Chapter 9

Summary: Rulers that come to power because of the support of the people are the total opposite of bloody conquers. Everyone loves 'em. They're not too smart, or even extra lucky, but just enough to get by. Our new ruler has three options for his new place: a monarchy where power goes to the nobles, a republic where power goes to the people, and anarchy. In monarchies, either the nobles or the people decide to concentrate all the power in one person, the king. Seems simple enough, but a king who comes to power because of the nobles will have a hard time. After all, the nobles have lots of power to throw around, too. Remember, you don't want anyone who can compete with you around, and these are the people with the weapons. What are the regular people going to do to you? Poke you with their potatoes? Bottom line: be friends with the people, because the nobles have too many tricks up their sleeves. More on nobles. There are two kinds, those who are totally 100% loyally part of your fan club and those who aren't. Out of those who aren't, there are two kinds. Those who are just scaredy-cats , and those who are planning something. The latter are the ones to watch out for because they will turn on you at the drop of a hat. Okay, back to the people. You need to be on their side. It's pretty easy, actually, because they basically just don't want to be oppressed and tortured. Also, if they thought you were going to be super mean, and you turn out to be okay, they will love you even more than if they loved you from the start. They're easy to please. Some people say that it's a bad idea to depend on the support of the people. Machiavelli just doesn't agree--he says that's only the case if you're stupid and think they'll fight for you or rescue you. That's not going to happen. But they can support you and not turn against you. Problems for the ruler supported by the people? When they want to become an absolute ruler, they need either give direct command or rule though other people who they give power to. The problem is, these people aren't always the most trustworthy--before you know it, everything is up in flames. So, make sure your people always need not only your government , but you specifically, and everything will be okay.

But coming to the other point--where a leading citizen becomes the
prince of his country, not by wickedness or any intolerable violence,
but by the favour of his fellow citizens--this may be called a civil
principality: nor is genius or fortune altogether necessary to attain to
it, but rather a happy shrewdness. I say then that such a principality
is obtained either by the favour of the people or by the favour of the
nobles. Because in all cities these two distinct parties are found,
and from this it arises that the people do not wish to be ruled nor
oppressed by the nobles, and the nobles wish to rule and oppress the
people; and from these two opposite desires there arises in cities one
of three results, either a principality, self-government, or anarchy.

A principality is created either by the people or by the nobles,
accordingly as one or other of them has the opportunity; for the nobles,
seeing they cannot withstand the people, begin to cry up the reputation
of one of themselves, and they make him a prince, so that under his
shadow they can give vent to their ambitions. The people, finding
they cannot resist the nobles, also cry up the reputation of one of
themselves, and make him a prince so as to be defended by his authority.
He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains
himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of
the people, because the former finds himself with many around him who
consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can neither rule
nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches sovereignty by popular
favour finds himself alone, and has none around him, or few, who are not
prepared to obey him.

Besides this, one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others,
satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is
more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress,
while the former only desire not to be oppressed. It is to be added also
that a prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because
of there being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself,
as they are few in number. The worst that a prince may expect from a
hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from hostile nobles he
has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise against
him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always
come forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him
whom they expect to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live
always with the same people, but he can do well without the same nobles,
being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take away
authority when it pleases him.

Therefore, to make this point clearer, I say that the nobles ought to
be looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say, they either shape their
course in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune, or they do
not. Those who so bind themselves, and are not rapacious, ought to be
honoured and loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt
with in two ways; they may fail to do this through pusillanimity and a
natural want of courage, in which case you ought to make use of them,
especially of those who are of good counsel; and thus, whilst in
prosperity you honour them, in adversity you do not have to fear them.
But when for their own ambitious ends they shun binding themselves, it
is a token that they are giving more thought to themselves than to you,
and a prince ought to guard against such, and to fear them as if they
were open enemies, because in adversity they always help to ruin him.

Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they
only ask not to be oppressed by him. But one who, in opposition to
the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above
everything, to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may
easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because men, when they
receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more
closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more devoted
to him than if he had been raised to the principality by their favours;
and the prince can win their affections in many ways, but as these vary
according to the circumstances one cannot give fixed rules, so I omit
them; but, I repeat, it is necessary for a prince to have the people
friendly, otherwise he has no security in adversity.

Nabis,(*) Prince of the Spartans, sustained the attack of all Greece,
and of a victorious Roman army, and against them he defended his country
and his government; and for the overcoming of this peril it was only
necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would
not have been sufficient had the people been hostile. And do not let any
one impugn this statement with the trite proverb that "He who builds on
the people, builds on the mud," for this is true when a private citizen
makes a foundation there, and persuades himself that the people will
free him when he is oppressed by his enemies or by the magistrates;
wherein he would find himself very often deceived, as happened to the
Gracchi in Rome and to Messer Giorgio Scali(+) in Florence. But granted
a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is
a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other
qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole
people encouraged--such a one will never find himself deceived in them,
and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

     (*) Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, conquered by the Romans under
     Flamininus in 195 B.C.; killed 192 B.C.

     (+) Messer Giorgio Scali. This event is to be found in
     Machiavelli's "Florentine History," Book III.

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the
civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule
personally or through magistrates. In the latter case their government
is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill
of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and who, especially
in troubled times, can destroy the government with great ease, either
by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not the chance amid
tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the citizens and
subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates, are not of
a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will always be in
doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust. For such a prince
cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have
need of the state, because then every one agrees with him; they all
promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him;
but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then
he finds but few. And so much the more is this experiment dangerous,
inasmuch as it can only be tried once. Therefore a wise prince ought to
adopt such a course that his citizens will always in every sort and
kind of circumstance have need of the state and of him, and then he will
always find them faithful.


Act II, scene ii

Summary: Caliban enters with a load of wood, and thunder sounds in the background. Caliban curses and describes the torments that Prospero's spirits subject him to: they pinch, bite, and prick him, especially when he curses. As he is thinking of these spirits, Caliban sees Trinculo and imagines him to be one of the spirits. Hoping to avoid pinching, he lies down and covers himself with his cloak. Trinculo hears the thunder and looks about for some cover from the storm. The only thing he sees is the cloak-covered Caliban on the ground. He is not so much repulsed by Caliban as curious. He cannot decide whether Caliban is a "man or a fish" . He thinks of a time when he traveled to England and witnessed freak-shows there. Caliban, he thinks, would bring him a lot of money in England. Thunder sounds again and Trinculo decides that the best shelter in sight is beneath Caliban's cloak, and so he joins the man-monster there. Stephano enters singing and drinking. He hears Caliban cry out to Trinculo, "Do not torment me! O!" . Hearing this and seeing the four legs sticking out from the cloak, Stephano thinks the two men are a four-legged monster with a fever. He decides to relieve this fever with a drink. Caliban continues to resist Trinculo, whom he still thinks is a spirit tormenting him. Trinculo recognizes Stephano's voice and says so. Stephano, of course, assumes for a moment that the monster has two heads, and he promises to pour liquor in both mouths. Trinculo now calls out to Stephano, and Stephano pulls his friend out from under the cloak. While the two men discuss how they arrived safely on shore, Caliban enjoys the liquor and begs to worship Stephano. The men take full advantage of Caliban's drunkenness, mocking him as a "most ridiculous monster"  as he promises to lead them around and show them the isle.

Analysis Trinculo and Stephano are the last new characters to be introduced in the play. They act as comic foils to the main action, and will in later acts become specific parodies of Antonio and Sebastian. At this point, their role is to present comically some of the more serious issues in the play concerning Prospero and Caliban. In Act I, scene ii, Prospero calls Caliban a "slave" , "thou earth" , "Filth" , and "Hag-seed" . Stephano and Trinculo's epithet of choice in Act II, scene ii and thereafter is "monster." But while these two make quite clear that Caliban is seen as less than human by the Europeans on the island, they also treat him more humanely than Prospero does. Stephano and Trinculo, a butler and a jester respectively, remain at the low end of the social scale in the play, and have little difficulty finding friendship with the strange islander they meet. " Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows," says Trinculo , and then hastens to crawl beneath Caliban's garment in order to get out of the rain. The similarity, socially and perhaps physically as well, between Trinculo and Caliban is further emphasized when Stephano, drunk, initially mistakes the two for a single monster: "This is some monster of the isle with four legs" . More important than the emphasis on the way in which Caliban seems to others more monster than man, is the way in which this scene dramatizes the initial encounter between an almost completely isolated, "primitive" culture and a foreign, "civilized" one. The reader discovers during Caliban and Prospero's confrontation in Act I, scene ii that Prospero initially "made much of" Caliban ; that he gave Caliban "Water with berries in't" ; that Caliban showed him around the island; and that Prospero later imprisoned Caliban, after he had taken all he could take from him. The reader can see these events in Act II, scene ii, with Trinculo and Stephano in the place of Prospero. Stephano calls Caliban a "brave monster," as they set off singing around the island. In addition, Stephano and Trinculo give Caliban wine, which Caliban finds to be a "celestial liquor" . Moreover, Caliban initially mistakes Stephano and Trinculo for Prospero's spirits, but alcohol convinces him that Stephano is a "brave god" and decides unconditionally to "kneel to him" . This scene shows the foreign, civilized culture as decadent and manipulative: Stephano immediately plans to "inherit" the island , using Caliban to show him all its virtues. Stephano and Trinculo are a grotesque, parodic version of Prospero upon his arrival twelve years ago. Godlike in the eyes of the native, they slash and burn their way to power. By this point, Caliban has begun to resemble a parody of himself. Whereas he would "gabble like / A thing most brutish"  upon Prospero's arrival, because he did not know language, he now is willfully inarticulate in his drunkenness. Immediately putting aside his fear that these men are spirits sent to do him harm, Caliban puts his trust in them for all the wrong reasons. What makes Caliban's behavior in this scene so tragic is that we might expect him, especially after his eloquent curses of Prospero in Act I, scene ii, to know better.

SCENE II.

_Another part of the island._

  _Enter CALIBAN with a burden of wood. A noise of thunder heard._

_Cal._ All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him
By inch-meal a disease! His spirits hear me,
And yet I needs must curse. But they'll nor pinch,
Fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me i' the mire,                   5
Nor lead me, like a firebrand, in the dark
Out of my way, unless he bid 'em: but
For every trifle are they set upon me;
Sometime like apes, that mow and chatter at me,
And after bite me; then like hedgehogs, which                       10
Lie tumbling in my barefoot way, and mount
Their pricks at my footfall; sometime am I
All wound with adders, who with cloven tongues
Do hiss me into madness.

  _Enter TRINCULO._

                        Lo, now, lo!
Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me                       15
For bringing wood in slowly. I'll fall flat;
Perchance he will not mind me.

_Trin._ Here's neither bush nor shrub, to bear off any
weather at all, and another storm brewing; I hear it sing i'
the wind: yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks               20
like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. If it should
thunder as it did before, I know not where to hide my head:
yond same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls. What
have we here? a man or a fish? dead or alive? A fish: he
smells like a fish; a very ancient and fish-like smell; a kind      25
of not of the newest Poor-John. A strange fish! Were I
in England now, as once I was, and had but this fish
painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of
silver: there would this monster make a man; any strange
beast there makes a man: when they will not give a doit to          30
relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead
Indian. Legged like a man! and his fins like arms! Warm
o' my troth! I do now let loose my opinion; hold it no
longer: this is no fish, but an islander, that hath lately
suffered by a thunderbolt. [_Thunder._] Alas, the storm is come     35
again! my best way is to creep under his gaberdine; there
is no other shelter hereabout: misery acquaints a man with
strange bed-fellows. I will here shroud till the dregs of the
storm be past.

  _Enter STEPHANO, singing: a bottle in his hand._

_Ste._ I shall no more to sea, to sea,                              40
                Here shall I die a-shore,--

This is a very scurvy tune to sing at a man's funeral: well,
here's my comfort.                                  [_Drinks._

[_Sings._ The master, the swabber, the boatswain, and I,
                       The gunner, and his mate,                    45
               Loved Mall, Meg, and Marian, and Margery,
                   But none of us cared for Kate;
                   For she had a tongue with a tang,
                   Would cry to a sailor, Go hang!
               She loved not the savour of tar nor of pitch;        50
               Yet a tailor might scratch her where'er she did itch.
                   Then, to sea, boys, and let her go hang!

This is a scurvy tune too: but here's my comfort. [_Drinks._

_Cal._ Do not torment me:--O!

_Ste._ What's the matter? Have we devils here? Do                   55
you put tricks upon 's with savages and men of Ind, ha? I
have not scaped drowning, to be afeard now of your four
legs; for it hath been said, As proper a man as ever went
on four legs cannot make him give ground; and it shall be
said so again, while Stephano breathes at's nostrils.               60

_Cal._ The spirit torments me:--O!

_Ste._ This is some monster of the isle with four legs, who
hath got, as I take it, an ague. Where the devil should he
learn our language? I will give him some relief, if it be
but for that. If I can recover him, and keep him tame, and          65
get to Naples with him, he's a present for any emperor that
ever trod on neat's-leather.

_Cal._ Do not torment me, prithee; I'll bring my wood
home faster.

_Ste._ He's in his fit now, and does not talk after the             70
wisest. He shall taste of my bottle: if he have never drunk
wine afore, it will go near to remove his fit. If I can recover
him, and keep him tame, I will not take too much for
him; he shall pay for him that hath him, and that soundly.

_Cal._ Thou dost me yet but little hurt; thou wilt anon, I          75
know it by thy trembling: now Prosper works upon thee.

_Ste._ Come on your ways; open your mouth; here is that
which will give language to you, cat: open your mouth; this
will shake your shaking, I can tell you, and that soundly:
you cannot tell who's your friend: open your chaps again.           80

_Trin._ I should know that voice: it should be--but he
is drowned; and these are devils:--O defend me!

_Ste._ Four legs and two voices,--a most delicate monster!
His forward voice, now, is to speak well of his friend;
his backward voice is to utter foul speeches and to detract.        85
If all the wine in my bottle will recover him, I will help
his ague. Come:--Amen! I will pour some in thy other
mouth.

_Trin._ Stephano!

_Ste._ Doth thy other mouth call me? Mercy, mercy!                  90
This is a devil, and no monster: I will leave him; I have
no long spoon.

_Trin._ Stephano! If thou beest Stephano, touch me,
and speak to me; for I am Trinculo,--be not afeard,--thy
good friend Trinculo.                                               95

_Ste._ If thou beest Trinculo, come forth: I'll pull thee
by the lesser legs: if any be Trinculo's legs, these are they.
Thou art very Trinculo indeed! How earnest thou to be
the siege of this moon-calf? can he vent Trinculos?

_Trin._ I took him to be killed with a thunder-stroke.             100
But art thou not drowned, Stephano? I hope, now, thou
art not drowned. Is the storm overblown? I hid me
under the dead moon-calf's gaberdine for fear of the storm.
And art thou living, Stephano? O Stephano, two Neapolitans
scaped!                                                            105

_Ste._ Prithee, do not turn me about; my stomach is not
constant.

_Cal._ [_aside_] These be fine things, an if they be not sprites.
That's a brave god, and bears celestial liquor:
I will kneel to him.                                               110

_Ste._ How didst thou 'scape? How camest thou hither?
swear, by this bottle, how thou camest hither. I escaped
upon a butt of sack, which the sailors heaved o'erboard, by
this bottle! which I made of the bark of a tree with mine
own hands, since I was cast ashore.                                115

_Cal._ I'll swear, upon that bottle, to be thy true subject;
for the liquor is not earthly.

_Ste._ Here; swear, then, how thou escapedst.

_Trin._ Swum ashore, man, like a duck: I can swim
like a duck, I'll be sworn.                                        120

_Ste._ Here, kiss the book. Though thou canst swim
like a duck, thou art made like a goose.

_Trin._ O Stephano, hast any more of this?

_Ste._ The whole butt, man: my cellar is in a rock by
the sea-side, where my wine is hid. How now, moon-calf!            125
how does thine ague?

_Cal._ Hast thou not dropp'd from heaven?

_Ste._ Out o' the moon, I do assure thee: I was the man
i' the moon when time was.

_Cal._ I have seen thee in her, and I do adore thee:               130
My mistress show'd me thee, and thy dog, and thy bush.

_Ste._ Come, swear to that; kiss the book: I will furnish
it anon with new contents: swear.

_Trin._ By this good light, this is a very shallow monster!
I afeard of him! A very weak monster! The                          135
man i' the moon! A most poor credulous monster! Well
drawn, monster, in good sooth!

_Cal._ I'll show thee every fertile inch o' th' island;
And I will kiss thy foot: I prithee, be my god.

_Trin._ By this light, a most perfidious and drunken               140
monster! when's god's asleep, he'll rob his bottle.

_Cal._ I'll kiss thy foot; I'll swear myself thy subject.

_Ste._ Come on, then; down, and swear.

_Trin._ I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed
monster. A most scurvy monster! I could find in                    145
my heart to beat him,--

_Ste._ Come, kiss.

_Trin._ But that the poor monster's in drink: an abominable
monster!

_Cal._ I'll show thee the best springs; I'll pluck thee berries;   150
I'll fish for thee, and get thee wood enough.
A plague upon the tyrant that I serve!
I'll bear him no more sticks, but follow thee,
Thou wondrous man.

_Trin._ A most ridiculous monster, to make a wonder                155
of a poor drunkard!

_Cal._ I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow;
And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts;
Show thee a jay's nest, and instruct thee how
To snare the nimble marmoset; I'll bring thee                      160
To clustering filberts, and sometimes I'll get thee
Young scamels from the rock. Wilt thou go with me?

_Ste._ I prithee now, lead the way, without any more
talking. Trinculo, the king and all our company else being
drowned, we will inherit here: here; bear my bottle: fellow        165
Trinculo, we'll fill him by and by again.

_Cal. sings drunkenly._] Farewell, master; farewell, farewell!

_Trin._ A howling monster; a drunken monster!

_Cal._ No more dams I'll make for fish;
                Nor fetch in firing                                170
                At requiring;
             Nor scrape trencher, nor wash dish:
                'Ban, 'Ban, Cacaliban
                Has a new master:--get a new man.

Freedom, hey-day! hey-day, freedom! freedom, hey-day,              175
freedom!

_Ste._ O brave monster! Lead the way.    [_Exeunt._

  Notes: II, 2.

  4: _nor_] F1 F2. _not_ F3 F4.
  15: _and_] _now_ Pope. _sent_ Edd. conj. (so Dryden).
  21: _foul_] _full_ Upton conj.
  35: [Thunder] Capell.
  38: _dregs_] _drench_ Collier MS.
  40: SCENE III. Pope.
  [a bottle in his hand] Capell.]
  46: _and Marian_] _Mirian_ Pope.
  56: _savages_] _salvages_ Ff.
  60: _at's nostrils_] Edd. _at 'nostrils_ F1. _at nostrils_ F2 F3 F4.
    _at his nostrils_ Pope.
  78: _you, cat_] _you Cat_ Ff. _a cat_ Hanmer. _your cat_ Edd. conj.
  84: _well_] F1 om. F2 F3 F4.
  115, 116: Steevens prints as verse, _I'll ... thy True ... earthly._
  118: _swear, then, how thou escapedst_] _swear then: how escapedst
    thou?_ Pope.
  119: _Swum_] _Swom_ Ff.
  131: _and thy dog, and thy bush_] _thy dog and bush_ Steevens.
  133: _new_] F1. _the new_ F2 F3 F4.
  135: _weak_] F1. _shallow_ F2 F3 F4.
  138: _island_] F1. _isle_ F2 F3 F4.
  150-154, 157-162, printed as verse by Pope (after Dryden).
  162: _scamels_] _shamois_ Theobald. _seamalls, stannels_ id. conj.
  163: Ste.] F1. Cal. F2 F3 F4.
  165: Before _here; bear my bottle_ Capell inserts [To Cal.].
    See note (XII).
  172: _trencher_] Pope (after Dryden). _trenchering_ Ff.
  175: _hey-day_] Rowe. _high-day_ Ff.


Context: No context provided

Question: When does episode 42 of bunk'd come out?

Context: No context provided

Question: When does episode 41 of bunk'd come out?

Context: No context provided

Question: When does episode 40 of bunk'd come out?

List of Bunk'd episodes

The new bunk'd episode 41 comes out on April 21, 2017, episode 42 comes out on April 28, 2017 and episode 42 is due to come out on May 24, 2017.


Where will failure of the left ventricle cause increased pressure?

Context: "Backward" failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the lungs' blood vessels, and so the symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature. Backward failure can be subdivided into the failure of the left atrium, the left ventricle or both within the left circuit. The person will have dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion and in severe cases, dyspnea at rest. Increasing breathlessness on lying flat, called orthopnea, occurs. It is often measured in the number of pillows required to lie comfortably, and in orthopnea, the person may resort to sleeping while sitting up. Another symptom of heart failure is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea: a sudden nighttime attack of severe breathlessness, usually several hours after going to sleep. Easy fatigability and exercise intolerance are also common complaints related to respiratory compromise.

Question: Where does failure of the left ventricle cause increased pressure?

Question: Where does backwards failure of the left ventricle cause increased pressure?

Heart failure

The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it forward to the systemic circulation (the rest of the body except for the pulmonary circulation).

"Backward" failure of the left ventricle causes congestion of the lungs' blood vessels, and therefore causes increased pressure in the lungs. These symptoms are predominantly respiratory in nature.


Who published harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban?

Context: "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" is the third book in the "Harry Potter" series. The first, "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" ("Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the US), was published by Bloomsbury on 26 June 1997 and the second, "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", was published on 2 July 1998. Rowling started to write the "Prisoner of Azkaban" the day after she finished "The Chamber of Secrets".

Question: Who published harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban in the UK?

Context: No context provided

Question: Who published harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban in the US?

Context: No context provided

Question: Who published harry potter and the prisoner of azkaban in Canada?

The book was published in the United Kingdom on 8 July 1999 by Bloomsbury and in the United States on 8 September 1999 by Scholastic, Inc.

Raincoast also ceased to be the Canadian publisher of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter books in 2010.

The third book in the "Harry Potter" series Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published in the UK, US and Canada. It was published by Bloomsbury in the UK, by Scholastic, Inc. in the US and by Raincoast in Canada.


When does doctor strange get the infinity stone?

Context: No context provided

Question: When does doctor strange get the infinity stone in Secret Wars?

Context: The character was first portrayed in live-action by Peter Hooten in the 1978 television film "Dr. Strange". Benedict Cumberbatch portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films "Doctor Strange" (2016), "" (2017), "" (2018), and "" (2019). Cumberbatch will return to portray the character in the sequel "Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness" (2021).

Question: In what Marvel Cinematic Universe film does doctor strange get the infinity stone?

Context: No context provided

Question: In what animated film does doctor strange first get the infinity stone?

Infinity Gems

Eye of Agamotto

Doctor Strange

After various alternate universes are combined into Battleworld, Doctor Strange gathers Infinity Gems from other universes into a new Infinity Gauntlet that works in the area where Doom has built his palace.

The Eye of Agamotto appears in several forms of Marvel-related media, such as the Marvel Cinematic Universe, in which it contains the Time Stone, one of the fictional universe's Infinity Stones.

The Eye of Agamotto appears in the direct-to-video film, Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme.

In the animated direct-to-video film, Doctor Strange: The Sorcerer Supreme, Doctor Strange first gets the Eye of Agamotto, one of the fictional universe's Infinity Stones. In Secret Wars, Doctor strange gets the infinity stone after various alternate universes are combined into Battleworld. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe films between 2016 to 2019, "Doctor Strange" gets the infinity stone in the 2016 film.


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(CNN) -- Shelling hit areas near two key cities in eastern Ukraine on Sunday morning, intensifying fears that a ceasefire that took effect less than two days ago may be falling apart. Why is the ceasefire under strain? A variety of fighting factions in the conflict zone -- on both sides -- may not fall directly under a military chain of command. The pro-Russian rebels are mostly volunteer militias; fighting against them on the Ukrainian side are at least some far-right nationalist militias. Controlling these groups is difficult and some may have different aims, including sabotaging the truce. At this point it's been nearly impossible to figure out who's doing the firing and why. The conditions of the ceasefire agreement don't help either. The conditions are vague and at this point there doesn't seem to be an effective mechanism in place inside the conflict zone to monitor and enforce the agreement. Why can't the two sides' leaders control their forces? It's unclear if Kiev has control over all of the fighting forces in eastern Ukraine. Some of the volunteer militias fighting alongside Ukrainian soldiers are far-right nationalists who've been critical of the current government in Kiev, but they're still fighting because they feel Ukraine is under attack by Russia. And who controls the pro-Russian rebels? Is it the local commanders? Is it Russian President Vladimir Putin? None of that is clear. Which side has the most to gain from the truce? If the truce leads to good-faith negotiations and a compromise, then both sides can gain. A compromise could look like something like this: The pro-Russian region of Donbas gets autonomy and self-determination under a federalized Ukrainian government, and in return the rebels drop their demand for independence and Kiev gets to protect Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. There are elements on both sides that don't want a compromise, and they could certainly have the potential of undermining the truce. What happens next? We wait to see if the overnight shellings and firings are an anomaly or if they're a sign of more violence and more fighting. If the ceasefire sticks, both sides have agreed to hold talks that will address the core issues and demands on both sides that are still unresolved -- including the disarming of the rebels, a guarantee of self-determination for the pro-Russian Donbas region, the fate of Russian-annexed Crimea, constitutional reform, and a solution to the humanitarian crisis in the conflict zone. Obviously if the fighting continues, all bets are off. What effect does this have on the rest of the world? What happens in the coming days will determine the next move by NATO and Western leaders. If the ceasefire falls apart, the West will likely turn up the pressure by following through with sanctions and bolstering Western forces in NATO's Baltic-member states. Moscow has already threatened to respond if that happens. The bottom line is, the conflict will escalate and so will the prospects of a regional conflict -- although at this point that seems unlikely.

Shelling in eastern Ukraine raises fears that a ceasefire may fall apart .
Reza Sayah: It's been nearly impossible to say who's doing firing and why .
It's unclear who has control over fighting forces on either side in east Ukraine .
There are elements on both sides that don't want a compromise .


(CNN) -- Remember when oil giant BP paid billions of dollars to clean up its own mess from the 2010 Gulf oil spill? Then the company agreed to plead guilty to criminal charges and pay an unprecedented $4 billion fine for the spill. In the latest development, Wednesday, BP was essentially told to stand in the corner when it comes to winning new federal contracts -- a potentially huge blow to the company's bottom line. And it's still likely on the hook for civil penalties the federal government hopes to recover for environmental damages. So, is BP being punished enough for the deadly and destructive Deepwater Horizon spill, or too much? It depends on who you ask. This matters. BP says it supports nearly a quarter of a million American jobs and has invested $52 billion in the United States since 2007. Experts suggest punishments ranging from massive fines to banning the company from offshore drilling. However this all shakes out, it likely will send a powerful message to the industry. Families of killed rig workers react to BP settlement . First, here's what happened Wednesday: . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said it will block BP from new government contracts due to its "lack of business integrity" stemming from the 2010 explosion and oil spill. It was a tragedy that killed 11 oil workers and dumped 205 million gallons of oil into the Gulf in a slow-moving, 85-day national drama that prosecutors called the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history. This month hasn't been good to BP. The decision follows the London-based company's agreement November 15 to plead guilty to criminal charges including manslaughter, obstruction of Congress and environmental violations related to the explosion and spill -- an agreement that still requires a judge's approval. What it means . Wednesday's EPA decision means BP won't be allowed to compete for new contracts, grants or other business until the company shows it meets federal business standards. As of February, BP had $9 billion in contracts to supply the U.S. government with fuel, most of it destined for military users, said Christine Tiscareno, a London-based analyst with S&P Capital IQ. Those contracts aren't affected by the EPA decision, the agency said. BP said it's already filed paperwork to get back in good graces with the EPA, said the agency is already preparing an administrative agreement to lift the suspension and highlighted what the company says it's done to rectify the situation. "As BP's submissions to the EPA have made clear, the company has made significant enhancements since the accident," the company said in a statement. "The company launched an internal investigation immediately after the accident, publicly released the results, and has been implementing all 26 of the investigation's recommendations." What's ahead . The next big step in the case comes in February, when a civil trial is expected to begin over the government's demand for civil damages under the Clean Water Act. That case could draw huge new fines for the company. The disaster, in addition to claiming 11 lives, caused disruption to countless residents and businesses, many of whom counted on the Gulf for their livelihoods, whether in the oil fields, fishing grounds or tourist beaches. For some, including environmentalists, the company couldn't be fined enough or spend enough money to get back on their good side. "Well, you know, we're discussing the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history," said Matt Dundas, acting campaign director at the environmental group Oceana. "The punishment needs to fit the crime." But, he said, the record $4 billion fine BP is expected to pay as a result of the criminal case is a tenth of the maximum it could have faced, making it small consolation to BP's harshest critics. The fine, while a record for the U.S. justice system, represents less than three months worth of profits for BP. The company reported $5.2 billion in profits in the quarter that ended September 30. Dundas is now rooting for the maximum possible verdict in the civil case -- $50 billion in fines. But he says there's only one punishment that would really get BP and other oil companies to sit up and take steps to prevent what Dundas says is the overwhelming risk of another large oil spill: being kicked out of the game entirely. "I think a terrific minimum would be to bar them from offshore drilling," he said. "That's really the only standard that's going to get oil companies to pay attention." The head of a trade association representing BP and other oil and gas operators in Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico said Wednesday that BP has already complied with government requirements. "BP has done everything that the federal government has asked and more. ... This new EPA designation is another layer," said Chris John, president of the Louisiana Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association. "How much is enough, when the economy in America is trying to dig out of the recession, and energy ... is a very important component to getting Americans back to work?" The EPA's decision could have a negative impact beyond BP, he said, affecting other companies in the industry who have also complied with regulators. "The companies that operate out in the Gulf of Mexico, they can go anywhere, they're global. They can drill anywhere in the world," John said. "They have chosen to come back to the Gulf in the past few years. ... This additional statement and designation by the EPA has to play into their decision of where to put their capital." BP didn't directly address whether it believes it has paid enough for the disaster, but noted Wednesday that it has spent $14 billion in response and cleanup costs, $1 million on restoration projects and $9 billion in compensation and expects to spend $7.8 billion more to resolve the majority of outstanding claims. Owning up . The company also pointed out it has acknowledged criminal responsibility, carried out recommendations made by investigators who studied the incident and has taken actions to strengthen safety and drilling standards that exceed federal regulations. Tiscareno, the oil analyst, said that while the costs to BP have been steep, they are bearable for the company. The big question is what happens in February, when the civil case goes to trial. Tiscareno said she expects BP, which has taken a long-term approach to recovering from the spill, will recover financially unless the civil trial nets an "irrational" decision. A huge verdict could pose problems for BP, Tiscareno said, but she said the government can't go too far in gutting the firm because of all the jobs and tax revenues the company provides. BP has invested $52 billion in the U.S. in the last five years, employs 23,000 U.S. residents and indirectly supports nearly 250,000 jobs, the company said Wednesday. "The U.S. needs BP as much as BP needs the U.S.," Tiscareno said. CNN's Kendra Wates and Catherine E. Shoichet contributed to this report.

NEW: Trade association: "BP has done everything that the federal government has asked"
Two years after the oil spill, experts weigh in on possible punishments for BP .
BP says it expects the temporary ban will be lifted soon .
The EPA says the oil giant showed a "lack of business integrity"


Adel Taarabt appeared for QPR for the first time since his public fall-out with Harry Redknapp in Monday afternoon's reserve game against Ipswich Town. The Moroccan's days at Loftus Road appeared to be numbered after his extraordinary spat with Redknapp last month. Taarabt claimed his manager never takes a training session after Redknapp had accused the midfielder of being 'three stone overweight' following the 3-2 defeat to Liverpool. VIDEO Scroll down to watch Harry Redknapp say  Taarabt's camp have told blatant lies . Adel Taarabt has played just three first-team games for QPR this season after returning from loan at AC Milan . Taarabt laughed off claims by QPR manager Harry Redknapp that the midfielder was 'three stone overweight' The 25-year-old was due to play for the club's Under 21s last week, but wasn't included in the draw against Swansea. However, Taarabt came through 90 minutes in the 3-0 win against Ipswich Town as he tries to prove his fitness to his boss. The former Spurs man, who has been hampered by an ankle injury, has been limited to just three appearances for the R's this season after returning from a loan spell at AC Milan. Taarabt hit back at Redknapp during an exclusive interview with Sportsmail last month . Taarabt spent last campaign on loan at Fulham and then Serie A side AC Milan .

Moroccan played 90 minutes for Under 21s in 3-0 win against Ipswich Town .
Taarabt has made just three first-team appearances for the R's this season .
Midfielder was accused of being 'overweight' by manager Harry Redknapp .
Taarabt hit back and claimed Redknapp never took training sessions .


By . Wills Robinson . PUBLISHED: . 11:14 EST, 6 March 2014 . | . UPDATED: . 12:19 EST, 6 March 2014 . Members of the feminist punk group Pussy Riot have been attacked by a gang of men inside a Russian McDonalds. Nadya Tolokonnikova and Masha Alyokhina were covered in paint while they sat and had breakfast in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. The pair, who were jailed for hooliganism in 2012, also had pepper spray, green antispetic and metal thrown in their faces during the assault. Scroll down for video . Attacked: Nadya Tolokonnikova and Masha Alyokhina were covered in paint during the assault while they sat and had breakfast in the city of Nizhny Novgorod . Distressed: The pair spoke directly into the camera after the incident . They were visiting the area to inspect a local prison with Peter Verzilov and members of NGO 'Zone of the Rights'. Tolonnikova allegedly left the restaurant with a 'cut forehead' and the group have complained to the police. She was seen getting up from her seat and clutching her face during the incident. while the gang of men continually shouted abuse. When the attack eventually stopped, one of the men held up a sign to the camera while another was seen shouting down the lens. At around 7.00 am the group barged into the fast food restaurant where the musicians and their crew were eating. Gang: They were covered in paint, antiseptic and pepper spray by the group of men . Prolonged: The gang shouted abuse while they continued to launch the liquids at the members of the feminist band . Close: One of the attackers faced up to Nadya Tolokonnikova, preparing to throw something at her . Abuse: The individuals continued to shout at the musicians while a crowd built up behind them . It is not the first time the group have been targeted by members of the public. At the start of the Sochi winter . Olympics, members of the group were whipped and tackled to the ground by Cossacks as . they sang in protest. The . band started to perform an anti-Putin song under a sign advertising the . Winter Olympics. But singer Tolokonnikova was brutally whipped . in the attack and the guitarist was left bloodied and bruised. Last month, Tolokonnikova was filmed saying the anti-government protests in Ukraine were an 'inspiation'. She was also among those arrested during protests outside a Moscow courthouse. Tolokonnikova and Alyokhina were released from seperate prisons on December 23, 2013 after the Russian State Duma approved an amnesty. Speech: An attacker spoke into a camera owned by the NGO 'Zone of the Rights' in the aftermath of the assault . Slogan: One man holds up a sign to the camera before the group leave the restaurant .

Nadya Tolokonnikova and Masha Alyokhina were also pepper sprayed .
The pair were in city of Nizhny Novgorod visiting a local prison .
Alyokhina reportedly left the fast food restaurant with a 'cut forehead'


help me find a new position as a programmer


plug used in china


what's the exhange rate between mxn and gbp


let me know what ingredients i need to make pasta


tell me what pokemon is


i was in thailand and i could not use my card to buy snacks


i want to reserve table for 5 at red robin under the name sara at 5


my check engine light is on so is anyone available to check it out for me


i need more checkbooks mailed as soon as possible


i watched "were the millers" on netflix last night


This is the one hotel I have been most impressed with in Vegas Beautiful and spacious rooms great views and the elegant settings They even have a Ferrari store in the hotel hello can you say luxury I loved the modern decor and fabulous service of course I have had the really good times at Tryst and at Blush Loved the dining experience at Daniel Boulud Brasserie too I have stayed here twice now and cannot think of anywhere better to stay During the warm months the pool is the best place to be in Vegas Both times I have found really good deals on Travelzoo It is close to the Fashion Show Mall and walking distance to the Venetian and The Mirage


If you order from here get it take out It took them hours to deliver my one pizza My poor kids were starving and I did not even get an apology I kept calling and they kept saying it would come in mins They need to get their act together


Terrible food service Emailed the company to express my disappointment never heard back from them


Wonderful service Our server I believe his name was Christopher was so impressively knowledgeable and attentivenOutstanding food every dish I agree with others regarding the octopus it is actually the best I have had yet The calamari was also delicious with small bites of cauliflower in the mix an unexpectedly great combinationnI had an amazing pasta with charred corn and truffle It was so simple delicious and perfectly prepared My husband had a perfectly cooked veal chopnThis was our best meal in Las VegasnMy only complaint is not really the restaurants fault The music coming from the hallwayit just did not fit the lovely ambiance of this restaurant and was a bit off putting Choose a table away from the hall


Just left the Great Dane in Fitchburg We ate on the patio Food was OK but we were in a smokers convention Most people around us and at the outside bar were smokers I would recommend that the hostess inform guests at the time of seating that smoking is allowed in that area You would at least know in advance before being seated and ordering We have been there several times in the past but had always sat inside until this evening Now we know better Our clothes and hair smell like smoke and we are stuffed up Beth Dave


I suppose if you are into fabrics and sewing this is the place to go I actually went to check out the sewing classes they are offering so that I can take the sewing machine I bought at Costco two years ago out of the box It terrifies me and I need help Think needles in fingers at warp speednnBut I am also into crafts not actually doing them just stockpiling supplies in various categories for the day when I actually stop going to Yelp events and find the time to do them And for crafts JoAnn is not the place to gonnGranted I did not get there until very late Sunday afternoon There were shelves and shelves that had nothing on them totally empty I will be kind maybe there was a big run on paintbynumbers or basketweaving that day But the aisles are not marked and there were not employees on the floor so finding anything was a challenge Maybe this is deliberate since browsing can lead to buying The premade frames they carry are really cheaply made and cheesy and so are the artificial flowers In comparing both of these categories to the choices at Michaels a store that I am not crazy about by the way Michaels wins hands down But they do not give sewing classes


OK where do I start with these folks Kind of a nightmare experience I took them upon a referral from a fellow church goer and figured that this would be a fairly legitimate referral I could not be more wrong as it turns out After sending them my signed contract which they lost I had to resend it and pay them their deposit AS SOON AS POSSIBLE Apparently they had some changes and I was ok with that it happens Businesses change addresses every now and then and so do their fax numbers emails telephone numbers etcnnMy wife and I decided to have our back patio awning replaced with a new one and that meant new wood a sealed roof and treated wood The work was only going to take a couple of days and I am still picking up nails that they did not bother to clean up Apparently after some of the beams were replaced they left a ton of nails everywhere and in my rocks Three weeks later I am still picking them up I have two dogs and a baby on the way I cannot have my dogs eating nails and potentially have them swallow one or the baby put in harms way They did so much I was not expectingthey broke our bird bath and glued it back together with wood glue did not reinstall the rain gutter so now that awning will not drain when it rains and the lighting we had underneath the patio awning is now on it is roof instead of where it used to be Plus our estimate of was no where near what we paid We were charged a shade under nnI know its just over but still their estimate but the principle and the quality of workmanship and the extras I have to fork out over their mistakes is prompting to write on Yelp I have to get a hold of my electrician and help repair their lighting mistake and always search and scan the ground for the nails left over They only replaced beams they felt needed to be replaced when I was hoping that all of them would have been replaced And I have to repain my house now as there is a white strip now on my house that looks very odd Ah well live and learn right nnPlease do not use this company Sorry for such a harsh review but I am flabergasted


This is a great service Ticket Busters solved my ticket problem with no hassles They are easy to communicate with I will always recommend them to family and friends


Four or possibly four and a half stars for the pizza quality which is what you come here for anyway Went in today at PM and dined on the patio it was a gorgeous and breezy day perfect for alfresco wine and pizza with my guy before he went off for the night shiftnnHad difficulty selecting a wine server suggested a flight with three of their reserved wines in smaller pours Sounded good so we went for it and really enjoyed the presentation with the printed descriptions of each glass as a placemat nFirst wine was light and to my liking second was my guys favorite fuller bodied and reminiscent of a cab but the third was overwhelmingly acidic and we did not drink itnnOrdered the Miala Bolognese pizza romana style at our servers suggestion pork ragu san marzano tomato bufala mozzarella basil caramelized onion clabrian pepper very hearty with just a bit of spice amazing cheese Roman style crust was thin crispy and crackly but still firm The combination of tomatoes and cheese and crust was spectacular made me very curious to try the margheritanUnfortunately the pork was on the dry side but it was still surprisingly flavorful and did not detract from the other elements of the dish kind of an impressive feat Pork itself was also notably not fatty getting it is flavor from qualitynnThen we got the bill just under for an artisanstyle pizza with high quality toppings not bad But the wine flight not listed on the menu or mentioned in price by the server who suggested it was a surprisingly high for oz only of which we even drank Had I known the flight was equivalent to three entire glasses of wine I would have chosen from the menu and had one large glass of a wine I DID like rather than merely sips and leaving an entire glass behind unfinishednnIt was not until I pulled up the business page on Yelp that I noticed we were there smackdab in the middle of happy hour from to FYI and yet no one we interacted with from the bartender to the host to the server ever bothered to mention it or drop off a menu of their featured specialsnNot sure what is to blame for this oversight would have much rather had the goat cheese appetizer and a single glass of wine with my pizza had I known about the HH specials or the actual price of my wine flight This should be mentioned when suggesting it to other diners in the futurennTLDR Pizza is sublime and delicious star subtracted for lack of transparency with pricing of wine flight suggested by server


Food and Services stars the line to order is very disorganize and the people that work there should be more friendly and when you try to find a table to sit the chairs are everywhere and the tables are not clean The crueapes are good the tiramisu mouse is ok I had try better ones and the coffee is ok


Kelly: Oh! Oh! Can I pick the first question?
Jessica: Sure. Go for it!
Kelly: What's the scariest place you've been to!
Jessica: I'll start: Palermo in Italy.
Mickey: And what's so scary about that? Did you break your nail? :P
Jessica: Shut it, Mickey! No, there are the Capuchin Catacombs with 8000 corpses!
Kelly: Ewwww! Corpses? Rly?
Jessica: Yeah! And you can look at them like museum exhibits. I think they're divided somehow, but have no clue how!
Ollie: That's so cool! Do you get to see the bones or are they covered up?
Jessica: Well, partly. Most of them were exhibited in their clothes. Basically only skulls and hands.
Mickey: I'm writing this one down! That's so precious!
Ollie: Me too!

The scariest place for Jessica was the Capuchin Catacombs in Palermo.


Carrie: Just back from Fantastic Beast :)
Gina: and what do you think?
Carrie: generally good - as usual nice special effect and visuals, an ok plot, a glimpse of the wizarding community in the US.
Alex: Sounds cool. I was thinking of going this weekend with Lane, but I've seen some bad reviews.
Carrie: Depends on what you expect really - I have a lot of sentiment towards Harry Potter so, I'm gonna like everything the do. But seriously the movie was decent. However, if you're expecting to have your mind blown, then no, it's not THAT good.
Gina: I agree. I saw it last week and basically I'm satisfied.
Alex: No spoilers, girls.
Carrie: no worries ;)
Carrie: And Gina, what do you think about Eddie Redmayne as Newt?
Gina: I loved him <3 I loved how introverted and awkward he was and how caring he was towards the animals. And with all that he showed a lot of confidence in his beliefs and was a genuinely compassionate character
Carrie: not your standard protagonist, that's for sure
Gina: and that's what I liked about him
Alex: Maybe I'll go and see it sooner so we can all talk about it.
Carrie: go see it. If' you're not expecting god-knows-what you're going to enjoy it ;)

Carrie and Gina saw "Fantastic Beast" and liked it. Ginna loved Eddie Redmayne as Newt.


Samantha: How are you doing today?
Robyn: better, but I really exaggerated with bier last night
Samantha: was it really only bier?
Robyn: sure, why?
Samantha: I don't know, your eyes, behaviour
Robyn: you want to say I took drugs?
Samantha: I'm only asking, I don't have anything against drugs
Robyn: but I have and I never take them
Samantha: ok, sorry, I didn't intend to offend you
Robyn: I just drank too much, that's eat
Samantha: much too much
Robyn: yes, I lost control a bit
Robyn: I am sorry for that
Samantha: important that you feel better today

Robyn drank too much beer last night and lost control. She is feeling better today.


Peyton: I have been asking you to bring that video game for me
Cameron: Honey, I am not having enough time to come home
Peyton: When would you come home?
Cameron: I will have to stay out of town for another week i guess
Peyton: Cant you just deliver that game through the courier? :P
Cameron: Dont be mean :/
Peyton: Get the job done and come to home then. ASAP :P

Peyton is expecting Cameron to bring the video game. Cameron will probably be out for another week.


Gene: Did you get the package I sent you
Jack: No, when did you send it?
Gene: on Friday
Jack: shit I should have gotten it by now
Jack: send me the tracking umber I;ll check whats up
Gene: 12345678900

Jack has not received yet the package Gene had sent him on Friday. She sent him the tracking number, so he could check the status of the shipment.


Russ: Hi Gurdun, are you feeling better?
Gurdun: Hi Ross, a little bit better, yes, thank you.
Russ: Do you think you'll be back at the uni this week?
Gurdun: Not tomorrow for sure, but I hope Wednesday maybe.
Russ: Oh, that's fine.
Gurdun: Yeah. I'm feeling a bit weak still
Russ: I guess that's pretty normal at this stage.
Gurdun: I believe so. And the muscle pain.
Russ: I know what you mean. I had flu like that three months ago.
Gurdun: Luckily the headache's gone. It was absolutely awful.
Russ: True enough. I had the same.
Gurdun: Anyway, how are things with you?
Russ: Same old, same old, you know. Not much happening in the middle of term.
Gurdun: And the team?
Russ: Oh yeah, we won the last match. It was a good game.
Gurdun: Great. Listen Russ, I need to run. Catch up later.
Russ: OK, talk to you later.

Gurdun has the flu. He is feeling better. Gurdun hopes he'll be back at the uni on Wednesday. Russ and his team won the last match.


Susan: Will you be home tomorrow?
Rob: Why do you ask?
Susan: We could have dinner together if you have time after work
Rob: Sure! Sounds great
Susan: Fantastic! I will cook something special then!

Rob will be home tomorrow. Rob and Susan will have dinner together after Rob's work. Susan will cook something special.


Evan: Hi Dennis, I need to cancel my lesson tomorrow, sorry.
Dennis: Fine, what's up?
Evan: Oh, got the flu, been off college since Tuesday. Should be ok for next Thurs.
Dennis: OK, just tell me in good time if you can't make it. Hope you feel better soon.
Evan: Bye, Den! Thanks.

Evan can't come to his lesson tomorrow, because he's got the flu.


Lorena: Hi, can you help me with something?
Martin: Well, I can try.
Martin: Depends what it is?
Lorena: I got a new desk and it comes with assembly instructions but I give up, I just can't do it.
Lorena: I'm illiterate when it comes to instructions, haha.
Lorena: So I could really use some help...
Martin: Hmm, I can't today, but how about tomorrow? Shouldn't take long anyway.
Lorena: Yeah, it's fine! I just need it for the weekend, but tomorrow's great! Sorry for troubling you again.
Martin: Don't mention it, we've known each other for so long it's almost like we're siblings, haha.
Lorena: Thanks a lot! I should be home by 6, so let me know when you can.

Martin is going to help Lorena assemble a new desk. He is coming to her house tomorrow.


Joanna: They are sending emails about Lewandowska.
Merve: What happened?
Joanna: <file_photo>
Merve: Wooow!
Joanna: She is hospitalized because she has measles.
Merve: She had what?
Joanna: Anyone who had contact with her within the last couple of days must get vaccinated.
Merve: Luckily I didn't see her since the last semester...
Joanna: I did, she is my thesis mentor :(
Merve: What will you do?
Joanna: They are organizing vaccinations in the main building from 17th until 19th.
Merve: You have to go!
Joanna: I know... And I just started working so I really don't have a lot of time.
Merve: Come on, this is really important.
Joanna: I will try to do it before work on 18th, hopefully I won't lose the entire day...

Lewandowska has measles. There are vaccinations in the main building from 17th until 19th for everyone who had contact with her.


Abstract:
  We provide a detailed analysis of the problems and prospects of superstring
theory c. 1986, anticipating much of the progress of the decades to follow.


Abstract:
  These lectures consisted of an elementary introduction to conformal field
theory, with some applications to statistical mechanical systems, and fewer to
string theory.
  Contents:
  1. Conformal theories in d dimensions
  2. Conformal theories in 2 dimensions
  3. The central charge and the Virasoro algebra
  4. Kac determinant and unitarity
  5. Identication of m = 3 with the critical Ising model
  6. Free bosons and fermions
  7. Free fermions on a torus
  8. Free bosons on a torus
  9. Affine Kac-Moody algebras and coset constructions
  10. Advanced applications


Abstract:
  We construct a generic extension in which the aleph_2 nd canonical function
on aleph_1 exists.


Abstract:
  It is proved that if $u_1,\ldots, u_n$ are vectors in ${\Bbb R}^k, k\le n, 1
\le p < \infty$ and
  $$r = ({1\over k} \sum ^n_1 |u_i|^p)^{1\over p}$$
  then the volume of the symmetric convex body whose boundary functionals are
$\pm u_1,\ldots, \pm u_n$, is bounded from below as
  $$|\{ x\in {\Bbb R}^k\colon \ |\langle x,u_i\rangle | \le 1 \ \hbox{for
every} \ i\}|^{1\over k} \ge {1\over \sqrt{\rho}r}.$$
  An application to number theory is stated.


Abstract:
  It is proved that if $C$ is a convex body in ${\Bbb R}^n$ then $C$ has an
affine image $\widetilde C$ (of non-zero volume) so that if $P$ is any
1-codimensional orthogonal projection,
  $$|P\widetilde C| \ge |\widetilde C|^{n-1\over n}.$$
  It is also shown that there is a pathological body, $K$, all of whose
orthogonal projections have volume about $\sqrt{n}$ times as large as
$|K|^{n-1\over n}$.


Abstract:
  It is shown that if $C$ is an $n$-dimensional convex body then there is an
affine image $\widetilde C$ of $C$ for which
  $${|\partial \widetilde C|\over |\widetilde C|^{n-1\over n}}$$
  is no larger than the corresponding expression for a regular $n$-dimensional
``tetrahedron''. It is also shown that among $n$-dimensional subspaces of $L_p$
(for each $p\in [1,\infty]), \ell^n_p$ has maximal volume ratio.\vskip3in


Abstract:
  This note deals with the following problem, the case $p=1$, $q=2$ of which
was introduced to us by Vitali Milman: What is the volume left in the $L_p^n$
ball after removing a t-multiple of the $L_q^n$ ball? Recall that the $L_r^n$
ball is the set $\{(t_1,t_2,\dots,t_n);\ t_i\in{\bf R},\
n^{-1}\sum_{i=1}^n|t_i|^r\le 1\}$ and note that for $0<p<q<\infty$ the $L_q^n$
ball is contained in the $L_p^n$ ball.
  In Corollary 4 we show that, after normalizing Lebesgue measure so that the
volume of the $L_p^n$ ball is one, the answer to the problem above is of order
$e^{-ct^pn^{p/q}}$ for $T<t<{1\over 2}n^ {{1\over p}-{1\over q}}$, where $c$
and $T$ depend on $p$ and $q$ but not on $n$.
  The main theorem, Theorem 3, deals with the corresponding question for the
surface measure of the $L_p^n$ sphere.


Abstract:
  A special case of the satisfiability problem, in which the clauses have a
hierarchical structure, is shown to be solvable in linear time, assuming that
the clauses have been represented in a convenient way.


Abstract:
  Suppose $n$ boys and $n$ girls rank each other at random. We show that any
particular girl has at least $({1\over 2}-\epsilon) \ln n$ and at most
$(1+\epsilon)\ln n$ different husbands in the set of all Gale/Shapley stable
matchings defined by these rankings, with probability approaching 1 as $n \to
\infty$, if $\epsilon$ is any positive constant. The proof emphasizes general
methods that appear to be useful for the analysis of many other combinatorial
algorithms.


Abstract:
  Suppose L is a relational language and P in L is a unary predicate. If M is
an L-structure then P(M) is the L-structure formed as the substructure of M
with domain {a: M models P(a)}. Now suppose T is a complete first order theory
in L with infinite models. Following Hodges, we say that T is relatively
lambda-categorical if whenever M, N models T, P(M)=P(N), |P(M)|= lambda then
there is an isomorphism i:M-> N which is the identity on P(M). T is relatively
categorical if it is relatively lambda-categorical for every lambda. The
question arises whether the relative lambda-categoricity of T for some lambda
>|T| implies that T is relatively categorical.
  In this paper, we provide an example, for every k>0, of a theory T_k and an
L_{omega_1 omega} sentence varphi_k so that T_k is relatively
aleph_n-categorical for n < k and varphi_k is aleph_n-categorical for n<k but
T_k is not relatively beth_k-categorical and varphi_k is not
beth_k-categorical.


Abbey

SHAKE all ingredients with ice and fine strain into chilled glass.

[['4.5 cl', 'Rutte Dry Gin'], ['2.25 cl', 'Lillet Blanc (or other aromatized wine)'], ['2.25 cl', 'Orange juice (freshly squeezed)'], ['2 dash', 'Angostura Aromatic Bitters']]


Absolutely Fabulous

SHAKE first two ingredients with ice and strain into glass. TOP with champagne.

[['3 cl', 'Ketel One Vodka'], ['4.5 cl', 'Cranberry juice (sweetened)'], ['4.5 cl', 'Brut Champagne']]

[['3 cl', 'vodka'], ['4.5 cl', 'cranberry juice'], ['4.5 cl', 'brut champagne']]


To date, there have been limited efforts to draw correspondence between the EE and ecological studies. Recently, Kuckertz (2019) made an explicit plea for scholars to take the biological metaphor of the EE more seriously. Kuckertz (2019) underscored the importance of valuing multiple stakeholders and introduced the need to take a wider and more subjective account of the EE that ecological framings could potentially reveal. However, the ecological metaphor of an EE has limitations, until or unless the literal extension is applied to express the mechanisms and relationships that underpin correspondence and difference between the metaphorical objects (Tsoukas, 1991).


The field of EE research potentially provides an alternate approach to reconciling an unresolved paradox found in studies of economic geography (Hassink, 2020; Muscio et al., 2015; Oughton et al., 2002). This paradox highlights how greater innovation investment in poorer regions does not simply produce greater innovation outputs because of their relatively low capacity to utilise the investment when compared to the advanced regions. Despite the progress in regional innovation policy, Hassink (2020) argues that to resolve this paradox it requires analysis that moves beyond the economics of a region to take into account the behaviour of political, citizen, and economic actors adopting a socially constructed frame of reference. We feel this provides an opportunity for EE research if we can learn to apply more accurately the principles of ecological studies.


We first and foremost acknowledge the concept of the EE is borrowed from a branch of the biological sciences (Aldrich, 1990) that has a much longer history of dealing with the relations between organisms and their environment than studies of EEs. We seek to inform the rapidly expanding area of EE research, extending its reach into a place-based regional context, and to provide a framework useful for operationalising the interplay between entrepreneurship and ecosystem evolution. Some principles borrowed from the biological field may fit well, while others may not. The resulting conceptual model is propositional in that it appears worthy of empirical testing. However, it is not presented as a statement of fact, rather as an alternate viewpoint to the predominant conceptions of an EE.


We truncate the approach of Tsoukas (1991) for this article, in order to conceptualise an analogous conceptual model of an EE. We first interpret an analogous conceptual model and then examine that model through a realist framing. Our intent is to propose a theoretical re-framing of the EE that portrays new and/or alternate layers of reality to drive new research questions (Tsoukas, 1989). We leverage the FE field, which similarly to an EE identifies with a realist ontology. Just like the field of FE juggles the objective and subjective understandings of a forest to project its sustainability (Kimmins, 2004), drawing the analogy reveals how the objective and subjective understandings of regional socioeconomic activity sustains a community. Autio and Levie (2017) also highlighted the importance of both objective and subjective views for policy-making and management of an EE. Through our analogous theorising, we extend this line of thinking by drawing out the complementarity of the realist and objective framings and elaborating a conceptual model that guides research for this different point of departure. Importantly, we do not seek to fit the FE conceptual model to the EE but draw out the conceptual parallels to extend our understanding of the EE and propose a reconceptualised REE model that offers potential for further testing, true to the realist framing.


Context: Provided is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription (known as free-to-view), some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services. To view the encrypted content a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver (all of which are dedicated to the Sky service, and cannot be used to decrypt other services) needs to be used. Unofficial CAMs are now available to view the service, although use of them breaks the user's contract with Sky and invalidates the user's rights to use the card.

Question: What is the universal band that digital recievers will receive free to air channels on?

9.75/10.600 GHz
universal Ku band
Ku band


Context: At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.

Question: What did using fossils help change for scientists?


Context: Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.

Question: If there is no radio or 10BASE5, how are the packets delivered?


Context: Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem. For instance, if a problem X can be solved using an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions, based on the method of reduction, such as Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.

Question: What are two examples of different types of reduction?

Karp reductions and Levin reductions
Cook reductions, Karp reductions


Context: In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed]

Question: When did Tancred lay siege to Antioch?


Context: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".

Question: What scientific journal in France published a prior analysis of the Black Death?


God at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites. Aaron died before the Israelites crossed the North Jordan river and he was buried on Mount Hor (Numbers 33:39; Deuteronomy 10:6 says he died and was buried at Moserah). Aaron is also mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible. According to the Book of Exodus, Aaron first functioned as Moses' assistant. Because Moses complained that he could not speak well, God appointed Aaron as Moses' "prophet" (Exodus 4:10-17; 7:1). At the command of Moses, he let

Aaron


his rod turn into a snake. Then he stretched out his rod in order to bring on the first three plagues. After that, Moses tended to act and speak for himself. During the journey in the wilderness, Aaron was not always prominent or active. At the battle with Amalek, he was chosen with Hur to support the hand of Moses that held the "rod of God". When the revelation was given to Moses at biblical Mount Sinai, he headed the elders of Israel who accompanied Moses on the way to the summit. While Joshua went with Moses to the top,

Aaron


however, Aaron and Hur remained below to look after the people. From here on in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers, Joshua appears in the role of Moses' assistant while Aaron functions instead as the first high priest. The books of Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers maintain that Aaron received from God a monopoly over the priesthood for himself and his male descendants (Exodus 28:1). The family of Aaron had the exclusive right and responsibility to make offerings on the altar to Yahweh. The rest of his tribe, the Levites, were given subordinate responsibilities within the sanctuary (Numbers 3). Moses anointed and consecrated

Aaron


Aaron and his sons to the priesthood, and arrayed them in the robes of office (Leviticus 8; cf. Exodus 28-29). He also related to them God's detailed instructions for performing their duties while the rest of the Israelites listened (Leviticus 1-7, 11-27). Aaron and his successors as high priest were given control over the Urim and Thummim by which the will of God could be determined (Exodus 28:30). God commissioned the Aaronide priests to distinguish the holy from the common and the clean from the unclean, and to teach the divine laws (the Torah) to the Israelites (Leviticus 10:10-11). The

Aaron


priests were also commissioned to bless the people (Numbers 6:22-27). When Aaron completed the altar offerings for the first time and, with Moses, "blessed the people: and the glory of the appeared unto all the people: And there came a fire out from before the , and consumed upon the altar the burnt offering and the fat [which] when all the people saw, they shouted, and fell on their faces" (Leviticus 9:23-24). In this way, the institution of the Aaronide priesthood was established. In later books of the Hebrew Bible, Aaron and his kin are not mentioned very often except

Aaron


in literature dating to the Babylonian captivity and later. The books of Judges, Samuel and Kings mention priests and Levites, but do not mention the Aaronides in particular. The Book of Ezekiel, which devotes much attention to priestly matters, calls the priestly upper class the Zadokites after one of King David's priests. It does reflect a two-tier priesthood with the Levites in subordinate position. A two-tier hierarchy of Aaronides and Levites appears in Ezra, Nehemiah and Chronicles. As a result, many historians think that Aaronide families did not control the priesthood in pre-exilic Israel. What is clear is that high

Aaron


priests claiming Aaronide descent dominated the Second Temple period. Most scholars think the Torah reached its final form early in this period, which may account for Aaron's prominence in Exodus, Leviticus and Numbers. Aaron plays a leading role in several stories of conflicts during Israel's wilderness wanderings. During the prolonged absence of Moses on Mount Sinai, the people provoked Aaron to make a golden calf. (Exodus 32:1-6). This incident nearly caused God to destroy the Israelites (Exodus 32:10). Moses successfully intervened, but then led the loyal Levites in executing many of the culprits; a plague afflicted those who were left

Aaron


(Exodus 32:25-35). Aaron, however, escaped punishment for his role in the affair, because of the intercession of Moses according to Deuteronomy 9:20. Later retellings of this story almost always excuse Aaron for his role. For example, in rabbinic sources and in the Quran, Aaron was not the idol-maker and upon Moses' return begged his pardon because he felt mortally threatened by the Israelites (Quran 7:142-152). On the day of Aaron's consecration, his oldest sons, Nadab and Abihu, were burned up by divine fire because they offered "strange" incense (Leviticus 10:1-3). Most interpreters think this story reflects a conflict between priestly

Aaron


families some time in Israel's past. Others argue that the story simply shows what can happen if the priests do not follow God's instructions given through Moses. The Torah generally depicts the siblings, Moses, Aaron, and Miriam, as the leaders of Israel after the Exodus, a view also reflected in the biblical Book of Micah. Numbers 12, however, reports that on one occasion, Aaron and Miriam complained about Moses' exclusive claim to be the 's prophet. Their presumption was rebuffed by God who affirmed Moses' uniqueness as the one with whom the spoke face to face. Miriam was punished with

Aaron


MOD = 1000000007
def fast_power(base, power):
    """
    Returns the result of a^b i.e. a**b
    We assume that a >= 1 and b >= 0

    Remember two things!
     - Divide power by 2 and multiply base to itself (if the power is even)
     - Decrement power by 1 to make it even and then follow the first step
    """

    result = 1
    while power > 0:
        # If power is odd
        if power % 2 == 1:
            result = (result * base) % MOD

        # Divide the power by 2
        power = power // 2
        # Multiply base to itself
        base = (base * base) % MOD

    return result
n,k = [int(j) for j in input().split()]
d = dict()
ans = k
d[k] = 1
sum_so_far = 1
for i in range(k-1, 0, -1):
	d[i] = fast_power(k//(i),n)
	for mul in range(i*2, k+1, i):
		d[i]-=d[mul]
	# d[i] = max(1, d[i])
	ans+=(i*d[i])%MOD
	# if d[i]>1:
		# sum_so_far += d[i]
print(ans%MOD)

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import sys
import math
import os
import itertools
import string
import heapq
import _collections
from collections import Counter
from collections import defaultdict
from collections import deque
from functools import lru_cache
import bisect
import re
import queue
import decimal

class Scanner():
    @staticmethod
    def int():
        return int(sys.stdin.readline().rstrip())

    @staticmethod
    def string():
        return sys.stdin.readline().rstrip()

    @staticmethod
    def map_int():
        return [int(x) for x in Scanner.string().split()]

    @staticmethod
    def string_list(n):
        return [Scanner.string() for i in range(n)]

    @staticmethod
    def int_list_list(n):
        return [Scanner.map_int() for i in range(n)]

    @staticmethod
    def int_cols_list(n):
        return [Scanner.int() for i in range(n)]

class Math():
    @staticmethod
    def gcd(a, b):
        if b == 0:
            return a
        return Math.gcd(b, a % b)

    @staticmethod
    def lcm(a, b):
        return (a * b) // Math.gcd(a, b)

    @staticmethod
    def divisor(n):
        res = []
        i = 1
        for i in range(1, int(n ** 0.5) + 1):
            if n % i == 0:
                res.append(i)
                if i != n // i:
                    res.append(n // i)
        return res

    @staticmethod
    def round_up(a, b):
        return -(-a // b)

    @staticmethod
    def is_prime(n):
        if n < 2:
            return False
        if n == 2:
            return True
        if n % 2 == 0:
            return False
        d = int(n ** 0.5) + 1
        for i in range(3, d + 1, 2):
            if n % i == 0:
                return False
        return True

    @staticmethod
    def fact(N):
        res = {}
        tmp = N
        for i in range(2, int(N ** 0.5 + 1) + 1):
            cnt = 0
            while tmp % i == 0:
                cnt += 1
                tmp //= i
            if cnt > 0:
                res[i] = cnt
        if tmp != 1:
            res[tmp] = 1
        if res == {}:
            res[N] = 1
        return res

def pop_count(x):
    x = x - ((x >> 1) & 0x5555555555555555)
    x = (x & 0x3333333333333333) + ((x >> 2) & 0x3333333333333333)
    x = (x + (x >> 4)) & 0x0f0f0f0f0f0f0f0f
    x = x + (x >> 8)
    x = x + (x >> 16)
    x = x + (x >> 32)
    return x & 0x0000007f

MOD = int(1e09) + 7
INF = int(1e15)

def modinv(a):
    b = MOD
    u = 1
    v = 0
    while b:
        t = a // b
        a -= t * b
        a, b = b, a
        u -= t * v
        u, v = v, u

    u %= MOD
    if u < 0:
        u += MOD
    return u

def factorial(N):
    if N == 0 or N == 1:
        return 1
    res = N
    for i in range(N - 1, 1, -1):
        res *= i
        res %= MOD
    return res

def solve():
    X, Y = Scanner.map_int()
    if (X + Y) % 3 != 0:
        print(0)
        return
    B = (2 * Y - X) // 3
    A = (2 * X - Y) // 3
    if A < 0 or B < 0:
        print(0)
        return
    n = factorial(A + B)
    m = factorial(A)
    l = factorial(B)
    ans = n * modinv(m * l % MOD) % MOD
    print(ans)

def main():
    # sys.setrecursionlimit(1000000)
    # sys.stdin = open("sample.txt")
    # T = Scanner.int()
    # for _ in range(T):
    #     solve()
    # print('YNeos'[not solve()::2])
    solve()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()


n = int(input())

added_strings = set()
for i in range(n):
    com, s = input().split()
    if com == 'insert':
        added_strings.add(s)
    elif com == 'find':
        print('yes' if (s in added_strings) else 'no')

def triangle(N, Ls):
  result = 0
  res = []
  numbers = {}
  edgeLength = list(set(Ls))
  for i in edgeLength:
    numbers[i] = Ls.count(i)
  for i in range(len(edgeLength)):
    a = edgeLength[i]
    copy1 = edgeLength[i+1:]
    for j in range(len(copy1)):
      b = copy1[j]
      copy2 = copy1[j+1:]
      for k in range(len(copy2)):
        c = copy2[k]
        if a + b > c and b + c > a and c + a > b:
          res.append([a, b, c])
  for val in res:
    result += numbers[val[0]] * numbers[val[1]] * numbers[val[2]]
  return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
  N = list(map(int, input().split()))
  Ls = list(map(int, input().split()))
  print(triangle(N, Ls))


str = input()
n = int(input())

for i in range(n):
    args = input().split()
    command = args[0]
    s = int(args[1])
    e = int(args[2])
    if command == 'print':
        print(str[s:e + 1])
    if command == 'reverse':
        str = str[0:s] + str[s:e + 1][::-1] + str[e + 1:]
    if command == 'replace':
        str = str[0:s] + args[3] + str[e + 1:]

n = int(input())
a = list(map(int, input().split()))
ans = 0
cnt = 0
for i in range(n) :
    if a[i] == cnt + 1 :
        cnt += 1
if cnt > 0 :
    print(n-cnt)
else :
    print("-1")


#coding: utf-8
#itp1_9d

def rev(s,a,b):
 b=b+1
 t=s[a:b]
 u=t[::-1]
 x=s[:a]
 y=s[b:]
 return x+u+y

def rep(s,a,b,w):
 b=b+1
 x=s[:a]
 y=s[b:]
 return x+w+y

s=raw_input()
n=int(raw_input())
for i in xrange(n):
 d=raw_input().split()
 a=int(d[1])
 b=int(d[2])
 if d[0]=="print":
  print s[a:b+1]
 elif d[0]=="reverse":
  s=rev(s,a,b)
 elif d[0]=="replace":
  w=d[3]
  s=rep(s,a,b,w)


a, b, c, k = map(int, input().split())
ans = 0
if a >= k:
  ans = k
elif a < k and a+b >= k:
  ans = a
else:
  ans = a - (k-(a+b))
print(ans)

a, b, c, k = map(int, input().split())

if k - a <= 0:
    print(k)
elif k - a > 0 and k - a - b <= 0:
    print(a)
else:
    s = k - a - b
    print(a - s)


import sys
import time
import math
import itertools as it
def inpl():
    return list(map(int, input().split()))
st = time.perf_counter()
# ------------------------------

A, B = map(int, input().split())
print(int(A*B))

# ------------------------------
ed = time.perf_counter()
print('time:', ed-st, file=sys.stderr)

num1, num2 = map(int, input().split())
print(num1*num2)


K=int(input())
A,B=map(int,input().split())
for x in range(A,B+1):
    if x%K==0:
        print("OK")
        break
else:
    print("NG")

import sys

K = int(input())
A, B = (int(x) for x in input().split())
num=0
while B>=num:
  num+=K
  if A<=num and num<=B:
    print("OK")
    sys.exit(0)
print("NG")


Astros-Angels preview

ANAHEIM, Calif.


Astros-Angels preview

-- The Houston Astros hope to extend their five-week surge by once again tormenting the Los Angeles Angels when both teams begin a three-game series Monday night at Angel Stadium.

['--', 'The', 'Houston', 'Astros', 'hope', 'to', 'extend', 'their', 'five-week', 'surge', 'by', 'once', 'again', 'tormenting', 'the', 'Los', 'Angeles', 'Angels', 'when', 'both', 'teams', 'begin', 'a', 'three-game', 'series', 'Monday', 'night', 'at', 'Angel', 'Stadium.']


Astros-Angels preview

Considered a favorite for the American League West championship, the Astros owned a 17-28 record on May 22.

['Considered', 'a', 'favorite', 'for', 'the', 'American', 'League', 'West', 'championship,', 'the', 'Astros', 'owned', 'a', '17-28', 'record', 'on', 'May', '22.']


Astros-Angels preview

Since then, however, Houston has won 22 of the next 31 games to move within 1 1/2 games of the Toronto Blue Jays for the final wild-card playoff spot.

['Since', 'then,', 'however,', 'Houston', 'has', 'won', '22', 'of', 'the', 'next', '31', 'games', 'to', 'move', 'within', '1', '1/2', 'games', 'of', 'the', 'Toronto', 'Blue', 'Jays', 'for', 'the', 'final', 'wild-card', 'playoff', 'spot.']


Astros-Angels preview

The Astros&apos 32-19 record since May 1 is the third best in the American League, despite the fact that the Kansas City Royals&apos broke their seven-game winning streak Sunday.

['The', 'Astros&apos', '32-19', 'record', 'since', 'May', '1', 'is', 'the', 'third', 'best', 'in', 'the', 'American', 'League,', 'despite', 'the', 'fact', 'that', 'the', 'Kansas', 'City', 'Royals&apos', 'broke', 'their', 'seven-game', 'winning', 'streak', 'Sunday.']


Astros-Angels preview

That streak was the club&aposs longest this year.

['That', 'streak', 'was', 'the', 'club&aposs', 'longest', 'this', 'year.']


Astros-Angels preview

"We&aposve done everything we can to inch back to relevance but this isn&apost going to accomplish anything," Astros manager A.

['"We&aposve', 'done', 'everything', 'we', 'can', 'to', 'inch', 'back', 'to', 'relevance', 'but', 'this', 'isn&apost', 'going', 'to', 'accomplish', 'anything,"', 'Astros', 'manager', 'A.']


Astros-Angels preview

J.


Astros-Angels preview

Hinch told MLB.


Astros-Angels preview

com when his club reached .

['com', 'when', 'his', 'club', 'reached', '.']


Victim of violent environment (finding).


Victim of consistent negative messages (finding).


Victim of excessive discipline (finding).


Caregiver difficulty interpreting non-verbal communication (finding).

Difficulty interpreting or responding to verbal/nonverbal communication


Caregiver difficulty providing physical care (finding).

Difficulty providing physical care/safety


Caregiver difficulty providing cognitive learning experiences (finding).

Difficulty providing cognitive learning experiences and activities


Caregiver difficulty providing physical safety (finding).


what's the difference between a forest and a wood?

Answer:
They're used interchangeably a lot. You'll get different answers from different resources, but the general consensus seems to be that woods are smaller than forests.

 >  A wood is an area covered in trees, larger than a grove or a copse. A forest is also an area covered in trees, but it is larger than a wood

 >  The U.S. National Vegetation Classification system differentiates them according to their densities: 25 to 60 percent of a a wood is covered by tree canopies, while 60 to 100 percent of a forest is canopied.


Are there any good source material on the Warsaw Ghetto to be had online?

Hi guys, I have a project I'm working on which requires unbiased primary sources on the Warsaw ghetto (demographics, population density, supplies, mortality rates, etc.). I've been scouring the net and my library for information about it, but I mostly seem to find holocaust denialist websites and websites referring to a book I can attain within my timeframe whilst providing incomplete information.

I'd really appreciate it, thanks!

Alternatively: Are there any better subreddits where I could ask for help? I figure I'll post this to /r/favors and /r/ask, but if there are any other good subs for this kind of stuff I'd appreciate you mentioning them.

Cheers!

Answer:
Many of the relevant primary sources wont contain the those specific details in an aggregated way. There are a few great examples of diaries and reports coming from the Warsaw Ghetto. The statistics you are looking for would likely come from secondary sources.

One great example is the Stroop Report. This is written by a commander (Stroop) and it documents the suppression of the uprising. I've included a link  to the National Archive where you can get the the full report [here](_URL_1_). This document was used in the Nuremberg Trials.

I would recommend you check out the [Yad Vashem site](_URL_2_). That is the Holocaust Museum in Israel. They have spent a lot of time collecting primary sources, photos, personal accounts etc, about the Holocaust of the Jews (Shoah). I've linked to the overview of the Warsaw Ghetto, but check out the digital collection at the top.

A last little tip is diaries of the time. I don't know where you're located, or which libraries you have access to but here are a few WorldCat records for some notable ones: [The Warsaw diary of Adam Czerniakow](_URL_0_) and [Scroll of agony, the Warsaw diary of Chaim A. Kaplan](_URL_3_).

Hope this help.

Source: I'm an academic reference librarian and Jewish history specialist


we do we instinctively grab a part of our body after it is hurt?

I just tweaked my wrist and my immediate reaction was to grasp it. I have no idea if grabbing it actually does anything, but it seems to be a natural reaction for most people when a body part hurts. Why is that?

Answer:
A) instinct. To protect it from further damage (if the damaging agent is ongoing) or to prevent bleeding and such.

B) pain. Our brain knows that pressure sensation blocks pain sensation from experience. So we reflexively grab the injury site because it alleviates the pain.

Edit: English and clarity

Answer: So you have 2 different types of pressure sensors in your skin, superficial or closer to the surface and deep. Pressure sensors report back to the brain faster than pain sensors do so you can "jam the signal" ish by applying pressure. Say you put your hand on a hot burner, the spine has limited commands it can give to the body in case the brain can't give commands (see stroke victims) or to protect the body from further damage. This means that the pain signal follows tracks of nerve impulses  to the spine where a quick response is sent back while a detailed report of the pain is sent to the sensory part of the brain for further analysis. The brain follows up the damage report by checking sensation, applying pressure or grabbing the area. Typically you also visually check it as well to see how the skin in the area is doing.


In medieval and pre-modern times, political entities made marriage pacts between heirs in order to secure peace. Often times, this didn't last for more than 20 years, if not even less. Why did they even bother?

Answer:
Twenty years of peace is much better than no peace at all.  Twenty years is enough time for a generation of young men to forgo military service, time to build infrastructure, time to consolidate power, and time grow a treasury.

There are also plenty of examples of peaces that last longer than twenty years, or even result in permanent peace and consolidation.  The nation of Spain was formed from [the union of the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon](_URL_0_), a union that was set in motion when Isabella of Castile, the future queen, married Ferdinand the Catholic, a future king of Aragon.  Their grandson Charles V and great grandson Phillip II would later become kings of a united Spain.  James the VI of Scotland similarly oversaw the personal union of England and Scotland when he inherited the crown of England, becoming James I, in 1603.  England and Scotland would later formally join together to become the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.

Your question also implies that it is particularly unusual for a peace treaty to last less than twenty years.  There are numerous examples of more modern treaties that did not maintain peace for much longer than twenty years.  There were only twenty-one years between the World Wars (1918 to 1939) and only twelve years between the Gulf War (ended 1991) and the Iraq War (began 2003).

I can try to include better sources if asked, but I don't think anything I've said here is controversial.


What happened to German and Italian volunteers in the International Brigades of the Spanish Civil War after they were disbanded in 1938?

Answer: I gave a relatively brief answer to this [here](_URL_0_), focusing more on the Germans (for whom I had a relevant source handy). If I get the chance later today, I'll try and expand on it!


What (if anything) did Native Americans think lay beyond the Pacific and Atlantic oceans?

Were there any religious or cultural assumptions about it being the edge of the world? Was there any speculation about there being other continents and civilizations? Mostly thinking of North America but if Central and South Americans had any ideas then I'd be interested to hear those too.

Answer:
The desert people of the American Southwest generally understood the concept of oceans as not being fundamentally different from a large lake or stream. Among the [recorded] creation myths of the O'odham peoples, at least two contain gods or demigods turning small rivers into vast oceans, splitting apart the original peoples of the Earth, although the survival of remote peoples is left ambiguous. One of these stories later goes on to discuss the people who survived the flood on the other side of the ocean, who were conveniently white-skinned. Another passage from the same source states that another group of people over the ocean were in fact dark brown. Both of these groups were the result of mistakes in creation, after which the perfectly colored Hohokam groups were created. As prophetic as these may sound, our one source of these tales was recorded from a drunkard by a priest in the 1930s. Given that it is the only semi-complete history of the O'odham remaining today, we have no means to determine how far back the individual elements go.

Among the Hopi and other Puebloan peoples, we have an understanding that the oceans were not the complete end of land. At the very least they understood that people lived in the islands off the Atlantic and Pacific coasts from trade with groups living nearer to the sea.

Both groups had an accurate understanding of the geography of their continent between the oceans and an understanding that humans could live on the water as their neighbors did. It's not impossible that they conceived of other lands similar to their own across the water, which was understood to be similar to a large river or lake. The stories we have hint at this understanding, but the near-complete absence of historical records about the O'odham and Yuman people make that suggestion speculative at best. The situation among the Puebloans is little better. While they clearly understood the concept of sailing quite well, the myths make scarce mention of foreign lands that would not have been visible from shore.

Bahr, Donald M., et al. *The short, swift time of gods on earth: The Hohokam chronicles.* Univ of California Press, 1994.

Courlander, Harold, ed. *The fourth world of the Hopis.* UNM Press, 1971.