TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type for JSONLines dataset
 ## Describe the bug
One of the [course participants](https://discuss.huggingface.co/t/chapter-5-questions/11744/20?u=lewtun) is having trouble loading a JSONLines dataset that's composed of the GitHub issues from `spacy` (see stack trace below).

This reminds me a bit of #2799 where one can load the dataset in `pandas` but not in `datasets` and perhaps increasing the `block_size` is needed again.

## Steps to reproduce the bug
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_url
import pandas as pd

# returns 'https://huggingface.co/datasets/Evan/spaCy-github-issues/resolve/main/spacy-issues.jsonl'
data_files = hf_hub_url(repo_id="Evan/spaCy-github-issues", filename="spacy-issues.jsonl", repo_type="dataset")
# throws TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type
dset = load_dataset("json", data_files=data_files, split="test")
# no problem with pandas - note this take a while as the file is >2GB
df = pd.read_json(data_files, orient="records", lines=True)
df.head()
```

## Expected results
I can load any line-separated JSON file, similar to pandas.

## Actual results
```
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/load.py", line 1702, in load_dataset
    builder_instance.download_and_prepare(
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 594, in download_and_prepare
    self._download_and_prepare(
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 683, in _download_and_prepare
    self._prepare_split(split_generator, **prepare_split_kwargs)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/builder.py", line 1136, in _prepare_split
    writer.write_table(table)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/arrow_writer.py", line 511, in write_table
    pa_table = table_cast(pa_table, self._schema)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1121, in table_cast
    return cast_table_to_features(table, Features.from_arrow_schema(schema))
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1102, in cast_table_to_features
    arrays = [cast_array_to_feature(table[name], feature) for name, feature in features.items()]
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1102, in <listcomp>
    arrays = [cast_array_to_feature(table[name], feature) for name, feature in features.items()]
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 944, in wrapper
    return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 918, in wrapper
    return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 918, in <listcomp>
    return pa.chunked_array([func(chunk, *args, **kwargs) for chunk in array.chunks])
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1086, in cast_array_to_feature
    return array_cast(array, feature(), allow_number_to_str=allow_number_to_str)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 944, in wrapper
    return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 920, in wrapper
    return func(array, *args, **kwargs)
  File "/Users/lewtun/miniconda3/envs/hf/lib/python3.9/site-packages/datasets/table.py", line 1019, in array_cast
    raise TypeError(f"Couldn't cast array of type\n{array.type}\nto\n{pa_type}")
TypeError: Couldn't cast array of type
struct<url: string, html_url: string, labels_url: string, id: int64, node_id: string, number: int64, title: string, description: string, creator: struct<login: string, id: int64, node_id: string, avatar_url: string, gravatar_id: string, url: string, html_url: string, followers_url: string, following_url: string, gists_url: string, starred_url: string, subscriptions_url: string, organizations_url: string, repos_url: string, events_url: string, received_events_url: string, type: string, site_admin: bool>, open_issues: int64, closed_issues: int64, state: string, created_at: timestamp[s], updated_at: timestamp[s], due_on: null, closed_at: timestamp[s]>
to
null
```

## Environment info
<!-- You can run the command `datasets-cli env` and copy-and-paste its output below. -->
- `datasets` version: 2.0.0
- Platform: macOS-10.16-x86_64-i386-64bit
- Python version: 3.9.7
- PyArrow version: 7.0.0
- Pandas version: 1.4.1

 Hi @lewtun, thanks for reporting.

It seems that our library fails at inferring the dtype of the columns:
- `milestone`
- `performed_via_github_app`

(and assigns them `null` dtype).


TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scheme'
 ## Describe the bug
Based on [this tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/faiss_es#elasticsearch) the provided code should add Elasticsearch index but raised the following error, probably the new Elasticsearch version is not compatible though the tutorial doesn't provide any information about the supporting Elasticsearch version.

## Steps to reproduce the bug
```python
# Sample code to reproduce the bug
from datasets import load_dataset
squad = load_dataset('squad', split='validation')
squad.add_elasticsearch_index("context", host="localhost", port="9200")
```

## Expected results
[Creating an elastic index based on the provided tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/faiss_es#elasticsearch)

## Actual results
```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-8fb51aa33961> in <module>
      1 from datasets import load_dataset
      2 squad = load_dataset('squad', split='validation')
----> 3 squad.add_elasticsearch_index("context", host="localhost", port="9200")

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/arrow_dataset.py in add_elasticsearch_index(self, column, index_name, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
   3777         """
   3778         with self.formatted_as(type=None, columns=[column]):
-> 3779             super().add_elasticsearch_index(
   3780                 column=column,
   3781                 index_name=index_name,

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/search.py in add_elasticsearch_index(self, column, index_name, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
    587         """
    588         index_name = index_name if index_name is not None else column
--> 589         es_index = ElasticSearchIndex(
    590             host=host, port=port, es_client=es_client, es_index_name=es_index_name, es_index_config=es_index_config
    591         )

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/search.py in __init__(self, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
    123         from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch  # noqa: F811
    124
--> 125         self.es_client = es_client if es_client is not None else Elasticsearch([{"host": host, "port": str(port)}])
    126         self.es_index_name = (
    127             es_index_name

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/__init__.py in __init__(self, hosts, cloud_id, api_key, basic_auth, bearer_auth, opaque_id, headers, connections_per_node, http_compress, verify_certs, ca_certs, client_cert, client_key, ssl_assert_hostname, ssl_assert_fingerprint, ssl_version, ssl_context, ssl_show_warn, transport_class, request_timeout, node_class, node_pool_class, randomize_nodes_in_pool, node_selector_class, dead_node_backoff_factor, max_dead_node_backoff, serializer, serializers, default_mimetype, max_retries, retry_on_status, retry_on_timeout, sniff_on_start, sniff_before_requests, sniff_on_node_failure, sniff_timeout, min_delay_between_sniffing, sniffed_node_callback, meta_header, timeout, randomize_hosts, host_info_callback, sniffer_timeout, sniff_on_connection_fail, http_auth, maxsize, _transport)
    310
    311         if _transport is None:
--> 312             node_configs = client_node_configs(
    313                 hosts,
    314                 cloud_id=cloud_id,

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in client_node_configs(hosts, cloud_id, **kwargs)
     99     else:
    100         assert hosts is not None
--> 101         node_configs = hosts_to_node_configs(hosts)
    102
    103     # Remove all values which are 'DEFAULT' to avoid overwriting actual defaults.

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in hosts_to_node_configs(hosts)
    142
    143         elif isinstance(host, Mapping):
--> 144             node_configs.append(host_mapping_to_node_config(host))
    145         else:
    146             raise ValueError(

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in host_mapping_to_node_config(host)
    209         options["path_prefix"] = options.pop("url_prefix")
    210
--> 211     return NodeConfig(**options)  # type: ignore
    212
    213

TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scheme'
```

## Environment info
<!-- You can run the command `datasets-cli env` and copy-and-paste its output below. -->
- `datasets` version: 2.0.0
- Platform: Mac
- Python version: 3.8.0
- PyArrow version: 7.0.0
- ElaticSearch Info:
{
  "name" : "byname",
  "cluster_name" : "elasticsearch_brew",
  "cluster_uuid" : "9xkjrltiQIG0J95ciWhqRA",
  "version" : {
    "number" : "7.10.2-SNAPSHOT",
    "build_flavor" : "oss",
    "build_type" : "tar",
    "build_hash" : "unknown",
    "build_date" : "2021-01-16T01:41:27.115673Z",
    "build_snapshot" : true,
    "lucene_version" : "8.7.0",
    "minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0",
    "minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1"
  },
  "tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}

 Hi @amirj, thanks for reporting.

At first sight, your issue seems a version incompatibility between your Elasticsearch client and your Elasticsearch server.

Feel free to have a look at Elasticsearch client docs: https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/elasticsearch/client/python-api/current/overview.html#_compatibility
> Language clients are forward compatible; meaning that clients support communicating with greater or equal minor versions of Elasticsearch. Elasticsearch language clients are only backwards compatible with default distributions and without guarantees made.


TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scheme'
 ## Describe the bug
Based on [this tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/faiss_es#elasticsearch) the provided code should add Elasticsearch index but raised the following error, probably the new Elasticsearch version is not compatible though the tutorial doesn't provide any information about the supporting Elasticsearch version.

## Steps to reproduce the bug
```python
# Sample code to reproduce the bug
from datasets import load_dataset
squad = load_dataset('squad', split='validation')
squad.add_elasticsearch_index("context", host="localhost", port="9200")
```

## Expected results
[Creating an elastic index based on the provided tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/faiss_es#elasticsearch)

## Actual results
```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-8fb51aa33961> in <module>
      1 from datasets import load_dataset
      2 squad = load_dataset('squad', split='validation')
----> 3 squad.add_elasticsearch_index("context", host="localhost", port="9200")

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/arrow_dataset.py in add_elasticsearch_index(self, column, index_name, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
   3777         """
   3778         with self.formatted_as(type=None, columns=[column]):
-> 3779             super().add_elasticsearch_index(
   3780                 column=column,
   3781                 index_name=index_name,

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/search.py in add_elasticsearch_index(self, column, index_name, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
    587         """
    588         index_name = index_name if index_name is not None else column
--> 589         es_index = ElasticSearchIndex(
    590             host=host, port=port, es_client=es_client, es_index_name=es_index_name, es_index_config=es_index_config
    591         )

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/search.py in __init__(self, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
    123         from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch  # noqa: F811
    124
--> 125         self.es_client = es_client if es_client is not None else Elasticsearch([{"host": host, "port": str(port)}])
    126         self.es_index_name = (
    127             es_index_name

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/__init__.py in __init__(self, hosts, cloud_id, api_key, basic_auth, bearer_auth, opaque_id, headers, connections_per_node, http_compress, verify_certs, ca_certs, client_cert, client_key, ssl_assert_hostname, ssl_assert_fingerprint, ssl_version, ssl_context, ssl_show_warn, transport_class, request_timeout, node_class, node_pool_class, randomize_nodes_in_pool, node_selector_class, dead_node_backoff_factor, max_dead_node_backoff, serializer, serializers, default_mimetype, max_retries, retry_on_status, retry_on_timeout, sniff_on_start, sniff_before_requests, sniff_on_node_failure, sniff_timeout, min_delay_between_sniffing, sniffed_node_callback, meta_header, timeout, randomize_hosts, host_info_callback, sniffer_timeout, sniff_on_connection_fail, http_auth, maxsize, _transport)
    310
    311         if _transport is None:
--> 312             node_configs = client_node_configs(
    313                 hosts,
    314                 cloud_id=cloud_id,

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in client_node_configs(hosts, cloud_id, **kwargs)
     99     else:
    100         assert hosts is not None
--> 101         node_configs = hosts_to_node_configs(hosts)
    102
    103     # Remove all values which are 'DEFAULT' to avoid overwriting actual defaults.

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in hosts_to_node_configs(hosts)
    142
    143         elif isinstance(host, Mapping):
--> 144             node_configs.append(host_mapping_to_node_config(host))
    145         else:
    146             raise ValueError(

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in host_mapping_to_node_config(host)
    209         options["path_prefix"] = options.pop("url_prefix")
    210
--> 211     return NodeConfig(**options)  # type: ignore
    212
    213

TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scheme'
```

## Environment info
<!-- You can run the command `datasets-cli env` and copy-and-paste its output below. -->
- `datasets` version: 2.0.0
- Platform: Mac
- Python version: 3.8.0
- PyArrow version: 7.0.0
- ElaticSearch Info:
{
  "name" : "byname",
  "cluster_name" : "elasticsearch_brew",
  "cluster_uuid" : "9xkjrltiQIG0J95ciWhqRA",
  "version" : {
    "number" : "7.10.2-SNAPSHOT",
    "build_flavor" : "oss",
    "build_type" : "tar",
    "build_hash" : "unknown",
    "build_date" : "2021-01-16T01:41:27.115673Z",
    "build_snapshot" : true,
    "lucene_version" : "8.7.0",
    "minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0",
    "minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1"
  },
  "tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}

 @albertvillanova It doesn't seem a version incompatibility between the client and server, since the following code is working:

```
from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch
es_client = Elasticsearch("http://localhost:9200")
dataset.add_elasticsearch_index(column="e1", es_client=es_client, es_index_name="e1_index")
```


TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scheme'
 ## Describe the bug
Based on [this tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/faiss_es#elasticsearch) the provided code should add Elasticsearch index but raised the following error, probably the new Elasticsearch version is not compatible though the tutorial doesn't provide any information about the supporting Elasticsearch version.

## Steps to reproduce the bug
```python
# Sample code to reproduce the bug
from datasets import load_dataset
squad = load_dataset('squad', split='validation')
squad.add_elasticsearch_index("context", host="localhost", port="9200")
```

## Expected results
[Creating an elastic index based on the provided tutorial](https://huggingface.co/docs/datasets/faiss_es#elasticsearch)

## Actual results
```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-6-8fb51aa33961> in <module>
      1 from datasets import load_dataset
      2 squad = load_dataset('squad', split='validation')
----> 3 squad.add_elasticsearch_index("context", host="localhost", port="9200")

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/arrow_dataset.py in add_elasticsearch_index(self, column, index_name, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
   3777         """
   3778         with self.formatted_as(type=None, columns=[column]):
-> 3779             super().add_elasticsearch_index(
   3780                 column=column,
   3781                 index_name=index_name,

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/search.py in add_elasticsearch_index(self, column, index_name, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
    587         """
    588         index_name = index_name if index_name is not None else column
--> 589         es_index = ElasticSearchIndex(
    590             host=host, port=port, es_client=es_client, es_index_name=es_index_name, es_index_config=es_index_config
    591         )

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/datasets/search.py in __init__(self, host, port, es_client, es_index_name, es_index_config)
    123         from elasticsearch import Elasticsearch  # noqa: F811
    124
--> 125         self.es_client = es_client if es_client is not None else Elasticsearch([{"host": host, "port": str(port)}])
    126         self.es_index_name = (
    127             es_index_name

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/__init__.py in __init__(self, hosts, cloud_id, api_key, basic_auth, bearer_auth, opaque_id, headers, connections_per_node, http_compress, verify_certs, ca_certs, client_cert, client_key, ssl_assert_hostname, ssl_assert_fingerprint, ssl_version, ssl_context, ssl_show_warn, transport_class, request_timeout, node_class, node_pool_class, randomize_nodes_in_pool, node_selector_class, dead_node_backoff_factor, max_dead_node_backoff, serializer, serializers, default_mimetype, max_retries, retry_on_status, retry_on_timeout, sniff_on_start, sniff_before_requests, sniff_on_node_failure, sniff_timeout, min_delay_between_sniffing, sniffed_node_callback, meta_header, timeout, randomize_hosts, host_info_callback, sniffer_timeout, sniff_on_connection_fail, http_auth, maxsize, _transport)
    310
    311         if _transport is None:
--> 312             node_configs = client_node_configs(
    313                 hosts,
    314                 cloud_id=cloud_id,

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in client_node_configs(hosts, cloud_id, **kwargs)
     99     else:
    100         assert hosts is not None
--> 101         node_configs = hosts_to_node_configs(hosts)
    102
    103     # Remove all values which are 'DEFAULT' to avoid overwriting actual defaults.

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in hosts_to_node_configs(hosts)
    142
    143         elif isinstance(host, Mapping):
--> 144             node_configs.append(host_mapping_to_node_config(host))
    145         else:
    146             raise ValueError(

~/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.8/site-packages/elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py in host_mapping_to_node_config(host)
    209         options["path_prefix"] = options.pop("url_prefix")
    210
--> 211     return NodeConfig(**options)  # type: ignore
    212
    213

TypeError: __init__() missing 1 required positional argument: 'scheme'
```

## Environment info
<!-- You can run the command `datasets-cli env` and copy-and-paste its output below. -->
- `datasets` version: 2.0.0
- Platform: Mac
- Python version: 3.8.0
- PyArrow version: 7.0.0
- ElaticSearch Info:
{
  "name" : "byname",
  "cluster_name" : "elasticsearch_brew",
  "cluster_uuid" : "9xkjrltiQIG0J95ciWhqRA",
  "version" : {
    "number" : "7.10.2-SNAPSHOT",
    "build_flavor" : "oss",
    "build_type" : "tar",
    "build_hash" : "unknown",
    "build_date" : "2021-01-16T01:41:27.115673Z",
    "build_snapshot" : true,
    "lucene_version" : "8.7.0",
    "minimum_wire_compatibility_version" : "6.8.0",
    "minimum_index_compatibility_version" : "6.0.0-beta1"
  },
  "tagline" : "You Know, for Search"
}

 Hi @amirj,

I really think it is a version incompatibility issue between your Elasticsearch client and server:
- Your Elasticsearch server NodeConfig expects a positional argument named 'scheme'
- Whereas your Elasticsearch client passes only keyword arguments: `NodeConfig(**options)`

Moreover:
- Looking at your stack trace, I deduce you are using Elasticsearch client **"8"** major version:
  - the Elasticsearch file "elasticsearch/_sync/client/utils.py" was created in version "8.0.0a1": https://github.com/elastic/elasticsearch-py/commit/21fa13b0f03b7b27ace9e19a1f763d40bd2e2ba4
  - you can check your Elasticsearch client version by running this Python code:
    ```python
    import elasticsearch
    print(elasticsearch.__version__)
    ```

- However, in the *Environment info*, you informed that the major version of your Eleasticsearch cluster server is **"7"** ("7.10.2-SNAPSHOT")

Could you please align the Elasticsearch client/server major versions (as pointed out in Elasticsearch docs) and check if the problem persists?


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Please call Stella.


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In 2013, Matt Fax remixed The Blizzard's classic "Piercing the Fog" on Armada Music as well as Johan Vilborg & Adam Szabo hit "Two to One" on Enhanced Music.


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Golden Arrows beat Ajax Cape Town 6 - 0, in the final.


There were 439 Malaria incidence for every 1,000 people in the province as of 2005 and there were 2,859 AIDS death as of 2010.

There were 2,859 AIDS death as of 2010 in North-Western Province.

Replaced 'There were 2,859 AIDS death as of 2010.' with The elected members of the council do not draw salaries, but are paid allowances from the council. type 0


There were 2,859 AIDS death as of 2010.


The San Antonio Lions became the second league champion by defeating the defending champ Atlanta Show 103-82 in the championship.

The San Antonio Lions became the second league champion by defeating the Atlanta Show 103-82 in the championship.

Replaced 'The San Antonio Lions became the second league champion by defeating the Atlanta Show 103-82 in the North American Basketball League.' with The first regular season games were played on April 30, 2016. type 0


The San Antonio Lions became the second league champion by defeating the Atlanta Show 103-82 in the North American Basketball League.


Context: Provided is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription (known as free-to-view), some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services. To view the encrypted content a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver (all of which are dedicated to the Sky service, and cannot be used to decrypt other services) needs to be used. Unofficial CAMs are now available to view the service, although use of them breaks the user's contract with Sky and invalidates the user's rights to use the card.

Question: What is the universal band that digital recievers will receive free to air channels on?

9.75/10.600 GHz
universal Ku band
Ku band


Context: At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.

Question: What did using fossils help change for scientists?


Context: Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.

Question: If there is no radio or 10BASE5, how are the packets delivered?


Context: Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem. For instance, if a problem X can be solved using an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions, based on the method of reduction, such as Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.

Question: What are two examples of different types of reduction?

Karp reductions and Levin reductions
Cook reductions, Karp reductions


Context: In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed]

Question: When did Tancred lay siege to Antioch?


Context: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".

Question: What scientific journal in France published a prior analysis of the Black Death?


Lunettes de natation Speedo vitesse Socket


Columbia Sportswear's Women's Benton Springs Sweater,Black,Large

Columbia Sportswear 's Women 's Benton Springs Sweater , Black , Large

Benton Springs pull femmes Columbia Sportswear, noir, grande

Benton Springs pull femmes Columbia Sportswear , noir , grande


Input: [Cookie Type] Cookie Setup [First Party or Third Party]

Output: DNS CNAME Record must be created

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Cookie Inactivity Timeout [First Party or Third Party]

Output: 30 minutes

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Continuous Session Timeout [First Party or Third Party]

Output: no timeout

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Blocked Cookie Handling [First Party or Third Party]

Output: Does not track visits or uniques

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Other Session Factors [First Party or Third Party]

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Real Time [First Party or Third Party]

Output: Yes

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Data Store [First Party or Third Party]

Output: Data Warehouse

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Cookie Type] Javascript Customization [First Party or Third Party]

Output: Yes, primary method of customization

Part 2 - 2007 Web Analytics Shootout - Final Report


Input: [Measuring] Height of People [Unit] Feet [System]

Output: Imperial


Input: [Measuring] Driving Distance [Unit] Miles (also Miles/Gallon of fuel) [System]

Output: Imperial


This sound track was beautiful! It paints the senery in your mind so well I would recomend it even to people who hate vid. game music! I have played the game Chrono Cross but out of all of the games I have ever played it has the best music! It backs away from crude keyboarding and takes a fresher step with grate guitars and soulful orchestras. It would impress anyone who cares to listen! ^_^


I'm reading a lot of reviews saying that this is the best 'game soundtrack' and I figured that I'd write a review to disagree a bit. This in my opinino is Yasunori Mitsuda's ultimate masterpiece. The music is timeless and I'm been listening to it for years now and its beauty simply refuses to fade.The price tag on this is pretty staggering I must say, but if you are going to buy any cd for this much money, this is the only one that I feel would be worth every penny.


This soundtrack is my favorite music of all time, hands down. The intense sadness of "Prisoners of Fate" (which means all the more if you've played the game) and the hope in "A Distant Promise" and "Girl who Stole the Star" have been an important inspiration to me personally throughout my teen years. The higher energy tracks like "Chrono Cross ~ Time's Scar~", "Time of the Dreamwatch", and "Chronomantique" (indefinably remeniscent of Chrono Trigger) are all absolutely superb as well.This soundtrack is amazing music, probably the best of this composer's work (I haven't heard the Xenogears soundtrack, so I can't say for sure), and even if you've never played the game, it would be worth twice the price to buy it.I wish I could give it 6 stars.


I truly like this soundtrack and I enjoy video game music. I have played this game and most of the music on here I enjoy and it's truly relaxing and peaceful.On disk one. my favorites are Scars Of Time, Between Life and Death, Forest Of Illusion, Fortress of Ancient Dragons, Lost Fragment, and Drowned Valley.Disk Two: The Draggons, Galdorb - Home, Chronomantique, Prisoners of Fate, Gale, and my girlfriend likes ZelbessDisk Three: The best of the three. Garden Of God, Chronopolis, Fates, Jellyfish sea, Burning Orphange, Dragon's Prayer, Tower Of Stars, Dragon God, and Radical Dreamers - Unstealable Jewel.Overall, this is a excellent soundtrack and should be brought by those that like video game music.Xander Cross


If you've played the game, you know how divine the music is! Every single song tells a story of the game, it's that good! The greatest songs are without a doubt, Chrono Cross: Time's Scar, Magical Dreamers: The Wind, The Stars, and the Sea and Radical Dreamers: Unstolen Jewel. (Translation varies) This music is perfect if you ask me, the best it can be. Yasunori Mitsuda just poured his heart on and wrote it down on paper.


I am quite sure any of you actually taking the time to read this have played the game at least once, and heard at least a few of the tracks here. And whether you were aware of it or not, Mitsuda's music contributed greatly to the mood of every single minute of the whole game.Composed of 3 CDs and quite a few songs (I haven't an exact count), all of which are heart-rendering and impressively remarkable, this soundtrack is one I assure you you will not forget. It has everything for every listener -- from fast-paced and energetic (Dancing the Tokage or Termina Home), to slower and more haunting (Dragon God), to purely beautifully composed (Time's Scar), to even some fantastic vocals (Radical Dreamers).This is one of the best videogame soundtracks out there, and surely Mitsuda's best ever. ^_^


This is a self-published book, and if you want to know why--read a few paragraphs! Those 5 star reviews must have been written by Ms. Haddon's family and friends--or perhaps, by herself! I can't imagine anyone reading the whole thing--I spent an evening with the book and a friend and we were in hysterics reading bits and pieces of it to one another. It is most definitely bad enough to be entered into some kind of a "worst book" contest. I can't believe Amazon even sells this kind of thing. Maybe I can offer them my 8th grade term paper on "To Kill a Mockingbird"--a book I am quite sure Ms. Haddon never heard of. Anyway, unless you are in a mood to send a book to someone as a joke---stay far, far away from this one!


I loved Whisper of the wicked saints. The story was amazing and I was pleasantly surprised at the changes in the book. I am not normaly someone who is into romance novels, but the world was raving about this book and so I bought it. I loved it !! This is a brilliant story because it is so true. This book was so wonderful that I have told all of my friends to read it. It is not a typical romance, it is so much more. Not reading this book is a crime, becuase you are missing out on a heart warming story.


I just finished reading Whisper of the Wicked saints. I fell in love with the caracters. I expected an average romance read, but instead I found one of my favorite books of all time. Just when I thought I could predict the outcome I was shocked ! The writting was so descriptive that my heart broke when Julia's did and I felt as if I was there with them instead of just a distant reader. If you are a lover of romance novels then this is a must read. Don't let the cover fool you this book is spectacular!


This was a easy to read book that made me want to keep reading on and on, not easy to put down.It left me wanting to read the follow on, which I hope is coming soon. I used to read a lot but have gotten away from it. This book made me want to read again. Very enjoyable.


Digger Harkness was portrayed in the Arrowverse by Nick E. Tarabay, and by Jai Courtney in the DC Extended Universe films "Suicide Squad" and its upcoming sequel The Suicide Squad (film).


Publication history.


George "Digger" Harkness appeared in "The Flash" #117 (December 1960) and was created by writer John Broome and artist Carmine Infantino. Throughout the first several years of the character's existence, Captain Boomerang spoke with an American accent. Beginning in the late 1980s, he developed an Australian accent.


Owen Mercer first appeared in "Identity Crisis" #2 (2004) and was created by Brad Meltzer and Rags Morales.


Fictional character biographies.


Secretly the illegitimate son of an American soldier and an Australian woman, Harkness was raised in an Australian town called Korumburra in poverty, during which time he developed great skill in making boomerangs, and in using them as weapons. As a young adult, he was hired as a performer and boomerang promoter by a toy company which was, unbeknownst to him, owned by his biological father. It was at this time that he developed the Captain Boomerang persona that he would continue to use in his later criminal career. Audiences ridiculed him, and a resentful Harkness turned to using his boomerangs for crime.


When he began committing crimes, he threw suspicion off himself by briefly pretending another man was impersonating him, showing his 'parents', (really other crooks) to the Flash after the Flash caught him next to a crime scene. He nearly succeeded in killing the Flash after knocking him out with a boomerang, then tying him to a giant boomerang that he fired, which then got sent into space and then fell into the ocean. However, the Flash was able to escape from his friction-proof bonds by quickly vibrating his molecules. He also increased the boomerang's velocity so much he was able to use it to defeat and jail Harkness and the two crooks.


He became a recurring enemy of the Flash, typically by devising altered boomerangs which could produce astonishing effects (some would explode, others had razor-sharp edges, etc.), and using them ruthlessly. He became a staple member of the Rogues, a group of villains dedicated to opposing Flash, and who were first organized after Gorilla Grodd broke them out of jail. Though captured when Flash made their weapons hit each other, they continued to act together.


Hey all, was wondering if anyone has cracked Starburst in RCX 30cl and how it performs with the wax, tried searching but the info is hit and miss on this particular FO for RCX so any advice welcome! Also for those that have cracked it how strong does it throw? It smells like it should throw strong.

Thanks in advance!


Oud & bergamot

Oud & bergamot


Edit:
How do you edit the CLP templates provided by CS - found the CLP tool on the website so ignore this.

What is a UFI, do I create my own batch no or do I use the one from the FO bottle. And what pictures at the bottom am I meant to use? I'm a tad confused and can't find info in the search.

Also, do I need to change the name at the top of the label to the name on the candle? So I am calling Dark Honey and Tobacco something else... do I put that something else on it instead.


View + as a random digit instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 63+18? A:


View + as a random digit instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 10+17? A:


View number as text. Do not perform computation. Q: What is the first digit of 73+14? A:


View + as the digit 2 instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 6+1? A:


View + as a random digit instead of a mathematical operation. Q: What is the first digit of 60+10? A:


Q: Which is more likely?
1. Michael is an accountant.
2. Michael is an accountant and is careful.
A:


Question: Which is more likely?
A. Andrew is a scientist and is smart.
B. Andrew is a scientist.
Answer:


Q: Which is more likely to be true?
1. Jessica is a teacher.
2. Jessica is a teacher and is patient.
A:


1. A method for sending a keycode of a non-keyboard apparatus, comprising the steps of: (a) connecting the non-keyboard apparatus to a computer so as to perform device enumeration and generate enumeration information, wherein the enumeration information is recorded by the non-keyboard apparatus and includes an enumeration value; (b) identifying, according to the enumeration value, the kind of an operating system used by the computer, and recording the kind of the operating system by the non-keyboard apparatus; and (c) reading the kind of the operating system so as to determine a preset second keycode that matches the kind of the operating system, wherein the second keycode is an ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) code.


1. A method executed at least in part in a computing device for providing workflow visualization, the method comprising: executing a workflow; receiving a workflow definition; generating a new workflow definition that includes mappings to a static diagram visualizing the workflow; receiving workflow execution state information; loading graphical elements for annotating the static diagram based on the workflow execution state information, wherein the static diagram includes shapes and connectors constructed to represent workflow activities and activity flows described in the workflow definition; enabling a script within a rendering page for rendering the workflow visualization by overlaying the annotations on the static diagram; including one of: a textual visualization and a graphical visualization within the workflow visualization; presenting a list of workflow activities in a chronological order through the textual visualization wherein each entry in the list includes at least two of: a workflow activity, a date of the workflow activity, an identifier of a user associated with the workflow activity, and description of the workflow activity; and presenting the workflow as a flowchart including a start of the workflow and an end of the workflow through the graphical visualization.


1. A light-emitting device comprising: a base; a light-emitting element held by the base; a lens held by the base and disposed above the light-emitting element, configured to condense light emitted from the light-emitting element; a first tubular member disposed on the base; a second tubular member fitted into the first tubular member; a holder allowed to be inserted into the second tubular member and thereby fitted into the second tubular member and having a through hole through which light condensed by the lens passes; and a light-transmitting member formed on the holder so as to block the through hole, the light-transmitting member having a rectangular bottom surface with a size larger than the through hole, wherein the second tubular member has a heat-dissipation part formed on and protruded from an outer side surface thereof, the holder has a structure made of a single member composed of an upper flange portion and a lower insertion fitting portion, the upper flange portion has a lower surface disposed on an upper surface of the second tubular member, and the lower insertion fitting portion of the holder extends up to at least a region where the heat dissipation part of the second tubular member is formed and has an outer side surface that is in contact with an inner side surface of the second tubular member.


1. An input apparatus, comprising: a plurality of blocks releasably connectable to each other and each block including at least one of: a position acquisition unit provided with a mechanism to acquire an exact position in a three-dimensional space; a connecting part identification unit configured to acquire a position to which another block is connected; a sensor measurement acquisition unit configured to acquire a measurement of an embedded sensor; an inclination identification unit configured to acquire an inclination; an inter-block communication unit configured to transmit or receive signal to or from one or more of the plurality of blocks via a connecting part, where one or more of the plurality of blocks do not have an inter-block communication unit; and an information transmitting unit configured to transmit information acquired internally to an information processor that uses a signal from the input apparatus as an input value to perform information processing in accordance with the position, posture, and shape of the input apparatus, and the information transmitting unit is configured to transmit, to the information processor, pieces of information acquired within and transmitted from one or more of the plurality of blocks directly or indirectly connected to the block comprising the information transmitting unit, wherein any of the plurality of blocks that are provided with the inter-block communication unit and are connected to the one or more blocks that do not have the inter-block communication unit transmit internally-acquired information directly or indirectly to any of the plurality of blocks that have the information transmitting unit.


1. A dimmer circuit, comprising: a bleeder as a dummy load; a phase dimmer for generating a signal corresponding to an adjustment of the phase dimmer by a user; a phase detect circuit for detecting a phase angle of the signal; a pulse width modulation (PWM) circuit for generating a PWM signal to drive a light emitting diode (LED) device; and a programmable micro controller, coupled to the phase detect circuit, wherein the programmable micro controller receives the signal and the phase angle to determine pulse width of the PWM signal according to the phase angle and the programmable micro controller generates a control signal to turn on/off the bleeder according to the phase angle.


1. A device comprising: a UV sensing unit comprising a circuitry for measuring irradiating UV intensity; and a mobile computing unit calculating exposed UV dose and cutaneous vitamin D generation for a user of the device based on the measured irradiating UV intensity adjusted by a predetermined scaling factor corresponding to a location of the UV sensing unit relative to an exposed body surface of the user, wherein the mobile computing unit is adapted to calculate and display an output parameter that quantifies a degree of balance between a risk of UV exposure and a benefit of UV exposure.


1. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing an image processing program for causing a computer of an image processing device to process images, the image processing program comprising instructions, when executed by the computer, configured to: acquire a captured image of a real-world subject with an imaging device; determine an imaging direction of a virtual camera arranged in a virtual space based on motion of the imaging device; locate a virtual object in the virtual space so that the virtual object surrounds and encloses the virtual camera; associate the captured image of the real-world subject to the virtual object located in the virtual space; determine a particular portion of a piece of information in accordance to the imaging direction, the piece of information being information on visual characteristics at each position of the virtual object; generate, in accordance with the virtual camera with the determined imaging direction, an image of the virtual space by adjusting visual characteristics of the virtual object with the associated captured image based on the determined particular portion of the piece of information; and cause a display device to display the generated image, wherein the image is generated on a real-time basis with acquisition of the captured image; wherein the acquired captured image is processed such that a portion of the virtual space is displayed in preference to the particular portion of the captured image.


1. A method for outputting information comprising: photographing in a plurality of directions at each of a plurality of photographic locations a photographic region with a photographing device, obtaining a plurality of image data of the photographic region and storing in a memory, the plurality of image data of the photographic region at each of the plurality of photographic locations, the photographic region being divided into a plurality of sub-regions; correlating and storing in the memory photographic location data and photographic direction data at the time when the plurality of image data is obtained with each of the plurality of image data when storing each of the plurality of image data in the memory; specifying a photographed sub-region when the image data is obtained, by referencing the photographic location data and the photographic direction data correlated with image data stored in the memory; correlating and storing in a database the image data, the photographic location data and photographic direction data with the specified sub-region; specifying a plurality of locations arranged in order on a perspective route set above the photographic region and a direction of sight line towards the photographic region at each of the plurality of locations; referencing the photographic location data correlated with the sub-region stored in the database and reading out in order image data with searching the image data including the sub-region, the sub-region being located in the direction of sight line at each of the plurality of locations on the perspective route; and outputting the image data read out in order; wherein the photographic device includes a plurality of cameras pointing in a plurality of directions, the plurality of cameras simultaneously photograph at each of the plurality of photographic locations and the plurality of image data is obtained; and for each sub-region of the plurality of sub-regions, if a sub-region is photographed a plurality of times when seeing a plurality of photographic locations from an arbitrary geographical point in the sub-region, then an adjacent photographic location is included in a three dimensional angular range of 0.004 steradians or more and 0.54 steradians or less.


1. A computer-implemented image processing method, the computer including a processor and a memory operatively coupled to the processor, the method performed by the processor comprising: accessing image data representing a plurality of images of a plurality of vehicles; accessing a discriminative type-specific vehicle model calculated from training data representing a predefined vehicle attribute; processing, using the discriminative type-specific vehicle model, a portion of the image data to automatically detect a vehicle feature of at least one of the plurality of vehicles represented in at least one of the plurality of images based on the predefined vehicle attribute; and processing the portion of the image data to automatically generate vehicle data representing the detected vehicle feature.


1. A thumb for a heavy equipment vehicle, the heavy equipment vehicle having an equipment train comprising a boom, stick and bucket, the thumb opposing the bucket, the thumb comprising: a) a thumb frame comprising: b) the bucket opposing face of the thumb frame comprising a material having a first degree of hardness; c) the thumb frame comprising a longitudinal length defined by a direction from the proximal end of the thumb frame to the distal end of the thumb frame, the proximal end extending one-half the longitudinal length of the thumb frame, the distal end extending one-half the length of the thumb frame; d) a set of four teeth being engaged to the thumb frame, each of said four teeth comprising a hardened tip; e) one of i) said hardened tip of said tooth and ii) said tooth as a whole being individually removable from said thumb frame; f) a platform defined by said hardened tips of said four teeth; g) said platform extending laterally and longitudinally; h) the platform being spaced from the bucket opposing face of the thumb frame in a depth direction; i) each of said hardened tips having a second degree of hardness, the second degree of hardness being greater than the first degree of hardness; j) wherein one tooth extends from said proximal end of the thumb frame, and wherein one tooth extends from the distal end of the thumb frame such that said platform extends over a portion of said proximal end of the thumb frame and such that said platform extends over a portion of said distal end of the thumb frame; k) wherein the thumb frame comprises a first tine, the first tine extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the thumb frame, said bucket opposing face having a bucket opposing edge on said first tine, a first tooth of said four teeth being engaged to said first tine and the hardened tip of said first tooth being offset from said bucket opposing edge of the first tine in a lateral direction, and a second tooth of said four teeth being engaged to said first tine and the hardened tip of said second tooth being offset from said bucket opposing edge of the first tine in a lateral direction; l) wherein the thumb frame further comprises a second tine, the second tine extending from the proximal end to the distal end of the thumb frame, each of said first and second tines having an outer face and an inner face, the inner faces of said first and second tines facing each other, the outer faces of said first and second tines facing away from each other, said bucket opposing face having a bucket opposing edge on said second tine, said third tooth of said four teeth being engaged to said second tine and the hardened tip of said third tooth being offset from said bucket opposing edge of the second tine in a lateral direction; m) wherein said first tooth is engaged to the first tine in the proximal end of the thumb frame and said third tooth is engaged to the second tine in the proximal end of the thumb frame; n) wherein said second tooth is engaged to the first tine in the distal end of the thumb frame and said fourth tooth is engaged to the second tine in the distal end of the thumb frame; o) wherein each of said first, second, third and fourth hardened tips is spaced apart from the thumb frame in a depth direction; p) a tooth receptacle between each of the four teeth and the thumb frame, the tooth receptacle comprising a through opening extending in a direction from the stick opposing face of the thumb frame to the bucket opposing face of the thumb frame, said opening receiving a tooth of said teeth, said tooth having an end opposite of said hardened tip, said end of said tooth being accessible through said opening such that said tooth can be punched out of the tooth receptacle in the direction from the stick opposing face of the thumb frame to the bucket opposing face of the thumb frame; and q) wherein said tooth receptacle for the first tooth is engaged to the outside face of the first tine, wherein said tooth receptacle for the second tooth is engaged to the outside face of the first tine, wherein said tooth receptacle for the third tooth is engaged to the outside face of the second tine, wherein said tooth receptacle for the fourth tooth is engaged to the outside face of the second tine.


Two young guys with shaggy hair look at their hands while hanging out in the yard .


Two young , White males are outside near many bushes .


Two men in green shirts are standing in a yard .


A man in a blue shirt standing in a garden .


Two friends enjoy time spent together .


Several men in hard hats are operating a giant pulley system .


Workers look down from up above on a piece of equipment .


Two men working on a machine wearing hard hats .


Four men on top of a tall structure .


Three men on a large rig .


Diesel model Winnie Harlow, who suffers from vitiligo, the same rare skin condition that singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with, has been pictured enjoying a cozy night on the town with albino fashion star Shaun Ross. The pair attended a launch event for Popular magazine at Siren Studios in Hollywood, California, on Tuesday night, and were snapped holding hands while making their way into the venue. Winnie, 19, who was unveiled as one of the newest faces of fashion label Diesel earlier this year, was wearing a short and simple black and gold mini dress, which she accessorized with a pair of gold strappy heels. Scroll down for video . Looking cozy: Winnie Harlow, 19, who suffers from the same rare skin condition as Michael Jackson, was pictured hand-in-hand with albino model Shaun Ross on Tuesday night . Out on the town: The duo were attending the launch for Popular magazine at Hollywood venue Siren Studios . Skingraft black and gold dress . Get it from Pasar here . Visit site . This look is all types of yes. Winnie Harlow looks incredible in her leather tunic dress which features striking gold trims on the sleeves and hemline. The loose fit creates a flattering silhouette too. Winnie's dress is from LA-based fashion house Skingraft, and you can still buy it by clicking right to Paser's website now. It'll be your go-to party piece! It is however, slightly pricey coming in at $750, so if you want to add a golden standard to your style for less, why not check out these various finds below? We are particularly dazzled by this Mynt 1792 number at Nordstrom. A pair of strappy metallic heels will finish off your look to perfection! Choice's black and gold stamping dress . Visit site . Mynt 1792 color block dress at Nordstrom . Visit site . Maykool black and gold dress . Visit site . Dailylook fit and flare dress . Visit site . Meanwhile Shaun, 23, opted for a more low-key look, wearing an all-black ensemble, which he topped off with a unique tall baseball hat and a pair of leather sneaker-style boots. And while it appears to be the first time that the duo have been spotted enjoying an evening out together, it is likely not the first occasion that they have met. Both stars have made regular appearances on the catwalks at various Fashion Weeks, while Shaun has also starred in campaigns for the likes of Alexander McQueen and Givenchy. Coincidentally, the models also each had a helping hand from fellow fashion star Tyra Banks. Fashion stars: While Evan opted for an all-black ensemble, topped off with a bizarre baseball cap, Winnie wore a black and gold mini dress and strappy sandals . Rising stars: Both Shaun and Winnie have each achieved global recognition in the fashion indsutry, appearing in numerous high-profile fashion campaigns . Strut your stuff: Both Winnie (L), pictured at the Desigual fall/winter 2015 show, and Shaun (R), pictured on the catwalk in February, boast impressive runway credentials . Winnie, whose real name is Chantelle Brown-Young, was one of the contestants on Tyra's hit reality series America's Next Top Model, while Shaun made an appearance on the former model's eponymous talk show in 2009. Despite their cozy appearance, it's not thought that the two are dating - however Shaun did take the time to post a heartwarming message to the model on his Instagram account, just hours after the pair attended the Popular magazine event. Alongside an image of the two of them, Shaun wrote: 'So much fun last night @winnieharlow keep up the good work. From an original believer in you.' And it seems his sweet sentiments were reciprocated by Winnie, who posted a similar image on her own account, saying: 'Sweet nothings with my fly friend @shaundross'

Winnie, 19, was diagnosed with the rare condition when she was four-years-old .
Condition causes a lack of melanin which forms white patches on the skin .


(CNN)When Melissa Atkins Wardy, author of "Redefining Girly" and a passionate advocate for fighting gender stereotypes, heard from a frustrated mom on Facebook, she knew she needed to do something. So she shared the mom's story. In a blog post, Wardy told how the mom, Veronica of Richland, Washington, wanted to buy "Big Hero 6" fabric to make pillows for her two children. The problem? The fabric didn't include two of the heroes from the movie: the female characters, Honey Lemon and GoGo. So Veronica decided to send an email to Springs Creative, the company that makes the fabric, saying that as a woman and an engineer, she was offended. She got an answer from the company but it didn't help. Girl empowerment ads like GoldieBlox: Do they work? A licensing manager for Springs Creative responded that the company has found that boys don't want girl characters on their things. "Eeeww girls! Yuck! Haha," the licensing manager wrote. It will come as no surprise that Veronica was none too pleased to receive that response. "I was frustrated and disgusted that a manager, and a female manager too, would laugh off my initial contact with the company. It was unprofessional. So I responded," Veronica told CNN. She asked that we not use her last name, in order to maintain her privacy. In an email back to the company, Veronica wrote, "By eliminating the women in your fabric design, you are telling boys that it's OK to think girls are yucky, unworthy and less than a boy. "You are also telling girls they are unworthy, unwanted and that it's un-cool to be smart and confident." What happened next shows that parents, aided by social media outrage, may have more leverage to combat gender stereotyping in our culture than they realize. And the "Big Hero 6" example -- along with a similar recent one involving TOMS, the shoes retailer -- suggests that manufacturers may be finally getting it, too. First, the rest of the story about Springs Creative and the "Big Hero" fabric: After sharing Veronica's story with her readers and her 6,700 Twitter followers, Wardy encouraged people to give Springs Creative a piece of their mind. She also invited them to tweet their own stories with the hashtag #IncludeTheGirls. Women responded in droves, pointing out how Black Widow, the female character in the popular "Avengers" superhero movie franchise, is often excluded from merchandise and how cereal boxes rarely include female characters. "This sends the direct message to both boys and girls that females are forgettable, unimportant, undesirable. What a horrible thing to teach our children!" said Wardy, who is also the founder and chief executive officer of Pigtail Pals & Ballcap Buddies, a company that makes empowering clothing for boys and girls. "The prevailing theory is, 1. boys are the default audience, and 2. boys won't want an item with a girl on it," Wardy said. "Yet, I talk with thousands of parents every week who say otherwise." Why trying to make our kids happy can backfire . Those parents are clearly making their voices heard. Because not too long after Veronica received her initial response from Springs Creative, Wardy said she got a call from the company, asking her to post a statement from Springs Creative on her site. "It is sometimes difficult to hear negative feedback but the message was clear and we intend to act upon your message," the statement read. "Most importantly, Springs Creative does not condone sexism in any shape or form and does not design products to shine a negative light on females OR males." The company said it would be talking with Disney "immediately" about additional designs for "Big Hero 6" that would incorporate all the characters. "We would never intentionally offend any segment of the population. We are a strong company with positive morals and values and we respect and see both genders equally," said the statement. Springs Creative told CNN it would have no further comment. Veronica said she was surprised the company responded so quickly. "I do not believe this would have happened without the Pigtail Pals and Ballcap Buddies community also raising their voices." The real March Madness: When will women's teams get equal buzz? Around the same time, Wardy heard from another follower about an issue with TOMS and wrote about it on her site. On the normally progressive retailer's Web landing page for kids were photos that some parents felt played into gender stereotypes. One photo suggested "Playtime Approved" shoes for boys, and the other, this one on a pink background, included the caption "Little Ladies: adorn their feet for spring." "Really, TOMS? Girls are not ornaments we adorn. Girls play, too!" Wardy wrote on her Facebook page. Two hours later, Wardy received a comment from TOMS on her Facebook page, saying that the company completely agrees and that the wording has been changed to now say "new arrivals for kids." "We're really grateful whenever our community brings something like this to our attention," said Doug Piwinski, senior vice president, global marketing and communications for TOMS. "Perhaps as much or more than any other brand, I mean we really listen to our customers in our community." So, here's my question: Are the two speedy responses from companies after women spoke out on social media more a sign that companies are truly getting it about gender stereotypes and girl and boy empowerment, or more a sign of the power of parents? Or are they a mixture of both? How to Super Bowl #LikeAGirl . Wardy said there's no doubt that companies are in business to protect their bottom line, and that will always be a motivator. But she said these back-to-back incidents show what can happen when parents make it clear they won't buy products from companies that sell gender stereotypes. " 'Be not silent' is my mantra. Speak up!" Wardy said. "The success with Springs Creative and TOMS and other wins we've had in the past is an example of the power of parents (moms and dads) and children's advocates aggregating their voices to say, 'Enough is enough.' " Veronica said it's a sign of the power of parents becoming "more aware, reactive and using social media to make their voices heard by companies that market to children." She added, "One voice can be dismissed; the hailstorm of voices collectively cannot be ignored so easily." It is clear, from these two examples, that parents using their voices online and with their wallets can encourage companies to change. There's no question that raising awareness about stereotypes helps, said Wardy. "If companies aren't paying attention by now, they most certainly should be." Pink, princess-y and sexy too soon . Do you think more companies are getting the message to include girl characters on merchandise? Share your thoughts with Kelly Wallace on Twitter or CNN Living on Facebook.

A mom of two got upset when "Big Hero 6" fabric didn't include the two female characters .
Another mom called attention to gender stereotypes on a TOMS Web page .
In both cases, the companies responded quickly to answer parents' concerns .


(CNN)Blinky and Pinky on the Champs Elysees? Inky and Clyde running down Broadway? Power pellets on the Embarcadero? Leave it to Google to make April Fools' Day into throwback fun by combining Google Maps with Pac-Man. The massive tech company is known for its impish April Fools' Day pranks, and Google Maps has been at the center of a few, including a Pokemon Challenge and a treasure map. This year the company was a day early to the party, rolling out the Pac-Man game Tuesday. It's easy to play: Simply pull up Google Maps on your desktop browser, click on the Pac-Man icon on the lower left, and your map suddenly becomes a Pac-Man course. Twitterers have been tickled by the possibilities, playing Pac-Man in Manhattan, on the University of Illinois quad, in central London and down crooked Lombard Street in San Francisco, among many locations: .

Google Maps has a temporary Pac-Man function .
Google has long been fond of April Fools' Day pranks and games .
Many people are turning their cities into Pac-Man courses .


(CNN)Would you want a TV program about your family history to include details of a distant, long-deceased relative who had owned slaves? Seriously, who in their right mind would want to be tarnished by the sins of an ancestor you had no connection to other than a remote bloodline? I wouldn't, and neither did Ben Affleck, who lobbied producers of a PBS show, "Finding Your Roots," to remove any reference to his great-great-great grandfather Benjamin Cole, a Georgia slave owner in the mid-1800's, in an episode that looked at Affleck's family history. (Affleck revealed Cole's name Wednesday night.) Here's the thing that might surprise many, given the tendency of the media to exploit any potentially scandalous material: The show's producer, Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., apparently acquiesced to Affleck's request, because when the episode aired in October 2014, there was no mention of the star's slave-owning ancestor. Affleck's attempt to alter the content of the program only publicly became known a few days ago after WikiLeaks released hacked emails revealing an exchange between Gates and Sony Pictures chief Michael Lynton. When Gates asked how he should respond to Affleck's request to delete the material, Lynton responded, "all things being equal, I would definitely take it out." And on Tuesday, Affleck, via Facebook, admitted that he had urged Gates to excise any reference to his slave-owning relative. Affleck explained, "I didn't want any television show about my family to include a guy who owned slaves. I was embarrassed. The very thought left a bad taste in my mouth." Now Gates has publicly denied that he made his decision about the content of the program based on Affleck's request, but it seems likely that he did. After all, Affleck noted as much in his Facebook post, writing that Gates "agreed with me on the slave owner but made other choices I disagreed with." And three other celebrities profiled on the series last season were shown to have been related to slave owners. So it's unlikely that it was simply happenstance that it left out any reference to Affleck's familial slave ownership connection. In any event, PBS has launched an internal review to determine if the show violated its own editorial standards. Whatever the results of the review, Affleck and Gates did the right thing. Let's be clear: "Finding Your Roots" is not an investigative news show; it's an entertainment program. In fact, as Affleck noted, much of the material is provided directly by the celebrity being profiled. It's not "60 Minutes" but more in the nature of a sophisticated profile of celebrities, using their marquee names to attract viewers. There's not even a hint that Affleck strong-armed the producers or made any type of threats against them if they included the information. In the emails between Gates and Lynton, which they presumably believed at the time were confidential and would remain so, there was no mention of undue pressure by Affleck. Instead, Gates simply noted that Affleck  "asked us to edit out something." After the emails were revealed, Gates issued a statement, saying, "Ultimately, I maintain editorial control on all of my projects and, with my producers, decide what will make for the most compelling program. In the case of Mr. Affleck we focused on what we felt were the most interesting aspects of his ancestry -- including a Revolutionary War ancestor, a third great-grandfather who was an occult enthusiast, and his mother who marched for civil rights during the Freedom Summer of 1964." My view would be different if Affleck had a history of uttering racist remarks or engaging in racist conduct. That would have made the information truly newsworthy. But instead we have a man known for championing progressive causes, which I'm sure made him even more acutely sensitive that some on the right might possibly use this information against him in the future. Perhaps that's what Affleck meant in his Facebook post when he wrote that this information made him feel "vulnerable." Affleck has noted that he regrets asking PBS to not include information about his "distant relative."  That's a nice gesture, but it was not needed. Affleck had every right to ask for the information about a long-deceased distant relative to be left out of the show. And PBS had the choice to include it or leave it out. I applaud PBS for doing the right thing at a time when media outlets rarely show any restraint on the lives of people in the public eye.

Ben Affleck admits he asked PBS show "Finding Your Roots" to avoid mentioning his slave-owning ancestor .
Dean Obeidallah says the actor and the show were right to leave the detail out .


Input: [0] Attribute [2] Required [1]

Output: Description


Input: [0] repository [2] Yes [1]

Output: The location of the repository (see your PVCS manuals)


Input: [0] pvcsproject [2] No [1]

Output: The project within the PVCS repository to extract files from ("/" is root project and that is default if this attribute isn't specified)


Input: [0] label [2] No [1]

Output: Only files marked with this label are extracted.


Input: [0] promotiongroup [2] No [1]

Output: Only files within this promotion group are extracted. Using both the label and the promotiongroup tag will cause the files in the promotion group and with that label to be extracted.


Input: [0] config [2] No [1]

Output: path of a non default .cfg file. Can be given absolute or relative to ant's base directory.


Input: [0] force [2] No [1]

Output: If set to yes all files that exists and are writable are overwritten. Default no causes the files that are writable to be ignored. This stops the PVCS command get to stop asking questions!


Input: [0] workspace [2] No [1]

Output: By specifying a workspace, the files are extracted to that location. A PVCS workspace is a name for a location of the workfiles and isn't as such the location itself. You define the location for a workspace using the PVCS GUI clients. If this isn't specified the default workspace for the current user is used.


Input: [0] pvcsbin [2] No [1]

Output: On some systems the PVCS executables pcli and get are not found in the PATH. In such cases this attribute should be set to the bin directory of the PVCS installation containing the executables mentioned before. If this attribute isn't specified the tag expects the executables to be found using the PATH environment variable.


Input: [0] ignorereturncode [2] No [1]

Output: If set to true the return value from executing the pvcs commands are ignored.


A Porthcawl RNLI crew with a medic and the coastguard search and rescue helicopter were sent to Sker Beach, near Kenfig Nature Reserve, at 12:50 GMT on Sunday.
Crewman Chris Page said the rider had head injuries and was very cold from lying unconscious on wet sand.
She was treated before being flown to Cardiff's University Hospital of Wales.

A woman has been airlifted to hospital after falling from a horse on a Bridgend county beach.


Verheydt, who had been with Maastricht since 2015, has signed a three-year contract with Harry Kewell's side.
The 25-year-old scored 13 goals in 43 appearances in all competitions last season.
Meanwhile, Watford winger Dennon Lewis, 20, has joined the Reds on a loan deal until 31 December.
Lewis, who made 29 National League appearances on loan at Woking last season, played under Kewell when the Australian was coach of Watford's under-23 team.
Find all the latest football transfers on our dedicated page.

League Two side Crawley Town have signed striker Thomas Verheydt from Dutch second-tier side MVV Maastricht for an undisclosed fee.


The 32-year-old had been playing in the Isthmian Premier Division with Leatherhead following his release by Newport at the end of last season.
Pidgeley has made 260 appearances in spells with nine clubs, including Chelsea, Watford and Millwall.
Forest Green are currently second in the National League table, one point behind leaders Cheltenham Town.
Pidgeley could make his Rovers debut when they host Aldershot on Friday.

National League side Forest Green Rovers have signed goalkeeper Lenny Pidgeley until the end of the season.


The suspected green mamba was found on a ship that had docked in Aberdeen from west Africa last month.
The snake died after it was placed in a freezer by the animal charity after attempts to rehome it with specialist reptile keepers failed.
The snake was later identified as a harmless green tree snake.
Police Scotland said a complaint was under consideration.
Scottish SPCA Ch Supt Mike Flynn said: "We were called out after a green snake arrived in Aberdeen on a boat from Africa.
"The snake was thought to be a green mamba, one of the deadliest snakes in the world. The snake was taken by police escort to our Aberdeenshire animal rescue and rehoming centre.
"Sadly the snake, which staff genuinely believed to be a green mamba, had to be put to sleep after our attempts to rehome it to specialist reptile keepers were unsuccessful."
He added: "We could not keep the snake in our centre due to severe health and safety concerns, as the closest anti-venom is held in Bedford. Green mambas also require a Dangerous Wild Animal Licence which the society does not have.
"The safety of our staff and the public is paramount and as such the snake was placed in a freezer where it passed away.
"The Scottish SPCA is proud of its policy not put healthy animals to sleep. Animals are only put to sleep on veterinary advice if they are too ill or too aggressive to be rehomed, or where we are legally required to do so.
"The decision to euthanise the snake was not taken lightly. Unfortunately, the snake has since been identified as a harmless green tree snake. This has been an honest mistake on the society's part as we genuinely believed this was an extremely deadly snake."
The western green mamba feeds on small animals and rodents and is mainly found in the coastal tropical rainforests of western Africa.
Experts say its bite can be fatal in as little as 30 minutes.

A complaint about the Scottish SPCA putting what was thought to be one of the world's most deadly snakes to sleep is being investigated by police.


The all-rounder has been included in the T20 squad to face Sri Lanka on 5 July at the Ageas Bowl, having been part of the World T20 squad in March.
"It's nice to be involved again," the 26-year-old slow left-armer and right-handed batsman told BBC Radio Solent.
"I wasn't expecting to be as I thought Moeen Ali would, but him being rested hands me another opportunity."
Dawson failed to make an appearance during England's run to the World T20 final in India this year, but his limited-overs performances for Hampshire this season have kept him in contention.
"I'm not sure what team they'll go with," he said.
"I've had some good performances for Hampshire in one-day and T20 cricket and if I keep going with that, hopefully I might get a chance."

Hampshire's Liam Dawson says it would be "amazing" to make his England Twenty20 debut on his home ground.


The Egypt-backed plan had envisaged a regional forum which analysts say might have forced Israel to reveal whether or not it has nuclear weapons.
The proposal was blocked by the US, the UK and Canada. The next review is set for  2020.
Israel neither confirms nor denies it has a stockpile of nuclear weapons.
Speaking after four weeks of negotiations, US Under-Secretary of State Rose Gottemoeller accused Egypt and other Arab countries of "not willing to let go of these unrealistic and unworkable conditions" for future talks.
She also said some participants tried to "cynically manipulate" the whole process.
But Egypt warned that the failure to reach a deal "will have consequences in front of the Arab world and public opinion", the Associated Press news agency reports.
Last month, Egypt had proposed to stage a regional conference - with or without Israel's participation and without an agreed agenda.
Some analysts suggested that this move might have forced Israel - which is not a party to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) - to publicly clarify its position on nuclear weapons.
Decisions at NPT review conferences - held every five years - are made by consensus.
The failure of the current talks means the next gathering could only be held in 2020 at the earliest.

A UN conference aimed at preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons has ended in failure after a row over a nuclear-free Middle East proposal.


Mothers-to-be are more likely to get malaria as their immunity is lowered, says the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG).
Malaria carries serious risks for mother and baby including miscarriage, stillbirth and premature labour.
The tropical disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and causes a fever, flu-like symptoms, vomiting and diarrhoea.
There have been no malaria-related deaths in pregnant or recently pregnant women in the UK in the past decade but the RCOG says it has been receiving inquires from worried women.
In the UK, about 1,500 cases of malaria are reported each year and about 10 people will die, said the RCOG.
It says all non-essential trips to areas with a high risk of malaria should be avoided.
Risk areas include large areas of Africa, Asia including China and India, Central and South America, parts of the Middle East and some Pacific Islands.
If the trip is unavoidable, the college advises women to seek advice from a centre with expertise in malaria which will provide information on ways to reduce the risk of infection.
Women should make sure they are aware of the risk, take out measures such as mosquito nets for bite prevention and take anti-malarial medication.
Philippa Marsden, who chairs the RCOG's patient information committee, said although the risks were still relatively small it was important that women were well-informed.
Cath Broderick of the RCOG women's network said: "If women are worried about symptoms after returning from a high-risk country and think they may have malaria, they should see a doctor immediately and inform them of their recent travels."
Symptoms can take a week or more to develop after being bitten.

Pregnant women should visit countries with a risk of malaria only if their trip is essential, experts are warning.


Researchers at the University of Sheffield said the tumours were effectively "fertilising" the bone to help themselves grow.
The study, in the journal Nature, said it may be possible to protect bone from a tumour's nefarious influence and consequently stop the cancer's spread.
Cancer charities said this opened up "a whole new avenue for research".
Around 85% of breast cancers that spread around the body end up in bone, at which point the cancer is difficult to treat and more deadly.
The scientists, in Sheffield and the University of Copenhagen, discovered patients with secondary cancers had higher levels of an enzyme called LOX being produced by their tumours and released into the blood.
Bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt. But in a series of experiments on mice, the research team showed LOX was disrupting the process and leaving lesions and holes in the bone.
Using drugs to block LOX prevented the cancer from spreading.
Dr Alison Gartland, a reader in bone and cancer biology at the university, told the BBC News website: "We think it's a significant breakthrough in trying to prevent metastases (secondary tumours) in breast cancer.
"The cancer cells in the primary tumour are actually fertilising the soil for the future growth of itself, LOX is changing the environment in bone to make it better to grow."
The animal tests also showed that a set of osteoporosis drugs called bisphosphonates could prevent the spread of cancer.
Bisphosphonates also interfere with the way bone is recycled in order to strengthen it.
They are already given to some cancer patients, but the Sheffield team believe they could have a much larger role.
The effect was discovered only in oestrogen-negative breast cancers. They account for around a third of cases, but are far more deadly.
Katherine Woods, from Breast Cancer Campaign and Breakthrough Breast Cancer, said: "By unveiling the role that the protein LOX is playing, these results open up a whole new avenue for research and treatments that could stop breast cancer spreading to the bone.
"The research also adds weight to the growing body of evidence supporting the role of bisphosphonates in stopping secondary breast cancer in its tracks.
"The reality of living with secondary breast cancer in the bone is a stark one, which leaves many women with bone pain and fractures that need extensive surgery just when they need to be making the most of the time they have left with friends and family."
The findings may also apply in colon cancer.

Breast cancers can manipulate the structure of bone to make it easier to spread there, a study has found.


[No registration of complications for implants used in gynaecological surgery].

In recent years, many new surgical implants (biological and synthetic) for female urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery have been launched in Denmark.

In the literature, complications have been reported in up to 40% of cases depending on the type of operation, 2-5% as serious complications.

An implant can achieve CE-marking if it seems likely that it is substantially equivalent to an implant already on the market.

Thus implants can be launched without clinical data.

Correspondence or contact by phone to: 1) The Danish Ministry of Public Health, 2) The Danish National Board of Health (DB), 3) Danish Medicines Agency (DM), 4) Dansk Standard, and 5) companies/manufacturers in order to establish who has the responsibility for surveillance and approval of such medical devices in Denmark.

Furthermore, we established how many surgical implants for urine incontinence and POP surgery are currently on the Danish market.

Twenty-five different surgical devices are currently being marketed in Denmark.

DM has the responsibility to collect, register and to act on complications.

DM had four reports of complications in the period 2001-2006.

Both the surgeon and the manufacturer/company have a duty to report complications.

The Danish medical authorities have no records showing which surgical implants have been launched on the Danish market.

There is an urgent need to establish a reliable registry which can facilitate surveillance of new surgical implants in order to improve patient safety.

There is also a considerable need to increase the requirements, including the requirements for clinical data, before new surgical implants may be launched.


Q:

Java Sockets over the Internet: ConnectException (operation timed out)

I'm trying to open a socket to a website over the Internet, but can't.

After about a minute, a ConnectException is thrown saying that the operation timed out.

Socket clientSocket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("gmail.com"), 25);

My computer is connected to a router, which is connected to the Internet.

My router is configured to direct all incoming port 25 data to port 2550 on my local machine (192.168.2.2).

So, I thought maybe if I set the "local address" and "local port" parameters on the Socket constructor it might work...but this also gives me an "operation timed out" error.

Socket clientSocket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("gmail.com"), 25, InetAddress.getByName("192.168.2.2"), 2550);

I saw this SO question, but was wondering if anyone could shed any more light on the issue.

A:

You are trying to connect to port 25 on gmail.com, but that machine is not an email server.

You must first look up the MX record for gmail.com, and then try to connect to one of the delivery servers mentioned in the returned MX record.

For example, with dig mx gmail.com on my machine, I get:
; <<>> DiG 9.3.6-P1-RedHat-9.3.6-16.P1.el5 <<>> mx gmail.com
;; global options:  printcmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 34063
;; flags: qr rd ra; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 5, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 4

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;gmail.com.

                    IN      MX

;; ANSWER SECTION:
gmail.com.

1697    IN      MX      30 alt3.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.

1697    IN      MX      40 alt4.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.

1697    IN      MX      5 gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.

1697    IN      MX      10 alt1.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.

1697    IN      MX      20 alt2.gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com.

        262525  IN      A       216.239.38.10

;; Query time: 65 msec
;; SERVER: 144.52.10.15#53(144.52.10.15)
;; WHEN: Tue Feb 28 14:30:04 2012
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 295

So try connecting to port 25 on gmail-smtp-in.l.google.com (which is the server with the lowest MX priority number).


The present invention relates to an optical active matrix display of a type that uses an optical scanner having a rotating polygon mirror.

The present invention is particularly suitable for large-area liquid crystal displays and can be used in various kinds of audio-visual (AV) equipment and office automatic (OA) equipment.

Having the ability to produce high-quality pictures, a liquid crystal display of active matrix is becoming part of the mainstream of liquid crystal displays.

However, thin-film transistors (TFT) of which the active matrix is formed are fabricated by a complicated sequence of process steps and defects are prone to occur mainly in crossing areas of the metallization.

The yield of production is lowered by the defects, and it is difficult to reduce the manufacturing cost thereof.

In accordance with the demand for large capacity display equipment, recently it is necessary to increase the number of pixels from 400.times.600 to 1,000.times.1,000 or more and, at the same time, the display screen is required to increase the size from the current size 10 inches (254 mm diagonal) to a bigger size 20 inches (508 mm diagonal).

In liquid crystal display device of an active matrix type, particularly using of thin-film transistors (TFT), the length of metalized lines is that the resistance of metalized line increase accordingly, as a result, there is a problem of delayed signal waveforms due to the resistance of metalized lines and stray capacity thereof.

Alternately, a liquid crystal display device of a simple matrix type is-not free from a problem; in proportion to increment of the scanning line accompanying to a screen enlarged, a difficulty insuring the voltage ratio (duty ratio) between pixels selected and non-selected increases, and the difficulty results in deteriorated display characteristics.

The following apparatus is provided to solve these problems, that is an optical active matrix display as shown in FIGS.

6 and 7 (Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No.

As shown, the display comprises a glass substrate 101 having a plurality of parallel lightguide paths 102 formed in the surface thereof; a plurality of photoconductive material elements 103 are provided over the lightguide paths 102 in contact with the light channels which are deficient of the cladding so that part of the light passing along the lightguide paths 102 will be emitted toward the photoconductive material elements 103 overlying thereon.

The individual photoconductive material elements 103 perform on-off control to switch back and forth between strips 104 and strips 105 in the form of a thin metal film, thereby working as optical switch elements 106.

One group of strips 105 are connected to the pixel electrodes 107 which form pixels in liquid crystal display and an image electric signal for liquid crystal display is applied to the other group of strips 104, whereby said image electric signal is applied to the pixel electrodes 107 via the optical switch elements 106.

7, the strips 104 are formed in the horizontal direction whereas the lightguide paths 102 are formed in the vertical direction.

When light is applied on the lightguide paths 102, the overlying optical switch elements 106 will turn on and the electric signal carried on the metal strips 104 is applied to the pixel electrodes 107, thereby controlling the molecular alignment of the liquid crystal.

Suppose here that light is incident on the lightguide paths 102 in the order from the left end of FIG.

If light is first applied into the lightguide path 102 at the left end, all of the optical switch elements 106 provided over the particular lightguide path 102 will turn on but other optical switch elements 106 provided over the other rows of lightguide path 102 remain off state.

Then, a picture signal (electric signal corresponding to pixel information) is applied to the strips 104, whereupon the same electric signal is applied to the pixel electrodes on the left row in FIG.

7, whereby the molecular alignment of the internal liquid crystal is controlled.

The same applies to the second-to-the-right row of pixel elements 107.

By repeating the procedure just described above, the picture signal is applied successively to all pixel electrodes 107 and the molecular alignment of the liquid crystal is properly controlled to display a desired picture.

Optical active matrix displays of the type described above require that light be applied successively into the individual lightguide paths.

To meet this requirement, it has been proposed that light-emitting devices (e.g., LEDs, LDs and EL devices) be formed in association with the individual lightguide paths.

While there are several methods for scanning light, one way is to scan laser light with an optical system including a rotating polygon mirror, etc.,

as is typically effected in laser printers.

The scanning system of a laser printer is shown in FIG.

12, in which a laser beam 140 reduced to a spot size of about 100 .mu.m is focused by convergence lens 150 for scanning over the surface of a photoreceptor drum 110 by a rotating polygon mirror 122.

A problem with the above-described system in which a light-emitting device is provided for each lightguide path is that at least several hundred and, usually, more light-emitting devices are necessary to fabricate liquid crystal display of ordinary size.

This causes difficulty in assuring uniformity in the intensity of emission from the individual devices and it is not only cumbersome to mount such a great number of devices but there also occurs a problem in that the scanning light source composed of these devices is considerably too expensive.

Furthermore, the necessity of controlling the light emission from the individual devices in time sequence cases inevitably to require a complicated control circuit.

The light scanning system which is conventionally used with laser printers has several features; to mention a few, laser light is subjected to intensity modulation in accordance with the desired information to be displayed, and the f.theta.

lens which is used as a focusing lens to concentrate light on the scan surface of a photoreceptor drum need not be closely controlled in terms of the angle of principal rays that are receipt on the scan surface of the photoreceptor drum.

Therefore, as will become apparent from the detailed description disclosed later, a display of uniform quality cannot be presented by merely combining the known light source and optical system with the optical active matrix display of the type described above.


This application claims the priority of 198 33 147.9-13, filed Jul. 23, 1999, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

The present invention relates to a method of adjusting the engine braking performance of a supercharged internal-combustion engine provided with a variably adjustable turbine geometry for changing the effective turbine cross-section.

DE 196 37 999 A1 describes an internal-combustion engine whose exhaust gas turbocharger can also be used for an engine braking.

The turbine of the exhaust gas turbocharger has a variably adjustable turbine geometry, which in the engine braking operation is changed into a ram position reducing the nozzle cross-section of the turbine.

An increased exhaust back pressure is thereby achieved.

The exhaust gas flows at a high flow rate through ducts between guide blades of the turbine geometry and acts upon the turbine wheel which drives the compressor, whereupon an excess pressure builds up in the intake system.

As a result of the foregoing, the cylinder is acted upon by an increased supercharging pressure on the input side.

On the output side, an excess pressure exists between the cylinder outlet and the exhaust gas turbocharger.

This excess pressure counteracts a blowing-off of the air compressed in the cylinder by way of decompression valves into the exhaust gas system.

In the engine braking operation, during the compression and push-out stroke, the piston must carry out decompression work against the high excess pressure in the exhaust gas system, whereby a strong braking effect is achieved.

Furthermore, DE 196 37 999 A1 teaches subjecting the engine braking performance to an automatic control in order to either be able to maintain a constant desired speed or brake the vehicle to zero within the shortest time possible.

For example, in a danger situation in the latter situation, a maximal braking performance is required.

In principle, the directional control of the vehicle must also be taken into account during all braking maneuvers.

This applies particularly to fully loaded utility vehicles and during critical road conditions, particularly in snow and ice.