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# Grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd
Detta är en lista över grundämnenas kända oxidationstillstånd, exklusive icke-heltaliga värden. De vanligaste tillstånden är markerade med fetstil. Tabellen är baserad på den av Greenwood och Earnshaw, med tillägg noterade. Oxidationstillstånd 0, vilket förekommer för alla grundämnen, är underförstått av kolumnen med grundämnets kemiska tecken. Tabellens format, som uppfanns av Dmitrij Mendelejev (1889), visar periodiciteten av grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd.
- Grundämne
- Ädelgas

| Z   | Grundämne     | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Oxidationstillstånd | Grupp | Noter                       |
| Z   | Grundämne     | −5                  | −4                  | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | 0                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  | +8                  | +9                  | Grupp | Noter                       |
| --- | ------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ------------------- | ----- | --------------------------- |
|     |               |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 1   | Väte          |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | H                   | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     |                             |
| 2   | Helium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | He                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 18    |                             |
| 3   | Litium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Li                  | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     | [ 2 ]                       |
| 4   | Beryllium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Be                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     | [ 3 ]                       |
| 5   | Bor           | −5                  |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | B                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 13    | [ 4 ] [ 5 ]                 |
| 6   | Kol           |                     | −4                  | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | C                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 14    |                             |
| 7   | Kväve         |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | N                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 15    |                             |
| 8   | Syre          |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | O                   | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 16    |                             |
| 9   | Fluor         |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | F                   |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 17    |                             |
| 10  | Neon          |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ne                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 18    |                             |
| 11  | Natrium       |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Na                  | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     | [ 2 ]                       |
| 12  | Magnesium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Mg                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     | [ 6 ]                       |
| 13  | Aluminium     |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Al                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 13    | [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]           |
| 14  | Kisel         |                     | −4                  | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Si                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 14    |                             |
| 15  | Fosfor        |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | P                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 15    |                             |
| 16  | Svavel        |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | S                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 16    |                             |
| 17  | Klor          |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Cl                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  |                     |                     | 17    | [ 10 ]                      |
| 18  | Argon         |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ar                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 18    |                             |
| 19  | Kalium        |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | K                   | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     | [ 2 ]                       |
| 20  | Kalcium       |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Ca                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     | [ 11 ] [ 12 ]               |
| 21  | Skandium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Sc                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 3     |                             |
| 22  | Titan         |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Ti                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 4     | [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]        |
| 23  | Vanadin       |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | V                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 5     | [ 14 ]                      |
| 24  | Krom          |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Cr                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 6     | [ 14 ]                      |
| 25  | Mangan        |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Mn                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  |                     |                     | 7     |                             |
| 26  | Järn          |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Fe                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 8     | [ 16 ] [ 17 ]               |
| 27  | Kobolt        |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Co                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 9     | [ 14 ]                      |
| 28  | Nickel        |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Ni                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 10    | [ 18 ]                      |
| 29  | Koppar        |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Cu                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 11    | [ 17 ]                      |
| 30  | Zink          |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Zn                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 12    | [ 17 ] [ 19 ]               |
| 31  | Gallium       | −5                  | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Ga                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 13    | [ 8 ] [ 20 ]                |
| 32  | Germanium     |                     | −4                  | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Ge                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 14    | [ 21 ]                      |
| 33  | Arsenik       |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | As                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 15    | [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ]         |
| 34  | Selen         |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Se                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 16    | [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] |
| 35  | Brom          |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Br                  | +1                  |                     | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     | +7                  |                     |                     | 17    |                             |
| 36  | Krypton       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Kr                  |                     | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 18    |                             |
| 37  | Rubidium      |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Rb                  | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     | [ 2 ]                       |
| 38  | Strontium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Sr                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     | [ 28 ]                      |
| 39  | Yttrium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Y                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 3     | [ 29 ] [ 30 ]               |
| 40  | Zirkonium     |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Zr                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 4     | [ 14 ] [ 31 ]               |
| 41  | Niob          |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Nb                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 5     | [ 14 ] [ 32 ]               |
| 42  | Molybden      |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Mo                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 6     | [ 14 ]                      |
| 43  | Teknetium     |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Tc                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  |                     |                     | 7     |                             |
| 44  | Rutenium      |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  |                     | Ru                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  | +8                  |                     | 8     | [ 14 ] [ 17 ]               |
| 45  | Rodium        |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Rh                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 9     | [ 14 ]                      |
| 46  | Palladium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Pd                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 10    | [ 33 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] |
| 47  | Silver        |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Ag                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 11    | [ 17 ] [ 37 ] [ 38 ]        |
| 48  | Kadmium       |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Cd                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 12    | [ 17 ] [ 39 ]               |
| 49  | Indium        | −5                  |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | In                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 13    | [ 8 ] [ 40 ] [ 41 ]         |
| 50  | Tenn          |                     | −4                  | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Sn                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 14    | [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ]         |
| 51  | Antimon       |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Sb                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 15    | [ 8 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ]  |
| 52  | Tellur        |                     |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Te                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 16    | [ 8 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ]  |
| 53  | Jod           |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | I                   | +1                  |                     | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  |                     |                     | 17    | [ 50 ] [ 51 ]               |
| 54  | Xenon         |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Xe                  |                     | +2                  |                     | +4                  |                     | +6                  |                     | +8                  |                     | 18    | [ 52 ]                      |
| 55  | Cesium        |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Cs                  | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     | [ 2 ]                       |
| 56  | Barium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ba                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     | [ 53 ]                      |
| 57  | Lantan        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | La                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 54 ]                      |
| 58  | Cerium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ce                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 59  | Praseodym     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Pr                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 60  | Neodym        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Nd                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 55 ]                      |
| 61  | Prometium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Pm                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 56 ]                      |
| 62  | Samarium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Sm                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 63  | Europium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Eu                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 64  | Gadolinium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Gd                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 65  | Terbium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Tb                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 56 ]                      |
| 66  | Dysprosium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Dy                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 57 ]                      |
| 67  | Holmium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ho                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 56 ]                      |
| 68  | Erbium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Er                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 56 ]                      |
| 69  | Tulium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Tm                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 70  | Ytterbium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Yb                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 71  | Lutetium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Lu                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 3     | [ 56 ]                      |
| 72  | Hafnium       |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Hf                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 4     | [ 14 ] [ 58 ]               |
| 73  | Tantal        |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Ta                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 5     | [ 14 ] [ 59 ]               |
| 74  | Volfram       |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | W                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 6     | [ 14 ]                      |
| 75  | Rhenium       |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Re                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  |                     |                     | 7     |                             |
| 76  | Osmium        |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Os                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  | +8                  |                     | 8     | [ 17 ] [ 60 ]               |
| 77  | Iridium       |                     |                     | −3                  |                     | −1                  | Ir                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  | +8                  | +9                  | 9     | [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 63 ] [ 64 ] |
| 78  | Platina       |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Pt                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 10    | [ 17 ] [ 65 ] [ 66 ]        |
| 79  | Guld          |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Au                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 11    | [ 17 ]                      |
| 80  | Kvicksilver   |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Hg                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 12    | [ 17 ] [ 67 ]               |
| 81  | Tallium       | −5                  |                     |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Tl                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 13    | [ 8 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ]  |
| 82  | Bly           |                     | −4                  |                     | −2                  | −1                  | Pb                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 14    | [ 8 ] [ 71 ] [ 72 ]         |
| 83  | Vismut        |                     |                     | −3                  | −2                  | −1                  | Bi                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 15    | [ 73 ] [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] |
| 84  | Polonium      |                     |                     |                     | −2                  |                     | Po                  |                     | +2                  |                     | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 16    | [ 77 ]                      |
| 85  | Astat         |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | At                  | +1                  |                     | +3                  |                     | +5                  |                     | +7                  |                     |                     | 17    |                             |
| 86  | Radon         |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Rn                  |                     | +2                  |                     |                     |                     | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 18    | [ 78 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ]        |
| 87  | Francium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Fr                  | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     |                             |
| 88  | Radium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ra                  |                     | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     |                             |
| 89  | Aktinium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ac                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 81 ]                      |
| 90  | Torium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Th                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 82 ]                      |
| 91  | Protaktinium  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Pa                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 83 ]                      |
| 92  | Uran          |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | U                   | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 84 ] [ 85 ]               |
| 93  | Neptunium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Np                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  |                     |                     |       | [ 86 ]                      |
| 94  | Plutonium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Pu                  | +1                  | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  | +8                  |                     |       | [ 86 ] [ 87 ] [ 88 ]        |
| 95  | Americium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Am                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  | +5                  | +6                  | +7                  | +8                  |                     |       | [ 89 ] [ 90 ]               |
| 96  | Curium        |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Cm                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     | +6                  |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 86 ] [ 91 ] [ 92 ]        |
| 97  | Berkelium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Bk                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 93 ]                      |
| 98  | Californium   |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Cf                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 99  | Einsteinium   |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Es                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       | [ 94 ]                      |
| 100 | Fermium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Fm                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 101 | Mendelevium   |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Md                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 102 | Nobelium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | No                  |                     | +2                  | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |       |                             |
| 103 | Lawrencium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Lr                  |                     |                     | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 3     |                             |
| 104 | Rutherfordium |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Rf                  |                     |                     |                     | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 4     |                             |
| 105 | Dubnium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Db                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 5     | [ 95 ]                      |
| 106 | Seaborgium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Sg                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | +6                  |                     |                     |                     | 6     | [ 96 ]                      |
| 107 | Bohrium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Bh                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | +7                  |                     |                     | 7     | [ 97 ]                      |
| 108 | Hassium       |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Hs                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | +8                  |                     | 8     | [ 98 ]                      |
| 109 | Meitnerium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Mt                  |                     |                     | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 9     |                             |
| 110 | Darmstadtium  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ds                  |                     |                     | +3                  | +4                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 10    |                             |
| 111 | Röntgenium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Rg                  |                     |                     | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 11    |                             |
| 112 | Copernicium   |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Cn                  | +1                  | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 12    |                             |
| 113 | Nihonium      |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Nh                  | +1                  |                     | +3                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 13    |                             |
| 114 | Flerovium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Fl                  |                     | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 14    |                             |
| 115 | Moskovium     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Mc                  |                     |                     | +3                  |                     | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 15    |                             |
| 116 | Livermorium   |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Lv                  |                     |                     |                     | +4                  | +5                  |                     |                     |                     |                     | 16    |                             |
| 117 | Tenness       |                     |                     |                     |                     | −1                  | Ts                  | +1                  |                     | +3                  |                     | +5                  |                     | +7                  |                     |                     | 17    |                             |
| 118 | Oganesson     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Og                  |                     | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 18    |                             |
| 119 | Ununennium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Uue                 | +1                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 1     |                             |
| 120 | Unbinilium    |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | Ubn                 |                     | +2                  |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     |                     | 2     |                             |

## Langmuirs diagram
Ett diagram med ett liknande format (nedan) användes av Irving Langmuir (1919) i ett av de tidiga verken om oktettregeln. Oxidationstillståndens periodicitet var ett av bevisen som föranledde att Langmuir antog regeln.

title: Grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd

wikitext:
{{Huvudartikel|Oxidationstillstånd}}
Detta är en '''lista över [[grundämne]]nas kända [[oxidationstillstånd]]''', exklusive [[Oxidationstillstånd#Fraktionella oxidationstillstånd|icke-heltaliga värden]]. De vanligaste tillstånden är markerade med fetstil. Tabellen är baserad på den av Greenwood och Earnshaw,<ref name="G&E">{{Cite book |last1=Greenwood |first1=Norman  N. |authorlink1=Norman Greenwood |last2=Earnshaw |first2=Alan |year=1997 |title=Chemistry of the Elements |edition=2nd |pages=27–28 |publisher=[[Butterworth-Heinemann]] |isbn=0-08-037941-9}}</ref> med tillägg noterade. Oxidationstillstånd 0, vilket förekommer för alla grundämnen, är underförstått av kolumnen med grundämnets kemiska tecken. Tabellens format, som uppfanns av [[Dmitrij Mendelejev]] (1889), visar [[Periodiska trender|periodiciteten]] av grundämnenas oxidationstillstånd.<ref name="G&E"/>

* {{Färglåda|#E0FFFF}} Grundämne
* {{Färglåda|#C0ffff}} [[Ädelgas]]

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | [[Atomnummer|Z]] || rowspan="2" | Grundämne || colspan="15" | Oxidationstillstånd || rowspan="2" | [[Periodiska systemets grupper|Grupp]] || rowspan="2" | Noter
|-
! style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5
! style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4
! style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3
! style="background:#ffecd3" | −2
! style="background:#f5deb3" | −1
! style="background:#e0ffff; | 0
! style="background:#ffa07a" | +1
! style="background:#ffdead" | +2
! style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3
! style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4
! style="background:#cccc98" | +5
! style="background:#a0fec2" | +6
! style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7
! style="background:#d1ddff" | +8
! style="background:#c6dd9d" | +9
|-
| colspan="19" style="background:#dddddd;" |
|-
| 1 || [[Väte]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Väte|H]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || [[Alkalimetall|1]] ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 2 || [[Helium]] || || || || ||  || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Helium|He]]''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Ädelgas|18]] ||
|-
| 3 || [[Litium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Litium|Li]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || <ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
|-
| 4 || [[Beryllium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Beryllium|Be]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || [[Alkalisk jordartsmetall|2]] || <ref>Be(I) has been observed in [[beryllium monohydride]] (BeH); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf |rubrik=Infrared Emission Spectra of BeH and BeD |hämtdatum=2007-12-10 |tidskrift=J. Chem. Phys. |efternamn1=Shayesteh |förnamn1=A. |efternamn2=Tereszchuk |förnamn2=K. |efternamn3=Bernath |förnamn3=P. F. |efternamn4=Colin |förnamn4=R. |volym=118 |nummer=3 |år=2003 |sid=1158 |utgivare=bernath.uwaterloo.ca |doi=10.1063/1.1528606 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202130342/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf |arkivdatum=2007-12-02 }}</ref>
|-
| 5 || [[Bor]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Bor|B]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || [[Borgruppen|13]] ||<ref>B(−1) has been observed in [[magnesium diboride]] (MgB2), see {{cite book|url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=2RgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA315&lpg=PA315#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Chemical Structure and Reactivity: An Integrated Approach|authors=James Keeler, Peter Wothers|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014}}</ref><ref>B(−5) has been observed in Al3BC, see {{webbref |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf |författare=Melanie Schroeder |titel=Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden |sid=139 |språk=de |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094025/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/binary/KKUKEQ5AXZBNJVU7NJCHZB4UXT2HAGJE/full/1.pdf |arkivdatum=2015-04-02 }}</ref>
|-
| 6 || [[Kol]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kol|C]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || [[Kolgruppen|14]] ||
|-
| 7 || [[Kväve]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kväve|N]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || [[Kvävegruppen|15]] ||
|-
| 8 || [[Syre]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Syre|O]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || || || || || || || || [[Kalkogen|16]] ||
|-
| 9 || [[Fluor]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Fluor|F]]''' || || || || || || || || || || [[Halogen|17]] ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 10 || [[Neon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Neon|Ne]]''' || || || || || || || || || || 18 ||
|-
| 11 || [[Natrium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Natrium|Na]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || <ref name="G&E Lithides">Na(−1), K(−1), Rb(−1), and Cs(−1) are known in [[alkalides]]; the table by Greenwood and Earnshaw shows −1 only for Na and also erroneously for Li; no lithides are described.</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[Magnesium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Magnesium|Mg]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || <ref>[[Low valent magnesium compound]]s with Mg(I) have been obtained using bulky ligands; see {{cite journal|last= Green|first= S. P. |author2=Jones C. |author3=Stasch A.|date=December 2007|title= Stable Magnesium(I) Compounds with Mg-Mg Bonds|journal= Science|volume= 318|issue= 5857|pages= 1754–1757|doi= 10.1126/science.1150856|pmid= 17991827|bibcode = 2007Sci...318.1754G }}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[Aluminium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Aluminium|Al]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || <ref>Al(II) has been observed in [[aluminium(II) oxide]] (AlO); see {{cite journal| author = D. C. Tyte | title = Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide| doi = 10.1038/202383a0 | journal = Nature | volume = 202| issue = 4930 | year = 1964| pages = 383–384 | bibcode=1964Natur.202..383T}}, and in [[dialanes]] (R2Al—AlR2); see Uhl, Werner "Organoelement Compounds Possessing Al—Al, Ga—Ga, In—In, and Tl—Tl Single Bonds" Advances in Organometallic Chemistry Volume 51, 2004, Pages 53–108. {{doi|10.1016/S0065-3055(03)51002-4}}</ref><ref name="Zintl">Negative oxidation states of p-block metals (Al, Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po) and metalloids (Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At) may occur in [[Zintl phase]]s, see: [https://books.google.ru/books?id=HwY4be5bH_sC&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261&dq=%5BPb4%5D4-+zintl&source=bl&ots=bzWLEcJaYl&sig=gy64SwZlDRp-EeIROR3B5SvMS0A&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=9ZTkVOWhOIbMyAP8zIDgBw&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAzgU#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 259 and [http://ruby.chemie.uni-freiburg.de/Vorlesung/intermetallische_6_2.html] (both in German).</ref><ref>Al(−2) has been observed in Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3, see {{cite journal|last1=Wemdorff|first1=Marco|last2=Röhr|first2=Caroline|title=Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: Eine Zintl-Phase mit isolierten [Ge]4–- und [Al4]8–-Anionen / Sr14[Al4]2[Ge]3: A Zintl Phase with Isolated [Ge]4–- and [Al4]8– Anions|url=http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/znb.2007.62.issue-10/znb-2007-1001/znb-2007-1001.xml|journal=Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B|language=de|volume=62|issue=10|year=2007|page=1227|doi=10.1515/znb-2007-1001}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[Kisel]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kisel|Si]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||
|-
| 15 || [[Fosfor]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Fosfor|P]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||
|-
| 16 || [[Svavel]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Svavel|S]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 16 ||
|-
| 17 || [[Klor]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Klor|Cl]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 17 || <ref>The equilibrium Cl2O6⇌2ClO3 is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but it has been refuted, see {{cite journal|first=Maria|last=Lopez|author2=Juan E. Sicre|title=Physicochemical properties of chlorine oxides. 1. Composition, ultraviolet spectrum, and kinetics of the thermolysis of gaseous dichlorine hexoxide|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|year=1990|volume=94|issue=9|pages=3860–3863|doi=10.1021/j100372a094}}, and Cl2O6 is actually chlorine(V,VII) oxide. However, ClO3 has been observed, see {{cite journal|first1=Hinrich|last1=Grothe|first2=Helge|last2=Willner|title=Chlorine Trioxide: Spectroscopic Properties, Molecular Structure, and Photochemical Behavior|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year=1994|volume=33|issue=14|pages=1482–1484|doi=10.1002/anie.199414821}}</ref>
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 18 || [[Argon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Argon|Ar]]''' || || || || || || || || || || 18 ||
|-
| 19 || [[Kalium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kalium|K]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 || <ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
|-
| 20 || [[Kalcium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kalcium|Ca]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 || <ref>Ca(I) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1=Krieck|first1=Sven|last2=Görls|first2=Helmar|last3=Westerhausen|first3=Matthias|title=Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=132|issue=35|pages=12492–501|year=2010|pmid=20718434|doi=10.1021/ja105534w}}</ref><ref>The Ca− ion is known: see {{cite journal | title=Evidence for a stable negative ion of calcium | journal=Phys. Rev. Lett. | volume=59 |pages=2267–2270 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2267 | bibcode=1987PhRvL..59.2267P}}</ref>
|-
| 21 || [[Skandium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Skandium|Sc]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || [[Grupp 3-element|3]] ||
|-
| 22 || [[Titan]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Titan|Ti]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || [[Grupp 4-element|4]] ||<ref>Ti(I) has been observed in [[titanium monohydride]] (TiH); see {{tidskriftsref |författare=Andersson, N. |rubrik=Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf |tidskrift=J. Chem. Phys. |volym=118 |nummer=8 |år=2003 |sid=10543 |doi=10.1063/1.1539848 |bibcode=2003JChPh.118.3543A |efternamn2=Balfour |förnamn2=Walter J. |efternamn3=Bernath |förnamn3=Peter F. |efternamn4=Lindgren |förnamn4=Bo |efternamn5=Ram |förnamn5=Ram S. |display-authors=etal |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209151538/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/257.pdf |arkivdatum=2012-02-09 }}</ref><ref name="Carbonyls">Ti(−2), V(−3), Cr(−4), Co(−3), Zr(−2), Nb(−3), Mo(−4), Ru(−2), Rh(−3), Hf(−2), Ta(−3), and W(−4) occur in anionic binary [[metal carbonyls]]; see [http://d-nb.info/956310893/34], p. 4 (in German); [https://books.google.ru/books?id=dP4LTfaPzAMC&pg=PA97&dq=%22%5BCr%28CO%294%5D4-%22&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=ncroVMihLYO8ygO22YLYAQ&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false], pp. 97–100; [https://books.google.ru/books?id=n5r-NFT46TkC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 239</ref><ref>Ti(−1) has been reported in [Ti([[2,2'-Bipyridine|bipy]])3]−, but was later shown to be Ti(+3); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic302799s|pmid=23387926|title=Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.|year=2013|last1=Bowman|first1=A. C.|last2=England|first2=J.|last3=Sprouls|first3=S.|last4=Weihemüller|first4=T.|last5=Wieghardt|first5=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2242–56}} However, Ti(−1) occurs in [Ti(η-C6H6]− and [Ti(η-C6H5CH3)]−, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1039/C39840000729|title=Synthesis of anionic sandwich compounds: [Ti(η-C6H5R)2]– and the crystal structure of [K(18-crown-6)(µ-H)Mo(η-C5H5)2]|year=1984|last1=Bandy|first1=J. A.|last2=Berry|first2=A.|last3=Green|first3=M. L. H.|last4=Perutz|first4=R. N.|last5=Prout|first5=K.|last6=Verpeautz|first6=J.-N.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=729–731}}</ref>
|-
| 23 || [[Vanadin]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Vanadin|V]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || [[Grupp 5-element|5]] || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
|-
| 24 || [[Krom]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Krom|Cr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || [[Grupp 6-element|6]] || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
|-
| 25 || [[Mangan]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Mangan|Mn]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || [[Grupp 7-element|7]] ||
|-
| 26 || [[Järn]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Järn|Fe]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || [[Grupp 8-element|8]] || <ref>Fe(VII) and Fe(VIII) have been reported; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1595/147106704X10801|title=Higher Oxidation States of Iron in Solid State: Synthesis and Their Mössbauer Characterization – Ferrates – ACS Symposium Series (ACS Publications)|year=2008|author1=Yurii D. Perfiliev|author2=Virender K. Sharma|volume=48|issue=4|pages=157–158|journal=Platinum Metals Review}} However, their existence has been disputed.</ref><ref name="MetalAnions">Fe(−4), Ru(−4), and Os(−4) have been observed in metal-rich compounds containing octahedral complexes [MIn6−''x''Sn''x'']; Pt(−3) (as a dimeric anion [Pt–Pt]6−), Cu(−2), Zn(−2), Ag(−2), Cd(−2), Au(−2), and Hg(−2) have been observed (as dimeric and monomeric anions; dimeric ions were initially reported to be [T–T]2− for Zn, Cd, Hg, but later shown to be [T–T]4− for all these elements) in La2Pt2In, La2Cu2In, Ca5Au3, Ca5Ag3, Ca5Hg3, Sr5Cd3, Ca5Zn3(structure (AE2+)5(T–T)4−T2−⋅4e−), Yb3Ag2, Ca5Au4, and Ca3Hg2; Au(–3) has been observed in ScAuSn and in other 18-electron half-Heusler compounds. See {{cite journal|title=Late transition metal anions acting as p-metal elements|year=2008|author1=Changhoon Lee|author2=Myung-Hwan Whangbo|volume=10|issue=4|pages=444–449|journal=Frontiers in Solid State Chemistry|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1293255807003883|doi=10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2007.12.001}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/zaac.200900421|title=Analysis of Electronic Structures and Chemical Bonding of Metal-rich Compounds. 2. Presence of Dimer (T–T)4– and Isolated T2– Anions in the Polar Intermetallic Cr5B3-Type Compounds AE5T3 (AE = Ca, Sr; T = Au, Ag, Hg, Cd, Zn)|year=2010|author1=Changhoon Lee|author2=Myung-Hwan Whangbo|author3=Jürgen Köhler|volume=636|issue=1|pages=36–40|journal=ZAAC}}</ref>
|-
| 27 || [[Kobolt]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kobolt|Co]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || [[Grupp 9-element|9]] || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
|-
| 28 || [[Nickel]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Nickel|Ni]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || [[Grupp 10-element|10]] || <ref>Ni(−2) has been observed in Li2[Ni([[1,5-cyclooctadiene|1,5-COD]])2], see {{cite journal|first1=Klaus|last1=Jonas|title=Dilithium-Nickel-Olefin Complexes. Novel Bimetal Complexes Containing a Transition Metal and a Main Group Metal|journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.|year=1975|volume=14|issue=11|pages=752–753|doi=10.1002/anie.197507521}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic052110i|title=Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States|year=2006|last1=Ellis|first1=John E.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=45|issue=8|pages=3167–86}}</ref>
|-
| 29 || [[Koppar]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Koppar|Cu]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || [[Koppargruppen|11]] || <ref name="MetalAnions"/>
|-
| 30 || [[Zink]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Zink|Zn]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || [[Zinkgruppen|12]] || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Zn(I) has been observed in Zn2Cl2; see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1985|edition=91–100| pages=1034–1041|isbn=3-11-007511-3|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Zink}}</ref>
|-
| 31 || [[Gallium]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Gallium|Ga]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Ga(−2), Ga(−4), and Ga(−5) have been observed in the magnesium gallides MgGa, Mg2Ga, and Mg5Ga2, respectively; see {{cite news|url=http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-7281-2597-2.volltext.frei.pdf|author=Patrick Hofmann|title=Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden|page=72|language=de}}</ref>
|-
| 32 || [[Germanium]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Germanium|Ge]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 || <ref>Ge(−1), Ge(−2), and Ge(−3) have been observed in [[germanide]]s; see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101| pages=953–959|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Germanium}}.</ref>
|-
| 33 || [[Arsenik]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Arsenik|As]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 15 || <ref name="Zintl"/><ref>As(I) has been observed in [[arsenic(I) iodide]] (AsI); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic049281s|pmid=15360247|title=Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters|year=2004|last1=Ellis|first1=Bobby D.|last2=MacDonald|first2=Charles L. B.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=19|pages=5981–6}}</ref><ref>As(IV) has been observed in [[arsenic(IV) hydroxide]] (As(OH)4) and {{chem|HAsO|3|-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic00313a007|title=Arsenic(IV). A pulse-radiolysis study|year=1989|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Bielski|first2=Benon H. J.|last3=Sehested|first3=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=28|issue=14|pages=2717–24}}</ref>
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| 34 || [[Selen]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Selen|Se]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 16 || <ref>Se(−1) has been observed in [[selenide|diselenide]]s(2−) (Se<math>_2^{2-}</math>).</ref><ref>Se(I) has been observed in [[selenium(I) chloride]] (Se2Cl2); see {{webbref|url=http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/text/Se/Cl2Se2-10025680.html|titel=Selenium : Selenium(I) chloride compound data|hämtdatum=2007-12-10|utgivare=WebElements.com}}</ref><ref>Se(III) has been observed in Se2NBr3; see {{cite journal|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.19960021108/abstract|title=Se2NBr3, Se2NCl5, Se2NCl−6: New Nitride Halides of Selenium(III) and Selenium(IV)| volume =2|pages=1393–1396|year=1996|doi=10.1002/chem.19960021108|last1=Lau|first1=Carsten|last2=Neumüller|first2=Bernhard|last3=Vyboishchikov|first3=Sergei F.|last4=Frenking|first4=Gernot|last5=Dehnicke|first5=Kurt|last6=Hiller|first6=Wolfgang|last7=Herker|first7=Martin|journal=Chemistry - A European Journal}}</ref><ref>Se(V) has been observed in SeO<math>_3^{2-}</math> and HSeO<math>_4^{2-}</math>; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/j100412a112|title=Selenium(V). A pulse radiolysis study|year=1986|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=90|issue=21|pages=5460–4}}</ref>
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| 35 || [[Brom]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Brom|Br]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 36 || [[Krypton]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Krypton|Kr]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 18 ||
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| 37 || [[Rubidium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rubidium|Rb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||<ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
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| 38 || [[Strontium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Strontium|Sr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||<ref>Sr(I) has been observed in [[strontium monofluoride]] (SrF); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf |rubrik=High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride |tidskrift=J. Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=175 |sid=158–171 |år=1996 |författare=P. Colarusso |bibcode=1996JMoSp.175..158C |doi=10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019 |efternamn2=Guo |förnamn2=B. |efternamn3=Zhang |förnamn3=K.-Q. |efternamn4=Bernath |förnamn4=P.F. |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063843/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/149.pdf |arkivdatum=2012-03-08 }}</ref>
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| 39 || [[Yttrium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Yttrium|Y]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || <ref>Y(I) has been observed in [[yttrium(I) bromide]] (YBr); see {{webbref |url=http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium(i)%20bromide_jmol.html |titel=Yttrium: yttrium(I) bromide compound data |hämtdatum=2007-12-10 |utgivare=OpenMOPAC.net |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723233118/http://www.openmopac.net/data_normal/yttrium%28i%29%20bromide_jmol.html |arkivdatum=2011-07-23 }}</ref><ref>Y(II) has been observed in [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y]; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja207151y|title=Synthesis of a Crystalline Molecular Complex of Y2+, [(18-crown-6)K][(C5H4SiMe3)3Y].|year=2011|last1=MacDonald|first1=M. R.|last2=Ziller|first2=J. W.|last3=Evans|first3=W. J.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=133|issue=40|pages=15914–17}}</ref>

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| 40 || [[Zirkonium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Zirkonium|Zr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Zr(−1) has been reported in [Zr([[2,2'-Bipyridine|bipy]])3]− (see {{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=960}} and {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101|pages=1413|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Zirconium}}), but was later shown to be Zr(+4); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic302799s|pmid=23387926|title=Electronic structures of homoleptic [tris(2,2'-bipyridine)M]n complexes of the early transition metals (M = Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta; n = 1+, 0, 1-, 2-, 3-): an experimental and density functional theoretical study.|year=2013|last1=Bowman|first1=A. C.|last2=England|first2=J.|last3=Sprouls|first3=S.|last4=Weihemüller|first4=T.|last5=Wieghardt|first5=K.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=52|issue=4|pages=2242–56}}</ref>
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| 41 || [[Niob]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Niob|Nb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 5 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Nb(I) has been observed in [[niobium monochloride]] (NbCl); see {{tidskriftsref |doi=10.1016/j.jms.2004.02.001 |tidskrift=Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=228 |år=2004 |sid=544–553 |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf |rubrik=Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and ab initio calculations on NbCl |förnamn=R.S. |efternamn=Ram |författare2=Rinskopf, N. |författare3=Liévin, J. |författare4=Bernatha, P.F. |bibcode=2004JMoSp.228..544R |nummer=2 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228220758/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/270.pdf |arkivdatum=2014-02-28 }}</ref>
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| 42 || [[Molybden]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Molybden|Mo]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 6 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
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| 43 || [[Teknetium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Teknetium|Tc]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 7 ||
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| 44 || [[Rutenium]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rutenium|Ru]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref name="MetalAnions"/>
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| 45 || [[Rodium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rodium|Rh]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 9 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
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| 46 || [[Palladium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Palladium|Pd]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' ||style="background:#cccc98" | +5  || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 10 || <ref>Pd(I) has been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Crabtree|first1 = R. H.|title = CHEMISTRY: A New Oxidation State for Pd?|journal = [[Science]]|volume = 295|pages = 288–289|year = 2002|doi = 10.1126/science.1067921|issue = 5553}}</ref><ref>Pd(III) has been observed; see {{tidskriftsref |efternamn1=Powers |förnamn1=D. C. |efternamn2=Ritter |förnamn2=T. |rubrik=Palladium(III) in Synthesis and Catalysis |tidskrift=Top. Organomet. Chem. |volym=35 |sid=129–156 |datum=2011 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-17429-2_6 |url=http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |serie=Topics in Organometallic Chemistry |isbn=978-3-642-17428-5 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612065217/http://www.chem.harvard.edu/groups/ritter/pdf/2011-129t.pdf |arkivdatum=2013-06-12 }}</ref><ref>Pd(V) has been observed in dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate; see {{cite journal
 | last1 = Falconer | first1 = W. E.
 | last2 = Disalvo | first2 = F. J.
 | last3 = Edwards | first3 = A. J.
 | last4 = Griffiths | first4 = J. E.
 | last5 = Sunder | first5 = W. E.
 | last6 = Vasile | first6 = M. J.
 | title = Dioxygenyl hexafluoropalladate(V) O2+PdF6−: A quinquevalent compound of palladium
 | journal = Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
 | volume = 28, Supplement 1 | pages = 59–60
 | year = 1976
 | doi = 10.1016/0022-1902(76)80595-7
}}</ref><ref>Pd(VI) complexes have been observed; see {{cite journal|last1 = Chen|first1 = W.|last2 = Shimada|first2 = Shigeru|last3 = Tanaka|first3 = Masato|title = Synthesis and Structure of Formally Hexavalent Palladium Complexes|journal = [[Science]]|volume = 295|pages = 308–310|year = 2002|doi = 10.1126/science.1067027|issue = 5553|bibcode = 2002Sci...295..308C }}</ref>
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| 47 || [[Silver]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Silver|Ag]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 11 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>The Ag− ion has been observed in metal ammonia solutions: see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic000333x|title=Metal Ammonia Solutions: Solutions Containing Argentide Ions.|year=2001|last1=Tran|first1=N. E.|last2=Lagowski|first2=J. J.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=40|issue=5|pages=1067–68}}</ref><ref>Ag(IV) has been observed in [[potassium hexafluoroargentate]] (K2AgF6) and [[caesium hexafluoroargentate]] (Cs2AgF6); see {{cite journal|last1=Riedel |first1=Sebastian |last2=Kaupp |first2=Martin |year=2009 |title=The highest oxidation states of the transition metal elements |journal=Coordination Chemistry Reviews |volume=253 |issue=5–6 |pages=606–624 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/j.ccr.2008.07.014 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010854508001355?via%3Dihub |accessdate= }}</ref>
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| 48 || [[Kadmium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kadmium|Cd]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 12 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Cd(I) has been observed in [[cadmium(I) tetrachloroaluminate]] (Cd2(AlCl4)2); see {{cite book|publisher = Walter de Gruyter|year = 1985|edition = 91–100|pages =1056–1057|isbn = 3-11-007511-3|title = Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first = Arnold F.|last = Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language = German|chapter = Cadmium}}</ref>
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| 49 || [[Indium]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Indium|In]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>In(–5) has been observed in La3InGe, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic951378e|title=Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties|year=1996|last1=Guloy|first1=A. M.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=9|pages=2616–22}}</ref><ref>In(−2) has been observed in Na2In, see [https://books.google.ru/books?id=v-04Kn758yIC&pg=PA69&lpg=PA69&dq=zintl+anions+Na2In&source=bl&ots=aXLYIpkfYq&sig=Mqh8WdnvGOt2J2OPVLNqn79YVyk&hl=ru&sa=X&ei=XNDkVNeSJeXOyQOb8oBA&ved=0CBsQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q&f=false], p. 69.</ref>
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| 50 || [[Tenn]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | '''−4''' || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tenn|Sn]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Sn(−3) has been observed in [Sn2]6−, e.g. in (Ba2)4+(Mg4)8+Sn4−(Sn2)6−Sn2− (with square (Sn2−)n sheets), see {{cite journal |last1=Papoian |first1=Garegin A. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Roald |year=2000 |title=Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl–Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |volume=2000 |issue= 39|pages=2408–2448 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Garegin_Papoian/publication/12379848_Hypervalent_Bonding_in_One_Two_and_Three_Dimensions_Extending_the_Zintl-Klemm_Concept_to_Nonclassical_Electron-Rich_Networks/links/09e4150a69ac2aa4c5000000.pdf |accessdate=February 2015 |doi=10.1002/1521-3773(20000717)39:14<2408::aid-anie2408>3.0.co;2-u}}</ref><ref>Sn(I) and Sn(III) have been observed in [[organotin compounds]]</ref>
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| 51 || [[Antimon]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | '''−3''' || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Antimon|Sb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 15 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Sb(−2) has been observed in [Sb2]4−, e.g. in RbBa4[Sb2][Sb][O], see {{cite journal |last1=Boss |first1=Michael |last2=Petri |first2=Denis |last3=Pickhard |first3=Frank |last4=Zönnchen |first4=Peter |last5=Röhr |first5=Caroline |year=2005 |title=Neue Barium-Antimonid-Oxide mit den Zintl-Ionen [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− und 1∞[Sbn]n− / New Barium Antimonide Oxides containing Zintl Ions [Sb]3−, [Sb2]4− and 1∞[Sbn]n− |journal=Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie |volume=631 |issue= 6–7|pages=1181–1190 |language=de |doi= 10.1002/zaac.200400546|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.200400546/abstract |accessdate=February 2015}}</ref><ref>Sb(I) and Sb(II) have been observed in [[organoantimony compounds]]; for Sb(I), see {{cite journal |last1=Šimon |first1=Petr |last2=de Proft |first2=Frank |last3=Jambor |first3=Roman |last4=Růžička |first4=Aleš |last5=Dostál |first5=Libor |year=2010 |title=Monomeric Organoantimony(I) and Organobismuth(I) Compounds Stabilized by an NCN Chelating Ligand: Syntheses and Structures |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=49 |issue=32 |pages=5468–5471 |doi= 10.1002/anie.201002209|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.201002209/full |accessdate=February 2015}}</ref><ref>Sb(IV) has been observed in {{chem|[SbCl|6|]|2-}}, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1246/bcsj.73.1599|title=Production of Sb(IV) Chloro Complex by Flash Photolysis of the Corresponding Sb(III) and Sb(V) Complexes in CH3CN and CHCl3|year=2000|author1=Nobuyoshi Shinohara|author2=Masaaki Ohsima|journal=Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan|volume=73|issue=7|pages=1599–1604}}</ref>
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| 52 || [[Tellur]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tellur|Te]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 16 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Te(I) has been observed in [[tellurium iodide]] (TeI), see {{webbref|url=http://www.webelements.com/compounds/tellurium/tellurium_iodide.html|titel=Tellurium: tellurium iodide|hämtdatum=2015-02-23|utgivare=WebElements.com}}</ref><ref>Te(III) has been observed in [Te(N(Si[[methyl|Me]]3)2)2]+, see {{cite journal |last1=Heinze |first1=Thorsten |last2=Roesky |first2=Herbert W. |last3=Pauer |first3=Frank |last4=Stalke |first4=Dietmar |last5=Sheldrick |first5=George M. |year=1991 |title=Synthesis and Structure of the First Tellurium(III) Radical Cation |journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition |volume=30 |issue=12 |pages=1678 |doi= 10.1002/anie.199116771 |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/237225046_Synthesis_and_Structure_of_the_First_Tellurium%28III%29_Radical_Cation |accessdate=February 2015}}.</ref><ref>Te(V) is mentioned by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but they do not give any example of a Te(V) compound. What was long thought to be [[ditellurium decafluoride]] (Te2F10) is actually bis(pentafluorotelluryl) oxide, F5TeOTeF5: see {{ cite journal | author = Watkins, P. M. | title = Ditellurium decafluoride - A Continuing Myth | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | year = 1974 | volume = 51 | issue = 9 | pages = 520–521 | doi = 10.1021/ed051p520 }} However, Te(V) has been observed in {{chem|H|2|TeO|4|-}}, {{chem|TeO|3|-}}, {{chem|HTeO|4|2-}}, and {{chem|TeO|4|3-}}; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jp010577i|title=Tellurium(V). A Pulse Radiolysis Study|year=2001|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=K.|journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry A|volume=105|issue=27|pages=6637–45}}</ref>
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| 53 || [[Jod]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Jod|I]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 17 || <ref>I(IV) has been observed in [[Iodine oxide|iodine dioxide]] (IO2); see {{cite book|publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.|year = 1988|edition = 3rd|page =259|isbn = 0-486-65622-5|title = General Chemistry|first = Linus|last = Pauling|chapter = Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetallic Elements}}</ref><ref>I(VI) has been observed in IO3, IO42−, H5IO6−, H2IO52−, H4IO62−, and HIO53−; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1039/F19817701707|title=Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis of iodate and periodate in aqueous solution. Properties of iodine(VI)|year=1981|last1=Kläning|first1=Ulrik K.|last2=Sehested|first2=Knud|last3=Wolff|first3=Thomas|journal=J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1|volume=77|pages=1707–18}}</ref>
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 54 || [[Xenon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Xenon|Xe]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 18 || <ref>Xe(I) has been reported in [[xenon hexafluoroplatinate]] and [[xenon hexafluororhodate]] (see {{cite book|publisher = Dover Publications, Inc.|year = 1988|edition = 3rd|page =250|isbn = 0-486-65622-5|title = General Chemistry|first = Linus|last = Pauling}}), however these compounds were later found to contain Xe(II).</ref>
|-
| 55 || [[Cesium]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Cesium|Cs]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||<ref name="G&E Lithides"/>
|-
| 56 || [[Barium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Barium|Ba]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||<ref>Ba(I) has been observed in [[barium monofluoride]] (BaF); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf |rubrik=High-Resolution Fourier Transform Infrared Emission Spectrum of Barium Monofluoride |tidskrift=J. Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=170 |sid=59 |år=1995 |författare=P. Colarusso |bibcode=1996JMoSp.175..158C |doi=10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019 |efternamn2=Guo |förnamn2=B. |efternamn3=Zhang |förnamn3=K.-Q. |efternamn4=Bernath |förnamn4=P.F. |display-authors=etal |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310180822/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/126.pdf |arkivdatum=2005-03-10 }}</ref>
|-
| 57 || [[Lantan]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Lantan|La]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||<ref>La(I) has been observed in [[lanthanum monohydride]] (LaH); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf |rubrik=Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of New Infrared Systems of LaH and LaD |tidskrift=J. Molecular Spectroscopy |volym=104 |sid=6444 |år=1996 |efternamn1=Ram |förnamn1=R. S. |doi=10.1063/1.471365 |efternamn2=Bernath |förnamn2=P. F. |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310194449/http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/143.pdf |arkivdatum=2005-03-10 }}</ref>
|-
| 58 || [[Cerium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Cerium|Ce]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || ||
|-
| 59 || [[Praseodym]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Praseodym|Pr]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || ||
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| 60 || [[Neodym]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Neodym|Nd]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Nd(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see {{Holleman&Wiberg|p=1704}}</ref>
|-
| 61 || [[Prometium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Prometium|Pm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides">All the [[lanthanide]]s (La–Lu) in the +2 oxidation state have been observed (except La, Gd, Lu) in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides (see {{Holleman&Wiberg|p=1704}}) and (except Pm) in organometallic molecular complexes, see [http://cen.acs.org/articles/91/i24/Lanthanides-Topple-Assumptions.html Lanthanides Topple Assumptions] and {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.201311325|title=All the Lanthanides Do It and Even Uranium Does Oxidation State +2.|year=2014|last1=Meyer|first1=G.|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=53|issue=14|pages=3550–51}}. Additionally, all the [[lanthanide]]s (La–Lu) form dihydrides (LnH2), dicarbides (LnC2), monosulfides (LnS), monoselenides (LnSe), and monotellurides (LnTe), but for most elements these compounds have Ln3+ ions with electrons delocalized into conduction bands, e. g. Ln3+(H−)2(e−).</ref>
|-
| 62 || [[Samarium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Samarium|Sm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 63 || [[Europium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Europium|Eu]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 64 || [[Gadolinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Gadolinium|Gd]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 65 || [[Terbium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Terbium|Tb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
|-
| 66 || [[Dysprosium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Dysprosium|Dy]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Dy(IV) has been observed in unstable solid state compounds; see {{Holleman&Wiberg|p=1704}}</ref>
|-
| 67 || [[Holmium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Holmium|Ho]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
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| 68 || [[Erbium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Erbium|Er]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
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| 69 || [[Tulium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tulium|Tm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 70 || [[Ytterbium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Ytterbium|Yb]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
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| 71 || [[Lutetium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Lutetium|Lu]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 || <ref name="Lanthanides" />
|-
| 72 || [[Hafnium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Hafnium|Hf]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 4 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Hf(I) has been observed in hafnium monobromide (HfBr), see {{cite journal
 | title = Кристаллическое строение и термодинамические характеристики монобромидов циркония и гафния / Crystal structure and thermodynamic characteristics of monobromides of zirconium and hafnium
 | last1 = Marek        | first1 =  G.S.
 | last2 = Troyanov     | first2 =  S.I.
 | last3 = Tsirel'nikov | first3 =  V.I.
 | journal = Журнал неорганической химии / Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry
 | year = 1979
 | volume = 24 | issue = 4 | pages = 890–893
 | language = ru
 | url = https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:11520917
}}</ref>
|-
| 73 || [[Tantal]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tantal|Ta]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 5 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/><ref>Ta(I) occurs in [[cyclopentadienyl|Cp]]Ta(CO)4, see {{Cite book|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|year=1995|edition=101| pages=1430|isbn=3-11-012641-9|title=Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie|first=Arnold F.|last=Holleman |author2=Wiberg, Egon |author3=Wiberg, Nils|language=German|chapter=Tantal}} and {{Cite book|publisher=Academic Press|year=1969|pages=11|isbn=0-32-315996-6|title=Transition-Metal Organometallic Chemistry: An Introduction|first=R. Bruce|last=King}}</ref>
|-
| 74 || [[Volfram]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Volfram|W]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 6 || <ref name="Carbonyls"/>
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| 75 || [[Rhenium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rhenium|Re]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 7 ||
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| 76 || [[Osmium]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Osmium|Os]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || 8 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Os(−1) has been observed in Na2[Os4(CO)13] ; see {{cite journal|doi=10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y|title=Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO)|year=1993|last =Krause|first=J.|journal=Journal of Organometallic Chemistry|volume=454|pages=263–271|last2=Siriwardane|first2=Upali|last3=Salupo|first3=Terese A.|last4=Wermer|first4=Joseph R.|last5=Knoeppel|first5=David W.|last6=Shore|first6=Sheldon G.}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic00141a019|title=Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives|year=1982|first=Willie J.|last=Carter|author2=Kelland, John W. |author3=Okrasinski, Stanley J. |author4=Warner, Keith E. |author5= Norton, Jack R. | journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=21|issue=11|pages=3955–3960}}</ref>
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| 77 || [[Iridium]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Iridium|Ir]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || style="background:#c6dd9d" | +9 || 9 || <ref>Ir(−3) has been observed in Ir(CO)33−; see {{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=1117}}</ref><ref>Ir(VII) has been observed in [(η2-O2)IrO2]+; see [http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ C&EN: Iridium dressed to the nines] {{Wayback|url=http://2014.cenmag.org/iridium-dressed-to-the-nines/ |date=20150309030817 }}.</ref><ref>Ir(VIII) has been observed in [[iridium tetroxide]] (IrO4); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.200902733|title=Formation and Characterization of the Iridium Tetroxide Molecule with Iridium in the Oxidation State +VIII|year=2009|last1=Gong|first1=Yu|last2=Zhou|first2=Mingfei|last3=Kaupp|first3=Martin|last4=Riedel|first4=Sebastian|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=48|issue=42|pages=7879–7883}}</ref><ref>Ir(IX) has been observed in {{chem|IrO|4|+}}; see {{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Guanjun |last2=Zhou |first2=Mingfei |last3=Goettel |first3=James T. |last4=Schrobilgen |first4=Gary G. |last5=Su |first5=Jing |last6=Li |first6=Jun |last7=Schlöder |first7=Tobias |last8=Riedel |first8=Sebastian |date=21 August 2014 |title=Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX |journal=Nature |volume=514 |pages=475–477 |doi=10.1038/nature13795}}</ref>
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| 78 || [[Platina]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1  || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Platina|Pt]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' ||style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 10 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Pt(−1) and Pt(−2) have been observed in the [[barium]] platinides Ba2Pt and BaPt, respectively: see {{cite journal| doi = 10.1039/b514631c |title = An experimental proof for negative oxidation states of platinum: ESCA-measurements on barium platinides|first1=Andrey |last1= Karpov| first2=Mitsuharu| pmid = 16479284 |last2=Konuma|first3=Martin |last3=Jansen|journal = Chemical Communications|year = 2006| issue = 8|pages = 838–840}}</ref><ref>Pt(I) and Pt(III) have been observed in bimetallic and polymetallic species; see {{cite journal|title = Ammonium Hexachloroplatinate(IV)|first = George B.|last = Kauffman|authorlink = George B. Kauffman |year = 1967|journal = [[Inorganic Syntheses]]|volume = 9 |pages = 182–185|doi = 10.1002/9780470132401.ch51|last2 = Thurner|first2 = Joseph J.|last3 = Zatko|first3 = David A.|series = Inorganic Syntheses|isbn = 978-0-470-13240-1}}</ref>
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| 79 || [[Guld]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Guld|Au]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 11 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/>
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| 80 || [[Kvicksilver]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Kvicksilver|Hg]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || 12 || <ref name="MetalAnions"/><ref>Hg(IV) has been observed in [[mercury(IV) fluoride]] (HgF4); see {{cite journal |author=Xuefang Wang |author2=Lester Andrews |author3=Sebastian Riedel |author4= Martin Kaupp |title=Mercury Is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4 |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2007 |volume=46 |issue=44 |pages=8371–8375 |doi=10.1002/anie.200703710 |pmid=17899620}}.</ref>
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| 81 || [[Tallium]] || style="background:#d5e6f7" | −5 || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Tallium|Tl]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 || <ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Tl(−5) has been observed in Na23K9Tl15.3, see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic960014z|title=Na23K9Tl15.3:  An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57-, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions|year=1996|last1=Dong|first1=Z.-C.|last2=Corbett|first2=J. D.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=35|issue=11|pages=3107–12}}</ref><ref>Tl(−1) has been observed in [[caesium thallide]] (CsTl); see {{cite book|first1=R. B.|last1=King|first2=R.|last2=Schleyer|year=2004|chapter=Theory and concepts in main-group cluster chemistry|editor1-first=M.|editor1-last=Driess|editor2-first=H.|editor2-last=Nöth|title=Molecular clusters of the main group elements|publisher=Wiley-VCH, Chichester|page=19|ISBN=978-3-527-61437-0}}</ref><ref>Tl(+2) has been observed in [[tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium]] ([([[methyl|Me]]3Si)Si]2Tl—Tl[Si(SiMe3)]2), see {{cite journal |author=Sonja Henkel |author2=Dr. Karl Wilhelm Klinkhammer |author3=Dr. Wolfgang Schwarz |title=Tetrakis(hypersilyl)dithallium(Tl—Tl): A Divalent Thallium Compound |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=1994 |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=681–683 |doi=10.1002/anie.199406811}}.</ref>
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| 82 || [[Bly]] || || style="background:#dfdfdf" | −4 || || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Bly|Pb]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 14 ||<ref name="Zintl"/><ref>Pb(−2) has been observed in BaPb, see {{cite book | title = Intermetallic Chemistry | first1 = Riccardo |last1 =Ferro | editor = Nicholas C. Norman | publisher = Elsevier | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-0-08-044099-6 | page = 505}} and {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ic000333x|title=Heavy-Metal Aromatic Rings: Cyclopentadienyl Anion Analogues Sn56− and Pb56− in the Zintl Phases Na8BaPb6, Na8BaSn6, and Na8EuSn6.|year=2004|last1=Todorov|first1=Iliya|last2=Sevov|first2=Slavi C.|journal=Inorganic Chemistry|volume=43|issue=20|pages=6490–94}}</ref><ref>Pb(+1) and Pb(+3) have been observed in [[organolead compounds]], e.g. hexamethyldiplumbane Pb2(CH3)6; for Pb(I), see {{cite journal |author=Siew-Peng Chia |author2=Hong-Wei Xi |author3=Yongxin Li |author4=Kok Hwa Lim |author5=Cheuk-Wai So |title=A Base-Stabilized Lead(I) Dimer and an Aromatic Plumbylidenide Anion |journal=Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. |year=2013 |volume=52 |issue=24 |pages=6298–6301 |doi=10.1002/anie.201301954}}.</ref>
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| 83 || [[Vismut]] || || || style="background:#ffc0cb" | −3 || style="background:#ffecd3" | −2 || style="background:#f5deb3" | −1 || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Vismut|Bi]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || || || || 15 ||<ref>Bi(−2) and Bi(−1) occur in Zintl phases, e.g. (Ca2+)22[Bi4]4−([Bi2]4−)4[Bi3−]8; see {{cite news | title = Germanides, Germanide-Tungstate Double Salts and Substitution Effects in Zintl Phases  | first1 = Siméon |last1 =Ponou | publisher = Technische Universität München. Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie
mit Schwerpunkt Neue Materialien  | year = 2006 | url = http://d-nb.info/985527676/34?origin=publication_detailSim | page = 68}}</ref><ref>Bi(I) has been observed in [[bismuth monobromide]] (BiBr) and [[bismuth monoiodide]] (BiI); see {{cite book | title = Chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth | first1 = S. M. |last1 =Godfrey | first2 = C. A. |last2 =McAuliffe | first3 = A. G. |last3 =Mackie | first4 = R. G. |last4 =Pritchard | editor = Nicholas C. Norman | publisher = Springer | year = 1998 | isbn = 0-7514-0389-X | pages = 67–84}}</ref><ref>Bi(+2) has been observed in [[dibismuthine]]s (R2Bi—BiR2), see {{cite journal |author=Arthur J. Ashe III |title=Thermochromic Distibines and Dibismuthines |journal=Advances in Organometallic Chemistry |year=1990 |volume=30 |pages=77–97 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3055(08)60499-2}}</ref><ref>Bi(IV) has been observed; see {{cite journal |author=A. I. Aleksandrov, I. E. Makarov |title=Formation of Bi(II) and Bi(IV) in aqueous hydrochloric solutions of Bi(III) |journal=Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Division of chemical science |year=1987 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=217–220 |doi=10.1007/BF00959349}}</ref>
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| 84 || [[Polonium]] || || || || style="background:#ffecd3" | '''−2''' || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Polonium|Po]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 16 || <ref>Po(V) has been observed in [[dioxidopolonium(1+)]] ({{chem|PoO|2|+}}); see {{cite book |title=Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements |last=Thayer |first=John S.|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2 |year=2010 |page=78}}</ref>
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| 85 || [[Astat]] || || || || || style="background:#f5deb3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Astat|At]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || 17 ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 86 || [[Radon]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Radon|Rn]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || 18 || <ref>Rn(II) has been observed in [[radon difluoride]] (RnF2); see {{cite journal | author = Stein, L. | year = 1970 | journal = Science | volume =168 | pages = 362–4 | doi = 10.1126/science.168.3929.362 | title = Ionic Radon Solution | pmid = 17809133 | issue = 3929 | bibcode=1970Sci...168..362S}} and {{cite journal | author = Kenneth S. Pitzer | year = 1975 | journal = J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. | pages = 760b – 761 | title = Fluorides of radon and element 118 | doi = 10.1039/C3975000760b | issue = 18}}</ref><ref>Rn(IV) is reported by Greenwood and Earnshaw, but is not known to exist; see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=46 |chapter=Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC |accessdate=22 November 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-023646-6 |pages=91–93}}</ref><ref>Rn(VI) is known in [[radon trioxide]] (RnO3); see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=46 |chapter=Recent Advances in Noble-Gas Chemistry |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqXRtz6p3QC |accessdate=22 November 2012 |year=1998 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-023646-6 |pages=91–93}}</ref>
|-
| 87 || [[Francium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Francium|Fr]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||
|-
| 88 || [[Radium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Radon|Ra]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||
|-
| 89 || [[Aktinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Aktinium|Ac]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || || <ref>Ac(II) is known in [[actinium dihydride]] (AcH2); see {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0022-1902(61)80369-2 |last1=Farr |year=1961 |first1=J |last2=Giorgi |first2=A.L. |last3=Bowman |first3=M.G. |last4=Money |first4=R.K. |pages=42–47 |volume=18 |journal=Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry |title=The crystal structure of actinium metal and actinium hydride}}</ref>
|-
| 90 || [[Torium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Torium|Th]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || || <ref>Th(I) is known in thorium(I) bromide (ThBr); see {{bokref |efternamn1=Wickleder |förnamn1=Mathias S. |förnamn2=Blandine |efternamn2=Fourest |förnamn3=Peter K. |efternamn3=Dorhout |kapitel=Thorium |titel=The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements |redaktör1-förnamn=Lester R. |redaktör1-efternamn=Morss |redaktör2-förnamn=Norman M. |redaktör2-efternamn=Edelstein |redaktör3-förnamn=Jean |redaktör3-efternamn=Fuger |upplaga=3rd |år=2006 |volym=3 |utgivare=Springer |utgivningsort=Dordrecht, Nederländerna |sid=52–160 |url=http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf |doi=10.1007/1-4020-3598-5_3 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivdatum=2016-03-07 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307160941/http://radchem.nevada.edu/classes/rdch710/files/thorium.pdf }}</ref>
|-
| 91 || [[Protaktinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Protaktinium|Pa]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || || <ref>Pa(II) is known in [[protactinium(II) oxide]] (PaO); see {{cite journal|doi = 10.1021/ja01652a011|year = 1954|last1 = Sellers|first1 = Philip A.|last2 = Fried|first2 = Sherman|last3 = Elson|first3 = Robert E.|last4 = Zachariasen|first4 = W. H.|journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume = 76|pages = 5935–5938|title = The Preparation of Some Protactinium Compounds and the Metal|issue = 23}}</ref>
|-
| 92 || [[Uran]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Uran|U]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || || <ref>U(I) has been observed in [[uranium monofluoride]] (UF) and [[uranium monochloride]] (UCl), see {{cite book |last=Sykes |first=A. G. |title=Advances in Inorganic Chemistry |volume=34 |chapter=Compounds of Thorium and Uranium |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MZRm6E9LmgMC |accessdate=22 March 2015 |year=1990 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=0-12-023634-6 |pages=87–88}}</ref><ref>U(II) has been observed in [[uranium monoxide]] (UO), [[uranium monosulfide]] (US), [[uranium carbide|uranium acetylide]] (UC2), and [[uranium carbide|uranium sesquicarbide]] (U2C3); see {{cite journal | last1 = Bowman | first1 = A.L. | last2 = Arnold | first2 = G.P. | last3 = Witteman | first3 = W.G. | last4 = Wallace | first4 = T.C. | last5 = Nereson | first5 = N.G. | title = Test | date = 1966| journal = Acta Crystallographica | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = 670–671 | doi=10.1107/s0365110x66003670}}</ref>
|-
| 93 || [[Neptunium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Neptunium|Np]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || || || || <ref name="Actinides">Np(II), Pu(II), Cm(II) have been observed in monoxides (NpO, PuO, CmO) and also in dilute, solid solutions of dihalides of these elements in alkaline earth dihalides; see Holleman, Arnold F. and Wiberg, Nils ''Textbook of Inorganic Chemistry'', pp.1957, 1972, 102 Edition, de Gruyter, Berlin 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-11-017770-1}}.</ref>
|-
| 94 || [[Plutonium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Plutonium|Pu]]''' || style="background:#ffa07a" | +1 || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || || <ref name="Actinides" /><ref>Pu(I) has been observed in [[plutonium monofluoride]] (PuF); see {{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ja01023a002|title=Mass spectrometric studies of plutonium compounds at high temperatures. II. Enthalpy of sublimation of plutonium(III) fluoride and the dissociation energy of plutonium(I) fluoride|year=1968|last1=Kent|first1=R. A.|journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|volume=90|issue=21|pages=5657–59}}</ref><ref>Unstable Pu(VIII) complexes can form in alkaline solutions; see {{cite journal |last1=Kiselev |first1=Yu. M. |last2=Nikonov |first2=M. V. |last3=Tananaev |first3=I. G. |last4=Myasoedov |first4=B. F. |year=2009 |title=On the Existence of Plutonium Tetroxide |journal=Doklady Akademii Nauk |volume=425 |pages=634–637 |publisher=Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. |doi=10.1134/S0012501609040022 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0012501609040022 |issn=0012-5016 |accessdate=February 25, 2012 |issue=5 }}</ref>
|-
| 95 || [[Americium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Americium|Am]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || style="background:#cccc98" | +5 || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7 || style="background:#d1ddff" | +8 || || || <ref>Am(VII) has been observed in {{chem|AmO|6|5-}}; see [http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http://www.chemie-master.de/pse/pse.php?modul=Am Americium] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chemie-master.de/FrameHandler.php?loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemie-master.de%2Fpse%2Fpse.php%3Fmodul%3DAm |date=20190609181845 }}, Das Periodensystem der Elemente für den Schulgebrauch (The periodic table of elements for schools) chemie-master.de (in German), Retrieved 28 November 2010 and {{Greenwood&Earnshaw|page=1265}}</ref><ref>Am(VIII) has been observed; see {{cite journal |last=Nikonov |first=M. V. |last2=Kiselev |first2=Yu. M. |last3=Myasoedov |first3=B. F. |date=January 2014 |title=Americium volatility from ozonized alkaline solutions |journal=Radiochemistry  |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=11–18 |doi=10.1134/S1066362214010032 |access-date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 96 || [[Curium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Curium|Cm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || style="background:#a0fec2" | +6 || || || || || <ref name="Actinides" /><ref>Cm(VI) has been observed in [[curium trioxide]] (CmO3) and dioxidocurium(2+) ({{chem|CmO|2|2+}}); see {{cite journal |last1=Domanov |first1=V. P. |last2=Lobanov |first2=Yu. V. |date=October 2011 |title=Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3 |journal=Radiochemistry |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=453–6 |publisher=SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |doi=10.1134/S1066362211050018 }}</ref><ref>Cm(VIII) has been reported to possibly occur in [[curium tetroxide]] (CmO4); see {{cite journal |last1=Domanov |first1=V. P. |date=January 2013 |title=Possibility of generation of octavalent curium in the gas phase in the form of volatile tetraoxide CmO4 |journal=Radiochemistry |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=46–51 |publisher=SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica |doi=10.1134/S1066362213010098 }} However, new experiments seem to indicate its nonexistence: {{cite journal |last=Zaitsevskii |first=Andréi |last2=Schwarz |first2=W H Eugen |date=April 2014 |title=Structures and stability of AnO4 isomers, An = Pu, Am, and Cm: a relativistic density functional study. |journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics |volume=2014 |issue=16 |pages=8997–9001 |doi=10.1039/c4cp00235k |access-date=March 8, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 97 || [[Berkelium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Berkelium|Bk]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Bk(II) has been observed in [[berkelium(II) oxide]] (BkO); see Peterson J. R. and Hobart D. E. [http://books.google.com/books?id=U-YOlLVuV1YC&pg=PA29 "The Chemistry of Berkelium"] in [[Harry Julius Emeléus]] (Ed.) ''Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry'', Volume 28, Academic Press, 1984 {{ISBN|0-12-023628-1}}, p. 51, {{doi|10.1016/S0898-8838(08)60204-4}}</ref>
|-
| 98 || [[Californium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Californium|Cf]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || ||
|-
| 99 || [[Einsteinium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Einsteinium|Es]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || style="background:#cbcbcb" | +4 || || || || || || || <ref>Es(IV) is known in [[einsteinium(IV) fluoride]] (EsF4); see {{cite journal|last1=Kleinschmidt|first1=P|title=Thermochemistry of the actinides|journal=Journal of Alloys and Compounds|volume=213–214|pages=169–172|year=1994|doi=10.1016/0925-8388(94)90898-2}}</ref>
|-
| 100 || [[Fermium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Fermium|Fm]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 101 || [[Mendelevium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Mendelevium|Md]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | +2 || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 102 || [[Nobelium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Nobelium|No]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || || || || || || ||
|-
| 103 || [[Lawrencium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Lawrencium|Lr]]''' || || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 3 ||
|-
| 104 || [[Rutherfordium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Rutherfordium|Rf]]''' || || || || style="background:#cbcbcb" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 4 ||
|-
| 105 || [[Dubnium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Dubnium|Db]]''' || || || || || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5''' || || || || || 5 || <ref>Db(V) has been observed in dubnium pentachloride (DbCl5); see {{webbref |författare=H. W. Gäggeler |titel=Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements |år=2007 |sidor=26–28 |utgivare=[[Paul Scherrer Institute]] |url=http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA&M/TexasA&M.pdf |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220090755/http://lch.web.psi.ch/files/lectures/TexasA%26M/TexasA%26M.pdf |arkivdatum=2012-02-20 }}</ref>
|-
| 106 || [[Seaborgium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Seaborgium|Sg]]''' || || || || || || style="background:#a0fec2" | '''+6''' || || || || 6 || <ref>Sg(VI) has been observed in seaborgium oxide hydroxide (SgO2(OH)2); see {{tidskriftsref |url=http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |rubrik=Physico-chemical characterization of seaborgium as oxide hydroxide |författare=Huebener et al. |tidskrift=Radiochim. Acta |volym=89 |sid=737–741 |år=2001 |doi=10.1524/ract.2001.89.11-12.737 |efternamn2=Taut |förnamn2=S. |efternamn3=Vahle |förnamn3=A. |efternamn4=Dressler |förnamn4=R. |efternamn5=Eichler |förnamn5=B. |efternamn6=Gäggeler |förnamn6=H. W. |efternamn7=Jost |förnamn7=D.T. |efternamn8=Piguet |förnamn8=D. |efternamn9=Türler |förnamn9=A. |efternamn10=Brüchle |förnamn10=W. |nummer=11–12_2001 |display-authors=8 |hämtdatum=2016-02-22 |arkivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025201143/http://www-w2k.gsi.de/kernchemie/images/pdf_Artikel/Radiochim_Acta_89_737_2001.pdf |arkivdatum=2014-10-25 }}</ref>
|-
| 107 || [[Bohrium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Bohrium|Bh]]''' || || || || || || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | '''+7''' || || || 7 || <ref>Bh(VII) has been observed in bohrium oxychloride (BhO3Cl); see [http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf "Gas chemical investigation of bohrium (Bh, element 107)"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gsi.de/informationen/wti/library/scientificreport2000/Chemistry/9/r_eichler_jb2000.pdf |date=20080228023225 }}, Eichler et al., ''GSI Annual Report 2000''. Retrieved on 2008-02-29</ref>
|-
| 108 || [[Hassium]] || || || || || || style="background:#e0ffff" | '''[[Hassium|Hs]]''' || || || || || || || || style="background:#d1ddff" | '''+8''' || || 8 || <ref>Hs(VIII) has been observed in hassium tetroxide (HsO4); see {{webbref|url=http://www.gsi.de/documents/DOC-2003-Jun-29-2.pdf|titel=Chemistry of Hassium|hämtdatum=2007-01-31|år=2002|verk= Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| 109 || [[Meitnerium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Meitnerium|Mt]]''' || || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3'''   || style="background:#d1ddff" | '''+4''' || || || || || || 9 ||
|-
| 110 || [[Darmstadtium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Darmstadtium|Ds]]''' || || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3'''   || style="background:#d1ddff" | +4 || || || || || || 10 ||
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| 111 || [[Röntgenium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Röntgenium|Rg]]''' || || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 11 ||
|-
| 112 || [[Copernicium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Copernicium|Cn]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | +1   || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 12 ||
|-
| 113 || [[Nihonium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Nihonium|Nh]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#FFB6C1" | '''+3''' || || || || || || || 13 ||
|-
| 114 || [[Flerovium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Flerovium|Fl]]''' || ||style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 14 ||
|-
| 115 || [[Moskovium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Moskovium|Mc]]''' || || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | '''+3''' || || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5'''  || || || || || 15 ||
|-
| 116 || [[Livermorium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Livermorium|Lv]]''' || || || ||style="background:#d1ddff" | '''+4'''  || style="background:#cccc98" | '''+5'''  || || || || || 16 ||
|-
| 117 || [[Tenness]] || || || || || style="background:#F5DEB3" | '''−1''' || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Tenness|Ts]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | '''+1''' || || style="background:#ffb6c1" | +3 || || style="background:#cccc98" | +5  || || style="background:#e6fe8e" | +7  || || || 17 ||
|- style="background:#c0ffff"
| 118 || [[Oganesson]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Oganesson|Og]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 18 ||
|-
| 119 || [[Ununennium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Ununennium|Uue]]''' || style="background:#FFA07A" | '''+1''' || || || || || || || || || 1 ||
|-
| 120 || [[Unbinilium]] || || || || || || style="background:#E0FFFF" | '''[[Unbinilium|Ubn]]''' || || style="background:#ffdead" | '''+2''' || || || || || || || || 2 ||
|}

== Langmuirs diagram ==
Ett diagram med ett liknande format (nedan) användes av [[Irving Langmuir]] (1919) i ett av de tidiga verken om [[oktettregeln]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Langmuir | first1 = Irving | year = 1919 | title = The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules | url = | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 41 | issue = 6| pages = 868–934 | doi = 10.1021/ja02227a002 }}</ref> Oxidationstillståndens periodicitet var ett av bevisen som föranledde att Langmuir antog regeln.

:[[Fil:Langmuir valence.png|800px]]

== Referenser ==
{{enwp|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oxidation_states_of_the_elements&oldid=702918759|artikel=List of oxidation states of the elements|datum=2 februari 2016}}
:;''Källförteckning och noter kopierades från motsvarande engelsk artikel vid skapandet av denna artikel.''
=== Noter ===
<references/>

{{Grundämnesegenskaper}}

[[Kategori:Grundämnesegenskaper|Oxidationstillstånd]]