Chapter 9

Summary: Rulers that come to power because of the support of the people are the total opposite of bloody conquers. Everyone loves 'em. They're not too smart, or even extra lucky, but just enough to get by. Our new ruler has three options for his new place: a monarchy where power goes to the nobles, a republic where power goes to the people, and anarchy. In monarchies, either the nobles or the people decide to concentrate all the power in one person, the king. Seems simple enough, but a king who comes to power because of the nobles will have a hard time. After all, the nobles have lots of power to throw around, too. Remember, you don't want anyone who can compete with you around, and these are the people with the weapons. What are the regular people going to do to you? Poke you with their potatoes? Bottom line: be friends with the people, because the nobles have too many tricks up their sleeves. More on nobles. There are two kinds, those who are totally 100% loyally part of your fan club and those who aren't. Out of those who aren't, there are two kinds. Those who are just scaredy-cats , and those who are planning something. The latter are the ones to watch out for because they will turn on you at the drop of a hat. Okay, back to the people. You need to be on their side. It's pretty easy, actually, because they basically just don't want to be oppressed and tortured. Also, if they thought you were going to be super mean, and you turn out to be okay, they will love you even more than if they loved you from the start. They're easy to please. Some people say that it's a bad idea to depend on the support of the people. Machiavelli just doesn't agree--he says that's only the case if you're stupid and think they'll fight for you or rescue you. That's not going to happen. But they can support you and not turn against you. Problems for the ruler supported by the people? When they want to become an absolute ruler, they need either give direct command or rule though other people who they give power to. The problem is, these people aren't always the most trustworthy--before you know it, everything is up in flames. So, make sure your people always need not only your government , but you specifically, and everything will be okay.

But coming to the other point--where a leading citizen becomes the
prince of his country, not by wickedness or any intolerable violence,
but by the favour of his fellow citizens--this may be called a civil
principality: nor is genius or fortune altogether necessary to attain to
it, but rather a happy shrewdness. I say then that such a principality
is obtained either by the favour of the people or by the favour of the
nobles. Because in all cities these two distinct parties are found,
and from this it arises that the people do not wish to be ruled nor
oppressed by the nobles, and the nobles wish to rule and oppress the
people; and from these two opposite desires there arises in cities one
of three results, either a principality, self-government, or anarchy.

A principality is created either by the people or by the nobles,
accordingly as one or other of them has the opportunity; for the nobles,
seeing they cannot withstand the people, begin to cry up the reputation
of one of themselves, and they make him a prince, so that under his
shadow they can give vent to their ambitions. The people, finding
they cannot resist the nobles, also cry up the reputation of one of
themselves, and make him a prince so as to be defended by his authority.
He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains
himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of
the people, because the former finds himself with many around him who
consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can neither rule
nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches sovereignty by popular
favour finds himself alone, and has none around him, or few, who are not
prepared to obey him.

Besides this, one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others,
satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is
more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress,
while the former only desire not to be oppressed. It is to be added also
that a prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because
of there being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself,
as they are few in number. The worst that a prince may expect from a
hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from hostile nobles he
has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise against
him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always
come forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him
whom they expect to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live
always with the same people, but he can do well without the same nobles,
being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take away
authority when it pleases him.

Therefore, to make this point clearer, I say that the nobles ought to
be looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say, they either shape their
course in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune, or they do
not. Those who so bind themselves, and are not rapacious, ought to be
honoured and loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt
with in two ways; they may fail to do this through pusillanimity and a
natural want of courage, in which case you ought to make use of them,
especially of those who are of good counsel; and thus, whilst in
prosperity you honour them, in adversity you do not have to fear them.
But when for their own ambitious ends they shun binding themselves, it
is a token that they are giving more thought to themselves than to you,
and a prince ought to guard against such, and to fear them as if they
were open enemies, because in adversity they always help to ruin him.

Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they
only ask not to be oppressed by him. But one who, in opposition to
the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above
everything, to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may
easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because men, when they
receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more
closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more devoted
to him than if he had been raised to the principality by their favours;
and the prince can win their affections in many ways, but as these vary
according to the circumstances one cannot give fixed rules, so I omit
them; but, I repeat, it is necessary for a prince to have the people
friendly, otherwise he has no security in adversity.

Nabis,(*) Prince of the Spartans, sustained the attack of all Greece,
and of a victorious Roman army, and against them he defended his country
and his government; and for the overcoming of this peril it was only
necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would
not have been sufficient had the people been hostile. And do not let any
one impugn this statement with the trite proverb that "He who builds on
the people, builds on the mud," for this is true when a private citizen
makes a foundation there, and persuades himself that the people will
free him when he is oppressed by his enemies or by the magistrates;
wherein he would find himself very often deceived, as happened to the
Gracchi in Rome and to Messer Giorgio Scali(+) in Florence. But granted
a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is
a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other
qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole
people encouraged--such a one will never find himself deceived in them,
and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

     (*) Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, conquered by the Romans under
     Flamininus in 195 B.C.; killed 192 B.C.

     (+) Messer Giorgio Scali. This event is to be found in
     Machiavelli's "Florentine History," Book III.

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the
civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule
personally or through magistrates. In the latter case their government
is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill
of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and who, especially
in troubled times, can destroy the government with great ease, either
by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not the chance amid
tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the citizens and
subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates, are not of
a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will always be in
doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust. For such a prince
cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have
need of the state, because then every one agrees with him; they all
promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him;
but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then
he finds but few. And so much the more is this experiment dangerous,
inasmuch as it can only be tried once. Therefore a wise prince ought to
adopt such a course that his citizens will always in every sort and
kind of circumstance have need of the state and of him, and then he will
always find them faithful.


Act II, scene ii

Summary: Caliban enters with a load of wood, and thunder sounds in the background. Caliban curses and describes the torments that Prospero's spirits subject him to: they pinch, bite, and prick him, especially when he curses. As he is thinking of these spirits, Caliban sees Trinculo and imagines him to be one of the spirits. Hoping to avoid pinching, he lies down and covers himself with his cloak. Trinculo hears the thunder and looks about for some cover from the storm. The only thing he sees is the cloak-covered Caliban on the ground. He is not so much repulsed by Caliban as curious. He cannot decide whether Caliban is a "man or a fish" . He thinks of a time when he traveled to England and witnessed freak-shows there. Caliban, he thinks, would bring him a lot of money in England. Thunder sounds again and Trinculo decides that the best shelter in sight is beneath Caliban's cloak, and so he joins the man-monster there. Stephano enters singing and drinking. He hears Caliban cry out to Trinculo, "Do not torment me! O!" . Hearing this and seeing the four legs sticking out from the cloak, Stephano thinks the two men are a four-legged monster with a fever. He decides to relieve this fever with a drink. Caliban continues to resist Trinculo, whom he still thinks is a spirit tormenting him. Trinculo recognizes Stephano's voice and says so. Stephano, of course, assumes for a moment that the monster has two heads, and he promises to pour liquor in both mouths. Trinculo now calls out to Stephano, and Stephano pulls his friend out from under the cloak. While the two men discuss how they arrived safely on shore, Caliban enjoys the liquor and begs to worship Stephano. The men take full advantage of Caliban's drunkenness, mocking him as a "most ridiculous monster"  as he promises to lead them around and show them the isle.

Analysis Trinculo and Stephano are the last new characters to be introduced in the play. They act as comic foils to the main action, and will in later acts become specific parodies of Antonio and Sebastian. At this point, their role is to present comically some of the more serious issues in the play concerning Prospero and Caliban. In Act I, scene ii, Prospero calls Caliban a "slave" , "thou earth" , "Filth" , and "Hag-seed" . Stephano and Trinculo's epithet of choice in Act II, scene ii and thereafter is "monster." But while these two make quite clear that Caliban is seen as less than human by the Europeans on the island, they also treat him more humanely than Prospero does. Stephano and Trinculo, a butler and a jester respectively, remain at the low end of the social scale in the play, and have little difficulty finding friendship with the strange islander they meet. " Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows," says Trinculo , and then hastens to crawl beneath Caliban's garment in order to get out of the rain. The similarity, socially and perhaps physically as well, between Trinculo and Caliban is further emphasized when Stephano, drunk, initially mistakes the two for a single monster: "This is some monster of the isle with four legs" . More important than the emphasis on the way in which Caliban seems to others more monster than man, is the way in which this scene dramatizes the initial encounter between an almost completely isolated, "primitive" culture and a foreign, "civilized" one. The reader discovers during Caliban and Prospero's confrontation in Act I, scene ii that Prospero initially "made much of" Caliban ; that he gave Caliban "Water with berries in't" ; that Caliban showed him around the island; and that Prospero later imprisoned Caliban, after he had taken all he could take from him. The reader can see these events in Act II, scene ii, with Trinculo and Stephano in the place of Prospero. Stephano calls Caliban a "brave monster," as they set off singing around the island. In addition, Stephano and Trinculo give Caliban wine, which Caliban finds to be a "celestial liquor" . Moreover, Caliban initially mistakes Stephano and Trinculo for Prospero's spirits, but alcohol convinces him that Stephano is a "brave god" and decides unconditionally to "kneel to him" . This scene shows the foreign, civilized culture as decadent and manipulative: Stephano immediately plans to "inherit" the island , using Caliban to show him all its virtues. Stephano and Trinculo are a grotesque, parodic version of Prospero upon his arrival twelve years ago. Godlike in the eyes of the native, they slash and burn their way to power. By this point, Caliban has begun to resemble a parody of himself. Whereas he would "gabble like / A thing most brutish"  upon Prospero's arrival, because he did not know language, he now is willfully inarticulate in his drunkenness. Immediately putting aside his fear that these men are spirits sent to do him harm, Caliban puts his trust in them for all the wrong reasons. What makes Caliban's behavior in this scene so tragic is that we might expect him, especially after his eloquent curses of Prospero in Act I, scene ii, to know better.

SCENE II.

_Another part of the island._

  _Enter CALIBAN with a burden of wood. A noise of thunder heard._

_Cal._ All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him
By inch-meal a disease! His spirits hear me,
And yet I needs must curse. But they'll nor pinch,
Fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me i' the mire,                   5
Nor lead me, like a firebrand, in the dark
Out of my way, unless he bid 'em: but
For every trifle are they set upon me;
Sometime like apes, that mow and chatter at me,
And after bite me; then like hedgehogs, which                       10
Lie tumbling in my barefoot way, and mount
Their pricks at my footfall; sometime am I
All wound with adders, who with cloven tongues
Do hiss me into madness.

  _Enter TRINCULO._

                        Lo, now, lo!
Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me                       15
For bringing wood in slowly. I'll fall flat;
Perchance he will not mind me.

_Trin._ Here's neither bush nor shrub, to bear off any
weather at all, and another storm brewing; I hear it sing i'
the wind: yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks               20
like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. If it should
thunder as it did before, I know not where to hide my head:
yond same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls. What
have we here? a man or a fish? dead or alive? A fish: he
smells like a fish; a very ancient and fish-like smell; a kind      25
of not of the newest Poor-John. A strange fish! Were I
in England now, as once I was, and had but this fish
painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of
silver: there would this monster make a man; any strange
beast there makes a man: when they will not give a doit to          30
relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead
Indian. Legged like a man! and his fins like arms! Warm
o' my troth! I do now let loose my opinion; hold it no
longer: this is no fish, but an islander, that hath lately
suffered by a thunderbolt. [_Thunder._] Alas, the storm is come     35
again! my best way is to creep under his gaberdine; there
is no other shelter hereabout: misery acquaints a man with
strange bed-fellows. I will here shroud till the dregs of the
storm be past.

  _Enter STEPHANO, singing: a bottle in his hand._

_Ste._ I shall no more to sea, to sea,                              40
                Here shall I die a-shore,--

This is a very scurvy tune to sing at a man's funeral: well,
here's my comfort.                                  [_Drinks._

[_Sings._ The master, the swabber, the boatswain, and I,
                       The gunner, and his mate,                    45
               Loved Mall, Meg, and Marian, and Margery,
                   But none of us cared for Kate;
                   For she had a tongue with a tang,
                   Would cry to a sailor, Go hang!
               She loved not the savour of tar nor of pitch;        50
               Yet a tailor might scratch her where'er she did itch.
                   Then, to sea, boys, and let her go hang!

This is a scurvy tune too: but here's my comfort. [_Drinks._

_Cal._ Do not torment me:--O!

_Ste._ What's the matter? Have we devils here? Do                   55
you put tricks upon 's with savages and men of Ind, ha? I
have not scaped drowning, to be afeard now of your four
legs; for it hath been said, As proper a man as ever went
on four legs cannot make him give ground; and it shall be
said so again, while Stephano breathes at's nostrils.               60

_Cal._ The spirit torments me:--O!

_Ste._ This is some monster of the isle with four legs, who
hath got, as I take it, an ague. Where the devil should he
learn our language? I will give him some relief, if it be
but for that. If I can recover him, and keep him tame, and          65
get to Naples with him, he's a present for any emperor that
ever trod on neat's-leather.

_Cal._ Do not torment me, prithee; I'll bring my wood
home faster.

_Ste._ He's in his fit now, and does not talk after the             70
wisest. He shall taste of my bottle: if he have never drunk
wine afore, it will go near to remove his fit. If I can recover
him, and keep him tame, I will not take too much for
him; he shall pay for him that hath him, and that soundly.

_Cal._ Thou dost me yet but little hurt; thou wilt anon, I          75
know it by thy trembling: now Prosper works upon thee.

_Ste._ Come on your ways; open your mouth; here is that
which will give language to you, cat: open your mouth; this
will shake your shaking, I can tell you, and that soundly:
you cannot tell who's your friend: open your chaps again.           80

_Trin._ I should know that voice: it should be--but he
is drowned; and these are devils:--O defend me!

_Ste._ Four legs and two voices,--a most delicate monster!
His forward voice, now, is to speak well of his friend;
his backward voice is to utter foul speeches and to detract.        85
If all the wine in my bottle will recover him, I will help
his ague. Come:--Amen! I will pour some in thy other
mouth.

_Trin._ Stephano!

_Ste._ Doth thy other mouth call me? Mercy, mercy!                  90
This is a devil, and no monster: I will leave him; I have
no long spoon.

_Trin._ Stephano! If thou beest Stephano, touch me,
and speak to me; for I am Trinculo,--be not afeard,--thy
good friend Trinculo.                                               95

_Ste._ If thou beest Trinculo, come forth: I'll pull thee
by the lesser legs: if any be Trinculo's legs, these are they.
Thou art very Trinculo indeed! How earnest thou to be
the siege of this moon-calf? can he vent Trinculos?

_Trin._ I took him to be killed with a thunder-stroke.             100
But art thou not drowned, Stephano? I hope, now, thou
art not drowned. Is the storm overblown? I hid me
under the dead moon-calf's gaberdine for fear of the storm.
And art thou living, Stephano? O Stephano, two Neapolitans
scaped!                                                            105

_Ste._ Prithee, do not turn me about; my stomach is not
constant.

_Cal._ [_aside_] These be fine things, an if they be not sprites.
That's a brave god, and bears celestial liquor:
I will kneel to him.                                               110

_Ste._ How didst thou 'scape? How camest thou hither?
swear, by this bottle, how thou camest hither. I escaped
upon a butt of sack, which the sailors heaved o'erboard, by
this bottle! which I made of the bark of a tree with mine
own hands, since I was cast ashore.                                115

_Cal._ I'll swear, upon that bottle, to be thy true subject;
for the liquor is not earthly.

_Ste._ Here; swear, then, how thou escapedst.

_Trin._ Swum ashore, man, like a duck: I can swim
like a duck, I'll be sworn.                                        120

_Ste._ Here, kiss the book. Though thou canst swim
like a duck, thou art made like a goose.

_Trin._ O Stephano, hast any more of this?

_Ste._ The whole butt, man: my cellar is in a rock by
the sea-side, where my wine is hid. How now, moon-calf!            125
how does thine ague?

_Cal._ Hast thou not dropp'd from heaven?

_Ste._ Out o' the moon, I do assure thee: I was the man
i' the moon when time was.

_Cal._ I have seen thee in her, and I do adore thee:               130
My mistress show'd me thee, and thy dog, and thy bush.

_Ste._ Come, swear to that; kiss the book: I will furnish
it anon with new contents: swear.

_Trin._ By this good light, this is a very shallow monster!
I afeard of him! A very weak monster! The                          135
man i' the moon! A most poor credulous monster! Well
drawn, monster, in good sooth!

_Cal._ I'll show thee every fertile inch o' th' island;
And I will kiss thy foot: I prithee, be my god.

_Trin._ By this light, a most perfidious and drunken               140
monster! when's god's asleep, he'll rob his bottle.

_Cal._ I'll kiss thy foot; I'll swear myself thy subject.

_Ste._ Come on, then; down, and swear.

_Trin._ I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed
monster. A most scurvy monster! I could find in                    145
my heart to beat him,--

_Ste._ Come, kiss.

_Trin._ But that the poor monster's in drink: an abominable
monster!

_Cal._ I'll show thee the best springs; I'll pluck thee berries;   150
I'll fish for thee, and get thee wood enough.
A plague upon the tyrant that I serve!
I'll bear him no more sticks, but follow thee,
Thou wondrous man.

_Trin._ A most ridiculous monster, to make a wonder                155
of a poor drunkard!

_Cal._ I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow;
And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts;
Show thee a jay's nest, and instruct thee how
To snare the nimble marmoset; I'll bring thee                      160
To clustering filberts, and sometimes I'll get thee
Young scamels from the rock. Wilt thou go with me?

_Ste._ I prithee now, lead the way, without any more
talking. Trinculo, the king and all our company else being
drowned, we will inherit here: here; bear my bottle: fellow        165
Trinculo, we'll fill him by and by again.

_Cal. sings drunkenly._] Farewell, master; farewell, farewell!

_Trin._ A howling monster; a drunken monster!

_Cal._ No more dams I'll make for fish;
                Nor fetch in firing                                170
                At requiring;
             Nor scrape trencher, nor wash dish:
                'Ban, 'Ban, Cacaliban
                Has a new master:--get a new man.

Freedom, hey-day! hey-day, freedom! freedom, hey-day,              175
freedom!

_Ste._ O brave monster! Lead the way.    [_Exeunt._

  Notes: II, 2.

  4: _nor_] F1 F2. _not_ F3 F4.
  15: _and_] _now_ Pope. _sent_ Edd. conj. (so Dryden).
  21: _foul_] _full_ Upton conj.
  35: [Thunder] Capell.
  38: _dregs_] _drench_ Collier MS.
  40: SCENE III. Pope.
  [a bottle in his hand] Capell.]
  46: _and Marian_] _Mirian_ Pope.
  56: _savages_] _salvages_ Ff.
  60: _at's nostrils_] Edd. _at 'nostrils_ F1. _at nostrils_ F2 F3 F4.
    _at his nostrils_ Pope.
  78: _you, cat_] _you Cat_ Ff. _a cat_ Hanmer. _your cat_ Edd. conj.
  84: _well_] F1 om. F2 F3 F4.
  115, 116: Steevens prints as verse, _I'll ... thy True ... earthly._
  118: _swear, then, how thou escapedst_] _swear then: how escapedst
    thou?_ Pope.
  119: _Swum_] _Swom_ Ff.
  131: _and thy dog, and thy bush_] _thy dog and bush_ Steevens.
  133: _new_] F1. _the new_ F2 F3 F4.
  135: _weak_] F1. _shallow_ F2 F3 F4.
  138: _island_] F1. _isle_ F2 F3 F4.
  150-154, 157-162, printed as verse by Pope (after Dryden).
  162: _scamels_] _shamois_ Theobald. _seamalls, stannels_ id. conj.
  163: Ste.] F1. Cal. F2 F3 F4.
  165: Before _here; bear my bottle_ Capell inserts [To Cal.].
    See note (XII).
  172: _trencher_] Pope (after Dryden). _trenchering_ Ff.
  175: _hey-day_] Rowe. _high-day_ Ff.


Toprol . Lasix . Digoxin . Coumadin . Flovent . Albuterol . Lisinopril .


Of note  Na 133   K 4   WBC 8.82   hematocrit 35.1   platelets 229 . PT 13.8 with an INR of 1.3   PTT 25.5 total protein was 6.2   albumin 3.4   globulin of 2.8   calcium of 9.1   phos 2.7   mag 2.1   urea 3.7 . ALT was elevated at 240   AST 85   LDH 305   alk phos 85   total bilirubin was 1.3   direct bili was .8 . Cholesterol 188   triglyceride was 127 . UA  trace protein   trace ketones   positive for bilirubin and nitrogen and also 4 to 6 wbcs with 1 bacteria . Chest x-ray  Showed a left paratracheal adenopathy and small left pleural effusion with no evidence of pneumonia . In summary   the patient is a 49 year old woman with metastatic breast cell CA   status post chemotherapy with CMSAP and PVSC and XRT who presented with fever   four days of diarrhea   nausea and vomiting and had been on Keflex for an erythema on her left chest wall . The Keflex was stopped when she developed the diarrhea . When she arrived the plan was to go ahead and treat here rythematous induration and possible cellulitis with IV antibiotics . So she was put on dicloxicillin and we did local wound care with an agent called Santyl   which is a collagenace ondebrided which worked very well for her . Also at the time of admission we were also considering palliative Taxol chemotherapy   which the patient declined . She refused the Taxol therapy so that was not done . Another major issue with this patient was pain control . She had been in a whole lot of pain from her left arm lesion . So pain control was a big issue so she was on MS Contin and MSIR at home she thought that clouded her thinking   so we tried different things for pain management . One of them was to do a subarachnoid neurologic block at C6-C7 interface on 1-6-94 . After that the patient had minimal relief of pain . However   she declined further blocks   which were offered to her . So accepted to be on dilaudid p.o. which was started at a dosage of 2-4 meg but since then we have tapered it up . She is now getting dilaudid 8 mg q2h and in addition she has been on fentanyl patch . She is now getting 75 micrograms per hour of the fentanyl patch which is changed every 72 hours . We can go up by 25 mg on the fentanyl patch as needed to control her pain and we can always go up on the dilaudid because she is still in considerable amount of pain . Other things that happened during this admission  we obtained ahead CT for her on the 8th of January because of her clouded thinking and altered mental status   which was probably due to the morphine that she was taking . We went ahead and got a head CT scanand it showed no enhancing lesions . In addition her liver transaminases were elevated   we thought about doing further work-up   but that was deferred because the patient wanted to wait on that . That has been stable . The patient on January 13 became hyponatremic . Her sodium went down to 121 and before that on admission she was 133 . A renal consult was obtained and their assessment was that this was probably a mixture of hypovolemia as well as SIADH . We proceeded to do for her hyponatremia  we gave her some fluid and her urine sodium became higher than her serum sodium  we stopped it . We had given her some normal saline and then we proceeded to just do fluid restriction . In addition we gave her a sodium chloride one gram per day and that also helped   so that now at the time of discharge   the patient &aposs sodium is between 126 and 129  prior to that it had gone down to as low 116. So that has really improved . We suggest continuing increased salt intake in her diet and also continuing with the fluid restriction of free water intake to one liter per day . On the 14th of January   the patient developed increased shortness of breath and chest x-ray was taken showed a wedge shaped infiltrate in the right upper lobe which was consistent with Hampton &aposs hump . Also a VQ scan obtained the next day showed high probability for PE . So we proceeded to put her on heparin for anticoagulation and then when she was therapeutic on heparin   we went ahead and started her on coumadin and she is currently on coumadin at 2.5 mg q.h.s. Her INR is 2.3 . We want her INR to remain between 2 and 3 . So if it goes much lower than 2   then we would consider increasing it to perhaps coumadin 2.5 and 5 alternating every other night . However   we would leave it at 2.5 for now . Other major issues  As a result of all the things happened and with her hyponatremia and also the other problems   her blood pressure was elevated also . We put her on nifedipine IR   SL and that was not enough to control her blood pressure which was in the 200s in the systolic   so we had started her on atenolol . So on discharge she is on atenolol 100 . If needed to you can give her some nifedipine SL to decrease her blood pressure . The patient also has significant edema in both arms now and also some mild edema in the lower extremities   so I think that fluid restriction should help with that . She is also a little dry . The patient is on oxygen . Ever since the pulmonary embolus she has been on oxygen . She was on 4 liters  now she is on 5 liters   sating 94 to 96 on 5 liters . We would like for her to remain on the oxygen as well . The complications that I have listed include the hyponatremia   pulmonary embolus and also the elevatd blood pressure .


Feedings at discharge  Similac 22 calories per ounce by mouth ad lib with a goal of decreasing to 20 calories per ounce for dextrose sticks of greater than 60 . Medications  None .', 'A state newborn screen was sent on day of life three  the results are pending . Received hepatitis B vaccine on 2012-09-30 .


Continue ad lib feeding . Follow up with pediatrician at SCCHC on Tuesday 2018-05-15 . Medications  Not applicable . Car seat positioning screen  Not applicable .', 'State newborn screens were sent on 2018-05-09  and results are pending . On his previous admission', 'Terrance received hepatitis B vaccine on 2018-05-09 . 6. Immunization recommended  Influenza immunization is recommended annually in the Fall for all infants once they reach 6 months of age .', 'Before this age  and for the first 24 months of the child s life  immunization against influenza is recommended for household contacts and out of home caregivers .


HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS  Date of birth  10  4  88 . This patient is a 5 year old white female with a history of type I renal tubular acidosis on nephrocalcinosis who was admitted to Noughwell Entanbon Health of Washington on 9  5  93 at 2116 hours with a 2-3 day history of chills   fevers   cough   vomiting and weakness  unable to walk  . At Noughwell Entanbon Health   her temperature was 101   pulse 135   blood pressure 94  74   respiratory rate 20 . Positive findings of physical examination include chicken pox lesions on thorax   sunken eyes   thick nasal discharge   dry lips   tongue and mucous membranes   red tonsils . The remainder of the physical examination was considered within normal limits . Admission diagnosis at Ni Hospital &aposs  vomiting and dehydration   hypokalemia   hyponatremia   tonsillitis . A peripheral intravenous line was started on Labor Day in the a.m. No respiratory distress was noted . Oral cyanosis and shallow respirations were noted on 9  7  93 at 245 a.m. Therefore the patient was intubated at 345 a.m. on 9  7  93 . Chest x-ray was unremarkable . Cardiovascular stable   significant hypertension was noted on 9  7  93 at 510 a.m. and therefore 10 cc&aposs per kilo albumin was given . The patient was admitted was started on clear fluids   tolerated   with D5 normal saline plus 40 mEq per liter of KCL at a rate of 50 cc &aposs per hour for 9 hours .  100 cc&aposs per kilo  . Sodium and potassium at this time were 128  1.5 . At Labor Day   930 a.m.   the fluids were increased to 100 cc&aposs per hour  200 cc&aposs per kilo for 5 hours  . Electrolytes at this point were sodium 132   potassium 1.8 . At 9  6  93   230 p.m.   fluids were decreased to 75 cc&aposs per hour   150 cc&aposs per kilo   40 mEq of K phosphate added to the intravenous fluids . Electrolytes at this point were a sodium of 143 and potassium 1.7 . On 9  6  93   2200   fluids were changed to D5 normal saline plus 40 KCL and 40 K phosphate at 75 cc &aposs per hour . This rate was maintained for 11 hours . Electrolytes at this time were a sodium of 148   potassium 1.7 . At 9  7  93   100 a.m.   intravenous fluids rate was decreased to 50 cc&aposs per hour   total fluids given during the first 24 hours were 140 to 150 cc&aposs per kilo per day . At this time   sodium was 147   potassium 2.6   total sodium given during the first 24 hours 20 mEq per kilo per day . On 9  7  93 at 400 a.m.   albumin bolus 5 10 cc&aposs per kilo was given   a total of 120 cc&aposs   electrolytes were sodium 155   potassium 3.1 . At 9  7  93 at 500 a.m.   sodium bicarbonate given 60 mEq   calcium bolus 10 cc&aposs given . On 9  7   530 a.m.   D5 quarter normal saline   and 40 of K phosphate at 100 cc&aposs per hour was given . The patient was taking PO initially until 9  6  93 at 1745 . There were no abnormal findings in abdominal exam . On 9  5  93   hematocrit 48   white blood count 11.2   neutrophiles 67   bands 14   lymphs 11   monos 6   meta 2   platelets 220 000 . Copious urine output   BUN 1.0   creatinine .8 . Normal neurologic exam on admission   then lethargic on 9  6  93 at 1745   then patient became unresponsive   areflexic and limp at 9  6  93   at 1745 to 2200 . Patient was having seizures   twitching of face and rapid movements of eyes . Pupils dilated and sluggish . Valium was given at 9  7  93   0002 . IV ampicillin   chloramphenicol   ceftriaxone   and culture were sent . Finally   Fairm of Ijordcompmac Hospital transport team was called and transport team arrived on 9  7  93   630 a.m.   and on arrival patient was seizing with rhythmic eye movement to left . The patient was unresponsive   poor perfusion . Temperature was 101.8 . A second intravenous was started and given normal saline bolus   change in intravenous fluids to D5 water with 80 mEq of bicarbonate   plus 40 mEq of KCL at 45 cc&aposs per hour   bicarbonate given 2 mEq per kilo   attempted to start dopa for poor perfusion but worsening perfusion . Therefore   dopa was stopped . Total volume given as bolus 50 cc&aposs per kilo   sodium bicarbonate at 2 mEq per kilo was given . Last ABG there was 6.98   31   171   bicarbonate of 7 . Phenobarbital and Dilantin given for seizure control . Electrolytes before departure for Fairm of Ijordcompmac Hospital was a sodium of 176   potassium 2.5   chloride 140   bicarbonate 14   calcium 7.2   magnesium 2.7 . Admission to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at Fairm of Ijordcompmac Hospital was 9  7  93   1115 a.m. Lines placed were a right femoral triple lumen   endotracheal tube 4.0   arterial line   right radial line   Foley placed   peripheral intravenous line   nasogastric tube . On admission to Fairm of Ijordcompmac Hospital   temperature 100.2   pulse 149   respiratory rate 50   blood pressure 98  66   mean arterial pressure of 73   weight 12 kilos .


Prednisone 60 mg daily for 4 days . Continue inhalers as prescribed . Disposition   Follow up and Instructions to Patient  Call Dr. Linketerf tomorrow and make an appointment for follow-up on the lung nodule . THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT .


Cardiac arrest  His arrest was of unknown etiology at the time of admission . No further history was ever gained about his cardiac arrest throughout his hospitalization . CT angiogram had been negative for pulmonary embolism . The patient had an echocardiogram on 2013-04-26   which showed a normal ejection fraction and trivial mitral regurgitation  otherwise no obvious abnormalities were seen . Given the patient had an out of hospital arrest   remained unresponsive despite hemodynamic stability   he was treated with induced hypothermia and with cold packs and a cooling blanket were placed with goals of reducing his core body temperature to 32 degrees Celsius for a period of twelve hours at which point he would be rewarmed over the subsequent six hours . This was done   however   as in problem number two below   we were not successful in any neurologic recovery . Neurology  The patient remained unresponsive after the induced hypothermia   the patient was noticed to develop myoclonic jerks and occasional fluttering of his eyelids . Electroencephalogram revealed the patient was experiencing persistent seizure activity . Neurology was consulted and the patient was treated very aggressively   loaded with multiple drugs   including Ativan and Propofol drips . The patient continued to demonstrate seizure activity despite this . He was loaded with Dilantin and ultimately was treated with a Pentobarb coma . After multiple attempts of weaning the Pentobarb   the patient was continually reverting to status epilepticus which was never able to be suppressed . Infectious disease  Over the course of his hospital stay   the patient s white blood cell count rose to a peak of 17 . Multiple cultures were done and the patient was ultimately found to have methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia   pneumonia   and urinary tract infection . For all these infections   the patient was treated with Vancomycin and he was also on Levofloxacin and Flagyl for presumed aspiration pneumonia at the time of his admission . Blood cultures cleared by 2013-05-03 . Sputum culture as late as 2013-05-10   however was still positive for coagulase positive Staphylococcus which was methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus . The patient remained gravely ill throughout his hospital stay and had multiple meetings were held with his family with his son being his next of kin . Ultimately it was decided that the patient s wishes would be to not be maintained in a vegetative state and given his poor prognosis ultimately the decision was made to pursue comfort measures only . With these goals of care   the patient expired on 2013-05-11 . The family did consent to a postmortem examination . DISCHARGE DIAGNOSES  Cardiac arrest . Anoxic brain injury Status epilepticus Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia . MRSA urinary tract infection . MRSA Bacteremia . Steven Welch   Montana 61528 Dictated By  Julie DD George   M.D. MEDQUIST36 D  2013-12-24 135505 T  2013-12-24 204707 Job  52892 Signed electronically by  DR. Patricia Henley on  Maxine 2014-01-02 1045 AM


Severe blunt abdominal trauma with rupture of liver   left renal vein   pancreas   and transverse mesocolon . SPECIAL PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS  1. 7-2-93   emergency room exploratory laparotomy   repair of liver laceration   repair of torn transverse mesocolon   repair of serosal tear of transverse colon   ligation and division of ruptured left renal vein   exploration of pancreas   2. 7-4-93   exploratory laparotomy   irrigation and debridement   pancreatic drainage placement   gastrostomy tube   jejunostomy   cholecystostomy   placement of right subclavian Quinton catheter   3. 7-10-93   abdominal irrigation and debridement and packing of pancreas   4. 7-12-93   7-14   7-20   7-22   and 7-24   were the same as 7-10-93   and 7-17 was the same with the addition of tracheostomy were same as 7-10   COMPLICATIONS  Severe necrotizing pancreatitis and diffuse peritonitis . MEDICATIONS ON DISCHARGE  N    A. DOCTORS DISCHARGE ORDERS N    A. ESTIMATED DISABILITY AND PROBABLE DURATION  N    A. DISPOSITION  Mason Street . RISSPA BREATH   M.D. TR  un    bmot DD 08-07-93 TD


Nick: You look absolutely gorgeous and have a lovely smile.
Nick: Would love to get to know you a bit more. How about we meet up for a drink sometime?
Jane: Hmmm... You're shooting a bit above your range aren't you?
Nick: Why would you think that hon?
Jane: Because I'm not that desperate.
Nick: That was a bit below the belt.
Nick: You're nice but you're not THAT hot.
Jane: Oh is your poor little dick shriveling at the thought?
Nick: Actually I'll take it back. Forget about the drink.
Nick: Forget I ever wrote to you.
Jane: Bye loser!
Nick: Fucking bitch!
Jane: You're welcome!

Nick finds Jane pretty and invites her for a drink to get to know her better. Jane rejects Nick and is unpleasant to him. Nick suggests Jane to forget about their conversation.


Kate: I've just heard you want to sell your flat?!
Rob: That's true. Do you want to buy it?
Kate: Ha ha! I wish..
Rob: I'll give you a discount ;)
Kate: Sure. You moved in a year ago or so?! Why do you wanna sell it?
Rob: We're thinking about having a baby and it is too small.
Kate: It's not that bad. Mine is smaller and I have two.
Rob: There's no room for a cot in our bedroom.
Kate: You're right. So are you looking for two bed now?
Rob: Three bed would be perfect so that we won't have to move out again when we decide to have another baby.
Kate: That's sounds reasonable.
Rob: I know. It just the prices.. total madness!!!
Kate: I can only imagine. It's getting more expensive year after year.
Rob: I've got a friend who's relocating to another city so want to sell his flat ASAP and offers a good price. We're seeing him tomorrow.
Kate: Good luck with that! ;)
Rob: Fingers crossed! ;)

Rob wants to sell his flat, because it's too small. Rob will meet a friend tomorrow who has a flat to sell.


Pedro: batman or superman??
Alex: honestly..  neither
Pedro: WHAT??
Alex: i honestly like the flash
Pedro: whats so good about the flash :P
Alex: duuude, he can do almost anything
Pedro: not anything
Alex: yea im sure batman can run as fast -_-
Pedro: superhuman speed? thats your pitch?
Alex: that speed opens up the whole multiverse for him.. you seriously dont get how powerful he can be
Pedro: yeah i get your point

Alex prefers the Flash to Barman and Superman thanks to his speed.


Jane: Hey
Martin: Whats up
Maria: Hey
Jane: Anyone going to Value Village?
Jane: I am getting halloween costumes with my sister
Jane: If anyone wants to join
Connor: I got mine today so thanks
Connor: At Value Village
Jane: I am going with u ok? priv msg
Jane: ok ok

Connor bought his halloween costumes at Value Village where Jane plans to get her and her sister's costume.


Val: it's raining!
Candy: I know, just started...
Val: r we going? we will be wet
Candy: maybe wait a little? see if stops
Val: ok. let's wait half h and than see
Candy: god idea, I call u then
Val: great :)

It's raining, so Val and Candy will wait half an hour before they go.


Tim: The situation there is terrible now
John: I know and, honestly, I don't think it's gonna change any time soon
Jeremy: why? I think the world's attention is now on Kongo really
John: exactly, too much money involved
John: everybody wants it's resources, they are crucial for the US, for China, for everybody
Alice: for our smartphones
John: Exactly
Alice: yes, I'm not very positive either
Tim: yup, just the same story all the time
John: Ebola, war, militias, diamonds...
Tim: Hard to say what should be done
John: Surely the elections were not done properly
Tim: this for sure

The situation in Kongo is terrible because of its resources and politics.


Paula: Can we meet with the new person soon?
Ralph: Sure. In an hour okay?
Paula: Perfect.

Paula and Ralph will meet the new person in an hour.


Mary: Hello, I think you've left your credit card at our shop
Jenny: Thank you for getting in touch! Thank you so much!
Mary: No worries :)
Jenny: When can I pick it up?
Mary: Whenever you come, it's safe with one of our cashiers :)

Jenny has left her credit car at the Mary's shop.


Victoria: yo
Victoria: are you free this weekend?
Rosemary: let me see...
Rosemary: yeah
Victoria: <3
Victoria: let's record the drums?
Rosemary: you see
Rosemary: there's a problem
Victoria: yeah?
Rosemary: namely, i don't have a working laptop atm
Victoria: XD
Victoria: i have a tablet but it has 2gb ram, so probably not enough for recording
Rosemary: but does it have all the software? usb ports? windows?
Victoria: yeah it's running windows 10
Rosemary: still 2gb is probably not enough
Rosemary: so we need to borrow it from somebody
Victoria: yeah, any ideas?
Rosemary: actually i have a few
Rosemary: i'll get back to you later
Victoria: okay, thanks!
Victoria: but don't forget xd

Rosemary and Victoria would like to record the drums this weekend. Rosemary doesn't have a working laptop, whereas Victoria's tablet doesn't have enough memory for recording. Rosemary will try to borrow a laptop from somebody and will get back to Victoria later.


You might be wondering how much to send.


Love the fact that people are stealing garden implements (though it's still sad that they need to).


I smiled.


Remember what she said in my last letter? "


I also hope you will give a big boost to our work to protect all animals by sending a generous tax-deductible donation today.


Manning inspires Giants to victory in Dallas


It's our in-the-river park, 982 acres of green space, with a zoo, a botanical garden and conservatory, rentable paddle boats, and tons of other neat stuff.


Have we really built a "Great Society" or is that all propaganda -- Bull Shiite to hush free thought, eyes to the flag, while our pockets and resources were raided by shysters, spin-meisters, schmucks and banksters?


The teams made the deal less than 24 hours before Tuesday's 4 p.m.


Update security policy

The docs for this PR live [here](https://moon-ci-docs.huggingface.co/docs/datasets/pr_4111). All of your documentation changes will be reflected on that endpoint.


Matthews Correlation Metric Card

The docs for this PR live [here](https://moon-ci-docs.huggingface.co/docs/datasets/pr_4110). All of your documentation changes will be reflected on that endpoint.


Add Spearmanr Metric Card

The docs for this PR live [here](https://moon-ci-docs.huggingface.co/docs/datasets/pr_4109). All of your documentation changes will be reflected on that endpoint.


Perplexity Speedup

WRT the high values, can you add some unit tests with some [string, model] pairs and their resulting perplexity code, and @TristanThrush can run the same pairs through his version of the code?

The docs for this PR live [here](https://moon-ci-docs.huggingface.co/docs/datasets/pr_4108). All of your documentation changes will be reflected on that endpoint.

I thought that the perplexity metric should output the average perplexity value of all the strings that it gets as input (not a perplexity value per string, as the new version does).
@lhoestq , @TristanThrush thoughts?

This PR makes necessary changes to perplexity such that:
- it runs much faster (via batching)
- it throws an error when input is empty, or when input is one word without <BOS> token
- it adds the option to add a <BOS> token

Issues:
- The values returned are extremely high, and I'm worried they aren't correct. Even if they are correct, they are sometimes returned as `inf`, which is not very useful (see [comment below](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/pull/4108#discussion_r843931094) for some of the output values).
  - If the values are not correct, can you help me find the error?
  - If the values are correct, it might be worth it to measure something like perplexity per word, which would allow us to get actual values for the larger perplexities, instead of just `inf`

Future:
- `stride` is not currently implemented here. I have some thoughts on how to make it happen with batching, but I think it would be better to get another set of eyes to look at any possible errors causing such large values now rather than later.


Support huggingface_hub 0.5

Looks like GH actions is not able to resolve `huggingface_hub` 0.5.0, I'm investivating

The docs for this PR live [here](https://moon-ci-docs.huggingface.co/docs/datasets/pr_4106). All of your documentation changes will be reflected on that endpoint.

I'm glad to see changes in `huggingface_hub` are simplifying code here.

seems to supersede #4102, feel free to close mine :)

maybe just cherry-pick the docstring fix

I think I've found the issue:
- https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface_hub/pull/790

Good catch, `huggingface_hub` doesn't support python 3.6 anymore indeed, therefore we should keep support for 0.4.0. I'm reverting the requirement version bump for now.

We can update the requirement once we drop support for python 3.6 in `datasets`

@lhoestq, I've opened this PR on `huggingface_hub`:
- https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface_hub/pull/823

Is there any strong reason why `huggingface_hub` no longer supports Python 3.6?

I think `datasets` can drop support for 3.6 soon. But for now maybe let's keep support for 0.4.0, python 3.6 users are not affected by https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/4105 anyway.

`huggingface_hub` doesn't not have to support 3.6 again just for the CI IMO

@lhoestq I commented on the PR, that IMO it is not a good practice to drop support for Python 3.6 without a previous deprecation cycle.

Re-added support for older versions. I ended up checking `huggingface_hub` version to use the old, deprecated API for <0.5.0

I find it good practice to have all dependency version related code in a single file so that when you decide to remove support for an old version of a dependency it's easy to find and remove them, hence suggesting `utils/_fixes.py` in https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/4105#issuecomment-1090041204

I used your suggestion @adrinjalali , I just replace the try/except with a check on the version of `huggingface_hub`

Following https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/issues/4105

`huggingface_hub` deprecated some parameters in `HfApi` in 0.5. This PR updates all the calls to HfApi to remove all the deprecations, <s>and I set the `hugginface_hub` requirement to `>=0.5.0`</s>

cc @adrinjalali @LysandreJik


push to hub fails with huggingface-hub 0.5.0

bug

Something isn't working

Hi ! Indeed there was a breaking change in `huggingface_hub` 0.5.0 in `HfApi.create_repo`, which is called here in `datasets` by passing the org name in both the `repo_id` and the `organization` arguments:

https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/2230f7f7d7fbaf102cff356f5a8f3bd1561bea43/src/datasets/arrow_dataset.py#L3363-L3369

I think we should fix that in `huggingface_hub`, will keep you posted. In the meantime please use `huggingface_hub` 0.4.0

I'll be sending a fix for this later today on the `huggingface_hub` side.

The error would be converted to a `FutureWarning` if `datasets` uses kwargs instead of positional, for example here:

https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/2230f7f7d7fbaf102cff356f5a8f3bd1561bea43/src/datasets/arrow_dataset.py#L3363-L3369

to be:

``` python
            api.create_repo(
                name=dataset_name,
                token=token,
                repo_type="dataset",
                organization=organization,
                private=private,
            )
```

But `name` and `organization` are deprecated in `huggingface_hub=0.5`, and people should pass `repo_id='org/name` instead. Note that `repo_id` was introduced in 0.5 and if `datasets` wants to support older `huggingface_hub` versions (which I encourage it to do), there needs to be a helper function to do that. It can be something like:

```python
def create_repo(
    client,
    name: str,
    token: Optional[str] = None,
    organization: Optional[str] = None,
    private: Optional[bool] = None,
    repo_type: Optional[str] = None,
    exist_ok: Optional[bool] = False,
    space_sdk: Optional[str] = None,
) -> str:
    try:
        return client.create_repo(
            repo_id=f"{organization}/{name}",
            token=token,
            private=private,
            repo_type=repo_type,
            exist_ok=exist_ok,
            space_sdk=space_sdk,
        )
    except TypeError:
        return client.create_repo(
            name=name,
            organization=organization,
            token=token,
            private=private,
            repo_type=repo_type,
            exist_ok=exist_ok,
            space_sdk=space_sdk,
        )
```

in a `utils/_fixes.py` kinda file and and be used internally.

I'll be sending a patch to `huggingface_hub` to convert the error reported in this issue to a `FutureWarning`.

PR with the hotfix on the `huggingface_hub` side: https://github.com/huggingface/huggingface_hub/pull/822

We can definitely change `push_to_hub` to use `repo_id` in `datasets` and require `huggingface_hub>=0.5.0`.

Let me open a PR :)

`huggingface_hub` 0.5.1 just got released with a fix, feel free to update `huggingface_hub` ;)

## Describe the bug
`ds.push_to_hub` is failing when updating a dataset in the form "org_id/repo_id"

## Steps to reproduce the bug
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
ds = load_dataset("rubrix/news_test")
ds.push_to_hub("<your-user>/news_test", token="<your-token>")
```

## Expected results
The dataset is successfully uploaded

## Actual results
An error validation is raised:

```bash
if repo_id and (name or organization):
>           raise ValueError(
                "Only pass `repo_id` and leave deprecated `name` and "
                "`organization` to be None."
E               ValueError: Only pass `repo_id` and leave deprecated `name` and `organization` to be None.
```

## Environment info
<!-- You can run the command `datasets-cli env` and copy-and-paste its output below. -->
- `datasets` version: 1.18.1
- `huggingface-hub`: 0.5
- Platform: macOS
- Python version: 3.8.12
- PyArrow version: 6.0.0

cc @adrinjalali


Add time series data - stock market

dataset request

Requesting to add a new dataset

Can I use instructions present in below link for time series dataset as well?
https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/ADD_NEW_DATASET.md

cc'ing @kashif and @NielsRogge for visibility!

@INF800 happy to add this dataset! I will try to set a PR by the end of the day... if you can kindly point me to the dataset? Also, note we have a bunch of time series datasets checked in e.g. `electricity_load_diagrams` or `monash_tsf`, and ideally this dataset could also be in a similar format.

Thankyou. This is how raw data looks like before cleaning for an individual stocks:

1. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/f/data/raw
2. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/t/data/raw
3. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/rdfn/data/raw
4. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/irbt/data/raw
5. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/hll/data/raw
6. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/infy/data/raw
7. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/reli/data/raw
8. https://github.com/INF800/marktech/tree/raw-data/hdbk/data/raw

> Scraping is automated using GitHub Actions. So, everyday we will see a new file added in the above links.

I can rewrite the cleaning scripts to make sure it fits HF dataset standards. (P.S I am very much new to HF dataset)

The data set above can be converted into univariate regression / multivariate regression / sequence to sequence generation dataset etc. So, do we have some kind of transformation modules that will read the dataset as some type of dataset (`GenericTimeData`) and convert it to other possible dataset relating to a specific ML task. **By having this kind of transformation module, I only have to add data once** and use transformation module whenever necessary

Additionally, having some kind of versioning for the dataset will be really helpful because it will keep on updating - especially time series datasets

thanks @INF800 I'll have a look. I believe it should be possible to incorporate this into the time-series format.

## Adding a Time Series Dataset
- **Name:** 2min ticker data for stock market
- **Description:** 8 stocks' data collected for 1month post ukraine-russia war. 4 NSE stocks and 4 NASDAQ stocks. Along with technical indicators (additional features) as shown in below image
- **Data:** Collected by myself from investing.com
- **Motivation:** Test applicability of transformer based model on stock market / time series problem

![image](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45640029/161904077-52fe97cb-3720-4e3f-98ee-7f6720a056e2.png)


Add the `GSM8K` dataset


[hub] Fix `api.create_repo` call?

The docs for this PR live [here](https://moon-ci-docs.huggingface.co/docs/datasets/pr_4102). All of your documentation changes will be reflected on that endpoint.


He helped to found the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) and Texas Rural Legal Aid during the 1940s.

Sanchez became involved with the American GI Forum, the National Council of La Raza and various migrant farm worker organizations.


"Then click the``Paper Clip""button in the Note Editor, and select the image file from your hard drive in the file dialog to insert the image in to the note."

You can use any handheld device that runs the iOS or Android operating systems to take a picture and insert the picture immediately.


That's a long way for a program that began with a field surrounded by Australian pines, no locker room and no weight room.

FAU is a program that under Cooney and his staff's direction has consistently ranked among the best in the nation.


FORT DRUM, N.Y. - Throughout its history, the 3rd Brigade Combat Team , 10th Mountain Division (LI) has maintained 3,000 to 4,000 Soldiers.

Soldiers receive assignments to multiple duty stations throughout their careers.


They continued to dig noting that there were pick marks on the walls of the pit where someone before them had dug out the pit.

Every ten feet they found a layer of logs.


Although I longed for his touch, I moved from him, standing.

I pushed the denim over my hips, taking my underpants off as I did.


The first test contains all the information necessary to understand the intent and implementation of the test.

The second test pulled the creation of the validation instance and the stub into a setup method.


I know many people who have been average at reasoning and at quant but have done wonderfully at the GMAT thru sheer practice and hard work.

People who call the GMAT an IQ test should have a look at some of the MBA tests in India and I'm sure they'll change their opinion.


Feeley, Sage Rosenfels, Brian Griese, Gus Frerotte, Cleo Lemon, Daunte Culpepper, and Joey Harrington did to my client.


that was almost like his identity for the longest (time).


Two double-decker buses are parked at a bus stop next to some buildings with another double-decker bus on the road going the other direction behind them

A red double decker bus driving through a city with tall buildings.


A group of four bowls sitting on top of a counter filled with fruit.

a close up of a cup of drink with plates of food near by


Man in a sleeping bag on the floor using a laptop computer

A laptop sits on a table with various books and papers around it.


The baseball players in the outfield have hands raised for a reason.

The view of a baseball game from the seats along third base.


A man with an umbrella walking down the street while talking on a cell phone.

a black and white photo of a person sitting on a bench


A woman is supporting a baby's back who is sitting on the sink.

A baby in an adult's arms is gnawing on a toothbrush.


a black and gold clock on the side of a tan building

A very tall clock tower with two clocks on it's sides.


A young child on a stool making a peanut butter sandwich.

A doll is sitting in a stroller with a pacifier in it's mouth.


Two people sit on a bench with a cat in this animation.

A dirty kitchen with a table, chairs, stove, oven and refrigerator.


A man takes a picture in the mirror of a truck.

A skateboarder rails on a wall as cars go through an intersection.


hi good morning


i want to book a ticket in flight


viswa


mumbai to chennai


ok sure


3 persons nivika 45 gmailcom

number_of_passengers O email_address email_address email_address


ok thank you


ok


Julien Chaumond

Hey what's up Elon?


A twitter fan

What are you gonna tweet next?


Big

what up


look into the jews they are mean


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Iraq Halts Oil Exports from Main Southern Pipeline (Reuters) Reuters - Authorities have halted oil export\flows from the main pipeline in southern Iraq after\intelligence showed a rebel militia could strike\infrastructure, an oil official said on Saturday.


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Money Funds Fell in Latest Week (AP) AP - Assets of the nation's retail money market mutual funds fell by  #36;1.17 billion in the latest week to  #36;849.98 trillion, the Investment Company Institute said Thursday.


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Fed minutes show dissent over inflation (USATODAY.com) USATODAY.com - Retail sales bounced back a bit in July, and new claims for jobless benefits fell last week, the government said Thursday, indicating the economy is improving from a midsummer slump.


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Safety Net (Forbes.com) Forbes.com - After earning a PH.D. in Sociology, Danny Bazil Riley started to work as the general manager at a commercial real estate firm at an annual base salary of  #36;70,000. Soon after, a financial planner stopped by his desk to drop off brochures about insurance benefits available through his employer. But, at 32, "buying insurance was the furthest thing from my mind," says Riley.


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Wall St. Bears Claw Back Into the Black  NEW YORK (Reuters) - Short-sellers, Wall Street's dwindling  band of ultra-cynics, are seeing green again.


<BOA> I am against My Opponent was, or Currently is, on Crack because I thank my opponent's clear response.       "So in the previous round my opponent's whole argument was based on her having Social Phobia."       My opponent missed the point of my last argument. I was not saying that I must have Social Phobia or General Anxiety Disorder. I was trying to make a point that there are SO MANY other possibilities that my "symptoms" show signs of.       A MAJORITY of the side effects my opponent listed for cocaine do not relate to me in any way such as changes in blood pressure, heart rates, breathing rates, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, swelling and bleeding of mucous membranes, damage to nasal cavities, and damage to lungs. On top of that, there are other common physical side effects that many people would notice (but don't) if I used cocaine.       Short-term cocaine effects include:    Increased blood pressure    Constricted blood vessels    Dilated pupils    Mental alertness    Increased energy    Increased heart rate    Decreased appetite    Increased temperature    (  http://www.cocaine-effects.com...  )       If I used crack, my pupils would most definitely be dilated. This is an obvious sign of cocaine use. My opponent has not mentioned this because he has never seen my pupils dilate in such a way. If he said such, it would be clear proof of cocaine use as it is not caused by many other things. My pupils do not dilate and have not dilated because I do not use or used cocaine.       "Social Phobia is caused by problems with neurotransmitters in the brain called dopamine and seretonin."       My opponent makes it seem like this is solid proof. This might not even be true! Although some studies suggest involvement of dopamine and serotonin, other studies have not supported the idea that these two neurotransmitters are related to social anxiety disorder (  http://www.anxietytreatment.ca...  ).       Once again, my opponent does not relay the true idea of my life when he says I, "have moved from Virginia to Texas last year after your father remarried." My opponent does truthfully say my father remarries but, he remarried when I was 6 years old. That happened almost 9 years ago.       "So your parents pay for everything and you only have $380 saved up? "       I am a teenage girl. I go shopping and to the movies every weekend. The $380 is my spending money. I said "in cash". I have thousands more saved in my bank account. I just like to stay at around $380 in cash. Each week I get $10. That's all. I only baby sit our neighbors every couple weeks. I don't get an extravagant amount all the time.       "I believe I have provided sufficient enough evidence to prove my point over yours."       I would disagree and say you did not prove your point over mine. I did so.    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------    I would really like to thank my opponent for offering this debate as my very first one to participate in. He is also my friend and was the one who encouraged me to join DDO. So, I give a special thanks to him. Thank you to everyone and anyone who votes in either favor.       :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) :) <EOA>


<BOA> I am with Facebook, your identity and privacy promotion because I do not know what is being argued, but I accept. <EOA>


<BOA> I am against Scorpions are good pets in general. because I accept.  I also accept the provided definitions.    I want to request that Round Five is kept short and in bullet point fashion if at all possible as Four solid rounds of debate is a bit much for this topic. If we could use Round Five as a brief recap for the voters I would appreciate it. <EOA>


<BOA> I am with marijuana because I told you a fact about Marijuana and coconuts how they're related. this argument is over just admit it Alisha i won. <EOA>


<BOA> I am against Obama is murdering and terrorizing men women and children in Afghanistan because My opponent's entire argument is based on a chip on his shoulder, and a grudge he is holding against what he terms "the Democratic party", and "their" criticism of Bush. Indeed there were many members of the Democratic party who criticized Bush's handling of the war, but there was no combined effort to label Bush a murderer and terrorist. That would have resulted in articles of impeachment and a formal accusation of murder and terrorism by the Democratic party. This never happened. My opponent would not only have to prove that Bush was accused en masse of being a murderer and terrorist by some official body who's declaration would have some legal value, but he would subsequently have to prove that Obama has committed the same crimes. My opponent has not even attempted to do either.       "What my personal beliefs are or what I would do is irrelevant."- That's not true. Your entire argument is based on what you supposedly believe of Obama. If you believe it is just to invade a country and annihilate their populations based on the actions of those "harbored" by the country, then you can't possibly believe a lesser controlled version of those same actions are murder and/or terrorism. It is your argument that Obama's actions amount to murder and terrorism, but it is also your belief that his actions are not only just, but lacking. This moral contradiction dismantles your moral argument.       Point #1- You have not even attempted to prove this. I am sure if you bring about the official declarations of the Democratic party's views of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan they would not amount to labeling Bush a murderer and a terrorist- a pre-requisite for proving your argument that Obama is in the same boat. Furthermore, the Democratic party's opinion is irrelevant to this argument because you are not debating a Democrat who agrees with even an unofficial assessment.       Point #2- Raids are not carried out on a case by case basis under orders of the President. You obviously lack understanding of military chain of command, rules of engagement, etc. By your assessment the entire military is full of murderers and terrorists as they all carry out the unlawful orders to murder and terrorize civilians in the form of following orders to carry out counter-terrorism raids.       Point #3- It was you who brought up the legality issue, not me. Thanks for conceding the point that it is irrelevant.       Point #4- You have expressed not only support for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, you have supported wider action in the entire Middle East.       "If one takes the time or even bothers to look at war statistics, The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are the most successful wars ever fought in military history."- It's always interesting when debaters inject a little humor into their statements. I would love to see these magical statistics.       "If Bush is a war criminal then Obama is a war criminal."- With this statement my opponent concedes the entire debate. Bush has not been accused or convicted of war crimes. Even if the reciprocity applied, a separate trial would have to be held to assess the actions of the Obama Administration which has just begun. No such investigation, trial, or judgment has been carried out on the Bush Administration, so by my opponent's reasoning- If Bush is NOT a war criminal, then neither is Obama. <EOA>


<BOA> I am against Creationism should be Taught in Public Schools because Thanks for proposing this debate Installgentoo, let's make it a good one. <EOA>


<BOA> I am against intermediate students should be able to date and show their affection at school because At school, I think it is completely inapropriate. A, because what about the kids that aren't ready to experience that type of thing? It's PDA and uncomfortable. And school is a place for learning, not a place for romance. Save that for when your education is solid.       Don't think I am being unfair, I can see this from your perspective because I am in eighth grade. <EOA>


<BOA> I am against Quote Debate because I'll show you the one man who is not afraid to mess with the Beatles.       my quotes...    "Death is nothing, but to live defeated and inglorious is to die daily."    -Napoleon Bonaparte       "Never interrupt your enemy when he is making a mistake."    -Napoleon Bonaparte       Now let the voting begin!!! <EOA>


it occurs in more than 50% of patients and may reach 90% in certain types of cancers , especially in patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.1 anemia is defined as an inadequate circulating level of hemoglobin ( hb ) ( hb < 12 g / dl ) and may arise as a result of the underlying disease , bleeding , poor nutrition , chemotherapy , or radiation therapy .
 preliminary studies suggest that survival and loco - regional control after radiation therapy , especially in head and neck cancers , may be compromised by anemia.24 anemia often worsens symptoms such as fatigue , weakness , and dyspnea , and thus may have a negative effect on quality of life ( qol ) and performance status in patients with cancer .
 thus , to improve physical functioning , qol , and prognosis in patients with cancer , it would be reasonable to take a proactive approach in identifying populations who need treatment for cancer - associated anemia ( caa ) and provide timely management .
 blood transfusion is an effective way to replace depleted hb within a short period , but the effect is , unfortunately , temporary and can cause serious adverse risks and increased mortality . in randomized clinical trials in patients with caa
 , erythropoiesis - stimulating agents ( esas ) produced significant increases in hb level , decreased transfusion requirements , and improved qol.57 however , 30%50% of patients do not respond to such agents .
 in addition , the use of esas often causes concern about severe adverse reactions.6,8 in several studies , esas were found to shorten overall survival time , or time to tumor progression in patients whose hb level reached more than 12 g / dl .
 these studies included patients with different primary cancers , such as breast , lung , head and neck , cervix , and lymphomas.911 the lack of response to erythropoietin stimulation in patients with cancer is partly attributed to the functional iron deficiency state , in which the high rate of erythropoiesis exceeds the delivery of usable iron , despite adequate iron stores.12 absolute iron deficiency , in contrast , occurs when iron delivery is impaired because iron stores are depleted ( serum ferritin , < 100 ng / ml ; transferring saturation , < 20%).13 hepcidin , a peptide hormone produced by the liver , is up - regulated in chronic inflammatory states including cancer .
 hepcidin inhibits iron transport across cell membranes , thus decreasing the accessibility of stored iron and gastrointestinal absorption of dietary iron , leading to an increased frequency of iron - restricted erythropoiesis.1416 many randomized trials examined the role of intravenous ( iv ) iron in addition to esas in the treatment of anemia in patients with cancer .
 many of these studies showed improvement in esa response , time to maximal response , reduction in esa dose , and improvement in qol parameters ( when measured ) in favor of the combination over esas alone .
 the observed benefit was independent of baseline iron parameters.1721 one study found a 36% reduction in the number of patients transfused.21 this pilot study assessed the efficacy and feasibility of iv iron monotherapy in patients with cancer who have anemia and who are undergoing treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy without the use of esas .
 patients received the study treatment for 12 weeks followed by a 4-week follow - up period .
 eligible patients were at least 18 years old , about to start a cycle of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within 1 week of inclusion , and had a nonmyeloid malignancy , hb levels of 11.0 g / dl or less , a life expectancy of more than 24 weeks , and an eastern cooperative oncology group performance status of 02 .
 patients were also required to have a serum ferritin level of 100 ng / ml or higher or transferrin saturation ( tsat ) levels of 15% or higher and to have received no esas or iv iron therapy within 30 days and no oral iron therapy ( 27 mg / day or more ) within 7 days before enrollment .
 patients were excluded for leukoerythroblastic features on blood film , hemolysis , gastrointestinal bleeding , folate or vitamin b12 deficiency , elevated serum ferritin ( 900 ng / ml ) or transferrin saturation ( tsat ) ( 35% ) levels , pregnancy or lactation , liver dysfunction ( grade 2 or higher based on national cancer institute common toxicity criteria ) , renal dysfunction ( serum creatinine levels 2.0 mg / dl ) , active infection requiring systemic antibiotics , personal or family history of hemochromatosis , comorbidities precluding study participation , hypersensitivity to iv iron , red blood cell transfusion within the last 2 weeks , or any investigational agent within 30 days before enrollment .
 patients were not allowed to take any vitamin , mineral , or herbal supplements containing 27 mg or more of iron per day or 100 mg vitamin c per day during the study or follow - up period .
 blood transfusions were permitted at the primary physician s discretion if hb levels decreased to 8 g / dl or less , and such patients were considered treatment failures .
 written informed consent was provided by all patients before study participation , and the protocol and supporting documents were approved by the institutional review board of king hussein cancer center .
 the study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of helsinki and good clinical practice as contained in the us code of federal regulations that governs the protection of human subjects and the obligations of clinical investigators .
 patients received 200 mg ferric hydroxide sucrose diluted in 100 ml normal saline and infused over the course of 1 hour weekly for a total of 12 weeks . the first dose was given during the first clinic visit ( 4 days from the initiation of chemotherapy or radiation therapy ) .
 tsat was monitored , as protocol mandated withholding iron therapy when tsat levels were higher than 50% . at the first clinic visit ( week 1 ; baseline ) , a blood sample was obtained for laboratory assessments before the study treatment was started .
 patients attended weekly clinic visits for treatment and assessment ; and returned for follow - up visits at week 14 which included a complete physical examination .
 complete blood count and tsat were done every 3 weeks , and again 2 weeks after last treatment ( week 14 ) .
 complete laboratory assessment ( hb , serum ferritin , reticulocyte count , transferrin , tsat , serum iron , total iron binding capacity , red cell indices , white blood cell count with differential , platelet count , and serum chemistries ) were done at week 1 and at week 14 ( end of study ) .
 adverse events were assessed at each clinic visit until study completion or withdrawal , and during the 30 days after the last study treatment .
 hb test results were presented as mean , median , and range through all 12 weeks .
 comparison between means of hb level were made between the baseline hb and hb levels in the following weeks , using t - test . a significance criterion of p < 0.05 was used in the analysis .
 all analyses were performed using sas version 9.1 ( sas institute inc , cary , nc , usa ) .
 patients received the study treatment for 12 weeks followed by a 4-week follow - up period .
 eligible patients were at least 18 years old , about to start a cycle of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy within 1 week of inclusion , and had a nonmyeloid malignancy , hb levels of 11.0 g / dl or less , a life expectancy of more than 24 weeks , and an eastern cooperative oncology group performance status of 02 .
 patients were also required to have a serum ferritin level of 100 ng / ml or higher or transferrin saturation ( tsat ) levels of 15% or higher and to have received no esas or iv iron therapy within 30 days and no oral iron therapy ( 27 mg / day or more ) within 7 days before enrollment .
 patients were excluded for leukoerythroblastic features on blood film , hemolysis , gastrointestinal bleeding , folate or vitamin b12 deficiency , elevated serum ferritin ( 900 ng / ml ) or transferrin saturation ( tsat ) ( 35% ) levels , pregnancy or lactation , liver dysfunction ( grade 2 or higher based on national cancer institute common toxicity criteria ) , renal dysfunction ( serum creatinine levels 2.0 mg / dl ) , active infection requiring systemic antibiotics , personal or family history of hemochromatosis , comorbidities precluding study participation , hypersensitivity to iv iron , red blood cell transfusion within the last 2 weeks , or any investigational agent within 30 days before enrollment .
 patients were not allowed to take any vitamin , mineral , or herbal supplements containing 27 mg or more of iron per day or 100 mg vitamin c per day during the study or follow - up period .
 blood transfusions were permitted at the primary physician s discretion if hb levels decreased to 8 g / dl or less , and such patients were considered treatment failures .
 written informed consent was provided by all patients before study participation , and the protocol and supporting documents were approved by the institutional review board of king hussein cancer center .
 the study was conducted in accordance with the declaration of helsinki and good clinical practice as contained in the us code of federal regulations that governs the protection of human subjects and the obligations of clinical investigators .
 patients received 200 mg ferric hydroxide sucrose diluted in 100 ml normal saline and infused over the course of 1 hour weekly for a total of 12 weeks .
 the first dose was given during the first clinic visit ( 4 days from the initiation of chemotherapy or radiation therapy ) .
 tsat was monitored , as protocol mandated withholding iron therapy when tsat levels were higher than 50% .
 at the first clinic visit ( week 1 ; baseline ) , a blood sample was obtained for laboratory assessments before the study treatment was started .
 patients attended weekly clinic visits for treatment and assessment ; and returned for follow - up visits at week 14 which included a complete physical examination .
 complete blood count and tsat were done every 3 weeks , and again 2 weeks after last treatment ( week 14 ) .
 complete laboratory assessment ( hb , serum ferritin , reticulocyte count , transferrin , tsat , serum iron , total iron binding capacity , red cell indices , white blood cell count with differential , platelet count , and serum chemistries ) were done at week 1 and at week 14 ( end of study ) .
 adverse events were assessed at each clinic visit until study completion or withdrawal , and during the 30 days after the last study treatment .
 hb test results were presented as mean , median , and range through all 12 weeks .
 comparison between means of hb level were made between the baseline hb and hb levels in the following weeks , using t - test . a significance criterion of p < 0.05 was used in the analysis .
 all analyses were performed using sas version 9.1 ( sas institute inc , cary , nc , usa ) .
 twenty - five patients ( 17 women and 8 men ) were eligible , consented , and included in the study ; their mean age ( standard deviation , [ sd ] ) was 56 years ( 13.0 years ) .
 chemotherapy varied according to the primary cancer and included anthracycline , platinum , taxanes , cyclophosphamide , high - dose ifosfamide , vincristine , vinblastine , bleomycin , and others .
 many of the included patients had their chemotherapy treatment as second- or third - line therapy .
 patients characteristics , including age , primary tumor , and active anticancer treatment are summarized in table 1 .
 one patient died during the study from his tumor ( after week 2 ) , and five patients withdrew from the study because of inconvenience ( three after week 3 , and two after week 4 ) .
 nineteen ( 76.0% ) patients completed a minimum of three treatments , 15 ( 60.0% ) completed nine treatments , and 14 ( 56.0% ) completed all twelve planned weekly treatments .
 as seen in table 2 , the mean hb level of the 25 patients at baseline was 9.6 g / dl ( median , 9.9 g / dl ; range , 6.9 g / dl10.9 g / dl ) . for the 15 patients who completed at least nine treatments , the mean change in their hb level was 1.7 g / dl ( median , 1.1 g / dl ; range , 1.9 g / dl to 3.2 g / dl ) .
 for the 14 patients who completed the whole treatment period ( 12 weeks ) , the mean hb level change was 2.1 g / dl ( median , 1.3 g / dl ; range , 0.2 g / dl to 4.6 g / dl ; p = 0.0007 ) .
 eight ( 42.1% ) of the 19 patients who completed at least three iron infusions had a more than 1 g / dl increase in their hb level .
 hemoglobin level changes for the 14 patients who completed twelve iron infusions are shown in figure 1 .
 no iv iron - related adverse events were reported among patients during the study or the follow - up period .
 tsat was monitored during the study period , and no patients had tsat levels increase to more than 50% .
 the highest ferritin level among patients who completed at least nine iv iron treatments was 1,170 ng / ml ; the mean level at the end of study period for the whole group was 379 ng / ml .
 five ( 20.0% ) patients received blood transfusions and were considered treatment failures ( three after week 3 , transfused at hb levels of 6.9 g / dl , 7.8 g / dl , and 5.4 g / dl ; one after week 4 , transfused at an hb level of 8.2 g / dl ; and one after week 9 , transfused at an hb level of 7.2 g / dl ) .
 low hb levels are associated with diminished qol and possibly decreased overall survival.2 successful treatment of anemia has undeniable benefits for patients , often yielding dramatic symptomatic improvement .
 although the role of esas is well - established in treating caa , big concerns were recently raised about the negative effect of esas on survival in some patients with cancer.911 concerns about the risk for thromboembolism in patients with cancer with higher hb levels who are receiving esa were also addressed in many trials.22,23 in addition , the possible immunosuppressive effects of blood product transfusions that may have relevance to neoplasia progression were addressed before.24 , 25 in our pilot study , we tested the feasibility of using iron supplementation alone to treat anemia in patients with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy without the use of esas or blood transfusion , which could be a valid alternative , especially for patients with curable cancers .
 oral iron is easier to administer and relatively inexpensive , but low patient adherence , poor enteral absorption , and poor tolerance because of a wide range of troublesome gastrointestinal adverse effects limit its overall effectiveness.26 anemia of chronic disease may occur in patients with cancer and is associated with an increase in hepcidin levels , which decreases oral iron absorption and bone marrow iron use , negating any possible effect of regular doses of oral iron.15 iv iron therapy significantly improves response to epoetin alfa when compared with oral iron or no iron in anemic patients with cancer who are receiving chemotherapy.1721 oral iron supplements with esas showed no significant benefit over esas alone in treating caa.21 sodium ferric gluconate and iron sucrose appear to have more favorable safety profiles over iron dextran .
 a large prospective safety comparison trial failed to show serious anaphylactoid reactions,27 which is confirmed in our study , in which no patients developed reactions and no patients withdrew from the study because of adverse effects . given that the mean hb increase using esas with iv iron in one large controlled trial was 2.4 g / dl,21 the results obtained in our study are clinically significant .
 these findings should be further confirmed and better assessed in larger studies , in which questions such as the optimal timing of iv iron therapy with respect to chemotherapy and the optimal total dose of iv iron should be determined .
 the use of iv iron monotherapy was recently reviewed by a group in germany that studied the use of ferric carboxymaltose to replace esa and blood transfusions as a treatment for caa .
 iron - deficient patients treated with ferric carboxymaltose alone ( n = 233 ) had a median of 1.4 g / dl increase in hemoglobin levels compared with those receiving additional treatment with esas ( n = 46 ; median , 1.6 g / dl ) . our study ,
 however , is peculiar in using iron therapy in a non - iron - deficiency state.28 iron overload after iv iron therapy , with potential concerns about the risk of developing secondary cancers and infection , might be raised .
 the highest serum ferritin level in the present study in patients who completed at least 9 weeks of iv iron therapy was 1,170 ng / ml . most of the literature addressing cancer and infections in iron - overloaded patients comes from patients with hemochromatosis or patients who are undergoing hemodialysis .
 published reviews report an increase in hepatocellular carcinoma only in patients with hemochromatosis after they develop cirrhosis.29 similarly data supporting the association between iv iron therapy and higher infection rate are weak and not well - supported.30 in fact , anemia itself is a risk factor for infections in patients receiving hemodialysis.31 a multivariate analysis of associations between iron and mortality in more than 58,000 patients receiving hemodialysis reported no increased death rate from serum ferritin levels as high as 1,200 ng / ml.30 the increasing cost of therapy in patients with cancer is of grave concern , which could be an additional benefit of iv iron over the use of esas in such patients . to further address many of the questions raised ,
 our team is planning a bigger trial for iv iron in patients with cancer who have anemia to confirm the results discussed in this pilot trial .
 in addition , we will be looking into predictors of response to iv iron , such as serum hepcidin level .
 iv iron therapy alone is safe and may be effective in improving hb levels in patients with cancer who are undergoing active anticancer therapy .
 further randomized trials are needed to address many of the questions raised in our pilot study .

Abstract:
backgroundanemia in patients with cancer who are undergoing active therapy is commonly encountered and may worsen quality of life in these patients . the effect of blood transfusion is often temporary and may be associated with serious adverse events .
 erythropoiesis - stimulating agents are not effective in 30%50% of patients and may have a negative effect on overall survival.aimsto assess the efficacy and feasibility of intravenous iron therapy in patients with cancer who have non - iron - deficiency anemia and who are undergoing treatment with chemotherapy without the use of erythropoiesis - stimulating agents.methodsadult patients with solid cancers and non - iron - deficiency anemia were included .
 ferric sucrose at a dose of 200 mg was given in short intravenous infusions weekly for a total of 12 weeks .
 hemoglobin level was measured at baseline , every 3 weeks , and 2 weeks after the last iron infusion ( week 14 ) .
 adverse events related to intravenous iron were prospectively reported.resultsof 25 patients included , 19 ( 76.0% ) completed at least three iron infusions and 14 ( 56.0% ) finished the planned 12 weeks of therapy .
 the mean hemoglobin level of the 25 patients at baseline was 9.6 g / dl ( median , 9.9 g / dl ; range , 6.9 g / dl 10.9 g / dl ) . the mean change in hemoglobin level for the 15 patients who completed at least 9 treatments was 1.7 g / dl ( median , 1.1 g / dl ; range , 1.9 g / dl to 3.2 g / dl ) ; it reached 2.1 g / dl ( median , 1.3 g / dl ; range , 0.2 g / dl to 4.6 g / dl ; p = 0.0007 ) for the 14 patients who completed all 12 weekly treatments .
 five ( 20.0% ) patients were transfused and considered as treatment failures .
 no treatment - related adverse events were reported.conclusionintravenous iron treatment alone is safe and may reduce blood transfusion requirements and improve hemoglobin level in patients with cancer who are undergoing anticancer therapy .
 further randomized studies are needed to confirm these findings .