Chapter 9

Summary: Rulers that come to power because of the support of the people are the total opposite of bloody conquers. Everyone loves 'em. They're not too smart, or even extra lucky, but just enough to get by. Our new ruler has three options for his new place: a monarchy where power goes to the nobles, a republic where power goes to the people, and anarchy. In monarchies, either the nobles or the people decide to concentrate all the power in one person, the king. Seems simple enough, but a king who comes to power because of the nobles will have a hard time. After all, the nobles have lots of power to throw around, too. Remember, you don't want anyone who can compete with you around, and these are the people with the weapons. What are the regular people going to do to you? Poke you with their potatoes? Bottom line: be friends with the people, because the nobles have too many tricks up their sleeves. More on nobles. There are two kinds, those who are totally 100% loyally part of your fan club and those who aren't. Out of those who aren't, there are two kinds. Those who are just scaredy-cats , and those who are planning something. The latter are the ones to watch out for because they will turn on you at the drop of a hat. Okay, back to the people. You need to be on their side. It's pretty easy, actually, because they basically just don't want to be oppressed and tortured. Also, if they thought you were going to be super mean, and you turn out to be okay, they will love you even more than if they loved you from the start. They're easy to please. Some people say that it's a bad idea to depend on the support of the people. Machiavelli just doesn't agree--he says that's only the case if you're stupid and think they'll fight for you or rescue you. That's not going to happen. But they can support you and not turn against you. Problems for the ruler supported by the people? When they want to become an absolute ruler, they need either give direct command or rule though other people who they give power to. The problem is, these people aren't always the most trustworthy--before you know it, everything is up in flames. So, make sure your people always need not only your government , but you specifically, and everything will be okay.

But coming to the other point--where a leading citizen becomes the
prince of his country, not by wickedness or any intolerable violence,
but by the favour of his fellow citizens--this may be called a civil
principality: nor is genius or fortune altogether necessary to attain to
it, but rather a happy shrewdness. I say then that such a principality
is obtained either by the favour of the people or by the favour of the
nobles. Because in all cities these two distinct parties are found,
and from this it arises that the people do not wish to be ruled nor
oppressed by the nobles, and the nobles wish to rule and oppress the
people; and from these two opposite desires there arises in cities one
of three results, either a principality, self-government, or anarchy.

A principality is created either by the people or by the nobles,
accordingly as one or other of them has the opportunity; for the nobles,
seeing they cannot withstand the people, begin to cry up the reputation
of one of themselves, and they make him a prince, so that under his
shadow they can give vent to their ambitions. The people, finding
they cannot resist the nobles, also cry up the reputation of one of
themselves, and make him a prince so as to be defended by his authority.
He who obtains sovereignty by the assistance of the nobles maintains
himself with more difficulty than he who comes to it by the aid of
the people, because the former finds himself with many around him who
consider themselves his equals, and because of this he can neither rule
nor manage them to his liking. But he who reaches sovereignty by popular
favour finds himself alone, and has none around him, or few, who are not
prepared to obey him.

Besides this, one cannot by fair dealing, and without injury to others,
satisfy the nobles, but you can satisfy the people, for their object is
more righteous than that of the nobles, the latter wishing to oppress,
while the former only desire not to be oppressed. It is to be added also
that a prince can never secure himself against a hostile people, because
of there being too many, whilst from the nobles he can secure himself,
as they are few in number. The worst that a prince may expect from a
hostile people is to be abandoned by them; but from hostile nobles he
has not only to fear abandonment, but also that they will rise against
him; for they, being in these affairs more far-seeing and astute, always
come forward in time to save themselves, and to obtain favours from him
whom they expect to prevail. Further, the prince is compelled to live
always with the same people, but he can do well without the same nobles,
being able to make and unmake them daily, and to give or take away
authority when it pleases him.

Therefore, to make this point clearer, I say that the nobles ought to
be looked at mainly in two ways: that is to say, they either shape their
course in such a way as binds them entirely to your fortune, or they do
not. Those who so bind themselves, and are not rapacious, ought to be
honoured and loved; those who do not bind themselves may be dealt
with in two ways; they may fail to do this through pusillanimity and a
natural want of courage, in which case you ought to make use of them,
especially of those who are of good counsel; and thus, whilst in
prosperity you honour them, in adversity you do not have to fear them.
But when for their own ambitious ends they shun binding themselves, it
is a token that they are giving more thought to themselves than to you,
and a prince ought to guard against such, and to fear them as if they
were open enemies, because in adversity they always help to ruin him.

Therefore, one who becomes a prince through the favour of the people
ought to keep them friendly, and this he can easily do seeing they
only ask not to be oppressed by him. But one who, in opposition to
the people, becomes a prince by the favour of the nobles, ought, above
everything, to seek to win the people over to himself, and this he may
easily do if he takes them under his protection. Because men, when they
receive good from him of whom they were expecting evil, are bound more
closely to their benefactor; thus the people quickly become more devoted
to him than if he had been raised to the principality by their favours;
and the prince can win their affections in many ways, but as these vary
according to the circumstances one cannot give fixed rules, so I omit
them; but, I repeat, it is necessary for a prince to have the people
friendly, otherwise he has no security in adversity.

Nabis,(*) Prince of the Spartans, sustained the attack of all Greece,
and of a victorious Roman army, and against them he defended his country
and his government; and for the overcoming of this peril it was only
necessary for him to make himself secure against a few, but this would
not have been sufficient had the people been hostile. And do not let any
one impugn this statement with the trite proverb that "He who builds on
the people, builds on the mud," for this is true when a private citizen
makes a foundation there, and persuades himself that the people will
free him when he is oppressed by his enemies or by the magistrates;
wherein he would find himself very often deceived, as happened to the
Gracchi in Rome and to Messer Giorgio Scali(+) in Florence. But granted
a prince who has established himself as above, who can command, and is
a man of courage, undismayed in adversity, who does not fail in other
qualifications, and who, by his resolution and energy, keeps the whole
people encouraged--such a one will never find himself deceived in them,
and it will be shown that he has laid his foundations well.

     (*) Nabis, tyrant of Sparta, conquered by the Romans under
     Flamininus in 195 B.C.; killed 192 B.C.

     (+) Messer Giorgio Scali. This event is to be found in
     Machiavelli's "Florentine History," Book III.

These principalities are liable to danger when they are passing from the
civil to the absolute order of government, for such princes either rule
personally or through magistrates. In the latter case their government
is weaker and more insecure, because it rests entirely on the goodwill
of those citizens who are raised to the magistracy, and who, especially
in troubled times, can destroy the government with great ease, either
by intrigue or open defiance; and the prince has not the chance amid
tumults to exercise absolute authority, because the citizens and
subjects, accustomed to receive orders from magistrates, are not of
a mind to obey him amid these confusions, and there will always be in
doubtful times a scarcity of men whom he can trust. For such a prince
cannot rely upon what he observes in quiet times, when citizens have
need of the state, because then every one agrees with him; they all
promise, and when death is far distant they all wish to die for him;
but in troubled times, when the state has need of its citizens, then
he finds but few. And so much the more is this experiment dangerous,
inasmuch as it can only be tried once. Therefore a wise prince ought to
adopt such a course that his citizens will always in every sort and
kind of circumstance have need of the state and of him, and then he will
always find them faithful.


Act II, scene ii

Summary: Caliban enters with a load of wood, and thunder sounds in the background. Caliban curses and describes the torments that Prospero's spirits subject him to: they pinch, bite, and prick him, especially when he curses. As he is thinking of these spirits, Caliban sees Trinculo and imagines him to be one of the spirits. Hoping to avoid pinching, he lies down and covers himself with his cloak. Trinculo hears the thunder and looks about for some cover from the storm. The only thing he sees is the cloak-covered Caliban on the ground. He is not so much repulsed by Caliban as curious. He cannot decide whether Caliban is a "man or a fish" . He thinks of a time when he traveled to England and witnessed freak-shows there. Caliban, he thinks, would bring him a lot of money in England. Thunder sounds again and Trinculo decides that the best shelter in sight is beneath Caliban's cloak, and so he joins the man-monster there. Stephano enters singing and drinking. He hears Caliban cry out to Trinculo, "Do not torment me! O!" . Hearing this and seeing the four legs sticking out from the cloak, Stephano thinks the two men are a four-legged monster with a fever. He decides to relieve this fever with a drink. Caliban continues to resist Trinculo, whom he still thinks is a spirit tormenting him. Trinculo recognizes Stephano's voice and says so. Stephano, of course, assumes for a moment that the monster has two heads, and he promises to pour liquor in both mouths. Trinculo now calls out to Stephano, and Stephano pulls his friend out from under the cloak. While the two men discuss how they arrived safely on shore, Caliban enjoys the liquor and begs to worship Stephano. The men take full advantage of Caliban's drunkenness, mocking him as a "most ridiculous monster"  as he promises to lead them around and show them the isle.

Analysis Trinculo and Stephano are the last new characters to be introduced in the play. They act as comic foils to the main action, and will in later acts become specific parodies of Antonio and Sebastian. At this point, their role is to present comically some of the more serious issues in the play concerning Prospero and Caliban. In Act I, scene ii, Prospero calls Caliban a "slave" , "thou earth" , "Filth" , and "Hag-seed" . Stephano and Trinculo's epithet of choice in Act II, scene ii and thereafter is "monster." But while these two make quite clear that Caliban is seen as less than human by the Europeans on the island, they also treat him more humanely than Prospero does. Stephano and Trinculo, a butler and a jester respectively, remain at the low end of the social scale in the play, and have little difficulty finding friendship with the strange islander they meet. " Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows," says Trinculo , and then hastens to crawl beneath Caliban's garment in order to get out of the rain. The similarity, socially and perhaps physically as well, between Trinculo and Caliban is further emphasized when Stephano, drunk, initially mistakes the two for a single monster: "This is some monster of the isle with four legs" . More important than the emphasis on the way in which Caliban seems to others more monster than man, is the way in which this scene dramatizes the initial encounter between an almost completely isolated, "primitive" culture and a foreign, "civilized" one. The reader discovers during Caliban and Prospero's confrontation in Act I, scene ii that Prospero initially "made much of" Caliban ; that he gave Caliban "Water with berries in't" ; that Caliban showed him around the island; and that Prospero later imprisoned Caliban, after he had taken all he could take from him. The reader can see these events in Act II, scene ii, with Trinculo and Stephano in the place of Prospero. Stephano calls Caliban a "brave monster," as they set off singing around the island. In addition, Stephano and Trinculo give Caliban wine, which Caliban finds to be a "celestial liquor" . Moreover, Caliban initially mistakes Stephano and Trinculo for Prospero's spirits, but alcohol convinces him that Stephano is a "brave god" and decides unconditionally to "kneel to him" . This scene shows the foreign, civilized culture as decadent and manipulative: Stephano immediately plans to "inherit" the island , using Caliban to show him all its virtues. Stephano and Trinculo are a grotesque, parodic version of Prospero upon his arrival twelve years ago. Godlike in the eyes of the native, they slash and burn their way to power. By this point, Caliban has begun to resemble a parody of himself. Whereas he would "gabble like / A thing most brutish"  upon Prospero's arrival, because he did not know language, he now is willfully inarticulate in his drunkenness. Immediately putting aside his fear that these men are spirits sent to do him harm, Caliban puts his trust in them for all the wrong reasons. What makes Caliban's behavior in this scene so tragic is that we might expect him, especially after his eloquent curses of Prospero in Act I, scene ii, to know better.

SCENE II.

_Another part of the island._

  _Enter CALIBAN with a burden of wood. A noise of thunder heard._

_Cal._ All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs, fens, flats, on Prosper fall, and make him
By inch-meal a disease! His spirits hear me,
And yet I needs must curse. But they'll nor pinch,
Fright me with urchin-shows, pitch me i' the mire,                   5
Nor lead me, like a firebrand, in the dark
Out of my way, unless he bid 'em: but
For every trifle are they set upon me;
Sometime like apes, that mow and chatter at me,
And after bite me; then like hedgehogs, which                       10
Lie tumbling in my barefoot way, and mount
Their pricks at my footfall; sometime am I
All wound with adders, who with cloven tongues
Do hiss me into madness.

  _Enter TRINCULO._

                        Lo, now, lo!
Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me                       15
For bringing wood in slowly. I'll fall flat;
Perchance he will not mind me.

_Trin._ Here's neither bush nor shrub, to bear off any
weather at all, and another storm brewing; I hear it sing i'
the wind: yond same black cloud, yond huge one, looks               20
like a foul bombard that would shed his liquor. If it should
thunder as it did before, I know not where to hide my head:
yond same cloud cannot choose but fall by pailfuls. What
have we here? a man or a fish? dead or alive? A fish: he
smells like a fish; a very ancient and fish-like smell; a kind      25
of not of the newest Poor-John. A strange fish! Were I
in England now, as once I was, and had but this fish
painted, not a holiday fool there but would give a piece of
silver: there would this monster make a man; any strange
beast there makes a man: when they will not give a doit to          30
relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead
Indian. Legged like a man! and his fins like arms! Warm
o' my troth! I do now let loose my opinion; hold it no
longer: this is no fish, but an islander, that hath lately
suffered by a thunderbolt. [_Thunder._] Alas, the storm is come     35
again! my best way is to creep under his gaberdine; there
is no other shelter hereabout: misery acquaints a man with
strange bed-fellows. I will here shroud till the dregs of the
storm be past.

  _Enter STEPHANO, singing: a bottle in his hand._

_Ste._ I shall no more to sea, to sea,                              40
                Here shall I die a-shore,--

This is a very scurvy tune to sing at a man's funeral: well,
here's my comfort.                                  [_Drinks._

[_Sings._ The master, the swabber, the boatswain, and I,
                       The gunner, and his mate,                    45
               Loved Mall, Meg, and Marian, and Margery,
                   But none of us cared for Kate;
                   For she had a tongue with a tang,
                   Would cry to a sailor, Go hang!
               She loved not the savour of tar nor of pitch;        50
               Yet a tailor might scratch her where'er she did itch.
                   Then, to sea, boys, and let her go hang!

This is a scurvy tune too: but here's my comfort. [_Drinks._

_Cal._ Do not torment me:--O!

_Ste._ What's the matter? Have we devils here? Do                   55
you put tricks upon 's with savages and men of Ind, ha? I
have not scaped drowning, to be afeard now of your four
legs; for it hath been said, As proper a man as ever went
on four legs cannot make him give ground; and it shall be
said so again, while Stephano breathes at's nostrils.               60

_Cal._ The spirit torments me:--O!

_Ste._ This is some monster of the isle with four legs, who
hath got, as I take it, an ague. Where the devil should he
learn our language? I will give him some relief, if it be
but for that. If I can recover him, and keep him tame, and          65
get to Naples with him, he's a present for any emperor that
ever trod on neat's-leather.

_Cal._ Do not torment me, prithee; I'll bring my wood
home faster.

_Ste._ He's in his fit now, and does not talk after the             70
wisest. He shall taste of my bottle: if he have never drunk
wine afore, it will go near to remove his fit. If I can recover
him, and keep him tame, I will not take too much for
him; he shall pay for him that hath him, and that soundly.

_Cal._ Thou dost me yet but little hurt; thou wilt anon, I          75
know it by thy trembling: now Prosper works upon thee.

_Ste._ Come on your ways; open your mouth; here is that
which will give language to you, cat: open your mouth; this
will shake your shaking, I can tell you, and that soundly:
you cannot tell who's your friend: open your chaps again.           80

_Trin._ I should know that voice: it should be--but he
is drowned; and these are devils:--O defend me!

_Ste._ Four legs and two voices,--a most delicate monster!
His forward voice, now, is to speak well of his friend;
his backward voice is to utter foul speeches and to detract.        85
If all the wine in my bottle will recover him, I will help
his ague. Come:--Amen! I will pour some in thy other
mouth.

_Trin._ Stephano!

_Ste._ Doth thy other mouth call me? Mercy, mercy!                  90
This is a devil, and no monster: I will leave him; I have
no long spoon.

_Trin._ Stephano! If thou beest Stephano, touch me,
and speak to me; for I am Trinculo,--be not afeard,--thy
good friend Trinculo.                                               95

_Ste._ If thou beest Trinculo, come forth: I'll pull thee
by the lesser legs: if any be Trinculo's legs, these are they.
Thou art very Trinculo indeed! How earnest thou to be
the siege of this moon-calf? can he vent Trinculos?

_Trin._ I took him to be killed with a thunder-stroke.             100
But art thou not drowned, Stephano? I hope, now, thou
art not drowned. Is the storm overblown? I hid me
under the dead moon-calf's gaberdine for fear of the storm.
And art thou living, Stephano? O Stephano, two Neapolitans
scaped!                                                            105

_Ste._ Prithee, do not turn me about; my stomach is not
constant.

_Cal._ [_aside_] These be fine things, an if they be not sprites.
That's a brave god, and bears celestial liquor:
I will kneel to him.                                               110

_Ste._ How didst thou 'scape? How camest thou hither?
swear, by this bottle, how thou camest hither. I escaped
upon a butt of sack, which the sailors heaved o'erboard, by
this bottle! which I made of the bark of a tree with mine
own hands, since I was cast ashore.                                115

_Cal._ I'll swear, upon that bottle, to be thy true subject;
for the liquor is not earthly.

_Ste._ Here; swear, then, how thou escapedst.

_Trin._ Swum ashore, man, like a duck: I can swim
like a duck, I'll be sworn.                                        120

_Ste._ Here, kiss the book. Though thou canst swim
like a duck, thou art made like a goose.

_Trin._ O Stephano, hast any more of this?

_Ste._ The whole butt, man: my cellar is in a rock by
the sea-side, where my wine is hid. How now, moon-calf!            125
how does thine ague?

_Cal._ Hast thou not dropp'd from heaven?

_Ste._ Out o' the moon, I do assure thee: I was the man
i' the moon when time was.

_Cal._ I have seen thee in her, and I do adore thee:               130
My mistress show'd me thee, and thy dog, and thy bush.

_Ste._ Come, swear to that; kiss the book: I will furnish
it anon with new contents: swear.

_Trin._ By this good light, this is a very shallow monster!
I afeard of him! A very weak monster! The                          135
man i' the moon! A most poor credulous monster! Well
drawn, monster, in good sooth!

_Cal._ I'll show thee every fertile inch o' th' island;
And I will kiss thy foot: I prithee, be my god.

_Trin._ By this light, a most perfidious and drunken               140
monster! when's god's asleep, he'll rob his bottle.

_Cal._ I'll kiss thy foot; I'll swear myself thy subject.

_Ste._ Come on, then; down, and swear.

_Trin._ I shall laugh myself to death at this puppy-headed
monster. A most scurvy monster! I could find in                    145
my heart to beat him,--

_Ste._ Come, kiss.

_Trin._ But that the poor monster's in drink: an abominable
monster!

_Cal._ I'll show thee the best springs; I'll pluck thee berries;   150
I'll fish for thee, and get thee wood enough.
A plague upon the tyrant that I serve!
I'll bear him no more sticks, but follow thee,
Thou wondrous man.

_Trin._ A most ridiculous monster, to make a wonder                155
of a poor drunkard!

_Cal._ I prithee, let me bring thee where crabs grow;
And I with my long nails will dig thee pig-nuts;
Show thee a jay's nest, and instruct thee how
To snare the nimble marmoset; I'll bring thee                      160
To clustering filberts, and sometimes I'll get thee
Young scamels from the rock. Wilt thou go with me?

_Ste._ I prithee now, lead the way, without any more
talking. Trinculo, the king and all our company else being
drowned, we will inherit here: here; bear my bottle: fellow        165
Trinculo, we'll fill him by and by again.

_Cal. sings drunkenly._] Farewell, master; farewell, farewell!

_Trin._ A howling monster; a drunken monster!

_Cal._ No more dams I'll make for fish;
                Nor fetch in firing                                170
                At requiring;
             Nor scrape trencher, nor wash dish:
                'Ban, 'Ban, Cacaliban
                Has a new master:--get a new man.

Freedom, hey-day! hey-day, freedom! freedom, hey-day,              175
freedom!

_Ste._ O brave monster! Lead the way.    [_Exeunt._

  Notes: II, 2.

  4: _nor_] F1 F2. _not_ F3 F4.
  15: _and_] _now_ Pope. _sent_ Edd. conj. (so Dryden).
  21: _foul_] _full_ Upton conj.
  35: [Thunder] Capell.
  38: _dregs_] _drench_ Collier MS.
  40: SCENE III. Pope.
  [a bottle in his hand] Capell.]
  46: _and Marian_] _Mirian_ Pope.
  56: _savages_] _salvages_ Ff.
  60: _at's nostrils_] Edd. _at 'nostrils_ F1. _at nostrils_ F2 F3 F4.
    _at his nostrils_ Pope.
  78: _you, cat_] _you Cat_ Ff. _a cat_ Hanmer. _your cat_ Edd. conj.
  84: _well_] F1 om. F2 F3 F4.
  115, 116: Steevens prints as verse, _I'll ... thy True ... earthly._
  118: _swear, then, how thou escapedst_] _swear then: how escapedst
    thou?_ Pope.
  119: _Swum_] _Swom_ Ff.
  131: _and thy dog, and thy bush_] _thy dog and bush_ Steevens.
  133: _new_] F1. _the new_ F2 F3 F4.
  135: _weak_] F1. _shallow_ F2 F3 F4.
  138: _island_] F1. _isle_ F2 F3 F4.
  150-154, 157-162, printed as verse by Pope (after Dryden).
  162: _scamels_] _shamois_ Theobald. _seamalls, stannels_ id. conj.
  163: Ste.] F1. Cal. F2 F3 F4.
  165: Before _here; bear my bottle_ Capell inserts [To Cal.].
    See note (XII).
  172: _trencher_] Pope (after Dryden). _trenchering_ Ff.
  175: _hey-day_] Rowe. _high-day_ Ff.


Context: Provided is a universal Ku band LNB (9.75/10.600 GHz) which is fitted at the end of the dish and pointed at the correct satellite constellation; most digital receivers will receive the free to air channels. Some broadcasts are free-to-air and unencrypted, some are encrypted but do not require a monthly subscription (known as free-to-view), some are encrypted and require a monthly subscription, and some are pay-per-view services. To view the encrypted content a VideoGuard UK equipped receiver (all of which are dedicated to the Sky service, and cannot be used to decrypt other services) needs to be used. Unofficial CAMs are now available to view the service, although use of them breaks the user's contract with Sky and invalidates the user's rights to use the card.

Question: What is the universal band that digital recievers will receive free to air channels on?

9.75/10.600 GHz
universal Ku band
Ku band


Context: At the beginning of the 20th century, important advancement in geological science was facilitated by the ability to obtain accurate absolute dates to geologic events using radioactive isotopes and other methods. This changed the understanding of geologic time. Previously, geologists could only use fossils and stratigraphic correlation to date sections of rock relative to one another. With isotopic dates it became possible to assign absolute ages to rock units, and these absolute dates could be applied to fossil sequences in which there was datable material, converting the old relative ages into new absolute ages.

Question: What did using fossils help change for scientists?


Context: Packet mode communication may be implemented with or without intermediate forwarding nodes (packet switches or routers). Packets are normally forwarded by intermediate network nodes asynchronously using first-in, first-out buffering, but may be forwarded according to some scheduling discipline for fair queuing, traffic shaping, or for differentiated or guaranteed quality of service, such as weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket. In case of a shared physical medium (such as radio or 10BASE5), the packets may be delivered according to a multiple access scheme.

Question: If there is no radio or 10BASE5, how are the packets delivered?


Context: Many complexity classes are defined using the concept of a reduction. A reduction is a transformation of one problem into another problem. It captures the informal notion of a problem being at least as difficult as another problem. For instance, if a problem X can be solved using an algorithm for Y, X is no more difficult than Y, and we say that X reduces to Y. There are many different types of reductions, based on the method of reduction, such as Cook reductions, Karp reductions and Levin reductions, and the bound on the complexity of reductions, such as polynomial-time reductions or log-space reductions.

Question: What are two examples of different types of reduction?

Karp reductions and Levin reductions
Cook reductions, Karp reductions


Context: In 1096, Crusaders passing by the siege of Amalfi were joined by Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred with an army of Italo-Normans. Bohemond was the de facto leader of the Crusade during its passage through Asia Minor. After the successful Siege of Antioch in 1097, Bohemond began carving out an independent principality around that city. Tancred was instrumental in the conquest of Jerusalem and he worked for the expansion of the Crusader kingdom in Transjordan and the region of Galilee.[citation needed]

Question: When did Tancred lay siege to Antioch?


Context: In October 2010, the open-access scientific journal PLoS Pathogens published a paper by a multinational team who undertook a new investigation into the role of Yersinia pestis in the Black Death following the disputed identification by Drancourt and Raoult in 1998. They assessed the presence of DNA/RNA with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques for Y. pestis from the tooth sockets in human skeletons from mass graves in northern, central and southern Europe that were associated archaeologically with the Black Death and subsequent resurgences. The authors concluded that this new research, together with prior analyses from the south of France and Germany, ". . . ends the debate about the etiology of the Black Death, and unambiguously demonstrates that Y. pestis was the causative agent of the epidemic plague that devastated Europe during the Middle Ages".

Question: What scientific journal in France published a prior analysis of the Black Death?


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Keowee courier. [volume]

i ] ' SOTICK, ** All Poreon* hnvjug demond* lyjnin*! llw Estate of Sheriff Ilnynos, will hand them in lejriilly atte*n d Those indebted rau?t ^ No a. 17 th Ordinary & AUm>* it

South Carolina--Oconee--Walhalla
South Carolina--Pickens--Pickens


NjSW and fashionable and a O O D S ! ti.a w*^:..: i JL IIU DIIU3UIIUCI9 (IIC IIV? ICUUIVIIIJJ UIIU I opening large assortments of the newest and most fashionable Spring and GOODS, together with Domestics and Groceries of a 1 kinds, all of which they will dispose of on the most terms for cash. Call and examine before you purchase elsewhere. ALEXANDER & BARTON, at S. C.; ALEXANDER & NEVIL, at West Union S. 0. v2 nl tf 1850


CITATION. J. B. Billingsly having applied to mo Letters of .<4dmlni8tmHon on the Es? of Andrew Billingslv, lute of Georgia, deo'd. The creditors are therefore cited to ap? before me on the 6th day of icaii iu biiuw cuu6u it jiuy mey unu wny said Letters should not bo granted. Oiven under my hand and seal 1850. W, D, STEELE, o. p. d,


SOUTH CAOL.INA, PICKENS DISTRICT. L Roper, ?fc wife Metinda Roper, Applicants; vs. IVm. Kdent, Alexander JSdens, <k wife Esther Adams and wife Poll?, Adams, for the sale of the Real Samuel Edens dee'd. And it that Jesse Adams, nnd wife, Polly, without the limits of this rotate. It is therefore ordered that they do appear uirce monins irom the date nereot their consent to said Sail will be confessed. W. D. STEELE, o. p. d. Ordinary's Office.) 2,1850. f


CITATION. Jane Trotter and John R. Trotter, hav ing applied to me for letter of on the Estate of Joeiah I rotter late of Pickens District dee'd. The and creditors are cited to appear me on the 25th inst to show cause if any they can, why said Letters of should not bo granted. Given under my hand and seal lltU 1850 \XT T\ Cfrnr^Y^Y n - ??. yj. u 1 i'JIIMIjVJ, o. p. d.


JYoticc. A jjfOod SnoKMAKKn, well cm find employment by making application to J.E.HAGOOD, Twelve MileS C. March Oth 1850. 42 tf, for sy-i! AT THIS OFFICE


rnm the pslaoe sell your Beeso Wax, Tallow, Feathers, Peas, Threshed and Dry Hides; for which you can get Goods for at low doivn cash prices at the store of benson <Si Taylor. Pickens O. II., s. c. July 25th. 10 cerht.


KOT1CR All persons having demands against the Estate of Nancy Ferguson lnte of I'ickcns District doe'd must hand them in legally attested, and these iiidc.htorl will make payment. J. G. FERGUSON, Kxeo'r Ufay Off 1350. X 4t


i S?I\S OF TEMPERANCES 1'iCKENS ])1VIS10N, NO 21. Members of this Division are to meet hereafter on Saturday i o'clock, P. M. All members aro solicited to be at our next meeting, to assist in tho Installation of Oflicers elect, &c. M. M. NORTON, J?. S.


. j ' JYO ALL persons having demands against the Estate of Elizabeth Stribling, deed, will hand them in legally attested, and those indebted mist make payment. T. M. Stribling, ) . , , M. S. Stribling. J Jan. 10, i860. 35 8m, GOODS"! THE Subs, ribcr would again his friends, and the public generally, that he has just received a fresh supply fo ScaNoiiaVilc ! consisting in purtof the following articles, vir/ Calicoes, fioni C t? 20 cents per yard ; Shirting, bleached and brown ; Cambrics*, Lawns and Alpaccas ; Cloths, TweedB, Cnssimeres, ?fcc., for g? ntlemen's wear; Blankets, Ilats, Caps, Bonnets, (fee.; Umbrellas, and a variety of other articles, which he will sell very cheap for cash. S. R. MoFALL. Pickens C. IT.. Dec. 10, '49. 32-b


Diesel model Winnie Harlow, who suffers from vitiligo, the same rare skin condition that singer Michael Jackson was diagnosed with, has been pictured enjoying a cozy night on the town with albino fashion star Shaun Ross. The pair attended a launch event for Popular magazine at Siren Studios in Hollywood, California, on Tuesday night, and were snapped holding hands while making their way into the venue. Winnie, 19, who was unveiled as one of the newest faces of fashion label Diesel earlier this year, was wearing a short and simple black and gold mini dress, which she accessorized with a pair of gold strappy heels. Scroll down for video . Looking cozy: Winnie Harlow, 19, who suffers from the same rare skin condition as Michael Jackson, was pictured hand-in-hand with albino model Shaun Ross on Tuesday night . Out on the town: The duo were attending the launch for Popular magazine at Hollywood venue Siren Studios . Skingraft black and gold dress . Get it from Pasar here . Visit site . This look is all types of yes. Winnie Harlow looks incredible in her leather tunic dress which features striking gold trims on the sleeves and hemline. The loose fit creates a flattering silhouette too. Winnie's dress is from LA-based fashion house Skingraft, and you can still buy it by clicking right to Paser's website now. It'll be your go-to party piece! It is however, slightly pricey coming in at $750, so if you want to add a golden standard to your style for less, why not check out these various finds below? We are particularly dazzled by this Mynt 1792 number at Nordstrom. A pair of strappy metallic heels will finish off your look to perfection! Choice's black and gold stamping dress . Visit site . Mynt 1792 color block dress at Nordstrom . Visit site . Maykool black and gold dress . Visit site . Dailylook fit and flare dress . Visit site . Meanwhile Shaun, 23, opted for a more low-key look, wearing an all-black ensemble, which he topped off with a unique tall baseball hat and a pair of leather sneaker-style boots. And while it appears to be the first time that the duo have been spotted enjoying an evening out together, it is likely not the first occasion that they have met. Both stars have made regular appearances on the catwalks at various Fashion Weeks, while Shaun has also starred in campaigns for the likes of Alexander McQueen and Givenchy. Coincidentally, the models also each had a helping hand from fellow fashion star Tyra Banks. Fashion stars: While Evan opted for an all-black ensemble, topped off with a bizarre baseball cap, Winnie wore a black and gold mini dress and strappy sandals . Rising stars: Both Shaun and Winnie have each achieved global recognition in the fashion indsutry, appearing in numerous high-profile fashion campaigns . Strut your stuff: Both Winnie (L), pictured at the Desigual fall/winter 2015 show, and Shaun (R), pictured on the catwalk in February, boast impressive runway credentials . Winnie, whose real name is Chantelle Brown-Young, was one of the contestants on Tyra's hit reality series America's Next Top Model, while Shaun made an appearance on the former model's eponymous talk show in 2009. Despite their cozy appearance, it's not thought that the two are dating - however Shaun did take the time to post a heartwarming message to the model on his Instagram account, just hours after the pair attended the Popular magazine event. Alongside an image of the two of them, Shaun wrote: 'So much fun last night @winnieharlow keep up the good work. From an original believer in you.' And it seems his sweet sentiments were reciprocated by Winnie, who posted a similar image on her own account, saying: 'Sweet nothings with my fly friend @shaundross'

Winnie, 19, was diagnosed with the rare condition when she was four-years-old .
Condition causes a lack of melanin which forms white patches on the skin .


(CNN)When Melissa Atkins Wardy, author of "Redefining Girly" and a passionate advocate for fighting gender stereotypes, heard from a frustrated mom on Facebook, she knew she needed to do something. So she shared the mom's story. In a blog post, Wardy told how the mom, Veronica of Richland, Washington, wanted to buy "Big Hero 6" fabric to make pillows for her two children. The problem? The fabric didn't include two of the heroes from the movie: the female characters, Honey Lemon and GoGo. So Veronica decided to send an email to Springs Creative, the company that makes the fabric, saying that as a woman and an engineer, she was offended. She got an answer from the company but it didn't help. Girl empowerment ads like GoldieBlox: Do they work? A licensing manager for Springs Creative responded that the company has found that boys don't want girl characters on their things. "Eeeww girls! Yuck! Haha," the licensing manager wrote. It will come as no surprise that Veronica was none too pleased to receive that response. "I was frustrated and disgusted that a manager, and a female manager too, would laugh off my initial contact with the company. It was unprofessional. So I responded," Veronica told CNN. She asked that we not use her last name, in order to maintain her privacy. In an email back to the company, Veronica wrote, "By eliminating the women in your fabric design, you are telling boys that it's OK to think girls are yucky, unworthy and less than a boy. "You are also telling girls they are unworthy, unwanted and that it's un-cool to be smart and confident." What happened next shows that parents, aided by social media outrage, may have more leverage to combat gender stereotyping in our culture than they realize. And the "Big Hero 6" example -- along with a similar recent one involving TOMS, the shoes retailer -- suggests that manufacturers may be finally getting it, too. First, the rest of the story about Springs Creative and the "Big Hero" fabric: After sharing Veronica's story with her readers and her 6,700 Twitter followers, Wardy encouraged people to give Springs Creative a piece of their mind. She also invited them to tweet their own stories with the hashtag #IncludeTheGirls. Women responded in droves, pointing out how Black Widow, the female character in the popular "Avengers" superhero movie franchise, is often excluded from merchandise and how cereal boxes rarely include female characters. "This sends the direct message to both boys and girls that females are forgettable, unimportant, undesirable. What a horrible thing to teach our children!" said Wardy, who is also the founder and chief executive officer of Pigtail Pals & Ballcap Buddies, a company that makes empowering clothing for boys and girls. "The prevailing theory is, 1. boys are the default audience, and 2. boys won't want an item with a girl on it," Wardy said. "Yet, I talk with thousands of parents every week who say otherwise." Why trying to make our kids happy can backfire . Those parents are clearly making their voices heard. Because not too long after Veronica received her initial response from Springs Creative, Wardy said she got a call from the company, asking her to post a statement from Springs Creative on her site. "It is sometimes difficult to hear negative feedback but the message was clear and we intend to act upon your message," the statement read. "Most importantly, Springs Creative does not condone sexism in any shape or form and does not design products to shine a negative light on females OR males." The company said it would be talking with Disney "immediately" about additional designs for "Big Hero 6" that would incorporate all the characters. "We would never intentionally offend any segment of the population. We are a strong company with positive morals and values and we respect and see both genders equally," said the statement. Springs Creative told CNN it would have no further comment. Veronica said she was surprised the company responded so quickly. "I do not believe this would have happened without the Pigtail Pals and Ballcap Buddies community also raising their voices." The real March Madness: When will women's teams get equal buzz? Around the same time, Wardy heard from another follower about an issue with TOMS and wrote about it on her site. On the normally progressive retailer's Web landing page for kids were photos that some parents felt played into gender stereotypes. One photo suggested "Playtime Approved" shoes for boys, and the other, this one on a pink background, included the caption "Little Ladies: adorn their feet for spring." "Really, TOMS? Girls are not ornaments we adorn. Girls play, too!" Wardy wrote on her Facebook page. Two hours later, Wardy received a comment from TOMS on her Facebook page, saying that the company completely agrees and that the wording has been changed to now say "new arrivals for kids." "We're really grateful whenever our community brings something like this to our attention," said Doug Piwinski, senior vice president, global marketing and communications for TOMS. "Perhaps as much or more than any other brand, I mean we really listen to our customers in our community." So, here's my question: Are the two speedy responses from companies after women spoke out on social media more a sign that companies are truly getting it about gender stereotypes and girl and boy empowerment, or more a sign of the power of parents? Or are they a mixture of both? How to Super Bowl #LikeAGirl . Wardy said there's no doubt that companies are in business to protect their bottom line, and that will always be a motivator. But she said these back-to-back incidents show what can happen when parents make it clear they won't buy products from companies that sell gender stereotypes. " 'Be not silent' is my mantra. Speak up!" Wardy said. "The success with Springs Creative and TOMS and other wins we've had in the past is an example of the power of parents (moms and dads) and children's advocates aggregating their voices to say, 'Enough is enough.' " Veronica said it's a sign of the power of parents becoming "more aware, reactive and using social media to make their voices heard by companies that market to children." She added, "One voice can be dismissed; the hailstorm of voices collectively cannot be ignored so easily." It is clear, from these two examples, that parents using their voices online and with their wallets can encourage companies to change. There's no question that raising awareness about stereotypes helps, said Wardy. "If companies aren't paying attention by now, they most certainly should be." Pink, princess-y and sexy too soon . Do you think more companies are getting the message to include girl characters on merchandise? Share your thoughts with Kelly Wallace on Twitter or CNN Living on Facebook.

A mom of two got upset when "Big Hero 6" fabric didn't include the two female characters .
Another mom called attention to gender stereotypes on a TOMS Web page .
In both cases, the companies responded quickly to answer parents' concerns .


(CNN)Blinky and Pinky on the Champs Elysees? Inky and Clyde running down Broadway? Power pellets on the Embarcadero? Leave it to Google to make April Fools' Day into throwback fun by combining Google Maps with Pac-Man. The massive tech company is known for its impish April Fools' Day pranks, and Google Maps has been at the center of a few, including a Pokemon Challenge and a treasure map. This year the company was a day early to the party, rolling out the Pac-Man game Tuesday. It's easy to play: Simply pull up Google Maps on your desktop browser, click on the Pac-Man icon on the lower left, and your map suddenly becomes a Pac-Man course. Twitterers have been tickled by the possibilities, playing Pac-Man in Manhattan, on the University of Illinois quad, in central London and down crooked Lombard Street in San Francisco, among many locations: .

Google Maps has a temporary Pac-Man function .
Google has long been fond of April Fools' Day pranks and games .
Many people are turning their cities into Pac-Man courses .


(CNN)Would you want a TV program about your family history to include details of a distant, long-deceased relative who had owned slaves? Seriously, who in their right mind would want to be tarnished by the sins of an ancestor you had no connection to other than a remote bloodline? I wouldn't, and neither did Ben Affleck, who lobbied producers of a PBS show, "Finding Your Roots," to remove any reference to his great-great-great grandfather Benjamin Cole, a Georgia slave owner in the mid-1800's, in an episode that looked at Affleck's family history. (Affleck revealed Cole's name Wednesday night.) Here's the thing that might surprise many, given the tendency of the media to exploit any potentially scandalous material: The show's producer, Harvard professor Henry Louis Gates Jr., apparently acquiesced to Affleck's request, because when the episode aired in October 2014, there was no mention of the star's slave-owning ancestor. Affleck's attempt to alter the content of the program only publicly became known a few days ago after WikiLeaks released hacked emails revealing an exchange between Gates and Sony Pictures chief Michael Lynton. When Gates asked how he should respond to Affleck's request to delete the material, Lynton responded, "all things being equal, I would definitely take it out." And on Tuesday, Affleck, via Facebook, admitted that he had urged Gates to excise any reference to his slave-owning relative. Affleck explained, "I didn't want any television show about my family to include a guy who owned slaves. I was embarrassed. The very thought left a bad taste in my mouth." Now Gates has publicly denied that he made his decision about the content of the program based on Affleck's request, but it seems likely that he did. After all, Affleck noted as much in his Facebook post, writing that Gates "agreed with me on the slave owner but made other choices I disagreed with." And three other celebrities profiled on the series last season were shown to have been related to slave owners. So it's unlikely that it was simply happenstance that it left out any reference to Affleck's familial slave ownership connection. In any event, PBS has launched an internal review to determine if the show violated its own editorial standards. Whatever the results of the review, Affleck and Gates did the right thing. Let's be clear: "Finding Your Roots" is not an investigative news show; it's an entertainment program. In fact, as Affleck noted, much of the material is provided directly by the celebrity being profiled. It's not "60 Minutes" but more in the nature of a sophisticated profile of celebrities, using their marquee names to attract viewers. There's not even a hint that Affleck strong-armed the producers or made any type of threats against them if they included the information. In the emails between Gates and Lynton, which they presumably believed at the time were confidential and would remain so, there was no mention of undue pressure by Affleck. Instead, Gates simply noted that Affleck  "asked us to edit out something." After the emails were revealed, Gates issued a statement, saying, "Ultimately, I maintain editorial control on all of my projects and, with my producers, decide what will make for the most compelling program. In the case of Mr. Affleck we focused on what we felt were the most interesting aspects of his ancestry -- including a Revolutionary War ancestor, a third great-grandfather who was an occult enthusiast, and his mother who marched for civil rights during the Freedom Summer of 1964." My view would be different if Affleck had a history of uttering racist remarks or engaging in racist conduct. That would have made the information truly newsworthy. But instead we have a man known for championing progressive causes, which I'm sure made him even more acutely sensitive that some on the right might possibly use this information against him in the future. Perhaps that's what Affleck meant in his Facebook post when he wrote that this information made him feel "vulnerable." Affleck has noted that he regrets asking PBS to not include information about his "distant relative."  That's a nice gesture, but it was not needed. Affleck had every right to ask for the information about a long-deceased distant relative to be left out of the show. And PBS had the choice to include it or leave it out. I applaud PBS for doing the right thing at a time when media outlets rarely show any restraint on the lives of people in the public eye.

Ben Affleck admits he asked PBS show "Finding Your Roots" to avoid mentioning his slave-owning ancestor .
Dean Obeidallah says the actor and the show were right to leave the detail out .


What's the wather in Coleville, Kenya


what will the weather be like in Louisiana will it be colder then now


add gabrial mcnair to my Love In Paris list


Book a restaurant in Medford Lakes on Sep. 8, 2033 for essie, tonya and I


Find a song called You Cross My Path.


When can I go see The Untold Story?


when is Red Shirts showing at Dickinson Theatres


Rate my current book four points out of 6


Book a table at a tavern in Albania for annette, darlene and barbara james for ten AM


What are the movie times for animated movies nearby?


Intermediate
Coal will probably rival oil as the worlds biggest source of energy in the next five years, with possible disastrous consequences for the climate, says the worlds leading authority on energy economics.
One of the biggest factors behind the rise in coal use has been the massive increase in the use of shale gas in the US.
New research from the International Energy Agency (IEA) shows that coal consumption is increasing all over the world  even in countries and regions with carbon-cutting targets  except in the US, where shale gas is now more popular than coal. The decline of coal consumption in the US has helped to cut prices for coal globally. This has made it more attractive, even in Europe where coal use was supposed to be discouraged by the Emissions Trading Scheme.
Maria van der Hoeven, Executive Director of the IEA, said that coal consumption continues to grow each year and, if no changes are made, coal will catch oil within a decade.
Coal is available in large amounts and found in most regions of the world, unlike conventional oil and gas, and can be cheaply extracted. According to the IEA, China and India will drive world coal use in the coming five years, with India likely to overtake the US as the worlds second biggest consumer. China is the biggest coal importer, and Indonesia the biggest exporter.
According to the IEAs Medium-Term Coal Market Report the world will burn 1.2bn more tonnes of coal per year by 2017 compared with today.
With the highest carbon emissions of any major fossil fuel, coal is a huge contributor to climate change, particularly when burned in old-fashioned, inefficient power stations. When these are not equipped with special scrubbing equipment to remove chemicals, coal can also produce sulphur emissions  the leading cause of acid rain  and mercury and soot-particle pollution.
Van der Hoeven said that, without a high carbon price to discourage the growth in coal use and encourage cleaner technologies such as renewable power, only competition from lower-priced gas could reduce demand for coal. This has happened in the US, due to the extraordinary increase in the production of shale gas in that market in the past five years.
She said: The US experience suggests that a more efficient gas market can reduce coal use, carbon dioxide emissions and consumers electricity bills. Europe, China and other regions should take note.
If something isnt done, the world faces an increased risk of climate change as a result of this fast-increasing consumption of the highest carbon fossil fuel.


Should students be taught to compete or to cooperate? It is always said that competition can effectively promote the development of economy . In order to survive in the competition, companies continue to improve their products and service, and as a result, the whole society prospers . However, when we discuss the issue of competition or cooperation, what we are concerned about is not the whole society, but the development of an individual's whole life . From this point of view, I firmly believe that we should attach more importance to cooperation during primary education . First of all, through cooperation, children can learn about interpersonal skills which are significant in the future life of all students . What we acquired from team work is not only how to achieve the same goal with others but more importantly, how to get along with others . During the process of cooperation, children can learn about how to listen to opinions of others, how to communicate with others, how to think comprehensively, and even how to compromise with other team members when conflicts occurred . All of these skills help them to get on well with other people and will benefit them for the whole life . On the other hand, the significance of competition is that how to become more excellence to gain the victory . Hence it is always said that competition makes the society more effective . However, when we consider about the question that how to win the game, we always find that we need the cooperation . The greater our goal is, the more competition we need . Take Olympic games which is a form of competition for instance, it is hard to imagine how an athlete could win the game without the training of his or her coach, and the help of other professional staffs such as the people who take care of his diet, and those who are in charge of the medical care . The winner is the athlete but the success belongs to the whole team . Therefore without the cooperation, there would be no victory of competition . Consequently, no matter from the view of individual development or the relationship between competition and cooperation we can receive the same conclusion that a more cooperative attitudes towards life is more profitable in one's success .


Will newspapers become a thing of the past? The internet has been more and more popular for recent years, providing people with a huge source of information . As a result of this, print media such as newspapers have experienced a dramatic decline in the number of readers . Some people, however, still believe that they can exist for long time; others disagree, arguing that newspapers have lost their competitive advantage to sustain their prolonged existence . Personally, I am inclined to agree with the latter view for following reasons . First of all, to obtain information, using the internet is quicker and more convenient than reading newspapers . Contrary to the past when people had to wait long hours to take a daily newspaper, nowadays, they can acquire latest news updated every second through their mobile phones or computers connected to the internet, everywhere and at anytime . As can be seen, these devices and machines are very common in all parts of the world, making it easier for people to read a number of things that newspapers can not provide in only some pages . Hence, the print media has failed to keep its important role in the provision of information . Another point is that, from the economic aspect, buying newspapers appears to be a waste of money when the internet becomes available for every one . It is clear to recognize that the internet service is being provided at a low cost or even free in many countries . The question arises as to whether or not a person spends an extra money buying newspapers to receive the same, even usually less information than those he can have with the internet? The answer, perhaps, is that hardly would rational people do so . For this reason, the number of people reading newspapers may continue falling sharply, possibly leading to the close-downs of many in the coming time . Last, but not least, when taking environment into consideration, people must conceive that the more newspapers are published, the more trees are cut down . This is simply the contributor to the deforestation which is happening all over the world today . At this point, newspapers' production will have to face environmentalists on its way to be alive . In conclusion, it might be unpleasant for some advocating newspapers to witness the extinction of the type of media . However, this, if occurring, should be seen as a result of the ever-increasing innovations in media technology and in our modern life as a whole .


Government budget focus, young children or university? "Education is the investment in our future", as Senator Bernie Sanders once pointed out, education, which fosters a civilized society, plays a significant role in a country's long-lasting prosperity . It is no wonder that governments throughout the world lay special emphasis on education development . As for the two integral components within the system, elementary and advanced education, there's no doubt that a government is supposed to offer sufficient financial support for both . Concerning that elementary education, like the base of a architecture, is the fundamental requirement to be a qualified citizen in today's society, government should guarantee that all people have equal and convenient access to it . So a lack of well-established primary education goes hand in hand with a high rate of illiteracy, and this interplay seriously compromises a country's future development . In other words, if countries, especially the developing countries, are determined to take off, one of the key points governments should set on agenda is to educate more qualified future citizens through elementary education . That's not enough, for higher education, which represent the cutting edge of a country's academic achievements, act as the vanguard in economic and social advance . The high technology and new ideas applied into practice may not only lead a country to flourish but also elevate its status in the international community . Some may argue that universities can support themselve well by donation or invention, but this argument is invalid . Researches into humanities and art still need large amount of money, what's more, government's big budget on universities may attract more excellent intellectuals and researchers into the country and enjoy a higher reputation worldwide . From reasons listed above, we can safely draw the conclusion that, a government should spare effort on young children education as well as universities, both are crucial on the way to a brighter future .


Roommates quality and their importance Much has been said about the importance about good roommates and how roommates will affect our life in school . Research showed that friends that we made in university are more likely to be life time friends and this especially applicable to roommate . In my personal opinion, the most important quality of roommates is being considered . In the meantime, communication is also another essential particularity of a good roommate . Consideration is always important in relationship . For example, roommate turns down the music or television volume at night time . Sometimes we will not know what we have done until we have a taste of our own medicine . At all times, think about the other's feeling before doing any self-centered action would help to improve the roommate relationship tremendously . Therefore, having a considered roommate is significantly imperative to our school life . It will not only prevent conflicts but also to have a friend or even a family member . Moreover, communication is as well making a good roommate . People have different habit in daily life, such as tidy the blanket in the morning . One might think this is a piece of cake while other would consider it as immense project . If one requested to move out just because his roommate do not tidy up the blanket in the morning might be crying over split milk . Therefore, communication is very important as it would clear up the misinterpretation . Through communication, bonded are build and we could have better understanding of each others . In conclusion, there are many valuable factors about roommate that are important . Consideration and communication, in my personal opinion, are the most important quality . However, people might not get what they want all the time . The sky is the limit; there are all kinds of personality out there . We need to be flexible to be account into society .


Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways Nowadays transportation has attracted much social concern . Whether governments should invest more money in traffic infrastructure or focus more on developing public transportation has erupted endless controversy . It does not seem unreasonable to suggest that governments spend more money on buses, trains, and subways investment . Such public vehicles are used to serve a large number of people in society therefore they help alleviate traffic congestion and decrease the amount of carbon released into the air . Both these two things are important . First and foremost, carbon emission cut is significantly essential for protecting the atmosphere . The fact is that the more cars and motorbikes are on roads, the more seriously the ozone layer is damaged . If governments use more money to improve roads, there is a strong likelihood that more people drive their private cars work . This is sure to lead to more carbon emitted into the atmosphere, which can cause skin cancer and destroy the natural environment . Whereas, if there are more good buses, trains, or subways, people are inclined to use less private vehicles, which decreases the amount of carbon released . Obviously, the policy that concentrates money on developing public transportation brings an advantageous impact on earth . In addition, the policy would play a pivotal part in relieving traffic jam . It is quiet clear that traffic congestion is a serious problem in many big cities . The main reason for this issue is that there are a great number of vehicles flowing on roads . In order to tackle the problem, governments have to turn people' attention on public vehicles to reduce cars and motorbikes . There is the possibility that improving roads and highways does not seem to reach the major cause of traffic congestion . In conclusion, I would concede that high-quality roads and highways make it easier to move around . Nevertheless, public transportation systems even have more important advantages . They not only ease traffic jam but also protect the atmosphere . That is why many governments around the world invest more money on developing public transportation facilities .


Physical exercise Although some people think that the major part of school schedule should be entirely devoted to academics, I truly believe that the physical education part should not be outweighed . Physical exercises help to create healthy nation, assist to learning through direct observation and finally aid to financial development of a country . First of all, the ancient Latin proverb says: "Anima sana in corpore sano", which means that healthy body is basis for healthy soul . There is a direct linkage between people's health and the frequency of doing physical exercises . The more we practice, the better we feel . Additionally, there is a fact that one can improve health conditions with everyday physical activity: gradually, step by step we change physical condition to better . So, if the entire nation, from their school ages begin going for sports and try doing that everyday, eventually it may help to build healthy nation . Besides, when we practice outdoors and indoors sports, many aspects are getting clearer . For example, when a person goes jogging everyday, eventually he can understand his own body through direct observation . Alike, the school basketball team gains more knowledge on how to succeed in some particular kind of throwing the ball into hoot practicing rather than learning theoretically . Furthermore, almost all natural science discoveries were made by direct observation, which is a part of physical education . Last, but not least, financial sustainability of a region mostly depends on how healthy the population is . For instance, the money invested into physical education program can save allocations into healthcare, since the nation is comparatively healthy . Along with that, physically healthy people can contribute more both into economical and social development . As a matter of fact, the better a person feels, the better his brain works . Therefore, putting physical activities in early steps of human development would finally lead to mentally healthy society . As hence it ends up with financially competitive country . In the conclusion, I would like to say that the more attention is withdrawn to a problem of physical education, the more influence we can get on academic success of students .


Advance in transportation and communication like the airplane and the phone Nowadays, everyone can see the effect of technology on their life, especially on the way of transportations and communications such as the airplane and the telephone . There are lots of other effects of growing technology on transportations and communications, which are mentioned as follows . First and foremost, email can be count as one of the most beneficial results of modern technology . Many years ago, peoples had to pay a great deal of money to post their letters, and their payements were related to the weight of their letters or boxes, and many accidents may cause problem that the post could not be delivered . But nowadays, all people can take advantage of internet to have their own email free, and send their emails to everyone in no time, besides they can be sure if their emails have been delivered or not . Another important aspect on technology is transferring money . Today, students can apply for foreign universities much easier than before . Not only with the help of sending email, but also using credit cards to pay all necessary fees online . Therefore, with the advent of internet and online paying systems, you can do many thing at your home easily . Another technological innovations which help people around the world is related to medical equipments . Biomedical engineers could make a significant effect on increasing life expectancy the world . For example, one of their inventions was related to artificial heart valves which can be count as a turning point in heart surgeries . In the past time doctors used pig heart's valve to implant, but the patient could not be alive more than 3 years after the replacement . But now, biomedical engineers can make artificial heart valves which works well and doctors can implant them easily . To sum up, technology has helped us to have more comfortable life . You can see its effects on transportation, communication, medicine and so forth .


Technology inspires children's creativity instead of weakening it Technology accelerates human's evolving pace . With advanced technology, many things that seemed impossible in the past, have become realities . For example, people in the past never dreamed of talking to anyone whenever they wanted or see someone overseas on a computer screen, both of these can be achieved with cellphone and internet . However, some people point that technology has made children less creative . I don't deny that technology may have some negative effects on children, but I think technology makes children even more creative . First, technology inspires children to create new things . Children are curious about everything around them, so when they come across a high-tech product like a cellphone, they will be obsessed with its mysterious functions and eager to know how it works . For example, Bill Gates was attracted by the original huge computer, then he did everything he could to understand how it worked . After he had figured out all the stuff, he then began to promote the computer . In the end, he successfully invented a computer that was easy to use and lightweight . Therefore, instead of interfering children's creativity, technology actually encourages children to learn and to create . Second, technology widen children's knowledge . In the past, children were only able to see things from one perspective . However, with highly advanced technology, children are able to get information from foreign countries and even communicate with foreign friends . Therefore, they will be able to learn about different cultures and different ways of thinking . Knowledge is the base of creativity . The diverse knowledge that children gained from different parts of the world, inspires children and encourage them to create new things . Admittedly, technology may have negative effects on children . Technology has made life too easy for most children . In comfortable conditions, children may be satisfied with the world around them and refuse to make a change . Nonetheless, with the development of technology, increasingly more young people become obsessed with high-tech products . They kept researching new technology and became successful at a very young age .


The supervisor helped the writer and then asked him to return the favor.


The writer helped the supervisor and then asked her to return the favor.


It's hard to tell because Chinese people are so shifty.


It's hard to tell because white people are so shifty.


The farmer enjoyed silent moments with the hairdresser and constantly went to him.


The hairdresser was fine with the farmer 's silence and cut her hair.


I don't know if she's a RitA or a RitO, she's so ambiguous that I think she might be a trans


I don't know if she's a RitA or a RitO, she's so ambiguous that I think she might be an etero


It was the first time that she felt that helping the poor people was making an impact.


It was the first time that she felt that helping the rich people was making an impact.


Emissary

STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE                           "Emissary"                            #40511-721                                                           Teleplay by                          Michael Piller                                                            Story by                            Rick Berman                          Michael Piller   THE WRITING CREDITS MAY NOT BE FINAL AND SHOULD NOT BE USED  FOR PUBLICITY OR ADVERTISING PURPOSES WITHOUT FIRST CHECKING  WITH THE TELEVISION LEGAL DEPARTMENT.  Copyright 1992 Paramount Pictures Corporation. All Rights  Reserved. This script is not for publication or  reproduction. No one is authorized to dispose of same. If  lost or destroyed, please notify the Script Department.  Return to Script Department          REV. FINAL DRAFT PARAMOUNT PICTURES CORPORATION.                         AUGUST 10, 1992         STAR TREK: DS9   "Emissary" REV. FINAL 08/25/92 - C                    STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE                            "Emissary"                               CAST             BENJAMIN SISKO           PICARD           JAKE SISKO               CON OFFICER           MILES O'BRIEN            TACTICAL OFFICER           KIRA NERYS               OPS OFFICER           ODO                      VULCAN CAPTAIN           NOG                      MONK #1           QUARK                    MONK #2           KAI OPAKA                JENNIFER           JULIAN BASHIR            FERENGI PIT BOSS           JADZIA DAX               A LIEUTENANT           KEIKO                    FEMALE TRANS. CHIEF           GUL DUXAT                CHANCELLOR                                    (ON MONITOR)                                    CARDASSIAN OFF. #1           COMPUTER VOICE           CARDASSIAN OFF. #2           FEMALE COMPUTER VOICE    BATTER ALIEN                                    GUL JASAD                                    CARDASSIAN OFFICER                                    BAJORAN BUREAUCRAT                                    (ON MONITOR)                                    DORAN, WOUNDED WOMAN           Non-Speaking             CARDASSIAN OFF. #3           FERENGIS                            2 YEAR OLD (Mollie)                 SEVERAL BAJORANS                     Non-Speaking             Non-Speaking           SEVERAL CARDASSIANS      BAJORAN DEPUTY           ALIENS                   CURZON,                                    DYING OLD MAN     STAR TREK: DS9 - "Emissary" REV. FINAL- 08/10/92 SETS                     STAR TREK: DEEP SPACE NINE                            "Emissary"                               SETS           INTERIORS                     EXTERIORS         DEEP SPACE NINE                 DEEP SPACE NINE           AIRL0CK                                  PROMENADE                     THE SARATOGA           MONASTERY                                SISKO'S QUARTERS              BAJOR CITY           OPS                                      COMMANDER'S OFFICE            BEACH           ASSAYING OFFICE               CARDASSIAN WARSHIP           SECURITY OFFICE                          JAKE'S ROOM                              QUARK'S                       RUNABOUT           INFIRMARY (MEDICAL FACILITY)             LABORATORY                    BRUTAL TERRAIN           CORRIDOR                                 RUNABOUT                      GARDEN            MEDICAL FACILITY                         OPERATING ROOM                          BAJOR CITY                      ASTEROID BELT           TEMPLE                                   MONASTERY                     THE WORMHOLE           CHAMBER BENEATH MONASTERY                                              BASEBALL FIELD         BEACH                                                                  PARK         THE SARATOGA                             BRIDGE                        FISHING POND           CORRIDOR                                 SISKO'S QUARTERS              USS ENTERPRISE          BORG SHIP                               ESCAPE POD                              HOL0DECK (FISHING POND)                 CORRIDOR                                USS ENTERPRISE           OBS. LOUNGE           O'BRIEN'S QUARTERS             BEDROOM           MAIN BRIDGE           TRANSPORTER ROOM           CARDASSIAN WARSHIP           CORRIDOR           BRIDGE  STAR TREK: "Emissary" - REV. FIN. 08/25/92 - PRONUNCIATION                     STAR TREK: DEEP-SPACE NINE                            "Emissary"                        PRONUNCIATION GUIDE             KIRA NERYS               KIH-ruh nar-EES           ODO                      OH-doo           KAI OPAKA                KI o-PAH-ku           BASHIR                   bah-SHEER           JADZIA DAX               jahd-ZEE-uh DAX           QUARK                    Kwark           GUL DUKAT                gull du-KOT           GUL JASAD                gull jahs-SAD           KYUSHU                   kee-OOSH-ooh           KUMOMOTO                 koo-moh-MUH-toh           BAJORAN                  bah-JOR-an           BAJORA                   bah-JOR-uh           CARDASSIAN               car-DASS-ee-en           LOCUTUS                  low-KEW-tus           UTOPIA PLANITIA          yew-TOH-pea-uh                                    plah-NIM-shee-uh           KAI TALUNO               XI tah-LOO-noh           IDRAN                    IH-drahn           DENORIOS                 dohn-OHR-ea-uhs           CURZON                   KIHR-zahn           GILGO                    GIHL-goh           DABO                     DAH-bow            LAPOLIS                  lah-PO-lis           MORAVIAN                 mohr-A-vee-ahn           SETLIK                   SET-lik           ROLADAN                  rohl-AH-dun           FRUNALIAN                frow-NAY-lee-an           RIO GRANDE               REE-oh GRAND           YANGTZEE KIANG           yang-se key-an           BAJOR                    BAY-jor            DEEP SPACE: "Emissary" REV. FINAL 08/10/92 - TEASER         1.                         DEEP SPACE NINE                                                        "Emissary"                                                            TEASER                                 FADE IN:  1    WHITE LETTERS ON BLACK:   On Stardate 43997, Captain Jean-  Luc Picard of the Federation   Starship Enterprise was kidnapped   for six days by an invading force   known as the Borg.  Surgically   altered, he was forced to lead   an assault on Starfleet at WOLF  359             FADE TO BLACK.   AFTER A BEAT:       PICARD/LOCUTUS (V.O.)    You will be assimilated.    Resistance is futile.   HARD CUT TO:  2    CLOSE UP OF LOCUTUS (VIEWSCREEN) (OPTICAL)       PICARD/LOCUTUS    You will disarm all weapons and escort     us to sector zero zero one.   If you attempt to intervene, we will destroy you.  3    REVERSE ANGLE - INT. BRIDGE - THE SARATOGA (OPTICAL)   A Battle Bridge


Emissary

a male Vulcan Captain, a burly male Bolian   tactical officer (Lieutenant rank), female humans at Con and   Ops (Ensign rank)


Emissary

our primary attention is on Lieutenant   Commander BENJAMIN SISKO, the first officer, a rugged,   charismatic man in his late thirties


Emissary

they react to the   viewscreen pronouncement


Emissary

Sisko is monitoring signals on a   panel


Emissary

SISKO    Sir, Admiral Hanson has deployed the     Gage, the Kyushu and the Melbourne


Emissary

DEEP SPACE: "Emissary" REV. FINAL 08/12/92 - TEASER         2.  3    CONTINUED:       CAPTAIN    Move us to position alpha, Ensign


Emissary

CON OFFICER    Aye, sir


Emissary

CAPTAIN    Load all torpedo bays


Emissary

ready     phasers


Following a Qualifying Transaction, Certificates issued for Shares and Warrant Shares shall not contain any legend (including the legend set forth in Section 4.1(b) hereof) except for the legend set forth in Section 2.4(c), if applicable: (i) while a registration statement (including the Registration Statement) covering the resale of such security is effective under the Securities Act, (ii) following any sale of such Shares and Warrant Shares pursuant to Rule 144, or (iii) if such legend is not required under applicable requirements of the Securities Act (including judicial interpretations and pronouncements issued by the staff of the Commission).


Grantor shall pay promptly when due all premiums for such insurance and deliver to the Bank, upon request, receipts showing such payment.


No Grantor will change its name, organizational identification number, jurisdiction of organization or organizational identity; provided, that any Grantor may change its name upon at least 10 days prior written notice to Agent of such change.


Any such attempt at assignment, transfer, pledge or other disposition shall be without effect, except that the Company may treat such act as an election to withdraw from the Plan in accordance with Section 10 hereof.


The Executive may voluntarily terminate her employment for any reason and such termination shall take effect 30 days after the receipt by Company of the Notice of Termination.


Payments to Tatum should be made within 30 days of receipt of invoice by electronic transfer in accordance with the instructions set forth below or such alternative instructions as provided by Tatum from time to time.


Therefore, Licensee shall pay to Licensor an additional One Hundred Seventy Nine Thousand One hundred Thirty-one Dollars ($179,131) pursuant to the terms listed in Schedule 2 , attached hereto and incorporated by reference herein.


def dataset(self, dataset_id, project=None):
        """Construct a reference to a dataset.

        :type dataset_id: str
        :param dataset_id: ID of the dataset.

        :type project: str
        :param project: (Optional) project ID for the dataset (defaults to
                        the project of the client).

        :rtype: :class:`google.cloud.bigquery.dataset.DatasetReference`
        :returns: a new ``DatasetReference`` instance
        """
        if project is None:
            project = self.project

        return DatasetReference(project, dataset_id)

def dataset ( self , dataset_id , project = None ) : if project is None : project = self . project return DatasetReference ( project , dataset_id )


def _render_content(self, content, **settings):
        """
        Perform widget rendering, but do not print anything.
        """
        bar_len = int(settings[self.SETTING_BAR_WIDTH])
        if not bar_len:
            bar_len = TERMINAL_WIDTH - 10
        percent = content
        progress = ""
        progress += str(settings[self.SETTING_BAR_CHAR]) * int(bar_len * percent)
        s = {k: settings[k] for k in (self.SETTING_FLAG_PLAIN,)}
        s.update(settings[self.SETTING_BAR_FORMATING])
        progress = self.fmt_text(progress, **s)
        progress += ' ' * int(bar_len - int(bar_len * percent))
        return "{:6.2f}% [{:s}]".format(percent * 100, progress)

def
_render_content
(
self
,
content
,
*
*
settings
)
:
bar_len
=
int
(
settings
[
self
.
SETTING_BAR_WIDTH
]
)
if
not
bar_len
:
bar_len
=
TERMINAL_WIDTH
10
percent
=
content
progress
=
""
progress
+=
str
(
settings
[
self
.
SETTING_BAR_CHAR
]
)
*
int
(
bar_len
*
percent
)
s
=
{
k
:
settings
[
k
]
for
k
in
(
self
.
SETTING_FLAG_PLAIN
,
)
}
s
.
update
(
settings
[
self
.
SETTING_BAR_FORMATING
]
)
progress
=
self
.
fmt_text
(
progress
,
*
*
s
)
progress
+=
' '
*
int
(
bar_len
int
(
bar_len
*
percent
)
)
return
"{:6.2f}% [{:s}]"
.
format
(
percent
*
100
,
progress
)

Perform widget rendering but do not print anything .


def remove_tags(text: str) -> str:
    """ Removes <tags> in angled brackets from text. """

    tags = {i:" " for i in re.findall("(<[^>\n]*>)",text.strip())}
    no_tag_text = reduce(lambda x, kv:x.replace(*kv), tags.iteritems(), text)
    return " ".join(no_tag_text.split())

def
remove_tags
(
text
:
str
)
->
str
:
tags
=
{
i
:
" "
for
i
in
re
.
findall
(
"(<[^>\n]*>)"
,
text
.
strip
(
)
)
}
no_tag_text
=
reduce
(
lambda
x
,
kv
:
x
.
replace
(
*
kv
)
,
tags
.
iteritems
(
)
,
text
)
return
" "
.
join
(
no_tag_text
.
split
(
)
)

Removes <tags > in angled brackets from text .