they are usually encountered as incidental findings in magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , or in arthroscopy .
they may originate from both the cruciate ligaments and the menisci , from the popliteus tendon and alar folds , infrapatellar fat pad of hoffa , and subchondral bone cysts .
those arising from the hoffa s fat pad , usually present as palpable mass at anterior aspect of the knee joint .
we report a case of intraarticular ganglion cyst of knee arising from the infrapatellar fat pad and protruding anterolaterally through retinacular rent into the subcutaneous plane .
a 19-year - old young man , presented with a painless gradually increasing swelling at the anterior aspect of left knee of 9 months duration .
mri scan revealed a multilobulated , cyst with septations within the anterior aspect of the knee joint , just inferolateral to the patella , with deep extension into the infrapatellar fat pad , and superficial extension into the subcutaneous space across the retinaculum .
after diagnostic arthroscopy , we performed an open excision of the cystic mass and confirmed the retinacular rent pre - operatively .
arthroscopic resection and debridement is the gold standard treatment in ganglion cyst of the knee .
however , a subcutaneous extension may lead to incomplete arthroscopic resection : leaving behind the residual tissue which may cause recurrence .
therefore , proper pre - operative evaluation of mr images of these cases is very important .
a ganglion is a cystic tumor - like lesion of unknown etiology , surrounded by a dense network of connective tissue , filled with a gelatinous fluid containing hyaluronic acid and other mucopolysaccharides .
intra - articular ganglion cysts of the knee joint are uncommon . they are usually encountered as incidental findings in magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , or in arthroscopic examination .
they may originate from both the cruciate ligaments and the menisci , from the popliteus tendon and alar folds , infrapatellar fat pad of hoffa , and subchondral bone cysts .
those arising from the hoffa s fat pad have been reported to present as palpable mass at anterior aspect of knee joint [ 2 - 5 ] ; however , to the best of our knowledge , none of them had subcutaneous communications across the retinaculum .
we report a case of intra - articular ganglion cyst of knee arising from the infrapatellar fat pad and protruding anterolaterally through retinacular rent into the subcutaneous plane .
a.a.m . , a 19-year - old young man , presented with a painless gradually increasing swelling at the anterior aspect of left knee for last 9 months .
there was no history of trauma , local injections , instability , locking episodes , clicking , snapping , or any constitutional symptoms .
clinical examination revealed a 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm round , soft , cystic , non - tender , irreducible swelling at anterolateral aspect of left knee 1.5 cm above the lateral joint line just lateral to the patellar tendon with discoloration of the overlying skin .
it was partially mobile , not fixed to the extensor mechanism or overlying skin , and was more prominent in knee extension ( fig .
1 ) . he could squat and sit cross - legged without any discomfort with a normal range of movement .
there was no effusion , no joint line tenderness , and no evidence of ligamentous laxity .
pre - operative clinical pictures showing the ganglion cyst at anterolateral aspect of left knee in various degrees of knee flexion .
mri scan revealed a multilobulated , cyst with septations within the anterior aspect of the knee joint , just inferolateral to the patella , with deep extension into the infrapatellar fat pad .
( a ) normal radiograph except increased soft tissue shadow , ( b ) parasagittal and axial mr images showing the ganglion cyst from infrapatellar fat pad extending subcutaneously across the retinaculum .
then we went for open excision of the cystic mass through lateral parapatellar approach ( incision included that of the anterolateral arthroscopic portal ) .
the cyst was found to be protruding just beneath the skin through a retinacular rent ( fig .
however , the entire mass was taken out , but we had to sacrifice the fat pad almost entirely .
post - operatively the patient underwent appropriate rehabilitation making an uneventful recovery and returned to his normal activities .
he was symptom - free in his last follow - up at 6 months post - operatively .
between the first description of an anterior cruciate ligament ( acl ) ganglion by caan in 1924 during a routine autopsy and the early 1990s , only a handful of sporadic cases were described in the literature .
the last 30 years have seen a huge increase in the number of these cases being reported owing to the widespread use of both mri and arthroscopy .
the prevalence of intra - articular cystic knee masses is 1.3% in mri and 0.6% in arthroscopy .
several theories have been suggested : ( a ) synovial tissue herniation , ( b ) mucinous degeneration of connective tissue after trauma , ( c ) synovial ectopia or displacement during embryogenesis , etc . .
the histological finding that ganglia are fluid - filled structures without any epithelial lining confirms that they are not true cysts , and thus favors the degenerative theory over others ; and , even though , ganglia may develop in the absence of trauma , it is postulated that repetitive microtrauma from joint and soft tissue motion may play an important role .
intra - articular ganglia of knee originates most commonly from the acl accounting for more than 50% cases ; whereas , the location at infrapatellar fat pad is far less common ( approximately 4% ) . however , only 10% of them are symptomatic with most being incidental finding on mri or arthroscopy .
the symptoms are usually non - specific , like knee pain , locking , clicking or popping sensation , decreased range of motion , etc . , and depend on the site and size of the cyst .
ganglia anterior to the acl tend to limit extension , whereas those posterior to the posterior cruciate ligament often limit knee flexion .
mri is the investigation of choice because it is the most sensitive , specific accurate , and noninvasive method for depicting such cystic masses , including their size and location , and to detect associated intra - articular pathologies . for intra - articular ganglion cyst in the infrapatellar fat pad
, fat - suppressed contrast - enhanced mri could be useful , because a thin , rim - enhancing feature of intra - articular ganglion cyst allows it to differentiate from synovial hemangioma and synovial sarcoma . among the various treatments available , arthroscopic resection and debridement are currently the preferred procedure ; open surgery may be necessary in particular cases only .
after diagnostic arthroscopy , we performed an open excision of the ganglion cyst since it was not clearly visible on arthroscopy ; moreover , we did not have any previous experience of arthroscopic resection of intra - articular ganglion cysts .
hence , in view of the high recurrence rate after incomplete removal of ganglion , we preferred open excision over arthroscopic resection . although recurrence is rare after arthroscopic or open surgical treatment of ganglion cyst of knee , the fact that it does occur in other areas even after excision , this patient should be followed up on regular basis .
current literature suggests arthroscopic resection and debridement as the gold standard treatment of ganglion cyst of the knee .
however , a subcutaneous extension may lead to incomplete arthroscopic resection : leaving behind the residual tissue which may cause recurrence .
therefore , proper pre - operative evaluation of mr images of these cases is very important .
they are usually encountered as incidental findings in mri , or in arthroscopy . arthroscopic resection and debridement
is regarded as the gold standard treatment in ganglion cyst of the knee . however , very rarely , these masses may extend subcutaneously across the retinaculum .
this may lead to incomplete arthroscopic resection : leaving behind the residual tissue which may cause recurrences .
therefore , proper pre - operative evaluation of mr images of these cases is very important .

 introduction : intra - articular ganglion cysts of the knee joint are rare occurrences .
 they are usually encountered as incidental findings in magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ) , or in arthroscopy .
 they may originate from both the cruciate ligaments and the menisci , from the popliteus tendon and alar folds , infrapatellar fat pad of hoffa , and subchondral bone cysts .
 those arising from the hoffa s fat pad , usually present as palpable mass at anterior aspect of the knee joint .
 we report a case of intraarticular ganglion cyst of knee arising from the infrapatellar fat pad and protruding anterolaterally through retinacular rent into the subcutaneous plane.case report : a 19-year - old young man , presented with a painless gradually increasing swelling at the anterior aspect of left knee of 9 months duration .
 mri scan revealed a multilobulated , cyst with septations within the anterior aspect of the knee joint , just inferolateral to the patella , with deep extension into the infrapatellar fat pad , and superficial extension into the subcutaneous space across the retinaculum .
 after diagnostic arthroscopy , we performed an open excision of the cystic mass and confirmed the retinacular rent pre-operatively.conclusion:arthroscopic resection and debridement is the gold standard treatment in ganglion cyst of the knee .
 however , a subcutaneous extension may lead to incomplete arthroscopic resection : leaving behind the residual tissue which may cause recurrence .
 therefore , proper pre - operative evaluation of mr images of these cases is very important .


pancreatitis is a major well - known complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ercp ) with reported incidence ranging from 1% to 10% in various series [ 1 - 3 ] .
but the most accepted theory is mechanical trauma to papilla or pancreatic sphincter causing transient obstruction to outflow of pancreatic juice .
another theory suggests the increased hydrostatic pressure in pancreatic duct caused by injection of contrast or saline cause injury to parenchyma .
regardless of mechanism , the cascade of events is initiated resulting in activation of proteolytic enzymes causing autodigestion of pancreas and impaired acinar secretion .
this results in activation of inflammatory cascade causing both local inflammation and systemic effects [ 5 , 6 ] .
non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( nsaids ) are potent inhibitor of phospholipase a2 which is thought to play a critical role in early inflammatory cascade .
rectal diclofenac is a cheap , widely available agent with easy method of administration and favorable side effect profile makes it an attractive option .
there are limited data on efficacy of nsaids in prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis .
rectal diclofenac has been evaluated in few trials earlier but most trials included low - risk patients and sample size of these trials was very small . till date , sparse indian data are available which evaluated rectal diclofenac in prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis .
we conducted a prospective , single - center , open - labeled , randomized placebo - controlled trial evaluating role of rectal diclofenac in prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis in high - risk patients and whether it has any implications on severity of post - ercp pancreatitis .
this study was performed at a tertiary care center between august 2011 and june 2014 .
inclusion criteria involved only those patients with high risk of developing post - ercp pancreatitis .
patients were considered having high risk of development of post - ercp pancreatitis if they had one or more major risk factors : suspected sphincter of oddi dysfunction ( sod ) , prior history of post - ercp pancreatitis , difficult or failed cannulation ( more than five attempts ) , repeated pancreatic cannulation , pancreatic duct injection with acinarization , pancreatic sphincterotomy , precut sphincterotomy , biliary sphincterotomy for suspected sod , and ampullectomy ; or if they had two or more minor risk factors for development of post - ercp pancreatitis : female gender , young age , history of recurrent acute pancreatitis , normal serum bilirubin , lack of choledocholithiasis , pancreatic brush cytology , and balloon dilatation of intact biliary sphincter .
those patients not fitting the high - risk criteria , acute pancreatitis at the time of ercp , contraindications to the use of nsaids ( active peptic ulcer disease or s. creatinine > 1.4 mg / dl ) , and who had ingested nsaids in last 1 week were excluded from the study .
one hundred twenty - six patients were excluded from the study depending on the exclusion criteria .
one group ( n = 200 ) received rectal diclofenac suppository ( containing 100 mg of diclofenac ) immediately prior to or during the procedure . other group ( n = 200 ) received glycerine suppositories as placebos .
injection hyoscine was given for control of bowel motility . during the procedure , an assistant recorded the details of the procedure like timing of procedure , number of pancreatic duct cannulation and injection , difficulty in cannulation , and whether precut , pancreatic sphincterotomy , and balloon sphincteroplasty were done .
patients in rectal diclofenac or placebo group received rectal suppository immediately prior to or during the procedure .
pancreatic duct stents were placed in those patients in which pancreatic cannulation occurred more than two times or pancreatic injection with contrast or saline during the procedure .
patients were subjected to testing of serum amylase at 2 and 32 h post - procedure .
those patients who had no abdominal pain , vomiting , back pain and 2 h serum amylase levels less than two times upper limit of normal were started on oral liquids 3 - 4 h after ercp .
post - ercp pancreatitis was defined as rise in serum amylase more than three times upper limit of normal 24 h after ercp with associated clinical feature of severe abdominal pain requiring persistent hospitalization .
primary endpoint of the study was to detect number of patients developing post - ercp pancreatitis in both groups .
patients were subjected to routine biochemical investigations , imaging modalities like ultrasound abdomen and contrast - enhanced computed tomography to detect complications of pancreatitis .
the severity of pancreatitis was graded as mild , moderate and severe according to days of hospitalization required and complications of pancreatitis .
mild post - ercp pancreatitis was defined as requiring an unplanned admission or prolongation of hospitalization by 2 - 3 days .
moderate post - ercp pancreatitis was defined as requiring hospitalization of 4 - 10 days and severe post - ercp pancreatitis was defined as requiring hospitalization of greater than 10 days or requiring intensive care or intervention for local complications of pancreatitis .
the secondary endpoint of the study was to assess the severity of post - ercp pancreatitis in both groups .
, we used fisher exact test to analyze the difference in proportion of patients with post - ercp pancreatitis in rectal diclofenac and placebo groups with p value < 0.05 indicating significant difference . patients demographic and clinical factors were compared using fisher exact test or x test as appropriate .
for the analysis of primary endpoint , we used fisher exact test to analyze the difference in proportion of patients with post - ercp pancreatitis in rectal diclofenac and placebo groups with p value < 0.05 indicating significant difference .
patients demographic and clinical factors were compared using fisher exact test or x test as appropriate .
a total of 400 patients entered the study ; 200 patients received rectal diclofenac , while 200 patients received glycerine suppository ( control group ) .
there were 128 ( 64% ) female patients in rectal diclofenac group while 123 ( 61.5% ) in placebo group .
the mean age in rectal diclofenac group was 45.44 years while in placebo group was 47.86 years .
the patients in both groups were well matched for the indication of ercp as depicted in table 1 .
we compared various risk factors prior to or during the procedure which might increase the risk of post - ercp pancreatitis like pancreatic cannulation , precut sphincterotomy , suspected sod , pancreatic sphincterotomy , pancreatic duct injection , balloon sphincteroplasty in patients with suspected sod , and difficulty of failed cannulation in both groups .
the baseline characteristics of the patients in both groups were identical as depicted in table 2 .
a total of 23 patients , 12 in placebo group and 11 patients in rectal diclofenac group , received pancreatic stents due to recurrent pancreatic duct cannulation or pancreatic duct injection with acinarization .
twenty - nine out of 400 ( 7.2% ) patients developed post - ercp pancreatitis .
six out of 200 ( 3% ) patients in rectal diclofenac group developed post - ercp pancreatitis compared to 23 out of 200 ( 11.5% ) patients in placebo group ( fig .
the difference was statistically significant with p value < 0.05 . in a subgroup analysis ,
incidence of post - ercp pancreatitis in patients with suspected sod in rectal diclofenac group was 6% ( 4/66 ) while in placebo group was 18.8% ( 13/69 ) . among patients who received pancreatic stent ,
only one patient in rectal diclofenac group ( 1/11 ) developed post - ercp pancreatitis compared to two patients in placebo group ( 2/12 ) ; however , the number of patients in which pancreatic stenting was performed was low in our study .
the secondary endpoint of the study was to assess the severity of post - ercp pancreatitis in both groups .
the severity of post - ercp pancreatitis in rectal diclofenac group was mild in all six patients ( 100% ) , while in placebo group , it was severe in four patients ( 4/23 , 17.3% ) , moderate in five patients ( 5/23 , 21.7% ) and mild in 14 patients ( 14/23 , 60.8% ) ( fig .
the difference in severity of pancreatitis in rectal diclofenac and placebo groups was statistically significant .
two out of four patients in placebo group who had severe post - ercp pancreatitis developed pancreatic pseudocyst , but were managed conservatively .
one out of four patients in placebo group with severe post - ercp pancreatitis developed right - sided pleural effusion requiring therapeutic pleural tapping .
one out of four patients in placebo group with severe post - ercp pancreatitis developed subacute intestinal obstruction .
two deaths occurred in the placebo group , both with severe post - ercp pancreatitis , one with right - sided pleural effusion and the other with subacute intestinal obstruction .
adverse events like bleeding while ercp in sphincteromized patients were noted in 16 patients , six in placebo group and eight patients in rectal diclofenac group but responded to adrenaline injection and coagulation .
rectal diclofenac suppository was well tolerated in all the patients with no adverse event noted with use of rectal diclofenac .
our study has shown that single dose administration of rectal diclofenac prior to or during the procedure has reduced the incidence of post - ercp pancreatitis .
, our study has shown that rectal diclofenac was also effective in this group of patients in reducing post - ercp pancreatitis .
rectal diclofenac is a cheap drug , easily available and with a favorable side effect profile .
pancreatic stents are of proven benefit in preventing post - ercp pancreatitis [ 8 , 9 ] but difficult to use in routine practice because of difficulty in pancreatic duct cannulation and requirement of operator expertise .
but most accepted theory is trauma of thermal injury to papilla causing transient obstruction to pancreatic secretion .
another accepted theory is hydrostatic pressure due to contrast or saline injection into pancreatic duct .
this injury initiates an inflammatory cascade leading to activation of proteolytic enzymes intraductally causing pancreatic autodigestion and impaired secretion .
diclofenac inhibits phospholipase a2 which is an important mediator of various reactions in this inflammatory cascade breaking this cycle [ 5 , 6 ] .
peak concentration of rectal diclofenac occurs between 30 and 90 min after insertion with complete bioavailability .
the elimination half life is 2 h. rectal diclofenac has been evaluated in different randomized clinical trials . in a study by murray et al ,
220 patients with high risk of post - ercp pancreatitis were randomized in two groups , rectal diclofenac vs. placebo . in these patients
there was significant reduction in incidence of post - ercp pancreatitis in rectal diclofenac group as compared to placebo which was similar to our study .
however , in this study , there was no significant difference in patients with sod in rectal diclofenac vs. placebo group .
our study demonstrated that there is significant reduction in incidence of post - ercp pancreatitis even in patients with suspected sod .
khoshbaten et al   evaluated the use of rectal diclofenac in patients with extrahepatic cholestasis undergoing ercp .
this study also reported significant reduction in incidence of post - ercp pancreatitis in rectal diclofenac group similar to our study .
however , this study has reported very high incidence of post - ercp pancreatitis ( 26% ) in the control group .
oral diclofenac has been evaluated for prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis by cheon et al , but was found to be of no benefit . though rectal diclofenac is such an attractive option in prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis , it is still underutilized .
there are very few trials evaluating its use in prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis .
this prospective single - center , open - labeled , randomized placebo - controlled trial has shown that use of single dose of rectal diclofenac immediately prior to or during the ercp in high - risk patients is effective in not only reducing the incidence but also severity of post - ercp pancreatitis .
the major limitation of this study was severity of pancreatitis was graded according to the consensus guideline depending on days of hospitalization and complications .
various scoring systems like ranson s score and apache ii score were not utilized . however , similar guidelines were followed in previous studies .
rectal diclofenac prior to or during ercp in high - risk patients reduces the incidence as well as severity of post - ercp pancreatitis compared to placebo .
rectal diclofenac prior to or during ercp in high - risk patients reduces the incidence as well as severity of post - ercp pancreatitis compared to placebo .

 backgroundthe aim was to study the role of rectal diclofenac in prevention of post - endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ( ercp ) pancreatitis and its impact on severity of post - ercp pancreatitis.methodswe conducted a single - center , prospective , open - labeled , randomized trial for evaluating the use of rectal diclofenac in prevention of post - ercp pancreatitis in high - risk patients .
 we assessed 526 patients coming for ercp for different indications .
 four hundred patients were eligible for the study .
 those not fitting the high - risk criteria and with acute pancreatitis were excluded .
 these patients were randomized in two groups : 200 patients received rectal diclofenac prior to or during the procedure , while 200 patients received placebos .
 serum amylase was measured at 2 and 36 hours .
 post - ercp pancreatitis was defined as serum amylase > 3 times upper limit of normal with associated severe abdominal pain .
 severity was graded according to days of hospitalization and complications.resultstwenty-nine out of 400 ( 7.2% ) patients developed post - ercp pancreatitis .
 six out of 200 ( 3% ) patients in rectal diclofenac group developed post - ercp pancreatitis compared to 23 out of 200 ( 11.5% ) patients in placebo group .
 the difference was statistically significant ( p = 0.001 ) .
 all patients ( six ) in rectal diclofenac group developed mild pancreatitis as compared to severe pancreatitis in four and moderate pancreatitis in five patients in the placebo group.conclusionrectal diclofenac prior to or during ercp in high - risk patients reduces the incidence as well as severity of post - ercp pancreatitis compared to placebo .


a 75-year - old male farmer presented to a primary care skin cancer practice in west australia with a 6-month history of an enlarging painless lesion on his left cheek with no history of any possible precursor lesion .
there was a past history of treatment of two separate squamous cell carcinomas in - situ , one on the forehead and the other on an ear , in the previous two years .
other comorbidities included asthma , coronary heart disease , chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and arthritis .
there was no history of nevus sebaceous and there was neither history nor clinical signs suggestive of cowden s syndrome .
examination showed a single small non - pigmented nodular lesion located on the left cheek in continuation with a small , pigmented macular lesion ( figure 1 ) .
dermatoscopy ( figure 2 ) revealed a raised pink lesion , 3.5 mm in diameter , with a radial arrangement of vessels peripherally , with centered blood vessels in the middle of the lesion , these vessels being centered in skin - colored clods .
no keratin structures ( keratin scale , white structureless areas or white circles ) were seen . at one edge of this lesion , in direct contact with it , was a heavily pigmented flat lesion , 1 mm in diameter with a pattern of pigmented lines radial , converging ( figure 2 ) .
the lesion was subjected to an excision biopsy with a 4 mm peripheral margin and submitted for dermatopathological evaluation .
dermatopathology ( figure 3 ) showed both the trichilemmoma and bcc ( basal cell carcinoma ) components .
the trichilemmoma ( figure 3 a1 and a2 ) was a well - circumscribed , sharply demarcated lesion with surface papillomatosis , horn cysts and a degree of central desmoplasia . under high power an eosinophilic mantle of thickened basement membrane , mimicking the outer root sheath of the hair follicle infundibulum , was seen .
peripheral palisading was evident adjacent to the basement membrane and extending from that there were clear cells which were banal cytologically , lacked mitosis or individual cell necrosis ( apoptosis ) and contained an abundant amount of glycogen within their cytoplasm .
the bcc component ( figure 3 b1 and b2 ) showed superficial bcc at the dermo - epidermal junction . in the high power view melanin pigment
trichilemmoma is a benign tumor derived from the external sheath cells of pilosebaceous units   and desmoplastic trichilemmoma is a rare variant , which can present clinically with features suggesting invasive malignancy .
there has been controversy as to whether trichilemmomas are actually aged warts , this belief being proposed by well - known dermatopathologist bernie ackerman   but vigorously opposed by others including marty brownstein .
basal cell carcinoma is a malignant tumor , of trichoblast differentiation but uncertain origin , although it is probably of follicular derivation , predilection for non - glabrous skin being consistent with this .
trichilemmoma has previously been reported in association with bcc in the context of lesions arising in a preexisting nevus sebaceous .
in addition , three cases of desmoplastic trichilemmoma arising in association with bcc without a preexisting nevus sebaceous have been reported .
the dermatoscopy of four trichilemmomas has been reported   with images being presented for three of them . in the first case
keratin masses ; perivascular whitish halos  . the other three were reported together , with the first two described as having a hyperkeratotic central area with peripheral erythematous radial lines , the third having a  peripheral radiated red area .  all three were then presented as depicting what the authors called a  red iris like structure .
examination of the photographs published in fact displayed a non - pigmented lesion in each case with a radial arrangement of vessels peripherally and structureless white centrally with some centred vessels . in the case
we report , the clinician interpreted the lesion as a pigmented lesion and assessed it using the chaos and clues decision - algorithm .
the lesion was regarded as chaotic ( asymmetrical ) with the clues of an eccentric structureless ( pink ) area as well as lines radial segmental , which lead to a clear decision to do an excision biopsy .
the pathologist , as is often the case with esoteric lesions , was able to deliver the answer to which particular type of malignancy this was .
the dermatoscopic features of the trichilemmoma presented here are consistent with those published previously , with a radial pattern of vessels peripherally and centred vessels centrally .
association with a bcc is a previously reported , unusual variation , consistent with both lesions having hair - follicle derivation .
this case demonstrates the utility of using a decision algorithm in esoteric cases with the final diagnosis to be delivered by the gold standard of dermatopathology .

 a case of trichilemmoma in continuity with a pigmented basal cell carcinoma is presented with dermatoscopy and dermatopathology .
 the distinction between the two lesions was evident dermatoscopically and was confirmed dermatopathologically . while trichilemmoma has been reported in association with basal cell carcinoma and dermatoscopy images of four previous cases of trichilemmoma have been published , no previous dermatoscopy image has been published of trichilemmoma associated with basal cell carcinoma .


today , the treatment of choice is surgical excision of the tongue , but before 1900 , surgery was often temida1 . only in 1673 niels
the size and shape of the teeth are directly influenced by the size of tongue3 .
the shape of the teeth is determined by forces employed on the teeth , especially the muscles of the tongue , lips and cheek . due to the effects caused by the aesthetic and functional macroglossia
the macroglossia is classified as true when there is excessive enlargement of the language and a relative when there is an imbalance between the size of the tongue and oral cavity , resulting in insufficient space for organ4 .
the goal is to establish technical bases associated with partial glossectomy orthodontic treatment of dentofacial deformity in patients with macroglossia .
three patients underwent orthognathic surgery associated with partial glossectomy from 1995 to 1999 , a multidisciplinary team - doctor and dentist .
all patients had macroglossia relative and underwent clinical assessment taking into account the respiratory function , swallowing and speech deficit , as well as changes in dental occlusion and was also performed radiological evaluation .
the main problem was manifested by the presence of steep lower dent alveolar , destabilizing the use of dentures causing joint dysfunction with severe pain .
she underwent a single surgical intervention in the partial glossectomy and orthognathic surgery for targeting sub apical segment dent alveolar anterior inferior .
the main problem of the second patient was the anterior open bite accompanied by difficulty in breathing and articulation of words .
after treatment for orthodontic tooth alignment leveling , underwent surgery for a single suspension by corticotomy posterior maxillary le fort i type , reduction of mandibullary prognathism by sagittal technical branches , targeting sub apical posterior - inferior right and partial glossectomy .
the third patient had mandibullary prognathism and , during orthodontic treatment in preparation for orthognathic surgery , the surgery was anticipated , since the interposition of the tongue between the back teeth did not allow the evolution of orthodontic treatment .
he underwent a partial glossectomy to reduce the transverse diameter of the tongue and mandibullary prognathism by sagittal technical branches .
we used rigid skeletal fixation with titanium plates and screws so that patients could stay without intermaxillary block in the immediate postoperative period . to control tongue edema ,
the technique used consist of segmental resection along the median raphe of the tongue and suture by planes - figure 1 . as a routine
the symptoms regressed completely and all skeletal segments remained stable .
 demarcation and resection of the lingual and final appearance .
the classification of macroglossia is not yet consensus in the literature . according to shafer ( 1968)5 , or
primary congenital macroglossia is due to the excessive development of the musculature , which may or may not be associated with generalized muscular hypertrophy or unilateral hypertrophy . since the secondary macroglossia may occur as a result of a tumor in the tongue , as a diffuse hemangioma or lymphangioma , neurofibromatosis , and occasionally blocking efferent vessels in cases of malignant neoplasm of the tongue .
wolford et al . ( 1996)6 refer to as macroglossia on pseudomacroglossia , separating it from the true macroglossia .
( 1980)7 macroglossia consider the functional as a third classification , occurring when the language does not fit into the oral cavity after a surgical procedure .
the true when there are histological abnormalities associated with the increase of the tongue , such as vascular malformation , stretching and tumors .
relative macroglossia includes cases of apparent increase in volume without an explanation of the language exam , as in down syndrome .
the decision to refer the patient to partial glossectomy should be based on the volume of the language , mobility , position , function , symptoms , speech intelligibility , skeletal anterior open bite , interference in orthodontic treatment , drooling , swallowing and tongue recurrent trauma9 .
the language has increased in volume expansive effect on the lower dental arch , being blamed as the cause and maintenance of open bite , bimaxillary protrusion or diastemas10 .
being interposed between the arches , is an important etiologic factor for malocclusion listed ( figures 2 and 3 ) .

a partial glossectomy performed simultaneously with mandibullary osteotomy for treatment of patients with mandibullary prognathism and anterior open bite is advantageous to prevent recidivas11 .
the tongue can cause deformity increased dental - muscle - skeletal , instability in orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery , masticatory disability , communication problems and respiratory6 .
there are several clinical and radiographic findings , but not all features are always present and their existence is not necessarily path gnomonic for the diagnosis of macroglossia .
should be included the clinical , radiographic and functional for the interference with speech , mastication , airway and stability of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery .
there are basically three choices in the surgical sequence : ( i ) stage 1 : partial glossectomy , stage 2 : orthognathic surgery ( ii ) stage 1 : orthognathic surgery , stage 2 : partial glossectomy and ( iii ) partial glossectomy and orthognathic surgery in a single stage surgery .

 summary
 introduction :  macroglossia is a condition which influences the size and shape of the teeth employed due to the forces on teeth .
 objective :  to establish bases for the indication of partial glossectomy associated with orthodontic treatment and surgical dento - facial deformity in patients without tumors and down syndrome as a cause of macroglossia .

 case reports :  three patients underwent orthognathic surgery associated with partial glossectomy under general anesthesia .
 all patients had macroglossia relative and underwent clinical assessment taking into account the respiratory function , swallowing and speech deficits and radiological evaluation .
 the technique used consist of segmental resection along the median raphe of the tongue and suture by planes .
 we used rigid skeletal fixation with titanium plates and screws so that patients could stay without intermaxillary block in the immediate postoperative period .
 were followed over five years .
 the symptoms regressed completely and all skeletal segments remained stable .

 discussion :  the decision to refer the patient to partial glossectomy should be based on the volume of the language , mobility , position , function , symptoms , speech intelligibility , skeletal anterior open bite , interference in orthodontic treatment , drooling , swallowing and tongue trauma applicant .


Add Text2log Dataset

Adding the text2log dataset used for training FOL sentence translating models


label information get lost after parquet serialization

bug

Something isn't working

## Describe the bug
In *dataset_info.json* file, information about the label get lost after the dataset serialization.

## Steps to reproduce the bug
```python
from datasets import load_dataset

# normal save
dataset = load_dataset('glue', 'sst2', split='train')
dataset.save_to_disk("normal_save")

# save after parquet serialization
dataset.to_parquet("glue-sst2-train.parquet")
dataset = load_dataset("parquet", data_files='glue-sst2-train.parquet')
dataset.save_to_disk("save_after_parquet")
```

## Expected results
I expected to keep label information in *dataset_info.json* file even after parquet serialization

## Actual results
In the normal serialization i got
```json
"label": {
      "num_classes": 2,
      "names": [
        "negative",
        "positive"
      ],
      "names_file": null,
      "id": null,
      "_type": "ClassLabel"
    },
```
And after parquet serialization i got
```json
"label": {
      "dtype": "int64",
      "id": null,
      "_type": "Value"
    },
```

## Environment info
<!-- You can run the command `datasets-cli env` and copy-and-paste its output below. -->
- `datasets` version: 1.17.0
- Platform: ubuntu 20.04
- Python version: 3.8.10
- PyArrow version: 6.0.1


Add The Mexican Emotional Speech Database (MESD)

dataset request

Requesting to add a new dataset

## Adding a Dataset
- **Name:** *The Mexican Emotional Speech Database (MESD)*
- **Description:** *Contains 864 voice recordings with six different prosodies: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, and sadness. Furthermore, three voice categories are included: female adult, male adult, and child. *
- **Paper:** *[Paper](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9629934/authors#authors)*
- **Data:** *[link to the Github repository or current dataset location](https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/cy34mh68j9/3)*
- **Motivation:** *Would add Spanish speech data to the HF datasets :) *

Instructions to add a new dataset can be found [here](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/ADD_NEW_DATASET.md).


Add PASS dataset

This PR adds the PASS dataset.

Closes #3043


Add Arrow type casting to struct for Image and Audio + Support nested casting

Regarding the tests I'm just missing the FixedSizeListType type casting for ListArray objects, will to it tomorrow as well as adding new tests + docstrings

and also adding soundfile in the CI

While writing some tests I noticed that the ExtensionArray can't be directly concatenated - maybe we can get rid of the extension types/arrays and only keep their storages in native arrow types.

In this case the `cast_storage` functions should be the responsibility of the Image and Audio classes directly. And therefore we would need two never cast to a pyarrow type again but to a HF feature - since they'd end up being the one able to tell what's castable or not. This is fine in my opinion but let me know what you think. I can take care of this on monday I think

## Intro

1. Currently, it's not possible to have nested features containing Audio or Image.

2. Moreover one can keep an Arrow array as a StringArray to store paths to images, but such arrays can't be directly concatenated to another image array if it's stored an another Arrow type (typically, a StructType).

3. Allowing several Arrow types for a single HF feature type also leads to bugs like this one #3497

4. Issues like #3247 are quite frequent and happen when Arrow fails to reorder StructArrays.

5. Casting Audio feature type is blocking preparation for the ASR task template: https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/pull/3364

All those issues are linked together by the fact that:
- we are limited by the Arrow type casting which is lacking features for nested types.
- and especially for Audio and Image: they are not robust enough for concatenation and feature inference.

## Proposed solution

To fix 1 and 4 I implemented nested array type casting (which is missing in PyArrow).

To fix 2, 3 and 5 while having a simple implementation for nested array type casting, I changed the storage type of Audio and Image to always be a StructType. Also casting from StringType is directly implemented via a new function `cast_storage` that is defined individually for Audio and Image. I also added nested decoding.

## Implementation details

### I. Better Arrow data type casting for nested data structures

I implemented new functions `array_cast` and `table_cast` that do the exact same as `pyarrow.Array.cast` or `pyarrow.Table.cast` but support nested struct casting and array re-ordering.

These functions can be used on PyArrow objects, and are already integrated in our own `datasets.table.Table.cast` functions. So one can do `my_dataset.data.cast(pyarrow_schema_with_custom_hf_types)` directly.

### II. New image and audio extension types with custom casting

I used PyArrow extension types to be able to define what casting is allowed or not. For example both StringType->ImageExtensionType and StructType->ImageExtensionType are allowed, via the `cast_storage` method.

I factorized all the PyArrow + Pandas extension stuff in the `base_extension.py` file. This aims at separating the front-facing API code of `datasets` from the Arrow back-end which requires advanced knowledge.

### III. Nested feature decoding

I added a new function `decode_nested_example` to decode image and audio data in nested data structures. For optimization's sake, this function is only called if a column has at least one feature that requires decoding.

## Alternative considered

The casting to struct type could have been done directly with python objects using some Audio and Image methods, but bringing arrow data to python objects is expensive. The Audio and Image types could also have been able to convert the arrow data directly, but this is not convenient to use when casting a full Arrow Table with nested fields. Therefore I decided to keep the Arrow data casting logic in Arrow extension types.

## Future work

This work can be used to allow the ArrayND feature types to be nested too (see issue #887)

## TODO

- [ ] fix current tests
- [ ] add new tests
- [ ] docstrings/comments


Fix qa4mre tags

The YAML tags were invalid. I also fixed the dataset mirroring logging that failed because of this issue [here](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/actions/runs/1690109581)


Add Mauve metric

Add support for the [Mauve](https://github.com/krishnap25/mauve) metric introduced in this [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.01454.pdf) (Neurips, 2021).


ConnectionError: Couldn't reach https://storage.googleapis.com/ai4bharat-public-indic-nlp-corpora/evaluations/wikiann-ner.tar.gz (error 403)

Requesting to add a new dataset

## Adding a Dataset
- **Name:**IndicGLUE**
- **Description:** *natural language understanding benchmark for Indian languages*
- **Paper:** *(https://indicnlp.ai4bharat.org/home/)*
- **Data:** *https://huggingface.co/datasets/indic_glue#data-fields*
- **Motivation:** *I am trying to train my model on Indian languages*

While I am trying to load dataset it is giving me with the above error.


Add missing tasks to MuchoCine dataset

Addresses the 2nd bullet point in #2520.

I'm also removing the licensing information, because I couldn't verify that it is correct.


Add the KMWP dataset (extension of #3564)

New pull request of #3564 (Add the KMWP dataset)


Millimeter-wave CMOS digital controlled artificial dielectric differential mode transmission lines for reconfigurable ICs

CMP network-on-chip overlaid with multi-band RF-interconnect

Route packets, not wires: on-chip interconnection networks


Entheses: tendon and ligament attachment sites


Packet leashes: a defense against wormhole attacks in wireless networks


Text2Action: Generative Adversarial Synthesis from Language to Action


Parsing Natural Language Conversations using Contextual Cues


Discriminative Representation Combinations for Accurate Face Spoofing Detection

Deep Representations for Iris, Face, and Fingerprint Spoofing Detection

The DET curve in assessment of detection task performance


trustworthy scrum : development of secure software with scrum .


A face antispoofing database with diverse attacks

The valuation of correlation-dependent credit derivatives using a structural model


Swallowing Preparation and Execution: Insights from a Delayed-Response Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Study


Pseudo differential operational transconductance amplifier using common mode feed forward and HD3 feed forward


Say , Jim , how about going for a few beers after dinner ?


You know that is tempting but is really not good for our fitness .


What do you mean ? It will help us to relax .


Do you really think so ? I don't . It will just make us fat and act silly . Remember last time ?


I guess you are right.But what shall we do ? I don't feel like sitting at home .


I suggest a walk over to the gym where we can play singsong and meet some of our friends .


That's a good idea . I hear Mary and Sally often go there to play pingpong.Perhaps we can make a foursome with them .


Sounds great to me ! If they are willing , we could ask them to go dancing with us.That is excellent exercise and fun , too .


Good.Let ' s go now .


All right .


An Arkansas single dad has decided to change up his romance strategy by putting an ad on the side of his pickup truck after not finding love online. Robin Thomas, of Jonesboro, posted a sign on his truck that reads, 'Looking for a date? Would you date a single father?' The advertisement then shows his phone number and below reads, '*Ages 21 and up*'. Robin Thomas, of Jonesboro, Arkansas, posted a 'girlfriend wanted' advertisement on his truck after several failed attempts at online dating . The father-of-three decided to put the sign on his truck after failing to find love online several times. 'I decided it can't be any worse than what I was doing,' Thomas told KAIT8. The retired cook said that he's looking for a woman who is 'normal and down-to-earth' and closer to his own age, hoping for 'at least 28'. Thomas has three kids, aged six to 11, who he said that his kids think the sign is 'cute'. He added that most of his free time is when he kids are in school and he's not much of a party animal . Thomas has joint-custody of one of his sons, so he's looking for a woman who lives close to him. 'When the kids are in school, that's my free time,' he told KAIT8. 'Also, I'm not what you'd call a party person.' Thomas said he enjoys to play pool, bowl, bar-be-cue and spend time at the river with his kids, who are aged six to 11. And no need to worry about embarrassing his kids with the sign, Thomas said, because 'they think its cute'.

Robin Thomas, of Jonesboro, Arkansas, says that he failed to find love with online dating sites .
The sign reads, 'Looking for a date? Would you date a single father?'
The retired cook is looking for a 'down-to-earth' woman who's 'at least 28'
Thomas says his kids, aged six to 11, think the advertisement is 'cute'


(CNN)38 and home. The Kentucky Wildcats' bid for perfection ended Saturday night at the hands of the Wisconsin Badgers, who rallied for a tough 71-64 victory in the NCAA men's basketball Final Four at Indianapolis. They will meet four-time national champ Duke in Monday night's title game. The Blue Devils dominated Michigan State 81-61 in the first contest of the night. National player of the year finalist Frank Kaminsky led Wisconsin with 20 points and 11 rebounds. Junior forward Sam Dekker added 16 points. "These guys just gutted it out.," Wisconsin Head Coach Bo Ryan said. "We just kept battling on every possession." Freshman Karl-Anthony Towns led Kentucky with 16 points. Sophomore Andrew Harrison chipped in 13 points while Aaron Harrison had 12 points. Kentucky came into the game as the first men's team to have a 38-0 record. But the Badgers fought back from a 60-56 deficit with 6:39 left in the game. Wisconsin went on an 8-0 run to regain a lead it never relinquished. It will be looking to win its first title since 1941. As the final minutes ticked off, the Wildcats failed to score. They were stuck on 60 for five minutes. The Harrison twins, who shot well in the first half, couldn't get much done offensively. "I didn't execute. I mean, we didn't execute as a team, but me being the point guard, I didn't do what coach told me to on a couple of occasions," Andrew Harrison said at the postgame news conference. His coach sternly interjected. "He did fine. He did fine," John Calipari said. Meanwhile, Dekker stepped up, making a layup, a three-pointer and a free throw as the Badgers scooted ahead. Calipari said the Badgers did a good job defending the Kentucky big men. "They crowded us a little bit, and (our) guys got a little tentative," he said. Calipari looked at the stat sheet: Kentucky had only six turnovers, hit 90% of its free throws, made 48% of its field goals, and lost. He said his team struggled to guard Wisconsin's players, and the rebound battle -- which Wisconsin won by 12 -- was crucial. Kamisky, who turned 22 on Saturday, was asked how the Badgers outrebounded a team that is the tallest in basketball. "We stayed into them, attacking them, trying to do whatever we can," he said. "Just trying to keep them off the glass was one of our main priorities." Freshman Justise Winslow led Duke with 19 points while national freshman of the year Jahlil Okafor had 18 points, 10 of which came in the first half. Senior guard Quinn Cook had 17. "The defense was terrific," Duke Head Coach Mike Krzyzewski said. "We drove the ball with such strength. I actually think our offense gave our defense a push." Junior guard Denzel Valentine sparked the Spartans with three early three-pointers and finished with 22 points and a game-high 11 rebounds. Senior guard Travis Trice had 16 points. The Spartans, of the Big Ten, began the game in a higher gear than Duke, and quickly took an eight-point lead. But after Valentine hit his trio of long-range shots and Michigan State led 14-6, the Spartans struggled to get baskets the rest of the first half. "They did a good job of denying us and forcing us out (farther from the basket). We took some bad shots," Valentine said. Duke occasionally used a 2-3 zone defense that protected some of its players with foul concerns and slowed the Spartans down. But it was when Duke played man-to-man that the Spartans really had a hard time scoring. State made five of its first seven shots, then only made three more in the final 16 minutes of the opening half. The Blue Devils, of the Atlantic Coast Conference, found baskets inside as the 6-foot-11, 270-pound Okafor powered for points around the basket. Winslow used his quickness to score seven points in the first half, but he only played 12 minutes because he committed two fouls. Duke led at halftime 36-25, a turnaround of 19 points from its early deficit. "Coach always stresses that great defense leads to great offense," Cook said. The confidence gained in getting defensive stops led to the desire for Duke players to drive the lane instead of shooting three-pointers. "We saw seams that we could take advantage of," Cook said. In the second half, Duke increased its lead to 20 points, then cruised home. The Spartans were never able to cut the deficit to single digits and Duke sank its free throws in the final minutes. "We got beat and ...  Duke played awfully well, but I thought it wasn't one of our better games," Michigan State head coach Tom Izzo said. The Blue Devils apparently like playing in Final Fours in Indianapolis, home of the NCAA. It won titles there in 1991 and 2010. The other two crowns came in 1992 and 2001, each in Minneapolis. Duke has beaten Wisconsin this season, 80-70 in Wisconsin in December. If Duke wins Monday night, it would tie Indiana and North Carolina for third-most NCAA championships with five.

Wisconsin, which last won a title in 1941, was led by birthday boy Frank Kaminsky .
Justise Winslow leads Duke with 19 points, while Jahlil Okafor has 18 .
Coach K says his team's defense was "terrific"


These heart-stopping pictures show the moment a baby hippo was thrown into the air as it was mauled to death after getting caught up in a fight between two adults. The helpless five-day-old hippopotamus was seen being hurled into the air after it strayed into the firing line of an adult male, which was tussling with its rival. The calf's mother watched in horror as the hippo was flung into the air before being dragged along the surface of the water in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, in eastern South Africa. Scroll down for video . Shocking: A five-day old baby hippopotamus is lifted up into the air as it gets caught up in a deadly fight between two adults . Deadly: The calf was dragged along the surface of water and died hours after the tussle, with its mother looking on in horror . The calf's mother watched in horror as the hippo was flung into the air before being dragged along the surface of the water in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, in eastern South Africa . The two male hippos had been fighting for some time and the mother of the calf stayed with her herd, possibly believing it safer to stay out of harm's way herself. Her decision proved fatal for the baby when one of the brawling adults grabbed the calf between its jaws. Stacey Farrell, a 30-year-old tour operator for Shoreline Hippo and Safari, looked on with horror as the calf was caught up in the deadly fray. She said: 'For hours she chased away the sub-adults and younger hippos from her little baby as I believe she knew they would be too rough. Rivals: The two male hippos had been fighting for some time and the mother of the calf thought it would be safer to remain with her herd . Stacey Farrell, a 30-year-old tour operator for Shoreline Hippo and Safari, looked on with horror as the calf was caught up in the deadly fray . The baby stood no change against the two adults as they brawled in the muddy waters of the nature reserve . 'Sadly, as she closed her eye one of the sub-adult hippos grabbed the young calf. Whether intending to kill it or a bit of play or possibly jealousy gone wrong we'll never know. 'The mother tried to get the baby back but with the young calf in the sub-adult's mouth there wasn't much she could do. 'She attacked the hippo on the neck which forced the sub-adult to bite down harder and then suddenly flicked the baby in the air.' The hippopotamus died of its injured hours later.

Five-day-old hippopotamus calf mauled to death after straying between two brawling adults in South Africa .
Helpless calf was hurled into the air as its mother looked on in horror, with the young hippo dying hours later .
Adult hippos had been fighting for hours before attacking the baby in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park .


how can I add my spouse as a nominee?


How should I add a payment method?


Can I add a recurring payment?


How can i add benefits?


why should i add coverage?


how can I add money back?


Why should I add my personal details?


how to add my address?


how can i check my username?


how can I check the terms and conditions of my policy?


3D Printed Products Can Improve Health Outcomes and Reduce Costs 7.1.4

Specifically, the Navy hopes to see 3D printing help improve readiness, allow for faster manufacturing, and reduce storage and shipping costs.


This could greatly increase the quality of life of those currently living in less than ideal conditions.

The advent and spread of new technologies, like that of 3D printing can transform our lives in many ways.


Controlled Print Chamber: Controlled process environment ensures true to CAD prints and delivers professional quality every time.

The new non-clog technology and moisture-lock cartridges ensure extended shelf life and total material usage, improving print quality and sustainability.


Spark will make visualization of prints much easier, as it streamlines digital information to 3D printers in a unique, efficient way.

The Cube Pro features a controlled environment print chamber that assures high-fidelity performance and delivers professional quality prints consistently and with the ease.


Affordable 3D Printing for everyone With the UP Mini 3D Printer costing less than $1300, 3D printing has become affordable for everyone.

The Experience Centre, combined with our new Staples Easy 3D online service, will provide everyone access to lifelike, photorealistic 3D printed products at an affordable price."


The ability for the printer to accept direct pellets of material, opens up the opportunity for new and innovative materials.

3D printing technology is thus offering individuals as well as companies with the ability to design as well as manufacture objects at relatively lower costs.


If the answer is "No", it is the "extra cost" or "hidden cost" that I can not afford.

Before using new drugs in people, some types of stem cells are useful to test the safety and quality of investigational drugs.


It also enables Windows Store apps to submit 3D print jobs to these devices.

This technology could also offer consumers the chance to even customize the items they want to purchase in unique ways.


They succeeded, but they also believe that this affordable scanning technology could be used to provided periodic inspections of ongoing print jobs.


Moisture-lock cartridge ensures extended shelf life and total material usage, improving print quality and sustainability.

It features great flexibility, superb surface quality, excellent dimensional stability, and comes in a single cartridge.


Context: Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.

Question: Why did Jochi supposedly doubt his father's character?


Context: The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. The best examples of Newcomen designs had a duty of about 7 million, but most were closer to 5 million. Watt's original low-pressure designs were able to deliver duty as high as 25 million, but averaged about 17. This was a three-fold improvement over the average Newcomen design. Early Watt engines equipped with high-pressure steam improved this to 65 million.

Question: What was the secret to producing the best results?


Context: It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.

Question: How rare is the misconception that solid matter is rigid because of like charges?


Context: Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal, and corn are grown in the lower-lying areas. Unfortunately, the country has not attained the level of investment and efficiency in agriculture that can guarantee food security and coupled with resulting poverty (53% of the population lives below the poverty line), a significant portion of the population regularly starves and is heavily dependent on food aid. Poor roads, an inadequate railway network, under-used water transport and expensive air transport have isolated mostly arid and semi-arid areas and farmers in other regions often leave food to rot in the fields because they cannot access markets. This was last seen in August and September 2011 prompting the Kenyans for Kenya initiative by the Red Cross.

Question: One of the most successful agricultural production region is located where?


Context: Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were Rajendra K. Pachauri, elected in May 2002; Robert Watson in 1997; and Bert Bolin in 1988. The chair is assisted by an elected bureau including vice-chairs, working group co-chairs, and a secretariat.

Question: Who was elected later, Rajendra K. Pachauri or Robert Watson?


Context: Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aimed toward love. Wesley never claimed this state of perfection for himself but instead insisted the attainment of perfection was possible for all Christians. Here the English Reformer parted company with both Luther and Calvin, who denied that a man would ever reach a state in this life in which he could not fall into sin. Such a man can lose all inclination to evil and can gain perfection in this life.

Question: Who thought perfection was possible?


Context: On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."

Question: To which ethnic group did Martin Luther belong?


define the method i with an argument self.


if out has an 'isatty' argument and return value of the function out.isatty is true,

if hasattr ( out , 'isatty' ) and out . isatty ( ) :


raise an ValueError exception with an argument string "Base36 conversion input too large.".

raise ValueError ( "Base36 conversion input too large." )


get the value under the key 'database' of the options dictionary, use it as a index to get an element from connections, substitute it for connection.

connection = connections [ options [ 'database' ] ]


define the method __nonzero__ with an argument self.


from django.db.migrations.loader import MigrationLoader into default name space.

from django . db . migrations . loader import MigrationLoader


(CNN) -- Shelling hit areas near two key cities in eastern Ukraine on Sunday morning, intensifying fears that a ceasefire that took effect less than two days ago may be falling apart. Why is the ceasefire under strain? A variety of fighting factions in the conflict zone -- on both sides -- may not fall directly under a military chain of command. The pro-Russian rebels are mostly volunteer militias; fighting against them on the Ukrainian side are at least some far-right nationalist militias. Controlling these groups is difficult and some may have different aims, including sabotaging the truce. At this point it's been nearly impossible to figure out who's doing the firing and why. The conditions of the ceasefire agreement don't help either. The conditions are vague and at this point there doesn't seem to be an effective mechanism in place inside the conflict zone to monitor and enforce the agreement. Why can't the two sides' leaders control their forces? It's unclear if Kiev has control over all of the fighting forces in eastern Ukraine. Some of the volunteer militias fighting alongside Ukrainian soldiers are far-right nationalists who've been critical of the current government in Kiev, but they're still fighting because they feel Ukraine is under attack by Russia. And who controls the pro-Russian rebels? Is it the local commanders? Is it Russian President Vladimir Putin? None of that is clear. Which side has the most to gain from the truce? If the truce leads to good-faith negotiations and a compromise, then both sides can gain. A compromise could look like something like this: The pro-Russian region of Donbas gets autonomy and self-determination under a federalized Ukrainian government, and in return the rebels drop their demand for independence and Kiev gets to protect Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity. There are elements on both sides that don't want a compromise, and they could certainly have the potential of undermining the truce. What happens next? We wait to see if the overnight shellings and firings are an anomaly or if they're a sign of more violence and more fighting. If the ceasefire sticks, both sides have agreed to hold talks that will address the core issues and demands on both sides that are still unresolved -- including the disarming of the rebels, a guarantee of self-determination for the pro-Russian Donbas region, the fate of Russian-annexed Crimea, constitutional reform, and a solution to the humanitarian crisis in the conflict zone. Obviously if the fighting continues, all bets are off. What effect does this have on the rest of the world? What happens in the coming days will determine the next move by NATO and Western leaders. If the ceasefire falls apart, the West will likely turn up the pressure by following through with sanctions and bolstering Western forces in NATO's Baltic-member states. Moscow has already threatened to respond if that happens. The bottom line is, the conflict will escalate and so will the prospects of a regional conflict -- although at this point that seems unlikely.

Shelling in eastern Ukraine raises fears that a ceasefire may fall apart .
Reza Sayah: It's been nearly impossible to say who's doing firing and why .
It's unclear who has control over fighting forces on either side in east Ukraine .
There are elements on both sides that don't want a compromise .


(CNN) -- Remember when oil giant BP paid billions of dollars to clean up its own mess from the 2010 Gulf oil spill? Then the company agreed to plead guilty to criminal charges and pay an unprecedented $4 billion fine for the spill. In the latest development, Wednesday, BP was essentially told to stand in the corner when it comes to winning new federal contracts -- a potentially huge blow to the company's bottom line. And it's still likely on the hook for civil penalties the federal government hopes to recover for environmental damages. So, is BP being punished enough for the deadly and destructive Deepwater Horizon spill, or too much? It depends on who you ask. This matters. BP says it supports nearly a quarter of a million American jobs and has invested $52 billion in the United States since 2007. Experts suggest punishments ranging from massive fines to banning the company from offshore drilling. However this all shakes out, it likely will send a powerful message to the industry. Families of killed rig workers react to BP settlement . First, here's what happened Wednesday: . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said it will block BP from new government contracts due to its "lack of business integrity" stemming from the 2010 explosion and oil spill. It was a tragedy that killed 11 oil workers and dumped 205 million gallons of oil into the Gulf in a slow-moving, 85-day national drama that prosecutors called the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history. This month hasn't been good to BP. The decision follows the London-based company's agreement November 15 to plead guilty to criminal charges including manslaughter, obstruction of Congress and environmental violations related to the explosion and spill -- an agreement that still requires a judge's approval. What it means . Wednesday's EPA decision means BP won't be allowed to compete for new contracts, grants or other business until the company shows it meets federal business standards. As of February, BP had $9 billion in contracts to supply the U.S. government with fuel, most of it destined for military users, said Christine Tiscareno, a London-based analyst with S&P Capital IQ. Those contracts aren't affected by the EPA decision, the agency said. BP said it's already filed paperwork to get back in good graces with the EPA, said the agency is already preparing an administrative agreement to lift the suspension and highlighted what the company says it's done to rectify the situation. "As BP's submissions to the EPA have made clear, the company has made significant enhancements since the accident," the company said in a statement. "The company launched an internal investigation immediately after the accident, publicly released the results, and has been implementing all 26 of the investigation's recommendations." What's ahead . The next big step in the case comes in February, when a civil trial is expected to begin over the government's demand for civil damages under the Clean Water Act. That case could draw huge new fines for the company. The disaster, in addition to claiming 11 lives, caused disruption to countless residents and businesses, many of whom counted on the Gulf for their livelihoods, whether in the oil fields, fishing grounds or tourist beaches. For some, including environmentalists, the company couldn't be fined enough or spend enough money to get back on their good side. "Well, you know, we're discussing the worst environmental disaster in U.S. history," said Matt Dundas, acting campaign director at the environmental group Oceana. "The punishment needs to fit the crime." But, he said, the record $4 billion fine BP is expected to pay as a result of the criminal case is a tenth of the maximum it could have faced, making it small consolation to BP's harshest critics. The fine, while a record for the U.S. justice system, represents less than three months worth of profits for BP. The company reported $5.2 billion in profits in the quarter that ended September 30. Dundas is now rooting for the maximum possible verdict in the civil case -- $50 billion in fines. But he says there's only one punishment that would really get BP and other oil companies to sit up and take steps to prevent what Dundas says is the overwhelming risk of another large oil spill: being kicked out of the game entirely. "I think a terrific minimum would be to bar them from offshore drilling," he said. "That's really the only standard that's going to get oil companies to pay attention." The head of a trade association representing BP and other oil and gas operators in Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico said Wednesday that BP has already complied with government requirements. "BP has done everything that the federal government has asked and more. ... This new EPA designation is another layer," said Chris John, president of the Louisiana Mid-Continent Oil and Gas Association. "How much is enough, when the economy in America is trying to dig out of the recession, and energy ... is a very important component to getting Americans back to work?" The EPA's decision could have a negative impact beyond BP, he said, affecting other companies in the industry who have also complied with regulators. "The companies that operate out in the Gulf of Mexico, they can go anywhere, they're global. They can drill anywhere in the world," John said. "They have chosen to come back to the Gulf in the past few years. ... This additional statement and designation by the EPA has to play into their decision of where to put their capital." BP didn't directly address whether it believes it has paid enough for the disaster, but noted Wednesday that it has spent $14 billion in response and cleanup costs, $1 million on restoration projects and $9 billion in compensation and expects to spend $7.8 billion more to resolve the majority of outstanding claims. Owning up . The company also pointed out it has acknowledged criminal responsibility, carried out recommendations made by investigators who studied the incident and has taken actions to strengthen safety and drilling standards that exceed federal regulations. Tiscareno, the oil analyst, said that while the costs to BP have been steep, they are bearable for the company. The big question is what happens in February, when the civil case goes to trial. Tiscareno said she expects BP, which has taken a long-term approach to recovering from the spill, will recover financially unless the civil trial nets an "irrational" decision. A huge verdict could pose problems for BP, Tiscareno said, but she said the government can't go too far in gutting the firm because of all the jobs and tax revenues the company provides. BP has invested $52 billion in the U.S. in the last five years, employs 23,000 U.S. residents and indirectly supports nearly 250,000 jobs, the company said Wednesday. "The U.S. needs BP as much as BP needs the U.S.," Tiscareno said. CNN's Kendra Wates and Catherine E. Shoichet contributed to this report.

NEW: Trade association: "BP has done everything that the federal government has asked"
Two years after the oil spill, experts weigh in on possible punishments for BP .
BP says it expects the temporary ban will be lifted soon .
The EPA says the oil giant showed a "lack of business integrity"


Adel Taarabt appeared for QPR for the first time since his public fall-out with Harry Redknapp in Monday afternoon's reserve game against Ipswich Town. The Moroccan's days at Loftus Road appeared to be numbered after his extraordinary spat with Redknapp last month. Taarabt claimed his manager never takes a training session after Redknapp had accused the midfielder of being 'three stone overweight' following the 3-2 defeat to Liverpool. VIDEO Scroll down to watch Harry Redknapp say  Taarabt's camp have told blatant lies . Adel Taarabt has played just three first-team games for QPR this season after returning from loan at AC Milan . Taarabt laughed off claims by QPR manager Harry Redknapp that the midfielder was 'three stone overweight' The 25-year-old was due to play for the club's Under 21s last week, but wasn't included in the draw against Swansea. However, Taarabt came through 90 minutes in the 3-0 win against Ipswich Town as he tries to prove his fitness to his boss. The former Spurs man, who has been hampered by an ankle injury, has been limited to just three appearances for the R's this season after returning from a loan spell at AC Milan. Taarabt hit back at Redknapp during an exclusive interview with Sportsmail last month . Taarabt spent last campaign on loan at Fulham and then Serie A side AC Milan .

Moroccan played 90 minutes for Under 21s in 3-0 win against Ipswich Town .
Taarabt has made just three first-team appearances for the R's this season .
Midfielder was accused of being 'overweight' by manager Harry Redknapp .
Taarabt hit back and claimed Redknapp never took training sessions .


By . Wills Robinson . PUBLISHED: . 11:14 EST, 6 March 2014 . | . UPDATED: . 12:19 EST, 6 March 2014 . Members of the feminist punk group Pussy Riot have been attacked by a gang of men inside a Russian McDonalds. Nadya Tolokonnikova and Masha Alyokhina were covered in paint while they sat and had breakfast in the city of Nizhny Novgorod. The pair, who were jailed for hooliganism in 2012, also had pepper spray, green antispetic and metal thrown in their faces during the assault. Scroll down for video . Attacked: Nadya Tolokonnikova and Masha Alyokhina were covered in paint during the assault while they sat and had breakfast in the city of Nizhny Novgorod . Distressed: The pair spoke directly into the camera after the incident . They were visiting the area to inspect a local prison with Peter Verzilov and members of NGO 'Zone of the Rights'. Tolonnikova allegedly left the restaurant with a 'cut forehead' and the group have complained to the police. She was seen getting up from her seat and clutching her face during the incident. while the gang of men continually shouted abuse. When the attack eventually stopped, one of the men held up a sign to the camera while another was seen shouting down the lens. At around 7.00 am the group barged into the fast food restaurant where the musicians and their crew were eating. Gang: They were covered in paint, antiseptic and pepper spray by the group of men . Prolonged: The gang shouted abuse while they continued to launch the liquids at the members of the feminist band . Close: One of the attackers faced up to Nadya Tolokonnikova, preparing to throw something at her . Abuse: The individuals continued to shout at the musicians while a crowd built up behind them . It is not the first time the group have been targeted by members of the public. At the start of the Sochi winter . Olympics, members of the group were whipped and tackled to the ground by Cossacks as . they sang in protest. The . band started to perform an anti-Putin song under a sign advertising the . Winter Olympics. But singer Tolokonnikova was brutally whipped . in the attack and the guitarist was left bloodied and bruised. Last month, Tolokonnikova was filmed saying the anti-government protests in Ukraine were an 'inspiation'. She was also among those arrested during protests outside a Moscow courthouse. Tolokonnikova and Alyokhina were released from seperate prisons on December 23, 2013 after the Russian State Duma approved an amnesty. Speech: An attacker spoke into a camera owned by the NGO 'Zone of the Rights' in the aftermath of the assault . Slogan: One man holds up a sign to the camera before the group leave the restaurant .

Nadya Tolokonnikova and Masha Alyokhina were also pepper sprayed .
The pair were in city of Nizhny Novgorod visiting a local prison .
Alyokhina reportedly left the fast food restaurant with a 'cut forehead'


Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of exploitation


End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and torture of children


Number of countries implementing sustainable public procurement policies and action plans


Number of countries with migration policies that facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people


Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating market access


Number of companies publishing sustainability reports


By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons


By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally


Support positive economic, social and environmental links between urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional development planning


Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment


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EU rejects German call to boycott British lamb .


The European Commission said on Thursday it disagreed with German advice to consumers to shun British lamb until scientists determine whether mad cow disease can be transmitted to sheep .


Germany 's representative to the European Union 's veterinary committee Werner Zwingmann said on Wednesday consumers should buy sheepmeat from countries other than Britain until the scientific advice was clearer .


" We do n't support any such recommendation because we do n't see any grounds for it , " the Commission 's chief spokesman Nikolaus van der Pas told a news briefing .


He said further scientific study was required and if it was found that action was needed it should be taken by the European Union .


He said a proposal last month by EU Farm Commissioner Franz Fischler to ban sheep brains , spleens and spinal cords from the human and animal food chains was a highly specific and precautionary move to protect human health .


Fischler proposed EU-wide measures after reports from Britain and France that under laboratory conditions sheep could contract Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy ( BSE ) -- mad cow disease .


But Fischler agreed to review his proposal after the EU 's standing veterinary committee , mational animal health officials , questioned if such action was justified as there was only a slight risk to human health .


illustrative embodiments of the invention will be described below in the context of a battery . however , it is to be understood that the encapsulation techniques and mechanisms described herein are more generally applicable to any power source for which it would be desirable to prevent harmful chemical leakage , reduce harm caused by ingestion , and / or other related harms caused by the power source and its components . fig1 illustrates an encapsulated battery system 100 . the system 100 includes a power source 102 having a set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 . in this embodiment , the power source 102 is a battery , by way of example only , a button or cylindrical type battery such as , but not limited to , a lithium cell battery . the power source 102 can also be a disposable battery or a rechargeable battery . in this example , power terminal 103 - 1 is the positively charged electrode of the battery or anode , while power terminal 103 - 2 is the negatively charged electrode of the battery or cathode . however , the power terminals can be reversed in alternate embodiments . furthermore , the power terminals do not have to be located on opposite sides of the battery as illustrated in fig1 but rather can be located in other locations on the battery . as further shown in the system 100 of fig1 , a cover 104 encapsulates the power source 102 as well as the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 , thus sealing the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 within the cover 104 . in one embodiment , the material used for the cover 104 to encapsulate and seal the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 is a natural elastomer such as natural rubber or other natural polymer . in another embodiment , the cover material is a synthetic elastomer such as a synthetic rubber or other synthetic polymer . for example , the material is a rubber material or silicone gel material in certain illustrative embodiments . some of the advantages of elastomer materials include , but are not limited to , prevention of leakage of the battery chemicals into nature when they are thrown away instead of being recycled , as well as when they are ingested by a human or animal . the cover 104 can also be formed with a silk material that can be ingested without harm to the human or animal that ingests it . as is known , silk can be processed into various forms such as gels and films . as such , a gel or film - like silk material can be used to encapsulate and seal the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 . still further , the cover can be formed with an electrical conducting material that is harmless if swallowed by humans or animals , e . g ., gold , platinum or silver . in this case , the cover 104 could also have insulating material surrounding the power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 of the power source 102 or otherwise electrically separating the two terminals to prevent shorting of the anode and the cathode . as further shown in the system 100 of fig1 , a set of conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 are configured to pass through the cover 104 and contact the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 , respectively , thus providing conductive access to the set of power terminals of the power source 102 from outside the cover without allowing exposure of the power source or the power terminals to an environment outside the cover 104 . this means that none of the harmful chemicals of the power source 102 are able to escape from the cover 104 when the power source leaks . note that the set of conductive contacts are made of an electrical conducting material , and are configured to be removable from the cover 104 without allowing exposure of the power source 102 or the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 to the outside environment . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , the conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 are pin - shaped ( but can be pointed in shape in some other manner ) such that they penetrate the cover 104 but allow the cover to re - seal upon removal of one or more of the contacts . while two pin - shaped structures for each conductive contact are shown penetrating the cover 104 and contacting each of the power terminals ( 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 ), it is to be understood that more or less pin - shaped structures can be used to form each conductive contact . while the set of conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 are preferably removable from the system 100 , in an alternative embodiment , the conductive contacts are integrally - formed with the cover 104 . fig2 illustrates a conductive contact for an encapsulated battery system , according to an embodiment of the invention . recall that the system 100 of fig1 illustrates a set of conductive contacts 106 - 1 and 106 - 2 that are pin - shaped in form . in an alternate embodiment of a conductive contact 200 shown in fig2 , the conductive contact also includes an electrically conductive spring 201 in the form of an adjustable spiral structure . the spring 201 allows for compressive pressure to be put on the conductive contact and the corresponding power terminal ( 106 - 1 or 106 - 2 ) of the power source 102 in order to make a better electrical connection between the conductive contact 200 and the corresponding power terminal of the power source . the spring 201 is also configured to be able to penetrate the cover 104 , if needed for a given configuration , without exposing the power source or power terminals to the outside environment , both while installed and after being removed from the cover . fig3 illustrates an encapsulation structure for an encapsulated battery system , according to an embodiment of the invention . recall that the system 100 of fig1 illustrates a cover 104 that encapsulates the power source 102 as well as the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 , thus sealing the power source 102 and the set of power terminals 103 - 1 and 103 - 2 within the cover . in one embodiment , a cover 300 is shown in fig3 . as mentioned , the cover can be made of various materials including , in one or more embodiments , a rubber material that encapsulates the power source and power terminals so as to seal the power source and power terminals from exposure to the outside environment . in one embodiment as shown in fig3 , a tyer 301 is included as part of the cover 300 . in this embodiment , the tyer 301 is an integral part of the cover structure that securely attaches the cover 300 to the power source . the tyer 301 , in one example , is made from the same rubber material as the cover with adhesive material on the portion of the tyer that comes into contact with the body of the power source . other tyer configurations are possible within the scope of alternate embodiment . whether or not the cover includes a tyer structure , it is to be appreciated that the power source and power terminals remain sealed from exposure to the outside environment once the power source is encapsulated within the cover . fig4 illustrates a methodology for forming and installing an encapsulated battery system , according to an embodiment of the invention . as shown in a methodology 400 , a battery ( one example of a power source and its power terminals ) is encapsulated in a rubber cover , in step 402 . one of ordinary skill in the art will realize various known rubber application processes for encapsulating and sealing a component such as a battery . it is assumed the conductive contacts ( e . g ., contacts such as shown as 200 in fig2 ) are installed by pressing the pin structures of the contact through the rubber cover in the vicinity of the power terminals of the battery . in step 404 , the contacts ( pins ) are adjusted to place the encapsulated battery in a compartment . the compartment may be , for example , the battery compartment of an electronic device that requires battery power for operation . in step 406 , the encapsulated battery is placed in the compartment . it is to be understood that when the conductive contacts each include a spring ( 201 in fig2 ), the springs are compressed on each side of the battery ( e . g ., contacts are compressed between the fingers of the installer ) so that the encapsulated battery can fit into the compartment . in step 408 , the contacts ( pins ) are released so that the contacts respectively connect with the electrical contacts of the electronic device ( located inside the compartment ). in step 410 , a check is made to verify that the battery is properly installed and sufficiently contacting the contacts of the electronic device . this may be verified by checking whether or not current is flowing through the battery , i . e ., check to see that the electronic device is getting the power it needs to operate . if yes , then the methodology ends at block 412 . however , if the electronic device is not getting the needed power from the battery , in step 414 , the encapsulated battery is removed and the penetration of the pins of the conductive contacts is increased through the rubber cover . this is to ensure that there is more sufficient contact between the conductive contacts and the power terminals of the battery sealed inside the rubber cover . once this is done , the methodology 400 returns to step 404 and repeats . it will be appreciated and should be understood that the exemplary embodiments of the invention described above can be implemented in a number of different fashions . given the teachings of the invention provided herein , one of ordinary skill in the related art will be able to contemplate other implementations of the invention . indeed , although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments , and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention .

a method comprising the steps of encapsulating a power source including a set of power terminals in a cover and sealing the power source including the set of power terminals within the cover and inserting a set of conductive contacts through the cover to contact the set of power terminals and provide conductive access to the set of power terminals of the power source from outside the cover without allowing exposure of the power source to an environment outside the cover .