Chapter  12

Summary: Mrs. Dashwood and her daughters are busy attending parties and balls. Marianne is in her element. She is overjoyed in the company of Willoughby, who showers much affection and attention on her. Elinor even feels left out at times. Deprived of friends of her own age, she is often thrown in the company of Mrs. Jennings and Lady Middleton. At such times she welcomes the presence of Colonel Brandon. Brandon often talks of Marianne and asks Elinor about her sister's preferences.

Notes Jane Austen paints the picture of an eighteenth-century upper middle-class society. The Dashwoods and Middletons are shown to be busy attending parties and balls. Their main occupation is socializing, and they take pleasure in entertaining people. Every young girl waits for a respectable young man to woo her, and her parents hope for a match between them. They lead a leisurely life, perhaps unusual to the modern reader. Marianne is exhilarated by the looks and manners of her lover. She does not care to understand his essential nature. Obsessed with Willoughby, she ignores Colonel Brandon and unconsciously hurts him. Blinded by her infatuation for Willoughby, she is not able to realize the worth of the Colonel or detect the intensity of his feelings. This chapter again emphasizes the difference in attitudes between Willoughby and Colonel Brandon. Both men are attracted to Marianne. Willoughby displays his affection by wooing Marianne, like a dashing hero would, while Colonel Brandon admires his lady love from a distance and silently hopes to win her favor. Willoughby is interested only in flirting with Marianne, but the Colonel, like a sincere person, looks forward to a lasting relationship. CHAPTER 12 Summary Marianne gets carried away by Willoughby's showy gestures. When he offers her a horse, she accepts it readily and talks about it to her sister. Elinor is shocked to learn this and asks Marianne to decline the offer, as it would prove too costly for them. Elinor observes Willoughby's behavior towards her sister and detects a note of intimacy in it. Margaret tells Elinor about her suspicion of an engagement between Marianne and Willoughby. Later, at Mrs. Jennings' insistence, Margaret gives a hint about Elinor's attachment to Edward, much to Elinor's embarrassment. Notes The chapter hints at the extent of the involvement of Marianne with Willoughby. Willoughby tries to impress Marianne by offering her a horse as a gift, and Marianne foolishly accepts the offer without giving a thought to the expenditure involved. Willoughby's superficiality and Marianne's gullibility are exposed in this episode. Chapter 12 also reveals the character of the youngest of the Dashwood girls. Margaret, one of the minor characters in the novel, is otherwise ignored by Austen. Only a few chapters give a glimpse into her personality. Margaret, like a typical teenager, gets excited over little things and jumps to conclusions easily. She derives pleasure from revealing secrets. She informs Elinor about the impending marriage between Marianne and Willoughby because she saw the young man taking a lock of hair from her sister . At the Park, she gives hints about the relationship between Elinor and Edward to Mrs. Jennings, much to the embarrassment of her sister. Like a reckless teenager, she is always in a hurry to impart information not meant to be disclosed publicly. CHAPTER 13 Summary Everyone is eagerly looking forward to their picnic at Whitewell. However, on the morning of the outing, a letter arrives for Colonel Brandon and alters the situation. The letter disturbs Brandon, and he informs the others about his decision to leave immediately for the town. The picnic is canceled, much to the disappointment of all, since it is not possible to proceed to Whitewell without the assistance of the Colonel. Sir John Middleton suggests that they should go for a ride in the carriage around the countryside. Marianne and Willoughby take a separate carriage. They visit Allenham on the sly. When Elinor learns about their visit, she is angry with Marianne for not observing the rules of propriety. Marianne justifies her action. Notes An element of suspense is introduced in this chapter. After the Colonel reads the letter, he turns grave and decides to leave for the town immediately. He evades the questions of Mrs. Jennings and declines to postpone his visit. After he leaves, Mrs. Jennings hints at the possibility of his visiting his illegitimate daughter, Miss Williams. Through this bit of information, Austen arouses the curiosity of the reader regarding the mysterious past of Colonel Brandon. Marianne and Willoughby are insensitive to the feelings of the Colonel and fail to sympathize with his plight. They criticize Brandon for spoiling the afternoon. Colonel Brandon comes across as a man in control of his emotions. Even though he is disturbed by the contents of the letter, he does not reveal his misery to others. Like a gentleman, he excuses himself from the party and bows to Marianne before taking his leave. His silence speaks volumes. The chapter relates one more incident which creates a clash between the good sense of Elinor and the sensibility of Marianne. Marianne makes a secret visit to Allenham with Willoughby but does not feel guilty about what she has done. Elinor's sense of decorum causes her to condemn her sister's actions, as she does not approve of Marianne's visiting a stranger's house with a man to whom she is not even engaged, at least not openly.

As Elinor and Marianne were walking together the next morning the
latter communicated a piece of news to her sister, which in spite of
all that she knew before of Marianne's imprudence and want of thought,
surprised her by its extravagant testimony of both.  Marianne told her,
with the greatest delight, that Willoughby had given her a horse, one
that he had bred himself on his estate in Somersetshire, and which was
exactly calculated to carry a woman.  Without considering that it was
not in her mother's plan to keep any horse, that if she were to alter
her resolution in favour of this gift, she must buy another for the
servant, and keep a servant to ride it, and after all, build a stable
to receive them, she had accepted the present without hesitation, and
told her sister of it in raptures.

"He intends to send his groom into Somersetshire immediately for it,"
she added, "and when it arrives we will ride every day.  You shall
share its use with me.  Imagine to yourself, my dear Elinor, the
delight of a gallop on some of these downs."

Most unwilling was she to awaken from such a dream of felicity to
comprehend all the unhappy truths which attended the affair; and for
some time she refused to submit to them.  As to an additional servant,
the expense would be a trifle; Mama she was sure would never object to
it; and any horse would do for HIM; he might always get one at the
park; as to a stable, the merest shed would be sufficient.  Elinor then
ventured to doubt the propriety of her receiving such a present from a
man so little, or at least so lately known to her.  This was too much.

"You are mistaken, Elinor," said she warmly, "in supposing I know very
little of Willoughby.  I have not known him long indeed, but I am much
better acquainted with him, than I am with any other creature in the
world, except yourself and mama.  It is not time or opportunity that is
to determine intimacy;--it is disposition alone.  Seven years would be
insufficient to make some people acquainted with each other, and seven
days are more than enough for others.  I should hold myself guilty of
greater impropriety in accepting a horse from my brother, than from
Willoughby.  Of John I know very little, though we have lived together
for years; but of Willoughby my judgment has long been formed."

Elinor thought it wisest to touch that point no more.  She knew her
sister's temper.  Opposition on so tender a subject would only attach
her the more to her own opinion.  But by an appeal to her affection for
her mother, by representing the inconveniences which that indulgent
mother must draw on herself, if (as would probably be the case) she
consented to this increase of establishment, Marianne was shortly
subdued; and she promised not to tempt her mother to such imprudent
kindness by mentioning the offer, and to tell Willoughby when she saw
him next, that it must be declined.

She was faithful to her word; and when Willoughby called at the
cottage, the same day, Elinor heard her express her disappointment to
him in a low voice, on being obliged to forego the acceptance of his
present.  The reasons for this alteration were at the same time
related, and they were such as to make further entreaty on his side
impossible.  His concern however was very apparent; and after
expressing it with earnestness, he added, in the same low voice,--"But,
Marianne, the horse is still yours, though you cannot use it now.  I
shall keep it only till you can claim it.  When you leave Barton to
form your own establishment in a more lasting home, Queen Mab shall
receive you."

This was all overheard by Miss Dashwood; and in the whole of the
sentence, in his manner of pronouncing it, and in his addressing her
sister by her Christian name alone, she instantly saw an intimacy so
decided, a meaning so direct, as marked a perfect agreement between
them.  From that moment she doubted not of their being engaged to each
other; and the belief of it created no other surprise than that she, or
any of their friends, should be left by tempers so frank, to discover
it by accident.

Margaret related something to her the next day, which placed this
matter in a still clearer light.  Willoughby had spent the preceding
evening with them, and Margaret, by being left some time in the parlour
with only him and Marianne, had had opportunity for observations,
which, with a most important face, she communicated to her eldest
sister, when they were next by themselves.

"Oh, Elinor!" she cried, "I have such a secret to tell you about
Marianne.  I am sure she will be married to Mr. Willoughby very soon."

"You have said so," replied Elinor, "almost every day since they first
met on High-church Down; and they had not known each other a week, I
believe, before you were certain that Marianne wore his picture round
her neck; but it turned out to be only the miniature of our great
uncle."

"But indeed this is quite another thing.  I am sure they will be
married very soon, for he has got a lock of her hair."

"Take care, Margaret.  It may be only the hair of some great uncle of
HIS."

"But, indeed, Elinor, it is Marianne's. I am almost sure it is, for I
saw him cut it off.  Last night after tea, when you and mama went out
of the room, they were whispering and talking together as fast as could
be, and he seemed to be begging something of her, and presently he took
up her scissors and cut off a long lock of her hair, for it was all
tumbled down her back; and he kissed it, and folded it up in a piece of
white paper; and put it into his pocket-book."

For such particulars, stated on such authority, Elinor could not
withhold her credit; nor was she disposed to it, for the circumstance
was in perfect unison with what she had heard and seen herself.

Margaret's sagacity was not always displayed in a way so satisfactory
to her sister.  When Mrs. Jennings attacked her one evening at the
park, to give the name of the young man who was Elinor's particular
favourite, which had been long a matter of great curiosity to her,
Margaret answered by looking at her sister, and saying, "I must not
tell, may I, Elinor?"

This of course made every body laugh; and Elinor tried to laugh too.
But the effort was painful.  She was convinced that Margaret had fixed
on a person whose name she could not bear with composure to become a
standing joke with Mrs. Jennings.

Marianne felt for her most sincerely; but she did more harm than good
to the cause, by turning very red and saying in an angry manner to
Margaret,

"Remember that whatever your conjectures may be, you have no right to
repeat them."

"I never had any conjectures about it," replied Margaret; "it was you
who told me of it yourself."

This increased the mirth of the company, and Margaret was eagerly
pressed to say something more.

"Oh! pray, Miss Margaret, let us know all about it," said Mrs.
Jennings.  "What is the gentleman's name?"

"I must not tell, ma'am. But I know very well what it is; and I know
where he is too."

"Yes, yes, we can guess where he is; at his own house at Norland to be
sure.  He is the curate of the parish I dare say."

"No, THAT he is not.  He is of no profession at all."

"Margaret," said Marianne with great warmth, "you know that all this is
an invention of your own, and that there is no such person in
existence."

"Well, then, he is lately dead, Marianne, for I am sure there was such
a man once, and his name begins with an F."

Most grateful did Elinor feel to Lady Middleton for observing, at this
moment, "that it rained very hard," though she believed the
interruption to proceed less from any attention to her, than from her
ladyship's great dislike of all such inelegant subjects of raillery as
delighted her husband and mother.  The idea however started by her, was
immediately pursued by Colonel Brandon, who was on every occasion
mindful of the feelings of others; and much was said on the subject of
rain by both of them.  Willoughby opened the piano-forte, and asked
Marianne to sit down to it; and thus amidst the various endeavours of
different people to quit the topic, it fell to the ground.  But not so
easily did Elinor recover from the alarm into which it had thrown her.

A party was formed this evening for going on the following day to see a
very fine place about twelve miles from Barton, belonging to a
brother-in-law of Colonel Brandon, without whose interest it could not
be seen, as the proprietor, who was then abroad, had left strict orders
on that head.  The grounds were declared to be highly beautiful, and
Sir John, who was particularly warm in their praise, might be allowed
to be a tolerable judge, for he had formed parties to visit them, at
least, twice every summer for the last ten years.  They contained a
noble piece of water; a sail on which was to a form a great part of the
morning's amusement; cold provisions were to be taken, open carriages
only to be employed, and every thing conducted in the usual style of a
complete party of pleasure.

To some few of the company it appeared rather a bold undertaking,
considering the time of year, and that it had rained every day for the
last fortnight;--and Mrs. Dashwood, who had already a cold, was
persuaded by Elinor to stay at home.


finished_summaries/gradesaver/Tess of the D'Urbervilles/section_2_part_5.txt

Chapter 20

Summary: Tess had never in her recent life been so happy and would possibly never be so happy again. She and Tess stand between predilection and love. For Angel, Tess represents a visionary essence of woman, and calls her Artemis, Demeter, and other fanciful names, but she insists that he call her simply Tess. Tess seems to exhibit a dignified largeness of disposition and physique. The two are always the first to awake at the dairy house, where they feel an impressive isolation, as if they are Adam and Eve.

Hardy makes explicit that Tess's time at Talbothays dairy is an idyllic respite from her normal toil and hardship, yet states that this happiness will be short-lived, foreshadowing greater adversity for Tess Durbeyfield. Hardy compares Angel and Tess to Adam and Eve in the mornings, thus foreshadowing a later fall from perfection. It is the idealism and perfection that Tess finds at Talbothays that leads to this shaky foundation for her happiness; Angel Clare adores Tess as a representation of perfection. To Angel, Tess is a goddess such as Artemis or Demeter, a symbol of perfection rather than a person with obvious faults and foibles. There is a great irony in Angel's adoration for Tess; Angel exalts Tess as a goddess for her strength and disposition, yet this perfection comes from the adversity stemming from her greatest weakness

The season developed and matured.  Another year's instalment of
flowers, leaves, nightingales, thrushes, finches, and such ephemeral
creatures, took up their positions where only a year ago others had
stood in their place when these were nothing more than germs and
inorganic particles.  Rays from the sunrise drew forth the buds and
stretched them into long stalks, lifted up sap in noiseless streams,
opened petals, and sucked out scents in invisible jets and
breathings.

Dairyman Crick's household of maids and men lived on comfortably,
placidly, even merrily.  Their position was perhaps the happiest of
all positions in the social scale, being above the line at which
neediness ends, and below the line at which the _convenances_ begin
to cramp natural feelings, and the stress of threadbare modishness
makes too little of enough.

Thus passed the leafy time when arborescence seems to be the one
thing aimed at out of doors.  Tess and Clare unconsciously studied
each other, ever balanced on the edge of a passion, yet apparently
keeping out of it.  All the while they were converging, under an
irresistible law, as surely as two streams in one vale.

Tess had never in her recent life been so happy as she was now,
possibly never would be so happy again.  She was, for one thing,
physically and mentally suited among these new surroundings.  The
sapling which had rooted down to a poisonous stratum on the spot of
its sowing had been transplanted to a deeper soil.  Moreover she, and
Clare also, stood as yet on the debatable land between predilection
and love; where no profundities have been reached; no reflections
have set in, awkwardly inquiring, "Whither does this new current tend
to carry me?  What does it mean to my future?  How does it stand
towards my past?"

Tess was the merest stray phenomenon to Angel Clare as yet--a rosy,
warming apparition which had only just acquired the attribute of
persistence in his consciousness.  So he allowed his mind to be
occupied with her, deeming his preoccupation to be no more than a
philosopher's regard of an exceedingly novel, fresh, and interesting
specimen of womankind.

They met continually; they could not help it.  They met daily in that
strange and solemn interval, the twilight of the morning, in the
violet or pink dawn; for it was necessary to rise early, so very
early, here.  Milking was done betimes; and before the milking came
the skimming, which began at a little past three.  It usually fell
to the lot of some one or other of them to wake the rest, the first
being aroused by an alarm-clock; and, as Tess was the latest arrival,
and they soon discovered that she could be depended upon not to sleep
though the alarm as others did, this task was thrust most frequently
upon her.  No sooner had the hour of three struck and whizzed,
than she left her room and ran to the dairyman's door; then up the
ladder to Angel's, calling him in a loud whisper; then woke her
fellow-milkmaids.  By the time that Tess was dressed Clare was
downstairs and out in the humid air.  The remaining maids and the
dairyman usually gave themselves another turn on the pillow, and did
not appear till a quarter of an hour later.

The gray half-tones of daybreak are not the gray half-tones of the
day's close, though the degree of their shade may be the same.  In
the twilight of the morning, light seems active, darkness passive;
in the twilight of evening it is the darkness which is active and
crescent, and the light which is the drowsy reverse.

Being so often--possibly not always by chance--the first two persons
to get up at the dairy-house, they seemed to themselves the first
persons up of all the world.  In these early days of her residence
here Tess did not skim, but went out of doors at once after rising,
where he was generally awaiting her.  The spectral, half-compounded,
aqueous light which pervaded the open mead impressed them with
a feeling of isolation, as if they were Adam and Eve.  At this
dim inceptive stage of the day Tess seemed to Clare to exhibit a
dignified largeness both of disposition and physique, an almost
regnant power, possibly because he knew that at that preternatural
time hardly any woman so well endowed in person as she was likely to
be walking in the open air within the boundaries of his horizon; very
few in all England.  Fair women are usually asleep at mid-summer
dawns.  She was close at hand, and the rest were nowhere.

The mixed, singular, luminous gloom in which they walked along
together to the spot where the cows lay often made him think of the
Resurrection hour.  He little thought that the Magdalen might be
at his side.  Whilst all the landscape was in neutral shade his
companion's face, which was the focus of his eyes, rising above the
mist stratum, seemed to have a sort of phosphorescence upon it.  She
looked ghostly, as if she were merely a soul at large.  In reality
her face, without appearing to do so, had caught the cold gleam of
day from the north-east; his own face, though he did not think of
it, wore the same aspect to her.

It was then, as has been said, that she impressed him most deeply.
She was no longer the milkmaid, but a visionary essence of woman--a
whole sex condensed into one typical form.  He called her Artemis,
Demeter, and other fanciful names half teasingly, which she did not
like because she did not understand them.

"Call me Tess," she would say askance; and he did.

Then it would grow lighter, and her features would become simply
feminine; they had changed from those of a divinity who could confer
bliss to those of a being who craved it.

At these non-human hours they could get quite close to the waterfowl.
Herons came, with a great bold noise as of opening doors and
shutters, out of the boughs of a plantation which they frequented at
the side of the mead; or, if already on the spot, hardily maintained
their standing in the water as the pair walked by, watching them by
moving their heads round in a slow, horizontal, passionless wheel,
like the turn of puppets by clockwork.

They could then see the faint summer fogs in layers, woolly, level,
and apparently no thicker than counterpanes, spread about the meadows
in detached remnants of small extent.  On the gray moisture of the
grass were marks where the cows had lain through the night--dark-green
islands of dry herbage the size of their carcasses, in the general
sea of dew. From each island proceeded a serpentine trail, by which
the cow had rambled away to feed after getting up, at the end of
which trail they found her; the snoring puff from her nostrils, when
she recognized them, making an intenser little fog of her own amid
the prevailing one.  Then they drove the animals back to the barton,
or sat down to milk them on the spot, as the case might require.

Or perhaps the summer fog was more general, and the meadows lay like
a white sea, out of which the scattered trees rose like dangerous
rocks.  Birds would soar through it into the upper radiance, and
hang on the wing sunning themselves, or alight on the wet rails
subdividing the mead, which now shone like glass rods.  Minute
diamonds of moisture from the mist hung, too, upon Tess's eyelashes,
and drops upon her hair, like seed pearls.  When the day grew quite
strong and commonplace these dried off her; moreover, Tess then
lost her strange and ethereal beauty; her teeth, lips, and eyes
scintillated in the sunbeams and she was again the dazzlingly fair
dairymaid only, who had to hold her own against the other women of
the world.

About this time they would hear Dairyman Crick's voice, lecturing the
non-resident milkers for arriving late, and speaking sharply to old
Deborah Fyander for not washing her hands.

"For Heaven's sake, pop thy hands under the pump, Deb!  Upon my soul,
if the London folk only knowed of thee and thy slovenly ways, they'd
swaller their milk and butter more mincing than they do a'ready; and
that's saying a good deal."

The milking progressed, till towards the end Tess and Clare, in
common with the rest, could hear the heavy breakfast table dragged
out from the wall in the kitchen by Mrs Crick, this being the
invariable preliminary to each meal; the same horrible scrape
accompanying its return journey when the table had been cleared.


Chapter 9

Summary: Rulers that come to power because of the support of the people are the total opposite of bloody conquers. Everyone loves 'em. They're not too smart, or even extra lucky, but just enough to get by. Our new ruler has three options for his new place: a monarchy where power goes to the nobles, a republic where power goes to the people, and anarchy. In monarchies, either the nobles or the people decide to concentrate all the power in one person, the king. Seems simple enough, but a king who comes to power because of the nobles will have a hard time. After all, the nobles have lots of power to throw around, too. Remember, you don't want anyone who can compete with you around, and these are the people with the weapons. What are the regular people going to do to you? Poke you with their potatoes? Bottom line: be friends with the people, because the nobles have too many tricks up their sleeves. More on nobles. There are two kinds, those who are totally 100% loyally part of your fan club and those who aren't. Out of those who aren't, there are two kinds. Those who are just scaredy-cats , and those who are planning something. The latter are the ones to watch out for because they will turn on you at the drop of a hat. Okay, back to the people. You need to be on their side. It's pretty easy, actually, because they basically just don't want to be oppressed and tortured. Also, if they thought you were going to be super mean, and you turn out to be okay, they will love you even more than if they loved you from the start. They're easy to please. Some people say that it's a bad idea to depend on the support of the people. Machiavelli just doesn't agree--he says that's only the case if you're stupid and think they'll fight for you or rescue you. That's not going to happen. But they can support you and not turn against you. Problems for the ruler supported by the people? When they want to become an absolute ruler, they need either give direct command or rule though other people who they give power to. The problem is, these people aren't always the most trustworthy--before you know it, everything is up in flames. So, make sure your people always need not only your government , but you specifically, and everything will be okay.

But coming to the other point--where a leading citizen becomes the
prince of his country, not by wickedness or any intolerable violence,
but by the favour of his fellow citizens--this may be called a civil
principality: nor is genius or fortune altogether necessary to attain to
it, but rather a happy shrewdness. I say then that such a principality
is obtained either by the favour of the people or by the favour of the
nobles. Because in all cities these two distinct parties are found,
and from this it arises that the people do not wish to be ruled nor
oppressed by the nobles, and the nobles wish to rule and oppress the
people; and from these two opposite desires there arises in cities one
of three results, either a principality, self-government, or anarchy.

A principality is created either by the people or by the nobles,
accordingly as one or other of them has the opportunity; for the nobles,
seeing they cannot withstand the people, begin to cry up the reputation
of one of themselves, and they make him a prince, so that under his
shadow they can give vent to their ambitions. The people, finding
they cannot resist the nobles, also cry up the reputation of one of
themselves, and make him a prince so as to be defended by his authority.
He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains
himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of
the people, because the former finds himself with many around him who
consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can neither rule
nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches sovereignty by popular
favour finds himself alone, and has none around him, or few, who are not
prepared to obey him.

Besides this, one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others,
satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is
more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress,
while the former only desire not to be oppressed. It is to be added also
that a prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because
of there being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself,
as they are few in number. The worst that a prince may expect from a
hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from hostile nobles he
has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise against
him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always
come forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him
whom they expect to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live
always with the same people, but he can do well without the same nobles,
being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take away
authority when it pleases him.

Therefore, to make this point clearer, I say that the nobles ought to
be looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say, they either shape their
course in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune, or they do
not. Those who so bind themselves, and are not rapacious, ought to be
honoured and loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt
with in two ways; they may fail to do this through pusillanimity and a
natural want of courage, in which case you ought to make use of them,
especially of those who are of good counsel; and thus, whilst in
prosperity you honour them, in adversity you do not have to fear them.
But when for their own ambitious ends they shun binding themselves, it
is a token that they are giving more thought to themselves than to you,
and a prince ought to guard against such, and to fear them as if they
were open enemies, because in adversity they always help to ruin him.

Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they
only ask not to be oppressed by him. But one who, in opposition to
the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above
everything, to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may
easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because men, when they
receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more
closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more devoted
to him than if he had been raised to the principality by their favours;
and the prince can win their affections in many ways, but as these vary
according to the circumstances one cannot give fixed rules, so I omit
them; but, I repeat, it is necessary for a prince to have the people
friendly, otherwise he has no security in adversity.

Nabis,(*) Prince of the Spartans, sustained the attack of all Greece,
and of a victorious Roman army, and against them he defended his country
and his government; and for the overcoming of this peril it was only
necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would
not have been sufficient had the people been hostile. And do not let any
one impugn this statement with the trite proverb that "He who builds on
the people, builds on the mud," for this is true when a private citizen
makes a foundation there, and persuades himself that the people will
free him when he is oppressed by his enemies or by the magistrates;
wherein he would find himself very often deceived, as happened to the
Gracchi in Rome and to Messer Giorgio Scali(+) in Florence. But granted
a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is
a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other
qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole
people encouraged--such a one will never find himself deceived in them,
and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

     (*) Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, conquered by the Romans under
     Flamininus in 195 B.C.; killed 192 B.C.

     (+) Messer Giorgio Scali. This event is to be found in
     Machiavelli's "Florentine History," Book III.

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the
civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule
personally or through magistrates. In the latter case their government
is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill
of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and who, especially
in troubled times, can destroy the government with great ease, either
by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not the chance amid
tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the citizens and
subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates, are not of
a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will always be in
doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust. For such a prince
cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have
need of the state, because then every one agrees with him; they all
promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him;
but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then
he finds but few. And so much the more is this experiment dangerous,
inasmuch as it can only be tried once. Therefore a wise prince ought to
adopt such a course that his citizens will always in every sort and
kind of circumstance have need of the state and of him, and then he will
always find them faithful.


Act II, scene ii

Summary: Caliban enters with a load of wood, and thunder sounds in the background. Caliban curses and describes the torments that Prospero's spirits subject him to: they pinch, bite, and prick him, especially when he curses. As he is thinking of these spirits, Caliban sees Trinculo and imagines him to be one of the spirits. Hoping to avoid pinching, he lies down and covers himself with his cloak. Trinculo hears the thunder and looks about for some cover from the storm. The only thing he sees is the cloak-covered Caliban on the ground. He is not so much repulsed by Caliban as curious. He cannot decide whether Caliban is a "man or a fish" . He thinks of a time when he traveled to England and witnessed freak-shows there. Caliban, he thinks, would bring him a lot of money in England. Thunder sounds again and Trinculo decides that the best shelter in sight is beneath Caliban's cloak, and so he joins the man-monster there. Stephano enters singing and drinking. He hears Caliban cry out to Trinculo, "Do not torment me! O!" . Hearing this and seeing the four legs sticking out from the cloak, Stephano thinks the two men are a four-legged monster with a fever. He decides to relieve this fever with a drink. Caliban continues to resist Trinculo, whom he still thinks is a spirit tormenting him. Trinculo recognizes Stephano's voice and says so. Stephano, of course, assumes for a moment that the monster has two heads, and he promises to pour liquor in both mouths. Trinculo now calls out to Stephano, and Stephano pulls his friend out from under the cloak. While the two men discuss how they arrived safely on shore, Caliban enjoys the liquor and begs to worship Stephano. The men take full advantage of Caliban's drunkenness, mocking him as a "most ridiculous monster"  as he promises to lead them around and show them the isle.

Analysis Trinculo and Stephano are the last new characters to be introduced in the play. They act as comic foils to the main action, and will in later acts become specific parodies of Antonio and Sebastian. At this point, their role is to present comically some of the more serious issues in the play concerning Prospero and Caliban. In Act I, scene ii, Prospero calls Caliban a "slave" , "thou earth" , "Filth" , and "Hag-seed" . Stephano and Trinculo's epithet of choice in Act II, scene ii and thereafter is "monster." But while these two make quite clear that Caliban is seen as less than human by the Europeans on the island, they also treat him more humanely than Prospero does. Stephano and Trinculo, a butler and a jester respectively, remain at the low end of the social scale in the play, and have little difficulty finding friendship with the strange islander they meet. " Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows," says Trinculo , and then hastens to crawl beneath Caliban's garment in order to get out of the rain. The similarity, socially and perhaps physically as well, between Trinculo and Caliban is further emphasized when Stephano, drunk, initially mistakes the two for a single monster: "This is some monster of the isle with four legs" . More important than the emphasis on the way in which Caliban seems to others more monster than man, is the way in which this scene dramatizes the initial encounter between an almost completely isolated, "primitive" culture and a foreign, "civilized" one. The reader discovers during Caliban and Prospero's confrontation in Act I, scene ii that Prospero initially "made much of" Caliban ; that he gave Caliban "Water with berries in't" ; that Caliban showed him around the island; and that Prospero later imprisoned Caliban, after he had taken all he could take from him. The reader can see these events in Act II, scene ii, with Trinculo and Stephano in the place of Prospero. Stephano calls Caliban a "brave monster," as they set off singing around the island. In addition, Stephano and Trinculo give Caliban wine, which Caliban finds to be a "celestial liquor" . Moreover, Caliban initially mistakes Stephano and Trinculo for Prospero's spirits, but alcohol convinces him that Stephano is a "brave god" and decides unconditionally to "kneel to him" . This scene shows the foreign, civilized culture as decadent and manipulative: Stephano immediately plans to "inherit" the island , using Caliban to show him all its virtues. Stephano and Trinculo are a grotesque, parodic version of Prospero upon his arrival twelve years ago. Godlike in the eyes of the native, they slash and burn their way to power. By this point, Caliban has begun to resemble a parody of himself. Whereas he would "gabble like / A thing most brutish"  upon Prospero's arrival, because he did not know language, he now is willfully inarticulate in his drunkenness. Immediately putting aside his fear that these men are spirits sent to do him harm, Caliban puts his trust in them for all the wrong reasons. What makes Caliban's behavior in this scene so tragic is that we might expect him, especially after his eloquent curses of Prospero in Act I, scene ii, to know better.

SCENE II.

_Another part of the island._

  _Enter CALIBAN with a burden of wood. A noise of thunder heard._

_Cal._ All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him
By inch-meal a disease! His spirits hear me,
And yet I needs must curse. But they'll nor pinch,
Fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me i' the mire,                   5
Nor lead me, like a firebrand, in the dark
Out of my way, unless he bid 'em: but
For every trifle are they set upon me;
Sometime like apes, that mow and chatter at me,
And after bite me; then like hedgehogs, which                       10
Lie tumbling in my barefoot way, and mount
Their pricks at my footfall; sometime am I
All wound with adders, who with cloven tongues
Do hiss me into madness.

  _Enter TRINCULO._

                        Lo, now, lo!
Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me                       15
For bringing wood in slowly. I'll fall flat;
Perchance he will not mind me.

_Trin._ Here's neither bush nor shrub, to bear off any
weather at all, and another storm brewing; I hear it sing i'
the wind: yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks               20
like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. If it should
thunder as it did before, I know not where to hide my head:
yond same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls. What
have we here? a man or a fish? dead or alive? A fish: he
smells like a fish; a very ancient and fish-like smell; a kind      25
of not of the newest Poor-John. A strange fish! Were I
in England now, as once I was, and had but this fish
painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of
silver: there would this monster make a man; any strange
beast there makes a man: when they will not give a doit to          30
relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead
Indian. Legged like a man! and his fins like arms! Warm
o' my troth! I do now let loose my opinion; hold it no
longer: this is no fish, but an islander, that hath lately
suffered by a thunderbolt. [_Thunder._] Alas, the storm is come     35
again! my best way is to creep under his gaberdine; there
is no other shelter hereabout: misery acquaints a man with
strange bed-fellows. I will here shroud till the dregs of the
storm be past.

  _Enter STEPHANO, singing: a bottle in his hand._

_Ste._ I shall no more to sea, to sea,                              40
                Here shall I die a-shore,--

This is a very scurvy tune to sing at a man's funeral: well,
here's my comfort.                                  [_Drinks._

[_Sings._ The master, the swabber, the boatswain, and I,
                       The gunner, and his mate,                    45
               Loved Mall, Meg, and Marian, and Margery,
                   But none of us cared for Kate;
                   For she had a tongue with a tang,
                   Would cry to a sailor, Go hang!
               She loved not the savour of tar nor of pitch;        50
               Yet a tailor might scratch her where'er she did itch.
                   Then, to sea, boys, and let her go hang!

This is a scurvy tune too: but here's my comfort. [_Drinks._

_Cal._ Do not torment me:--O!

_Ste._ What's the matter? Have we devils here? Do                   55
you put tricks upon 's with savages and men of Ind, ha? I
have not scaped drowning, to be afeard now of your four
legs; for it hath been said, As proper a man as ever went
on four legs cannot make him give ground; and it shall be
said so again, while Stephano breathes at's nostrils.               60

_Cal._ The spirit torments me:--O!

_Ste._ This is some monster of the isle with four legs, who
hath got, as I take it, an ague. Where the devil should he
learn our language? I will give him some relief, if it be
but for that. If I can recover him, and keep him tame, and          65
get to Naples with him, he's a present for any emperor that
ever trod on neat's-leather.

_Cal._ Do not torment me, prithee; I'll bring my wood
home faster.

_Ste._ He's in his fit now, and does not talk after the             70
wisest. He shall taste of my bottle: if he have never drunk
wine afore, it will go near to remove his fit. If I can recover
him, and keep him tame, I will not take too much for
him; he shall pay for him that hath him, and that soundly.

_Cal._ Thou dost me yet but little hurt; thou wilt anon, I          75
know it by thy trembling: now Prosper works upon thee.

_Ste._ Come on your ways; open your mouth; here is that
which will give language to you, cat: open your mouth; this
will shake your shaking, I can tell you, and that soundly:
you cannot tell who's your friend: open your chaps again.           80

_Trin._ I should know that voice: it should be--but he
is drowned; and these are devils:--O defend me!

_Ste._ Four legs and two voices,--a most delicate monster!
His forward voice, now, is to speak well of his friend;
his backward voice is to utter foul speeches and to detract.        85
If all the wine in my bottle will recover him, I will help
his ague. Come:--Amen! I will pour some in thy other
mouth.

_Trin._ Stephano!

_Ste._ Doth thy other mouth call me? Mercy, mercy!                  90
This is a devil, and no monster: I will leave him; I have
no long spoon.

_Trin._ Stephano! If thou beest Stephano, touch me,
and speak to me; for I am Trinculo,--be not afeard,--thy
good friend Trinculo.                                               95

_Ste._ If thou beest Trinculo, come forth: I'll pull thee
by the lesser legs: if any be Trinculo's legs, these are they.
Thou art very Trinculo indeed! How earnest thou to be
the siege of this moon-calf? can he vent Trinculos?

_Trin._ I took him to be killed with a thunder-stroke.             100
But art thou not drowned, Stephano? I hope, now, thou
art not drowned. Is the storm overblown? I hid me
under the dead moon-calf's gaberdine for fear of the storm.
And art thou living, Stephano? O Stephano, two Neapolitans
scaped!                                                            105

_Ste._ Prithee, do not turn me about; my stomach is not
constant.

_Cal._ [_aside_] These be fine things, an if they be not sprites.
That's a brave god, and bears celestial liquor:
I will kneel to him.                                               110

_Ste._ How didst thou 'scape? How camest thou hither?
swear, by this bottle, how thou camest hither. I escaped
upon a butt of sack, which the sailors heaved o'erboard, by
this bottle! which I made of the bark of a tree with mine
own hands, since I was cast ashore.                                115

_Cal._ I'll swear, upon that bottle, to be thy true subject;
for the liquor is not earthly.

_Ste._ Here; swear, then, how thou escapedst.

_Trin._ Swum ashore, man, like a duck: I can swim
like a duck, I'll be sworn.                                        120

_Ste._ Here, kiss the book. Though thou canst swim
like a duck, thou art made like a goose.

_Trin._ O Stephano, hast any more of this?

_Ste._ The whole butt, man: my cellar is in a rock by
the sea-side, where my wine is hid. How now, moon-calf!            125
how does thine ague?

_Cal._ Hast thou not dropp'd from heaven?

_Ste._ Out o' the moon, I do assure thee: I was the man
i' the moon when time was.

_Cal._ I have seen thee in her, and I do adore thee:               130
My mistress show'd me thee, and thy dog, and thy bush.

_Ste._ Come, swear to that; kiss the book: I will furnish
it anon with new contents: swear.

_Trin._ By this good light, this is a very shallow monster!
I afeard of him! A very weak monster! The                          135
man i' the moon! A most poor credulous monster! Well
drawn, monster, in good sooth!

_Cal._ I'll show thee every fertile inch o' th' island;
And I will kiss thy foot: I prithee, be my god.

_Trin._ By this light, a most perfidious and drunken               140
monster! when's god's asleep, he'll rob his bottle.

_Cal._ I'll kiss thy foot; I'll swear myself thy subject.

_Ste._ Come on, then; down, and swear.

_Trin._ I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed
monster. A most scurvy monster! I could find in                    145
my heart to beat him,--

_Ste._ Come, kiss.

_Trin._ But that the poor monster's in drink: an abominable
monster!

_Cal._ I'll show thee the best springs; I'll pluck thee berries;   150
I'll fish for thee, and get thee wood enough.
A plague upon the tyrant that I serve!
I'll bear him no more sticks, but follow thee,
Thou wondrous man.

_Trin._ A most ridiculous monster, to make a wonder                155
of a poor drunkard!

_Cal._ I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow;
And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts;
Show thee a jay's nest, and instruct thee how
To snare the nimble marmoset; I'll bring thee                      160
To clustering filberts, and sometimes I'll get thee
Young scamels from the rock. Wilt thou go with me?

_Ste._ I prithee now, lead the way, without any more
talking. Trinculo, the king and all our company else being
drowned, we will inherit here: here; bear my bottle: fellow        165
Trinculo, we'll fill him by and by again.

_Cal. sings drunkenly._] Farewell, master; farewell, farewell!

_Trin._ A howling monster; a drunken monster!

_Cal._ No more dams I'll make for fish;
                Nor fetch in firing                                170
                At requiring;
             Nor scrape trencher, nor wash dish:
                'Ban, 'Ban, Cacaliban
                Has a new master:--get a new man.

Freedom, hey-day! hey-day, freedom! freedom, hey-day,              175
freedom!

_Ste._ O brave monster! Lead the way.    [_Exeunt._

  Notes: II, 2.

  4: _nor_] F1 F2. _not_ F3 F4.
  15: _and_] _now_ Pope. _sent_ Edd. conj. (so Dryden).
  21: _foul_] _full_ Upton conj.
  35: [Thunder] Capell.
  38: _dregs_] _drench_ Collier MS.
  40: SCENE III. Pope.
  [a bottle in his hand] Capell.]
  46: _and Marian_] _Mirian_ Pope.
  56: _savages_] _salvages_ Ff.
  60: _at's nostrils_] Edd. _at 'nostrils_ F1. _at nostrils_ F2 F3 F4.
    _at his nostrils_ Pope.
  78: _you, cat_] _you Cat_ Ff. _a cat_ Hanmer. _your cat_ Edd. conj.
  84: _well_] F1 om. F2 F3 F4.
  115, 116: Steevens prints as verse, _I'll ... thy True ... earthly._
  118: _swear, then, how thou escapedst_] _swear then: how escapedst
    thou?_ Pope.
  119: _Swum_] _Swom_ Ff.
  131: _and thy dog, and thy bush_] _thy dog and bush_ Steevens.
  133: _new_] F1. _the new_ F2 F3 F4.
  135: _weak_] F1. _shallow_ F2 F3 F4.
  138: _island_] F1. _isle_ F2 F3 F4.
  150-154, 157-162, printed as verse by Pope (after Dryden).
  162: _scamels_] _shamois_ Theobald. _seamalls, stannels_ id. conj.
  163: Ste.] F1. Cal. F2 F3 F4.
  165: Before _here; bear my bottle_ Capell inserts [To Cal.].
    See note (XII).
  172: _trencher_] Pope (after Dryden). _trenchering_ Ff.
  175: _hey-day_] Rowe. _high-day_ Ff.


OF BENEFITS IN GENERAL. It is, perhaps, one of the most pernicious errors of a rash and inconsiderate life, the common ignorance of the world in the matter of exchanging benefits. And this arises from a mistake, partly in the person that we would oblige, and partly in the thing itself.


He that does good to another man does good also to himself; not only in the consequence, but in the very act of doing it; for the conscience of well-doing is an ample reward. Of benefits in general, there are several sorts; as necessary, profitable, and delightful. Some things there are, without which we cannot live; others without which we ought not to live; and some, again, without which we will not live.


In the first rank are those which deliver us from capital dangers, or apprehensions of death: and the favor is rated according to the hazard; for the greater the extremity, the greater seems the obligation. The next is a case wherein we may indeed live, but we had better die; as in the question of liberty, modesty, and a good conscience. In the third place, follow those things which custom, use, affinity, and acquaintance, have made dear to us; as husbands, wives, children, friends, etc., which an honest man will preserve at his utmost peril.


Of things profitable there is a large field, as money, honor, etc., to which might be added, matters of superfluity and pleasure. But we shall open a way to the circumstances of a benefit by some previous and more general deliberations upon the thing itself. SEVERAL SORTS OF BENEFITS.


We shall divide benefits into absolute and vulgar; the one appertaining to good life, the other is only matter of commerce. The former are the more excellent, because they can never be made void; whereas all material benefits are tossed back and forward, and change their master. There are some offices that look like benefits, but are only desirable conveniences, as wealth, etc., and these a wicked man may receive from a good, or a good man from an evil.


Others, again, that bear the face of injuries, which are only benefits ill taken; as cutting, lancing, burning, under the hand of a surgeon. The greatest benefits of all are those of good education, which we receive from our parents, either in the state of ignorance or perverseness; as, their care and tenderness in our infancy; their discipline in our childhood, to keep us to our duties by fear; and, if fair means will not do, their proceeding afterwards to severity and punishment, without which we should never have come to good. There are matters of great value, many times, that are but of small price; as instructions from a tutor, medicine from a physician, etc.


There is an obligation of bounty, and an obligation of charity; this in case of necessity, and that in point of convenience. Some benefits are common, others are personal; as if a prince (out of pure grace) grant a privilege to a city, the obligation lies upon the community, and only upon every individual as a part of the whole; but if it be done particularly for my sake, then am I singly the debtor for it. The cherishing of strangers is one of the duties of hospitality, and exercises itself in the relief and protection of the distressed.


There are benefits of good counsel, reputation, life, fortune, liberty, health, nay, and of superfluity and pleasure. One man obliges me out of his pocket; another gives me matter of ornament and curiosity; a third, consolation. To say nothing of negative benefits; for there are that reckon it an obligation if they do a body no hurt; and place it to account, as if they saved a man, when they do not undo him.


Context: The Yuan undertook extensive public works. Among Kublai Khan's top engineers and scientists was the astronomer Guo Shoujing, who was tasked with many public works projects and helped the Yuan reform the lunisolar calendar to provide an accuracy of 365.2425 days of the year, which was only 26 seconds off the modern Gregorian calendar's measurement. Road and water communications were reorganized and improved. To provide against possible famines, granaries were ordered built throughout the empire. The city of Beijing was rebuilt with new palace grounds that included artificial lakes, hills and mountains, and parks. During the Yuan period, Beijing became the terminus of the Grand Canal of China, which was completely renovated. These commercially oriented improvements encouraged overland and maritime commerce throughout Asia and facilitated direct Chinese contacts with Europe. Chinese travelers to the West were able to provide assistance in such areas as hydraulic engineering. Contacts with the West also brought the introduction to China of a major food crop, sorghum, along with other foreign food products and methods of preparation.

Question: What did Kublai do to prevent famines?


Context: The Taliban were spawned by the thousands of madrasahs the Deobandi movement established for impoverished Afghan refugees and supported by governmental and religious groups in neighboring Pakistan. The Taliban differed from other Islamist movements to the point where they might be more properly described as Islamic fundamentalist or neofundamentalist, interested in spreading "an idealized and systematized version of conservative tribal village customs" under the label of Sharia to an entire country. Their ideology was also described as being influenced by Wahhabism, and the extremist jihadism of their guest Osama bin Laden.

Question: Who influenced the Taliban's ideology?

Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
Osama bin Laden


Context: Virtually all nuclear power plants generate electricity by heating water to provide steam that drives a turbine connected to an electrical generator. Nuclear-powered ships and submarines either use a steam turbine directly for main propulsion, with generators providing auxiliary power, or else employ turbo-electric transmission, where the steam drives a turbo generator set with propulsion provided by electric motors. A limited number of steam turbine railroad locomotives were manufactured. Some non-condensing direct-drive locomotives did meet with some success for long haul freight operations in Sweden and for express passenger work in Britain, but were not repeated. Elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A., more advanced designs with electric transmission were built experimentally, but not reproduced. It was found that steam turbines were not ideally suited to the railroad environment and these locomotives failed to oust the classic reciprocating steam unit in the way that modern diesel and electric traction has done.[citation needed]

Question: What is it called when steam propels a turbo generator with electric motor propulsion?

turbo-electric transmission,
turbo-electric transmission
turbo-electric transmission


Context: Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of the State House in downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. Harvard Yard itself contains the central administrative offices and main libraries of the university, academic buildings including Sever Hall and University Hall, Memorial Church, and the majority of the freshman dormitories. Sophomore, junior, and senior undergraduates live in twelve residential Houses, nine of which are south of Harvard Yard along or near the Charles River. The other three are located in a residential neighborhood half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Quadrangle (commonly referred to as the Quad), which formerly housed Radcliffe College students until Radcliffe merged its residential system with Harvard. Each residential house contains rooms for undergraduates, House masters, and resident tutors, as well as a dining hall and library. The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness.

Question: How many residential dorms house upper class, sophomore, Jr, and Sr students?


Context: All of these processes do not necessarily occur in a single environment, and do not necessarily occur in a single order. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, consist almost entirely of layered basaltic lava flows. The sedimentary sequences of the mid-continental United States and the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States contain almost-undeformed stacks of sedimentary rocks that have remained in place since Cambrian time. Other areas are much more geologically complex. In the southwestern United States, sedimentary, volcanic, and intrusive rocks have been metamorphosed, faulted, foliated, and folded. Even older rocks, such as the Acasta gneiss of the Slave craton in northwestern Canada, the oldest known rock in the world have been metamorphosed to the point where their origin is undiscernable without laboratory analysis. In addition, these processes can occur in stages. In many places, the Grand Canyon in the southwestern United States being a very visible example, the lower rock units were metamorphosed and deformed, and then deformation ended and the upper, undeformed units were deposited. Although any amount of rock emplacement and rock deformation can occur, and they can occur any number of times, these concepts provide a guide to understanding the geological history of an area.

Question: What has happened to the the rock in the Grand Canyon that is the oldest rock in the world?


Context: Cultural imperialism is when a country's influence is felt in social and cultural circles, i.e. its soft power, such that it changes the moral, cultural and societal worldview of another. This is more than just "foreign" music, television or film becoming popular with young people, but that popular culture changing their own expectations of life and their desire for their own country to become more like the foreign country depicted. For example, depictions of opulent American lifestyles in the soap opera Dallas during the Cold War changed the expectations of Romanians; a more recent example is the influence of smuggled South Korean drama series in North Korea. The importance of soft power is not lost on authoritarian regimes, fighting such influence with bans on foreign popular culture, control of the internet and unauthorised satellite dishes etc. Nor is such a usage of culture recent, as part of Roman imperialism local elites would be exposed to the benefits and luxuries of Roman culture and lifestyle, with the aim that they would then become willing participants.

Question: Which American did not show changed the views of Romanians during the cold war?


Context: One of the claimants of the English throne opposing William the Conqueror, Edgar Atheling, eventually fled to Scotland. King Malcolm III of Scotland married Edgar's sister Margaret, and came into opposition to William who had already disputed Scotland's southern borders. William invaded Scotland in 1072, riding as far as Abernethy where he met up with his fleet of ships. Malcolm submitted, paid homage to William and surrendered his son Duncan as a hostage, beginning a series of arguments as to whether the Scottish Crown owed allegiance to the King of England.

Question: Who was Margaret's brother?


Context: Between Bingen and Bonn, the Middle Rhine flows through the Rhine Gorge, a formation which was created by erosion. The rate of erosion equaled the uplift in the region, such that the river was left at about its original level while the surrounding lands raised. The gorge is quite deep and is the stretch of the river which is known for its many castles and vineyards. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2002) and known as "the Romantic Rhine", with more than 40 castles and fortresses from the Middle Ages and many quaint and lovely country villages.

Question: What flows after Bingen and Bonn?


Living off borrowed time, the clock tick faster
Thatd be the hour they knock the slick blaster
Dick Dastardly and Muttley with sick laughter
A gun fight and they come to cut the mixmaster
I-C-E cold, nice to be old
Y2G stee twice to threefold
He sold scrolls, lo and behold
Know whos the illest ever like the greatest story told
Keep your glory, gold and glitter
For half, half of his niggasll take him out the picture
The other half is rich and it dont mean shit-ta
Villain: a mixture between both with a twist of liquor
Chase it with more beer, taste it like truth or dare
When he have the mic, its like the place get like: Aw, yeah!
Its like they know whats bout to happen
Just keep ya eye out, like Aye, aye, captain
Is he still a fly guy clapping if nobody aint hear it?
And can they testify from in the spirit?
In living, the true gods
Giving yall nothing but the lick like two broads
Got more lyrics than the church got Ooh, Lords
And he hold the mic and your attention like two swords
Either that or either one with two blades on it
Hey you, dont touch the mic like its AIDS on it
Its like the end to the means
Fucked type of message that sends to the fiends
Thats why he bring his own needles
And get more cheese than Doritos, Cheetos or Fritos
Slip like Freudian
Your first and last step to playing yourself like accordion
When he at the mic, you dont go next
Leaving pussy cats like why hoes need Kotex
Exercise index, wont need Bowflex
And wont take the one with no skinny legs like Joe Tex


The rest is empty with no brain, but the clever nerd
The best MC with no chain ya ever heard
Take it from the TEC-9 holder
Theyve bit but dont know their neck shine from Shinola
Everything that glitters aint fishscale
Lemme think, dont let her faint get Ishmael
A shot of Jack got her back its not an act stack
Forgot about the cackalack, holla back; clack-clack, blocka
Villainy, feel him in ya heart chakra, chart-toppa
Start-shit stoppa, be a smart shoppa
Shot-a-Cop day around the way bout to stay
But whod a know theres two mo that wonder where the shooter go
Bout to jet, get him, not a bet, dead em
Let em spit the venom said em got a lot of shit with em
Let the rhythm hit em, its stronger in the other voice
We makes the joints that make em spread em butta moist
Man, please, the stage is made of panties
From the age of baby hoochies on to the grannies
Ban me the dough rake, daddy
The flow make her fatty shake, patty cake, patty cake
For fake, if he was Anita Bakers man
Hed take her for her masters, hit it once an shake her hand
On some ol thank ya maam an ghost her
She could mind the toaster if she sign the poster
A whole host of roller coaster riders
Not enough tracks
Hot enough black
Its too hot to handle, you got blue sandals
Who shot ya? Ooh got you new spots to vandal?
Do not stand still, boast yo skills
Close but no krills, toast for po nils, post no bills
Coast to coast Joe Shmoes flows ill, go chill
Not supposed to overdose No-Doz pills
Off pride tykes talk wide through scar meat
Off sides like how Worf rides with Starfleet
Told ya, on some get-rich shit
As he gets older he gets colder than a witch tit
This is it, make no mistakes
Where my nigga go?
Figaro, Figaro
Os beats and my rhymes attack
A scary act
All black like Ms. Mary Mack
Wait til you see em live on the piano
DOOM sings soprano, like, Una, duociano
My momma told me
Blast em and pass her her glass of Ol E
Not to be troublesome
But I could sure use a quick shot of double rum
No stick of bubble gum
I like ice cream
We could skip the weddin
Have a nice dream
She only let him stick the head in


Now I havent eaten all day. How am I gonna do this man?
Yeah dont wait for her man, dont wait for her
Ill tell you what man: come with me now and you know
Ill get you some lunch, Ill hook you up with something
I got a little bank, yknow, no problem
I hear you, thats cool
Man, cant you guys just wait here about a half hour, man?
Yo Ill be back man, Im just gonna munch up a little bit man, Im pretty hungry
Yo let him come back
Here you will find food for your body
As well as comfort for your troubled mind
Id really like some soup
Of course my friend. What happened to your hand?
Oh, food at last!
How did they get here?
Regular storage procedure, the same as the other food
What other food?
Fish protein
Now what happened?
Well, the cop got
The next morning I went to the store to get some food
 They arrested me
Ill save you
Would you like a snack?
Thanks for the drink
Operation Doomsday complete
All your intercoms casualty and damage testing
Enough! You talk of the peoples rights
The people have only those rights which I choose to give them
And thats for their own good, believe me
I do, DOOM
They disappoint me, they must work faster
But the prisoner-
Ah yes, the young traitor who has tried to turn my people against me
Watch him. I have special plans for that one
Beef rap, could lead to getting teeth capped
Or even a wreath for mom dukes on some grief crap
I suggest you change your diet
It can lead to high blood pressure if you fry it
Or even a stroke, heart attack, heart disease
It aint no starting back once arteries start to squeeze
Take the easy way out phony, until then
They know they wouldnt be talking that bologna in the bullpen
So disgusting, pardon self as I discuss this
They talk a wealth of shit and they aint never seen injustice
Bust this, like a cold milk from out the toilet
Two batteries, some Brillo and some foil, heatll boil it
He be better off on PC glued
And its a feud so dont be in no TV mood
Every week its mystery meat, seaweed stewed
He wears a mask just to cover the raw flesh
A rather ugly brother with flows thats gorgeous
Drop dead joints hit the whips like bird shit
They need it like a hole in they head or a third tit
Her bra smell, his card say, Aw Hell!
Barred from all bars and kicked out the Carvel
Keep a cooker where the jar fell
And keep a cheap hooker thats off the hook like Ma Bell
Top bleeding, maybe fella took the loaded rod gears
Stop feeding babies colored sugar-coated lard squares
The odd pair swears and God fears
Even when its rotten, weve gotten through the hard years
I wrote this note around New Years
Off a couple of shots and a few beers, but who cares?
Enough about me, its about the beats
Not about the streets and who food he bout to eat
A rhyming cannibal whos dressed to kill and cynical
Whether is it animal, vegetable or mineral
Its a miracle how he get so lyrical
And proceed to move the crowd like a old negro spiritual
For a mil, do a commercial for Mello Yello
Tell them devils hell no, sell yall own Jello
We hollow krills, she swallow pills
He follow flea collar three dollar bills
And squealed for halal veal, if yall appeal
Dig the real, its how the big ballers deal
Twirl a L after every meal
What up?
To all rappers: shut up with your shutting up
And keep a shirt on, at least a button-up
Yuck, is they rhymers or strippin males?
Out of work jerks since they shut down Chippendales
They chippin nails, DOOM tippin scales
Let alone the pre-orders thats counted off shippin sales
This one goes out to all my peoples skippin bail
Dippin jail, whippin tail and sippin ale
Light the doobie til it glow like a ruby
After which they couldnt find the Villain like Scooby
Hes in the lab on some old Buddha Monk shit
Overproof drunk shit, but whoda thunk it?
Punk, try and ask why ours be better
Could be the iron mask or the Cosby sweater
Yes, you, whos screwed by the dude on the CD, nude


So nasty that its probably somewhat of a travesty
Having me, then he told the people You can call me Your Majesty
Keep your battery charged, you know it wont
Stick yo, and its not his fault you kick slow
Shouldve let your trick ho chick hold your sick glow
Plus nobody couldnt do nothin once he let the brick go
And you know I know thats a bunch of snow
The beat is so butter, Peep the slow cutter
As he utter the calm flow , dont talk about my moms, yo
Sometimes he rhyme quick, sometimes he rhyme slow
Or vice versa, whip up a slice of nice verse pie
Hit it on the first try, villain: the worst guy
Spot hot tracks like spot a pair of fat asses
Shots of the scotch from out the square shot glasses
And he wont stop til he got the masses
And show em what they know not through flows of hot molasses
Do it like the robot to headspin to boogaloo
Took a few minutes to convince the average bug-a-boo
Its ugly, like look at you, its a damn shame
Just remember ALL CAPS when you spell the man name
And you know it like a poet, like baby doll
I bet she tried to say she gave me her all, she played ball
All bets off! The Villain got the dice rigged
And they say he accosted the man with the sliced wig
Allegedly; the investigation is still ongoing
In this pesky nation he gots the best con flowin
The pot doubles, now they really got troubles
Madman never go pop like snot bubbles


Sleeping in a jar!
Sleeping in a jar!
The jar is under the bed
Sleeping in a jar!
The jar is under the bed
Tripping off the beat kinda, dripping off the meat grinder
Heat niner, pimping, stripping, soft sweet minor
China was a neat signer, trouble with the script
Digits double dipped, bubble lipped, subtle lisp midget
Borderline schizo, sort of fine tits though
Pour the wine, whore to grind, quarter to nine, lets go
Ever since ten eleven, glad she made a brethren
Then its last down, seven alligator seven
At the gates of heaven, knocking - no answer
Slow dancer, hopeless romancer, dopest flow stanzas
Yes, no? Villain, Metal face to Destro
Guess so, still incredible in escrow
Just say Ho! Ill test the yayo
Wild West style fest, yall best to lay low
Hey bro, Day Glo, set the bet, pay dough
Before the cheddar get away, best to get Maaco
The worst hated God who perpetrated odd favors
Demonstrated in the perforated Rod Lavers
In all quad flavors, Lord save us
Still back in the game like Jack LaLanne
Think you know the name, dont rack your brain
On a fast track to half insane
Either in a slow beat or that the speed of Wrath of Kane
Laughter, pain
Hackthooing songs lit, in the booth, with the best host
Doing bong hits, on the roof in the west coast
Hes at it again, mad at the pen
Glad that we win a tad fat, in a bad hat for men
Grind the cinnamon, Manhattan warmongers
You can find the villain in satin, kongas
The van screeches
The old man preaches about the gold sand beaches
The cold hand reaches for the old tan Ellesses
Jesus


Yo!
MF DOOM
Mr. Fantastik
What up, nigga?
Whats cracking, boy?
Man
These rap snitches, man, shit is bugged out, man
What the fuck, man?
Niggas running their mouth, telling erything, erything
Rap snitches, telling all their business
Sit in the court and be their own star witness
Do you see the perpetrator? Yeah, Im right here
Fuck around, get the whole label sent up for years
Rap snitches, telling all their business
Sit in the court and be their own star witness
Do you see the perpetrator? Yeah, Im right here
Fuck around, get the whole label sent up for years
Type profile low, like A in Paid in Full
Attract heavy cash cause the games centrifugal
Mr. Fantastik, long dough like elastic
Guard my life with twin Glocks thats made out of plastic
Cant stand a brown nosing nigga, fake ass bastard
Admiring my style, tour bus through Manhattan
Plotting, plan the quickest, my flows the sickest
My hoes be the thickest, my dro the stickiest
Street nigga, stamped and bonafide
When beef jump niggas come get me cause they know I ride
True to the ski mask, New Yorks my origin
Play a fake gangsta like a old accordion
According to him, when the Ds rushed in
Complication from the wire, testimony was thin
Caused his man to go up north, the ball hit em again
Lame rap snitch nigga even told on the Mexican
Rap snitches, telling all their business
Sit in the court and be their own star witness
Do you see the perpetrator? Yeah, Im right here
Fuck around, get the whole label sent up for years
Rap snitches, telling all their business
Sit in the court and be their own star witness
Do you see the perpetrator? Yeah, Im right here
Fuck around, get the whole label sent up for years
True, theres rules to this shit, fools dare care
Everybody wanna rule the world with tears for fear
Yeah, yeah, tell em tell it on the mountain hill
Running up they mouth bill, everybody doubting still
Informer, keep it up and get tested
Pop through your bubble vest or double-breasted
He keep a lab down south in the little beast
So much heat you woulda thought it was the Middle East
A little grease always keeps the wheels a-spinning
Like sitting on twenty threes to get the squealers grinning
Hitting on many trees, feel real linen
Spitting on enemies, get the steel for tin men
Where no brains but gum flap
He said his gun clap, then he fled after one slap
Son, shut your trap, save it for the bitches
Mmm, delicious, rapp snitch knishes
You know what Im saying?
Crazy, man, Im just analyzing this whole game
This is bugged out, man, niggas is snitching
Telling on they own self
Fuck around and get everybody bagged, man
 Fuck around and get yo mama bagged, nigga
You know your grandmama used to be bootlegging
Fake hustling nigga, heheheheh, haha
Perpetrator? Yeah, Im right here...


Already woke, spared a joke, barely spoke, rarely smoke
Stared at folks when properly provoked, mirror broke
Here, share a strawberry morning
Gone, an more important spawning, torn in, poor men sworn in
Cornish hens switching positions
Auditioning morticians, saw it in a vision, ignoring prison
Ignoramuses enlist and sound dumb
Found em drowned in cows dung, crowns flung
Rings a Tinkerbell, sing for things thats frail as a fingernail
Bring a scale, stale ginger lingers
Seven figures invigor
Nigga, fresh from out the jail, alpha male
Sickest ninja injury this century, enter plea
Lend sympathy to limper Simple Simon rhymin emcees
Trees is free, please leave a key
These meager fleas, hes the breeze
And shes the bees knees for sheez, Gs of Gs
Seize property, shopper sprees, chop the cheese
Drop degrees to stop diseases, gee-whiz, Pa!
DOOM rock grammar like the kumbaya
Mama was a ho hopper
Papa was a Rolling Stone star like Obama, pull a card like oh drama
Civil liberties
These little titties abilities riddle me, middle C
Mmm, give a MC a rectal hysterectomy
Lecture on removal of the bowels, foul technically
Dont expect to see the recipe
Until we receive the check as well as the collection fee
More wreck than Section Z, what you expect to get for free?
Shit from me, history
The key, plucked it off the mayor
Chucked it in the ol tar pit off La Brea, player
They say hes gone too far
DOOMll catch em after Jumah on cue lacka!
Do whatcha gotta do, grarrrr
The rumors are not true, got two ma
No prob, got the job, hot bod, heartthrob
Scotchguard the bar with cotton swabs, dart lob
Bake a cake, sweet, Jamaica trade in treats on the beach
Make her skeet til her feets meet
Can it be I stayed away too long?
Did you miss these rhymes when I was gone?
As you listen to these crazy tracks
Check them stats then you know where Im at
And thats that
Look, theres Doom now!
I followed him to the studio, but I was too late to stop him
Thats right! Youll never stop me!
Youre dead! Youre all dead! Doom!


Slow it down some, no split, clown bum
Your gold hits sound dumb, hold it now, crown em
Where you found them at?
Got em round town, couldve drowned in it
Would have floated, bloated, voted
Sugar-coated, loaded hip shooter
Draw for the poor, free coffee at the banks
Hit through the straw, none more for me, thanks
That blanks the raw, that dank sure stank lit
Sank past the pit for more hardcore prank spit
Crank it on blast, roll past Front Street
Blew the whole spot like some old ass with skunk meat
These kids is too fast, juiced off a junk treat
Who could get looser off a crunk or a funk beat?
Something has started today
Where did it go? What you want it to be?
Well, you know November has come
When its gone away
Something has started today
Where did it go? What you want it to be?
Well, you know November has come
When its gone away
Bah, can you dig it like a spigot?
My guess is yes, you can, like Can I Kick It? Wicked
Liquor shot if you happy and you know it
As you clap your hands to the thick snot of a poet flowin
Grope a pen and Im in cope hymen
Doper rhymin more worther than the Hope Diamond
Acquired off the black market
A wire tappin couldnt target a jar of spit
The rapid-fire spark lit
 A rapper bug zapper
And it dont matter after if theys a thug or dapper
Plug your trap or its maximum exposure
The beats got family members askin him for closure
Aw, send em a gun and tell em, Clean it
Then go get the nun who said her son didnt mean it
She wore a filled-in thong of Billabong
That said, Nah, foreal-a, the Villain on a Gorilla jawn?
Something has started today
Where did it go? What you want it to be?
Well, you know November has come
When its gone away
Something has started today
Where did it go? What you want it to be?
Well, you know November has come
When its gone away
When its
When its gone away


'10\\",\\"postal_code\\":\\"6010\\",\\"address_1\\":\\"3 Graylands Road\\",\\"address_2\\":\\"\\",\\"latitude\\":\\"-<TARGET_LAT>\\",\\"localized_multi_line_address_display\\":[\\"3 Graylands Road\\",\\"Claremont, WA 6010\\"],\\"localize'


Context: After strengthening his government in northern China, Kublai pursued an expansionist policy in line with the tradition of Mongol and Chinese imperialism. He renewed a massive drive against the Song dynasty to the south. Kublai besieged Xiangyang between 1268 and 1273, the last obstacle in his way to capture the rich Yangzi River basin. An unsuccessful naval expedition was undertaken against Japan in 1274. Kublai captured the Song capital of Hangzhou in 1276, the wealthiest city of China. Song loyalists escaped from the capital and enthroned a young child as Emperor Bing of Song. The Mongols defeated the loyalists at the battle of Yamen in 1279. The last Song emperor drowned, bringing an end to the Song dynasty. The conquest of the Song reunited northern and southern China for the first time in three hundred years.

Question: How did the final Song emperor begin?


Context: Plotting the relationship between level of income and inequality, Kuznets saw middle-income developing economies level of inequality bulging out to form what is now known as the Kuznets curve. Kuznets demonstrated this relationship using cross-sectional data. However, more recent testing of this theory with superior panel data has shown it to be very weak. Kuznets' curve predicts that income inequality will eventually decrease given time. As an example, income inequality did fall in the United States during its High school movement from 1910 to 1940 and thereafter.[citation needed] However, recent data shows that the level of income inequality began to rise after the 1970s. This does not necessarily disprove Kuznets' theory.[citation needed] It may be possible that another Kuznets' cycle is occurring, specifically the move from the manufacturing sector to the service sector.[citation needed] This implies that it may be possible for multiple Kuznets' cycles to be in effect at any given time.

Question: What does Kuznets' curve predict about income inequality given time?

eventually decrease
eventually decrease
decrease


Context: The popular neighborhood known as the Tower District is centered around the historic Tower Theatre, which is included on the National List of Historic Places. The theater was built in 1939 and is at Olive and Wishon Avenues in the heart of the Tower District. (The name of the theater refers to a well-known landmark water tower, which is actually in another nearby area). The Tower District neighborhood is just north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half mile south of Fresno City College. Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area prior, the early commercial establishments of the Tower District began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after World War II. The character of small local businesses largely remains today. To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School, (later renamed California State University at Fresno). In 1916 the college moved to what is now the site of Fresno City College one-half mile north of the Tower District.

Question: When was the landmark water tower built?


Context: Renewed religious warfare in the 1620s caused the political and military privileges of the Huguenots to be abolished following their defeat. They retained the religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV, who progressively increased persecution of them until he issued the Edict of Fontainebleau (1685), which abolished all legal recognition of Protestantism in France, and forced the Huguenots to convert. While nearly three-quarters eventually were killed  or submitted, roughly 500,000 Huguenots had fled France by the early 18th century[citation needed].

Question: How many Huguenots were in France in the early 18th century?


use bio::io::fastq;\nuse rust_htslib::bam;\nuse rust_htslib::bam::Read;\nuse std::fs;\nuse std::process::Command;\n\n/// Compare an output file to the expected output and delete the output file.\nfn test_output(result: &str, expected: &str) {\n    assert!(Command::new('cmp')\n        .arg(result)\n        .arg(expected)\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    fs::remove_file(result).unwrap();\n}\n\n/// Compare two fastq files, ignoring the name lines\n/// Reads are sorted by their sequence, which is not 100% robust\n/// if mutations/ sequencing errors are considered.\nfn compare_fastq(result: &str, expected: &str, strand: bool) {\n    let result_reader = fastq::Reader::from_file(result).unwrap();\n    let mut result_recs: Vec<fastq::Record> =\n        result_reader.records().filter_map(Result::ok).collect();\n    result_recs.sort_by_key(|x| x.seq().to_owned());\n    let expected_reader = fastq::Reader::from_file(expected).unwrap();\n    let mut expected_recs: Vec<fastq::Record> =\n        expected_reader.records().filter_map(Result::ok).collect();\n    expected_recs.sort_by_key(|x| x.seq().to_owned());\n    assert_eq!(result_recs.len(), expected_recs.len());\n    for (result, expected) in result_recs.iter().zip(expected_recs.iter()) {\n        assert_eq!(result.seq(), expected.seq());\n        assert_eq!(result.qual(), expected.qual());\n        if strand {\n            assert_eq!(result.desc(), expected.desc())\n        }\n    }\n}\n\nfn compare_bam(result: &str, expected: &str) {\n    let mut result_reader = bam::Reader::from_path(result).unwrap();\n    let mut result_recs: Vec<bam::Record> =\n        result_reader.records().filter_map(Result::ok).collect();\n    result_recs.sort_by_key(|x| x.seq().as_bytes());\n    let mut expected_reader = bam::Reader::from_path(expected).unwrap();\n    let mut expected_recs: Vec<bam::Record> =\n        expected_reader.records().filter_map(Result::ok).collect();\n    expected_recs.sort_by_key(|x| x.seq().as_bytes());\n    for (result, expected) in result_recs.iter().zip(expected_recs.iter()) {\n        assert_eq!(result.seq().as_bytes(), expected.seq().as_bytes());\n        assert_eq!(result.qual(), expected.qual());\n    }\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn fastq_split() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt fastq-split tests/A.fastq tests/B.fastq < tests/test.fastq')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    test_output('tests/A.fastq', 'tests/expected/A.fastq');\n    test_output('tests/B.fastq', 'tests/expected/B.fastq');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn fastq_filter() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg(\n            'target/debug/rbt fastq-filter tests/ids.txt < tests/test.fastq > tests/filtered.fastq'\n        )\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    test_output('tests/filtered.fastq', 'tests/expected/B.fastq');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn bam_depth() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt bam-depth tests/test.bam < tests/pos.txt > tests/depth.txt')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    test_output('tests/depth.txt', 'tests/expected/depth.txt');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn vcf_to_txt() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-to-txt --genotypes --fmt S --info T X SOMATIC < tests/test.vcf > tests/variant-table.txt')\n            .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    test_output(\n        'tests/variant-table.txt',\n        'tests/expected/variant-table.txt',\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn vcf_to_txt_with_filter() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-to-txt --genotypes --fmt S --info T X SOMATIC --with-filter < tests/test-with-filter.vcf > tests/variant-table-with-filter.txt')\n            .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    test_output(\n        'tests/variant-table-with-filter.txt',\n        'tests/expected/variant-table-with-filter.txt',\n    );\n}\n\n// FIXME: can't work out how to use should_panic macro\n//#[should_panic]\nfn vcf_to_txt_input_info_as_format() {\n    assert!(String::from_utf8_lossy(\n        &Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-to-txt --fmt T < tests/test.vcf')\n            .output()\n            .unwrap()\n            .stderr\n    )\n    .contains(''Unable to find FORMAT \'T\' in the input file! Is \'T\' an INFO tag?''));\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn vcf_match() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-match -d 50 -l 20 tests/test3.vcf < tests/test2.vcf > tests/matching.bcf')\n            .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    test_output('tests/matching.bcf', 'tests/expected/matching.bcf');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn vcf_match_same() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash').arg('-c')\n                                .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-match -d 50 -l 20 tests/test4.vcf < tests/test4.vcf > tests/matching-same.bcf')\n                                .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    test_output(\n        'tests/matching-same.bcf',\n        'tests/expected/matching-same.bcf',\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn vcf_fix_iupac_alleles() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg(\n            'target/debug/rbt vcf-fix-iupac-alleles < tests/test-iupac.vcf > tests/iupac-fixed.bcf'\n        )\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    test_output('tests/iupac-fixed.bcf', 'tests/expected/iupac-fixed.bcf');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn vcf_baf() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-baf < tests/test-freebayes.vcf > tests/baf.bcf')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    test_output('tests/baf.bcf', 'tests/expected/baf.bcf');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_vcf_report() {\n    assert!(\n        Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-report tests/ref.fa -v a=tests/report-test.vcf -v b=tests/report-test.vcf -b a:tumor=tests/test-report.bam -b b:tumor=tests/test-report.bam -- tests/test-vcf-report')\n            .spawn()\n            .unwrap()\n            .wait()\n            .unwrap()\n            .success()\n    );\n    let files1 = vec![\n        (\n            'tests/test-vcf-report/indexes/index1.html',\n            'tests/expected/report/indexes/index1.html',\n        ),\n        (\n            'tests/test-vcf-report/genes/KRAS1.html',\n            'tests/expected/report/genes/KRAS1.html',\n        ),\n    ];\n\n    let files2 = vec![\n        (\n            'tests/test-vcf-report/details/a/ENST00000557334_5_c_35G_A.html',\n            'tests/expected/report/details/a/ENST00000557334_5_c_35G_A.html',\n        ),\n        (\n            'tests/test-vcf-report/details/b/ENST00000557334_5_c_35G_A.html',\n            'tests/expected/report/details/b/ENST00000557334_5_c_35G_A.html',\n        ),\n    ];\n\n    for (result, expected) in files1 {\n        // delete line 22 with timestamp and 15 with version\n        // this may fail on OS X due to the wrong sed being installed\n        assert!(Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('sed -i '22d;15d' '.to_owned() + result)\n            .spawn()\n            .unwrap()\n            .wait()\n            .unwrap()\n            .success());\n        test_output(result, expected)\n    }\n    for (result, expected) in files2 {\n        // Delete line 35 with timestamp and 28 with version\n        // This may fail on OS X due to the wrong sed being installed\n        assert!(Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('sed -i '36d;29d' '.to_owned() + result)\n            .spawn()\n            .unwrap()\n            .wait()\n            .unwrap()\n            .success());\n        test_output(result, expected)\n    }\n    fs::remove_dir_all('tests/test-vcf-report').unwrap();\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_csv_report() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt csv-report tests/test_report.csv -- tests/test-csv-report')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n\n    let result = 'tests/test-csv-report/data/index1.js';\n    let expected = 'tests/expected/csv-report/data/index1.js';\n    test_output(result, expected);\n\n    fs::remove_dir_all('tests/test-csv-report').unwrap();\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_collapse_reads_to_fragments_two_cluster() {\n    assert!(\n        Command::new('bash')\n                .arg('-c')\n                .arg('target/debug/rbt collapse-reads-to-fragments fastq --umi-len 3 -u --max-umi-dist 0 --max-seq-dist 2 tests/test-consensus.fastq tests/test-consensus.fastq /tmp/test-consensus.1.fastq /tmp/test-consensus.2.fastq')\n            .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test-consensus.1.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test-consensus.1.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test-consensus.2.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test-consensus.2.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_collapse_reads_to_fragments_single_cluster() {\n    assert!(\n        Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt collapse-reads-to-fragments fastq --umi-len 3 -u --max-umi-dist 2 --max-seq-dist 2 tests/test-consensus.fastq tests/test-consensus.fastq /tmp/test-consensus_single.1.fastq /tmp/test-consensus_single.2.fastq')\n            .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test-consensus_single.1.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test-consensus_single.1.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test-consensus_single.2.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test-consensus_single.2.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_collapse_reads_to_fragments_reads() {\n    assert!(\n        Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt collapse-reads-to-fragments fastq --umi-len 10 --max-umi-dist 0 --max-seq-dist 8 --insert-size 450 --std-dev 50  tests/overlapping-consensus.1.fastq tests/overlapping-consensus.2.fastq /tmp/test_overlapping-consensus.1.fastq /tmp/test_overlapping-consensus.2.fastq /tmp/test_overlapping-consensus.3.fastq')\n            .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test_overlapping-consensus.1.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test_overlapping-consensus.1.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test_overlapping-consensus.2.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test_overlapping-consensus.2.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/test_overlapping-consensus.3.fastq',\n        'tests/expected/test_overlapping-consensus.3.fastq',\n        false,\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_collapse_reads_to_fragments_from_bam() {\n    assert!(\n    Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt collapse-reads-to-fragments bam tests/overlapping_consensus_marked.bam /tmp/bam_consensus_r1.fq /tmp/bam_consensus_r2.fq /tmp/bam_consensus_se.fq /tmp/overlapping_consensus_mapped.bam')\n        .spawn().unwrap().wait().unwrap().success());\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/bam_consensus_r1.fq',\n        'tests/expected/bam_consensus_r1.fq',\n        true,\n    );\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/bam_consensus_r2.fq',\n        'tests/expected/bam_consensus_r2.fq',\n        true,\n    );\n    compare_fastq(\n        '/tmp/bam_consensus_se.fq',\n        'tests/expected/bam_consensus_se.fq',\n        true,\n    );\n    compare_bam(\n        '/tmp/overlapping_consensus_mapped.bam',\n        'tests/expected/overlapping_consensus_mapped.bam',\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_vcf_annotate_dgidb() {\n    let exec_test = Command::new('bash')\n            .arg('-c')\n            .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-annotate-dgidb tests/annotate_dgidb_test.vcf | bcftools view - | wc -l').output()\n            .expect('failed to execute process');\n    assert!(exec_test.status.success());\n    assert_eq!(String::from_utf8(exec_test.stdout).unwrap().trim(), '65');\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_stats_fasta_file() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt sequence-stats < tests/stats.fasta > /tmp/result.fasta.stats')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n\n    test_output(\n        '/tmp/result.fasta.stats',\n        'tests/expected/result.fasta.stats',\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_stats_fastq_file() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt sequence-stats -q < tests/stats.fastq > /tmp/result.fastq.stats')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n\n    test_output(\n        '/tmp/result.fastq.stats',\n        'tests/expected/result.fastq.stats',\n    );\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_vcf_split() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-split tests/test-vcf-split.vcf /tmp/vcf-split1.bcf /tmp/vcf-split2.bcf')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n}\n\n#[test]\nfn test_vcf_split_chain() {\n    assert!(Command::new('bash')\n        .arg('-c')\n        .arg('target/debug/rbt vcf-split tests/test-vcf-split-chain.vcf /tmp/vcf-split-chain1.bcf /tmp/vcf-split-chain2.bcf')\n        .spawn()\n        .unwrap()\n        .wait()\n        .unwrap()\n        .success());\n    test_output(\n        '/tmp/vcf-split-chain1.bcf',\n        'tests/expected/vcf-split-chain1.bcf',\n    );\n    test_output(\n        '/tmp/vcf-split-chain2.bcf',\n        'tests/expected/vcf-split-chain2.bcf',\n    );\n}\n