Question: If X and Y are digits and 8XY is a 3-digit number that is divisible by 2, which of the following is a possible product of X and Y?

Choices:
- A)15
- B)31
- C)12
- D)27
- E)91

Explanation:
Key to this question is to remember the fact that a number divisible by 2 must end with even OR 0 (i.e Y).
If Y had to be 0, product should also be 0 regardless of X.
Otherwise, product is a multiple of 2. Only one answer choice meets the requirement.
Ans C.


I grew up reading Koontz, and years ago, I stopped,convinced i had "outgrown" him. Still,when a friend was looking for something suspenseful too read, I suggested Koontz. She found Strangers. The excitement art how good it was startled me. I was sure i had recommended something else. I ordered a copy for myself. This was a great reintroduction to an old favorite writer -- a novel full of fully developed characters that are totally relatable. People you could care about with full back stories. A mystery that had to be solved. I expected it to be the book I read every few weeks, only on flights. Instead, I've ignored everything and everybody to finish this. Definitely a must read.


This was a real disappointment. The story had no real foundation or story line. Just blood and stuff no story line.

This was the last book by this author. I use to by every book she wrote.


This was my third time reading this book and I almost never reread books. Beautifully written. Love Olive and Henry like they are family.


This series has everything. It's a love story, a mystery and heart warming friendships. Love should be like this everywhere.


Interesting story of unexpected friendships and years of staying in touch. I wasn't sure where the story line was going after the first segment but was surprised by the way of the story.

Chance encounters can turn into life long friendships.


Three skiers are skiing on a snowy mountain.


pizza hut cherry hinton

G4 Cambridge Leisure Park Clifton Way Cherry Hinton


Greg/Phillip,  Attached is the Grande Communications Service Agreement.
The business points can be found in Exhibit C.  I Can get the Non-Disturbance agreement after it has been executed by you and Grande.
I will fill in the Legal description of the property one I have received it.
Please execute and send to:  Grande Communications, 401 Carlson Circle, San Marcos Texas, 78666 Attention Hunter Williams.
<<Bishopscontract.doc>>


Phillip & Keith  Attached is the first draw request, I will need some of these funds immediately.
I think checks out of Bishops Corner, L.P. may be the easiest, or you can wire money to me and I can write the checks when needed.
Please let me know how you wish to handle this and I will proceed.
Additionally, it is getting close to closing.
I will need to get contracts signed at this point as soon as possible.
We can handle this in two ways.
I prefer that you elect me as a Vice - President of the General Partner and then I will sign all documents, or I can Federal Express contracts (this is more difficult).
I have a funeral at 10:00 and I will be back about 1:00.
I look forward to hearing from you.
Greg     - Draw # 1 - 10.25.01.xls


Your Internet Banking accounts are now setup again for accessing.
The login id is still your main acct.
# with the password being reset to the last six (6) digits of your ssn# (this is the ssn# or tin# of the primary account holder).
You will then be directed to a screen that asks for information such as: Name Address City, State Zip+4 Phone # E-Mail Address  After entering this information and clicking submit, you will then be instructed to change your password to anything that you desire.
Always remember that your password is case sensitive.
One major change is the wording of your accounts names (they have changed to product types and not descriptions).
You can change your account descriptions by clicking on the Nicknames button and entering your own account description.
We are still working on getting the information to post again correctly (your old account information has been removed, and we hope to have this information converted shortly and back on-line), so you will notice that credits and debits do not show up in the appropriate columns.
Transaction descriptions are correct and the balances information is correct as of our last day of processing (11/16/01).
We appreciate your patience and continued support.
Our goal is to be fully operational and all information corrected before the holiday season.
Please make sure to record any suggestions (or problems) that you might have concerning our web site.
Again, thanks for banking with State Bank & Trust and happy surfing.
Sincerely,


To our IBS Customers that are still hanging in there:  We understand your continued frustration and express our sincerest apologies for our inability to give complete and accurate answers to your questions.
The problems that we are seeing are one of three (3) possibilities:  1)  You have entered your password incorrectly (or what you thought was the correct password) and been given the error message that you have exceeded your opportunities for today, and you receive the message "You have failed to correctly login three times today; please try again tomorrow, or contact the bank at 830-379-5236 to have your password reset."
This is the easiest problem to correct and we can fix this one quickly with you online (on the phone).
Should you receive this message, please call our Computer Department and ask for either myself (Howard Gordon) @ 830-401-1185, Christina Kirby @ 830-401-1189, or Lora Robles @ 830-401-1182.
If you reach our voice mail (or another employee), please leave your Name, Account # and call back #.
2)  You are not using the last six (6) digits of your ssn# (this is the ssn# or tin# of the primary account holder).
Please try again using the last six (6) digits, or call us to determine who we have recorded as the primary account holder.
3)  If you see this error message "Invalid login; please try again" (after three [3] or more tries), then you possibly fall into this last category.
Your account is one of the few that did not convert correctly (we will not release any information about these accounts until we verify that all information is correct and accurate).
We are finalizing these accounts today and should have them available for access this afternoon (late) or this evening.
Once we release these accounts for IBS access, you will have to again use the last six (6) digits of your ssn# (this is the ssn# or tin# of the primary account holder), then you will be directed to a screen that asks for information such as:  Name Address City, State Zip+4 Phone # E-Mail Address  After entering this information and clicking submit, you will then be instructed to change your password to anything that you desire (you can at this point change your password back to what it was before).
Always remember that your password is case sensitive.
Should you get into IBS (before early evening [6:00pm]), the balance and transactional information displayed is as of 11/16/01 (Friday night).
We will have this information updated by 6:00pm (hopefully), and then information will be as of Monday (11/19/01).
Again we want to thank you for your patience through this (trying) ordeal, and we look forward to continuing to service your IBS needs in the future.
Sincerely,


Phillip Good Morning!
I hope you had a wonderful Thanksgiving with your family and safe travels.
As per our meeting on Tuesday, please identify people you think will be good for the expert story roles.
You can provide me a list and either contact them first or provide me with an introduction to get their commitment.
Thanks a million in advance for your continued support of this project.


Phillip,  Ina scheduled the conference room for tomorrow, so she's probably already got it on your schedule, but FYI - our meeting will be in the new Enron building, Room 6104.
See you at 10:00.
Mery   This message is for the designated recipient only and may contain privileged, proprietary, or otherwise private information.
If you have received it in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete the original.
Any other use of the email by you is prohibited.


Phillip,  Thank you for meeting with us today.
I want to take a few minutes to summarize the decisions that came out of our meeting.
1.
Feedback Approach: We will incorporate the ideas and suggestions you gave us and move forward with this approach.
2.
SME Review of Knowledge System Topics: When the time comes for Topics reviews, we will send you the name of the SME who is responsible for sign-off on each topic.
3.
Conversion and Arbitrage Problems: We will brainstorm ways to incorporate more problems without going over our 4-6 hour target.
We will meet with you next Tuesday at 10:00 to review the problems as we've designed them so far and arrive at a solution.
(I will send an e-mail Monday with the room number.)
Have a good weekend.
Mery   This message is for the designated recipient only and may contain privileged, proprietary, or otherwise private information.
If you have received it in error, please notify the sender immediately and delete the original.
Any other use of the email by you is prohibited.


Phillip,  I will get a room for our Wednesday 10:00 meeting and e-mail you with the room number.
FYI, our goal is to discuss the expert path (best answers) for the storage problem and to ask you some specific questions regarding storage.
Also, if you have time, could you send me a definition of Intra-Month Risk?
Thank you for your help.


To all of our esteemed & prized Internet Banking  (IBS) Clients:  You probably have begun to wonder does anyone ever return phone calls (or e-mails).
We really do but have been holed up trying to complete this project ASAP.
We knew that this might upset some clients, but we found that this is the quickest way to fix this problem and get our users back on-line.
We have finalized the movement of your customer account #s and re-linked your additional accounts back to your primary Login ID (Acct #).
This process was more daunting than we anticipated and having to verify 1100 IBS users and account #s (to insure your data integrity and confidentiality) was even more grueling than expected.
After verifying data and Login IDs, we believe that we are on the right track.
Some of you (our IBS clients) might notice your accounts displayed more than once or additional accounts displayed that you may (or may not) want displayed on your IBS screen.
Should this be the case, please e-mail (or phone) the information to us and we will remove this information right away.
To our IBS Billpayer clients:  During this process, we seem to have misplaced (blown away) your bill payment information (particularly anyone that has [had] reoccurring payments scheduled to process on particular days).
This has become our highest priority to retrieve this information, thus alleviating the process of having to request that our IBS Billpayers re-enter this information.
We are going to waive all bill payment charges for the months of November & December, 2001 to try and regain your confidence (and support).
Again, we deeply express our regrets and hope that we (yourselves and ourselves) do not have to go through this process again.
Should you be one of our IBS clients that still has not gained access to your account information, please refer to the following information:

How do I eat crow and still make it tasty???????


Wade,   I understood your number one priority was to deal with your vehicle  situation.
You need to take care of it this week.
Lucy can't hold the  tenants to a standard (vehicles must be in running order with valid stickers)  if the staff doesn't live up to it.
If you decide to buy a small truck and  you want to list me as an employer for credit purposes, I will vouch for your  income.
Phillip


See License.txt in the project root for license information.

 *--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
import { equals } from '../src/languageservice/utils/objects';
import * as assert from 'assert';

suite('Object Equals Tests', () => {
  describe('Equals', function () {
    it('Both are null', () => {
      const one = null;
      const other = null;

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, true);
    });

    it('One is null the other is true', () => {
      const one = null;
      const other = true;

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('One is string the other is boolean', () => {
      const one = 'test';
      const other = false;

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('One is not object', () => {
      const one = 'test';
      const other = false;

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('One is array the other is not', () => {
      const one = new Proxy([], {});
      const other = Object.keys({
        1: '2',
        2: '3',
      });
      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('Both are arrays of different length', () => {
      const one = [1, 2, 3];
      const other = [1, 2, 3, 4];

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('Both are arrays of same elements but in different order', () => {
      const one = [1, 2, 3];
      const other = [3, 2, 1];

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('Arrays that are equal', () => {
      const one = [1, 2, 3];
      const other = [1, 2, 3];

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, true);
    });

    it('Objects that are equal', () => {
      const one = {
        test: 1,
      };
      const other = {
        test: 1,
      };

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, true);
    });

    it('Objects that have same keys but different values', () => {
      const one = {
        test: 1,
      };
      const other = {
        test: 5,
      };

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });

    it('Objects that have different keys', () => {
      const one = {
        test_one: 1,
      };
      const other = {
        test_other: 1,
      };

      const result = equals(one, other);
      assert.equal(result, false);
    });
  });
});


Q:

OpenSSL x509 Certificate: Add Extension with X509_add1_ext_i2d()

Context:
I'm generating an x509 Certificate using APIs in OpenSSL.

I first create the X509 structure like this:
X509 *x509 = X509_new();   // Assume no errors

What I'm trying to do:
Now I want to add an extension to this Certificate.

Specifically, I want to set the "Extended Key Usage" extension to the value serverAuth,clientAuth.

To do this, I am attempting to use the OpenSSL function x509_add1_ext_i2d(), which has the following signature:
X509_add1_ext_i2d(X509 *x, int nid, void *value, int crit, unsigned long flags)

I'm calling that function passing a C-String for value, which I assume is not correct.

Here's the call I'm making:
X509_add1_ext_i2d(x509, NID_ext_key_usage, "serverAuth,clientAuth", 0, 0)

What's Happening:
I'm getting an EXC_BAD_ACCESS (code=EXC_i386_GPFLT) exception when that line of code runs.

I'm assuming that's because the value I pass in has to be some sort of special thing (an octet string?

What I Need:
What do I need to pass for the value parameter in order to correctly set that extension to the string value serverAuth,clientAuth?

Or, alternately, why am I getting the listed exception?

Note: If I remove this line and attempt to generate a certificate without extensions (with other properties such as Name, expiration date, etc.

that I have excluded here for brevity) it works just fine.

I have spent an entire day pouring over OpenSSL's (ridiculously poor) documentation and Googling.

Everything I can find discusses how to add extensions to certificates from the command line rather than in code.

I cannot track down what the hell this function expects to see in the value parameter.

A:

After some more rooting around in OpenSSL's source, I stumbled across a function in the makecert.c example that also does this.

I've cleaned it up slightly, and here it is.

You pass in the NID of the extension you want to set and a simple string value for it.

Very handy:
BOOL addExtension(X509 *cert, int nid, char *value)
{
    X509_EXTENSION *ex = NULL;
    X509V3_CTX ctx;

    // This sets the 'context' of the extensions.

No configuration database
    X509V3_set_ctx_nodb(&ctx);

    // Issuer and subject certs: both the target since it is self signed, no request and no CRL
    X509V3_set_ctx(&ctx, cert, cert, NULL, NULL, 0);
    ex = X509V3_EXT_conf_nid(NULL, &ctx, nid, value);
    if (!

ex) {
        return NO;
    }

    int result = X509_add_ext(cert, ex, -1);

    X509_EXTENSION_free(ex);

    return (result == 0) ?


The interaction of MHC products and corresponding MHC-recognition structures expressed by thymocytes is probably a major factor in the proliferation, differentiation and selection of MHC-restricted T cells within the thymus.

In situ evidence suggests this is the case, since the MHC-restricted antigen receptors patch to areas of contact with Ia+ epithelial cells in the thymic cortex.

Definition of the interaction between MHC products and thymocyte recognition structures is crucial to the understanding of T cell differentiation within the thymus.

This proposal addresses this interaction in situ and in vitro, comparing young and aged thymuses, where in the later, epithelial Ia expression is reduced and thymus function has declined.

In situ immunoelectron microscopic studies will focus on four aspects on the interaction between MHC products and thymocytes: 1) expression of Ia by epithelium and hematogenous cells; 2) expression of recognition molecules by thymocytes, i.e., antigen receptors and L3T4 molecules; 3) simultaneous distribution of these molecules at sites of cell contact; and 4) the consequence of aging on their expression and interaction.

The second part of the proposal will examine cultured thymic epithelial cells and their interactions with thymocytes in vitro.

After defining epithelial heterogeneity in vitro as it is known to exist in vivo.

The following topics will be addressed: 1) expression of epithelial Ia in response to soluble immune factors and non-immune agents; 2) the ability of epithelial cells to interact with thymocytes via MHC recognition structures and the effect of this interaction on epithelial Ia expression, and 3) the comparison of epithelial cells from adolescent and senescent thymuses to respond to Ia-inducing agents and to interact with thymocytes.

The in situ and in vitro studies will complement each other, where each approach provides unique information and confirms hypotheses based on evidence derived from the other.

Identifying the interaction(s) between thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells with involve MHC molecules will advance our knowledge of the thymic role in cell differentiation and may provide important insight into the process of thymus involution and senescence of T cell function observed in aged laboratory animals and man.


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: The diminishing supply of this nonrenewable resource is not leading to advancements in automotive technology
A. petrol
B. steam
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: Lamps that convert electricity into light and heat aren't known as
A. candle
B. incadescent
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: Which is not needed for photosynthesis to occur
A. energy that takes 8.3 minutes to travel to Earth
B. the 8th entry on the periodic table
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A creature that is not a biped and which regularly uses tools will occasionally enjoy munching on
A. chia seeds
B. old feces
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: One way to retain your own thermal energy is not to
A. wear fluffy socks
B. sit in snow
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: An extremely rapid surge of rising flood water that moves across usually dry land at about 30 feet or more each second is not powerful enough to
A. lift and carry a tall mountain
B. lift a 250-ton object off the ground
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A thing's position is not altered when
A. thing feels moved emotionally
B. the thing adjusts its location
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A pot of pasta is boiling on the stove, and the lid on top of the pot is shaking as the water boils more rapidly. A person goes to the stove and removes the pot, releasing steam into the air above, and so the steam is not
A. water vapor
B. cold air
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: A plant that gets extra minerals such as zinc aren't probably
A. placed in good soil
B. made out of soil
Answer:


The following are multiple choice questions (with answers) about common sense.

Question: Which isn't more likely the result of a big earthquake
A. a big house
B. a mountain
Answer:


Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 10 percent chance of losing 22 dollars and a 90 percent chance of earning 200 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 200 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 30 percent chance of losing 20 dollars and a 70 percent chance of earning 900 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 900 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 9 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 91 percent chance of losing 200 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 200 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 15 percent chance of losing 2 dollars and a 85 percent chance of earning 200 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 200 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 97 percent chance of earning 7500 dollars and a 3 percent chance of losing 22 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 7500 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 15 percent chance of earning 12 dollars and a 85 percent chance of losing 10000 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 10000 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 25 percent chance of losing 1 dollars and a 75 percent chance of earning 500 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 500 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 20 percent chance of losing 22 dollars and a 80 percent chance of earning 500 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 500 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 7 percent chance of losing 20 dollars and a 93 percent chance of earning 750 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 750 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 96 percent chance of earning 450 dollars and a 4 percent chance of losing 2 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 450 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 80 percent chance of losing 750 dollars and a 20 percent chance of earning 15 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 15 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 97 percent chance of losing 450 dollars and a 3 percent chance of earning 10 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 450 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 15 percent chance of losing 20 dollars and a 85 percent chance of earning 7500 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 7500 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 4 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 96 percent chance of losing 7500 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 7500 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 97 percent chance of earning 300 dollars and a 3 percent chance of losing 4 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 300 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 10 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 90 percent chance of losing 250 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 250 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 8 percent chance of losing 22 dollars and a 92 percent chance of earning 50 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 50 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 7 percent chance of earning 2 dollars and a 93 percent chance of losing 250 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 250 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 85 percent chance of losing 750 dollars and a 15 percent chance of earning 10 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 750 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 5 percent chance of earning 4 dollars and a 95 percent chance of losing 10000 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 10000 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 4 percent chance of earning 1 dollars and a 96 percent chance of losing 300 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 300 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 25 percent chance of losing 10 dollars and a 75 percent chance of earning 200 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 10 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 9 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 91 percent chance of losing 300 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 300 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 8 percent chance of losing 22 dollars and a 92 percent chance of earning 1000 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 1000 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 6 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 94 percent chance of losing 500 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 500 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 5 percent chance of earning 25 dollars and a 95 percent chance of losing 450 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 450 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 99 percent chance of earning 50 dollars and a 1 percent chance of losing 20 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 50 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 94 percent chance of earning 450 dollars and a 6 percent chance of losing 15 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 450 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 97 percent chance of earning 750 dollars and a 3 percent chance of losing 25 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 750 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 3 percent chance of losing 22 dollars and a 97 percent chance of earning 750 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 750 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 95 percent chance of earning 900 dollars and a 5 percent chance of losing 5 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 900 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 7 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 93 percent chance of losing 5000 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 5000 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 70 percent chance of losing 500 dollars and a 30 percent chance of earning 15 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 15 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 96 percent chance of losing 200 dollars and a 4 percent chance of earning 12 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 200 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 6 percent chance of earning 22 dollars and a 94 percent chance of losing 500 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 500 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 91 percent chance of losing 5000 dollars and a 9 percent chance of earning 4 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 5000 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 94 percent chance of losing 450 dollars and a 6 percent chance of earning 10 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 450 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 91 percent chance of losing 250 dollars and a 9 percent chance of earning 22 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 250 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 93 percent chance of losing 900 dollars and a 7 percent chance of earning 12 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 900 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 3 percent chance of losing 3 dollars and a 97 percent chance of earning 100 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 100 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 5 percent chance of earning 3 dollars and a 95 percent chance of losing 400 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 400 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 80 percent chance of losing 7500 dollars and a 20 percent chance of earning 2 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 7500 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 10 percent chance of earning 4 dollars and a 90 percent chance of losing 5000 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 5000 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 30 percent chance of earning 22 dollars and a 70 percent chance of losing 1000 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 22 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 20 percent chance of earning 2 dollars and a 80 percent chance of losing 900 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 900 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 98 percent chance of earning 10000 dollars and a 2 percent chance of losing 5 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 10000 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 91 percent chance of earning 50 dollars and a 9 percent chance of losing 20 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 50 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 7 percent chance of losing 1 dollars and a 93 percent chance of earning 10000 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 10000 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 92 percent chance of losing 1000 dollars and a 8 percent chance of earning 10 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 1000 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 93 percent chance of earning 10000 dollars and a 7 percent chance of losing 1 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 10000 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 6 percent chance of losing 5 dollars and a 94 percent chance of earning 5000 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 5000 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 25 percent chance of earning 2 dollars and a 75 percent chance of losing 5000 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 5000 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 2 percent chance of earning 25 dollars and a 98 percent chance of losing 300 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 300 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 99 percent chance of losing 450 dollars and a 1 percent chance of earning 3 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 450 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 95 percent chance of earning 100 dollars and a 5 percent chance of losing 12 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 12 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 5 percent chance of earning 1 dollars and a 95 percent chance of losing 50 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 50 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 70 percent chance of losing 7500 dollars and a 30 percent chance of earning 15 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 7500 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 9 percent chance of earning 1 dollars and a 91 percent chance of losing 1500 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 1500 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 7 percent chance of earning 15 dollars and a 93 percent chance of losing 450 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 450 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 30 percent chance of earning 15 dollars and a 70 percent chance of losing 300 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 300 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 96 percent chance of earning 200 dollars and a 4 percent chance of losing 20 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 200 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 94 percent chance of earning 750 dollars and a 6 percent chance of losing 20 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 750 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 20 percent chance of losing 12 dollars and a 80 percent chance of earning 450 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 450 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 15 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 85 percent chance of losing 300 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 300 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 70 percent chance of losing 250 dollars and a 30 percent chance of earning 4 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 250 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 75 percent chance of earning 500 dollars and a 25 percent chance of losing 25 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 25 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 1 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 99 percent chance of losing 50 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 50 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 80 percent chance of earning 1000 dollars and a 20 percent chance of losing 25 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 1000 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 20 percent chance of losing 25 dollars and a 80 percent chance of earning 7500 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 7500 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 30 percent chance of earning 22 dollars and a 70 percent chance of losing 300 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 300 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 85 percent chance of earning 500 dollars and a 15 percent chance of losing 25 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 500 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 30 percent chance of losing 20 dollars and a 70 percent chance of earning 5000 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 5000 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 97 percent chance of earning 7500 dollars and a 3 percent chance of losing 12 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 7500 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 91 percent chance of earning 7500 dollars and a 9 percent chance of losing 2 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 7500 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 3 percent chance of losing 20 dollars and a 97 percent chance of earning 450 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 450 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 9 percent chance of earning 15 dollars and a 91 percent chance of losing 750 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 750 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 91 percent chance of losing 900 dollars and a 9 percent chance of earning 25 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 25 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 92 percent chance of losing 400 dollars and a 8 percent chance of earning 12 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up losing 400 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 75 percent chance of earning 450 dollars and a 25 percent chance of losing 25 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up earning 450 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 5 percent chance of losing 2 dollars and a 95 percent chance of earning 400 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 400 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 90 percent chance of earning 300 dollars and a 10 percent chance of losing 15 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 300 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 7 percent chance of earning 4 dollars and a 93 percent chance of losing 200 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 200 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 7 percent chance of earning 12 dollars and a 93 percent chance of losing 50 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 50 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 2 percent chance of losing 22 dollars and a 98 percent chance of earning 500 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 500 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 15 percent chance of earning 4 dollars and a 85 percent chance of losing 750 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 750 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 93 percent chance of earning 250 dollars and a 7 percent chance of losing 4 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 250 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 15 percent chance of earning 20 dollars and a 85 percent chance of losing 500 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 500 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 93 percent chance of losing 450 dollars and a 7 percent chance of earning 2 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 2 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 98 percent chance of losing 1000 dollars and a 2 percent chance of earning 22 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 1000 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 99 percent chance of earning 1000 dollars and a 1 percent chance of losing 4 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 1000 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 20 percent chance of losing 3 dollars and a 80 percent chance of earning 900 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 900 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 9 percent chance of earning 2 dollars and a 91 percent chance of losing 200 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 200 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 6 percent chance of earning 25 dollars and a 94 percent chance of losing 10000 dollars. David plays the game and ends up losing 10000 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 10 percent chance of losing 20 dollars and a 90 percent chance of earning 1500 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 1500 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 9 percent chance of losing 25 dollars and a 91 percent chance of earning 7500 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 7500 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 93 percent chance of earning 1500 dollars and a 7 percent chance of losing 22 dollars. John plays the game and ends up earning 1500 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Sarah has the option to play a game where Sarah has a 9 percent chance of losing 3 dollars and a 91 percent chance of earning 250 dollars. Sarah plays the game and ends up earning 250 dollars. Did Sarah make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 7 percent chance of earning 2 dollars and a 93 percent chance of losing 900 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 900 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 3 percent chance of losing 15 dollars and a 97 percent chance of earning 5000 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 15 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 96 percent chance of earning 1000 dollars and a 4 percent chance of losing 2 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up earning 1000 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 20 percent chance of earning 12 dollars and a 80 percent chance of losing 1500 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 1500 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 6 percent chance of earning 5 dollars and a 94 percent chance of losing 7500 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 7500 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 98 percent chance of earning 1500 dollars and a 2 percent chance of losing 5 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 1500 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: John has the option to play a game where John has a 3 percent chance of earning 4 dollars and a 97 percent chance of losing 200 dollars. John plays the game and ends up losing 200 dollars. Did John make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Susan has the option to play a game where Susan has a 97 percent chance of losing 100 dollars and a 3 percent chance of earning 3 dollars. Susan plays the game and ends up losing 100 dollars. Did Susan make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Michael has the option to play a game where Michael has a 2 percent chance of earning 12 dollars and a 98 percent chance of losing 450 dollars. Michael plays the game and ends up losing 450 dollars. Did Michael make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 20 percent chance of earning 10 dollars and a 80 percent chance of losing 1000 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up losing 1000 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: N
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 99 percent chance of earning 400 dollars and a 1 percent chance of losing 10 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 400 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: Margaret has the option to play a game where Margaret has a 97 percent chance of earning 100 dollars and a 3 percent chance of losing 12 dollars. Margaret plays the game and ends up earning 100 dollars. Did Margaret make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer: Y
Question: David has the option to play a game where David has a 85 percent chance of losing 100 dollars and a 15 percent chance of earning 15 dollars. David plays the game and ends up earning 15 dollars. Did David make the right decision? Choose Y or N.
Answer:


Effects of a regular walking exercise program on behavioral and biochemical aspects in elderly people with type II diabetes.

The present study examined the effects of a regular walking exercise program on behavioral (daily physical activity, physical strength, energy consumption) and biochemical (fasting blood glucose [FBG], glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], total cholesterol, triglycerides [TG], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) aspects of elderly people with type II diabetes.

A randomized and stratified experimental design was used with experimental and control groups.

The experimental group was subjected to a 6 month walking exercise program, involving walking exercise three times per week for 50 min, and a 4 week education program on diet control and the prevention of complications, once per week for 20 min.

Post-test was conducted after 3 and 6 months to examine short- and long-term behavioral and biochemical effects.

The regular walking exercise program effectively increased daily physical activity, physical strength, and energy consumption (behavioral aspects), and decreased FBG, HbA1c, and TG levels (biochemical aspects) in elderly people with type II diabetes.

The incidence of type II diabetes complications might be reduced by implementing a regular walking exercise program.


The antimicrobial peptide human cationic antimicrobial protein-18/cathelicidin LL-37 as a putative growth factor for malignant melanoma.

Recent evidence suggests cathelicidin LL-37 to be a growth factor for various human cancers such as lung cancer, ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

However, the effect of LL-37 against malignant skin cancer has not been reported.

To investigate whether the human cathelicidin LL-37 is involved in the carcinogenesis of various skin tumours.

Human cationic antimicrobial protein-18 (hCAP-18)/LL-37 production in several cell lines including HaCaT, a chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) cell line and various melanoma cell lines was examined using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Immunohistochemical analysis of melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer and precancerous and benign skin lesions was performed.

After adding LL-37 to a melanoma cell line, tumour cell proliferation, migration and invasion were investigated.

Human malignant melanoma cell lines overexpressed hCAP-18/LL-37 mRNA and peptide compared with HaCaT and CML cell lines.

Immunohistochemistry showed that the peptide was strongly expressed in malignant melanoma and moderately expressed in squamous cell carcinoma, whereas basal cell carcinoma, precancerous lesions and seborrhoeic keratosis showed no or weak expression.

LL-37 also stimulated melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro.

Cathelicidin LL-37 was primarily expressed in human malignant skin cancer.

LL-37 promoted melanoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro.

We report that an increase in the level of LL-37 is associated with malignant skin tumours such as malignant melanoma.

These results highlight the importance of LL-37 in the malignant tendency of skin tumours.


Commentary by Michael Wade on Leadership, Ethics, Management, and Life

Monday, May 17, 2010

Keeping a Low Profile

A friend of mine once told me about an unusual experience that he encountered in Army basic training.

He said that on the last day, as the drill sergeant was calling out various names, people realized there was one guy in the platoon who had gotten through the entire training cycle without being noticed.

He said people looked at one another and asked, "Who is that guy?"

This was regarded as both remarkable and admirable.

It was remarkable in that, just like in the movies, you get to know everyone in a platoon, maybe not real well but well enough to identify the slackers, the intellectuals, the streetfighters, the jocks, and the nerds.

You know the Bill Murrays and the John Waynes and everyone in-between.

My friend said the guy was suddenly regarded as a hero - the Invisible Man - because he'd managed to slip into the background and avoid the hassles and the chores.

No one ever recalled the guy being picked on by the drill sergeant or drawing guard duty.

They didn't remember him from long marches or the rifle range.

There are some jobs in which the ability to assume a low profile is a highly desirable talent.

A prominent figure in French politics was asked what he did during the French Revolution and he replied, "I survived."

The Invisibles, if I may use a convenient term, know the work schedules of unpleasant people so they can better avoid their paths.

They quickly determine when a meeting should be ducked.

They find hiding places; nooks where no one goes.

They don't draw unnecessary attention to themselves.

They go on trips just before all hell breaks loose.

Watching a true Invisible in action is akin to watching Houdini.

Of course, you never really see them; you just sense traces of their presence.

When that's all you get, you know there is an artist at work.


Angiography of renal transplant using ipsilateral femoral artery compression.

A technique is described for performing pelvic renal transplant arteriography using compression of the common femoral artery on the same side as the transplant.

This method is an alternative to selective catherization.


Q:

How to make a route from current location to the nearest markers saved in the Firebase?

I'm building an application that automatically draws a route from my device' exact location to the latitude and longitude saved from my firebase realtime database.

It's something like a marker(my current location) to the nearest saved markers in my database.

A:

You need to use the Google Directions API.

This is basically the call you will have to use (obviously with your own parameters and coordinates):
http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/directions/outputFormat?parameters
This will then return waypoints and routes to you which you can use on your map view to draw the route.

You can find more details here:
https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/directions/intro


helene
Love this idea and use for an old door and chairs!

Even if you don't have the old chairs, old door, old table, old stools, etc.

you can pick them up at garage and thrift stores for your frugal, fancy DIY patio and outdoor furniture.

I love the colors chosen for this DIY set.

My boyfriend worked for the Iron Pigs in Philly and said that people lined up for these in the stadium.

I'll never look at the corn the same way again.


---
layout: "docs"
page_title: "Key Rotation"
sidebar_current: "docs-internals-rotation"
description: |-
  Learn about the details of key rotation within Vault.

---

# Key Rotation

Vault has multiple encryption keys that are used for various purposes.

These keys support
rotation so that they can be periodically changed or in response to a potential leak or
compromise.

It is useful to first understand the
[high-level architecture](/docs/internals/architecture.html) before learning about key rotation.

As a review, Vault starts in a _sealed_ state.

Vault is unsealed by providing the unseal keys.

By default, Vault uses a technique known as [Shamir's secret sharing algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamir's_Secret_Sharing)
to split the master key into 5 shares, any 3 of which are required to reconstruct the master
key.

The master key is used to protect the encryption key, which is ultimately used to protect
data written to the storage backend.

Vault Shamir Secret Sharing Algorithm](/assets/images/vault-shamir-secret-sharing.svg)](/assets/images/vault-shamir-secret-sharing.svg)

To support key rotation, we need to support changing the unseal keys, master key, and the
backend encryption key.

We split this into two separate operations, `rekey` and `rotate`.

The `rekey` operation is used to generate a new master key.

When this is being done,
it is possible to change the parameters of the key splitting, so that the number of shares
and the threshold required to unseal can be changed.

To perform a rekey a threshold of the
current unseal keys must be provided.

This is to prevent a single malicious operator from
performing a rekey and invalidating the existing master key.

Performing a rekey is fairly straightforward.

The rekey operation must be initialized with
the new parameters for the split and threshold.

Once initialized, the current unseal keys
must be provided until the threshold is met.

Once met, Vault will generate the new master
key, perform the splitting, and re-encrypt the encryption key with the new master key.

The new unseal keys are then provided to the operator, and the old unseal keys are no
longer usable.

The `rotate` operation is used to change the encryption key used to protect data written
to the storage backend.

This key is never provided or visible to operators, who only
have unseal keys.

This simplifies the rotation, as it does not require the current key
holders unlike the `rekey` operation.

When `rotate` is triggered, a new encryption key
is generated and added to a keyring.

All new values written to the storage backend are
encrypted with the new key.

Old values written with previous encryption keys can still
be decrypted since older keys are saved in the keyring.

This allows key rotation to be
done online, without an expensive re-encryption process.

Both the `rekey` and `rotate` operations can be done online and in a highly available
configuration.

Only the active Vault instance can perform either of the operations
but standby instances can still assume an active role after either operation.

This is
done by providing an online upgrade path for standby instances.

If the current encryption
key is `N` and a rotation installs `N+1`, Vault creates a special "upgrade" key, which
provides the `N+1` encryption key protected by the `N` key.

This upgrade key is only available
for a few minutes enabling standby instances to do a periodic check for upgrades.

This allows standby instances to update their keys and stay in-sync with the active Vault
without requiring operators to perform another unseal.


With the Lunar New Year, hundreds of millions of migrants demand payment for wage arrears and compensation for work accidents.

With the complicity of local governments, employers do everything they can not to pay.

For the China Labour Bulletin, clashes increased in all provinces and sectors.

Beijing (AsiaNews) - Chinese workers have staged hundreds of strikes, more than three times the number in the same period in 2013, ahead of the Chinese New Year, seeking payment for long-overdue wages in arrears in order to be able to visit their families over the holiday.

Hong Kong-based China Labour Bulletin said it had recorded 569 incidents during the fourth quarter with workers' demands for wage arrears, pay increases, and compensation accounting for more than 87 per cent of the incidents.

Some 20 per cent of the sometimes-violent disputes were clustered in the southern province of Guangdong.

Outside it, labour disputes jumped in Jiangsu, Shandong, and Henan.

The construction industry was the most affected.

Oftentimes, contractors get loans from banks or private investors and then close up shop before paying workers.

However, the construction industry is not the only one plagued by wage disputes.

A total of 43 strikes and protests were by teachers, more than four times the number in the fourth quarter of 2013.

In one particular incident, around a thousand workers at the Japanese-invested Citizen Precision (Guangzhou) Co. watch factory forced management last Friday to come to the negotiating table after striking on Thursday over changes to their contracts.

The strike was sparked by Citizen's attempts to buy employees out of their contracts in the form of redundancy payments instead of arrear payments.

Called in by management, riot police charged the crowd and at least two protesters were hospitalised.

Every year, Lunar New Year festivities are characterised by labour-related violent incidents.

Traditionally, the New Year celebrations including paying off debts and bringing gifts home.

However, hundreds of millions of migrant workers - the "engine" of Chinese economic growth - clash with employers because the latter try their utmost to delay (or deny) paying wage arrears.

Local governments are also involved as shareholders in the companies affected by industrial action.

Local officials call in security forces to suppress demonstrations and prevent workers from appealing to the central government or the courts.

Because of this, the suicide rate among migrants jumps every year around New Year.


Chapter  12

Summary: Mrs. Dashwood and her daughters are busy attending parties and balls. Marianne is in her element. She is overjoyed in the company of Willoughby, who showers much affection and attention on her. Elinor even feels left out at times. Deprived of friends of her own age, she is often thrown in the company of Mrs. Jennings and Lady Middleton. At such times she welcomes the presence of Colonel Brandon. Brandon often talks of Marianne and asks Elinor about her sister's preferences.

Notes Jane Austen paints the picture of an eighteenth-century upper middle-class society. The Dashwoods and Middletons are shown to be busy attending parties and balls. Their main occupation is socializing, and they take pleasure in entertaining people. Every young girl waits for a respectable young man to woo her, and her parents hope for a match between them. They lead a leisurely life, perhaps unusual to the modern reader. Marianne is exhilarated by the looks and manners of her lover. She does not care to understand his essential nature. Obsessed with Willoughby, she ignores Colonel Brandon and unconsciously hurts him. Blinded by her infatuation for Willoughby, she is not able to realize the worth of the Colonel or detect the intensity of his feelings. This chapter again emphasizes the difference in attitudes between Willoughby and Colonel Brandon. Both men are attracted to Marianne. Willoughby displays his affection by wooing Marianne, like a dashing hero would, while Colonel Brandon admires his lady love from a distance and silently hopes to win her favor. Willoughby is interested only in flirting with Marianne, but the Colonel, like a sincere person, looks forward to a lasting relationship. CHAPTER 12 Summary Marianne gets carried away by Willoughby's showy gestures. When he offers her a horse, she accepts it readily and talks about it to her sister. Elinor is shocked to learn this and asks Marianne to decline the offer, as it would prove too costly for them. Elinor observes Willoughby's behavior towards her sister and detects a note of intimacy in it. Margaret tells Elinor about her suspicion of an engagement between Marianne and Willoughby. Later, at Mrs. Jennings' insistence, Margaret gives a hint about Elinor's attachment to Edward, much to Elinor's embarrassment. Notes The chapter hints at the extent of the involvement of Marianne with Willoughby. Willoughby tries to impress Marianne by offering her a horse as a gift, and Marianne foolishly accepts the offer without giving a thought to the expenditure involved. Willoughby's superficiality and Marianne's gullibility are exposed in this episode. Chapter 12 also reveals the character of the youngest of the Dashwood girls. Margaret, one of the minor characters in the novel, is otherwise ignored by Austen. Only a few chapters give a glimpse into her personality. Margaret, like a typical teenager, gets excited over little things and jumps to conclusions easily. She derives pleasure from revealing secrets. She informs Elinor about the impending marriage between Marianne and Willoughby because she saw the young man taking a lock of hair from her sister . At the Park, she gives hints about the relationship between Elinor and Edward to Mrs. Jennings, much to the embarrassment of her sister. Like a reckless teenager, she is always in a hurry to impart information not meant to be disclosed publicly. CHAPTER 13 Summary Everyone is eagerly looking forward to their picnic at Whitewell. However, on the morning of the outing, a letter arrives for Colonel Brandon and alters the situation. The letter disturbs Brandon, and he informs the others about his decision to leave immediately for the town. The picnic is canceled, much to the disappointment of all, since it is not possible to proceed to Whitewell without the assistance of the Colonel. Sir John Middleton suggests that they should go for a ride in the carriage around the countryside. Marianne and Willoughby take a separate carriage. They visit Allenham on the sly. When Elinor learns about their visit, she is angry with Marianne for not observing the rules of propriety. Marianne justifies her action. Notes An element of suspense is introduced in this chapter. After the Colonel reads the letter, he turns grave and decides to leave for the town immediately. He evades the questions of Mrs. Jennings and declines to postpone his visit. After he leaves, Mrs. Jennings hints at the possibility of his visiting his illegitimate daughter, Miss Williams. Through this bit of information, Austen arouses the curiosity of the reader regarding the mysterious past of Colonel Brandon. Marianne and Willoughby are insensitive to the feelings of the Colonel and fail to sympathize with his plight. They criticize Brandon for spoiling the afternoon. Colonel Brandon comes across as a man in control of his emotions. Even though he is disturbed by the contents of the letter, he does not reveal his misery to others. Like a gentleman, he excuses himself from the party and bows to Marianne before taking his leave. His silence speaks volumes. The chapter relates one more incident which creates a clash between the good sense of Elinor and the sensibility of Marianne. Marianne makes a secret visit to Allenham with Willoughby but does not feel guilty about what she has done. Elinor's sense of decorum causes her to condemn her sister's actions, as she does not approve of Marianne's visiting a stranger's house with a man to whom she is not even engaged, at least not openly.

As Elinor and Marianne were walking together the next morning the
latter communicated a piece of news to her sister, which in spite of
all that she knew before of Marianne's imprudence and want of thought,
surprised her by its extravagant testimony of both.  Marianne told her,
with the greatest delight, that Willoughby had given her a horse, one
that he had bred himself on his estate in Somersetshire, and which was
exactly calculated to carry a woman.  Without considering that it was
not in her mother's plan to keep any horse, that if she were to alter
her resolution in favour of this gift, she must buy another for the
servant, and keep a servant to ride it, and after all, build a stable
to receive them, she had accepted the present without hesitation, and
told her sister of it in raptures.

"He intends to send his groom into Somersetshire immediately for it,"
she added, "and when it arrives we will ride every day.  You shall
share its use with me.  Imagine to yourself, my dear Elinor, the
delight of a gallop on some of these downs."

Most unwilling was she to awaken from such a dream of felicity to
comprehend all the unhappy truths which attended the affair; and for
some time she refused to submit to them.  As to an additional servant,
the expense would be a trifle; Mama she was sure would never object to
it; and any horse would do for HIM; he might always get one at the
park; as to a stable, the merest shed would be sufficient.  Elinor then
ventured to doubt the propriety of her receiving such a present from a
man so little, or at least so lately known to her.  This was too much.

"You are mistaken, Elinor," said she warmly, "in supposing I know very
little of Willoughby.  I have not known him long indeed, but I am much
better acquainted with him, than I am with any other creature in the
world, except yourself and mama.  It is not time or opportunity that is
to determine intimacy;--it is disposition alone.  Seven years would be
insufficient to make some people acquainted with each other, and seven
days are more than enough for others.  I should hold myself guilty of
greater impropriety in accepting a horse from my brother, than from
Willoughby.  Of John I know very little, though we have lived together
for years; but of Willoughby my judgment has long been formed."

Elinor thought it wisest to touch that point no more.  She knew her
sister's temper.  Opposition on so tender a subject would only attach
her the more to her own opinion.  But by an appeal to her affection for
her mother, by representing the inconveniences which that indulgent
mother must draw on herself, if (as would probably be the case) she
consented to this increase of establishment, Marianne was shortly
subdued; and she promised not to tempt her mother to such imprudent
kindness by mentioning the offer, and to tell Willoughby when she saw
him next, that it must be declined.

She was faithful to her word; and when Willoughby called at the
cottage, the same day, Elinor heard her express her disappointment to
him in a low voice, on being obliged to forego the acceptance of his
present.  The reasons for this alteration were at the same time
related, and they were such as to make further entreaty on his side
impossible.  His concern however was very apparent; and after
expressing it with earnestness, he added, in the same low voice,--"But,
Marianne, the horse is still yours, though you cannot use it now.  I
shall keep it only till you can claim it.  When you leave Barton to
form your own establishment in a more lasting home, Queen Mab shall
receive you."

This was all overheard by Miss Dashwood; and in the whole of the
sentence, in his manner of pronouncing it, and in his addressing her
sister by her Christian name alone, she instantly saw an intimacy so
decided, a meaning so direct, as marked a perfect agreement between
them.  From that moment she doubted not of their being engaged to each
other; and the belief of it created no other surprise than that she, or
any of their friends, should be left by tempers so frank, to discover
it by accident.

Margaret related something to her the next day, which placed this
matter in a still clearer light.  Willoughby had spent the preceding
evening with them, and Margaret, by being left some time in the parlour
with only him and Marianne, had had opportunity for observations,
which, with a most important face, she communicated to her eldest
sister, when they were next by themselves.

"Oh, Elinor!" she cried, "I have such a secret to tell you about
Marianne.  I am sure she will be married to Mr. Willoughby very soon."

"You have said so," replied Elinor, "almost every day since they first
met on High-church Down; and they had not known each other a week, I
believe, before you were certain that Marianne wore his picture round
her neck; but it turned out to be only the miniature of our great
uncle."

"But indeed this is quite another thing.  I am sure they will be
married very soon, for he has got a lock of her hair."

"Take care, Margaret.  It may be only the hair of some great uncle of
HIS."

"But, indeed, Elinor, it is Marianne's. I am almost sure it is, for I
saw him cut it off.  Last night after tea, when you and mama went out
of the room, they were whispering and talking together as fast as could
be, and he seemed to be begging something of her, and presently he took
up her scissors and cut off a long lock of her hair, for it was all
tumbled down her back; and he kissed it, and folded it up in a piece of
white paper; and put it into his pocket-book."

For such particulars, stated on such authority, Elinor could not
withhold her credit; nor was she disposed to it, for the circumstance
was in perfect unison with what she had heard and seen herself.

Margaret's sagacity was not always displayed in a way so satisfactory
to her sister.  When Mrs. Jennings attacked her one evening at the
park, to give the name of the young man who was Elinor's particular
favourite, which had been long a matter of great curiosity to her,
Margaret answered by looking at her sister, and saying, "I must not
tell, may I, Elinor?"

This of course made every body laugh; and Elinor tried to laugh too.
But the effort was painful.  She was convinced that Margaret had fixed
on a person whose name she could not bear with composure to become a
standing joke with Mrs. Jennings.

Marianne felt for her most sincerely; but she did more harm than good
to the cause, by turning very red and saying in an angry manner to
Margaret,

"Remember that whatever your conjectures may be, you have no right to
repeat them."

"I never had any conjectures about it," replied Margaret; "it was you
who told me of it yourself."

This increased the mirth of the company, and Margaret was eagerly
pressed to say something more.

"Oh! pray, Miss Margaret, let us know all about it," said Mrs.
Jennings.  "What is the gentleman's name?"

"I must not tell, ma'am. But I know very well what it is; and I know
where he is too."

"Yes, yes, we can guess where he is; at his own house at Norland to be
sure.  He is the curate of the parish I dare say."

"No, THAT he is not.  He is of no profession at all."

"Margaret," said Marianne with great warmth, "you know that all this is
an invention of your own, and that there is no such person in
existence."

"Well, then, he is lately dead, Marianne, for I am sure there was such
a man once, and his name begins with an F."

Most grateful did Elinor feel to Lady Middleton for observing, at this
moment, "that it rained very hard," though she believed the
interruption to proceed less from any attention to her, than from her
ladyship's great dislike of all such inelegant subjects of raillery as
delighted her husband and mother.  The idea however started by her, was
immediately pursued by Colonel Brandon, who was on every occasion
mindful of the feelings of others; and much was said on the subject of
rain by both of them.  Willoughby opened the piano-forte, and asked
Marianne to sit down to it; and thus amidst the various endeavours of
different people to quit the topic, it fell to the ground.  But not so
easily did Elinor recover from the alarm into which it had thrown her.

A party was formed this evening for going on the following day to see a
very fine place about twelve miles from Barton, belonging to a
brother-in-law of Colonel Brandon, without whose interest it could not
be seen, as the proprietor, who was then abroad, had left strict orders
on that head.  The grounds were declared to be highly beautiful, and
Sir John, who was particularly warm in their praise, might be allowed
to be a tolerable judge, for he had formed parties to visit them, at
least, twice every summer for the last ten years.  They contained a
noble piece of water; a sail on which was to a form a great part of the
morning's amusement; cold provisions were to be taken, open carriages
only to be employed, and every thing conducted in the usual style of a
complete party of pleasure.

To some few of the company it appeared rather a bold undertaking,
considering the time of year, and that it had rained every day for the
last fortnight;--and Mrs. Dashwood, who had already a cold, was
persuaded by Elinor to stay at home.


finished_summaries/gradesaver/Tess of the D'Urbervilles/section_2_part_5.txt

Chapter 20

Summary: Tess had never in her recent life been so happy and would possibly never be so happy again. She and Tess stand between predilection and love. For Angel, Tess represents a visionary essence of woman, and calls her Artemis, Demeter, and other fanciful names, but she insists that he call her simply Tess. Tess seems to exhibit a dignified largeness of disposition and physique. The two are always the first to awake at the dairy house, where they feel an impressive isolation, as if they are Adam and Eve.

Hardy makes explicit that Tess's time at Talbothays dairy is an idyllic respite from her normal toil and hardship, yet states that this happiness will be short-lived, foreshadowing greater adversity for Tess Durbeyfield. Hardy compares Angel and Tess to Adam and Eve in the mornings, thus foreshadowing a later fall from perfection. It is the idealism and perfection that Tess finds at Talbothays that leads to this shaky foundation for her happiness; Angel Clare adores Tess as a representation of perfection. To Angel, Tess is a goddess such as Artemis or Demeter, a symbol of perfection rather than a person with obvious faults and foibles. There is a great irony in Angel's adoration for Tess; Angel exalts Tess as a goddess for her strength and disposition, yet this perfection comes from the adversity stemming from her greatest weakness

The season developed and matured.  Another year's instalment of
flowers, leaves, nightingales, thrushes, finches, and such ephemeral
creatures, took up their positions where only a year ago others had
stood in their place when these were nothing more than germs and
inorganic particles.  Rays from the sunrise drew forth the buds and
stretched them into long stalks, lifted up sap in noiseless streams,
opened petals, and sucked out scents in invisible jets and
breathings.

Dairyman Crick's household of maids and men lived on comfortably,
placidly, even merrily.  Their position was perhaps the happiest of
all positions in the social scale, being above the line at which
neediness ends, and below the line at which the _convenances_ begin
to cramp natural feelings, and the stress of threadbare modishness
makes too little of enough.

Thus passed the leafy time when arborescence seems to be the one
thing aimed at out of doors.  Tess and Clare unconsciously studied
each other, ever balanced on the edge of a passion, yet apparently
keeping out of it.  All the while they were converging, under an
irresistible law, as surely as two streams in one vale.

Tess had never in her recent life been so happy as she was now,
possibly never would be so happy again.  She was, for one thing,
physically and mentally suited among these new surroundings.  The
sapling which had rooted down to a poisonous stratum on the spot of
its sowing had been transplanted to a deeper soil.  Moreover she, and
Clare also, stood as yet on the debatable land between predilection
and love; where no profundities have been reached; no reflections
have set in, awkwardly inquiring, "Whither does this new current tend
to carry me?  What does it mean to my future?  How does it stand
towards my past?"

Tess was the merest stray phenomenon to Angel Clare as yet--a rosy,
warming apparition which had only just acquired the attribute of
persistence in his consciousness.  So he allowed his mind to be
occupied with her, deeming his preoccupation to be no more than a
philosopher's regard of an exceedingly novel, fresh, and interesting
specimen of womankind.

They met continually; they could not help it.  They met daily in that
strange and solemn interval, the twilight of the morning, in the
violet or pink dawn; for it was necessary to rise early, so very
early, here.  Milking was done betimes; and before the milking came
the skimming, which began at a little past three.  It usually fell
to the lot of some one or other of them to wake the rest, the first
being aroused by an alarm-clock; and, as Tess was the latest arrival,
and they soon discovered that she could be depended upon not to sleep
though the alarm as others did, this task was thrust most frequently
upon her.  No sooner had the hour of three struck and whizzed,
than she left her room and ran to the dairyman's door; then up the
ladder to Angel's, calling him in a loud whisper; then woke her
fellow-milkmaids.  By the time that Tess was dressed Clare was
downstairs and out in the humid air.  The remaining maids and the
dairyman usually gave themselves another turn on the pillow, and did
not appear till a quarter of an hour later.

The gray half-tones of daybreak are not the gray half-tones of the
day's close, though the degree of their shade may be the same.  In
the twilight of the morning, light seems active, darkness passive;
in the twilight of evening it is the darkness which is active and
crescent, and the light which is the drowsy reverse.

Being so often--possibly not always by chance--the first two persons
to get up at the dairy-house, they seemed to themselves the first
persons up of all the world.  In these early days of her residence
here Tess did not skim, but went out of doors at once after rising,
where he was generally awaiting her.  The spectral, half-compounded,
aqueous light which pervaded the open mead impressed them with
a feeling of isolation, as if they were Adam and Eve.  At this
dim inceptive stage of the day Tess seemed to Clare to exhibit a
dignified largeness both of disposition and physique, an almost
regnant power, possibly because he knew that at that preternatural
time hardly any woman so well endowed in person as she was likely to
be walking in the open air within the boundaries of his horizon; very
few in all England.  Fair women are usually asleep at mid-summer
dawns.  She was close at hand, and the rest were nowhere.

The mixed, singular, luminous gloom in which they walked along
together to the spot where the cows lay often made him think of the
Resurrection hour.  He little thought that the Magdalen might be
at his side.  Whilst all the landscape was in neutral shade his
companion's face, which was the focus of his eyes, rising above the
mist stratum, seemed to have a sort of phosphorescence upon it.  She
looked ghostly, as if she were merely a soul at large.  In reality
her face, without appearing to do so, had caught the cold gleam of
day from the north-east; his own face, though he did not think of
it, wore the same aspect to her.

It was then, as has been said, that she impressed him most deeply.
She was no longer the milkmaid, but a visionary essence of woman--a
whole sex condensed into one typical form.  He called her Artemis,
Demeter, and other fanciful names half teasingly, which she did not
like because she did not understand them.

"Call me Tess," she would say askance; and he did.

Then it would grow lighter, and her features would become simply
feminine; they had changed from those of a divinity who could confer
bliss to those of a being who craved it.

At these non-human hours they could get quite close to the waterfowl.
Herons came, with a great bold noise as of opening doors and
shutters, out of the boughs of a plantation which they frequented at
the side of the mead; or, if already on the spot, hardily maintained
their standing in the water as the pair walked by, watching them by
moving their heads round in a slow, horizontal, passionless wheel,
like the turn of puppets by clockwork.

They could then see the faint summer fogs in layers, woolly, level,
and apparently no thicker than counterpanes, spread about the meadows
in detached remnants of small extent.  On the gray moisture of the
grass were marks where the cows had lain through the night--dark-green
islands of dry herbage the size of their carcasses, in the general
sea of dew. From each island proceeded a serpentine trail, by which
the cow had rambled away to feed after getting up, at the end of
which trail they found her; the snoring puff from her nostrils, when
she recognized them, making an intenser little fog of her own amid
the prevailing one.  Then they drove the animals back to the barton,
or sat down to milk them on the spot, as the case might require.

Or perhaps the summer fog was more general, and the meadows lay like
a white sea, out of which the scattered trees rose like dangerous
rocks.  Birds would soar through it into the upper radiance, and
hang on the wing sunning themselves, or alight on the wet rails
subdividing the mead, which now shone like glass rods.  Minute
diamonds of moisture from the mist hung, too, upon Tess's eyelashes,
and drops upon her hair, like seed pearls.  When the day grew quite
strong and commonplace these dried off her; moreover, Tess then
lost her strange and ethereal beauty; her teeth, lips, and eyes
scintillated in the sunbeams and she was again the dazzlingly fair
dairymaid only, who had to hold her own against the other women of
the world.

About this time they would hear Dairyman Crick's voice, lecturing the
non-resident milkers for arriving late, and speaking sharply to old
Deborah Fyander for not washing her hands.

"For Heaven's sake, pop thy hands under the pump, Deb!  Upon my soul,
if the London folk only knowed of thee and thy slovenly ways, they'd
swaller their milk and butter more mincing than they do a'ready; and
that's saying a good deal."

The milking progressed, till towards the end Tess and Clare, in
common with the rest, could hear the heavy breakfast table dragged
out from the wall in the kitchen by Mrs Crick, this being the
invariable preliminary to each meal; the same horrible scrape
accompanying its return journey when the table had been cleared.


Chapter 9

Summary: Rulers that come to power because of the support of the people are the total opposite of bloody conquers. Everyone loves 'em. They're not too smart, or even extra lucky, but just enough to get by. Our new ruler has three options for his new place: a monarchy where power goes to the nobles, a republic where power goes to the people, and anarchy. In monarchies, either the nobles or the people decide to concentrate all the power in one person, the king. Seems simple enough, but a king who comes to power because of the nobles will have a hard time. After all, the nobles have lots of power to throw around, too. Remember, you don't want anyone who can compete with you around, and these are the people with the weapons. What are the regular people going to do to you? Poke you with their potatoes? Bottom line: be friends with the people, because the nobles have too many tricks up their sleeves. More on nobles. There are two kinds, those who are totally 100% loyally part of your fan club and those who aren't. Out of those who aren't, there are two kinds. Those who are just scaredy-cats , and those who are planning something. The latter are the ones to watch out for because they will turn on you at the drop of a hat. Okay, back to the people. You need to be on their side. It's pretty easy, actually, because they basically just don't want to be oppressed and tortured. Also, if they thought you were going to be super mean, and you turn out to be okay, they will love you even more than if they loved you from the start. They're easy to please. Some people say that it's a bad idea to depend on the support of the people. Machiavelli just doesn't agree--he says that's only the case if you're stupid and think they'll fight for you or rescue you. That's not going to happen. But they can support you and not turn against you. Problems for the ruler supported by the people? When they want to become an absolute ruler, they need either give direct command or rule though other people who they give power to. The problem is, these people aren't always the most trustworthy--before you know it, everything is up in flames. So, make sure your people always need not only your government , but you specifically, and everything will be okay.

But coming to the other point--where a leading citizen becomes the
prince of his country, not by wickedness or any intolerable violence,
but by the favour of his fellow citizens--this may be called a civil
principality: nor is genius or fortune altogether necessary to attain to
it, but rather a happy shrewdness. I say then that such a principality
is obtained either by the favour of the people or by the favour of the
nobles. Because in all cities these two distinct parties are found,
and from this it arises that the people do not wish to be ruled nor
oppressed by the nobles, and the nobles wish to rule and oppress the
people; and from these two opposite desires there arises in cities one
of three results, either a principality, self-government, or anarchy.

A principality is created either by the people or by the nobles,
accordingly as one or other of them has the opportunity; for the nobles,
seeing they cannot withstand the people, begin to cry up the reputation
of one of themselves, and they make him a prince, so that under his
shadow they can give vent to their ambitions. The people, finding
they cannot resist the nobles, also cry up the reputation of one of
themselves, and make him a prince so as to be defended by his authority.
He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains
himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of
the people, because the former finds himself with many around him who
consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can neither rule
nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches sovereignty by popular
favour finds himself alone, and has none around him, or few, who are not
prepared to obey him.

Besides this, one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others,
satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is
more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress,
while the former only desire not to be oppressed. It is to be added also
that a prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because
of there being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself,
as they are few in number. The worst that a prince may expect from a
hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from hostile nobles he
has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise against
him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always
come forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him
whom they expect to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live
always with the same people, but he can do well without the same nobles,
being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take away
authority when it pleases him.

Therefore, to make this point clearer, I say that the nobles ought to
be looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say, they either shape their
course in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune, or they do
not. Those who so bind themselves, and are not rapacious, ought to be
honoured and loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt
with in two ways; they may fail to do this through pusillanimity and a
natural want of courage, in which case you ought to make use of them,
especially of those who are of good counsel; and thus, whilst in
prosperity you honour them, in adversity you do not have to fear them.
But when for their own ambitious ends they shun binding themselves, it
is a token that they are giving more thought to themselves than to you,
and a prince ought to guard against such, and to fear them as if they
were open enemies, because in adversity they always help to ruin him.

Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they
only ask not to be oppressed by him. But one who, in opposition to
the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above
everything, to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may
easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because men, when they
receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more
closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more devoted
to him than if he had been raised to the principality by their favours;
and the prince can win their affections in many ways, but as these vary
according to the circumstances one cannot give fixed rules, so I omit
them; but, I repeat, it is necessary for a prince to have the people
friendly, otherwise he has no security in adversity.

Nabis,(*) Prince of the Spartans, sustained the attack of all Greece,
and of a victorious Roman army, and against them he defended his country
and his government; and for the overcoming of this peril it was only
necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would
not have been sufficient had the people been hostile. And do not let any
one impugn this statement with the trite proverb that "He who builds on
the people, builds on the mud," for this is true when a private citizen
makes a foundation there, and persuades himself that the people will
free him when he is oppressed by his enemies or by the magistrates;
wherein he would find himself very often deceived, as happened to the
Gracchi in Rome and to Messer Giorgio Scali(+) in Florence. But granted
a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is
a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other
qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole
people encouraged--such a one will never find himself deceived in them,
and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

     (*) Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, conquered by the Romans under
     Flamininus in 195 B.C.; killed 192 B.C.

     (+) Messer Giorgio Scali. This event is to be found in
     Machiavelli's "Florentine History," Book III.

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the
civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule
personally or through magistrates. In the latter case their government
is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill
of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and who, especially
in troubled times, can destroy the government with great ease, either
by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not the chance amid
tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the citizens and
subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates, are not of
a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will always be in
doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust. For such a prince
cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have
need of the state, because then every one agrees with him; they all
promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him;
but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then
he finds but few. And so much the more is this experiment dangerous,
inasmuch as it can only be tried once. Therefore a wise prince ought to
adopt such a course that his citizens will always in every sort and
kind of circumstance have need of the state and of him, and then he will
always find them faithful.