cout << res << "\n";
}

#include "bits/stdc++.h"

using namespace std;
using ll = long long;
using pii = pair<int,int>;

void debug(map<int,pii> a) {
  for (auto p : a) {
    cout << p.first << ": " << "(" << p.second.first << "," << p.second.second << ")\n";
  }
}

int main()
{
  ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
  cin.tie(NULL);

  int N,L;
  cin >> N >> L;

  auto read = [](int N, int L) {
    vector<int> v{0};
    for (int i = 1; i <= N+1; i++) {
      int ai = L+1;
      if (i <= N)
        cin >> ai;
      v.push_back(ai-i);
    }
    map<int,pii> interval;
    for (int i = 0; i < v.size(); i++) {
      if (i==0 || v[i] != v[i-1])
        interval[v[i]].first = i;
      interval[v[i]].second = i;
    }
    return interval;
  };
  auto A = read(N,L);
  auto B = read(N,L);
  ll ans = 0;
  for (auto p : B) {
    int val = p.first;
    if (!A.count(val)) {
      cout << -1 << '\n';
      return 0;
    }
    ans += max(A[val].first-B[val].first,0) + max(B[val].second-A[val].second,0);
  }
  cout << ans << '\n';
}


#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
	int t;
	scanf("%d",&t);
	string T="atcoder";
	while(t--){
		string S;
		cin>>S;
		int now=0,ans=1e9;
		bool op=S.size()>T.size();
		for(int i=0;i<S.size()&&i<T.size();++i){
			if(S[i]<=T[i]){
				bool ok=0;
				for(int j=i;j<S.size();++j){
					if(S[j]>T[i]){
						ans=min(ans,now+j-i);
					}
				}
				if(S[i]<T[i])
				for(int j=i;j<S.size();++j){
					if(S[j]>T[i])ans=min(ans,now+j-i);
					else if(S[j]==T[i]){
						ok=1;
						for(int k=j;k>i;--k)
							swap(S[k],S[k-1]);
						now+=j-i;
						break;
					}
				}
//				cerr<<"FK: "<<now<<" "<<ans<<endl;
				if(S[i]<T[i]&&!ok){now=1e9;break;}
			}
			else if(S[i]>T[i]){
				op=1;
				ans=min(ans,now);
				break;
			}
		}
		if(!op)now=1e9;
		if(min(ans,now)>1e8)puts("-1");
		else printf("%d\n",min(ans,now));
	}
	return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
string s,AT="atcoder";
int T;
void solve(){
	int ans=1e9,cur=0;
	for(int i=0;i<7;i++){
		int minpos=s.size(),minnp=s.size();
		for(int j=i;j<(int)s.size();j++){
			if(AT[i]<s[j]&&minpos==(int)s.size())minpos=j;
			if(AT[i]==s[j]&&minnp==(int)s.size())minnp=j;
		}
		if(minpos<s.size())ans=min(ans,cur+minpos-i);
		if(minnp<s.size()){
			cur+=minnp-i;
			for(int j=minnp;j>i;j--)s[j]=s[j-1];
		}else cur=1e9;
	}
	if((int)s.size()>7)ans=min(ans,cur);
	if(ans==1e9)puts("-1");
	else cout<<ans<<"\n";
}
int main(){
	cin>>T;
	while(T--){
		cin>>s;
		if(AT<s){
			puts("0");
			continue;
		}
		solve();
	}
}


#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
#pragma GCC optimize("Ofast")
#pragma GCC target("avx2")
using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
#define int long long
#define real long double
#define f first
#define s second
#define all(v) v.begin(), v.end()
#define rall(v) v.rbegin(), v.rend()
#define pi M_PI
#define elif else if
typedef tree<int, null_type, less<int>, rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update> indexed_set;

const int INF = 2e18, MOD = 998244353, RANDOM = chrono::steady_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
const real EPS = 1e-12;
mt19937 rng(RANDOM);
struct chash {

    int operator() (int x) const { return (x ^ RANDOM) % MOD; }
};

int n;
vector<vector<int>> people;
vector<int> ind;
vector<pair<int, int>> answer;

int search(){
    int cnt = 0;
    for (int i=0; i<n - 1; ++i){
        if (people[i][2] == people[i][3]) continue;
        if (people[i][1] >= people[i][0]) return -1;
        int j = ind[people[i][3]];
        if (people[j][1] >= people[j][0]) return -1;
        ind[people[i][2]] = j;
        ind[people[i][3]] = people[i][3];
        swap(people[i][1], people[j][1]);
        swap(people[i][2], people[j][2]);
        answer.push_back({people[i][3], people[j][3]});
        ++cnt;
    }
    return cnt;
}

void debug(){
    cerr << "\n";

    cerr << "\n";
}

signed main(){
    ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);
    cin.tie(0); cout.tie(0);
    // cout.precision(6);
    // freopen("input.txt", "r", stdin);
    // freopen("output.txt", "w", stdout);

    cin >> n;
    people.assign(n, vector<int>(4, 0));
    ind.assign(n, 0);
    vector<int> b(n);
    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) cin >> people[i][0];
    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) cin >> b[i];
    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i){
        cin >> people[i][2];
        --people[i][2];
        people[i][1] = b[people[i][2]];
        people[i][3] = i;
    }
    sort(all(people));
    for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) ind[people[i][2]] = i;
    int res = search();
    cout << res << "\n";
    if (res != -1) for (auto i: answer) cout << i.f + 1 << " " << i.s + 1 << "\n";
}

#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
typedef unsigned long long ULL;

#if DEBUG && !ONLINE_JUDGE
    ifstream input_from_file("input.txt");
    #define cin input_from_file
#else

#endif

const int MAXN = 2e5+10;

int a[MAXN];
int b[MAXN];
int p[MAXN];
int q[MAXN];

int main() {
    ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
    cin.tie(0); // Togliere nei problemi con query online

    int N;
    cin >> N;
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) cin >> a[i];
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) cin >> b[i];
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) cin >> p[i], q[p[i]] = i;
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) {
		if (a[i] <= b[p[i]] and p[i] != i) {
			cout << -1 << "\n";
			return 0;
		}
	}
    vector<int> o;
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; i++) o.push_back(i);
    sort(o.begin(), o.end(), [&](int i, int j) {return b[i] > b[j];});
    //for (int x : o) cout << x << " " << b[x] << endl;

    vector<pair<int,int>> op;
    for (int x : o) {
		if (p[x] == x) continue;
		int y = q[x];
		op.push_back({x,y});
		q[p[x]] = y;
		p[y] = p[x];
		q[x] = x;
		p[x] = x;
	}
    cout << op.size() << "\n";
    for (auto pp : op) cout << pp.first << " " << pp.second << "\n";
}


#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
using namespace chrono;

#define fast_IO             ios_base::sync_with_stdio(0);   cin.tie(0);  cout.tie(0);
#define int                 long long
#define rep(i,a,b)          for (int i = a; i < b; i++)
#define rev(i,n)            for(int i = n-1; ~i; i--)
#define pii                 pair<int,int>
#define ar(n)               array<int,n>
#define sz(n)               (int)n.size()
#define uniq(v)             (v).erase(unique(v.begin(), v.end()),(v).end())

#ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
#define dbg(x) cerr<<#x<<" "<<x<<endl;
#else
#define dbg(x)
#endif
template<typename T>istream& operator>>(istream& in,vector<T>& a){for(auto& i:a) in>>i; return in;}
template<typename T>ostream& operator<<(ostream& out,vector<T>& a){for(auto& i:a) out<<i<<" "; return out;}
auto clk = clock();
mt19937_64 rang(high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count());
void run_time() { cerr<<endl; cerr<<"Time elapsed: "<<(double)(clock()-clk)/CLOCKS_PER_SEC<<endl; return; }

const int inf=1e18;      const int32_t M=1e9+7;      const int32_t mxn=1e6+1;

/*-------------------------------------solve-----------------------------------------*/

void solve()
{
    double a,b,c; cin>>a>>b;
    c=100;
    double ans = (a*b);
    ans/=c;
    cout<<ans;
}

int32_t main()
{
     fast_IO
     #ifndef ONLINE_JUDGE
        freopen("error.txt","w",stderr);
     #endif
    int t = 1;
    // cin >> t;

    while (t--)
        solve();
        run_time();
    return 0;
}

#include<bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int A,B;
cin>>A>>B;
double ans=(double) A*B/100;
cout<<ans;
return 0;
}